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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  IMotes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


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n 

D 
D 

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□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couieur 

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Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 
D 


D 


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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
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Coloured  pages/ 
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Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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0 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


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dtails 
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ir  una 
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to 


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32X 


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The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^^  (meaning  "CON- 
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whichever  applies. 

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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
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1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  film^  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
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Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
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originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  fttre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lllustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

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BROOKES's 

GENERAL  GAZETTEER  IMPROVED  j 

OR,  A  NEW  AND  COMPENDIOUS 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 

CONTAINIJfo 

^  DESCRIPTION  OF  THR 
[empires,    kingdoms,    states     PROViMrvc     „w^. 

FOUTS.  SEAS.  HARBOURS   RIVERS   LaJ^;  ^I^^^'  ''°WNS, 

CAPES    &f      ^^^^>  MOUNTAINS, 

IN    THE 

KNOWN  WORLD. 

I  CO VERNMEKT  CUSTOMS,  MANNERS,  AND  RELIGION 
OP  THE  INHABITANTS,  '"■"^">'* 

I      Lawiide,  Be,rmj,  «nd  Di.unt,"  i„  tLSj  Sr"',""''  '-»»lfi>"de. 

p.-..,  -,d  ^  ,„,.„.  ,„„„  t;  i'McK-t^r.fei'SrS.I'' 

INCLUOINO 
A  DETAIL   OP  THE  COrwrivQ    ».t^ 

I  TOGETHER   WITH 

I        sa^e  Work;  in^lucVthe  n.^erus  ™U^^^^^^^^ 

pe.n  Gazetteers,  respecting  this  ^^:t':^:::^T:^i:;^^- 

ILLUSTRATED  BV  EIGHT  MAPS.  NEATLY  EXECUTED.' 


^^•^ 


>     ^  OHIGINALLV-  vVkUtEN 

BYR^.  BROOKES.  M.  D. 


fun  Ftssr  AMERICAN  tnirtoN  «•*««  *»„  ■" 

--  --^  ^p»^x.o.sAi:r,;rvE?E^-rrE:Er:r,T' 

PUBLISHED  BY  JACOB  JOHNSON,  ^  CO 

-W,.  147,  MARKET.STREET, 
John  Biok  en.  i»«iNTsg. . 

1806.  ^ 


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DISTRICT  OF  PE/^/vsri.rjj^ru, «. 


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L.  S. 


Vi  it  RtmrmbtreD.  That  on  the  twentieth  day  of 
.       *;'^''""7'  ,'"  *he  thirtieth  year  of  the  Indcnemlence  of 
'he  United  States  of  America,  A.  D.  J  806.    Jacob  John- 

omr.^h  T-T^u  r'^'t*'  "'"^  '^''''■'"'  havcdeposhcd  in  this 
office  the  rule  of  a  Book,  the  r.ght  whereof  they  claim  as  Proprie- 
tors,  in  tlie  words  following,  to  wit : 

'«  Brookes's  General  Gazetteer  Improved ;  or,  a  new  and  com- 
pendiousGeo^raplucul  Dictionary,  containing  a  descriptionof  the 
Empires,  Kingdoms,  States,  Provinces,  Cities,  Towns,  Forts, 
U'^""'     «r    ."■"'  B'"''''  ^'''"'   Mountains.  Capes,  &c.  in  the 
^nown  World.     W.th  the  government.  Customs,  Manners,  and 
Rehgion  of  the  Inhabitants;  the  Extent,  Boundaries  and  Natu- 
«  ral  1  roductions  of  each  Countryj  the  Trade  Manufactures,  and 
Curiosmes  of  the  Cities  and  Towns,  their  Longitude   Lari- 
-  «  tilde,  Bearings  and  Distances  in  English  Miles,  from  remarkable 
place:  i  and  ihe  various  events  by  which  they  have  been  distin- 
«  guislitd.     Incluuing  a  detail  of  the  f:ounties.  Cities,  Boroughs, 
Market-towns,  and  principal  Villages,  in  Great  Britain  and  W 
!    If  "d/  together  with  a  succinct  Account  of,  at  least.  Seven  hun- 
«  dred  Cities,  Towns  and  Villages  in  the  United  States,  more  than 
«'  has   appeared  m  any  preceding  Edition  of  the  same  Work  ;  in 
«  which  the  numerous  mistakes  and  deficiences  of  European  Ga- 
«  zetteers,   respecting   this  country,  are  corrected  and  supplied. 
«  [""^'•ated  by  Eight  Maps,  neatly  executed.     Originally  written 
«  by  R.  Brookes,  M.  D.     The  first  American  EdUion  from  the 
«  latest  European,  with  great  additions  and  improvements  in  every 

In  Conformity  to  an  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
entitled,  «  An  Act  for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing 
the  Copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  Authors  and  Propri- 
etors  of  such  Copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned."  And  al- 
so to  the  Act,  entitfed  <«  An  Act  Supplementary  to  an  Act,  entitled, 
**r  £r"  5.?'"  ^^^  Encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  Copies 
ot  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietors  of  such 
Copies  durmg  the  times  therein  mentioned"  and  extending  the 
Benefits  thereof  to  the  Arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching 
historical  and  other  Prints."  o     o        o        b.  {, 


^ala  UiiT.  Lib. 
AU(]  2  'i    1934 


J).  CjtLDWELL,  Clerk  of  thel 
District  of  Pennsylvania.  $ 


twentieth  day  of 

le  Indcpeiulence  of 
)  806.  Jacob  John- 
c  deposited  in  this 
r  claim  as  Proprie- 


or,  a  new  and  com- 
j  a  description  of  the 
ics,  Towns,  Forts, 
5,  Capes,  &c.  in  the 
toms,  Manners,  and 
undaries  and  Natu- 
Manufactures,  and 
lir  Longitude  Lati- 
;s,  from  remark  able 
!y  have  been  diitin- 
,  Cities,  Borouijhs, 
eat  Britain  and  Ire- 
it  least.  Seven  luin- 
ed  States,  more  than 
he  same  Work  i  in 

of  European  Ga- 
!ctc.1  and  supplied. 

Originally  written 
n  Edition  from  the 
movements  in  every 


the  United  States, 
aming,  by  securing 
uthors  and  Propri- 
itioned."  And  al- 
o  an  Act,  entitled, 
securing  the  Copies 

roprietors  of  such 
,nd  extending  the 

aving,  and  etching 

ELL,  Clerk  of  the  1 
t  of  Fennaylvania.  $ 


AOVniTISEMEN T  TO  THE  TWRLFTF  EDITIO.Y. 

Tims  eilition  has  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected  ;  and 
besides  the  considerable  improvements  which  have  been  intro- 
duced in  former  editions  of  this  Gazetteer,  the  publishers  have 
availed  themselves  of  all  the  latest  and  most  approved  publica- 
tions, which  could  be  of  any  utility  in  the  compilation  of  this 
work.  Park's  Travels  into  Africa  have  been  consulted,  and 
the  alterations  introduced  by  that  traveller  into  the  geography 
of  Africa  h.ive  been  particularly  attended  to ;  the  bte  Embassy 
to  Ava,  and  Journey  to  Thibet,  have  been  carefully  perused, 
and  several  alterations  in  the  Geography  of  these  countries 
have  been  introduced,  besides  the  names  of  several  towns  and 
other  topographical  corrections.  No  pains  have  been  spared 
to  render  this  edition  as  correct  as  possible,  and  every  publica- 
tion has  been  consulted  by  the  publishers,  from  which  new  geo- 
graphical information  could  be  obtained.  The  very  material 
changes  which  have  been  introduced  in  the  state  of  the  differ- 
ent kingdoms  of  Europe  within  these  few  years,  by  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  war,  or  the  still  more  uncertain  operations  i  internal 
turr.ult,  have  been  particularly  noticed,  and  the  historical  events 
have  been  all  brought  down  to  1801,  except  such  as  happened 
while  the  work  was  at  press ;  and  the  distances,  longitudes,  and 
latitudes  have  been  given  with  all  possible  accuracy. 


iNaddittotitO'theittlprovemetits  detailed  in  the  foregoing 
adVertisetnenti  the  present  edition  being  the  first  of  this  well 
known  Gazetteer,  that  has  islmed  from  the  American  press,  con- 
tains a  description  of  at  least  700  principal  towns,  &c.  in  the 
United  States ;  which,  doubtless,  will  render  it  the  most  valuable 
edition  of  the  work  that  has  yet  appeared.  Am.  Ed. 


I 


;y?fc''.i.i>|,wii.i.yh*te..ai... 


AN  INTRODUCnON 


TO  ASTRONOMY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


ASTRONOMY,  i»  the  «cicnce  of  the  celntial  bodies ;  and  Ckoor  a- 
PHTjU  A  dencription  of  the  Earth.  A»  the^e  two  scientes  have,  in 
many  retpecti)  a  ncceskary  connection,  we  shall  talie  a  cursory  view  oC 
each. 

OF  ASTRONOMY. 

AsTRONOMT  is  a  sciencc,  which  has  been  the  study  and  admiration  of 
the  most  remote  ages.  The  true  system  of  the  universe  appears  to  have 
been  known  in  iht  earliest  times.  Pythagoras,  in  particular,  who  flour- 
ished near  500  years  before  Christ,  was  undoubtedly  acquainted  with  the 
present  do  trine  of  the  planetary  motions,  which  he  is  supposed  to  have 
learned  during  his  reiiidence  with  some  more  enlightened  nations  in  the 
East.  Hence  this  doctrine,  for  many  ages  was  called  the  Fythagorean 
System.  Thiit  system  supposes  the  Earth  at  rest  in  the  centre  of  the 
universe,  and  that  the  heavens  revolve  round  it  from  east  to  west,  carry- 
ing all  the  celestial  bodies  along  with  them,  in  twenty-four  hours.  Be- 
ing coi>«onant  to  appearances,  it  was  adhrred  to  for  mi<ny  ages,  till  happiljr 
in  the  y«ar  (530,  the  true  system  was  revived  by  Nicolaut  Copemicui( 
a  native  of  Thorn,  in  Western  Prussia. 

OF  THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM. 

As  by  the  universe  is  to  be  understood  the  whole  frame  of  nature,  to 
the  utmost  extent  of  the  creation,  by  the  solar  system  is  meant  that  poiu 
tion  only  of  the  universe  which  comprehends  the  Sun,  planets,  satellites, 
and  comets.  Of  this  system  the  Sun  is  the  centre  ;  and  there  are  tevea 
planets  which  revolve  round  him,  each  in  its  path  or  orbit.  The  names  of 
these  planets,  in  the  order  of  their  distance  froni  the  Sun,  are  Mercury, 
Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  the  Georgian.  The  first 
two,  because  they  move  within  the  orbit  of  the  Earth,  are  called  inferior 
planets ;  and  the  last  four,  on  account  of  their  moving  without  that  orbil« 
are  called  superior  planeit. 

THE  SUN. 

The  SuH,  the  centre  of  our  system,  the  parent  of  the  seasons,  and 
"great  delegated  source  of  light  and  life,"  is  in  the  form  of  a  spheroid, 
higher  under  the  equator  than  about  the  poles.  His  diameter  is  763,000 
miles,  his  solid  bulk  a  million  of  times  larger  than  the  Earth's  ;  and  his 
distance  fram  the  Earth  is  9^,173,000  miles.  This  distance  is  so  prodi- 
gious, that  a  cannon-ball,  which  moves  at  the  rate  of  about  eight  miles 
in  a  minute,  would  be  something  more  than  twenty-two  years  and  a  half 
ia  going  from  the  Earth  to  the  Sun.    A  number  of  maculx,    or  dar^ 


^ 


I 


vi 


INTRODUCTION. 


spots,  by  means  of  a  telrscope,  may  be  seen  on  different  parts  of  his  sur- 
face. 'I'hcse  spots  aie  su]  jmseJ  to  he  immense  excavations  in  the  body 
of  the  Sun.  'I'h^-y  have  a  motion  from  east  to  west  ;  and  as  they  are 
obsTved  to  move  quicker  when  they  are  near  the  central  rejiions,  it  fol- 
low s  th;it  the  Sun  nuist  be  a  spheiital  body,  and  revolve  on  his  axis, 
'i'hc  time  in  which  he  performs  this  revolution  is  twenty-ilve  days  and 
sixhours. 

THE  PLANETS. 

The  planets  are  all  opaque  spherical  bodies,  and  have  no  light  of  their 
own,  hut  shine  by  means  of  tha'  borrowed  light  which  they  receive  from 
the  Sun.  From  tiic  regular  appearance  and  disappearance  of  several  re- 
markable dark  spots,  which,  by  means  of  a  telescope,  are  constantly  to 
be  seen  on  their  bodies  it  may  be  demonstrated,  that  each  has  a  motion 
round  its  axis,  and  from  their  seeming  sometimes  to  be  stationary,  and 
at  other  times  retrograde,  it  is  equally  certain,  they  must  have  a 
progressive  nioti  ii  round  the  Sun.  As  the  Earth*  moreover,  is  similar 
to  the  other  six  planets,  it  may  reasonably  be  concluded,  by  analogy,  that 
tbey  must  be  designed  for  the  same  purposes,  altboughi  from  their  dif- 
ferent proportions  of  heat  anu  cold,  it  is  not  credible  that  beings  of  our 
make  and  temperament  could  live  upon  all  of  them.  We  now  proceed 
to  the  consideration  of  each  planet  in  particular. 

1.  Mkrcury,  the  nearest  planet  to  the  sun,  revolves  round  that  lumi- 
nary in  about  eighty-seven^days  and  twenty-three  hours,  or  little  less 
than  three  of  our  months,  which  is  the  length  of  his  year.  Being  seldom 
seen,  however,  on  account  of  his  proximity  to  the  Sun,  and  no  spots 
appearing  on  his  disk,  the  time  of  his  rotation  on  his  axis,  or  the  length 
of  his  days  and  mghts  is  unknown.  His  distance  from  the  Sun  is 
36,84.1,000  miles;  his  diamater  3,100,  and  in  his  annual  revolution  round 
the  Sun,  he  moves  at  the  rate  of  105,000  miles  an  hour.  These  calcu« 
lations,  as  well  as  those  of  the  other  planets  which  followj-are  founded 
oii  astronomical  observations  made  on  the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  Sun^ 
in  the  year  1761.  Mercury  seems,  when  viewed  in  different  positiors 
with  a  good  telescope,  to  have  all  the  phases  or  appearances  of  the 
Moon,  except  that  he  can,  at  no  time,  be  seen  entirely  round,  ri  quite 
full ;  because  his  enlightened  side  is  never  turned  directly  toward  us,  but 
when  he  is  so  near  the  Sun  as  to  be  hid  in  his  beams. 

2.  Venus,  which  is  the  brightest  and  in  appearance  the  largest,  of 
all  the  planets,  is  the  next  beyond  Mercury.  She  is  68,891,000  miles 
from  the  bun,  and,  by  moving  at  the  rate  of  76,000  miles  an  hour,  com- 
pletes her  anni.al  revolution  in  224  days  and  seventeen  hours,  or  about 
seven  months  and  a  half.  Her  diameter  is  7,160  miles,  and  her  diur- 
nal rotation  on  her  axis  is  performed  in  twenty-four  days  and  eight 
hours.  When  this  planet  appears  to  the  west  of  the  Sun,  she  rises  be- 
fore him  in  the  morning,  and  is  called  the  morning  star  ;  and  when  sho 
appears  to  the  east  of  that  luminary,  she  shines  to  the  evening,  and  ii 
called  the  evening  star.  She  is  in  each  situation,  alternately,  for  about 
290  days  ;  and  during  the  whole  of  her  revolution,  appears,  through  a  te- 
lescope, to  have  the  various  phases  of  the  Moon. 

3.  The  Eahth,  the  next  planet  beyond  Venus,  is  05,173,000  miles 


I 


rent  parts  of  his  sur- 
ivations  in  the  body 
St  ;  and  as  they  are 
lural  rcjiions,  it  fol- 
evolve  on  his  axis. 
i^enty-five   days   and 


ivc  no  light  of  their 
h  they  receive  from 
ranee  of  several  re- 
:,  are  constantly  to 
teach  has  a  motion 
3  be  stationary,  and 
they  must  have  a 
noreover,  is  similar 
cd,  by  analogy,  that 
igh»  iVom  their  clif> 
;  that  beings  of  our 
Wc  now  proceed 

es  round  that  iumi> 
lours,  or  little  less 
ear.  Being  seldom 
Sun,  and  no  spots 

axis,  or  the  length 
ce  from  the  Sun  is 
al  revolution  round 
>ur.  These  calcu* 
bllowj.are  founded 
enusover  the  Sun^ 

different  positiors 
|appcarances  of  rlie 

ly  round,  a  quite 

tly  toward  U8|  but 

nee  the  largest)  of 
68i89l,OUO  miles 
[iltrs  an  hour,  corn- 
hours,  or  about 
lies,  and  her  diur- 
lur  day«  and  eight 
Sun,  she  rises  be- 
'  ;  and  when  sha 
evening,  and  is 
jrnately,  for  about 
(ears,  through  a  te* 

lo5, 173,000  miles 


INTRODUCTION. 


distant  from  the  Sun,  and  by  travelling  at  tiie  rate  of  58,000  miles  an 
hour,  performs  its  annual  revolution  in  365  days,  five  hours,  and  49 
minutes,  which  is  the  space  of  our  year.  This  motion,  althou  •  h  r20 
times  swifter  than  that  of  a  cannon  ball,  is  little  more  than  half  the  ve- 
locity of  Mercury  in  his  orbit.  The  diameter  of  tlie  Earth  is  7,970 
miles ;  and  as  it  turns  round  its  axis  every  twenty-four  hours,  from  west 
to  east,  it  occasions  an  apparent  motion  of  all  the  heavenly  bodies  from 
east  to  west,  in  the  sam.'  time.  The  line  which  it  describes  in  its  annual 
motion  is  call'd  the  ecliptic,  and  in  this  line  it  proceeds  from  west  to  east, 
according  to  the  order  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  This  motion  is  the  cause 
of  the  dilfereiit  seasone  of  spring,  summer,  autumn,  and  winter,  and  con- 
sequently of  the  dilfcient  hngthofday  and  night  in  these  seasons.  The 
rotation  of  the  Earthon  its  axis  in  twenty-four  hours,  makes  it  day  in  those 
parts  which  are  turned  toward  the  Siin,  and  night  in  the  parts  which  are 
tamed  from  him.  It  is;  now  received  as  an  incontrov?"  '  ie  truth,  that 
the  Earth  is  of  a  spherical  figure,  nearly  lesembling  th  t  of  a  globe. 
This  is  evident  from  the  voyages  of  several  celebrated  circumnavigators, 
who,  by  steering  continually  wes  ward,  arrived,  at  lenjjth,  at  the  place 
whence  they  departed  ;  which  could  never  have  happened,  ha  I  tlie  Enth 
been  of  any  other  than  p  spherical  figure.  This  form  is  also  evident 
from  the  circular  appearance  of  :he  sea  itself,  and  the  cir-umstances 
which  attend  large  objects  when  seen  at  a  distance  on  its  surface  ;  for, 
when  a  ship  is  sailing  from  the  shore,  we  firit  lose  sight  of  the  hull,  af- 
terward of  the  rigging,  and,  at  last,  discern  the  top  of  the  mast  onlv. 
This  is  evidently  occasioned  by  the  convexity  of  the  water  between  the 
eye  and  the  object ;  for,  otherwise,  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous 
part  would  be  visible  the  longest.  Another  proof  of  the  globular  form 
of  the  Earth  is  taken  from  the  circular  form  of  its  shadow  on  the  face  of 
the  Moon,  in  the  time  of  an  eclipse.  The  unevennesses  on  the  surface 
of  the  Earth,  which  are  caused  by  mountains  and  vallie;,  do  not  afford 
an  objection  to  its  being  considered  as  a  circular  body  :  for  the  most  lof- 
ty mountains  bear  less  proportion  to  the  vast  magnitude  .f  the  Earth,  than 
the  small  risings  on  the  coat  of  an  orange  do  to  the  oranijc  itself,  or  a 
grain  of  sand  to  an  artificial  globe  of  a  foot  in  diameter.  Accordingly, 
we  find,  that  these  tnfling  protuberances  occasion  no  irregularities  in  the 
shadow  of  the  earth,  during  the  time  of  a  lunar  eclipse.  It  has  been  de- 
monstrated, however,  that  the  Ear  h  is  not  a  perfect  globe.  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  found,  by  mathematical  talculatians  of  the  action  of  srravity  on 
a  revolving  sphere,  that  the  Earth  must  be  flatted  toward  the  poles; 
which  hypothesis  was  fully  confirmtd  by  the  mensuration  of  a  degree  in 
Lapland  and  France,  from  which  it  appeared,  that  the  polar  diameter  of 
the  Earth  is  to  the  equatorial  as  229  is  to  330  ;  or,  tiiat  the  regions 
of  the  equator  are  elevated  about  thirty  five  iniies  more  than  those  of  the 
poles;  and  that  the  true  fi-;ure  of  the  Karth,  coiisequtntly,  was  that  of  an 
oblate  spher  id,  or  a  body  nearly  resembling  an  orange. 

4.  Mars,  the  next  planet  beyond  the  orbit  of  fhe  Earth,  is  distant 
from  the  Sun  145  OD.OO'i  miles.  He  moves  at  h'  rate  of  55,000 
miles  an  hour,  and  completes  his  revolution  rount'  "-he  Sun  in  little  less 
than  two  of  our  years.  His  diameter  is  5,150  mi!  i>  -nd  his  diurnal  ro- 
tation on  his  axis  is  performed  in  twenty-foui  houi^  and  thirty^nine 
minutes.     He  somciraes  appears  gibbous,  but  never   horned,   like  the 


^ 


Tin 


INTRODUCTION. 


Moon;  which  evidently  demonstrates,  thnt  his  orbit  includes  thtt  of 
the  EHith,  and  that  he  shines  not  by  any  native  light.  llTTl  t 
diversified  with  spots  like  the  Moon  j  and  fron,  his  fuddy  a  d  ob  ,  e  ap- 
LZT'  "•  '""  r  %°"l  °''"'"  ^•"•""-^'^"ces.  it  is  concluded; tt  his 
atmosphere  is  nearly  ot  the  same  density,  with  that  of  the  Earth. 

5.  J-mT^H,  the  largest  of  all  the  planets,  is  the  next  in  the  system 
beyond  Mars.  Hi,  distance  from  the  Snn  is  494,990,000  miles.^  h" 
travels    at  the    rate  of  39,000  miles  an  hour,  and  comple.esTis  annual 

V';;r."i'i;s"'S'"rf  '"^  'r  •^^^■^•^  ei-^y--  ^is  dtn-xt 

94,100  mil  s  5  and,  by  a  prodiRious  rapid  motion  on  his  «is.  he  oer- 
oims  lus  diurnal  rotation  in  nine  hours  and  fifty.six  mi."  es.  The 
Uiescopicanpearanceof, his  planet  affords  avast  field  for  t  e  cu  ous  in! 
quner.  t  is  surrounded  hy  several  faint  substances,  resembling  belts  or 
bands,  whuh  are  parallel  to  the  plane  of  .ts  oibit.  They  are  not  re^ 
ular  or  constant  in  their  appearance  ;  for   sometimes  onc'oX  is  t^b; 

k  own  "toT""""  ?"• '  '""^  '!' ''''  '"'"  ^='-'  '*°  of  themJavc  b.e„ 
known  to  disappear  rl.,nng  the  time  of  observation.  This  planet  is  al- 
so d.versi  ed  with  a   nnmber  of  large  spots,  which  are  on  the  b   g  te t 

which  aVeS.-  1  I  *'^"''  '"i  P"'"''^-  "'^  ""'°'"'  °^  '"^"ites. 
Which  arc  tour  in  number,  were  discovered  by  Galileo,  in  1610.  soor  af 

ra;;:;ryrsS'^ '-'-'-  ■'  ^^  ^"^  ^^''=  ^-  --  ^'-v:::d  ;ili 

fm!.;  fh'17'"''  '"'.  T'  P'""'.*   '''y""''   J"Pi''='-'  5»    907,956.000  miies 
fiom  the  Sun  ;  and,    by  travelling  at  the  rate  of  22,000  miles  an  Tour 
periomis  Ins  annual  circuit  round    that  luminary  in    about  twenty  nie 
and  a  ha  i  o     our  years.  ,  diameter  is  77,9^0  miles  ;  and  h^fs  "ur! 

rounded  by  belts,  like   j        •    ,   by  observations  nn  which  Dr.  H.rsche 

ten  honis  and  sixteen  .n.p..    .s,     ^,^,,„  -^  ^^^^  ^^        be  attended  bj 

IiY'Ihr;   ""•       '^'^"'1'    fi-  -ere  discovered   in    the    la  teen  ury^ 
and  tleoth.r  two  werr  first  observed  by  Dr.  Herschell.    in    ("88      a' 

that  seve,   !  ot  the.  stars  may  frequently  be  .cen  between  the  inward  sur. 
face  ot  the  ring  and  the  body  of  the  planet ;  its  distance  fromwhich 
equal  to  It.  breadth,  which  is   about  2 1,000   miles.     This  r2  wa    5i 
coverrdbyHuygens,  about  the  y-ar  1655.  "S  was  ais- 

ped  the  observation  of  every  astronomer  (at  least  as  a  planetUill  The 
3th  of  March  1781,  when  it  was  seen  by  Dr.  HerschellV  who  gave  it 
he  nanie  of  Gcor^nm  Sidu.,  as  a  marl:  of  respect  to  his  pr'e.ent  nfaTesty 
and  to  convc  y  an  idea  to  posterity  of  the  time  and  rlace  of  the  discovery 
Its  distance  from  the  Sun  is  1,816,455,000  miles,  which  is  nineteen 
tunes  greater  than  that   of  the    Earth.      Its  diameter  is  stsSo  miles" 

about  82  )  eais.     It  shines  with  a  taint  steady  light,  somewhat  paler  Ind 
secnl    ;"'  i'^^T'^-'    '^=  ^PF^^nt  diamete?  being  only    b'^Tt Zr 
etonds,  It  can  seldom  be  seen  plainly  by  the  naked  eyefbut  may  be  ea T 
y  diccovered  ma  clear  night,  «hen  above  the  horizon    by  a  gJod  tdc 
cope.     Six  satellites,  attending  n,  on  it  have  since  been  discovered- 


Beside 

d>7y  plai 

centres  o 

those  pri 

our  Eart 

turn;  an 

of  their 

bodies,    i 

from  the 

The    A 

roost  cons 

annual  pn 

by  adiffe 

Moon  it% 

in    bulk, 

Mnonon  I 

once  round 

face  td  us 

noon  throi 

additional  i 

various  par 

and  every 

same  natun 

telescopes  i 

forl7»7,hr 

rala&tronoB 

every  tpo* 

of  them  by 

attending   t 

subjecu     W 

the  other  ha 

comes  bet  we 

wards  us. 

enlightened  s 

she  comes  to 

ward  the   Ei 

call  the  Full 

Earth.     Froi 

the  other  hall 

everyday  till 

she  disappeari 


Comets, 

planets,     '1  he 

round  the  Sun, 

rections.      J'h, 

ery  tails,  wh 


eludes  th>t  of 
I'his    |)k  '  t  is 

d  obscure  ap- 
luded,  that  his 

Earth. 

in  the  system 
)0  miles.     He 
Mes  his  annual 
iis  diameter  is 
IS  axisi  he  per- 
i^iuutes.     The 
the  curious  in- 
mbling  belts  or 
;y  arc  not  rcg- 
c  only  is  to  be 
;hem  have  bren 
lis  planet  is  al- 
n  the  brightest 
:  to  various  muo 
s,   or  satelliteSf 
1  1610,  soon  af- 
t  discovered  till 

',956,000  miies 
)  miles  an  hour, 
ut  twenty-nine 

and  he  is  sur- 
;h  Dr.  Hrrschel 
s  performed  in 
[be  attended  by 

last  century  ; 

in    U88.     A 

,uch  a  distance, 

he  inward  sur- 

from  which  is 
IS  ring  was  dis- 

Ltem,  had  esca- 
lplanet)till  the 
1,  who  gave  it 
Treiicnt  njajesty, 
the  discovery, 
bch  is  nineteen 
[35,220  miles  ; 
lies  *n  hour,  in 
Iwhat  paler  and 
Inly  about  four 
^t  may  be  easi. 
a  good  teles* 
Iscovcred- 


INTRdDUCriOk 

THE  SECONDARY  PLANETS. 

Besides  the  primary  planets,  there  are  eighteen  others,  called  secon* 
Atry  planets,  satelltces,  or  moons,  whirh  rei^ard  their  primaries  as  the 
centres  of  their  motions,  and  revolve  round  them  in  the  same  manner  as 
those  primal ies  do  round  the  Sun;  namely,  the  Moon,  which  attends 
our  Earth;  the  four  satellites  of  Jupiter;  the  seven  thai  belong;  to  Sa- 
turn t  and  the  iiii  that  attend  the  Georgian.  From  the  continual  change 
of  their  phases  or  a)>pearances,  it  is  evident  that  these  also  are  opaque 
bodies,  and  shine  only  by  the  reflection  of  the  light  which  they  receive 
from  the  Sun. 

The  Moon,  which  is  the  constant  attendant  of  our  globe,  is  the 
most  conspicuous  of  the$e  satellites.  She  accompanies  the  Earth  in  its 
annual  progress  through  the  heavens,  and  revolves  round  it  continually 
by  8  diflferent  motion,  in  the  space  of  a  month.  The  diameter  of  the 
Moou  is.S,l«e  miles;  her  distance  from  the  Earth 240,000  miles ;  and, 
in  bulk,  she  is  sixty  times  less  than  the  Earth.  The  rotation  of  the 
Mru»n  on  her  axis  is  performed  Exactly  in  the  same  time  that  she  moves 
once  round  the  Earth,  as  is  evident  from  her  alwtfys  presenting  the  same 
face  t(i  us  daring  the  whole  of  her  monthly  revbliition.  On  viewing  the 
noon  through  a  telescope,  the  hypothesis  of  planetary  worlds  reiitivef 
additional  confirmation.  Vast  cavities  and  a<iperities  are  observed  upon 
various  parts  of  her  surface,  Exactly  resembling  vallies  and  mountains  t 
and  ever)  other  appearance  seems  to  indicate,  that  she  is  a  body  of  the 
same  nature  with  the  Eirth.  Dr  Herschell,  the  superiority  of  whose 
telescopes  is  well  known,  has  stated,  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
for  ir^?,  his  obssrvatiofls  on  three  different  volcanoes  in  the  Moon.  Seire- 
ral  astronomers  have  given  exact  maps  of  the  Moon,  with  the  figu^e  o( 
every  spo"  as  it  stppears  through  the  best  telescopes,  distinguishing  eacfal 
of  them  by  a  proper  name.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  circumstanceii 
attending  the  Moon,  is  the  continual  change  »f  figure  10  which  she  ii 
subject*  While  that  half  of  her  which  is  toward  the  Sun  is  illumihcdi^ 
the  other  half  is  dark  and  invisible.  Hence,  she  disappears  when  sh<i 
comes  between  the  Earth  and  the  bun,  because  her  dark  side  is  then  to- 
wards us.  When  she  is  gone  somewhat  forward  we  see  a  little  6f  her 
enlightened  side,  which  still  increases  to  our  view  as  she  advi^nces,  unti^ 
she  comes  to  be  opposite  the  Sun,  when  her  entire  enlightened  side  is  to- 
ward the  Earth,  and  she  appears  with  a  full  illumined  orb,  which  wfc 
call  the  Full  Moon  ;  her  dark  side  being  then  turned  away  from  thfc 
Earth.  From  the  full  she  decreases  gradually  as  she  proceeds  throu^fr 
the  other  half  of  her  course ;  showing  us  less  and  less  of  her  bright  side, 
every  day  till  her  next  change  or  conjunction  with  the  Sun,  and  thei^ 
she  disappears  as  before.  ' 

THE  COMETS. 

Comets,   are  solid  opaque  bodies,   of  different  magnitudes,  like  tlie 
planets.     '1  heir  number  is  unknown  ;  but  they  have  been  found  to  move 
round  the  Sun,  and  to  cross  the  orbits  of  the  plane:  >  in  all  manner  of  di- 
rections.     They  are   principally  distinguished  from  the  planets  by  long 
ery  tails,  which  continually  issue  from  the  side  tiiat  is  furthest  from. 


«  INTRODUCTIQN. 

the  Sun.The  erbits,  in  which  theoe  vqst  bodies  niove,.arc  exceedingly  long 
ovals,  or  very  eccentric  ellipses,  of  such  amazing  circumferences,  that  in 
some  parts  of  their  circuit  through  the  heavens,  they  approacli  so  near'Ithe 
Sun  as  to  be  almost  vitrified  by  his  heat;  and  then  go  offagain  intfft»« 
re..',ions  of  infinite  space,  to  such  immense  distances,  as  to  be  toiaHy  de- 
prived  of  the  light  and  heat  which  the  rest  of  the  planets  receive  froti 
that  luminary.  The  paths  which  thcv  describe,  and  the  laws  to  which 
they  are  subject,  have  been  discovered  by  Newton.  Their  revolutions 
are  fjoverned  throughout  by  the  same  law,  of  describing  eou»l  areas  in 
equal  times,  which  it  known  to  regulate  the  motions  of  all  the  ot^her  boi 
dies  in  the  system. 

OF  THE  FIXED  STARS.  ,:       lj.  ; 

>yhat  a  magnificent  id^a  of  the  Creator  ^Bd  hi^  works  is  prelofttcd  in 
this  account  of  the  solar  system  !  ^i^  th/9  centre  ic(  pjaced  the  SvtD, .  a  MlW 
pendous  body  of  fire,  around  whosf  ptb,  tbe  pUi)pt»,  sattlliliea,  and  octtUet*, 
p?rt«rm  their  revolution*  with  an  <fXAQt9<!s*  an<(  Kfgularity  which  Btu^t 
fill  the  mind  with  the  most  sublime  CQWcep^iopg  of  their  divine  1  or tgioi. 
Who  can  contemplate  the  magnitud -s  and  dista;jce8  of  those  vast  bMies, 
and  npi  be  struck  with  the  wQi;i4^r>  ot  Qipnip.),teuce  ?  But  to  fonn  tome 
^dea,  however  imperfect,  ot  the  extent  of  the  yniwrse,  and  tlw  more 
glouous  works  of  creation,  we  must  extend,  qyij  iji^ws  to  tbow  numenous 
and  splendid  orbs,  which  are  dispersed  far  beyond  the:  bounds  ©f  our  so, 
«r  system. 

The  fixed  stars  are  distinguished  fro^  the  pj^aets  by  being  more  kimh 
nous,  and  by  continually  exhibiting  that  stppcarance  which  w/4  cait  the 
tjVftnkhng  ot  the  stars,  flui  9  more  remarkable  property  oi  the  &x<)duir« 
(and  from  which  they  obtain  tl}eirnanic),is  thfilruever  changing  tljeii;  sit., 
nation  with  regard  to  each  other,  ap  the  pjaneudo;  for  althooghthe  to- 
tation  ot  the  Earth,  on  its  axis,  occHssioiis  an  apparent  diurnal  niotioa. 
ol  tlie  whole  frame  of  the,  heavens,,  in  a  contrary  direction,  y/ft  any  twa 
fixed  st^rs  being  obsf  rved,  *t  distant  iniervals.  of  time,  will  always  be 
found  to  preserve  th?  same  r?Uliye  positipa  dnwng  the  whole  of  tW* 
revo^^tion.  ■ 

Ihc  stars  whidi  are  the  nearest  to  g^  seem  the  largest,  and  are  there- 
fore called  stars  of  the  first  magnitude,  ,»niJ,  so  on  at  far  as  the  sixth, 
■Vjrhich  mvludes  all  the  starf  that  are  visible  without  a  telescope}  and 
Since  the  invention  of  that  instrument,  their  nunil)Er  ia  coiuideredas  im- 
incnie.  But  the  immensity  of  their  number  in  not  alone  woitliy  of  ad- 
miration; their  immense  distance  from  us,  .and,  from  each  other,  muse 
equally  exalt  our  ideas  of  the  w©fldersof,0».nipotew;c,  and  the  in, 
conceivable  extent  of  the  creation.  The  nearest,  star  to  us,  ot  that  tup- 
posed  to  be  such  from  being  the  largest  in  appearance,  is  Sirius,  or  the 
dog-star;  Its  distance  from  the  9u»  is  computed  to  be  above  32  mil- 
hons  of  millions  of  miles,  which  is  further  than  a  cannon  ball  would  fly 
in  seven  millions  of  years. 

The  stars  being  at  such  immense  distances  from  the  Sun,  cannot  re- 
ceive horn  him  so  strong  a  light. as  they  srcni  to  possess,  nor  even  a  de- 
cree of  brightness  sufficient  to  make  them  vis-ible   to    us.     They,  there- 
in   .'.'■.     . 

?■ 


fbre,  ihf 

froirfi-  the 

The  V 

ly  to  ijh 

ahhbtigh 

Mot  bfc  se 

the  eye-,  t 

bt  imag^ii 

finite  wisi 

Hous  sun! 

tlnces  frc 

be  benefit 

cliidtji  tha 

Jtow  light 

rditnd  the) 

blc  system 

rational  ii 

i^li  c!apibl( 

l^kdbwlid 


DE 

ONihe 
rical 
land  and  w 
oegre'es,  ev 
the  ^lobe  ii 
about  6d  n 
24,840    Ei 
The  £quat 
rest  of  the 
the  two  T 
the    £q 
^st'arit  fron 
the  world  ir 
eaffed  the  n 
is  the  sbiiti 
iast,  arid  t 
globes  passe 
longitude  of 
the  Sun  is  ir 
fheworli:  I 
the  Mei 
of  the  wcirt^ 
parts,  the  om 
zenith  and  ti 
ft  is  called  t 
^Iiich  th«  Si 


xceedingly  long 
ferences,  that  in 
3ach  so  nearUlie 
r  again  intff  tlit 

0  be  totaHy  de- 
X3  »eceive  Iroim 
;  la>»i  to  which 
icir  rtvolutiont 

1  equal  areas  in 
lU  tJie  otititr  boi^ 


■v* 


;  i.'Oi 


!  is  pretobted  in 
ilir  Svts>  a  >ttH 
tea,  and  couteta, 
ity  which  must 
r  dWinci  origiab 
iQse  va&t  bodies 
),t  to  foim  some 
,  and  tlw  more 
thoao  numenons 
rounds  of  our  sos 

>eiiig  more  lunU 
fch  Wii  oait  the 
)£  the  fixed  ttaca 
ajigiiig  tl}eii(  sit* 
aUhoughthe  To- 

diurn^^l  uiotioo. 
on,  yirt  any  twA 
r,  will  always  be 

le  whole  of  tlti*' 

L  and  are  there* 

{far  ai  the  sixth, 
tt-lescope ;  and 
ULiideredas  tin< 

ic  wortliy  of  ad« 

ich  other,  muse 

nee,  and  the  in< 

us,  or  that  sup- 

|is  Sirius,  or  the 
above  32  mil- 
ball  would  fly 

)un,  cannot  re- 

nor  even  a  de- 

They,  tbere- 


fbre,  Mitt  by  their  own  lustre,  ahdi  in  this  respect^  are  totally  different 
iVoirti-  the  planets. 

The  vUliraf  knd  uninf6t-mrd  imagine,  that  all  the  stars  were  made  on- 
ly  to  [jive  a  faint  glimmering  liglic  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  glnhe^ 
althbtigh  Mahy  of  these  stnt'Sarc  so  far  from  benefiting  Us  that  they  can- 
Mot  bfc  seen  >l^ithout  a  tclescojje ;  and  there  are  inrtiimerable  others  which 
the  eye,  fcVefi  by  the  aid  of  that  in?tniment  can  never  reach.  It  cannot 
b^  imagined  therefore,  that  th«  bmnipotent  Cr^Atoi')  who  acts  with  in- 
finite wisdom,  and  Wtvtt  att^f  iri  vain,  should  have  created  so  many  gto« 
rious  sans  fitted  for  so  mdhy  important  purposes^  and  placed  at  such  dis- 
tances front  each  other  without  suitable  objects  sufficiently  near  them  tO 
be  benefited  by  their  infliienbe.  On  the  contrary,  it  \i  reasonable  to  con- 
cludt^il  that  they  were  created  fur  the  same  purposes  with  our  Sun  ;  to  be- 
stow light,  heat,  andtegetatioHjon  a  certain  number  of  planets  revolving 
roiind  thehil  And,  from  analbgy  We  may  infer,  that  all  thise  innitmera- 
ble  systems  are  with  equal  wisdom  contrivod  ibr  the  accommodation  of 
rational  inhabitants)  p<erhaps  of  Sttll  higher  orders  of  intelligent  beings, 
all  ciapable,  in  thfc  different  scales  of  existbrtcfr,  of  a  perpetual  progfesiibrt 
likhbwlidgfe  and  virtue,  in  perf^ctiurt  and  fdicityi 


i4ie! 


»*«■*« 


DEfiCRlt>TION  OF  tHE  ARTIFICIAL  SPHERE. 

ON  the  convex  part  of  the  terrestrial  globe,  which  is  ai  drtifibi^l  tpf^i. 
rical  body,  is  truly  represented  the  fchoU  ;A/brrd,  as  it  ttthiisti  oi 
land  and  water.  The  circumference  of  the  gtdbe  is  divided  iiltb  360 
oegrees,  every  degree  containing  6t)  geographic  ^iles ;  con<edu6ntiy 
the  globe  is  21,600  such  miles  round  ;  but  a«  60  geographic  miles  ate 
about  6d  iniles  English  measure,  the  circuit  of  the  globe  is  therefore 
i4,840  English  mile!<.  The  circles  fiipresented  oit  the  globe  are,  1. 
The  Equator,  aiid  the  circles  parailel  to  it.  i.  The  Mei-idiah,  and  the 
rest  of  the  meridinal  lines.  3.  The  Horizon.  4.  The  Ecliptit'.  5. 
The  two  Tropics  ;  and  6.'f'he  two  Polar  Circles. 

The  £q^ATOR,  or  l^qtriMocTiAL,  is  a  great  circle,  ninety  degree^ 
^staiit  from  the  poles  of  the  w6rld,  and  so  named,  because  it  divided 
the  world  into  two  equaj  parts  :  that  in  which  the  arctic  pole  i*  found,  i4 
called  the  northern  half  ;  and  that  in  which  tht  antarctic  pole  is  placed^ 
is  the  southern  half.  It  is  divided  into  360  degrees,  or  180  degreei 
^ast,  and  the  same  west,  from  the  first  meridian,  which  on  English 
globes  passes  through  London  ;  and  its  principal  us6  is  to  show  the 
longitude  of  any  place,  eait  or  west,  from  such  firft  meridian.  When 
the  Sun  is  in  this  circle,  there  is  .n  equality  of  days  and  nights  all  over 
the  world :  hence  these  points  are  called  the  equinoxes. 

The  Meridian  is  a  great  circle  supposed  to  past  through  the  poles 
ef  the  wbrYd  aiid  those  of  the  horizon*  cutting  the  sj>here  into  two  equd 
parts,  the  one  oriental,  and  the  other  occidental.  It  also  passes  through  ch6 
zenith  and  the  nadir  in  every  place,  and  cuts  the  horizon  at  right  angles. 
It  is  called  the  Meridian,  because  it  marks  half  th£  space  of  time  during 
^hisU  the  San  and  stars  appear  abovt  the  horizon.     As  there  is  an  infir^ 


tmii'wwWi  11,1..  f ^  iy)ii.i,ii jjimin 


■TNf- 


Xi! 


INTRQDUCTION, 


fiitp  nuinbfrof  zen'it|)«  and  hdiizons,  tl.ie  number  of  Meridian*! ii,al»» 
infinite  ;  i'or  the  M.ridian  is  changed,  as  wfl!  as  the  zenithandhomoo 
evtry  stt-p  wc  take  toward  ths  cast  Oi  w??fj  but  if  »vc  p»s»  in  a 
right  line  northward  or  southward,  we  still,  cp^uinur  under  Jhe  same 
Meridian,  i!ioii)<h  we  constantly  thange  the  acuith  and  horiaow.  Jiow. 
ever,  geographers  only  reckon  360  Meridians,  whrth  arc  mopuwd  to 
pass  throir;h  every  degree  of  the  equinodlial.  It  has  been  tus.tonrary 
/oi  geographers  to  csablish  a  first  Mendiaij  ;  though  this  i$  altogether 
arbitrary  :  Ptolemy  placed  it  ;  '  the  island  of  Fprro,'whicli  is  the  most 
western  of  the  Canaries  ;  bin  die  common  method,  at  present,  is  fop 
every  ceographer  t  make  the  Meridian  of  the  capital  of  his  country  ilie 
pirst  Meridian  ;  and,  accordingly,  the  longitudes  in  this  Dictionary  are 
reckoned  east  or  ^ves:  from  the  Meridian  of  London.  The  use  of  the 
brass  Meridian  of  a  jjlobe  is  to  show  when  it  is  mmn  or  midnight  at  the 
plact  to  which  it  is  applied  ;  asd  also  to  find  the  latitude  of  pUccs,  narth 
lor  south  from  the  equator. 

,  The  ECi-iPTic  is  a  great  circle  that  tuts  the  ecjuator  obliquely,  and 
represents  that  path  in  the  heavens*  which  the  sun  aeeu.s  ty  describe  by 
the  Earth's  annual  coprse  round  it.  It  is  divided  into  12  parts,  called 
signs,  and  each  of  those  ints  30  more,  called  degices,  corresponding  to 
the  12  months  and  the  days  of  the  montk     ■.;^- 

The  Horizon  is  a  great  circle,  which  divides  the  world  into  two 
equal  p^rts  or  hrmisp)iere^,  of  which  one  is  superior  and  visible,  and  the 
other  inferio--  and  invisible.  When  the  Sun  is  above  this  circle  it  is 
then  day,  and  when  it  is  sunk  18  degrees  beneath  it,  night  then  commen- 
ces. This  cirile  is  of  wood,  and  the  brass  meridian  is  inclosed  thetein 
with  all  the  rest  of  the  sphere  :  it  is  also  immoveable,  dnd  on  it  are 
marked  the  degrees  of  the  12  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  and  the  days  of  the 
12  months  of  the  year. 

.  The  Tkopics  are  two  small  circles  parallel  to  the  equinoctial,  des- 
cribed by  the  first  points  of  the  first  degrees  qf  the  signs  tertned  Cancer 
and  Capricorn,  that  is,  where  they  touch  the  ecliptic.  They  are  distant 
from  the  equinoctial  very  near  23  degrees  and  a  half.  The  Sun  des- 
cribes" these  Tropic-,  about  the  20th  of  June,  and  the  21st  day  of  De- 
cember. When  he  touches  the  Tropic  of  Canter,  he  makes' the  longest 
day  for  the  inhabitants  between  the  equator  aiid  the  north  pole  ;  and 
when  he  comes  to  the  beginning  of  Capricorn,  he  makes  the  longest  day 
for  the  people  between  the  equator  and  the  south  pole.  On  the  contra- 
iy,  tht  shortest  day  to  tht  firmer  will  be  when  the  Sun  touches  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  to  'he  latter  when  he  comes  to  the  Tropic  of 
Canier.  For  this  reason,  those  points  are  called  the  winter  and  tiie  sum- 
mer Tropics,  or  the  southern  aiid  northern  ;  and  they  are  as  it  were 
the  two  barriers,  beyond  which  the  Sun  never  passes. 

The  Pol  AH  Circles  are  distinguished  by  the  names  of  the  arctic  and 
antarctic,  or  the  north  and  the  south,  and  are  circles  parallel  to  theequi- 
noclial.  They  are  termed  Polar,  because  they  are  near  the  poles  of  the 
world,  being  only  23  degrees  a,  d  a  half  from  each  pole. 

'1  he  Mil/)  of  the  World,  at  the  neginning  of  this  book  represents  the 
globe,  taken  oUt  of  its  horizon,  cut  through,  turned  up  and  squeezed 
flat-  The  circles  bounding  the  prcjeftion,  represent  the  brass  meridian  { 
«ud  the  curve  lines  running  across  at  every  10  degrees,  show  the  lati- 


tude, nor 
north  anc 
meridians 
equator, 
London, 
the  me  rid 
deiineacec 
south. 

•loi^J 

Tk  Zo 
tingtii^hed 
tains  all  tl 
cessive  hei 
it.  .This  ci 
so  called  f 
coldt  via.b 
led  the  No 
Zone.  Thi 
encoropassi 
drgrees  an 
to  the  earn 

:   I'-'W  •• 

A  CtiM 

lels,  at  the 

an  houn  in 

ebserve,  ih 

hours,  and 

days  of  eat 

circles  {  fo 

S4;Climates 

what  Clima 

London,   w 

from    the  n 

two,  and  y( 

same  may  b( 


The  Eartl 
which  are  tl; 
between  thei 
We  know  tlir 
gard  to  eaci 
gard  to  thos 
land  is  to  tin 
Afnc9  is  to  1 
fhatlie.  bctvi 


Ti4i»n«:is  all* 

;h  and  hoL'tzoB 

we  pass  in  a 

indcr  (he  »amQ 

iorizoM«  Wo*- 
re  &uopu(ed  to 
ecn  Luscomary 
•,  i$  altogether 
ch  is  the  most 
l^restiit,  ia  for 
lis  country  llie 
Dictionary  are 
The  use  of  the 
1  id  night  at  the 
>f  pidcci,  north 

obliquely,  and 

tu  dchcribe  by 

i2  parts,  called 

rresponding  to 

vorld  into  two 

isible,  and  the 

:his  circle  It  is 

thru  conimen- 

iclosed  thetein 

and  on  it  are 

e  days  of  the 

inoctial,  des- 
Itermed  Cancer 
ey  are  distant 
iThe  Sun  dei- 
t  day  of  De« 
es  the  longest 
Tth  pole  ;  and 
|he  longest  day 
n  the  contra- 
n  touches  the 
the  "tropic  of 
and  tlie  sum' 
lare  as  it  were 

I  the  arctic  and 
:l  to  the  equi- 
le  poles  of  the 

[represents  the 

and  squeezed 

l-ass  meridian  { 

thow  the  lati- 


INTRODUCnON. 


«i* 


tudv,  north  pr  south  from  the  '^quator.  Tlie  top  and  bottom  are  tha 
north  and  routli  pules  ;  and  the  curve  lines  uniting  them,  arc  the  other 
meridians  on  the  globe,  which  are  drawn  at  every  10  decrees  on  the 
ei|uaror,  and  show  the  longitudtt  east  or  west,  from  tiie  meridian  o£ 
London.  The  equator  or  equinoctial  is  the  striiight  line  runnin^p  acrost 
the  meridians  exadtly  in  the  middle.  The  tropics  and  polar  circles  are 
delineated  at  their  proper  distances  on  each  aide  toward  the  north  and 
south. 

OF  THE  ZONES. 

TIk  Zokks  arc  five  broad  »paf.es  encompassing  the  globe,  and  are  dis- 
tinguished chiefly  by  the  temperature  of  the  air.  The  torrid  Zone  con> 
tains  all  the  space  between  the  two  tropics,  and  is  so  called  from  its  ex» 
Mssive  heat,  the  Sun  being  vertical  twice  every  year  to  all  that  inliabit 
i£  «T,hisciixle  is  about  47  degrees  broad.  The  two  temperate  Zones  are 
so  called  from  their  lying  between  the  two  i^xtreme  degrees  of  heat  and 
cold)  viz.  between  the  torrid  Zone  and  tiie  frigid  Zones,  the  one  being  caU 
led  the  Northern  temperate  Zone,  ainl  the  other  the  Southern  temperate 
Zone.  These  are  both  43  degrees  broad.  Of  the  two  frigid  Zonest  the  one 
encompasses  the  arctic  or  north  pole,  and  extends  to  the  distance  of  31 
degrees  and  a  half  from  it)  and  the  other*  the  antarctic  or  south  poky 
to  the  «ane  distance* 

,  ,  OF  THE  CLIMATES. 

A  Climate  is  a  space  of  the  Earth  comprehended  betweentwo  paral- 
lels, at  the  end  of  which  the  length  of  the  longest  days  are  increased  half 
sn  houfi  in  the  summer  season.  The  better  to  understand  this  we  must 
observe,  that  under  the  equator  the  longest  day  is  no  mote  than  twelve 
hours,  and  that  in  proportion  as  we  advance  toward  the  polar  circle,  the 
days  of  each  climate  increase  half  an  hour,  till  we  arrive  at  the  polar 
circles  ;  for  then  the  longest  days  consist  of  24  hours.  Thus  there  are 
S4  Climates  in  all|  on  each  side  of  the  equator.  Jt  is  easy  to  know  in 
what  Climate  a  city  is,  by  observing  the  longest  day  ;  as  for  instance,  at 
London,  where  the  days  are  16  hours  long  we  need  only  subtract  12 
from  the  number,  and  there  will  remain,  four;  then  multiply  ibis  l^ 
two,  and  you  will  have  eight,  which  is  the  Climate  of  London.  The 
same  may  be  done  on  ^ny  other  Climate. 

OF  THE  POINTS  OF  THE  COMPASS. 

The  Earth  may  be  considered,  with  regard  to  the  four  cardinal  Points 
which  are  the  north*  south,  east,  and  west  ;  and.nll  the  points  inciuded 
between  them  may  have  respect  to  a  particular  place.  By  this  mean* 
tre  know  the  situation  of  the  different  countries  of  the  world,  with  re* 
gard  to  each  other ;  for  some  are  oriental  or  toward  the  cast,  with  re- 
gard to  those  that  are  occidental,  or  lie  westerly  pf  them,  Thus  Ire- 
land is  to  the  west  of  England,  Poland  is  to  the  east  of  (Germany.,  and 
Africa  is  to  the  south  of  Europe.  We  may  easily  distingifisb  the  points 
^atlie.  between  those  that   are  cardinal :  tbw,c,tbough.  Sp»iin.  is  to  the. 


s*i^^^^^*■*^ 


iir  INTROOtrcnOM. 

umith  of  Frftnce,  yet  it  likewise  lie*  to  tlie  wrsrwanl  thereof;  but  hi  thtf 
do  not  lit-  exitctty  south  or  Wf»t  of  r»ch  oilier,  Spaininay  be  said  to  he 
!»ou;lnvrit  of  France  ;  and  for  the  same  reason,  on  the  coniriry,  France 
■will  be  northeast  with  regard  lo  Spain.     The    like  maybe  «aid  of  any 
two  other  countries. 

OF  THE  TERMS  USED  IN  GEOOHAPHY.     . 

The  v/ord  Geography  comes  from  the  Greek,  and  sif^nifies  a  description 
of  the  Earth.  By  the  Earth  is  meant  the  terracjueous  globe  composed 
of  land  and  water,  and  it  is  commonly  called  the  terrestrial  globe.  CAo- 
rogrophy'M  the  drsrrlption  of  a  country,  pr-ovime,  or  county  (  as^  for 
instance,  Dorsetshire.  Tspography  is  the  description  of  a  particular  placet 
as  a  town  and  the  like.  //v</*-(7s-ra/>Ay  is  a  description  of  the  watery 
Hifh  as  oceans,  seas,  and  lakes.  .     , 

As  the  Earth  may  be  represented  either  in  thewholci  or  in  parti  tt 
forms  the  dilference  between  geographical  charts  or  mapi,  which,  how- 
ever, may  be  reduced  to  two  kinds  <  namely,  general  and  particular* 
Among  the  former  is  the  mop  of  the  world,  or  planisphere,  ^hich  showa 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  whol*  terrestrial  globe,  cut  in  two  by  the  meri. 
dian  passlnjc  through  the  t-qoinoxes ;  as  also  the  maps  which  describe 
some  principal  par:  of  the  gtebc  j  such  as  Europe,  Asia^  or  Africa  :  and 
even  kin;.'doms;  as  bwcden,  Spain,  or  Great  Britain.  Howeyer»  those 
maps  may  be  called  particular,  which  represent  any  particular  country  ; 
but  they  are  more  properly  sutli  as  give  Hn  account  only  of  a  part,  as 
Naples  in  Italy,  Normandy  in  France,  and  Staffordshire  in  England. 

After  all,  nothing  cin  givfe  ii  better  or  tnore  g^htral  idea  tff  the  Earth 
than  a  globe,  because  it  is  of  tfic  same  shape  and 'figure  j  but  as  it  is  ith* 
pofisible  to  make  one  large  enongh  to  shew  every  part  of  the  land  and 
sea  distinctly,  there  is  a  necessity  of  having  recourse  to  general  and  par- 
ticular maps. 

Geography,  as  well  as  other  art*  and  sciences,  hai  term*  ]l>ro]kr  to  itself) 
some  of  which  have  relation  to  the  land,  and  others  t A  the  water. 

A  Continent  is  a  Urge  part  of  land  that  comprehctlds  several  countfita 
not  separated  by  any  sea :  th«4  Europe  la  a  continent. 

An  Island,  or  Isle,  is  a  portion  of  land  entirely  surrnnnded  by  water. 

A  Peninsula,  or  Cliersonesus,  is  a  quiantity  of  land  which  is  joined  t* 
a  continent  only  h)'  a  neck  of  the  same,  it  being  every  where  else  en- 
compassed with  water  ;  as  the  peninsula  6f  the  GriiMea. 

An  Isthmus,  or  neck  of  land,  is  that  part  by  which  a  peninsula  is 
joined  to  the  land  ;  as  the  istbmui  of  Su(£. 

A  Promontory  is  a  high  part  of  land,  which  projefts  into  the  sea,  and 
is  commonly  called  a  Cape,  when  it  appeai^s  like  a  mountain  ;  btft  wlitn 
the  advanced  part  has  little  elevation,  it  is  termed  a  Point.  Thus  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  a  moantainous  promontory. 

An  Ocean  is  a  large  collection  of  waters  snrronnding  a  considerable 
part  of  the  continent ;  »Uch  is  the  Atlantic  and  Northern  Oceans* 

A  Sea  is  a  smaller  collection  of  waters,  when  understood  in  a  strict 
sense,  as  the  Irish  Sea ;  but,  in  };encral,  every  part  of  the  ocean  may  be 
tailed  the  sea  ;  and  it  is  still  more  general,  when  the  reiratjueous  globe 
iV  said  to  consist  of  land  and  sea< 


I  tliereof:  butnithef 
inma/  be  laid  to  lie 
the  contrary,  France 
e  ninyr  be  laid  of  utif 

lAPHY.    .      i^sibj. 

signifies  a  description 
icous  globe  composed 
rrestrial  globe.  Cho- 
;,  or  county  (  as^  for 

of  a  particular  place^ 
:ription  of  the  «ater| 

wliolei  or  in  parti  it 
>r  mapi,  which,  how- 
eral  and  particular* 
■sphere,  which  show* 
io  two  by  the  nicri- 
maps  which  describe 
^sia»  or  Africa  :  and 
in.  However*  those 
particular  country ; 
It  only  of  a  partt  as 
shire  in  England, 
iral  idea  of  the  Earth 
llr^  t  but  as  it  is  itn<* 
part  of  the  land  and 
le  to  gctttral  and  par-* 

«/mtf  pro]b«r  to  itaelfp 

10  the  tvater< 

flds  several  counttiM 

nt. 

■rounded  by  water. 

d  which  is  joined  t* 

ivery  where  else  en- 

ntea. 

vhich  a  peninsula  is 

£is  into  the  sea,  and 


iountain  ; 
a  Point. 


btft  wtitn 
Thug  the 


iding  a  considerable 
rthcrn  Oceans< 
nderstood  in  a  strict 
of  the  ocean  may  be 
le  (cira(}ueQUs  globe 


INTRODUCTION. 


.Xf 


A  Ch9Mtl  U  a  narrow  sea,  coii&ncd  between  an  islafid  and  a  continent, 
^r  bcHwccn  two  islaiKls  t  as  Oie  KngUsh  Cliaunel,  and  Si.  George's  Chan* 
nel.  • 

A  Gu^  is  a  part  of  the  sea  surrmtuded  by  land,  except  in  cAie  part, 
whctc  iti  comoiuuU.itcs  wiili  the  ocean ;  as  the  Gulf  of  Ilen^ai.  the  (iulf 
of  FloiiUa  ;  and  yet  these  a,re  more  properly  sraa  tliau  the  Mcditenane- 
an,  the  Ualtic,  and  tb«  Black  Seas,  which  properly  speaking,  are  (julb^ 
as  w(tU  %a  the  (»uU'ci  VenUr. 

A  B(\)H  w  iiaid  to  dtifcr  ffbiria  gulfottly  in  b«ir>g  less,  aud  isort;  nar^ 
row.  at  tV'fntr^uce  th«n  t^ithilx  i  but  thi&is  far  trom  bieing  true  ;  for  m 
bay  ha^  a  widur  ontKanre  iu  proportion  than  a  i^ulf,  and  it  irry  be  also 
Ufget  than  sume  gulfs  i  an  fpr  instance,  wie  V^»y  uf  Hiscav  (  -hough  ie 
mutt  b<  acknowMgcd  thut  bays  in  generul  ate  mutii  8m.(l|er. . 

A  Crtek  is  »  suiail  intct,  and  is  always  m«w;li  li'&i  than  a  bay. 

4  ^oatl  14  apjbace  Vfion  auy  coast  \vhQre'tlii.-rc  is  a  good  ancboiagCT 
and  whei,e  vessels,  in  spnie  se«se,  axe  ehelteced  from  the  wind. 

A  Strait  '\^  a  narrow  passage  which  joiusi  two  sens,  two  gulfs,  or  a  qe» 
and  a>gulfi  «u«b  w  the  S^tnid,  ::ear  the  Baltic;  and  the  iktssta  of 
^ib<«,ltar»be(wc(ta,t|i0  A,(l<w>tiG Oceau  .and>tlH>  MicdittrrAueaa  Sea.^   ^    1 

A  J^ah*  i«  a  coHectiioD  of  standing  watm  tiNrmuuded  by  land,  hivini^ 
99  vUiJtle  p.^ninmniQation^vith  the  sea.  Thus  tihc  t::adpidit  Sc)  is  tmi^ 
and  properly  a  lake.  S>w«Her  lakea  are  thpue  q£  .LjigodA»  GsoevA^  Jiad 
several  others. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A  MAP. 

The  top  of  most  modern  Maps  is  considered  as  the  north,  the  bottom 
as  the  south,  the  right  hand  as  the  east,  and  the  left  hand  as  the  west. 
In  old  Maps,  where  this  rule  is  not  always  strictly  fnlluwed,  a  flower  de 
luce  is  generally  placed  on  some  part  of  it,  poiuring  toward  the  north,  by 
which  the  other  points  aie  easily  known. 

<")n  the  top  of  the  Map,  between  the  marginal  lines,  are  placed  the 
several  figures,  which  show  the  number  of  degrees  of  eastern  or  western 
longitude  of  every  place  that  is  directly  under  those  figures.  At  the 
bottom  of  most  Maps  are  placed  the  s£me  figures  as  those  at  the  top ; 
but  in  Maps  of  the  best  sort,  instead  thereof  are  placed  the  number  of 
hourscr  minutes  every  place  in  it  lies  distant,  east  or  west,  from  its 
chief  town  or  first  meridian.  For  instance,  every  place  which  is  situate 
one  degree  east  of  another,  will  a;  pear  to  have  the  Sun/owr  minutes  of 
time  before  it ;  aud  any  one  place,  fituatc  one  degree  west  of  another, 
will  appear  lo  have  the  Sun  four  minutes  of  time  after  it.  Again,  a 
place  situate  fifteen  degrees  east  of  us,  as  Naples,  will  appear  to  have 
the  Sun  one  complete  hour  before  us  at  London  ;  and  any  place  situate 
fifteen  degrees  west  of  us,  as  the  island  of  Madeira,  will  appear  to  have 
the  Sun  one  hour  after  ns  at  London. 

On  the  right  and  left  hand  of  every  Map,  between  the  marginal  lines, 
are  placed  figures  that  shew  the  number  of  degrees,  either  north  or  south 
latitude  which  every  place  parallel  with  them  is  distant  from  the  equa- 
tor. Thus  London  is  situate  51  degrees  30  minutes  of  north  latitude  ; 
that  is,  it  is  so  many  degrees  and  minutes  north  from  the  equator.  Over 
most  Maps  are  drawn  linei  from  thf  top  tc  the   bottem,  and  from  the 


:h     \ 


m 


xvi 


TNTRODUCnON. 


rip-ht  h«nd  to  the  left ;  those  which  run  from  the  top  to  the  brtttnmt  ure 
lintt  (if  longitudr,  and  those  which  cross  them,  lines  of  latituHe  i  hut 
thtse  are  sometimes  nmitied,  whtn  a  Map  is  too  full  to  admit  of  them. 
A'/njWcmt  or  Provinees  are  divided  from  each  other  by  a  row  of  sihgic 
point?,  and  they  are  often  stained  with  dilFerent  colours.  Citie»  or 
great  towns  art-  made  like  little  houses,  with  a  small  circle  in  the  middle 
ot  them  ;  but  itmallcr  towns  or  villages  are  marked  only  with  little  cir- 
cl>-«.  Mountains  are  imitated  in  the  form  of  Lille  rising  hillocks  ;  and 
Jorrsis  are  represented  by  a  colWction  of  little  trees.  The  names  of 
viUa^es  are  written  in  a  running  hand,  those  ut  cities  in  a  Roman  cha- 
rarttr,  and  those  ot  provinces  in  large  capitals.  The  sea  is  generally 
left  as  an  empty  space  on  the  Map,  except  where  there  are  rocks,  sands, 
or  shelves,  currents  of  water  or  wind.  Mocks  are  sometimes  made  in  Maps 
like  little  pointed  things  sticking  up  sharp  in  the  sea.  Sands  or  shelves 
■re  denoted  by  a  great  heap  uf  little  pointi  placed  in  the  shape  of  these 
sands,  as  they  have  been  found  to  lie  in  tlie  ocean,  by  sounding  the 
drpths.  Currents  of  water  arc  described  by  several  long  parallel  croaked 
•tiokes,  imitating  a  current.  The  course  of  winds  is  represented  by  the 
heads  of  arrows  pointing  to  the  coast  toward  which  the  wind  blowsi 
Small  rivers  are  described  by  a  single  crooked  waving  line,  and  large 
rivers  by  such  double  and  treble  lines  made  strong  and  black*  6ridgtf 
arc  di«tingutshcd  by  a  double  line  across  the  rivers. 


,t   ,!!i  (Kil 


p 


M 


p  to  the  h(ittnm»'  «re 
in  of  latituric  i  but 
ill  to  admit  of  them, 
tr  by  a  row  of  «ihglc 
colours.  Citie*  or 
I  circle  in  the  middle 
only  with  little  cir- 
rising  hillocks  ;  ind 
ees.  The  names  of 
r«  in  a  Rninan  cha- 
"he  sea  is  generally 
lere  are  rocks,  sands, 
:times  made  in  Maps 
a.  Sand  J  or  shelves 
n  the  thnpe  of  these 
m,  by  sounding  the 
ong  parallel  croaked 
t  represented  by  the 
lich  the  wind  blowsi 
iring  line,  and  large 
md  black.    Bridgt$ 


G 


GE 


AA,  ar 
watei 
Dommel,  a 

Aa,  a  ri' 
which  watei 
oppofite  Ha 

Aa,  a  fm 
phalia,  whic 
that  city,  an 

Aa,  a  riv 
of  Somme 
near  St.  Oi 
where  it  fall 

Aa,  a  riv 
Samojitia,  a 

Aa,  a  riv( 
in  the  valk) 
waldeii,  froi 
Waldftietter 
gclberg,  it  h 

Aar,  a  lai 
iiTuet  from 
in  the  S  of  t 
ning  N  W 
the  lakes  of 
takes  a  circu 
it  flows  £  t 
below  whicl 


THE 


GENERAL  GAZETTEER- 


6r  compendious 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DICTIONARY. 


A  A  R 

A  A,  a  river  of  Dutch  Brabant,  which 
wateri  Helmont,  and  falU  into  the 
Oommel,  a  little  above  Boifle-duc. 

Aa,  a  river  of  the  United  I'rovincei, 
which  waters  Zwoll.and  enter*  the  Vecht, 
oppofite  Hafielt. 

Aa,  a  fmall  river  of  Germany  in  Weft- 
phalia,  which  rifei  near  Munfter,  wateri 
thit  city,  and  fullt  into  the  Kmbs. 

Aa,  a  river  that  rifeit  in  the  department 
of  Somme  in  Prance,  becomes  navieable 
(icar  St.  Omer,  paflcs  on  to  Gravelinet, 
where  it  falls  into  the  German  ocean. 

Aa,  a  river  of  Courland,  that  rife«  in 
Samojitia,  and  falk  into  the  gulf  of  Riga. 

Aa,  a  river  of  Swiflcrland,  which  rifei 
in  the  valley  of  Engelberg,  croflcs  Under- 
walden,  from  S  to  N,  and  fall*  into  the 
Waldflstter  Sea.  Near  the  abbey  of  En- 
gelberg, it  has  a  noble  catarad. 

Aar,  a  large  river  of  Swifferland,  which 
iffuM  from  a  lake,  near  Mount  Saalberg, 
in  the  S  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  run- 
ning N  W  through  the  whole  extent  of 
the  lakes  of  Brientz  and  Thnn  to  Bern, 
takes  a  circuitous  courfc  to  Soleure,  whence 
it  flows  E  to  Arburg,  and  N  E  to  Brug, 
below  which  it  is  joined  by  the  Reufs  and 


ABA 

[  LJmmar,  and  then  enters  the  Rhine  below 
Zurzach.  Gold  duft  is  found  in  its  bed, 
conveyed  to  it  by  the  river  Emme.  Aar 
"•  alfo  the  name  of  a  finall  ifland  in  th« 
Baltic. 

Aaraffin,  a  town  of  Pifidia  in  the  Hi- 
ther Alia,  thought  to  be  the  /Vnaflui  of 
Ptolemy. 

AarmJImrg,  a  poft  town,  in  Northumber- 
land  county,  Pennfylvania ;  fituated  on  the 
N  fide  of  Pcnn*»  creek,  (a  branch  of  the 
Sufquehannah)  about  30  miles  W  of  Lew. 
ilburg,  and  40  of  Northumberland,  con- 
tammg  about  300  inhabitants. 

Aafar,  a  town  of  Paleftine  in  the  tribe 
of  Judah,  fituate  between  Azolu*  and 
Aikalon. 

Aiatana,  a  town  of  Media,  and  another 
of  Cana  in  the  Hither  Afia. 

Akantnum,  a  town  of  Sicily,  whofe  ruins 
are  fuppofed  to  be  thofe  lying  near  Trippi. 

Ataeb,  a  market  town  of  Germany  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  feven 
miles  S  W  of  Ratifbon.  It  has  a  citadel, 
and  IS  remarkable  for  Roman  antiquities, 
and  fome  fine  fpringt  of  ntineral  water. 
Loi^ii59E,lat.  4853N. 

AtaUnJkti,  a  tow:»  of  Siberia,  in  the 


ABB 


ABE 


province  of,  Tobolflc,  feated  on  the  Janef- 
ka.  It  »  provided  with  artillery,  and  has 
a  garrifon.     Lon.  94  5  E,  lat.  S3  5  N. 

Jialai,  a  town  in  Siberia,  two  miles 
from  Tobolflc ;  famous  for  an  image  of 
the  Virgin,  conflantiy  vifited  by  a  great 
number  of  pilgrims  5  the  clergy  carry  it 
every  year  in  proceflion  to  Tolnllk.  Lon. 
68aoE,  lat.  5811  N, 

^hanii,  a  village  five  miles  3  W  of  Pa.* 
dua,  in  Italy,  famous  for  warm  baths.  In 
one  called  fiagno  di  Fango,  the  patients 
are  covtred  with  the  warm  mud,  in  hopes 
of  a  cure. 

Abara,  a  town  in  the  Greater  Armenia, 
i;inder  the  dominion  of  the  Turks. 

Abarancr,  a  town  of  Armenia,  where 
the  archbifhop  of  Nakfivan  often  refides : 
he  is  an  Armenian,  and  yet  there  are  300 
Roman  Catholics  faid  to  be  in  this  place. 
It  is  10  miles  N  of  Nakfivan.  Lon.  63  59 
E,  lat.  39  o  N. 

Ahofcia,  or  Alcas,  a  country  in  Afia, 
tributary  to  the  Turks,  fituated  on  the  coaft 
of  the  Black  fea.  The  people  are  poor, 
thieviih  and  treacherous.  Their  commo- 
dities are  furs,  buck  and  tiger  {kins,  linen 
yarn,  box-wood,  and  bees-wax  ;  but  their 
grcateft  traffic  is  in  felling  their  own  chil- 
dren, and  even  one  another  to  the  Turks. 

Aiajhajof  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Ifehim.  The  church  is  furrounded  by 
8  rampart  and  palifades,  and  garrifoned  by 
dragoons.    Lon.  69  j  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Abaffusf  a  town  of  the  Greater  Phrygia 
in  Afia. 

AbbeuUU,  the  principal  town  of  Abbe- 
ville county.  South  Carolina;  feated  on 
the  N  W  fide  of  St.  John's  creek,  ^$  miles 
N  W  of  Cambridge,  lio  W  of  Columbia, 
and  229  N  W  of  Charlefton.  Here  is  a 
poft  office,  and  the  feat  of  the  county 
courts. 

Abbeville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  feated  in  a  pleafant  valley,  whtre 
the  Somme  divides  into  feveral  branches, 
and  feparates  the  town  into  two  patts.  A 
manufadlure  of  woollen  cloth  was  fet  up 
here  in  i66j ;  they  alfo  make  iail-doth, 
coarfe  linen,  and  black  and  green  foap.  It 
is  JZ  miles  S  of  Calais,  and  80  N  by  W  of 
Paris.     Lon.  1  $s  E,  lat.  jo  7  N. 

Abbey  Boyle.     See  Boyle. 

Abbey  H»lm.     See  Holm, 

Abbey  Milton.      See  Milton. 

Abbots,  or  Apeviood  Cafile,  in  Stafford- 
Ihire,  fituate  on  a  lofty  round  promonto- 
ry, and  a  ftecp  ridge  of  hills  (conjeAured 
to  have  been  one  continued  fortification, 
and  a  work  of  the  ancient  Britons)  feven 
miles  from  Wolverhamptou.  * 


Abbefj'Bromley,  called  alfo  Pagetei- 
Bromley,  a  town  of  Staffordfliire,  with  a 
market  Oh  Tiiefday.  It  is  fix  miles  E  of 
Stafford,  and  129  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  5.1  W,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Abbotjhury,  a  town  in  Oorfetfhire,  where 
there  is  a  famous  fwannery.  It  has  a  mar- 
ket on  Thurfday,  and  is  feven  miles  S  W  of 
Dorchefter,  and  127  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Abbots'Langley,  a  viilage  in  Herts,  four 
miles  S  W  of  St.  Alban's,  famous  for  being 
the  birth-place  of  Nicholas  Breakfpcare, 
who,  under  the  name  of  Adrian  IV.  was 
the  only  Engliihman  that  ever  became 
pope.  • 

AbbottfloivH,  a  poft  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Pennfylvania,  feven  miles  N  of  Hano- 
ver, 18  S  W  of  York  (the  county  town) 
and  93  N  of  the  city  of  Wafhingrton. 

Abenrade,  a  town  of  Denmark  in  Slef- 
wick,  in  a  territory  of  its  own  name.  It  is 
a  flourifhing  place,  and  feated  on  a  fpacious 
bay  of  the  Baltic,  furrounded  on  three  fides 
by  high  mountains.  Lon.  9  14  E,  lat.  55 
6N. 

Abenjhurg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Abens,  near 
the  Danube,  15  miles  S  W  of  Ratifbon. 
Lon.  II  55  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Aberavon,  'a  town  of  Glamorganlhire, 
feated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Avon,  19  miles 
N  W  of  Cowbridge,  and  195  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  3  48  W,  lat.  51  3?  N. 

Aberbrotbiviei,  or  Arbroatt,  a  royal 
borough  of  Angusfiiire.  it  is  a  flourifhing 
place,  well  built  and  fiill  increafing.  The 
town  has  been  in  an  improving  ftate  for 
the  laft  40  years,  and  the  number  of  inha> 
bitants  has  greatly  augmented;  which  is 
owing  to  the  introdudlion  of  manufadures. 
The  inhabitants  principally  confift  of  wea- 
vers of  ofnaburghs  and  failcloth;  others  ate 
employed  in  white  and  coloured  threads. 
The  glory  of  this  place  was  the  abbey, 
whofe  flupendous  and  magnificent  ruins 
give  fome  idea  of  its  former  magnificence* 
It  was  founded  in  11 78,  by  William  the 
Lion,  and  dedicated  to  the  celebrated 
Thomas  a  Decket.  It  is  15  miles  N  E  of 
St.  Andrews,  and  40  N  N  F  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  2  39  W,  lat.  5  6  36  N. 

Aberdeen,  Old,  a  city  in  Aberdeenfhire, 
about  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  nevr,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Don,  over  which  is 
a  fine  Gothic  bridge  of  a  (ingle  arch,  great- 
ly admired,  which  refts  at  both  fides  on 
two  rocks.  The  old  town  was  the  teat  of 
the  bifhop,  and  had  a  large  cathedral,  com- 
monly called  St.  Machers.  Two  very 
antique  fpires  and  one  aide,  which  is  ufcd 
as  a  church. ,  arc  now  the  only  remains  of  it. 


— -I      -■■ 


B  E 

called    alfo     PageUi- 

StafTordlhire,  with  a 

It  ii  fix   miles  E  of 

W  of  London.     Lon. 

N. 

I  in  Dorfetfhire,  where 
innery.  It  has  a  mar- 
i  is  feven  miles  S  W  of 
y  W  by  S  of  London. 
0  38  N. 

village  in  Herts,  four 
>an's,  famous  for  being 
Nicholas  Breakfpuare, 
le  of  Adrian  IV.  was 
m    that  ever   became 

:  town  in  York  coun- 
iren  miles  N  of  Hano> 
rk  (the  county  town) 
J  of  Wafhington. 

of  Denmark  in  Slef- 

if  its  own  name.     It  is 

md  feated  on  a  fpacious 

rounded  on  three  fides 

Lon.  9  14  E,  lat.  $5 

n  of  Germany  in  the 
the  river  Abens,  near 
iles  S  W  of  Ratifbon. 
«8  46  N. 

of  Glamorganihire, 
the  Avon,  19  miies 
and  195  W  of  Lon- 
lat.  SI  35  N. 

Arbroatt,     a   royal 
re. 


1 


It  is  a  flourifiiing 

ill  increafing.     The 

improving  ftate  for 

the  number  of  inha> 

augmented;  which  is 

':ion  of  manufadure*. 

ipally  confift  of  we»- 

faildoth;  others  are 

nd  coloured  threads. 

lace  was  the  abbey, 

id   magnificent  ruins 

former  magnificence^ 

78,  by  WiUiam  the 

to   the   celebrated 

is  15  miles  N  E  of 

N  F  of  Edinburgh. 

36  N. 

y  in  Aberdeenfhire, 
lorth  of  the  new^  at 
Don,  over  which  is 
a  fingle  arch,  great- 
fts  at  both  fides  on 
own  was  the  leat  of 
irge  cathedral,  com< 
ihers.  Two  very 
aifle,  which  is  ufcd 
e  only  remains  of  it. 


ABE 

Dut  the  capital  building  is  the  Kings-col 
lege,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  town,  which 
is  a  large  and  (lately  fabric.  It  is  built 
round  a  fquare  with  doifiers  on  the  S  fide. 
The  chapel  ii  very  ruinous  within ;  but 
there  fiill  remains  fome  woodwork  of  ex- 
quifite  workmanfliip. 

Aberdeen,  Neiv,  a  handfome  city  in 
Aberdeenlhire,  for  largenefs,  trade,  and 
beauty  it  greatly  exceeds  any  town  in  the 
north  of  Scotland.  It  is  built  on  a  rifing 
(rround,  and  lies  on  a  fmail  bay  formed  by 
the  Dee,  over  which  about  two  miles  from 
the  town  is  an  elegant  bridge  of  feven 
arches.  The  buildings,  which  are  of  gra- 
nite from  the  neighbouring  quarries,  are 
generally  four  (lories  high,  and  have  for 
the  mod  part  gardens  behind  them,  which 
give  it  a  beautiful  appearance.  On  the 
high  (Ireet  is  a  large  church,  which  for- 
merly belonged  to  the  Francifcans.  In 
the  middle  of  Callle  (Ireet  is  an  odagon 
building  with  neat  bas  relievos  of  the 
kings  of  Scotland  from  James  I.  to  James 
Vli.  The  town-houfe  makes  a  good  fi- 
gure, and  has  a  handfome  fpire  in  the  cen- 
tre. The  grammar  fchool  is  a  low  but 
neat  building.  Gordon's  hofpital  is  hand- 
fome ;  in  front  is  a  good  ftatue  of  the 
founder ;  it  maintains  40  boys,  who  are 
apprenticed  at  proper  ages.  The  infirma- 
ry is  a  large  plain  building,  and  fends  out 
between  8  and  900  cured  patients  annual- 
ly. But  the  chief  public  building  in  the 
new  town  is  the  Marifchal  college,  found- 
ed by  earl  Marifchal  in  ^593.  In  both 
colleges  the  languages,  mathematics,  na- 
tural philofophy,  divinity,  &c.  are  taught 
by  very  able  profelTors.  The  harbour, 
which  was  formerly  very  dangerous,  is 
defended  by  a  pier,  ereded  fome  years 
ago;  this  pier  is  1200  feet  in  length,  and 
gradually  increafes  in  height  and  thickiiefs, 
as  it  approaches  the  fea,  where  the  head 
or  rounding  is  60  feet  diameter  at  ths  bafe, 
and  the  perpendicular  elevation  is  38  feet. 
It  Nit  built  under  the  diredion  of  Mr. 
Smeatnn,  and  coll  upwards  of  17,000!. 
Befide  the  coailing  trade,  vefliels  are  fent 
hence  to  Norway,  Holland,  Portugal,  Swe- 
den, Spain,  and  Italy,  and  to  the  northern 
dates  of  Europe.  The  principal  manu- 
fadure  is  (lockings.  The  thread  nianu- 
fadure  is  likewife  carried  to  great  per- 
feAion.  A  manufadory  of  failcloth  and 
ofnaburghs  has  lately  been  edablilhed. 
They  have  likewife  excellent  falmon  fi(h- 
eriss.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Old 
and  New  Aberdeen,  and  the  fuburbs,  is  ef- 
timated  at  25,000.  Aberdeen  is  84  miles 
N  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  i  50  W,  lat. 
57  6  N. 


A  B  I 

Aherittnjbiri,  a  county  of  ScotlAi4 
bounded  on  the  N  W  of  BamlTilhire  and 
the  river  Devcron;  on  the  N  and  N  E 
by  the  German  Ocean ;  on  the  S  by  the 
counties  of  Kincardine,  Angus,  und  Feith ; 
and  on  the  W  by  Invernefsfhire.  Its 
length,  from  N  E  to  S  W,  is  80  miies; 
its  breadth  not  quite  30.  The  N  E  part, 
extending  toward  the  river  Ythan,  is  caiU 
ed  Buchan.  There  is  much  excellent 
padure  in  the  high  parts ;  and  the  level 
trad,  called  Strathbogie,  contains  many 
well  cultivated  fields. 

Aberdtur,  a  village  in  Fifefhire,  on  the 
N  coad  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  about  I  a 
miles  from  Edinburgh. 

Aberftrd,  or  Aberfartb,  a  town  in  the 
W  riding  of  Yorklhire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednefday,  for  horfes,  &c  It  is  16  miles 
3  W  of  York,  and  184  N  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  I  ai  W,  lat.  53  jo  N. 

Aber/raxv,  a  village  in  the  ifle  of  Angle- 
fey,  formerly  a  plate  of  great  account, 
the  prinrcs  of  N  Wales  having  then  a 
palace  here.  It  is  fix  miles  N  W  of  New- 
burgh. 

Abergavenny,  a  populous  well  builc  town 
in  Monmouthlhire,  containing  about  500 
houfes,  with  two  parilh  churches,  and  an 
old  cadle.  It  has  a  market  on  Juefday 
and  Friday,  and  is  16  miles  W  of  Mon- 
mouth, atfd  143  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 

3  5  W,  lat  51  50  N. 

Abemetln,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Stra- 
them  on  the  river  Tay,  formerly  the  feat 
of  the  Pidifh  kings,  and  afterward  the 
fee  of  an  archbiihop. 

Aberjpwitb,  a  itnall  town  in  Cardigan- 
(hire,  on  the  Riddal,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Idwith,  where  it  falls  into  Car- 
digan Bay.  The  market,  on  Monday,  is 
confiderable.  It  is  30  miles  N  £  of  Car- 
digan, and  ao3  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 

4  o  W,  lat.  ja  15  N. 
Abex,  a  country  of  Africa,  on  the  Red 

Sea,  which  bounds  it  on  the  E ;  Abyflinia 
and  Nubia  lie  on  the  W ;  Eg^pt  on  the 
N ;  and  the  coad  of  Ajan  to  the  S.  The 
principal  towns  are  Eracco  and  Suaqualb 
which  is  the  capital.  It  is  very  fandy  and 
barren,  being  deditute  of  water.  The  in- 
habitants are  Mahometans. 

Abiad,  a  town  on  the  coad  of  Abex,  on 
a  high  mountain,  and  remarkable  for  its 
trade  in  ebony  and  aromatic  plants. 

Abiagrajfo,  a  fmall  town  of  Italy,  feat- 
ed on  a  canal,  in  the  dutchy  of  Milan. 
Lon.  9  34  E,  lat.  45  ao  N. 

AbiHgdoK,  a  town  in  Berks,  on  the 
Thames,  with  a  market  on  Monday  and 
Triday.  The  afli«es,  feifions,  and  other 
county  meetings,  are  often  held  here*     It 


ABO 


A  B  Y 


has  a  handibme  townhall  for  the  aflizes,' 
&c.  and  two  churches.  The  town  confifts 
of  fevcral  well  built  ftreets,  which  centre 
in  a  fpacious  corn-market ;  and  great  quan- 
tities of  malt  are  made  here,  and  fent  in 
barges  to  London.  It  fends  two  membeis 
to  parliament,  and  is  fix  miles  and  a  half 
ij  of  Oxford,  and  .56  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  12  W,  lat.  51  4Z  N. 

Mii'gJon,  a  poll  town,  and  the  prirci- 
pal  I'cat  of  jullicc  in  Wadiington  county, 
Virginia  ;  fituatcd  on  the  W  fide  of  Hcl- 
ftein  river,  58  miles  S  W  of  Wythe  court- 
houfe,  300  W  of  Richmond  the  capital  of 
the  Aate,  and  24  N  K  of  Blountfviltc  in 
'lenneffee. 

Abiul,  a  town  of  Beira  in  Portugal,  con- 
taining upwards  of  1300  inhabitants.  Lon. 
7  10  W,  lat.  40  20  N. 

AUhas,  one  of  the  feven  nations  m  the 
countries  comprehended  between  the  Black 
Sea  and  the  Cafpian.  'I'heir  principal  and 
moil  ancient  eftablilhments  are  on  the 
fouthcrn  flopc  of  the  mountains  comprc- 
liended  between  the  river  Cuban  and  the 
Black  Sea.  They  are  tributary  to  the 
Turks,  and  are  divided  into  two  govein- 
liicnts,  the  wefltrn  and  the  eaftern ;  each 
.  fubje^t  to  a  bafliaw,  commonly  chofen  out 
i)f  the  principal  native  families;  one  of 
whom  refides  at  Sutchukkale,  and  the 
other  at  8oghumk:ilc.  The  Abkhas  fpeak 
an  original  language,  eflcntially  different 
from  all  the  known  ianguages,  though 
appearing  to  have  a  very  remote  affinify 
to  that  of  the  Circufliaiis.  They  have,  at 
prefcnt,  very  little  religion,  although  they 
ftill  preferve  fome  traces  of  Chriftianity. 
Their  capital  is  Anacopir  formerly  Nicopfis. 

Atlay,  a  country  in  Great  Tartary,  fub- 
jrdl  to  the  Ruflians :  but  their  chief  is  a 
Calmuck  prinee.  Im\u  from  72  to  83  E, 
l«t.  51  to  54  N. 

/ihhe,  a  town  in  Li 'tie  Tartary,  bc- 
tyreen  the  river  Dnieper,  and  the  Black 
Sta.     Lon.  33  15  K,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Abnaiii,  a  favage  people  of  North  Ame- 
rica, between  New  England  and  Canada. 
They  hate  labour,  and  could  never  be 
brought  to  cultivate  the  ground. 

jibo,  a  feaport,  the  capital  of  Swedifli 
Finland,  on  the  point  where  the  gulplis 
of  Bothnia  and  Finland  unite.  It  contiiiiis 
feveral  brick  houfes;  but  the  generality 
are  of  wood  painted  red.  Here  is  a  inii- 
verfity,  founded  in  1 640,  I  y  queen  Chrif- 
tlana ;  and  here  likewifc  is  a  royal  botanic 
garden,  cftabUlhed  by  the  l:itc  unfortunate 
Ouftavus.  The  iiihabilatits  export  linen, 
corn,  flax,  iron,  and  planks.  Abo  is  an 
cpifcopal  fee,  140  miles  N  E  of  SLockholni. 
1  on.  22  18  E,  lat.  60  17  N. 


Aha-fti,  or  Abo-bus,  an  ancient  fort  in 
Finland,  on  a  peninfula,  near  the  mouth 
of  tl."  river  Aura.  It  has  often  futfercd 
from  the  enemy,  and  by  fire. 

Ahon,  /Jboiia,  or  Abonit,  a  town  and  ri- 
ver of  Albion  ;  the  town  is  fuppofcd  to  be 
Abingdon,  and  the  river  the  Avon. 

AmuHr,  a  fniall  town  of  Egypt  fituated 
in  the  defcrt  between  Alexandria  and  Ro- 
fetta,  rendered  for  ever  famous  by  the  me- 
morable victory  gained  in  Abmiirbay, 
by    the    gallant    admiral    Lord     Nclfon, 

1799- 

Jboutijrr,  Abuttfi,  or  Abchibf,  a  town  in 
Upper  Egypt,  near  the  Nile,  where  there 
grows  plenty  of  poppies,  of  which  the  beft 
opium  is  made.  It  is  now  a  mean  place. 
Lat.  26  50  N. 

yibrahiimjilo!'/,  a  fmall  town  in  Hungary, 
but  well  inhabited.  Lon.  19  50  £,  lat> 
46  20  N. 

Abrantts,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Eftra- 
madura,  on  the  river  Tajo.  It  contains 
35,000  inhabitants,  has  four  convents,  an 
alms-houfe,  and  an  hofpital.  Lon.  7  18 
W,  lat.  39  13  N. 

Abreiro,  a  town  of  Tra-los-montes,  in 
Portugal.     Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Abrolboi,  dangerous  flioal.i,  about  50 
miles  from  the  coaft  of  Brafil,  near  the 
ifland  of  St.  Barbe. 

Abrtig^banya,  a  populous  town  in  Tran- 
fylvania,  fituated  on  the  river  Ompay,  35 
miles  above  Alba  Julia,  near  which  are 
mines  of  gold  and  filver.  Lon.  23  24  £, 
lat.  46  jo  N. 

Abruzzo,  a  province  of  Naples,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  gulph  of  Venice,  on 
the  N  and  W  by  Anconia,  Umbria  and 
Campagna  di  Roma;  and  ou  the  S  by 
1'eria  di  Lavora  and  Molife.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  ^y  the  river  Pefcara, 
whereof  one  is  called  Ulterior,  and  has 
Aquilla  for  its  capital ;  and  the  other  Ci- 
terior,  of  which  Solmono  is  the  capital. 
Bcflde  the  Appenninc  Mountains,  there 
are  two  others  called  Monte  Cavallo  and 
Monte  Mayallo.  This  country  is  fertile 
in  corn,  rice,  fruit,  and  faffron;  but  the 
woods  abound  with  bci>rs  and  wolves. 

AliJlciiKii,  a  bailiwic  beyond  the  river 
Mcniel,  in  the  circle  of  Tapieu,  belong- 
ing CO  the  kingdom  of  Pruflia.  It  is  a 
mouiitainnus,  but  pleafant  cout^try,  and 
abound.!  in  corn  and  cattle. 

Abyilns,  a  town  and  caftle  of  Natolia,  on 
the  ftrait  of  Galiipoli.  Lon.  37  36  E,  lat. 
40  16  N. 

/Ihyo,  or  Alihfo,  one  of  the  Phillippine 
iflaiids,  where  the  Spaniards  have  a  fort. 
Lon.  122  I.;  E,  lat  100  N. 

A-'i^-"!.:,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bound- 


ed on  the  m| 

Red  Sea  and  '. 

ham  and  pari 

by  Gingia   ai 

and  20  N  latJ 

about  900  mill 

rainy  feafon  cl 

tcmher,  which 

terval,  by  a  cl 

fun.     Cold  nil 

thcfe    feorchiii 

withllanding 

cold,  as  to  fee 

the  feet ;  part 

rain,  when  no 

perpetual   cqu< 

There  is  no  cot 

iluces   a    great 

both  wild  and 

tigers.     The  h 

numerous,  and 

iiefide  many   f 

&c.  there  is  a  f 

dayan,  which  i 

and  comes  pun 

the  return  of  t 

rains ;  and  ftork 

when  the  rains 

are   few  owls; 

menfe  fize  and 

matkable   infedt 

which  is  fo  fat; 

particular  counti 

obliged  to  take 

the  rainy  feafon, 

of  cattle  from  be 

camel  mull  yield 

once  attacked,  1 

break  out  into 

break,  and  putrei 

tion  of  the  anir 

Bruce,  the   celel 

fource  in  this  co 

Geefli,  in  lon.  3i 

(iondar  is  the  m 

mat^kable  (oincid 

in  the  court  of  ai 

Abyflinia.     The 

is  a  mixture  of  J 

tianity  of  the  Gr 

guage  is  Ethiopic 

liuity  to  the  Aral 

Acadia.     See  i 

Acambou,    a   k 

Guinea,  in  Afrie 

and  all  his  fubjedi 

does  not  prevent 

and  infolent. 

Acanny,  an  inia 
'irdi  g  the  befl 
There  is  a  town 
iLiine.  Lon.  o  30 


ancient  fort  in 
near  the  mouth 
as  often  futfercd 
fire. 

,  u  town  and  ri- 
is  fuppofed  to  be 
;he  Avon. 
if  bgypt  fituated 
:xaii(lria  and  Ro- 
mous  by  the  me- 
in  Aboukirbay, 
Lord    Nelfon, 

boljiif,  a  town  in 
lile,  where  there 
of  which  the  beft 
}w  a  mean  place. 

own  in  Hungary, 
n.  19  50  E,  lat. 

Drtugal,  in  Eftra- 
'ajo.  It  contains 
our  convents,  an 
ital.     Lon.  7  18 

ra-los-montc8,  in 
',  lac.  41  30  N. 
hoals,    about   50 
Brafil,  near  the 

town  in  Tran- 

river  Ompay,  35 

near  which  are 

L.on.  33  24  £, 

Naples,  bound- 
of  Venice,  ou 
Umbria  and 
ou  the  S  by 
It  is  divid- 
river  Pefcara, 
Iterior,  and  has 
the  other  Ci- 
is  the  capital, 
[ountains,  there 
inte  Cavallo  and 
ouiitry  is  fertile 
raffron ;  but  the 
ind  wolves, 
lyond  the  river 
Tapieu,  belong- 
'ruflia.  It  is  a 
country,  and 

e  of  Natolia,  on 
!»•  37  36  E,  lat« 

the  Phillippine 
ds  have  a  fort. 

r. 

Africa,  bound- 


iia, 


life. 


A  C  A 

f  d  on  the  N  by  Nubia ;  on  the  E  by  the 
Red  Sea  and  Dancala ;  on  the  VV  by  Gor- 
ham  and  part  of  Gingira ;  and  on  the  S 
by  Gingia  and  Alaba ;  lying  between  6 
and  20  N  lat.  and  16  and  40  Hi  lon.  It  is 
about  900  mileii  long  and  800  broad.  The 
rainy  feafon  continues  from  April  to  .Sep- 
tember, which  is  fuccceded,  without  in- 
terval, by  a  doudlefs  iky,  and  a  vertical 
fun.  Cold  nights  as  inmiediutcly  follow 
thefe  fcorching  days.  The  earth,  not- 
withftanding  thefe  days,  is  perpetually  fo 
cold,  as  to  feci  difagreeable  to  the  foles  of 
the  feet;  partly  owing  to  the  fix' mouths 
r^in,  when  no  fun  appears,  and  partly  to 
perpetual  equality  of  nights  and  days. 
There  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  pro- 
duces a  greater  variety  of  iiuadrupcds, 
both  wild  and  tame  ;  but  there  are  no 
tigers.  The  hyenas,  however,  are  very 
numerous,  and  dreadful  in  their  ravages. 
Befide  many  fpecies  of  eagles,  vultures, 
&c.  there  is  a  fpecies  of  glcdc,  called  had- 
dayan,  which  is  very  frequent  in  Egypt, 
and  comes  pundlually  into  Abyflinia,  at 
the  return  of  the  fun,  after  the  tropical 
rains ;  and  ftorks  cover  the  plains  in  May, 
when  the  rains  become  conftant :  there 
are  few  owls;  but  thefe  are  of  an  im- 
mcnfe  fize  and  beauty.  The  moil  re- 
markable infedt  is  the  Ttfaltfal  or  iiy, 
which  is  fo  fatal  to  cattle,  that  in  fome 
particular  countries,  great  emigrations  are 
')bliged  to  take  place  in  the  beginning  of 
the  rainy  feafon,  to  prevent  all  their  ftock 
of  cattle  from  being  deilroyed.  Even  the 
cumel  muft  yield  to  this  infedt,  for  when 
once  attacked,  his  boi'y,  heac".,  and  legs, 
break  out  into  large  bosi'-:s,  which  fwell, 
break,  and  putrefy,  to  the  certain  deftruc- 
tion  of  the  animal.  According  to  Mr. 
Bruce,  the  celebrated  river  Nile  has  its 
fource  in  this  country,  near  the  village  of 
Geeih,  in  ion.  36  35  E,  and  lat.  10  59  N. 
Oondar  is  the  metropolis.  There  is  a  re- 
mai'kable  coincidence  between  the  cuiloms 
in  the  court  of  ancient  Perfia  and  thofe  of 
AbyiTmia.  The  religion  of  the  country 
is  a  mixture  of  Judaifm  and  of  the  Chrif- 
tianity  of  the  Greek  church;  and  the  lan- 
guage is  Ethiopic,  which  bears  a  great  af- 
liuity  to  the  Arabic 

Acadia.     See  Nova  Scotia. 

Acambou,  a  kingdom  on  the  coall  of 
(Guinea,  in  Africa,  whofe  king  is  abfolute, 
and  allhisfubjedsflaves;  which,  however, 
does  not  prevent  them  from  being  haughty 
and  infolcnt. 

Acanny,  an  inland  country  of  Guinea,  af- 
iordi  g  the  beil  gold,  in  great  plenty. 
There  is  a  town  or  village  of  the  fame 
11. line.  Lon.  o  30  £,  lat.  8  30  N. 


ion 


A  C  H 

Acafiulce,  a  confiderable  town  of  Mexico, 
featcd  on  a  bay  of  the  S  Sea.  It  has  a  fine 
harbour,  from  whence  a  ihip  annually  fails 
to  Manila:  and  another  returns  annually 
thence  to  this  pott,  laden  with  all  the  trea- 
fures  of  the  E.  Indies.  One  of  thefe,  laden 
with  filvcr,  was  taken  by  commodore  An- 
fon,  in  1743.  Lon.  101  ao  W,  lat.  17 
22  S. 

Acaritania,  the  firft  country  of  free 
Greece,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Sinus 
Ambraicus.  and  feparated  from  iEtolia  by 
thc'river  Achelous  on  the  eaft. 

Acaria,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Para- 
guay, built  by  the  Jcfuits  in  16x4.  Lon. 
51  5  W,  lat  26  oS. 

Acbarabail.     .See  Agra. 

Acciimack  Court  Houft,  a  village  in  Acco- 
mack  county,  Virginia,  fituated  near  the 
head  of  the  peninfula,  25  miles  N of  North- 
ampton Court-Houfe,  31  S  of  Snow  Hill, 
in  Maryland,  and  197  S  £  of  the  city  of 
WalluMgton.  Here  is  a  poft-office,  and 
the  principal  feat  of  the  county  cc     ts. 

Acereiixa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  pro- 
'•ince  of  Dafilicata.  It  was  formerly  the 
fee  i)f  an  archbilhop.  Lon.  16  $  E,  lat  40 
20  N. 

Acerno,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  citerior 
principality  of  Naples,  with  a  biihop's  fee, 
12  miles  N  £  of  Salerno.  Lon.  ij  6  £, 
lat.  40  45  N. 

Acerra,  a  town  of  Nit^iles,  on  the  river 
Agno,  fcven  miles  N  £  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
30  £,  lat.  40  ss  N. 

Acb,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  landgra> 
vate  of  Nellenburg,  on  the  river  Ach,  14 
miles  N  E  of  SchaiThaufen. 

Acbaa,  a  town  of  the  iiland  of  Rhodes, 
faid  to  be  built  by  the  Heliades. 

Aebaia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
now  called  LivaJia,  of  which  Athens  was 
the  capital. 

Acbam,  a  country  in  Afia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Boutan,  on  the  E  by  China,  on 
the  S  by  Uurmah,  and  on  the  W  by  Hin- 
dooftan. 

Aibeen,  a  kingdom  in  the  N  W  part  of 
the  iiland  of  Sumatra,  now  very  diScrent 
from  earlier  times,  when  it  was  powerful 
enough  to  expel  the  l^ortuguefe  from  the 
iiland,saud  its  ft.  vereigns  received  cmbaf- 
fies  from  fome  of  the  greateft  potentateiof 
Europe.  Achem  is  comparatively  healthy, 
being  more  free  from  woods  and  fwamps 
than  moil  other  parts  of  the  iiland.  The 
foil  is  light  and  fertile  and  produces  fine 
fruits,  rice,  cotton,  gold  dull,  and  fulphur. 
The  Achinefe  diifer  from  the  other  Su- 
matrans  and  are,  in  general,  taller,  ftouter, 
and  much  darker  complexioned.  They  ate 
more  aAive  and   indufiriout  than   their 


I 


A  C  H 

neighbour!,  and  have  more  fagacity  and 
penetration.     They  are  Mahometar.j. 

A.heen,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
fame  name,  in  Sumatra,  feated  on  a  river 
which  flows  into  the  fea,  near  the  N  W 
point  of  the  iiland,  about  two  milts  from 
the  mouth;  it  lies  in  a  wide  valley,  formed 
like  an  amphitheatre  by  two  lofty  ranges 
of  hills,  'i'he  river,  by  emptying  itfclf  in 
fevcral  channels,  is  very  (hallow  at  the  bar. 
It  is  an  open  town,  in  the  centre  of  which 
is  the  king's  palace,  a  rude  piece  of  arclii- 
tenure,  defigncd  to  refill  the  force  of  an 
enemy,  and  furroundtd  for  that  purpofe  by 
a  wide  and  deep  moat,  and  (Irong  walls. 
The  houf;s  arc  built  of  bamboos  and  rough 
timbers,  and  are  railed  fome  feet  from  the 
ground,  on  account  of  the  place  being 
oversowed  in  the  rainy  feafou.  A  large 
manufadure  of  a  thick  fpecies  of  cotton, 
cloth,  and  of  fluff  for  the  fhort  drawers 
worn  by  the  Malays  and  Achenefe,  is  ef- 
tabliihed  here.  Payments  are  commonly 
made  in  gold  dull,  which  is  carried  a'lout 
in  bladders.  1  he  Achenefe  are  expert  and 
bold  navigators.  The  laws  of  the  Ache- 
nefe are  very  I'evere,  but  thf  poor  fuffcr 
chiefly  by  their  feverity.  Petty  theft  is 
puniOieH  by  fufpending  the  ofl'ender  from  a 
tree,  •.  jth  a  gun,  or  heavy  weight,  tied  to 
his  feet ;  or  by  cutting  off  a  finger,  hand, 
or  leg,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  theft. 
Many  of  thefe  mutiUted  people  are  to  be 
feen  daily  in  the  ftreets.  Highway-rob- 
bers and  houfebreakers  are  »irowned  ;  and 
their  bodies  are  cxpofed,  a  few  days,  on  a 
ftake  ;  but  if  a  prieft  be  robbed,  the  offen- 
der is  burnt  alive.  An  adulterer  is  not 
fcreened  by  his  friends,  but  is  delivered  up 
to  the  relations  of  the  hulband,  who  take 
him  to  a  large  plain,  and  forming  them- 
felves  into  a  circle,  place  him  in  the  mid- 
dle; a  large  weapon  is  then  delivered  to 
him  by  one  of  his  family,  and  if  he  can 
force  his  way  through,  he  is  not  liable  to 
further  profecution;  but  he  is  generally  cut 
to  pieces  in  an  inflant;  and  hi&  relations 
bury  him  as  they  would  a  dead  buffalo,  re- 
fufing  to  admit  the  corpfe  into  their  houfe, 
or  to  perform  any  funeral  rites.  Yet,  after 
all,  the  Achenefe  are  fuppofed  to  be  the 
mod  diflioneft  and  flagitious  people  in  the 
f.aft.  Achcen  is  looo  miles  S  £  of  Madras. 
Lon.  95  34  E,  lat.  9  la  N. 

Achmim,  a  large  town  of  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  Nile.  Though 
this  town  be  fallen  from  its  ancicntfplendor, 
it  is  ftillune  of  the  moll  beautiful  of  Upper 
Egypt.  An  Arab  prince  commands  there, 
and  the  police  is  well  attended  to.  The 
ilreets  are  wide  and  clean,  and  commerce 
Slid  agriculture  flouriih.     It  hM  a  manu- 


A  C  R 

faiSlory  of  cotton,  fluffs  and  pottery  which 
are  conveyed  over  all  Egypt.  It  is  the 
fame  that  Herodotus  calls  Cbemmii,  and 
otrabo  Pannpelii.  It  has  loft  its  ancient 
edifices  and  much  of  its  extent.  Nothing 
remains  of  the  temple  defcribed  by  Abul- 
feda,  but  fome  flones  fo  large  that  the  Turks 
have  not  been  able  to  move  them. 

A.hotiry^  a  fmall  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  .Sligo,  on  the  Shannon. 

Achmeifcbct,  a  town  of  Crim  Tartary,  in 
the  Ruffian  province  of  Taurida  and  go- 
vernment of  Catharineflaf.  Lon.  33  ao 
E,  lat.  45  o  N. 

Acbyr,  a  llrong  town  and  caftle  of  the 
Ukraine,  on  the  river  UoHklo,  la;  miles 
W  of  Kiow.     Lon.  36  10  £,  lat.  49  3a  N. 

Acierno.     See  Acerna, 

AcitH,  a  fmall  town  in  the  dutchy  of 
Magdeburg.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  (lands 
on  the  £lbe,  five  milca  below  Deffaw. 

Acomu,  a  town  of  Ntv  '.lexico,  feaied 
un  a  hijrh  mountain,  witii  a  ftrong  caftle. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  province.  Lon.  104 
15  W.lat.  35  oN. 

•  Acjs,  a  town  of  France,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Pyrenees,  in  thedepartment  of  Arriege. 
So  called  from  the  hot  waters  in  thefe  parts. 
Lon.  I  40  K,  lat.  43  o  N. 

ylejua,  a  town  in  Tufcany,  noted  for 
warm  baths.      Lon.  I  a  10  £,lat  43  45  N. 

Aiqua-cbe-favella,  a  celebrated  fountain 
of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore.  It  is  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Grata,  and  its  ruins 
are  called  Sibari  Rovinata^ 

AcjMfienJente,  a  large  town  of  Orvieto, 
with  a  bifliop's  fee.  It  is  feated  on  a  moun- 
tain near  the  river  Paglia,  50  miles  N  by 
W  of  Rome.     Lon.  la  !;£,  lat.  4343  N. 

Acjuaria,  a  fmall  town  in  Frigana,  a  dif- 
trid  of  Mudena,  noted  for  medicinal  wa- 
ters. It  is  I  a  miles  S  of  Modena.  Lon.  11 
19  £,  lat.  44  12  N. 

Acjuii/co,  apoft-town  in  Prince  George's 
county,  Maryland ;  lying  on  the  W  fide  of 
the  river  Patuxent,  9  miles  N  of  Benedi<:i, 
41  S  by  W  of  Annapolis,  and  39  8  of  the 
city  of  Wajbingtah, 

Acjuaviva,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari.  Lon.  16  ao  £,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Acqui,  a  town  of  Montferrat,  with  com- 
modious baths,  and  a  bilhop's  fee.  It  i* 
feated  on  the  Botmia,  %s  nxiles  NW  of 
Genoa.     I^on.  3  is  £,lat   44  40  N> 

Acra,  a  town  on  the  coafi:  of  Guinea, 
where  the  Knglifb, Dutch,  and  Danes,haTe 
forts,  and  each  fort  its  particular  village. 
Lon.  o  a  W,  lat.  5  o  N. 

Acre,  a  feaport  of  Paleftine,  formerly 
called  Ptoleraais.  It  is  a  bilhop's  fee.  It 
was  famous  in  the  time  of  the  crufades,  and 
underwent  fcveral  fiegesf  it  ha*  become 


lately  very  fa 
ance  it  has  ma 
gallant  Sir  SidI 
£nglifli  officers! 
fruitlefs  attacksl 
Bonaparte.  Itf 
37  N  of  Jcrtt<al| 
3jN. 

AcroH,  a  terrif 
Guinea.    The 
edfort  Patience] 
inhabited  only 
inhabitants  are 
corn  to  other  coi 
game,  which  i 
Dutch  fadlory. 
Great  Acron  be 
kind  of  republic 

Acroteri,  a  to^ 
rini.     Lon.  a6  i 

London,  noted  fi 

.•Hm-Burnel, 
eight  miles  from 
ment  was  held  he 
I.  when  the  lords 
commons  in  a  bar 
A  greatpart  of  th 
exceedingly  ftron; 
battlements  and  n 
carved;  it  muft  I 
flrudute. 

Adam's  PUe,   a 
ifland  of  Ceylon ;  < 
believe  the  firft  mi 

Adana,  an  anci< 
of  Natolia,  in  a  c 
bifliop's  fee.  It  is 
aj  miles  N  EofTi 
37  a6  N. 

Adila,  a  river  of 
in  the  country  of  t 
the  Po,  near  Cren 

Addifon,  the  chiel 
fy,  .Vermont,  feat 
Champlaio,  10  mi 
47  N  by  W  of  Ri 
government.  He 
niiles  from  the  city 

Adtl,  a  kingdor 
coaft  of  the  ftrait  r 
dom  rains  here,  an( 
ful,  being  well  > 
abounds  with  whei 
and  pepper;  and 
weigh  351b.  each. 
rich  town  and  has 
habitants  are  Mahi 

AdcH,  once  a  ri 
port  of  Arabia  Fell 
Lon.  46  30  E,  lat. 

Adtabiirg,  or  Ada 


wi'iw> 


I 

nd  pottery  which 
gypt.  It  is  the 
lis  Cbemmii,  and 
I  loft  iti  ancient 
:xtent.  Nothing 
ifcribed  by  Abul- 
ge  that  the  Turks 
re  them. 

>f  Ireland,  in  the 
lannon. 

Zriva  Tartary,  in 
I'aurida  and  go- 
i.     Lon.  53   ao 

and  caftle  of  the 
iriklo,  l^^  milei 
£,  lat.  49  32  N. 

n  the  dutchy  of 
tadel,  and  ftands 
low  OelTaw. 

'.xexico,  feaied 
:ii  a  ftrong  caftle. 
irLncc.     I.on.  104 

ice,  at  the  foot  of 
tment  of  Arriege. 
tcrs  in  thefe  ports. 

fcany,  noted  for 
3E,lat  43  45  N. 
sbrated  fountain 
eriore.  It  is  near 
and  its  ruins 

3wn  of  Orvieto, 

:ated  on  a  moun- 

50  miles  N  by 

,  lat.  41 43  N. 

Frigana,  a  dif- 

medicinal  wa- 

[odcna.  Lon.  II 

Prince  George's 
in  the  W  fide  of 
N  of  Benedi(», 
ind  39  S  of  the 

aples,  in  Terra 

41  10  N. 

rat,  with  com> 

op's  fee.  It  is 
miles  NW  of 
|44  40  N. 

aft  of  Guinea, 
■id  Danes,  have 

ticular  village. 


:me. 


formerly 
>'r  fee.     It 
;  crufades,  and 
it  has  become 


A  D  £ 

lately  very  famous  fur  the  obftinate  refift- 
ance  it  has  made,  under  the  condudl  of  thr 
frallant  Sir  Sidney  Smith  and  a  handful  of 
£n)(liih  o£Rcers,  againft  the  reiterated  but 
fruitlefs  attacks  nfthe  French  army  under 
Bonaparte.  It  is  18  miles  S  of  I'yre,  and 
37  N  of  Jcrulalem.  Lon.  35  3j  £,  lat.  32 

AcroK,  a  territory  on  the  Gold  coaft  of 
Guinea.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here  call- 
ed fort  Patience :  and  under  it  is  the  village, 
inhabited  only  by  fiftiermen.  The  other 
inhabitants  are  hufl>andmen,  and  fell  their 
corn  to  other  countries.  There  is  plenty  of 
game,  which  is  very  commodious  for  the 
Dutch  fadory.  This  is  called  Little  Acron, 
Great  Acron  being  further  inland,  and  a 
kind  of  republic. 

Acrottri,  «  town  in  the  ifland  of  Santo- 
r!ni.     Lon.  36  i  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

/'am,  Eajt,  a  village  fix  miles  W  of 
London,  noted  for  its  medicinal  waters. 

AHoH-Buruel,  a  village  in  Shropftiire, 
eight  miles  from  Shrewfbury.  A  parlia- 
ment was  held  here  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.  when  the  lords  fat  in  the  caftle,  and  the 
commons  in  a  barn,  which  is  ftill  ftanding. 
A  great  part  of  the  caftle  remains,  the  walls 
exceedingly  ftrnng,  and  adorned  with  fine 
battlements  and  rows  of  windows  curioufly 
carved ;  it  muft  have  been  a  magnificent 
ftrudure. 

Adams  PUe,  a  high  mountain  in  the 
ifland  of  Ceylon;  on  the  top  of  which  they 
believe  the  firft  man  was  created. 

Adana,  an  ancient  and  handfome  town 
or  Natolia,  in  a  charming  climate,  with  a 
bilhop's  fee.  It  is  feated  on  the  Choquen, 
25  miles  N  E  of  Tarfus.  Lon.  36  1 3  E,  lat. 
J7  a6  N. 

Adda,  a  river  of  Swiflerland,  which  rlfes 
in  the  country  of  the  Urifoiis,  and  falls  into 
the  Po,  near  Cremona. 

Addi/oit,  the  chief  town  of  Addifon  coun 
ty,  .Vermont,  feated  on  the  E  fide  of  lake 
Champlain,  10  miles  S  of  Vergennes,  and 
47  M  by  W  of  Rutland,  the  feat  of  ftate 
government.  Here  is  a  poft-ofiice  509 
miles  from  the  city  of  IVafiingim. 

Jdtl,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  S 
coaft  of  the  ftrait  of  Babelmandel  It  fel- 
dom  rains  here,  and  yet  the  country  is  fruit- 
ful, being  well  watered  by  rivers.  't 
abounds  with  wheat,  millet,  frankincenfe, 
and  pepper;  and  the  tails  of  their  fliecp 
weigh  351b.  each.  Zcita,  its  capital,  is  a 
rich  town  and  has  a  good  trade.  The  in 
habitants  are  Mahometans. 

jlJeH,  once  a  rich  and  confiderable  fea- 
port  of  Arabia  Felix,  60  miles  £  of  Mocli». 
Lon.  46  30  E,  lat.  13  10  N. 

Adtniiirg,  or  Addtniwrg,  a  town  of  Weft- 


A  D  U 

phalla,  in  the  dutchy  of  Berg,  fubjeA  to 
the  elcdor  palatine,  I3  miles  N  E  of  Co- 
logne.    Lon.  7  16  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Adige,  a  river  of  Italy,  v/hich  ha*  iM 
fource  to  the  S  of  the  lake  Glace,  among 
the  Alps,  and  tuns  S  by  I'rent,  and  E  by 
Verona,  into  the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Admiralty  IJIamIt,  lie  in  about  3  18  lat. 
146  44  long,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  I'hejr 
were  difcovered  in  1 767. 

AdoH,  a  town  >  f  Hungary,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Stuhrl-Wciflemburg,  feated  in  a 
fruitful  country  near  the  Dauube.  Lon« 
19  35  E,  lat.  47  i%  N. 

Adoni,  a  town  of  Golconda,  in  the  pell- 
infula  of  Hindoftan,  on  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  Tungebadda.  It  is  175  miles  S  W 
of  Hydrabad,  and  310  N  W  of  Madras. 
Lon.  77  o  E,  lat.  15  37  N. 

Adeur,  a  river  of  France,  which  rifes  in 
the  department  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees, 
and  running  by  Tarbes  and  Uax,  falls  into 
the  bay  of  Bifcay  below  Bayonne. 

Adra,  a  feaport  of  Granada,  in  Spain, 
47  miles  S  E  of  Granada.  Lon  3  37  W, 
lat.  36  43  N. 

dria,  a  town  in  the  territory  of  Venice, 
which  gives  name  to  the  Adriatic  Sea  It 
is  a  bifliop's  fee,  35  miles  S  S  W  of  Venice. 
Lon.  II  5  E,  lat.  45  8  N 

driano,  a  mountain  of  Spain  in  Bifcay. 
There  is  a  road  over  it  to  Aalba  and  Old 
Caftile,  which  is  very  difficult :  at  its  be- 
ginning there  ik  a  durk  path  of  ijo  paces, 
cut  through  a  rock;  after  which  is  the 
mountain  that  muft  be  pafted  over.  I'he 
number  of  inhabitants  may  be  about 
100,000.  The  air  is  wholefome,  and  the 
country  very  pl^faut.  It  is  one  of  the 
higheft  of  the  Pyrenees ;  and  is  only  in- 
habited by  a  few  fltepherds,  who  live  in 
cottages. 

drianopU,  a  celebrated  town  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Romaiiis,  with  an  arch- 
bifliop's  fee ;  fituate  in  a  fine  plain,  on  the 
river  Maraai,  115  miles  N  W  of  Conftan- 
tiuople.  The  grand  fignior  often  vifits 
this  place.  It  is  eight  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, but  the  ftreets  are  narrow  and  crook- 
ed.  Lon.  36  37  E,  lat.  41  43  N. 

Adriatic  Sta.    See  f^emiee,  Cut/t/. 

Advtnture  Ifland,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  fo  called  from  the  Ihip  Ad- 
venture, in  which  captain  1-umeaui  failed. 
The  people  are  mild  and  cheerful,  with 
little  of  that  wild  appearance  which  fa- 
vages  in  i^eneral  have-  They  are,  how- 
ever, a'  ft  totally  devoid  of  adivity  or 
genius,  .id  arc  nearly  on  a  level  with  the 
wretched  natives  of  Terra  del  Fuego. 
Lon.  147  39  W,  lat.  43  31  S. 

Aduk,  a  nwnnUin  of  Spain,  in  Na« 


A  F  R 


A  G  A 


varre,  in  which  are  the  fountains  of  the 
Rhine. 

Jzinotii,  a  fmall  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lentia,  I'eatcd  un  mount  Pcgna  Uoiofo. 
Lon.  I  i6  W,  lat.  39  10  N. 

^^gaJis,  or  Mfriites,  three  fmall  iflandn 
on  tlie  W  fide  of  Sicily,  between  Marfella 
and  'I'rupani ;  their  names  arc  Lcvcnzo, 
Favignana,  and  Marctama. 

JEgean  Se<i,  now  the  Archipelago,  a 
part  of  the  Mediterranean,  feparating  Eu- 
rope from  Afia  and  Africa. 

Mglmurus,  an  ifland  on  the  bay  of  Car* 
thage,  about  30  milei  diftant  from  that 
city  now  the  GaUtla. 

JEgium,  a  town  of  Achaia  Proper,  fa 
moui  for  the  council  of  the  Acha:ans  which 
ufually  met  there. 

^olia,  a  country  of  Hither  Afia,  fet- 
tled by  colonies  of  ^.olian  C>reeks.  It 
compiehends  all  Troas,  and  the  coaft  of 
the  Hcllefpont  to  the  Propontcs. 

Aerjhat,  a  town  in  13rabant,  on  the  river 
Demur,  ten  miles  £  of  Mechlin.  Lon. 
4  49  E.  lat-  51  1  N. 

Africa,  one  of  the  four  pruicipal  parts 
of  the  world ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Mediterranean  ;  on  the  W  by  the  Atlan- 
tic ;  on  the  E  by  the  ifthmus  of  Suez,  the 
Red  Sea,  and  the  Indian  Ocean ;  and  on 
the  S  by  the  houthern  Ocean.  It  is  a  pe- 
ninfula  of  prodigious  extent,  being  joined 
to  Afia  by  the  ifthmus  of  Suez,  which  is 
60  miles  over.  In  its  greateft  length, 
from  the  moft  northern  part  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  it  is  4600  miles  ;  and  in 
the  broadeft  part  from  Cape  Verd  to  Cape 
Guardafui,  it  is  3500.  The  greateft  part 
of  it  is  within  the  torrid  Zone,  which  ren- 
ders the  heat  almoft  infupportablc  in  many 
places.  However,  the  coafts  in  general 
are  very  fruitful,  the  fruits  excellent,  and 
the  plants  extraordinary.  There  are  more 
wild  beafts  in  Africa,  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world:  there  are  alfo  fome 
animals  peculiar  to  this  country ;  as  the 
hippopotamus,  or  river  horfe ;  the  rhino- 
ceros, with  two  horns  on  its  nofe;  and 
the  beautiful  ftriped  zebra.  Befide  thcfe, 
they  have  crocodiles,  oftriches,  camels, 
and  many  other  animals  not  to  be  met 
with  in  Europe.  There  are  feveral  de- 
ferts,  particularly  one  of  a  large  extent, 
called  Zahara,  which  is  almoft  without 
water ;  but  thefe  are  not  quite  without  in- 
habitants. There  are  many  large  rivers ; 
but  the  chief  are  the  Nile,  Niger,  Sene- 
gal and  Gambia,  the  two  laft  having  been 
falfcly  fuppofed  branches  of  the  Niger. 
The  moft  confiderablc  mountains  are  the 
Atlas,  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  and 
the  Sierra  Leone,  01  the  Mountains  of  the 


Lions.  The  inhabitants  confift  of  PagaBa, 
Mahometans,  and  Chriftians.  The  firft, 
which  pofliefs  the  greateft  part  of  the 
country,  from  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  are  the  raoft  nu- 
merous, and  are  generally  black.  The 
Mahometans,  who  are  tawny,  poflefs 
Egypt  and  the  coaft  of  Barbary.  The 
people  of  Abyflinia  are  denominated  Chrif- 
tians, but  retain  many  Pagan  and  Jewiftt 
rites.  In  the  N  of  Africa  are  fome  Jews, 
who  manage  all  the  little  trade  of  that 
part  of  the  country.  The  principal  divi- 
fions  of  Africa  are  Barbary,  Egypt,  Bile- 
dulgerid,  Zahara,  Negroland,  Guinea, 
Bornou,  Caihna,  Fezzan,  Senna,  Nubia, 
Abyflinia,  Abex,  J^oango,  Congo,  An- 
gola, Bengucla,  ^ataman,  Zanguebar, 
Monomotapa,  Monomugi,  Sofola,  Caff- 
raria,  and  the  country  of  the  Hottentots. 
In  1788,  an  aflbciation  was  formed  for 
the  purpofe  of  exploring  the  interior  re- 
gions of  Africa;  and  Mr.  Ledyard  and 
Mr.  Lucas  were  fele(Sled  as  their  miflion- 
aries.  Mr.  Ledyard  died  on  his  journey. 
Mr.  Lucas  was  prevented  from  purfuing 
the  plan  flcetched  out  for  him,  and  was 
obliged  to  content  himfelf  with  fach  im- 
perfedl  information  as  his  guides  could 
give  him.  In  1795,  the  African  aflbci- 
ation defpatched  Mr.  Park  to  explore  this 
immenfc  continent.  His  journey  has 
brought  to  our  knowledge  more  import- 
ant fadls  refpciSting  the  geography  of 
Africa  than  the  accounts  of  any  former 
traveller.  He  has  pointed  out  to  us  the 
fources  of  the  great  rivers,  the  Senegal, 
Gambia,  and  Niger;  the  courfe  of  this 
laft  he  has  determined  to  be  from  W  to 
E,  and  thus  fet  this  much  difputed  point 
for  ever  at  reft. 

Africa,  a  feaport  town  of  Tunis,  70 
miles  SSE  of  Tunis.  It  was  taken  by' 
Charles  V.  who  demoliflied  the  fortifica- 
tions.    Lon.  II  10  E,  Tat.  35  36  N. 

Afrique,  St.  a  fmall  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Averion,  Cz  miles  E  of 
Vabres. 

AgaJes,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Mo 
grolund,  with  a  town  of  the  fame  ntune, 
tributary  to  the  king  of  Tombodou.  It 
produces  excellent  fenna  and  manna.  Lon. 
13  20  E,  lat.  19  10  N. 

Agamrnticus,  a  mountain  of  North  AnU' 
rica,  in  the  diftrid  of  Main.  It  is  a  noted 
landmark  for  failors,  about  eight  miles 
from  the  fea,  in  lat.  43  16. 

Agatha,  Si.  a  town  of  Naphi,  in  the 
Ulterior  Principality,  with  a  bifliop's  fee, 
20  miles  N  i:.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  36  Bi 
lat  41  5  N. 

Agattoti,  a  town  near  the  mouth,  of  the 


^.     o  /  n 


l^l^pi? ./of    On 


I  CapttVrM* 


O  C  E 


^Tro] 


>"*»»«»> 


J 


I  of  Pagaaa, 

The  firft, 
tart    of  the 

Cancer  to 
he  moll  nu- 
black.  The 
my,  poffcft 
hary.  The 
nated  Chrif- 
and  Jewilh 
;  fome  Jews, 
rade  of  that 
■incipal  divi- 
Egypt,  Bile- 
id,  Guinea, 
:nna,  Nubia, 
Congo,    An- 

Zanguebar, 
iofola,  Caff- 
:  Hottentots. 

formed  for 
!  interior  re- 
Lcdyard  and 
their  miflion- 
I  his  journey, 
om  purfuing 
lim,  and  wai 
vith  fuch  im- 
guides  could 
frican  aflbci- 
I  explore  this 

journey  has 
more  import- 
;eography  of 
I  any  former 
lut  to  ui  the 

the  Senegal, 
mtfe  of  this 
e  from  W  to 
ifputed  point 


of  Tunis,  70 
ras  taken  by 
the  fortifici' 
5  36  N. 
of  France,  in 
fix  miles  £  o( 


*"  \li'|»|nt  ^"     ^^    ^^    ^^    ^^     ^^   ,11^ 

4^^%  -  '''il"'"'"  \  \ 


frica,  in  Nu- 

fame  nUne, 

mbocSou.     It 

manna.  Lon. 

:  North  Am«- 
It  is  a  noted 
eight  miles 

lapli,  in  the 

a  bifliop's  fee, 

on.  14  36  B, 

mouth,  of  the 


9^ 


'■^jDgH^- 


4 


■^potAMeiT 


m<»rmmmn"  iiiliti  utrmmmmmmmKimfmmm'mm 


tain ; 


!     >t. 


'tammmmttitmlmmmmHm 


MUMMUMMiiMiMIMMM 


A  G  M 

Forfflofu,  on  the  coaft  of  Guinea,  80  milet 
ii  of  Ucnin.  Lon.  7  6  £,  lut.  7  ao  N. 

Agile,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie  depart- 
ment of  Hcrault  and  lute  province  of  I.un- 
gut-doc,  ffutc'il  on  the  river  Heruult,  u 
mile  and  a  half  from  its  mouth  in  the  gulf 
of  Lyons,  where  there  is  a  fmall  fort  to 
defend  the  entrance.  It  is  17  miles  N  E 
of  Narbonne.   l.on  3  ^y  V.,  lut.  45  19.  N. 

W;«,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  the  epifcopal  fee  of  the 
department  of  Avcirsn.  It  is  feated  on 
the  Garonne,  in  a  pleafant  country.  Prunes, 
on  account  of  their  antifcorhutic  property, 
form  here  a  conGderable  ihjedl  of  com- 
merce; of  which  the  i  itch  take  great 
quantities  for  long  voyages.  Great  part 
of  the  hemp  in  the  neighbourhood  is  ma- 
nufaAurcd  into  table  linen,  which  is  fent 
to  Cadiz,  and  thence  exported  to  the  Span- 
ifli  iflands.  Here  are  likewife  manufac- 
tures of  camblcts,  ferges,  and  failcloth. 
Agcn  is  108  miles  S  K  of  Uourdeaux. 
Lon.  o  40  £,  lat.  4a  12  N. 

Jgtnaiat,  a  town  of  Tranfylvania ;  10 
miles  N  K  of  Hermauftadt.  Lon.  24  50 
£,  lat.  46  32  N. 

jigtr,  a  fmall  town  of  Catalonia  in 
Spain.    Lon.  i  50  K,  la:.  41  50  N. 

ylgga,  or  Aggtna,  a  town  and  country 
on  the  coaft  «f  Guinea,  in  which  the  £ng- 
lilh  have  a  fort.  Lon.  o  o,  lat.  6  o  N. 

-  SS"'^"y'>  *  town  of  Norway,  and  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  the  fame  name, 
which  is  full  of  mountains.  It  is  30  miles 
N  W  of  Fredcrickfliall.  Lon.  10  jo  E, 
lat.  59  30  N.   See  Cbrijiiana. 

Agljrim,  a  village  in  the  county  of  Gal- 
way,  memorable  for  the  vidlory,  gained 
by  king  William,  over  James  II. 

/Igbrin,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Wick- 
low,  13  miles  S  W  of  Wicklowi  Lou.  6 
3,1  W,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Agimere,  or  zmere,  the  capital  of  3  ter- 
ritory of  the  fame  name  in  Hindoilan  Pro- 
per, built  at  the  foot  of  a  very  high  ii;ioun- 
tain ;  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  furtrefs  of 
great  llrength.  It  is  230  miles  W  of  Agra; 
Lon.  75  20  E,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Agincourt,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  ftraits  of  Calais  and  late 
county  of  Artois,  feven  miles  N  of  Hefdin, 
famous  for  the  vi(Sory  obtained  by  Henry 
V,  over  the  French,  in  1 415. 

Agmat,  a  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  river 
of  liie  fame  name,  and  on  the  declivity  of 
one  of  the  mountains  of  Atl^s,  where  the 
i'uil  is  fertile.  It  is  16  miles  ii  of  Morocco. 
Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  30  56  N. 

Agmonilrjham.     See  Amcrjham^ 

AgnaiUiloa,  a  village  of  the  Milanefe, 
famous  for  a  vidory  gaine4  by  Lewis  XII. 


A  H  U 

over  the  Venetians,  in  I509,and  by  the  duke 
of  Vcndome  over  prince  Eugene,  in  17OJ. 
hit  feated  on  the  canal  between  Adda  anj 
Serio,  five  miles  S  £  of  CalTana,  and  10  N 
of  Lodi.    Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

JgHUHo,  a  circul.\r  lake,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  fevcn  miles  from  Puxzoli.  It 
is  about  half  a  mile  in  diameter,  furround- 
ed  by  mountains ;  and  on  its  margin  it 
lituate  the  famous  Grotta  del  Cane.  See 
Cane,  Grotta  dtl. 

Agofta,  a  feaport  town  of  Sicily,  with  an 
excelk'nt  harbour.  The  gnateft  part  of 
it  was  deflroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1693. 
Lon.  15  15  E.lat.  3735  N. 

'gra,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
fame  name,  in  Hindodan  Proper,  on  the  3 
bank  of  the  river  Jumna,  which  is  fcldom 
fordable.  It  was  once  the  mod  fplendid  of 
all  the  Indian  cities,  and  ni>w  exhibits  the 
mofl  magnificent  ruins.  About  the  year 
1566,  the  emperor  Acbar  made  it  his  ca- 
pital, and  gave  his  name  to  it ;  fince  which 
time  it  is  often  named  Acbarabad.  It  wag 
then  a  fmall  fottifird  to%vn  ;  but  it  foon 
fprung  up  to  an  exteiifive  well  built  city, 
regularly  fortified  according  to  the  Indian 
method,  and  with  a  fine  citadel  of  red 
freeftone.  ^Vgra  is  100  miles  .S  by  E  of 
Delhi.     Lon.  78  30  K,  Int.  27  o  N. 

Agrei'a,  a  town  of  Spain  ill  Old  Caftile. 
eight  miles  S  W  of  'I'aracona.  Lon.  %  o 
W,  ht  41  S3  N. 

Agria,  a  fmall,  but  ftrong  town  of  Up- 
per Hungary,  with  a  bilhop's  fee  and  a  ci- 
tadel. It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  legi, 
and  retaken  in  1687.  It  is  feated  on"  the 
river  Agria,  47  miles  N  E  of  Buda.  Lon. 
20  10  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

"grignan,  one  of  the  Ladrone  iflands 
which  is  40  miles  in  compafs.  Lon.  14& 
0  E,lat.  19  40  N. 

Agua  de  Pao,  a  town  in  the  ifland  of  St. 
Michael,  one  of  the  Azores  in  the  Atlan- 
tic.     Lon.  a.f  40  W,  lat.  38  o  N. 

'gaat  Bellas,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  F.f- 
tramadura,  with  a  diftriiil  of  two  pariflies. 
Lon.  85  W.lat.  39  40  N. 

Agui.'a,  a  towp  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
feated  on  the  river  of  that  name. 

■'■guilar,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  kingdom 
pf  Navarre,  24  miles  W  of  Eilella.  Lon. 
2  30  E,  lat.  4»  35  N.  It  is  alfo  the  name 
of  another  town  in  Old  Caitile. 

gurande,  a  fmall  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  late  province  of 
Berry.     Lon.  1 10  £,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Abuys,  a  town  of  Sweden,  flrong  by  fi- 
tuation,  in  the  province  of  Gothland,  witJk 
a  good  harbour,  15  miles  S  E  of  ChriAian4 
ftadt.     Lon.  14  if  E,  lat>  56  IS  N. 


I  wijj;ii  ^.«  II 1 1)11,11 1  I.I 


i»»ii^^>ii^ii>ai 


A  I  G 

jii,  a  town  of  Judc»  to  the  north  of  Jeri- 
cho, fHkfn  by  Jomiia. 

Ajaiiin,  or  Aj^itci;  a  fine  ftiiport  of 
Coriica,  on  the  W  lulc  of  tlit  illaiul,  bu.lt 
on  a  point  of  land  that  iut»  into  tht 
gulf.     I. on.  X  50  v.,  lat.  .^5  .?o  N. 

/ijiiTZ'i,  a  Icupoii  of  Nafolia.in  tbr  pro- 
vince of  Caramaiiia,  anciently  Silt fia, Ifated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  .(O  miles  N  nf  An 
tioch,  and  40  W  of  Al  •p|o,  where  Hood 
the  city  of  llTnn,  aii.l  wlierr  Alexand.r 
fought  his  feeond  battle  with  Dariui.  l.on. 
33  10  E,  lat.  37  oN. 

AiJ\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Par,  t.i- 
kcnby  the  .Sweden  in  i6t4,  and  afterwards 
burnt.     l.on.  11  10  r,  lat.  4K  30  N. 

Aichjtat,  a  town  of  l-'ranconia,  capital  of 
a  bifliopric  of  the  fame  name.  It  is  re- 
markable for  a  curious  piece  of  workman- 
fhip,  called  tlic  .Sun  of  the  Holy  .Sacrament, 
which  is  in  the  church  ;  it  is  of  ni;;fry  gold, 
and  i»  enriched  with  3,?o  diamonds,  1400 
pearls,  250  rubies,  and  other  precious 
(lones.  This  place  is  moderately  large, 
and  lies  in  a  valley,  on  the  rive/  Altmul,  30 
miles  S  of  Nuremberg.  l.on.  11  10  E, 
lat.  48  j7  N.  'I'hcbilhopric  is4.5  milesin 
length,  and  17  in  breadth. 

Aiello,  a  fmall  town  of  Naples  in  Abruz- 
zo  Ulterior,  belonging  to  the  hereditary 
prince  of  Modena.  l.cn.  15  io  E,  lat.  41 
40  N. 

Aigle,  •>  town  of  Swificrland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  ..jrn,  featcd  on  the  Rhone,  fix 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  lake  of 
Geneva.  All  the  houfes,  even  the  niean- 
cft,  arc  built  of  white  marble,  found  i>i  the 
neighbourhood. 

Aigtf,  a  fniall  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ornc  and  late  province  ot 
Normandy,  47  miles  SW  of  Rouen.  Lon. 
I  o  E,  lat.  48  AS  N. 

Aigniii,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire  and  Cher  and  late 
province  of  Blafnis.  It  ia  in  the  Ihape  of 
an  ariphitheatre,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs 
the  river  Cher,  at  the  diftance  of  60  miles 
from  Bourgcs. 

^/(Ti/f  Morte,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  latt  province  of  I.anguedoc.  It  is  very 
ftrong,  on  account  of  its  fituation  among 
the  moraffes,  though  at  fonie  diilance  from 
the  fea.  It  had  a  harliour,  which  is  now 
choked  up.      Lon.  4  3  E.lat.  43  34  N. 

Aigur-Per/e,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Puy  de  Home  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  18  mile  N  of  Cler- 
mont, and  7  5l  S  of  Paris.  It  has  a  foun 
tain,  once  retrarded  as  a  prodigy,  its  cold 
water  havii>g  the  appearance  of  boiling. 
The  water  of  t'-js  fpring  ia  faid  to  be  fatal 


A  I  X 

to  the  animal]  that  drink  it.     Lon.  3  ao  E, 
U.  4ft  6  N. 

Ailiih,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrra,  on  the 
!•.  fide  of  the  Red  fea,  l>tar  the  road  which 
the  pilgrims  take  from  E^ypt  to  Mecca. 
Lon.  3rt  40  E,  lat.  i<)  10  N. 

Ait.Jlury,  the  larged  and  nioft  populous 
tovJti  in  liuckinghanilhire,  with  a  market 
on  .Saturday.  It  eoufilU  of  ieveral  ftrect» 
though  the  houfes  aic  not  very  contiguous ; 
thefe  lie  abuut  the  market  place,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  which  is  a  convenient  hall,  in  which 
this  town  fiiarcs  the  alTizcs  with  Bucking- 
ham. It  is  alfo  the  centre  of  the  bufinefsof 
the  vale  of  Ailelbury  which  occupies  the 
centre  of  the  county,  and  is  one  of  the  moft 
fcitiU  trails  in  England.  The  itjiabitaiits 
of  thin  town,  and  its  neighbourhood,  fupply 
the  London  market  with  early  ducklings. 
They  carry  this  tr.nde  to  fuch  an  extent, 
that  it  is  laid,  3000I.  have  been  re-^eived  at 
Ailelbury  from  London  in  fix  weeks,  for 
that  article.  This  town  fends  two  mem- 
ber! to  pu.'liamcnt  •,  and  is  16  miles  S  E  of 
Buckingham,  and  41  N  W  cf  London. 
Lon.  o  4X  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Ailf.i,  A  great  inl'ulaied  rock,  to  the  S 
of  the  ille  of  Arran,  in  Scotland.  Its  bafe 
is  two  miles  in  circumference.  It  eonfifts 
of  a  ttupcndous  aflcqiblagc  of  precipitou* 
clifln,  rifing  in  a  wild  feries,  forming  a  py- 
ramidal mountain,  900  feet  high,  aeceflible 
only  on  the  N  E.  The  lower  parts  are  in- 
habited by  goats  and  rabbits  and  the  lofty 
funmiits  are  the  refuge  of  innumerable  fea 
fowls.  'Ihe depth  of  water  at  the  baft  is 
from  7  to  48  fathoms.  The  ruins  cf  a 
chapel,  and  of  a  cafile,  arc  ftill  feen  ;  and 
within  30  yards  of  the  latter  ia  a  fpring  of 
frclh  water. 

/fi.irc,  or  Arima,  a  fmall  town  in  Sa- 
voy, on  the  river  Ifere. 

/lin,  a  dep-'Ttment  of  France,  lately  the 
province  of  BrefTe. 

Ainfi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
feated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Ara. 

Aire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lanues  and  late  province  of  Gaf- 
cony,  featcd  on  the  river  Adour,  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  mountain,  65  miles  S  of  Bour- 
deaux.     Lon.  o  16  E.lat.  43  4a  N. 

Aire,  a  ftrong  town  in  the  department 
of  the  (Iraits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of 
Artois.  It  is  feated  on  the  river  Lis,  14 
miles  S  of  Dunkirk,  and  communicates  with 
.St.  Omer,  by  a  canal  from  the  river  Aa. 
Lon.  a  19  E,  lai.  30  4a  N. 

Aifnt,  a  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  province*  of  Soiflbnnois  and  Ver- 
mandois. 

Aix,  an  ancient  c;ty  of  France.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  late  province  of  Provence, 


I  X 

nk  it.     I.on.  3  10  E, 

,ral)ia  Prtn  a,  on  the 

Piar  the  roail  which 
m  Knyjn  to  Mecca. 

10  N. 

i\  and  nioft  populou* 
Ihire,  with  a  market 
lifU  of  Icveral  ftrccti 

not  very  contiguoui; 
rket  plarc,  in  the  mid- 
H-niiiit  hall,  in  which 
alTizcs  with  Buckiiig- 
ntreof  the  hufinefsof 
which  occupies  the 
and  in  one  of  the  moft 
nd.  Tlie  inhahitant» 
icighhourhood,  fupply 
with  early  ducklings. 
e  to  fuch   an   extent, 

have  been  re-tcived  at 
don  in  fix  weeks,  for 
town  fcndii  two  mcm- 
andis  16  miles  S  F,  of 
H  N  W  of  London. 
;i5oN.  ^ 

I'ulated  rock,  to  the  b 

in  Scotland.  Its  bafe 
imference.  It  tonfifts 
qiblagc  of  precipitoui 
d  fories,  forminj;  a  py- 

00  feet  high,  acceflible 
"he  lower  parts  are  in- 

1  rabbits  and  the  lofty 
go  of  innumi-rable  fea 
)f  water  at  the  haft  i* 
ms.  The  ruin»  of  a 
lie,  arc  ftill  feen  ;  and 
he  latter  it  a  fpring  of 

a  fmall  town  in  Ba- 
re. 
it  of  France,  lately  the 

f  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
the  river  Ara. 
?rance,  in  the  depart- 
,  latr  province  of  Gaf- 
ivcr  Adour,  on  the  de- 
n,  65  miles  S  of  Bour- 
F.,lat,  43  4a  N. 
wn  in  the  department 
lis,  and  late  province  of 
:d  on  the  river  Lis,  24 
and  communicates  with 
lal  from  the  river  Aa. 
o  42  N. 

•nt  of  France,  including 
of  Soiflonnois  and  Ver- 

::ty  of  France.     It  was 
e  province  if  Provence, 


ALA 

when  it  hud  a  parliament.  It  is  fcatcd  in 
.1  plain,  where  there  arc  hot  badit  near  the 
rivir  Arc.  It  is  75  niile<  i.  of  Muntpel- 
iier.     Lon.  5  ,\i  K,  In.  4?  tiN. 

///v,  an  aiu-iciit  town  of  Sivuy,  on  the 
like  of  Uoiitgt  t.  Here  are  miiier.il  watern, 
tiiucli  fre<|uenteil.  It  in  ii^ln  miles  N  of 
Cliamberiy.      I.oii.  (1  10  K.lat.  4.t  40  N. 

/tix,  a  fmall  ilhiiul  on  the  eoall  of  I'l unec, 
between  the  ifle  of  Oleron  and  the  conti- 
nent. It  is  memorable  for  un  iiij>lori»u.i 
ex|H-dltion  of  the  £nglifti  in  1757,  •''K^tinll 
U!ichcfort,  when  they  rettirnetl  without 
doing  any  thing,  except  deniclifliing  the 
fort  of  lliiii  illund.  It  is  11  miles  N  W  of 
Rorhefort.     Lon.  I  5  W,  lat.  46  .?  N. 

Ai\-lu'rta[>ellf,  a  free  and  imperial  city 
of  VVellplialia.  The  emperor  Charlemagne 
ehofe  this  place  for  his  refidencc  on  account 
of  its  beauty.  He  il  interred  in  the  church 
of  Notre  Dame,  where  they  keep  his  fword 
and  belt,  and  the  Four  HvangclillH,  written 
in  letters  of  gold,  which  are  made  ufe  of  at 
the  coronatjon  of  the  empen  r».  lis  fa- 
mous mineral  waters  draw  u  great  number 
of  ptrfons  every  year.  In  1668  and  1748, 
it  was  diililiguilhed  by  two  celebrated  trea- 
ties of  peace.  'I'he  Kreiich  took  it  in  1 7ya; 
il  was  retaken  by  the  Auftrians  in  179.I, 
.nnd  again  taken  by  the  French  in  I7'y4. 
It  is  feated  in  a  bottom,  Oirroundcd  by 
mountains,  ai  miles  N  \l  of  Liege.  Lon. 
(>  T.  F.,  lat.  so  48  N. 

Aiiffjt,  thr  ancient  Thyatyra,  a  town  of 
Natolia,  built  in  a  fine  plain  18  miles  broad, 
which  produces  plenty  of  corn  and.  cotton. 
It  is  inhabited  by  about  5000  Mahometans, 
and  n  f<;atcd  on  the  river  Heimits.jo  miles. 
.S  E  of  Pergamo.  Lon.  a8  30  H,  lat.  18 
48  N. 

Aliiia,  or  Alava,  one  of  the  three  fiiiallcil 
didrids  of  Bifeay  in  Spain,  but  pretty  fer- 
tile in  rye,  barley,  and  fruits.  'I'here  are 
in  it  veiy  good  mines  of  iron.  Vitoria  is 
the  capital. 

AlaJylia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Afia, 
between  Amalia  and  the  Mediterranean, 
toward  Mount  Taurus.  The  country  is 
rouj;h,  rugged,  .iiid  mountainous ;  yet  there 
ure  good  paflures,  and  plenty  of  liorfes  and 
camilj. 

Aliigoa,  a  town  in  the  iflc  of  St.  Mi- 
elutcl,  one  of  the  Azores. 

.ilnii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  (>ard  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
puedoc,  ficuated  on  the  river  Uardoii, 
near  a  beautiful  meadow,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Ccvennes.  It  contains  ic.coo  inha- 
ifitants,  was  lately  an  epifcopal  fee,  and 
lias  a  citadel.  It  is  37  miles  N  of  Mont- 
pellicr.     Lon.  4  jo  £,  lat.  44  8  N. 

AlanJ,  a  ckfler  of  iilands  at  the   en- 


ALB 

tnnre  of  the  gulf  of  Uothiiia,  in  the  Bal- 
tic Sea.  The  principal  illaiiil,  winch 
gives  name  to  the  rell,  is  40  mile*  Ion;;, 
and  from  11  to  16  broad.  It  is  ineliuled 
III  the  government  of  a'.vrdilii  I'iiilaiul, 
.iiid  is  7,{  miles  N  K  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
20  o  I'.,  Lit.  60  o  N. 

Alittam.a,  a  noble  river  of  N  Atnerlca, 
called  alio  Si,  Corgr'i  Hivtr.  It  rife*  In 
the  Allegany  mouatjini,  and  running  M  V. 
through  Cieorxia,  empties  itielf,  by  feve- 
ral  miiuihs,  into  the  Atlantic  auout  60 
miles  S  W  of  the  river  .Savannah. 

Aliiiri,  t  town  of  Italy,  in  L'ampagna 
di  Konia,  on  a  kill,  v  ith  a  bilhop's  lee; 
.5  miles  N  VV  of  V'croli  40  miles  S  t  of 
Home.  Lull.  13  8  K,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Aliiiyr,  a  town  of  Hullia,  in  Afia,  on 
the  river  Suru,  40  iniie*  1^  of  Kal'un. 

AUiiila,  a  conliderable  river  of  Turkey 
in  Kuriipe,  which  riles  in  the  mount'iiiis 
that  fepara'c  MolH;ivia  and  Tranfyivania, 
runs  through  Walachia,  and  falls  into  the 
Uanubc,  almoll  oppolite  to  Nicopolii. 

Albti,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat, 
with  a  bifliup'n  fee;  feaied  on  the  river 
Tanaro,  20  miles  ti  E  of  'I'urin.  Lon.  8  $ 
E,  lat.  44  46  N. 

Allia-Julh,  a  city  of  Tranfyivania,  with 
a  bifhop's  fee,  and  a  iiniverlity ;  fituated 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Ompias,  15  miles  W  of  HermanlUdt. 
Lon.  24  o  E,  lat.  46  i6  N. 

AWani<i,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  the  gulf  of  Venice;  bounded  by 
Livadia  on  the  S,  by  Theflaha  and  Mace- 
donia on  the  E,  and  on  the  N  by  Hofnia 
and  Dalmatia.  It  produces  excellent  wine; 
and  the  iihabitanti)  are  good  horfcmeii, 
and  great  thieves.  'I'hey  arc  Chriftiaiis 
of  the  (Jieek  church,  and  defeendcd  from 
the  ancient  .Scythiaiii.  Durazzo  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Athano,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  a  lake  of 
the  fame  name,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
with  a  bilhop's  fee,  famous  for  its  excel- 
lent wine.  It  fta.°;Js  15  miles  -S  E  of 
Rome,  and  for  its  pleafantncfs  is  the  fum- 
mcr  retirement  of  a  great  many  Roman 
princes.   Lon.  Il  50  £,  lat.  41  43  N. 

Aliano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Bafilicata, 
remarkable  for  the  fertility  of  the  foil, 
and  the  nobility  of  the  inhabitants. 

Aihimifiolii,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  E^u- 
rope,  formerly  the  capital  of  Albania,  feat- 
cd  on  the  river  Drino,  43  miles  E  of 
Alellio.  l.on.  20  ix  J'.,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Allian'i,  St.  an  ancient  borough  of  Herts, 
on  the  river  Coin,  fo  called  from  tit.  Al- 
biin,  who  was  the  firft  martyr  in  England, 
and  was  buried  on  a  hill  in  the  neighbour- 
hood.    Id  .  nicniory  of  ^t.   Alban,  OfTa, 


gi 


ALB 

klnj;  of  ilir  Mt-rciniiH,  rro^Ud  an   ihbcy 
hrri)  lalliiiK  it  8t>  Alliitn'ii.      I.ilward   VI, 
incorpiir.itdd  the  tiiwii,  wliicli  i»  ((ovcrii- 
fil  l)y  a  mayor,  lii);h  lUwurd,  rccnoiiT,  ll 
uUlirniiii,  &.C.    Utrc  uic  three  chiirchc*, 
bcfiJi;  the  aiK'irnt  uiie  th.ii  hvloii(;eil  to  the 
tiii)iulKi-y,  which  the  iiihaliituiits  punhuU 
ed  of  ICdward  VI  for  400I.  and   it  now  a 
pari(h  ihiirch.     The  fhrinr  of  tit.  nlhan 
fto<id  ill  the  raft  part ;  and  in  the  pave- 
ment are  to  he  ficii  lix  holev,  in  which 
the   fupjMirtetn    of   it   were    fixed.      '1  he 
church  i)f  thi-  ahbey  \%  remiinit'<{  to  tliit 
day.     In  170,1  a  tomb  wa»  difcovercd  in 
thii  church  faid  to  he  that  of  kluniphrty 
duk<;  ol  (llnucellrr;  when  thr  leaden  cof- 
fin wan  opened,  the  bnily  wan  pretty   en- 
tire, beinjt  prcfervcd  in  a  fort  of  pirkle. 
1>iot  u  ve'l'^je  befide  thi<  church,  remain* 
of  the  abliey,  exi'cpt  the  ({ati:way.     In  the 
thurcli  nf  M,  Michael  it  the  monument  of 
the  iiliiftriouii  Francis  Bncon,  vilcoiint  St. 
Alban's.     In  th<-  centre  of  the  town  ftood 
one  of  the  mapfnificcnl  croffrj,  erefled  by 
J'.dward  I,  In  iioiiour  of  hit  queen  Mea- 
ner i  and  .1  buildin);  credlcd  in   it*  (lead, 
in  I  TO.?,  l\lll  retain*  the  name  of  tlip  Crofj. 
Near  the  town,  ii  a  l;ini'  of  fortification, 
I'uppoled  by  (ome  to  be  the  camp  of  Olio- 
riu-t,  tlie    Roman    propntor ;  but   others 
imaijini    It  to   have   been   the    fite  of  the 
Suxun    r     il  pal.icc   at   Kingfbiiry.       bt. 
Alban's  ii.  uii;ou>  for  the  viiitury  obtained 
by  Richard  duiie  of  V'oik,  in  H^f,  over 
Henry  VI ;  and  Icr  a  viiflory  which  queen 
Margaret  gamed  in   1 461.  over  the  carl 
of  Warwick.     This  town  rofc  from  the 
juins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Vtrulam,  no- 
thing  of  which   remainn  except   the  old 
walls.     The  market  i«  on  Wednefday  and 
.Saturday.     St.  Alban's  fends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliamen:,  and  is  ai  miles  N  by 
\V  of  London.     l,on.  o  14  W,  lat.  51 
45  N. 

Alt  my,  a  fortrefs  belonging  to  the  Dri- 
tifli  on  the  S  W  of  Hudion's  Bay.  Lon. 
81  zo  W,  lat.  Si  to  N. 

jilb'iny,  the  chief  town  of  Albany  coun- 
ty. New  York,  and  lately  become  the  feat 
nf  ftatc  governmesit.  It  is  fituatcd  or  the 
W  fide  of  l-ludlbn  river,  160  miles  N  of 
the  city  of  New  York  and  ,140  S  of  Que- 
bec, in  '.he  ht.  of  42  36  N,  and  long,  of  73 
40  VV  of  London.  At  the  laPt  enumcra- 
ti(in  in  liioo  it  contained  860  dwelling 
lioufcs  and  5309  inhabitants,  one  tenth  of 
whom  were  flaves.  The  whites  are  a  mix- 
ture of  many  nations,  but  a  j;reiit  propor- 
tion are  the  defcendaiits  of  the  early  Dutch 
fettlers.— 'I'he  city  ftands  on  the  fide  of 
Fort  Orange,  a  fortification  crc<51cd  by  the 
Hullauder*  in  1623  ;  and  is  nvaily  as  aii- 


ALB 

eicnt  it  New  York.  It  was  incorporated 
by  tiiivtriiiir  t)oii^aii  in  it<H(i,  and  is  now 
under  the  jurirdiiition  of  a  mayor,  alder- 
men and  anillanis.— 'Hie  fituation  for 
trade  is  admirable,  being  furroiiiided  by  a 
fertile  lountry  ami  navigable  waters,  and 
has  b.'come  the  ftaple  of  a  very  extenfive 
domeltic  commerce.  'I'hc  population  in- 
errafes  rapidly,  having  gained  iKooper- 
iiMis  in  the  bill  ten  years.—  1  he  houfes  are 
inoflly  conllruded  on  the  ntaigin  uf  th« 
river,  many  of  them  in  the  old  Dutch 
falhinn,  with  the  gable  ends  turned  to  the 
flreels ;  though  ihofc  lately  built  are  in  a 
luprrior  Ityle.  It  is  well  fupplied  with 
wlinlefonie  water,  conducted  through  pipes 
from  a  fpring  five  miles  dillant.— The 
trade  ru|>ports  one  baii'tt  of  difcuunt  and 
dcpnfit  with  approved  reputation.— 'I'he 
principal  public  edifice*  arc  a  hofpital, 
city-hall,  a  jail,  and  fit  or  feven  houfes  for 
religious  worlhip,  fonie  of  which  are  hand* 
fomely  conftruded. 

■  ilhauizm,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Am- 
gnn,  with  a  bifhop's  fee,  feated  on  the 
Guadahivir,  100  miles  \L  nf  Madrid.  It  is 
an  ancient  and  flrong  place,  its  wool  is 
the  bell:  in  Arragon.  Lon.  I  16  W,  lat. 
40  30  N. 

iliathi,  a  town  nf  Great  Tartary,  with 
a  ftrong  fortrefs  to  defend  it  againft  the 
Chinefe  and  Mogul  1'artars.  It  is  on  the 
road  from  Mofcow  to  Pekin.  Lon.  loj 
30  h,  lat.  54  o  N. 

Ititmarle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  From  this  town  the  Eng- 
lifh  family  of  Keppel  take  the  title  of  earl, 
its  ferges  are  in  hiirh  efteem.  It  is  feated 
on  the  declivity  '  •  hill,  35  miles  N  N  E 
of  Rouen,  and  70  Ii  N  W  of  I'aris.  Lon. 
I  30  1.,  lat.  4v»  50  N. 

jlltenguii,  an  ancient  flrong  feaport  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  % 
bifhop's  fee.  It  is  furrounded  with  olive 
trees,  but  the  air  is  uiiwholefimie.  It  is 
feated  on  the  Mediterranean  37  miles  b  W 
of  Cienoa.     Lon.  8  3  K,  lat.  44  4  N. 

Al/'ifila,  a  fmall  town  belonging  to  the 
republic  of  Genoa.  Here  is  a  porcelain 
m^nufafturc,  and  fevcral  country  houfes 
of  the  Gciioefe  nobility.  It  was  bombardf 
ed,  in  1 745,  by  the  r.nglifti.  Lon.  8  10 
r,  lat.  44  1.5  N. 

Aihrrt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
in. lit  of  Landcs  and  late  jirovince  of  (Jaf- 
i^ony,  37  miles  .S  of  Courdeaux.  Lon.  O 
30  W,  lat.  44  10  N. 

JiourfT,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, with  a  bilhop's  fee,  feated  on  a  ca- 
nal 10  miles  from  the  fea,  and  30  N  of 
Wiburgh.     It  has  a  confiderable  trade  in 


herrings  ar 

gunt,  pilliil 

number  of 

Lon.  9  46  1 

Alhuijinrrj 

madura,  dc 

hl«  caftle. 

wool  and  c 

Alcaatara. 

Alty,  an 

the  capital  c 

in  Langued 

It  is  fituate 

and  contain' 

of  architeiSi 

fipal  church 

France.     11 

bigenfes;   a 

the  authnrit 

demned  by  1 

4  %*ie*  thrc 

the  beaiitici 

produces   al 

winei,  flax, 

aiider,  and 

ford  wool  of 

nufadlured  i 

diers,   rnttet 

coarfij   wool 

of  Alby  arc 

of  Mans.     '1 

Touloufe,  an 

M,  lat.  44  I, 

.;Uala.Ji.i 

fia,  in  Spain 

ira,  five  mil 

W,  lat.  37  i 

Alcal,i.Je-t 

town  of  Mpai 

niou*  univel 

ciflile.     It  is 

1.5  miles  E  ^ 

lat.  40  26  N 

Alcalifdt-K 

dalufia  with 

near  the  riv 

ville.  Lon.  _ 

..  Icama,  a  1 

Provinces, 

they  make  t 

Holland,  anc 

17  miles  N  b 

44  H,  lat.  5; 

.'leitmo,  a 
of  Mazaro, 
Lon.  13  52 
Alcantara, 
Spain,  in  Efl 
of  theknighti 
nificent  brid,'' 
Jan.     It  was 
in  1706,  but 


w 

It  wai  Siirnrjiorkted 
ill  \(M,  jml  itnow 

of  A  mayor,  aliler- 
-'in^c  liiuution  for 
ing  furriiiiiuli'J  by  a 
iwij^ahlc  wutiT',  ami 
;  of  a  viry  rxtcnfivc 

'i'hc  popuJatioii  ill- 
in  guiiirj  1800  p«r- 
arit.—  1  111'  houfct  are 
n  the  nuigin  uf  th« 
n  in  the  oW  Dutth 
)le  endt  turncil  to  the 
t  lately  built  are  in  a 
»  well  ru|ipUed  with 
iidii^ted  ihrounh  pipe* 

ihIIch  dilUnt. — The 
baii'x  of  difcuunt  and 
'I'd  reputation.— The 
ifirts  arc  a  hofpital, 
lix  or  fevcii  houl'c«  for 
iiic  of  which  are  hand- 

n  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
'»  fee,  feateJ  on  the 
ic9  E  of  Madrid.  It  it 
mu  placf,  itt  wool  » 
^.     Lon.  1  16  W,  lat 

if  Orcat  Tartary,  with 

I  defend  it  a«ainft  the 

1  Tartars.     It  is  on  the 

to  I'ekin.     1-on.  103 

1  of  I'rance,  in  the  dc- 
Scinc  and  late  province 
Mil  this  town  the  Eng- 
rl  take  the  title  of  earl 
rh  efteem.  It  Ib  feated 
hill,  35  miles  N  N  E 
^  N  W  of  I'arig.  Lon 
N. 

:ient  ftrong  feaport  of 
ory  of  Genoa,  with  » 
furroundcd  with  olive 
is  unwholefonie.  It  i» 
tcrrancan  31  miles  S  W 
I  3  E,  lat.  44  4  N. 
town  belonging  to  the 
Here  is  a  porcelain 
fcvcral  country  houfes 
ility.  It  was  bombardf 
le  r.nglifti.     Lon.  8  10 


f  France,  in  the  depart^ 
d  late  province  of  iJaf- 
f  Bourdeaux.     Lon.  0 

of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 

p's  fee,  feated  on  a  c»- 

the  fea,  and  30  N  of 

a  confidcrable  trade  iD 


A  L  C 

hrrtlngt  and  corn,  and  a  manufiAure  of 
(riini,  pillot^  faddles  and  gloves;  a  great 
number  of  eels  are  likewife  taken  here. 
Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  <t6  50  N- 

Alhuijinrque,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Edra- 
madura,  defended  by  an  almoll  impregna- 
ble callle.  It  carries  on  a  girat  trade  in 
wool  and  cloth,  4;id  it  ai  miles  8  W  of 
Alcaatara.  Lun.  7  3  W,  lat.  38  .{O  N. 

Alby,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  lately 
the  capital  of  the  territory  of  the  Alhigeois 
in  Languedoc,  and  an  archiepifcopatl  fee. 
It  is  fituated  in  the  department  of  Tarn, 
and  contains  10,000  inhabitants,  in  point 
uf  architeAure  and  dccorationi,  the  prin- 
cipal church  is  one  of  the  moll  curious  in 
France.  The  inhabitants  itete  called  Al- 
bigenfes ;  and  were  the  firll  that  difputed 
the  authority  of  the  pope ;  they  were  con- 
demned by  a  council  here  in  1176.  It  hat 
4  gates  through  which  you  may  view  all 
the  beauties  of  a  delightful  plain,  which 
produces  all  kinds  of  grain,  excellent 
wines,  flax,  hemp,  fufTron,  anifecd,  cori- 
ander, and  «voad.  The  fine  pallures  af- 
ford wo«»l  of  a  good  quality,  which  is  ma- 
nufadlured  into  knit  llockings  fur  the  fol- 
diers,  rnttecns  of  all  colours,  (balloons, 
coarfr;  woollens,  he.  The  wax  candles 
of  Alby  are  equal  in  whitenefs  to  ihnfe 
of  Mans.  This  town  is  41  milefi  N  £  of 
Touloufe,  and  335  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  114 
E,  lat.  44  15  N. 

.'Mala-Ji-GuaJ<tira,  a  town  of  Andalu- 
fia,  in  Spain,  feated  on  the  river  Uuada- 
ira,  live  miles  S  £  of  Seville.  Lon.  516 
VV,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Alcalii-iie-Henarfa,  a  large  haiidfome 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Caftile,  with  a  fa- 
mous univcrflty,  a  fine  library,  and  a 
c'lftle.  It  is  feated  on  the  river  Henarez, 
15  miles  E  N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  6  W, 
lat.  40  16  N. 

AUatu'dt-Rtal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalufia  with  a  famous  monallery;  feated 
near  the  river  Salado,  fix  miles  3  of  Se- 
ville. Lon.  5  21  W,  lat.  37  38  N. 

y  kama,  a  handfome  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  N  Holland.  In  the  environs, 
they  make  the  beft  butter  and  chcefe  in 
Holland,  and  have  the  fineft  tulips.  It  is 
1 7  miles  N  by  W  of  Amfterdam.  Lon.  4 
44  H,  lat.  5»4oN. 

.'Icamo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley 
of  Mazaro,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Bonifati. 
Lon.  13  51  E,  lat.  38  »  N. 

Alcantara^  a  fmall  but  llrnng  '  A^n  of 
Spain,  in  Ellramadura,  and  the  chief  place 
of  the  knights  of  that  name.  It  has  a  mag- 
.-lificent  brid.'Te  over  the  Tajo,  built  by  Tra- 
Jan.  It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Galway 
in  1706,  but  retaken  the  fame  year.     If  it 


A  L  D 

4t  miles  N  by  W  af  Seville.  It  givu  ■■Ma 
to  one  of  the  three  orders  of  knighthood. 
Lon.  6  7  W,  lat.  39  ao  N. 

JiMiart,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalufii. 
Lon.  i  IC  W,  lat.  37  40  N. 

.Hcajar,  a  city  of  Marbary  in  the  king« 
dom  uf  Fet.  It  was  formerly  a  city  of 
great  note,  but  it  now  fallen  into  decay,  fo 
that  of  fifteen  mofques  there  are  only  two 
that  they  make  ule  of.  Lon.  II  J5  W, 
lat.  3 J  15  N. 

AUarau,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Mancha, 
defended  by  a  ftrong  caftle  and  hat  a  re- 
markable ancient  aqueduA;  it  it  fituite 
near  the  fource  nf  the  Guadalquiver,  135 
milet  S  S  £  of  Madrid.  Lon.  a  j  W,  lat. 
38  a8  N. 

AUauar,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Caftile, 
on  the  river  (iuadamaiia.  It  hat  a  fortrefk 
on  a  high  hill,  and  liet  in  a  very  fruitful 
country,  100  milet  N  W  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  4  so  W,  lat.  38  15  N. 

AUaaar  LtgMtr,  a  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  feated  on  the  ftraitt  of  Oibraltar. 
It  was  taken  by  Alphonfu,  king  of  Portu* 
gal,  ill  1468;  but  foon  after  abandoned^ 
Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  35  o  N. 

Aiiaxar-de-Sal,  a  town  nf  Portugal,  in 
Eftramadura,  with  a  caftle  reckoned  im- 
pregnable. They  make  fine  white  fait  here, 
whence  the  town  takea  itt  name.  It  i* 
feated  on  the  river  Cadoan,  15  milet  from 
the  fea,  and  35  S  £  of  Lifbon.  Lon.  9  o 
W,  lat.  38  18  N. 

Alemaer,  a  city  in  the  United  Province*, 
about  4  miles  fro.-n  the  fea,  i  j  from  Hacr- 
lem,  and  18  from  Amfterdam.  In  1799  it 
wai  taken  by  the  Britifh  in  their  unfortu- 
nate expedition  to  Holland,  who  were 
forced  foon  after  to  abandon  it. 

ylleoncbon,  a  calHe  of  Spain,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Ellramidura,  feated  on  the  river 
Alcaraquu,  that  fallt  into  the  Uuadiana,  ao 
miles  S  by  W  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  j8  W, 
lat.  381a  N. 

nkoulim,  a  fmall  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Algarva,  feated  on  the  river  Guad^ana,  it 
miles  from  itt  entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Ca- 
diz, and  aa  N  N  E  of  Tavira.  Lon.  7  so 
W,  lat.  37  ao  N. 

jllfuJia,  a  town  in  Majorca,  confifUng 
of  about  1000  houfet,  between  two  large 
harbnuri.     Lon.  3  o  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

AlJionugh,  a  borough  and  feaport  in 
Suffolk,  pleafan  ly  feated  in  a  dale,  between 
a  high  hill  and  the  fen,  with  a  market  on 
Wednefday  and  Saturday.  A  river  runt 
on  the  S  W ;  and  the  harbour  it  tolerably 
good,  but  fmall.  The  town  wat  formerly 
much  longer ;  but  the  fea  hat  taken  away 
whole  ftreets.  It  fendt  two  members  to 
parliament.     It  is  40  mikt  E  of  Bury,  and 


(P 


ALE 

94  N  E  of  London.     Lon.  I  42  E,  lat.  52 
16  N, 

AlMoroiigb,  a.horo\}gh  in  the  VV  riding  of 
Yorkfliire,  on  the  Oufc,  which  fends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  15  miles  N 
W  of  York,  and  205  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  I  10  W,  lat.  548  N. 
•  Atdea,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Eftrania- 
dura,  10  miles  S  £  of  Lifbon.  Lon.  8  SS 
W.lat.  38  36N. . 

Alderbury,  a  village  in  Wiltfhirc,  on  a 
healthy  hill,  two  miles  from  Sulifbury,  and 
near  the  Avon.  It  carries  on  a  manufac- 
ture of  fuftians,  and  received  confiderable 
damage  by  a  fire  in  1777,  when  zoohoufes 
were  deftroyed. 

Alderhotm,  a  pleafant  illand  of  Sweden, 
formed  by  '"le  three  arms  of  a  river,  run- 
ning through  Gentle,  a  town  of  Norland, 
in  Sweden.  A  conliderablc  trade  is  carried 
on  here  in  planks  and  deals. 

AUermy,  an  illand  in  the  Englifli  Chan- 
nel; it  is  eight  miles  in  compafs  feparated 
from  the  coaft  of  Normandy  by  a  ftrait 
called  the  Race  of  Alderney ,  which  is  a  very 
dangerous  paffage,  on  account  of  the  rocks 
imder  water.  It  is  a  healthful  illand,  and 
fruitful  in  corn  and  pallurc ;  but  has  only 
one  church,  in  a  town  of  the  fame  name. 
Lon.  2  7  W,  lat.  49  45  N. 

AUentti,  a  fmall  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alcntcjo,  on  the  river  Caia,  which  falls  into 
the  Guadiana,  a  little  below  Dadajoz.  It 
is  feven  miles  S  E  of  Portalegre.  Lo.i.  7 
ZS  W,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Atenttjo,  a  fertile  province  of  Portugal, 
between  the  Tajo  and  the  Guadiana.  The 
inhabitants  are  very  induftrious. 

ALvcon,  a  large  handfome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Orne  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  Near  it  are  ftone  quarries, 
fit  for  building,  wherein  is  found  a  fort  of 
chryftal  like  Briftol  ftones.  It  is  f^atid  in 
an  open  country,  abounding  in  all  forts  of 
corn  and  fruits,  on  the  river  .Sart,  20  miles 
N  of  Mans,  and  97  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
OioE.lat.  48  18  N. 

Alfpf"),  the  capital  of  Syria,  inhabited  by 
Turks,  and  four  forts  of  Chriftiaiis,  who 
have  each  a  bifiiop  and  a  church,  and  the 
free  excrcife  of  thf  ir  religion.  The  city  and 
fnburbs  contain  235,000  pcrfons.  Next  to 
'Jonftantinople  and  Cairo,  it  is  the  mod 
conliderablc  city  in  the  Turkifli  empire. 
Ttisfituated  in  the  vaftpkiin,  which  extends 
from  the  Oronte:>  to  the  T  phratcs,  and 
v/hicli  towards  the  fouth  terminates  in  the 
defert.  It  is  built  on  eight  hills  on  the 
higheft  of  which  the  calHe  is  erroted,  and 
is  fuppofed  to  be  the  ca*>|p  of  lierxa.  The 
houfcs  arc  large  and  commodious,  having 
terraces  on  their  tops,  and  generally  iky- 


ALE 

lights  in  form  of  a  dome,  to  let  the  light 
into  the  rooms,  which  from  their  loftincfs, 
the  gilding  on  the  window-mutters,  cup- 
boards, &c.  have  at  firft  entrance  a  very 
agreeable  effeft.  The  ftrcets  are  carefully 
paved ;  have  gutters  and  a  foot  pavement 
on  each  fide ;  and  the  middle  of  the  ttreet 
is  laid  with  brick,  the  fmall  end  upwards, 
for  the  convenience  of  horfes.  There  is 
alfo  a  clcanlincfs  obferved  heie,  unknown 
to  the  other  cities  of  Turkey,  there  being 
afs  drivers  who  go  about  the  city  and  take 
up  the  rubbifh  and  dud,  which  each  inha- 
bitant is  obliged  to  fweep  together.  The 
mofquesi  are  numerous  and  fome  of  them 
magnificent.  Before  each  of  them  is  an 
area,  with  a  fountain  in  the  middle,  defign- 
ed  for  ablutions  before  prayers.  The  ba- 
zars or  market-places  arc  long  covered 
narrow  ftreets,  on  each  fide  of  which  are 
a  great  nuni ber  of  fmall  fliopsjjuft  fufficient 
to  hold  the  tradefman  and  his  goods,  the 
buyer  being  obliget'  to  ftand  without.  The 
fituation  of  Aleppo,  bcfides  the  advantage 
of  a  rich  and  fruitful  foil,  poirefles  alfo  that 
of  a  ftream  of  frcfh  water,  which  never  be- 
comes dry.  Near  Aleppo,  its  hanks  are 
covered  with  a  fertile  earth,  and  laid  out  in 
gardens,  or  rather  orchards,  which  in  a  hot 
country,  and  efpecially  in  Turkey,  cannot 
but  be  delightful.  The  city  is  itfelf  one  of 
the  moft  agreeable  in  .Syria.  On  whatever 
fide  it  is  approached,  its  numerous  minarets 
and  domes  prefent  an  agreeable  profpe>ft  to 
the  eye,  fatigued  with  the  continued  fame- 
ncl's  of  the  brown  and  parched  plains. 
Aleppo  is  the  emporium  of  Armenia  a."d 
the  Uiarbekar;  fends  caravans  to  Bagdad 
and  into  Perfia;  and  communicates  with 
the  Perfian  gulf  and  India,  by  Baflbra.with 
Egypt  and  Mecca  by  Damafcus,  and  with 
Europe  by  Alexandrctta  and  Latakia. 
Their  chief  commodities  are  raw  or  fpun 
cottons,  clumfy  linens  fabricated  in  the  vil- 
lages, filfc  ftufls  manufadured  in  the  city, 
copper,  coarfe  cloths,  goats-hair,  the  gall 
nuts  of  the  Kourdellan,  the  merchandife  of 
India,  fuch  as  fliawls  and  nmflins.  Eigh- 
teen miles  .S  E  of  Aleppo,  is  a  large  plain, 
called  the  Valley  of  Salt,  hounded  by  low 
rocky  hills,  which  form  a  kind  of  natural 
bafin,  that  retains  the  rain  dcfcending  from 
the  rocks,  together  with  the  wato  rifing 
from  a  few  fprings,  and  caufe  the  whole  to 
be  overflowed  m  winter.  The  extent  of 
the  furface  prevents  this  water  from  being 
of  any  great  depth ;  lb  that  it  is  foon  eva- 
porated by  the  fun,  when  it  leaves  a  cake 
of  f.ilt,  in  fome  places  half  an  inch  thick ; 
and,  in  April,  people  are  employed  to  gather 
this  fait,  which  Is  fufficient  to  Aipply  all 
this  part  of  the  country.     Aleppo  is  fcated 


:.ii".i,i',.wmH 


L  E 

dome,  to  let  the  light 
ch  from  their  loftincl's, 
window-mutters,  cup- 
t  firft  entrance  a  very 
'he  ftrccts  are  carefully 
s  and  a  foot  pavement 
he  middle  of  the  ftreet 
he  fmall  end  upwards, 

of  horfes.  There  is 
ferved  heie,  unknown 
(f  Turkey,  there  being 
ihout  the  city  and  take 
lull,  which  each  inha- 
fvveep  together.  The 
ous  and  feme  of  them 
e  each  of  them  is  an 
I -in  the  middle,  defign- 
ore  prayers.  The  ba- 
ces  arc  long  covered 
ach  fide  of  which  are 
lall  (hops,  jufl:  fuflicient 
tn  and  his  goods,  the 
to  (land  without.  The 
,  bcfides  the  advantage 
foil,  polTelTes  alfo  that 
water,  which  never  be - 
Aleppo,  it;>  banks  are 
e  earth,  and  laid  out  in 
-chards,  which  in  a  hot 
Uy  in  Turkey,  cannot 
The  city  is  itfelf  one  of 
1  Syria.  On  whatever 
,  its  numerous  minarets 
n  agreeable  profpcvft  to 
th  the  continued  fame- 

and  parched  plains, 
•ium  of  Armenia  a.-d 
Is  caravans  to  Bagdad 
id  communicates  with 
India,  by  HalTora.with 
y  Damalcus,  and  with 
idrctta  and  L.atakia. 
lities  are  raw  or  fpun 
IS  fabricated  in  the  vil- 
lufadlured  in  the  city, 
s,  goats-hair,  the  gall 
an,  the  merchandif^  of 
s  and  muflins.  Eigh- 
Icppo,  is  a  large  plain, 
Salt,  bounded  by  low 
orm  a  kind  of  natural 
e  rain  dcfcending  from 
with  the  wate)  rifing 
and  caufe  the  whole  to 
nter.  The  extent  of 
this  water  from  being 
lb  that  it  is  foon  eva- 
when  it  leaves  a  cake 
es  half  an  inch  thick ; 
are  employed  to  gather 
fuflicient  to  fupply  all 
try.     Aleppo  is  fcated 


ALE 

M  a  fmall  brook,  70  miles  E  of  Alexan- 
(Iretta,  and  170  N  by  E  of  Damalcus.  Lon. 
37  20  E,  lat.  .15  45  N. 

Ale/i<i,  called  Alexia  by  Livy  and  others; 
a  town  of  the  Mandubii,  a  people  of  Celtic 
Gaul. 

AUJfano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Otninto,  with  a  bilhop's  fee,  15 
miles  S  W  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  25  E,  lat. 
40  10  N. 

Aleffia,  a  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bi- 
lhop's fee,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Drino. 
I.on.  20  6  K,  lat.  42  S  N. 

AUJpo,  a  town  of  Turkilh  Dalmatia, 
with  a  bi(hops'  fee,  feated  on  a  mountain, 
25  miles  from  Spalatro. 

Alet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude  and  late  province  of  Langue- 
(li)c.  It  was  lately  an  epifcopal  (ec,  and  is 
remarkable  for  its  baths,  and  for  the  grains 
of  gold  and  filver  found  in  the  (Iream 
which  runs  from  the  Pyrenees,  at  the  foot 
of  which  it  (lands.  It  is  feated  on  the  ri- 
ver Aude,  ij  miles  S  of  CarcalTone.  Lon. 
2  1$  E,  lat.  42  59  N. 

Altutean  ' '  nJj.  See  Archipelago,  Nof 
'hern. 

AUxa.idretta,  or  Seanderoon,  a  town  of 
Syria,  in  Afia,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Mediterranean  fea,  and  the  feaport  of 
Aleppo,  from  which  it  is  didant  28  or  30 
leagues.  It  is  now  properly  fpeaking 
nothing  elfe  but  a  village  without  walls,  in 
which  the  tombs  are  more  numerous  then 
the  houfes,  and  which  entirely  owes  its 
cxiftence  to  the  road  which  it  commands. 
This  is  the  only  road  of  all  Syria,  where 
velTels  anchor  on  a  folid  bottom,  without 
their  cables  being  liable  to  chafe :  but  in 
other  refpeAs  it  has  many  iuconveniencies. 
It  is  infefted,  during  winter,  by  a  peculiar 
wind,  which  rufhing  from  the  (nowy  fum- 
mits,  frequently  forces  fliips  to  diag  tlieir 
anchors  feveral  leagues.  But  the  word 
circumflance  is  the  extreme  unwholefome- 
nefs  of  the  air.  It  may  be  alHrmed  that 
this  every  year  carries  olT  one  third  of  the 
crews  of  the  velTels  which  remain  here 
aurinf;  the  fummer,  nay,  (hips  frequently 
lofc  all  their  men  in  two  months.  To  this 
baneful  epidemic,  Alexandretta  from  its 
fituation  feems  to  be  irremediably  con- 
demned ;  for  the  plain  on  which  the  town 
is  built  is  fo  low  and  dat,  that  the  rivulets 
finding  no  declivity  can  never  reach  the 
fea.  On  this  account,  while  the  heats  are 
cxceflive,  the  principal  inhabitants  retire 
to  the  neighbouring  villages,  among  the 
mountains,  where  there  it  excellent  water 
and  delicious  fmits.  It  is  70  miles  Wof 
Aleppo.     Lon.  36  23  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Alexandria,    a   drotig  and   conUdctable 


ALE 

town  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  with  a  bifljop's  fee,  and  a  drong 
cadle.  It  was  taken  by  Buonaparte  when 
he  over-rau  Italy,  -.taken  by  Suwarrow, 
and  fince  taken  by  the  French,  June  1808. 
It  is  fcated  on  the  Tanaro,  40  miles  S  by 
E  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  43  E,  lat.  44  ss  N. 
Alexandria,  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  the 
fouth  bank  of  the  river  Potomac.  The 
(ituation  is  elevated  and  pleafant,  but  the 
water  fo  bad,  that  the  inhabitants  are 
obliged  to  fend  nearly  a  mile  for  what  is 
drinkable.  The  original  fettlers  laid  out 
the  dreets  on  the  plan  of  Philadelphia. 
It  contains  upwards  of  500  houfes,  many 
of  which  are  handfome,  and  4000  inhabi- 
tants. Nine  miles  below  the  town,  on  the 
Virginia  bank  of  Potomac,  where  it  is 
nearly  two  miles  wide,  is  Mount  Vernon, 
the  celebrated  feat  of  general  Waihington. 
Alexandria  is  five  miles  from  Wafliington, 
100  miles  N  of  Richmond.  Lon.  77  o  W, 
lat.  38  30  N. 

Alexandria,  or  Scanderia,  an  ancient  and 
once  rich  and  famous  town  of  Egypt,  now 
much  decayed,  though  there  are  dill  feme 
remains  of  its  ancient  fplendour.  This 
city  was  built  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
about  333  years  before  Chrid,  .and  was  a 
league  and  a  half  long,  by  one-third  in 
breadth,  which  made  the  circumference  of 
its  walls  about  four  leagues.  Lake  Mare- 
otis  bathed  its  walls  on  the  fouth,  and  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  north.  It  was  inter- 
fered lengthwife  by  draight  parallel  dreets. 
This .  direiSlion  left  a  free  paffage  to  the 
northerly  wind,  which  alone  conveys  cool- 
nefs  and  falubrity  into  Egypt.  A  dreet  of 
iooo  feet  wide  began  at  the  gate  of  the 
fea,  and  terminated  at  the  gate  of  Canopus. 
This  dreet,  the  handfomed  in  the  univeifc, 
was  interfered  by  another  of  the  fame 
breadth,  which  formed  a  fquare  at  their 
jundlion  of  half  a  league  in  circumference. 
At  prefent  the  city  of  Alexandria  is  reck- 
oned  to  have  about  14,000  or  15,000  inha- 
bitants; a  drange  coUuvics  of  difTerent 
nations,  as  well  as  from  various  parts  of 
the  Turkifli  empire.  The  prefent  condi- 
tion of  Alexandria  is  very  defpicable,  being 
now  fo  far  ruined,  that  the  rubbifli  in  many 
places  overtops  the  houfes.  The  famous 
tower  of  Pharos  has  long  finte  been  demo- 
lifned,  and  a  cadle,  called  Farillon,  built  in 
its  place.  Some  parts  of  the  old  walls  of 
the  city  are  yst  danding,  and  prefent  us 
with  a  madeijjiece  of  ancient  mafonry. 
But  what  mod  i-iigages  the  attention  of  tra- 
vellers is  the  Pillar  of  Pompey,  as  it  is 
commonly  cilled,  fituatsd  at  a  quarter  of » 
league  from  the  fouthern  gate.  It  is  com- 
pofed  of  red  granite.     The  capital  is  Cor- 


A  L  G 


A  L  G 


rintbian,  with  palm  leavci,  and  not  indent- 
ed. It  is  nine  feet  high.  The  Ihaft  and 
the  upper  member  of  the  bafc  are  «f  one 
piece  of  90  feet  long,  and  9  in  diameter. 
The  bafe  it  a  fquare  of  about  15  feet  on 
each  fide.  This  block  of  marble,  60  feet 
in  circumference,  refls  on  two  layers  of 
ilone  bound  together  with  lead.  Nothing 
can  equal  the  maicHy  of  this  monument ; 
feen  from  a  dik^arce,  it  overtops  the  town, 
and  ferves  as  a  iignal  for  veiTels.  Ap- 
proaching it  nearer,  it  produces  an  afto- 
nilhment  mixed  with  awe.  One  can  never 
be  tired  with  admiring  the  beauty  of  the 
capital,  the  length  of  the  (haft,  nor  the 
extraordinary  fimplicity  of  the  pedeftaL 
It  was  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  all 
the  treafures  of  the  F.aft  Indies  being  de- 
poflted  there :  but  fince  the  difcovery  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  this  trade  is  in  a 
great  nicafure  left.  This  place  is  fubjeA 
to  the  grand  fignior,  who,  however ,  i,»» 
but  a  limited  authority.  It  is  fcated  on  the 
moft  wefterly  branch  of  the  river  Nile, 
115  miles  N  W  of  Cairo.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  under  Buonaparte  in  their 
pred  '  Ty  expedition  to  Egypt,  but  they 
have  beca  forced  to  abandon  it.  Lon.  31 
II  E,  lat.  30  II  N. 

/tUxanJria,  a  poft  town  of  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennfylv.-mia ;  ftanding  on  the 
Ftankflown  branch  of  tb;  river  Juniatta, 
25  miles  S  by  W  of  Centre  furnace,  43  W 
of  Lewiftown,  and  190  of  Philadelphia, 
with  about  leo  inhabitants. 

Alfaci,  the  name  of  certain  iflands  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Ebto,  in  the  principality 
of  Catalonia,  iu  Spain. 

AlftiTcraOf  a  town  <if  Portugal,  in  Eftra- 
madura,  on  the  fea  fide.  Lon.  9  10  W, 
lat.  39  30  N. 

Aljeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
Ihoptic  of  Hildelheim,  15  miles  S  S  W  of 
Hildeiheim.      Lon.  jo  4  E,  lat.  51  38  N. 

AtJUcnat  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abnizzo  Ceteriore.  Lon.  14  ao  E,  lat. 
41  48  N. 

Alftri,  a  town  in  Lincolnfhire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuefday ;  feated  on  a  fmall 
brook,  fix  miles  from  the  fea  and  10  N  «f 
Bofton.     Lon.  o  13  E,  lat.  53  t6  N. 

AlfreJ,  a  poft  town  of  York  county, 
Maine ;  fituated  on  the  Moufam  river, 
576  mile* from  Walhington city.  In  i8oo, 
the  townftiip  contained  900  inhabitants. 

Alfrttoa,  a  town  in  Lcrbyfhire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday ;  pleafantly  feated  on  a 
fmall  hill,  13  miles  N  of  Derby,  and  141 
N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  t  25  W,  lat. 
53  8  N. 

Algagiola,  a  fmall  fortified  feaport  in 
CorQca.     It  wan  almoft  dtftruyed  by  the 


malecontent*  in  173T,  buthas  fince  been 
reftored.    Lon.  8  js  E,  lat.  4a  30  N. 

Algarva,  a  province  of  Portugal,  67 
miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth:  bound- 
ed on  the  W  and  S  by  the  fea,  on  the  E  by 
the  Guadiana,  and  on  the  N  by  Alenteju. 
It  is  fertile  in  rigs,  almonds,  dates,  olives, 
and  excellent  wine;  the  capital  is  Pharo. 

Algezira,  a  ftrong  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalufia,  on  the  ftraits  of  Gibraltar ;  but  at 
prefent  in  a  mean  condition,  the  harbour 
being  dcc«;cd  It  it  10  miles  N  W  of 
Gibraltar.    Lon.  5  22  W.  lat.  36  14  N. 

."Igbtry  or  Alceri,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  on 
the  N  W  coaft,  with  a  biihop's  fee.  Lon. 
8  40  E,  lat.  40  40  N. 

Atgierj,  one  of  the  ftates  of  Barbary, 
bounded  on  the  £  by  Tunis,  on  the  N  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S  by  Mount 
Atlas,  and  on  the  W  by  Morocco.  It  ex- 
tends 600  miles  from  E  to  W.  The  aii 
is  very  temperate,  and  the  land  toward  the 
N  fertile  in  com.  I'be  valleys  are  full  of 
fruit ;  but  a  great  part  it  dry,  mountainous, 
and  barren.  The  melons  have  an  exqui- 
fite  tafte,  fome  of  which  sxe  ripe  in  fum- 
mer,  and  others  in  winter.  The  ftems  of 
the  vines  are  fo  large,  that  a  man  can  hard- 
ly gprafp  them  with  his  arms ;  and  the 
bunches  of  grapes  are  a  foot  and  a  half 
long.  It  is  divided  into  three  provinces, 
namely,  Tlemfani  on  the  W,  Titerie  on 
the  S,  and  Conftantia  to  the  £  of  the  city 
of  Algiers.  The  Turks,  who  have  the 
government  in  their  hands,  are  not  above 
7000  in  number ;  and  yet  the  Moors,  or 
natives  of  Africa,  have  no  Ihare  in  it.  at 
is  r  illy  a  kind  of  republic  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  grand  fignior,  and  it  is  governed 
by  a  fovereign  called  the  dey,  but  he  can 
do  nothing  of  confequencc  without  the 
council  of  the  Jauiflaries.  The  Arab*, 
who  live  in  tents,  are  a  diftinft  people,  go- 
verned by  their  own  laws  and  magiftratet, 
though  the  Tturks  interpofe  as  often  as  they 
pleafe.  1  he  dey  of  Algiem  is  an  abfolute 
monarch,  but  i\e&ed  by  the  Turkilh  fol- 
diers,  and  frequeiatly  depofed,  and  put  to 
death  by  them.  ^Q'he  revenues  of  the  go- 
vernment arifc  from  the  tribute  paid  by 
the  Moots  and  Arabs,  a  detachment  of  the 
army  being  fent  into  each  province  every 
year  to  coileA  it ;  and  the  prizes  they  take 
at  fea  fometimes  equal  the  taxes  they  lay 
upon  the  natives.  7'he  dey  hns  feveral 
thoufand  Moors  in  his  fervice,  both  horfe 
and  foot :  and  the  dey:  or  viceroys  of  the 
provinces,  have  each  an  army  uiiuer  hit 
command.  Their  religion  is  Mahomctan- 
ifiii,  and  their  language  a  dialed  of  the 
Arabic.  They  have  likcwife  a  jargon, 
compofcd  of  Italian,  French,  and  bpanifli 


""HM 


railed  Lingi 
stood  by  the 
chunta.  TIk 
is  tawny,  ani 
made. 

Algim,  a 
Africa,  in  B 
kingdom  of  i 
declivity  of  a 
form  of  an  aii 
hour ;   insom 
pearing  one  1 
ry  fine  appeal 
tops  of  the  lie 
reason  they 
evening  to  tal 
.ire  covered  v 
sort  of  gardci 
row,  and  sen 
heat  of  the  su 
hour  is  500  pt 
from  the  cent 
where  there  i 
tery  of  guns, 
tants  is  said  t< 
15,000  Jews, 
Their  chief  su 
their  piracies, 
all  Christian  si 
with  them.    1 
is  adorned  wit 
watered  by  fo 
thither  the  inl 
seasons.     Alg 
brnved  the  res 
erful  states  in 
coiUd  make  bi 
a  regular  siegi 
y.  in  1541,  I08 
in  an  expediti 
glish  burnt  th« 
m  1635  and  Ifi 
by  the  French 
Spaniards  mad 
with  a  formidi 
feated  with  gr 
they  sent  a  po 
forts  that  defe 
were  repellcc 
though  they  m 
tacks  witli  gre 
ire^the  Alg 
the  other  state 
to  pay  any  lonj 
the  Porte.     A 
Minorca,  380  1 
2  18  E,  lat  341 
Jlhama,  a  t( 
da.     A  little 
accounted  the 
«4  in  a  valley, 


m'< 


.«> 


a 


ALU 


ALL 


lit  has  fince  been 
lat.  42  30  N. 
of  Portugal,  67 
breadth:  boimd- 
e  Tea,  on  the  E  by 
e  N  by  Aknteju. 
idt,  dates,  olivet, 
capital  it  Pharo. 
]  of  Spain,  in  An- 
Gibraltar;  but  at 
tion,  the  harbour 
[O  milei  N  W  of 
r,  5at.  36  14  N. 
vn  of  Sardinia,  on 
ilhop'a  fee.     Lon. 

Utes  of  Barbary, 
mis,  on  the  N  by 
the  S  by  Mount 
Morocco.  It  es- 
to  W.  The  ail 
ic  hnd  toward  the 
valleya  are  full  of 
dry,  mountainous, 
n»  have  an  exqui> 
I  sre  ripe  in  fum- 
;r.  The  ftems  of 
at  a  man  can  hard- 
is  arms;  and  the 
a  foot  and  a  half 

0  three  provinces, 
ic  W,  Titerie  or 
>  the  E  of  the  city 
ks,  who  have  the 
ds,  are  not  above 
ret  the  Moors,  rr 
no  {hare  in  it.  it 
:  under  the  protec- 
,  and  it  is  governed 
le  dey,  but  he  can 
lencc  without  the 
ies.  The  Arabs, 
diftinA  people,  go- 
«vs  and  magiftrates, 
>ofe  ;i8  often  as  they 
Igiers  is  an  abfolute 
by  the  Turkifti  fol- 
epofed,  and  put  to 
revenues  of  the  go- 
he  tribute  paid  by 

1  detachment  of  this 
ach  province  every 
the  prizes  they  take 
1  the  taxes  they  lay 
he  <Iey  hns  feveral 
fervice,  both  horfe 

or  vicei'cys  of  the 
in  army  uiiuer  his 
'ion  is  Mahometan- 
re  a  dialedl  of  the 

likcwife  a  jargon, 
'rench,  and  t>panifli 


railed  Lingua  Franca,  that  is  under- 
stood by  thi;  commun  jjeople  and  mer- 
chunts.  Tlie  complexion  of  tlic  natives 
is  tawny,  and  tliey  a#e  rtrong  and  well 
mudc. 

Algiert,*.  large  and  strnnjf  town  of 
Africa,  in  Barbary,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Al;gicrs.  Ii  is  l>uilt  i.n  tlie 
declivity  of  a  mountain,  and  in  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheiitre  next  the  har- 
bour ;  insomuch,  tliat  tlie  liouscs  ap- 
pearing one  above  anutlicr,  make  a  >e- 
ry  fine  appearance  from  the  sea.  Tlie 
tops  of  the  houses  are  .all  fist,  for  which 
reason  they  walk  upon  tlicm  in  the 
evening  to  take  the  air ;  besides,  they 
••jre  covered  with  earth,  and  serve  for  a 
sort  of  gardens.  Th'-  streets  are  nar 
row,  and  ser\-e  to  keep  oH'tlie  extreme 
heat  of  the  sun.  Tlie  mole  of  the  har- 
bour is  500  pacts  in  length,  extending 
frcm  the  continent  to  a  small  island, 
where  there  is  a  castle  and  a  large  bat- 
tery of  guns.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  said  to  be  100,000  Mahometans, 
15,000  Jews,  and  4000  Cii  .istion  slaves. 
Their  chief  subsistence  is  derived  from 
their  piracies,  for  they  make  prizes  of' 
all  Christian  ships  that  are  not  at  peace : 
with  them.  The  country  about  Algiers 
is  adorned  with  gardens  and  Bne  viUas, 
watered  by  fountains  and  rivulets  ;  and 
thither  the  inhabitants  resort  in  tlie  hot 
seasons.  Alters  tho'  it  has,  for  ages, 
brjived  the  resentment  of  the  most  pow- 
erful states  in  Christendom,  ii  is  said, 
coidd  moke  but  a  feint  defence  against 
a  regular  siege.  The  emperor  Charles 
V.  in  1541,  lost  a  fine  fleet  and  army, 
in  an  expedition  against  it.  The  En- 
glish bui-nt  their  vessels  in  the  harbour 
m  1635  and  1670.  It  was  bombarded 
by  the  French  in  1688.  In  \77S,  the 
Spaniards  mad^  a  descent  near  the  city 
with  a  formidable  army,  but  were  de- 
feated with  great  slaughter.  In  1784, 
they  sent  a  powerful  fleet  to  attack  the 
forts  that  defend  the  harbour ;  but  they 
were  repelled  by  the  Algerines,  al- 
though they  made  eight  successive  At- 
tacks with  great  spiri'  aad  bravery.  In 
1767,  the  Algerines  took  the  iead  of 
the  other  states  of  Barbary,  in  refusing 
to  pay  any  longer  their  usual  (tibiite  to 
the  Porte.  Algiers  is  situate  opposite 
Minorca,  380  miles  W  of  Tunis.  Lon. 
3  18  E,  lat  340  N. 

Jlhutna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
da.    A  little  b«low  it  arc  hot  baths, 
accounted  the  best  in  Spain,  It  is  scat- 1 
«d  ut  ai  valley,  surrotmdcd  by  craggy  { 


mountains,  25  miles  S  W  of  Cranada- 
Lon.  3  24  W,  lat.  36  56  X. 

Alhanibra,  the  ancient  fort-'-ss  and 
residence  of  the  Moorish  nionurcns  of 
Granada.  In  many  countries  may  be 
seen  excellent  modem  as  tvell  as  ^• 
cient  architecture,  both  entire  and  in 
ruins  j  but  nothing  to  be  (net  with  any 
•where  else  can  convey  an  idea  of  this 
edifice,  except  the  deci^i-atiuns  of  ait 
opera  or  tlic  talcs  of  the  genii.  The 
iii-st  place  you  come  to  is  tlie  court  col- 
led  the  communa,  or  cjmtmin  buthi  1  an 
oblong  square  witi;  a  deep  banon  of  clear 
water  in  the  middle  ;  two  flig'hts  ot 
marble  steps  leading  down  to  the  bot- 
tom J  on  each  side  a  parterre  of  flow- 
ei'H,  and  a  row  of  orange  t  .is.  The 
ceilings  ore  gilt  or  painted,  me  lower 
part  of  the  walls  is  mosaic,  disposed 
in  fantastic  knots  and  festoons,  a  work  so 
novel,  so  (exquisitely  finished,  as  must 
aflit  rd  a  stranger  tlic  most  agreeable 
sensations,  while  he  treads  tliis  magic 
ground.  Opposite  tlie  door  of  the  emnr 
nmna,  is  anotiier  leading  into  the  apart- 
ment of  the  lions,  an  oJblong  court  100 
feet  in  length  atid  50  in  breadth,  envi- 
roned with  a  colonnade.  The  gate  tliat 
leads  into  tlie  hall  of  tlie  two  tUteri,  ex- 
ceeds all  the  rest  i|i  proportion  of  orna- 
ments, and  in  beauty  of  prospect,  which 
it  affords  through  a  range  of  apart* 
ments,  where  a  mitltitudp  of  arches 
ternjinate  in  a  large  vindow  open  to 
the  country.  In  a  gleam  of  sunsliine, 
the  variety  of  tints  aiid  lights  thrown 
upon  this  enfilade  are  uncommonly  rich. 
It  is  seated  near  tlie  confluence  of  the 
Oro  with  the  Xenil,  125  wiles  S  W  of 
Miu-cio,  and  225  S  of  Mi.drid,  Lon.  3 
30  W,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Alicant,  a  seaport  of  Sptin,  in  Va- 
lencia ;  rematfcui)le  for  its  excellent 
wine,  and  the  fertility  of  its  toil,  which 
produces  e.\c«lU;nt  fruits,  <vnd  plenty 
of  rosemary  of  an  extraordinnfj'  size. 
The  custle,  on  a  high  rock,  was  reck- 
oned impregnable ;  but  it  was  taken 
by  tlie  English  in  1706.  It  was  like.' 
wise  taken  Lythe  French  and  Sparu- 
anls,  aflcr  a  siege  of  almost  two  years ; 
and  then  pa}t  of  tlic  rock  was  blown 
up.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  25  miles  S 
of  Valencix     Lon.  0  0,  lat.  38  16  N. 

Aligata,  a  town  of  Sicily,  remark- 
able ibr  corn  and  good  wine.  It  is 
seated  on  a  peninsula,  22  miles  S  £  of 
Gcrgtsnti.     Lon.  13  48  £,  Int,  37  11  TX. 

AHahabadl  a  city  of  Oudc,  in  Hin« 


ALL 


;l 


doostart  Proper,  seated  at  the  conflii- 1 
eiice  of  the  two  grcsil  rivers,  tlie  Gan- 
ges ami  Jumna.  It  was  founded  by 
the  emperor  Acbar,  who  intended  it 
as  a  place  of  arms  :  but  its  fortifica- 
tions will  liardly  resist  the  battering 
ot  a  licld-piece.  It  is  470  miles  N 
W  of  Cidculta.  Lon.  Hi  0  £,  lat.  24 
45  K. 

jJlegany,  o!"   Appalachian   Mountains, 
a  loiij;-  ranj;c  cf  mountains  in  N  Ame- 
rica, between  the  Atlantic,  the   Mis- 
sissippi, and  the  lakes  ;  extending  near- 
V  parallel  with  tlie  seacoast,  900  miles 
in  icng^th,  and  from  60  to  200  in  breadth. 
The   UiMtrent  rid;.,'-cs  which  compose 
tiiis    immense    ran{^e    have    diHi-'rent 
names   in  the   different  str.tes.      Ad 
vancinj^  from   the   Atlantic,  the   first 
ridge  of  Pennsylvania,   Vir^jr'min,  and 
Noith  Carolina,  is  the  Blue  Kidge,  (tr 
South  Moimtain,  from  130 to  200  miles 
fi'oni  the  sea,  and  about  4000  feet  hig-h 
from  its  base.     Between  this  and  the 
Korth  Mountain,  sjjread'j  a  large  fer- 
tile vale.  Next  lies  the  Allegany,  which 
is  tlie   principal  ridge,  and  has  been 
descriptively  called  tlie  bad-bone  of  the 
United  States.    Beyo.ul  this  is  ttie  long 
ridge  called  the  laurel  Mountains,  in 
a  spur  of  which,  in  lat.  36  is  a  spring 
of  water,  50  feet  t'eep,  very  cold,  and 
as  blue  as  indigo.     From  these  several 
vidges  jjroceed  innumerable  nameless 
branches  or  spi'rs.    The  Kittatiny,  or 
Blue  Mountaii  c,  run  through  the  north- 
em  parts  of  Kew  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania.   These  mountains  are  not  con- 
fusedly scattered  and  broken,  rising 
here  at  d  tliere  into  high  peaks  over- 
topping eacFi  other,  but  stretch  along 
in  uniform  ridges,  scarpely  half  a  mile 
high.    They  spread  as  they  jirocced  S, 
and  some  of  them  terminate  in  hig!> 
perpe'idicular  bluHs.     Others  gradual- 
ly subf  jlc  into  a  level  country,  giving 
rise  to  the  rivers  which  run  soiitiurly 
into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.     In  the  back 
pai-ts    of    Pennsylvania,    scarcely  one 
acre  in  ten  of  this  range  is  capable  of 
culture  :  but  this  is  not  tlie  case  in  all 
parts  ;  for  numerous  tracts  of  fine  ura- 
dIc  and  past>irc  land  intervene  between 
the  ridges,    having  generally  a   rich 
black  soil.     Indeed,  some  of  the  mo\in- 
tauis  will  admit  of  cultivation  almost 
to  their  tops. 

Alkgany,  a  river  oE  North  America, 
which  rises  in  tlie  Allegany  Mountains 
in  I'.t.  42.     At  Fort  Pitt  it  joins  the 


A  L  M 

AlUhurch,  a  village  of  Worcesten- 
shire.  It  has  an  alms-house  founded 
in  1580,  and  the  Roman  Ickneld  street 
passes  through  it.  The  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester had  formerly  a  palace  here  ;  and 
the  church,  several  parts  of  which  are 
of  Saxon  architecture,  contains  many 
antique  monuments.  It  is  five  mile* 
E  by  N  of  Bromsgrove. 

Alte^ranza,  one  of  the  Canai-y  island*, 
lying  to  the  N  of  Graciosa,  and  to  the 
E  of  St.  Clare.  There  arc  several 
castles  that  defend  the  harbour. 

AUmdorf,  a  small  town  in  the  land- 
gravatc  of  Hesse  Cassel,  remarkable 
for  its  salt-works,  and  three  stone 
bridges.  It^s  seated  on  the  Wcscr, 
15  miles  E  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  59  E,  lat. 
51  19  N. 

Allentovin,  a  town  in  Monmouth  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  10  miles  S  E  of  Tren- 
ton, 22  S  by  W  of  Monmouth  court 
house,  and  40  N  E  of  Philadelphia.— 
And  a  village,  in  Northampton  county, 
Pennsylvania,  6  miles  S  W  of  Beth- 
lehem, 18  of  Easton  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, and  56  N  of  Philadelphia.  Post 
offices  are  established  at  both  these 
small  towns. 

Alkr,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  waters  Zell,  and  falU 
into  the  Weser  below  Verden. 

Alleria,  a  decayed  town  in  Corsica, 
a  bishop's  see,  and  the  place  where 
king  Theodore  first  landed  in  '736. 
Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Ailier,  a  departiiient  of  France,  late- 
ly the  province  of  Bourbonnois. 

Ailoa,  a  commercial  town,  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  about  20  miles  higher 
up  the  river  than  Leith,  and  five  miles 
E  of  Stirling.  It  consists  of  one  spaci- 
o»is  street,  well  paved,  and  shaded 
with  rows  of  lime  trees.  Here  is  a 
custom-house  for  the  convenience  of 
shipping  in  this  part  of  the  north,  i.nd 
it  is  the  resort  of  all  the  coal  vessels  :>.» 
the  neighbourhood.  It  has  a  gla.s8- 
house  and  some  other  manufactures. 
Lon.  3  45  \V  ,  lat.  56  10  N. 

Almacarron,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Mwcia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadalantine,  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 20  miles  S  W  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  0  56  \  ,  lat.  37  28  N. 

A/mama,  atownof  New  Castile,  re- 
markable for  the  defeat  of  the  allies, 
bv  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  1707, 
when  most  of  the  English  were  killed 
ortaken,  having  been  abandoned  by  the 


Mon(*ni;ahcla,  bclnff  tken  cuUcd  Ohio.  \  Portuguese  horse  at  the  iir»t  charge. 


It  is  50  milei 
56  VV,  lat.  38 

Almeda,  a  t( 
madura,  seatt 
Lisbon.     Lon 

Almedia,  a 
province  of  T 
fines  of  Leon, 
dad  Uodrigo 

Almvida,  al 
in  the  provini 
Coa.     Lon.  8 

Almendvala 
Estraniadura, 
tugal.    Lon. 

Alvieiiii,  a 
province  of  C 
see,  seated  i 
miles  S  E  of 
lat.  36  51  N. 

Ahnisia,  a  i 
the  mouth  of 
fiimous  for  its 
E  of  Spalatrc 
4N. 

Ainwndbitry 
riding  of  Yor! 
of  Huddersfie 

Ahnondsbur 
shire,  eight  n 

Aimunecar, 
kingdom  of 
Mediterranet 
defended  by  i 
S  S  E  of  Alh 
36  30  N. 

Alniiiict,  tl 
thumberl.ind, 
d.ay.  It  is  si 
and  is  a  popu 
a  town-hous< 
which  remaii 
that  it  was  f 
wall.  It  was 
Gotliic  castle 
Northumberl 
ly  repaired  i 
miles  N  of  : 
wick,  .ind  3 
Lon.  1  30  \V 

Atoit,  a  to 
river  Dender 
Brussels  and 
lat.  50  58  N. 

Alpnaeh,  a 
Undcrwalden 
itach,  an  am 
Cantons,  wit 
StantZBtadt. 

Alpti^Uxe  \ 
jope,  separat 


r 


ALP 


A  L  S 


of  Worcesten- 
•lioiise  fuuiulcd 
D  Ickncld  street 
bishop  of  Wor- 
alacc  here ;  and 
rts  of  whkh  are 

contains  many 
[t  is  five  milei 

:  Canary  islands, 
iosa,  and  to  the 
;re  arc  several 
harbour, 
iwii  in  the  land- 
iscl,  remarkable 
id  three  stone 
on  the  Wcscr, 
Lon.  9  59  E,  lat. 

Monmouth  coun- 
les  S  E  ofTreii- 
^onmouth  court 
'  Philadelphia. — 
hampton  countv, 
S  W  of  Bctii- 
i  the  same  direc- 
ladelphia.  Post 
d  at  both  these 

'ises  in  the  duchy 
s  Zcll,  and  falls 
Verden. 

to\\'n  in  Corsica, 
Jie  place  where 
landed  in  '736. 

N. 

t  of  France,  late- 
rbonnois. 
al  town,  on  the 
t  20  miles  higher 
h,  and  five  miles 
lists  of  one  spaci- 
,'cd,  and  shaded 
rees.  Here  is  a 
t  convenience  of 
)f  the  north,  i.nd 
he  coal  vessels  :*.» 

It  has  a  g;la.ss- 
icr  manufactures. 
10  N. 

wrt  of  Spain,  in 
cia,  at  the  mouth 
lear  the  Mediler- 
V  of  Cai-tiiagena. 
28  N. 

New  Castile,  re- 
lat  of  the  allies, 
)aniards,  in  1707, 
(jlish  were  killed 
abandoned  by the 
t  tho  iirst  charge. 


It  is  50  miles  S  W  of  Valencia.  Loh.  0 
,56  VV,  lat.  38  54  N. 

Almeda,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
niadura,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  opposite 
Lisbon.     Lon.  9.  4  W,  lat.  38  .33  N. 

Ahiieilia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tra-los-montes,  on  tlie  con- 
fines of  Leon,  17  miles  N  \V  of  Civa- 
dad  Uodiigo  Lon.  6  15  W,lat.4045  N. 

Almehia,  a  fortilied  town  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Bcira,  on  tlie  river 
Coa.     Lon.  8  15  W,  lat.  40  38  N. 

Almendvalaio,  a  Xown  of  Spain,  in 
Estranuulura,  near  the  borders  of  Por- 
tugal.    Lon.  5  6  W,  lat.  38  36  N. 

Alvieria,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Granada,  witii  a  bishop's 
see,  seated  on  the  river  Almeria,  62 
miles  S  E  of  Granada.  Lon.  2  0  W, 
lat.  36  51  N. 

Ahnhsa,  a  small  but  strong  town,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Cetina,  in  Dalmatia, 
famous  for  its  piracies.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  45J1,  lat.  44 
4N.  . 

Alinrmdbury,  a  village  in  the  AVest 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  two  miles  S  S  E 
of  Hiiddersfield. 

Alvior.dsbury,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, eight  miles  N  of  Bristol. 

Aimunecar,  a  seaport  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Granada,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  with  a  good  harbour, 
defended  by  a  strong  castle,  30  miles 
S  S  E  of  Alhama.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat. 
36  30  N. 

Airraid,  the  county  town  of  Nor- 
tluimberl.ind,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
d.ay.  It  is  seated  on  the  rl.er  Aine, 
and  is  a  populous  well-built  town,  witli 
a  town-house.  It  ha«  three  gates, 
which  i-emain  almost  entire,  and  show 
that  it  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a 
wall.  It  was  defended  by  an  old  stately 
Gotliic  castle,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of 
Northumberland,  which  has  been  late- 
ly repaired  and  beautified.  It  is  30 
miles  N  of  Newcastle,  25  S  of  Ber- 
wick, ,ind  305  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  55  25  N. 

Aloit,  a  town  of  Flanders,  on  the 
river  Dender,  in  the  mid-way  between 
Brussels  and  Ghe?it.  Lon.'  4.  12  E, 
Ut.  50  58  N. 

Atpnach,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
Underwalden,  seated  on  lake  Alp- 
jiach,  an  arm  of  the  lake  of  the  Four 
Cantons,  with  wluch  it  unites  near 
Stantzstadt. 

Alpt^iiUnc  highest  mo'untaiiis  In  Eu- 
JTOpe,  separating  Italy  frotn  France  and 


Germany.  They  begin  on  the  side  of 
France  towards  the  Mediterranean,  be- 
tween  the  territory  ot  Genoa  and  coun- 
ty of  Nice  i  and  terminate  at  tlie  gulf 
of  Carniero,  which  i.+  part  of  tlie  g\ilf 
of  Venice.  They  consist  of  lofty  chains 
of  mountains,  ranging  one  u|A)n  ai.c- 
thcr,  with  only  narrow  valle)  s  btlween. 
'riicy  ai'<!  composed  of  stupendo^as  roeky 
masses,  two,  four,  und  even  sis  bein^* 
piled  upon  each  other,  and  fi-om  4i-i)i> 
to  12000  feet  high.  There  :,re  lew 
passes  over  tlicn^,  and  those  of  difficult 
access.  Swisserlantl  takes  up  a  good 
part  of  these  mountain.s,  or  r:ither  the 
vallics  between  thein.  The  fiinioiis 
Hannibal  attempted  to  cross  tliC  Al])» 
on  tlie  side  of  Piedmont,  in  tl.e  winter 
seu.son,  when  he  invaded  ItiJy,  uv.A  lost 
most  of  Ilia  elcpiiur.ts  i.niong'thcm. 

Alps,  Upper,  H  <lepartment  of  France, 
coniprehenduig  part  of  Uie  late  pro- 
vince of  Dau])liiny. 

Alp3,  Lfjiver,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  pait  of  the  late  province  of 
Provence. 

A/pitxiires,  high  mountains  of  Gra- 
nada, in  Spain;  near  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  inhabited  by  the  Mo- 
riscoes,  who  carefully  cidtivate  tlie 
ground,  which  produces  excellent  wines 
and  fruits. 

Alresford,  a  town  in  Hampsh.ire,  witli, 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  has  about 
200  houses,  two  principal  streets, 
which  are  lai-ge  and  broad,  anJla  small 
manut'icture  of  linsevs.  It  is  18  miles 
E  NE  of  Southampton,  and  57  W  S  W 
of  London.    Lon.  1  1  W,  lat.  51  6  N, 

Alsace,  a  late  province  of  Frajice, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  tlie  Rhine,  on  the 
S  by  Swisserl.-ind  and  Franche  Comtc, 
on  the  VV  bvLoiTain,  and  on  tlie  N  by 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  now  in  the 
departments  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Rhine.  It  is  a  very  fertile  country,  pro- 
ducing plenty  of  all  sorts  of  com, 
wine,  pasture,  wood,  fla.Y,  tobacco, 
pulse,  and  fruit.  There  aro  mines  of 
silver,  copper,  and  le.id,  ait  well  as 
mineral  waters.  It  is  diversified  with 
pleasant  hills,  and  moimtains  covered 
with  Ibrests,  in  which  are  pine  trees 
120  feet  high.  The  language  is  the 
German,  it  having  been  part  «f  the 
empire. 

Alsen,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Little  Beit,  or  entrance  into  tlie  Baltic, 
between  Slcswiek  and  Funen.  It  has" 
nothing  remarkable  but  two  castles,  and 
is  100  mite*  W  of  Copcnliajfen. 


ALT 


A  M  A 


!l 


i 


;  I 


Jlsfdd,  an  ancient  town  of  Germa- 
ny, III  the  landgravatc  of  Hcssc  Casscl, 
1-J  miles  N  W  of  Marpiirg.  It  is  an  an- 
cient town,  and  its  inhabitants  were 
the  first  of  tliis  country  who  embraced 
the  reformation.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  50 
55  N. 

AUhetUt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Smoland,  near  whicliagfold 
mine  was  discovered  in  1738. 

Alston- Moot;  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on 
a  hill,  at  tlie  bottom  of  which  runs  the 
Tyne,  with  a  stone  bridge  over  it ;  and 
near  the  town  is  plcntv  of  lead  ore.  It 
13  20  miles  E  by  S  of  Carlisle,  and  303 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  14  W,  lat. 
54  50  N. 

Altamont,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citerior,  15  miles  NW  ofDasig- 
niano.     Lon.  16  22  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Altamura,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
territory  of  Bari,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
pennincs.     Lon.  16  58  E,  lat.  41  6  N. 

Attea,  a  seaport  of  Valencia,  in  Spain. 
It  was  taken  in  1705,  in  favour  of  the 
archduke  Charles ;  but  lost  after  the 
famous  battte  of  Almanza.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  42  miles  S  £  of 
Valencia,  and  110  S  by  E  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Altena,  a  flourishinir  seaport'  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  com- 
modiously  seated  on  the  Elbe,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Hamburg.  The  Danes  built 
it  in  that  situation,  that  it  mig'ht  rival 
Hamburg  in  commerce.  .  It  was  burnt 
by  the  Swedes  in  1712,  but  has  been 
since  beautifully  rebuilt.  Lon.  9  52  E, 
kt.  53  37  N. 

Altenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Pleisse,  20 
miles  S  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  28  E.  lat. 
50  59  N. 

Altenburg,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  18 
miles  S  of  Weissemburg.  Lon.  23  15 
E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Altenburg,  or  Omar,  a  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,,  on  the  Danube,  15  miles  S 
of  Presburg,  and  40  S  E  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  1713  E,  lat.  48  ON. 

Altenburg,  or  Oldviburg,  an  ancient 
town  of  Germany  in  HoUtein. 

Altesson,Sitovtn  of  Piedmont,  lietween 
the  rivers  Dore  and  Stura,  near  Lau- 
-veneric.     Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Altcze.^,  a  town  and^castle  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  15 
ifi'^-s  S  W  of  Mentz.  'Lon.  8  12 E,  lat. 
49  40N. 


Ahkirch,  a  town  of  France  in  the  <!*- 
partment  of  the  Ujiper  Rhine,  on  the 
river  lUe,  45  miles  S  S  W  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  20  E,  hit.  47  40  N. 

Altnwre,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  seven  miles  N  W 
of  Dungannon.  Lon.  6  45  W,  lat.  54 
43  N. 

Alton,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  seated 
on  the  river  Wey,  with  a  market  on  Sa- 
turday. It  has  one  church,  a  famous 
freeschool,  a  large  manufacture  of  plain 
and  figured  baragons,  ribbed  druggets, 
ami  serges  de  Nismes  ;  and  round  Xhu 
town  are  plantations  of  hops.  It  is  18. 
miles  E  N  E  of  Southampton,  and  4* 
W  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  56  W,  lat. 
51  22  N. 

Altotf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Nurcmburg,  wiUi  a  famous 
universitv,  a  library,  and  a  physic  gar- 
den. It  'is  10  miles  S  E  of  Nuremburg. 
Lon.  11  22  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Altorf,  a*  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  20  miles  N-E  of  Con- 
stance, and  subject  to  the  house  of  Au- 
stria.    Lon.  9  30  E.  lat.  47  50  N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Uri,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Russ,  on  tlie  lake  of 
Lucern,  2ft  miles  S  E  of  Lucevn.  Lon. 
8  25  E,  lat.  46  55  N.       ' 

Altringham;sitovm  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  E  of 
Warrington^  and  180  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  32  W.  lat.  53  23  N. 

Alva-de-tormes,  a  considerable  town 
qf  Spain,  in  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Tornies,  12  miles  S  E  of 
Salamanca.     Lon.  5  4  W,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Alveston,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire. 
On  tlie  top  of  a  hill  near  the  Severn,  is 
a  large  round  camp,  called  Oldbury, 
where  several  antiquities  have  befcn  dug 
up.  It  is  eight  miles  N  by  E  of  Bristol. 

Alzira,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Valencia, 
on  the  river  Xucar,  17  miles  S  of  Va^ 
lencia.     Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Ainadan,  or  Hamadttn,  a  town  of  Per- 
sia, 200  miles  N  £  of  Bagdad.  Lon. 
47  4  E,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Ainadia,  a  trading  town  of  Asia,  in 
Curdistan,  belon^ng  to  the  Turks; 
seated  on  a  high  moimtain,  40  miles 
S  E  of  Gczira.  Lon.  41  5  E,  lat  35  5 
N.        . 

Amai,  an  islatid  in  the  Baltic,  near 
Copenhagen,  fihom  which  it  is  separated 
l)y  a  canal.     It  is  four  miles  long  and' 
two  broad,  and  is  chiefly  peopled  by 
the   descendants  of  a  colony  from  E- 


Friesland,  to  i 

signed  by  Chr 

of  his  queen,  f 

ing  lier  with 

butter.     From 

tlicse   colonist 

present  inhabi 

cd  ;  but  as  tin 

and  enjoy  pec 

pear  a  distinct 

es,  in  which 

casionally  in  I 

men  wear  bro 

jackets,    full-g 

same  colour,  1 

tied  roimd  the 

chiefly  dressec 

petticoats,   wl^ 

zed  cloth  hour 

island  is  laid  c 

tures;  andstil] 

nal  design,  su 

milk,  butter,  ai 

Amal,  a  towi 

vince  of  Gothla 

on  lake  Wenne 

sal.     It  carries 

ber,  deals,  and 

59  ON. 

Amalfi,  an  ai 
rior  Principalit; 
bishop's  see. 
to  have  invent 
pass,  about  the 
century,  was  a 
is  seated  in  a  cl 
western  coast  c 
miles  S  W  of ) 
lat.  40  28  N. 

Amand,  St.  i 
department  of 
of  Bourbonnois 
Cher,  20  miles 
SO  £,  lat.  46  45 
Amand,  St.  a 
department  of  t 
French  Flander 
seven  miles  N  c 
lately  a  celebrat 
plundered.  W 
Austrians "  inva< 
was  taken  by  tl 
their  retreat  L 
Amantea,  a  s( 
in  Calabria  Cite 
Eufemia,  20  ni 
Lon.  16  10  E,  h 
Atnapatla,  a  ; 
in  Guatimala,  s< 
same  name,  220 
ia.    Lon.  86  40 


A  M  A 


A  M  B 


ince  in  the  itt^ 
IKine,  on  the 
'  of  Strasburg. 

r. 

■eland,  in  the 

n  miles   N  W 

45  W,  lat.  54 

pshire,  seated 
market  on  Sa- 
rch,  a  famous 
acture  of  plain 
>bcd  druggets, 
and  round  ihu 
tops.  It  is  Vi 
tipton,  and  4a 
n.  0  56  W,  lat. 

any,  intheter- 
mth  a  famous 

1  a  physic  gar- 
)f  Nuremburg. 

rmany,  in  the 
8  M-E  of  Con- 
e  house  of  Au- 
^7  50  N. 
crland,  capital 
ated  near  the 
on  tlie  lake  o^ 
Lucem.   Lon. 

Cheshire,  with 
10  miles  E  of 
W  of  London. 
■J. 

iderable  town 
strong  castle, 

2  miles  S  E  of 
,lat.  41  0  N. 
ioucester  shire, 
the  Severn,  is 
lied  Oldbury, 
have  betn  dug 
y  Eof  Bristol. 
n  in  Valencia, 
niles  S  of  Va- 
.  39  6  N. 
atownof  Per- 
iagdad.    Lon. 

iwn  of  Asia,  in 
the    Turks; 

ain,  40  miles 
5  £,  lat  30  5^ 

e  Baltic,  near 
it  is  separated 
miles  long  and' 
y  peopled  by 
oloiiy  from  £- 


Friesland,  to  whom  the  island  was  con- 
signed by  Christian  11,  at  the  request 
of  liis  queen,  for  the  puq)osc  of  supply- 
ing her  with  vegetables,  cheese,  and 
butter.  From  the  intermarriages  of 
these  colonists  with  the  DuncN,  tlie. 
present  inhabitants  are  chiefly  descend- 
ed ;  but  as  they  wear  their  own  dress, 
and  enjoy  peculiar  privileges,  they  ap- 
pear a  distinct  race.  It  has  two  churcli- 
es,  in  which  the  ministers  preach  oc- 
casionally in  Dutch  and  Danish.  The 
men  wear  broad-brimmed  huts,  black 
jackets,  full-glazed  breeches  of  the 
same  colour,  loose  at  the  knee,  and 
tied  roimd  tlie  waist.  The  women  are 
chiefly  dressed  in  black  jackets  and  red 
petticoats,  with  a  piece  of  blue  gla- 
zed cloth  bound  on  their  heads.  The 
island  is  laid  out  in  gardens  and  pas- 
tures ;  and  still,  according  to  the  oi-igi- 
nal  design,  supplies  Copenhagen  with 
milk,  butter,  and  vegetables. 

Amal,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Gothland,  with  a  gfood  harbour 
on  lake  Wenner,  175  miles  S  W  of  Up- 
sal.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  tim- 
ber, deals,  and  tar.  Lon.  12  40  E,  lat. 
59  ON. 

Amalfi,  an  ancient  town  in  the  Cite- 
rior  Principality  of  Naples,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  Flavio  Gioia,  who  is  said 
to  have  invented  the  mariner's  com- 
pass, about  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century,  was  a  native  of  this  town.  It 
is  seated  in  a  charming  country,  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  gulf  of  SaJemo,  13 
miles  S  W  of  Salerno.  Lon.  14  45  E, 
lat.  40  28  N. 

Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher,  and  late  territory 
of  Bourbonnois,  seated  on  the  river 
Cher,  20  miles  S  of  Bourges.  Lon.  2 
SO  £,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  in  tlie  late 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Scarpe, 
seven  miles  N  of  Valenciennes.  It  had 
lately  a  celebrated  abbey,  which  is  now 
plundered.  When  the  Prussians  and 
Austrians  *  invaded  France  in  1792,  it 
was  taken  by  them,  but  evacuated  on 
their  retreat  Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  50  27  N . 
Amantea,  a  seaport  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  ne.ir  the  bay  of 
Eufemia,  20  miles  S  W  of  Cosenza. 
Lon.  16  10  E,  lat,  39  12  N. 

Amapalta,  a  seaport  of  N  America, 
in  Guatimala,  seated  on  a  gtilf  of  the 
same  name,  220  miles  S  E  of  Gu.ttima- 
la.    Lon.  86  40  W,  lat.  12  30  N. 


Amasia,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia, 
the  birtliplacc  of  Strabu,  the  geogra^ 
pher.  It  is  tiie  residence  of  a  bashaw, 
and  gives  its  name  to  tlie  province  it 
stands  in  where  there  are  the  best  wines 
and  fruits  of  Natolia.  It  was  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake,  July  3,  1794.  It  is 
seated  near  the  river  Casalniack,  36 
miles  N  of  Tocat.  Lon.  36  0  E,  lat.  40 
31  N. 

Amazon,  or  Orellana,  a  (jrcat  river  of 
S  America,  which  bus  its  source  in  Pe- 
ru, not  fur  from  the  Puiitic  Ocean,  and 
running  £  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
by  84  chamicls,  whicli  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son overflow  their  liunkN,  and  fertiUze 
the  country.  Its  course  is  between  4 
and  5000  miles,  including  all  its  wind- 
ings. Its  mouth  is  150  miles  broad; 
and  it  receives,  in  its  progress,  near 
200  other  rivers,  muny  of  which  liavc 
a  course  of  5' or  600  leagues,  some  of 
them  not  inferior  to  the  Danube  or  the 
Nile  ;  and  1500  miles  from  its  moutli, 
it  is  30  or  40  fathoms  deep. 

Amazonia,  a  country  in  S  America, 
bounded  on  tlic  N  by  Terra  Firma  and 
Guiana,  on  tiie  E  by  tlic  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  lirasil,  6n  the  S  by  Lu  Pla- 
ta, and  on  the  W  by  Peru.  It  is  1200 
miles  long,  and  960  broad.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  1580,  by  Francisco  Orella- 
na, who  sailed  down  the  river  Amazon 
to  the  Atlantic.  Observing  companies 
of  women  in  arms  on  its  bunks,  he  cal-' 
led  the  country  Amazonia,  and  gave 
the  name  of  Amazon  to  the  river.  But 
ibis  was  probably  a  fiction,  for  M.  Con- 
damine  could  perceive  no  such  women. 
,It  is  generally  a  flat  region,  abounding 
in  woods,  lakes,  rivers,  bogs,  and  mo- 
rasses.  The  soil  is  very  ricli  and  fer- 
tile ;  the  trees  and  plants  arc  verdant 
all  the  year.  The  rivers  and  lakes  are 
infested  l)y  alligators  and  water-ser- 
pents. Their  banks  are  inhabited  by 
different  tribes  of  Indians,  governed  by 
petty  sovereigns,  the  marks  of  whose 
dignity  are  a  crown  of  parrots  feathers, 
a  chain  of  lions  teeth  or  claws  hung 
round  his  neck,  and  a  wooden  sword 
whicii  he  carries  in  his  hand.  The 
Spaniards  have  made  many  vwn  at- 
tempts to  settle  this  country.  On  that 
part  of  the  coast  between  Cape  North 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  the 
Portuguese,  indeed  have  some  settle- 
ments. 

Amhcrg,  a  handsome  town  of  Germa- 
ny, capital  of  tiie  Upper  Pi'Litiiiute  of 
Bnvaria.     It  has  a  strons;  ca.nle,  and  La 


(!) 


A  M  B 

leMcd  on  the  river  Ills,  40  miles  E  of 
Nui-ciiitjurtf.  Loll.  12  7  K,  lat.  49  20 N. 
Amberl,  a  town  of  France  in  the  (ie- 
piirtnicnt  of  the  Puy  Uc  Dome  und  lute 
province  of  Aiivergne,  x^Hteil  in  a  beau- 
tiful viillcy,  on  tlie  river  Ore.  It  wus 
reuiai-kulile,  liefore  the  French  revolu- 
tion, for  the  great  nuniberof  paper  ina- 
nufuuturerH  m  its  vicinity,  and  foi'  its 
trade  in  course  laceii,  cunilets,  &.r..  It  is 
21  iiiileii  E  of  Issoire,  and  lOO  S  by  E 
of  Pari.s.     Lon.  3  50  E,  lat.  4.5  25  N. 

Ambleside,  a  town  of  Wc.stnio;'cland, 
witli  a  market  on  Wiilnisday,  ;icatcd  on 
"Winander-niere,  13  miles  M\V  of  Ken- 
dal, i.nd  2ri  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  6  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

AmhteUiise,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  tlie  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  (irovince  of  Picurdy,  eigiit  miles  N 
of  Boulogne,  defended  by  a  battery  of 
cannon.    Lon.  1  41  E,  lat "50  49  N.  ' 

Amboise,  a  town  of  France,  intliedc- 
piulment  of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  seated  at  the  con- 
ttlience  of  tlie  Loire  and  Massee.  The 
stairc.'ise  of  the  castle,  heing  without 
steps,  may  be  ascended  to  tlie  very  top. 
Here  Lewis  XI.  instituted  the  order  of 
St.  Michael;  and  here  in  1506,  was 
formed  the  famous  conspiracy  against 
the  Guises,  known  by  the  name  of  Am- 
boise.  It  is  1?  miles  E  of  Toiu's,  and 
118  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  54  E,  lat. 
47.  25  N. 

Amboy,  sometimes  called  Perth  Am- 
boy,tiic  capitalofEast  Jersey,  in  Middle- 
sex county.  This  town  is  ttnely  situat- 
ed for  a  seaport,  lying  open  to  Sandy- 
hook,  and  approachable  from  the  sea 
with  any  wind  tiiat  blows.  Some  cfl'orts 
have  been  made  to  introduce  commerce, 
but  with  small  success,  the  exports 
having  hardly  ever  exceeded  60,000 
dollars  per  annum.  The  inhabitants  arc 
about  600.— It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  40  35 
N.  and  Long,  of  75  W.  35  miles  from 
New  York,  and  70  from  Pliiladelphia. 

Amhoyna,  an  ifiland  of  Asia,  in  tlic 
Indian  Ocean,  with  a  garrison  town  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  the  chief  of  the 
Moluccas,  and  remarkable  for  the  quan- 
tity of  cloves  and  nutmegb  it  produces. 
The  English  and  Dutch  had  factories 
here  at  the  beginning  of  tlie  irth  cen- 
tury i  but  the  Dutch  expelled  the  Eng- 
lish, and  tortured  them  with  the  most 
lavage  cruelty.  The  natives  wear  large 
■wliiskers,  and  their  dress  is  only  a 
slight  piece  of  st'lff  wrapped  roimd 
tlscir  mid  j'e.  Tiic  jnen  buv  thcii'  wives 


A  M  E 

of  their  parents,  and  if  they  prove  bar- 
rcn,  the  marriage  is  void.  They  are 
generally  Mahometans;  but  there  are 
some  Rom.Hn  catholics  among  them. 
Loll.  127  0  E,  lat.  4  0  S. 

Anibieiibury,Atnyn\  in  Wiltshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  and  three  fairs  six 
miles  N  of  Salisbury,  and  78  W  ot" 
L(mdon.     Lon.  1  40  W,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Anibrym,  one  of  tlie  new  Hebrides,  in 
the  S  Pacilic  Ocean.  Lon.  168  12  £, 
lat.  16  10  N. 

AmeJabaJ,  a  large  and  populous  city 
of  Indostan,  and  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Guzerat.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  fortified  places  in  India,  but  was 
taken  by  general  Guddard,  in  1780, 
from  the  Poonali  Mahrattas  to  whom  it 
w:is  restored  in  1783.  It  stands  in  .t 
oeautifiil  plain  on  the  banks  of  n 
navigable  river  that  falls  into  tlie  guifot' 
Canibay,  321  miles  N  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
72  37  £,  lat.  22  58  N. 

AnmJangiir,  a  city(Of  Hindonstan  In  the 
Deccan;  once  the  capital  of  the  soubah 
ofthe  game  name,  which  nuw  is  better 
known  by  that  of  Dowlatabad.  This  city 
was  the  residence  of  the  emperor  Aii- 
rungzebe,  during  his  conquest  of  the 
Deccan  and  the  Carnatic.  It  is  181 
miles,  by  Poonidi,  from  Bombay.  Lon. 
75  0  E,  lat.  19  10  N. 

Amelia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in 
the  state  of  thechitfch,  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoletto,  20  miles  S  VV  of  Spoletto, 
and  45  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  30  E,  lat. 
41  33  N. 

America,  one  ofthe  four  parts  ofthe 
world,  and  by  mtich  the  largest.  It  is 
bounded  on  all  sides  by  the  ocean,  as 
appears  from  the  latest  discoveries ;  it 
being  formerly  supposed  to  join  to  the 
nortli  cast  part  of  Asia.  It  took  its 
name  from  Americus  Vespucius,  a  Flo- 
rentine, who  is  said  to  have  discovered 
that  part  of  the  country  seated  under 
the  line.  But  America  was  first  discov- 
ered by  Christopher  Columbus,  a  Ge- 
noese, in  1401.  It  is  called  the  New 
World  with  great  propriety ;  for  not 
only  the  men,  but  the  birds  and  beastg 
dittii'r,  in  some  respects  from  those 
known  before.-  It  has  likewise  a  g^eat 
ii'.imber  of  trees  and  plants,  that  grew 
no  wliere  else,  before  they  were  trans- 
planted to  other  places.  All  the  men, 
except  the  Eskimaux,  near  Greenland, 
seem  to  have  the  same  original ;  for 
Uiey  agree  in  every  particular,  from 
the"  sti'aits  of  Magellan,  in  the  S,  t» 
HiuLon's  Bay,  in  the  N.     Their  skins, 


' '■'^^^^ayW'iff.iAfwa'llJU^ 


id  if  tliey  prove  bw- 
is  void.  Tliey  are 
.■tans ;  but  tlierc  ure 
liolics  among'  them. 
40S. 

wn  in  Wiltuhire,  with 
y,  and  three  fairs  Hix 
iburv,  and  78  W  of 
40\V,  lat.  51  11  N. 
tlic  new  Hebridc-s,  in 
ean.     Lon.  168  V2  £, 

?ge  and  populou.'i  city 
he  capital  of  the  pro- 
t.  It  i»  one  of  tiif 
.-es  in  India,  but  was 

Goddard,  in  1780, 
Maiirattas  to  whom  it 
1783.  It  .stands  in  ,t 
on  tlic  banks  of  » 
at  falls  into  the  fjuif  of 
;s  N  of  Bombay.  Loii. 
RN. 

ty,of  Hindoostan  in  the 
:  capital  of  the  soubali 
,  which  nuw  is  better 
lowlatubad.  This  city 
■i  of  tlie  emperor  Au- 
■  his   conquest  of  tlir 

Carnatic.  It  is  181 
,  from  Bombay.  Lon. 
IN. 

scopal  ci\v  of  Italy,  in 
lim-ch,  in  the  duchy  of 
es  S  W  of  Spoletto, 
le.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat. 

)f  the  four  parts  of  the 
uch  the  largest.  It  is 
sides  by  the  ocean,  as 
;  latest  discoveries;  it 
lipposed  to  join  to  th« 
of  Asia.  It  took  its 
ricus  Vcspucius,  a  Flo- 
aid  to  have  discovered 
country  seated  under 
iierica  was  first  discov- 
)lier  Columbus,  a  Ge- 
lt is  called  the  New 
at  propriety  j  for  not 
It  tlie  birds  and  beast* 
respects  from  those 
It  has  likewise  a  g^est 
i  and  plants,  that  grew 
)efore  they  were  trans- 
•  places.  All  the  men, 
toaux,  near  Greenland, 
le  same  ori,^inal  ;  for 
jvery  particular,  fron 
Magellan,  in  the  S,  t» 
n  the  N.    Their  skins, 


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A  M  E 

iinl«!ii  daubed  with  fp-ckie  or  nil,   tre 
M'u  1'c'd  riip|)»r  colour,   and  thiy  lui\«' 
no  bi'iirils,  1)1'  liiiir  on  any  otiier  piirt    of 
their  liodifH,  except   tlic    lu'iid,  wlit  re 
i;  i»  bluck,   iitnti|(lit,  utul  ('oui'nc.     Mii- 
ny  »re  the    conjeituri's  uboui  the  peo- 
\>\'\ng  of  ttiiii  vuHt  ountinent,  und  ubnott 
»«  vuriouH  iiM  their   iiuthoi'H.     Aliierieii 
i«  MO  h)nu',   thiit  it  takiH  in  not  only    all 
the  Tori'id,  but  also  the  Tiinperati'  luiil 
|i;irt  of  the  FriL'id  Zoi.es.     It  in  hanl  to 
«:iy  how  many  (liU'eront  lunfi^ingcs  tliere 
Mv  in  America,   a  vndt  number  be  injc 
ipcikcn   by  the  ilillerent  people  In   dlt- 
ftient  parts  J    uud  as  to  tlieir  relijfion, 
there  is  no  g'ivinjf  any  tolerable  account 
<>fit   in  ireneral,    thoU)fh  some  of  the 
iniHt  eivili/ed  amon^tliem  hccui  to  have 
wnrslii))ped  the  suit.   'I'lie  principal  mo- 
tive of  the  Spaniurtis  in  sending'  so  ma- 
ny  colonies  lure,  was  the  thirst  of  gold  i 
*ml   iiuleed   thev   aiul  the  PortU)^iese 
aie  possesHcd  of*  all  those  parts  where 
it  is    found   in  fjrcatcst  plenty,     'i'liis 
immense  continent   is   dividcrl   into  N 
and  S  America,  which  are  joined   by 
the  isthmus  of  Daricn.   It  has  the  loOi- 
(stmoimtainii  in  the  world,  such  ns  those 
that  form  the  immense  chain  called  the 
Andes  ;  and  the  largest  rivers,  such  as 
the  Amazon,   Plata,  Oroncjka,  Missis- 
lippi,  Illinois,  Misunres,  Ohio,  St.  Law- 
rence, Hudson,  Delaware,  Susqnchan- 
niih,  Potomac,  &c.    Beside  the  Indians 
»lio  inhabit  the  interior  parts,  and  the 
United  States  of  America,  who  possess 
most  of  the  territory  that  formerly  be- 
i'lMijcd  to  Great  Britain,   the   dificrent 
F.'.iropcan  powers  have  rich   and  floiu  - 
i»hin(5' colonics  here.  The  United  States 
possess.    New   Enf^land,    New   York, 
New  Jersej',  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virpnia,   North  and  South 
Carolina,  Kentucky,  and  all  the  coun- 
try to  the  N  of  tile   Ohio,   extending 
from  Pennsylvania  on  the  E,  the  lakes 
on  the  N,  and  the  Mississippi  on  the  W. 
The  countries  possessed  by  Great  Bri- 
tain,  arr,   Labrador  or  Ncv  Britain, 
Upper     and    Lower    Canada,    No\'a 
Scotia,   and   New  Brunswick.     In   N 
America,   Spain    possesses    East  and 
West  Florida,  Louisiana,  New  Mexico, 
California,  and   old   Mexico  or   New 
Spain :  in  S  America,  they  have  Terra 
lirma,  Peru,  Chili,   and  Paragua.     In 
S  America,  the  Portuguese  have  Bra- 
«il ;    the    French   Cayenne  i    and    tlie 
Dutch,  Furinam,  both  in  Guiana. 

Aniersfnrt,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
hin<ls,  in  Utrecht,  seated  in  a  fertrle 
•oui-.U'v  on  tlte  river  Emb»,   12  Kiles  E 


A  M  O 

of  Utrecht.     Lon.  5  2'2  E,  l«t.  .«  U  N. 

A»itr.ihani,  or  .Igmomliuhuvt,  a  bo- 
r6ll^'h  of  liucks,  citiiitikUiit^of  ubout  290 
hoiiHes,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
sends  two  members  to  )i.u'liainent,  and 
is  Jt)  miles  S  E  of  Buckin)j;liaui,  and'JO 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  Ji  W,  lut  51 
40  N. 

Amhtrtt,  a  post  town  of  Hillsho- 
routfh  county.  New  Hampshire  It 
lies  on  the  Souhegun  11.  IH  milcN  E  of 
Petersborouj^h,  I'.)  W  (/f  Loiidoniler- 
ry,  and  about  ti  W  by  S  of  Portsniouth, 
eoutiiiuin(f  about  JUOO  inhubit.irits. 

Aitiid,  a  town  of  N:il<ili;i,  40  niilo!i  E 
of  Auia-tia.     Lon.  J6  .t'.j  E,  hit.  40  30  N. 

Amifii,  a  |)rinci])al  city  of  Mesopota- 
mia, called  AniDUiit  by  I'toh'my  i  it  it 
situated  on  a  \\\^\\  mom. tain,  on  the 
bordeis  of  Assui:i,  on  tlie  'I'inTii, 
where  it  receivi's  tlic    Nunphius. 

Amiens,  an  ancient  city  of  Kriince,  in 
the  depirtinent  of  Soninie  and  lute  pro- 
vince  of  I'icardy.  The  cuthediul  wh» 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  majfnili- 
cent  in  France,  previous  to  the  French 
revolution.  Three  briimlies  ofthe  I'iv. 
er  Sjomiuu  enter  this  .  > .  It  was  ta. 
ken  by  the  Spaniards  i.  1597,  but  re- 
taken  by  Henry  IV,  who  built  a  cita- 
del  here.  It  has  muaufactures  in  linen 
und  woollen  cloth,  established  by 
Colbert,  which  employ  in  the  city  and 
adjacent  country,  30,000  people.  It  i.* 
20  miles  S  E  of  Abbeville,  and  75  Nof 
Paris.     Lon.  2  28  E,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Ammercot,  a  fort  in  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  a  very  extensive  sandy  desert, 
between  the  Indus,  the  territm-ies  of 
Agimere  and  Muultun,  and  the  Pud- 
dar.  This  place  is  celebrated  as  the 
retreat  ofthe  emperor  Humaioon,  dur- 
injf  his  troubles  ;  and  here  was  born 
his  son,  the  illustrious  Acbar.  It  is  190 
miles  N  by  EofTatta. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Usbec  Tarta- 
rv,  seated  on  the  river  Gihon,  60  milet 
VVofBokhara.  Lon.6430E,lat.  3930N. 

Amorous,  an  island  ofthe  ArChipela. 
go,  fertde  in  wine,  oil,  and  corn.  The 
best  jjarts  belong  to  a  monastei-y  ;  and 
the  greatest  inconvenience  of  this  is- 
land is  the  want  of  fuel.  It  is  30  miles 
in  circumference,  and  67  N  of  Candia. 
Lon.  26  15  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Amour,  a  river  of  Asia,  whose  source 
is  in  Siberia ;  it  runs  E  through  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Corea. 

Amoy,  an  island  on  the  S  \V  coast  of 
China.  Thj  English  had  a  factor/ 
here,  but  abandoned  it  cu  account  of 
the  impositions  uf  Uic  itiliubitakita. 


A  M  S 

Amphipolis,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
ronc,  iinci'.'iitly  tlie  capitul  of  Macedo- 
nia, on  tlie  river  Strymon,  70  miles  N  E 
of  Saloniehi.  I.on.  24.  16  E,  iat.  41  ;?8  N. 
Ampicfiiiis,  a  town  of  Franrc  in  tlie 
cfepai'lnier.t  of  Klione  and  Loire,  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  wines,  and  is  16  miles 
E  i.'f  Roanne. 

AmptliUl,  a.  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
wltli  a  niarlieton  Tluirsiiay,  SL.ited  plea- 
santly betw('en  two  hills,  but  in  a  bar- 
ren so:).  It  is  six  miles  S  of  Bedford, 
and  45  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  30 
W,  Iat.  52  6  N. 

Aiiipuiias,  a  seajjort  of  Spain,  in  Ca- 
talonia, seated  atthe  month  of  the  river 
I'luvia,  60  miles  N  E  of  Barcelona. 
Lon.  ;>  6  E,  Iat.  42  5  N. 

Annas,  a  ^ery  sti'onfj  castle  in  Ger- 
many, .seated  in  the  'I'ii-ol,  two  miles 
S  E  of  Insprucli.  It  is  remarkable 
for  a  rich  library,  adorned  with  the 
pH.rtr.'iits  of  many  learned  men.  Lon. 
11  29  E,  Iat.  47  9  N. 

AmstcnUun,  a  large,  rich,  and  ]}opu- 
loiis  city  in  Holland,  capital  of  the 
United  Provinces.  The  walla  are  high, 
and  well  fortified;  and  the  bridge 
■wliicli  joins  the  rampart  is  built  over 
the  river  amstel,  and  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est pieces  of  Arcliitecture  in  these  parts. 
Few  cities  have  their  public  buildings 
so  tine,  numerous,  and  well  kept.  Here 
are  many  handsome  chiirches,  andhos- 
{)ital8  for  jx'rsons  of  all  religions  aiid 
comitries.  Tlie  exchange  is  one  of  the 
principal  ornanient.s  of  the  city,  and  the 
harbour  is  one  of  tlie  largest  and  finest 
in  Euiope,  where  a  vast  number  of 
inercliant  sliio.-i  may  always  be  seen  ; 
t'lOU'/h  (Ikio  Is  a  bar  at  its  entrance, 
wluth  is,  however,  a  great  security 
against  foreign  enemies.  Tlie  founda- 
t'to't  of  tills  town  is  laid  ii))on  piles, 
driven  into  a  morass,  atid  imder  the 
stadtlioiise  alone  are  13,000.  The  streets 
are  spacious  and  well  paved,  and  most 
of  them  have  canals,  with  rows  of  trees 
o:i  each  side.  It  is  computed  to  be 
about  half  as  big  as  London.  It  sur- 
rendered to  tlie  king  of  Prussia  in  1787, 
when  that  prince  invaded  Holland,  in 
favour  of  the  stadtholder,  but  was  eva- 
cuated on  the  restoration  of  the  latter 
to  his  rights.  Since  it  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  1795,  its  trade  has  great- 
ly diminisliod,  and  its  merchants  have 
bceniinpoverished  by  tlicrc|>eatcd  exac- 
tions of  their  rapacious  coiMjuerors.  It 
is  sealed  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Aaistel  aiid  Wye,  65  miles  N  of  Ant- 


A  N  C 

wcrp,  175  E  by  N  of  London,  240  N 
by  E  of  Paris,  aiid  560  N  VV  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  4  50  E,  Iat.  52  23  N. 

Amviell,  a  village  near  Ware,  in 
Hertfordshire,  famous  fiir  giving  rise 
to  the  New  River,  which  supplies  Lon- 
don with  water. 

Anadir,  a  considerable  river  of  Sibe- 
ria in  Asia,  that  falls  into  the  Eastern 
Ocean. 

Aiiagni,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
Cainpagna  di  Roma ;  a  bishop's  see, 
32  miles  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  25  E, 
Iat.  41  56  N. 

Anacopir,  the  capital  of  the  nation  of 
the  Abkhas,  on  the  river  Makai,  which 
falls  below  it  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Anattom,  an  island,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  170  9  E,  Iat.  20  10  S. 

Ancarano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona,  five  miles  N  of 
Ascoli,  and  82  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon. 
13  29  E,  Iat.  42  48  N. 

Ancaster,  a  small  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 15  miles  S  of  Lincoln.  It  was 
anciently  a  Roman  village,  on  a  Ro- 
man highway,  and  lies  under  a  hill 
abounding  with  antiquities. 

Ancenis,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on 
the  Loire,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Loire  and  late  province  of  Bretagne, 
20  miles  E  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  5  W, 
Iat.  47  15  N. 

Andam,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Po- 
raerania,  on  the  river  Pene,  20  miles 
S  of  Gripswald.  Lon.  14  2  E,  Iat.  53 
52  N. 

Ancnber,  a  territory  on  the  gold  coast 
of  Guinea,  having  a  river  of  the  same 
name  flowing  through  it,  tlie  banks  of 
which  are  adorned  with  lofly  trees.  On 
the  western  bank  is  a  popidous  village. 
Ancona,  ik  province  in  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal State. 

Ancona,  an  ancient  town  and  citadel 
of  Italy,  on  tlie  gulf  of  Venice,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona.  It  was  origi- 
nally built  upon  a  hill,  and  tlic  cathe- 
dral stands  upon  die  highest  part,  but 
tlie  houses  have  been  gradually  extend- 
ed down  the  side  of  tlie  eminence  to- 
ward the  sea.  The  commerce  of  An- 
cona has  rapidly  increased  of  late 
j'cars  ;  for  which  it  is  indebted  to  pope 
Clement  XII,  who  made  it  a  free  port, 
and  built  a  mole,  to  render  tlie  har- 
bour safe  :  it  is  erected  on  the  ruins  of 
tlie  ancient  mole,  raised  by  the  empe- 
ror Trajan,  and  is  above  2000  feet  in 
length,'  ICO  in  breadth,  and  about  60 


A  N  C 

175  E  bv  N  of  London,  240  N 
F  Paris,  and  560  N  VV  of  Vienna. 

50  E,  hit.  52  23  N. 
)tll,    tt   villa(je    near   Ware,   in 
rdshirc,  funious  for  giviniy  rise 
New  River,  wliich  su])plies  Lon- 
tli  water. 

'ir,  a  considerable  river  of  Siiic- 
Vsia,  that  fulls  into  the  Eastern 

ni,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
gna  di  Roma ;  a  bishop's  see, 
i;s  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  25  E, 
56  N. 

opir,  the  capital  of  the  nation  of 
khas,  on  the  river  Makai,  which 
low  it  into  the  Black  Sea. 
'om,  an  isl.i:id,  one  of  the  New 
es,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 
'0  9  E,  lat.  20  10  S. 
rano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
sate  of  Ancona,  five  miles  N  of 
and  82  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon. 
;,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Her,  a  small  town  in  Lincoln- 
15  miles  S  of  Lincoln.  It  was 
ly  a  Roman  village,  on  a  Ro- 
jfhway,  and  lies  under  a  hill 
ing  with  antiquities. 
!/■«,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on 
re,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
ind  late  province  of  Bretagne, 
!s  E  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  5  W, 
15  N. 

■VI,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Po- 
1,  on  the  river  Pene,  20  miles 
•ipswald.     Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  53 

er,  a  territory  on  the  gold  coast 
en,  having  a  river  of  the  same 
jwing  through  it,  tlic  banks  of 
e  adorned  with  lofty  trees.  On 
tern  bank  is  a  popidinis  village. 
a,  ii  province  in  the  ecclesiasti- 
e. 

a,  an  ancient  town  and  citadel 
on  tlie  gulf  of  Venice,  in  the 
ate  of  Ancona.  It  was  origi- 
lilt  upon  a  hill,  and  tlic  cathe- 
uis  ujx)n  tile  highest  part,  but 
ses  have  been  gradually  extend- 
1  the  side  of  tjie  eminence  to- 
e  sea.  The  commerce  of  An- 
as rapidly  increased  of  late 
for  which  it  is  indebted  to  pope 
t  XII,  who  made  it  a  free  port. 
It  a  mole,  to  render  tlic  liar- 
e  :  it  is  erected  on  the  ruins  of 
ent  mole,  raised  by  the  empe- 
:in,  and  is  above  2000  feet  in 
ICO  in  breadth,  and  about  60 


,.weiw«.Mf.WMa,'uni 


AND 

in  depth  from  the  surface  of  the  sea. 
The  triumphal  arch  of  Trajan,  remains 
almost  entire,  with  its  inscription.  The 
streets  are  narrow  and  uneven,  the  ca- 
thedra! is  a  low  and  dwk  structure ; 
and  Ihougii  the  front  is  covered  with 
marble,  the  architectui-e  has  neither 
beauty  nor  rcguhu-ity.  Hei-e  likewise 
Clement  erected  a  lazaretto,  which 
advances  a  little  way  into  tlie  sea,  in 
tlie  form  of  a  pentagon,  and  is  a  noble 
as  well  as  useful  edifice.  Ancona  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  116 
miles  N  by  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  35 
E  ;lat.  43  38  N. 

Andalusia,  a  province  of  Spain,  250 
miles  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  S  by  Granada,  on 
tlie  W  by  Algarva  and  the  Atlan'ic, 
on  the  N  by  Estramadiu-a,  and  on  tlie 
E  by  Murcia.  The  Guadalquiver  run  . 
through  its  whole  lengtli ;  and  it  is  the 
best,  most  fertile,  and  trading  part  in 
Spain,    The  capital  is  Seville. 

Andaman  Islands,  on  the  K  ni''ic  of 
the  entrance  into  the  bay  of  ilengal. 
The  inhabitants  are  the  most  savage 
in  the  whole  worlds  They  jyo  quite 
naked,  the  women  wearing  a  fringe 
round  their  middle.  The  men  are  craf- 
ty and  revengefiQ  j  and  frequently  e\- 
prcss  their  aversion  to  strangers  m  a 
loud  and  threatening  tone  of  voice. 
Sometimes  they  appear  docile  and 
quiet  with  the  most  hostile  intent. 

Andaye,  a  foitifted  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Pjtc- 
nees  and  late  territory  of  Basques,  fa-' 
mous  for  its  brandy.  It  is  situate  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Bidassoa,  oppo- 
site Fontarabia  in  Spain,  18  miles  S  W 
of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1  45  W,  lat.  43  25 
N. 

Andely,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  parted  by  a  paved  cause- 
way into  two  little  towns  called  Great 
Mid  Little  Andely,  a  mile  from  each 
other.  Great  Andely  is  in  a  vuUcy,  on 
the  little  river  Gambons.  It  is  20 
miles  S  E  of  Rouen,  and  60  N  W  of 
I'aris.     Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Amkrnach,  an  ancient  city  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  ses.t- 
t'd  on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  N  W  of 
Coblcntz..    Lon.  7  22  E,  lat.  50  29  N. 

Amkrn,  St.  a  seaport  of  Spain  in  the 
h:iy  of  Biscay,  where   the    Spaniards 
build  and  lay  up  some  of  their  men  of 
wir.   It  is  eOmiles  WofBilboa.   Lon 
4  30  E,  lat.  43  25  N. 


AND 

Jndfs,  or  Cordilleras,  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  South  America,  which  nin- 
ning  from  the  most  northern  pwt  of 
Peru,  to  the  Straits  of  Magelliir.i,  are 
tilt  longest  and  most  remarkable  in  the 
world.  They  divide  the  whole  south- 
ern p.nrt  of  America,  and  run  a  length, 
of  4300  miles.  They  are  much  supe- 
rior in  height  to  any  other  mountains  ; 
for  the  plain  of  Qiiito,  which  may  b« 
considered  as  the  base  of  the  Andes, 
is  elevated  further  above  the  sea  than 
the  top  of  the  Pyrenees  ;  and  vuk-y  rise, 
in  difliirent  places,  more  than  one  third 
above  the  Peak  of  Tcneriffe,  once 
thought  to  be  the  highest  land  in  the 
ancient  hemisphere.  The  Andes  may 
literally  be  said  to  hide  their  heads  in 
the  clouds  :  the  storms  often  roll,  and 
'.iie  thunder  bursts  below  tlieir  sum- 
mlts,  which,  though  exposed  to  the 
rays  of  the  sim  in  the  torrid  zone,  are 
covered  with  everlasting  snow.  From 
experiments  made  with  a  barometer 
on  the  mountain  of  Cotopaxi,  it  ap- 
peared that  its  summit  was  elevated 
6252  y.irds  above  the  surface  of  the 
sea,  sometliing  more  than  three  geo- 
grupliical  miles.  In  these  mountains, 
there  are  said  to  be  16  volcanos. 

AnJover,  a  borough  in  Hampihirc, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends 
two  i.iembe  's  to  i)arliament,  and  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  It  is  10  miles  N 
by  ^V  of  Winchester,  and  65  W  by  S 
of  Londcn.   Lon.  1  20  W,  lat  51  14  N. 

Andover,  a  town  in  Essex  county, 
Massachi-retts,  about  20  miles  N  of 
Boston — And  a  town  in  Sussex  County, 
New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  S  by  E  of 
Newton,  famous  for  its  iron  works. 

Andrarum,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Gothland,  three  miles  S  of  Christian- 
stadt :  where  there  is  the  greatest, 
alum  work  in  the  kingdom. 

Andrevi,  St.  a  fort  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, at  tlic  E  end  of  the  isle  of  Bom- 
mel  Waert. 

Andrew,  St.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Carintliia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated 
on  the  river  Levant,  95  miles  S  by  W 
of  Vienna.   Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  46  52  N, 

Andrevi's,  St.  a  city  in  Fifeshire,  with 
an  imivers'ty.  It  was  formerly  the  ses 
of  an  archbishop,  and  is  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  bay,  on  the  level  top  of  a 
small  hill,  extending  E  and  W,  havings 
an  open  prospect  of  the  Germaa  Ocean. 
The  town  of  St.  Andrew's  was  erected 
into  a  royal  borough  by  David  I.  in  the 
year  1140  and  thtir  pmile£;ci  after- 
E 


^ 


AND 

wards  confinne  J.  The  charter  of  Mal- 
colm II.  is  iiri'sevvcil  in  t'le  tolhootli ; 
ami  ap(x;u'.s  written  on  :i  bit  of  panii- 
mcnt,  but  tl)e  contents  fcf|iially  valid 
witb  what  would  at  this  time  require 
whole  skins.  Here  also  arc  kept  the 
silver  keys  of  tlie  city;  whicli,  for 
i'orm's  s.'ikc,  arc  ilelivrrcd  to  the  kin}f, 
it' he  .  'lould  \isit  the  j)lace,  or  to  a  vi'--- 
torious  enemy,  in  token  of  submission. 
In  this  place,  likewise,  is  to  bo  seen 
the  monstrous  axe  which,  in  1646,  took 
off  the  heads  of  Sir  Robert  Spots  wood 
and  other  distinguished  loyalist.>*.  St. 
Andrew's  i;-  now  p-eatly  reduced  in 
tlie  number  of  its  inhabitants  ;  at  pre- 
sent scarcely  cxcecdinjy  2000.  It  is 
impossible  to  ascertain  the  sum  when 
it  was  the  seat  of  the  primate  :  all  that 
can  be  known  is,  that  during  the  pe- 
riod of  its  splendor,  thee  v/ere  be- 
tween 60  and  70  bakers  ;  but  now  9  or 
10  arc  sufficient  for  the  place.  It  is  a 
mile  in  circuit,  and  contains  three 
principal  streets.  On  entering  the  west 
port,  a  well-built  street,  straight,  and 
of  _  vast  length  and  breadth,  appears  , 
but  so  grass-grown,  and  presenting 
jiuch  a  dreary  solitude,  that  it  forms 
tlie  perfect  idea  of  having  been  laid 
waste  by  the  pestilence.  The  univer- 
sity, whicli  was  foimded  by  bishop 
Wardlaw,  in  1411,  consists  of  three 
colleges.  Tlie  cathedral,  the  chapel 
of  St.  Regulus,  the  church  of  St.  Sal- 
VRtor,  and  the  priory,  have  been  noble 
Gothic  structures.  The  castle  was  the 
scene  of  the  cruelty  and  punishment  of 
cardinal  Beton :  the  window  is  still 
shown,  from  which  he  beheld  tlie  mar- 
tyrilom  of  George  Wishart,  who  was 
burnt  on  the  spot  beneatli ;  and  in  this 
castle  he  himself  was  assassinated  in 
1546.  The  houses,  tliough  built  of 
stone,  are  gone  to  decay,  tlicre  being 
no  manufactures  to  support  the  niiirie- 
pous  inhabitants  ;  nor  is  the  harbour  in 
a  good  condition.  It  is  30  miles  N  E 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  56 
18  X 

Andria,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Bari, 
■with  a  bishop's  see,  four  miles  S  of 
B.arlctta.     Lon.  16  32  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Andros,  an  island  and  town  in  the 
Archipelago.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
the  Greek  church,  and  have  a  bishop 
and  several  monasteries.  The  princi- 
pal riches  of  this  island  consist  in  silks, 
and  the  fields  arc  very  pleasant  and 
fertile ;  being  planted  with  oranges, 
citrons,  mulberries,  pomegranates,  a)>d 


A  N  G 

figs.    It  lies  to  the  N  of  Candla.    Loa. 
25  30  E,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Anduxar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda. 
lusia,  seated  on  the  Guadalqulver,  de- 
fended by  a  castle.  It  is  35  miles  E  of 
Cordova.     I.on.  64  7  W,  lat.  37  55  N. 

Anegada,  one  of  the  English  Virgin 
Islands.     Lon.  64  7  VV,  lat.  18  40  N. 

Angela,  St.  a  small  but  sti-ong  town 
of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  five  miles  N 
of  ManfredoniB,  and  two  from  the  sea. 
Lon.  16  13  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Angelas,  a  populous  and  trading  town 
of  Mexico,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
air  is  excellent,  and  the  land  aboundi 
in  corn.  It  is  62  miles  S  E  of  Mexico. 
Lon.  92  22  W,  lat.  19  30  N. 

Angers,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Maine  an<l  Loire, 
and  the  late  province  of  Anion.  It  ii 
seated  i)  .t  the  confluence  of  the  Sarte 
and  Lcl.-e,  and  is  divided  by  the  Maine 
into  two  parts  ;  the  western  extending 
into  the  plain,  and  the  eastern  wliicl 
rises  on  the  acclivity  of  a  hill.  Its  en. 
virons  present  a  pleasing  view  of  nu- 
merous country  houses,  upwards  of  a 
himdred  windmills,  well-cultivated 
kitchen-gardens,  and  eminences  that 
produce  good  white  wine.  The  cathe- 
dral is  an  elegant  structure :  the  91. 
quisite  neatness  of  the  wainscot  of  the 
choir,  the  width  of  the  nave,  and  the 
principal  gate,  surrounded  by  three 
steeples  (of  which  the  centre  one  has 
no  support  but  the  bases  of  the  other 
two)  ai-c  particularly  admired.  In  this 
cathedral  is  the  tomb  of  Rene,  king  of 
Sicily,  and  several  bishops,  in  white 
marble ;  and  here  is  shi-wn  an  um, 
which  is  pretended  to  have  been  used 
at  the  wedding  of  Cana.  Before  the 
late  dissolution  of  convents,  monks  of 
every  order  were  to  be  seen  at  An- 
gers i  and  out  of  four  abbeys  that  be- 
longed to  the  Benedictines,  three  were 
particularly  beautiful.  Here  is  an  aca- 
demy of  belles  Icttres,  established  in 
168j.  The  inliabitants  are  computed 
at  30,000 ;  and  here  is  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  handkerchiefs  and  sail- 
cloth. The  produce  of  the  slate  quar- 
ries, at  the  extremity  of  the  suburb  of 
Bressigny,  forms  likewise  an  import- 
ant article  of  commerce  :  this  slate  is 
so  common,  that  the  most  paljry  hovel 
in  the  suburbs  is  covered  with  it ;  on 
which  account  Angers  has  been  called 
the  Black  City.  The  CRs'le,  flanked 
by  18  great  round  towers,  is  remark- 
able only  for  its  advantageous  situation 


\ 


A  N  G 

to  the  N  of  Candia.    Loa. 

.  37  50  N. 

a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda^ 
1  on  llic  Guadalquiver,  de- 

castle.     It  is  35  iiilics  E  of 

on.  64  7  W,  iat.  37  55  N. 
one  of  the  English  Virgin 
in.  64  7  W,  lut.  18  40  N. 

a  small  but  sti'ong  town 
n  Capitanata,  five  miles  N 
ini»,  and  two  from  the  sea. 
E,  Iat.  41  40  N. 

populous  and  trading  town 
with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
ent,  and  the  land  aboundi 
is  62  miles  3  E  of  Mexico. 
W,  Iat.  19  30  N. 
1  ancient  town  of  France, 
tment  of  Maine  and  Loire, 

province  of  Aniou.  It  it 
the  confluence  of  the  Sartc 
ind  is  divided  by  the  Maine 
ts  ;  the  western  extending 
in,  and  the  eastern  wliicl 
acclivity  of  a  hill.  Its  en- 
!nt  a  pleasing  view  of  nu- 
utry  houses,  upwards  of  t 
windmills,  well-cultivated 
lens,  and  eminences  that 
d  white  wine.  The  cathe- 
ilcgant  structure  :  the  9X- 
less  of  the  wainscot  of  Uie 
ndtii  of  the  nave,  and  the 
•te,  surrounded  by  three 
which  the  centre  one  hai 
but  the  bases  of  the  other 
rticularly  admired.  In  this 
the  tomb  of  Rene,  king  of 
several  bishops,  in  white 
1  here  is  shi-wn  an  urn, 
;tended  to  have  been  used 
ling  of  Cana.  Before  the 
ion  of  convents,  monks  of 

were  to  be  seen  at  An. 
lUt  of  four  abbeys  that  be- 
e  Benedictines,  three  were 
beautiful.  Here  is  an  aca- 
lies  Icttres,  established  in 
inhabitants  are  computed 
nd  here  is  a  considerable 
of  handkerchiefs  and  sail- 
produce  of  the  slate  quar- 
ixtrcmity  of  the  subiu-b  of 
brms  likewise  an  import' 
f  commerce  :  this  slate  is 
that  the  most  paltry  hovel 
bs  is  covered  with  it ;  on 
ut  Angers  has  been  called 
;ity.  The  cR«*'e,  flanked 
round  towers,  is  remark- 
its  advantageous  situation 


A  N  G 

tm  a  rock,  and  the  width  of  its  ditches. 
It  is  50  miles  E  of  Nantes,  and  175 
S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  35  W,  Iat.  47  30  N. 

Anghiera,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Milan,  and  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  tlie  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
the  cast  side  of  tlic  lake  Maggiorc,  30 
miles  N  W  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  40  E, 
Iat.  45  42  N. 

Anglesey,  an  island  and  the  most 
western  coimty  of  N  Wales.  It  is  24 
miles  in  lengtii,  14  in  breadtli,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  in  the  diocese  of  Bangor,  is  divided 
into  six  hundreds,  containing  two 
market  towns,  and  74  parishes.  It  is 
separated  from  Carnarvonshire  by  a 
long  and  narrow  strait  called  the  Me- 
nai.  That  part  of  tlie  island  which 
borders  this  strait  is  finely  wooded, 
recalling  to  the  mind  its  ancient  state 
when  it  was  the  celebrated  seat  of  the 
Druids,  whose  terrific  religious  rites 
were  performed  in  the  glooin  of  the 
thickest  woods,  where  no  sciil  ev«r 
entered  but  the  priest,  who  at  noon, 
and  at  midnight,  with  paleness  on  his 
brow,  and  tremor  in  his  step,  went 
thither  to  celebrate  the  horrible  mys- 
teries in  honour  of  that  terrific  deity, 
whose  aspect  he  yet  dreaded  more 
tlian  death  to  behold.  Rude  mounds, 
and  heaps  of  stones,  swd  to  be  druidi- 
cal  remains,  are  still  to  be  seen.  But 
»  little  way  within,  the  whole  appeal's 
a  naked  tiact,  without  trees  or  hedges, 
watered  by  mmierous  rills,  fertile  in 
grass  and  com,  and  abounding  in  cat- 
;te.  Vast  quantities  of  copper  are  pro- 
cured from  a  famous  mine  on  Parys 
mountain.  In  the  N  W  part  of  the 
island  is  a  quarry  of  green  marble,  in- 
termixed with  tliat  curious  substance 
called  asbestos. 

Angol,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Chili,  125  miles  N  of  Baldivia.  Lon. 
72  59  W,  Iat.  57  36  S. 

Angola,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Congo  Proper,  on  the 
E  by  Malemba,  on  the  S  by  Benguela, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  ocean.  This 
country  produces  Indian  com,  Leans 
oranges,  lemons,  and  several  other 
fruits.  The  inhabitants  are  very  lazy, 
and  generally  idolaters,  taking  as  many 
wives  as  they  think  fit.  The  countiy 
is  divided  among  neveral  petty  princes, 
and  the  Portuguese  have  several  set- 
tlements on  th(7  coast  j  but  Hr "  English 
and  Dutch  traffic  with  the  natives,  and 
purchase  a  (p-eat  number  of  slaves. 


A  N  G 

AngouUcvie,  a  town  of  France,  in  th« 
dcjjaftmcnt  of  Charcnte  and  late  pro- 
viiicc  of  Anguumois.  It  stands  on  a 
mountain  surroandcd  by  rocks.  'l'h« 
rivtr  Charente  runs  at  the  foot  of  it ; 
there  were  formerly  fine  paper  manu- 
fiictures  in  its  environs.  It  is  20  miles 
W  of  Limoges,  and  250  S  by  W  of 
Pails.     Lon.  0  14  E,  Iat.  45  39  N. 

AngoumoU,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bouiuled  on  the  N  by  Poltou,  on  the  E 
by  Limosin  and  Marche,  on  the  S  by 
Pcrigord,  and  on  the  VV  by  Saintonge. 
It  is  now  comprehended  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente. 

Angora,  a  city  of  Natolia,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Amasia,  formerly  Ancyra, 
computed  to  contain  100,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  a  Greek  archbishop's  see, 
and  remarkable  for  some  remains  of 
antiquity.  The  castle  has  a  triple  in- 
closure,  and  the  walls  are  of  white 
marble  and  stone,  resembling  porphy- 
ry. Hc.e  they  breed  the  finest  goats 
ill  the  world  ;  and  the  hair  is  of  a  fine 
white,  almost  like  silk,  which  they 
work  into  the  finest  stuffs,  pai-ticular- 
ly  camlets.  It  is  213  miles  S  E  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  32  5  E,  Iat.  39  30  N. 

Angra,  the  capital  of  Tercera,  one 
of  the  Azores.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  the  'esidence  of  the  gfovemor  of 
the  Azores.  Lon.  27  7  W,  Iat.  38 
39  N. 

Angrogna,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seven 
miles  W  of  Pigiierol.  Lon.  7  15  E, 
Iat.  45  0  N. 

Anguilla,  or  Snaie  Itland,  a  long  and 
narrow  island,  so  called  from  its  wind- 
ing somewhat  in  the  manner  of  a  snake. 
It  is  woody,  but  perfectly  level;  and 
is  ihe  most  northerly  of  the  English 
Leeward  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies, 
60  miles  N  W  of  St  Christopher's. 
Lon.  62  35  W,  Iat.  18  15  N. 

Anguillaba,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  15  miles 
N  W  of  Rome. 

Angutthire,  a  county  of  Scotland 
(sometimes  called  Forfar,  from  the 
name  of  the  county  town)  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Aberdeenshire,  on'lhe  N  £ 
by  Kincardineshire,  on  tlie  E  by  the 
German  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  the  frith 
of  Tay,  and  on  the  W  by  Perthshire. 
Its  length  and  breadth  are  nearly  equal, 
about  35  miles.  It  has  many  lakes  and 
hills,  but  is  fruitful  in  com  and  pas- 
tures.  The  principal  rivers,  are  the 
North  and  South  Esk,  over  both  *f 
which  there  it  a  brid^. 


ANN 


ANN 


m 


Anhalt,  .  principality  of  Germany, 
!n  the  circle  of  Upper  Siixony,  4'2niiles 
in  kngtli,  and  ci(jlil  in  breadth  ;  bound- 
ed on  till;  S  by  Mansfield,  on  tlie  W 
by  Halberstadt,  on  tlie  E  by  Saxony, 
and  on  the  N  by  Magdeburg.  It  abounds 
in  coi-n,  and  is  watered  by  tho  !;:dde 
and  the  Mtilda. 

Anhalt,  an  island  of  Denmark,  lying 
in  Uie  Catcgatc,  tight  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Jutland,  and  10  from  Zealand, 
it  is  dangerous  to  seamen,  for  which 
reason  there  is  a  lighthouse. 

Jiiian,  a  barren  sandy  desert  on  the 
E  coast  of  Africa,  near  the  Red  Sea, 
lying  between  40  and  50  E  Ion.  and 
between  the  equator  and  10  N  int. 

Jiije::go,  a  small  town  and  factory  on 
the  coast  of  Malabiu",  belonging  to  tlie 
East  India  company.  Their  merchan- 
dise consists  chieHy  in  pepper  and  ca- 
licoes.    Lon.  77  1  E,  lat.  i)  0  N. 

Anjou,  a  late  ()rovince  of  Tiatice, 
boimded  on  Uie  N  by  Maine,  on  tiie  VV 
by  Bretagnc,  on  the  S  by  Poitoii,  and 
on  the  E  by  Toiu'aine.  It  is  now  com- 
prehended, witli  the  late  provinces  of 
Maine  and  Toiiraine,  under  the  de- 
partments of  Maine  and  Loire,  Indre 
and  Loire,  Maine  and  Sarte. 

Ankavi,  a  rivu'et  in  Lincolnshire, 
famous  for  its  fine  eels.  It  empties  it- 
self into  the  Humber,  and  has  been 
made  navigable  for  sloops  as  fai<  ns 
Glundford-bridge. 

Anna,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on 
the  western  bank  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  the  pleasantest  place  in  all  these 
parts,  there  being  plenty  of  olives, 
oranges,  citrons,  lemons,  pomegra- 
nates, arid  daces.  The  fields  are  sown 
with  cotton ;  and  the  com  grow.s  ex- 
tremely high  It  is  130  miles  W  of 
Bagdiid,  and  120  S  S  W  of  Moussol. 
Lon.  41  0  E,  lat.  33  35  N. 

Annavwoha,  one  of  the  friendly  Isl- 
ands, in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  dis- 
covered by  Tasman  in  164;i,  and  visit- 
ed by  ca])tain  Cook  in  r/~4  and  1777. 
The  island  is  well  cultivated  in  many 
places,  consisting  of  ph'iitations  of  yams 
and  plantiiins.  Many  of  them  are  ex- 
tensive, and  often  inclosed  with  neat 
fences  of  reed.  The  bread-fruit  and 
cocoa-nut  trees  are  interspersed  with 
little  oi-der,  but  chiefly  near  the  habi- 
tations of  tlie  natives,  who  are  a  friend- 
ly people,  and  much  addicted  to  steal- 
ing. It  is  situate  about  187  E  lon.  and 
30  S  lat. 

Atutan,  the  capital  of  Amiandalc,  a 


division  of  Dumfriesshire,  seated  on 
the  river  Annan,  about  60  miles  Sfrom 
Edinl)iivgli.    Lon.  15  4  \V,  Int.  55  0  N. 

Aitium,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which 
vising  in  the  Motlut  Hills,  and  flow- 
ing, in  a  southerly  direction,  through 
Annandale,  empties  itself  into  Sulway 
Frith. 

Annandale,  a  district  of  Dumfries- 
shire in  Scotland,  so  called  from  the 
river  Annan.  Tlie  mountains  in  the 
nortliern  part  of  this  district,  some- 
times named  Motfat  Hills,  are  the 
liighcst  in  the  .S  of  Scotland.  From 
these  descend  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde, 
and  the  .'Viinan. 

Annano,'A  strong  fort  in  the  dutchy  of 
Milan,  seated  on  tiie  Tenaro,  12  miles 
S  of  Casal.    Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Annapolit,  the  caj)ital  of  Mar}'land, 
in  North  America,  situate  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Severn  river,  30  miles  S  of  Bal> 
timore.  The  houses,  about  260  and 
inhabitants  2000  in  number,  are  gene- 
ndly  large  and  elegant.  The  design 
of  those  wlio  jilanned  the  city  was  to 
have  the  whole  in  the  form  of  a  circle, 
with  the  streets,  like  radii,  beginning 
at  the  centre,  where  tht  stadthouse 
stands,  and  thence  diverging  into  every 
direction.  The  principal  part  of  the 
buildings  are  ai-ranged  agreeable  to 
this  ])lan.  The  stadthouse  is  the  no- 
blest building  of  tlie  kind  in  America, 
possesses  great  wealth  though  but  lit- 
Me  commerce.  Lon.  77  20  W,  lat  39 
0  N. 

Annapolis,  a  fortified  town  of  Nova 
Scotia,  in  N  America.  It  etands  on  Uie 
E  side  of  the  bay  ofFundy,  andhas  one 
of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world. 
Lon.  64  5  W,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Aiweeji,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Gencvois,  seated  on  tlie  river 
Sicrs,  and  on  a  lake  of  its  own  name, 
about  ten  miles  long,  and  foiir  broad. 
It  is  70  miles  S  of  Geneva,  and  22  NE 
of  Chamberry.  Lon.  65  E,  lat.  45  53 
N. 

Aimobona,  an  island  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  so  called,  because  it 
was  found  out  on  New-year's-dav.  It  ii 
well  stocked  with  cattle  and  fruit,  and 
the  iiir  is  m<n-e  hcalthfid  than  in  other 
islands  on  the  same  coast  It  abounds 
with  palm-trees,  cocoas,  oranges,  lem- 
ons, bananas,  and  several  other  fruits  t 
with  hogs,  goats,  sheep,  and  chickens, 
which  are  sill  extremely  cheap.  Lon. 
5  10  E,  lat.  1  50  S. 

Aniwnay,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 


ANN 

iimri'ieashirc,  seated  on 
in,  about  60  miles  S  from 
on.  15  4  W,  lit.  55  ON. 
^cr  of  Scotlund,  which 
Motlttt  Hills,  and  fluw- 
hcil)'  direction,  through 
npties  itself  into  Sulway 

a  district  of  Dumfries- 
und,  so  called  from  the 

The  moimtuins   in   the 

of  this   district,  some- 

M!)ffi>t  Hills,    are    the 
B  S  of  Scotland.     From 
I  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde, 
I. 
'onp  fort  in  the  dutcliy  of 

on  the  Tcnani,  12  miles 
.on.  8  36  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 
I)e  capital  of  Mar}'land, 
rica,  situate  at  the  mouth 
rivii',  30  miles  S  of  Bal- 

houses,  about  260  and 
00  in  nimiber,  are  gene- 
id  elegant.     The  design 

jilantied  the  city  was  to 
c  in  the  form  of  a  circle, 
ts,  like  radii,  beginning 
,  wliere  the  stadthouse 
cnce  diverging  into  every 
le  principal  part   of  the 

aiTanged  agreeable  to 
le  stacltiiousc  is  the  no- 

of  tlie  kind  in  America, 
it  wealth  though  but  lit- 
.     Lon.  77  20  W,  lat  39 

fortified  town  of  Nova 

nierica.     It  stands  on  Uie 

)ay  of  Fundy,  and  lias  one 

harbours   in  the   world. 

lat.  44  52  N. 

)wn    of   Savoy,    in    the 

;vois,  seated  on  the  river 

lake  of  its  own  name, 

long,  and  four  broad. 

of  Geneva,  and  22  NE 

Lon.  65  £,  lat.  45  53 

island  of  Africa,  on  the 
so  called,  because  it 
on  New-year's-dav.  It  is 

th  cattle  and  fhut,  and 

healthfid  than  in  other 
lame  coast     It  abounds 

,  cocoas,  oranges,  lem- 
iid  several  other  fruits  ( 
ts,  xiiccp,  and  chickens, 

xtremcly  cheap.     Lon. 
OS. 
vni  of  France  in  th«  d«- 


ANT 

partment  of  Ardcche  and  late  province 
of  Daupiiiny,  formerly  a  fine  iii»nufac> 
tory  for  paper.  It  is  seated  ontliecon- 
Huence  of  the  rivers  Caiu'cs.  and 
Detinies,  12  miles  S  VV  of  Viei.ne. 
Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Ano-Capri,  the  largest  town  in  the 
island  of  Capri,  belonging  to  the  king- 
dom of  Naples. 

Aiispac'i,  a  town  and  castle  of  Ger- 
many, in  Franconia,  and  capital  of  the 
margravate  of  the  same  name.  The 
king  of  Prussia  found  means  to  prevail 
upon  the  present  prince  to  resign  his  do- 
minions in  his  favinir  in  consideration  of 
a  stated  revenue  ;  he  has  since  married 
an  English  lady  and  settled  in  England. 
Tlie  palace  at  Anspach,  which  is  near 
tlie  castle,  has  a  remarkable  cabinet  of 
curiosities.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  25  miles  S  W  of  Nu- 
remburg.     Lon.  10  47  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Anstrutlier,  a  borough  on  the  S  E 
coast  of  Fifeshire,  25  miles  N  E  of 
Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  34  VV.  lat.  56  15  N. 

Antemiiera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, divided  into  the  Upper  and  the 
Lower.  The  Upper  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
and  has  a  castle  ;  the  Lower  stands  in 
a  fertile  plain,  and  is  watered  with  a 
gi'eat  number  of  brooks.  There  is  a 
liU'ge  quantity  of  salt  in  the  mountain; 
and  five  miles  from  the  town,  a  spring 
famous  for  the  ciu-e  of  the  gravel.  It  is 
26  miles  N  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  30  \V. 
lat.  37  1  N. 

Antequiera,  a  town  of  N  America,  in 
New  Spain,  in  the  pi-ovince  of  Gua:<a- 
qna,  75  miles  S  E  of  Guaxaqua. 

Ai'.tibeSf'a.  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
late  province  of  Prov  ice,  now  in  the 
ilopartment  of  Van,  with  a  sti'ong  cas- 
tlo.  Its  territory  prmluces  excellent 
fruit ;  anditis  seated  on  the  Mediterran- 
t  an,  nine  miles  W  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  13 
t:,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Anticoate,  a  barren  island  of  N  Ame- 
rica, lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  St. 
l.a-.NTente.  Lon.  64  16  W,  la*,  from 
4y  to  52  N. 

Antigua,  one  of  the  English  Leward 
liilniuls  in  the  W  Indies,  about  20  miles 
in  length  and  breadth.  This  island 
liaving  no  rivers  and  but  few  spnngs, 
ur  such  as  are  brackish,  the  inhabitants 
•ii-f  obliged  to  presence  the  rain  water 
ill  cisterns.  The  mr  here  is  not  so 
wiiiilesome  as  in  tlie  neighbouring 
islands,  and  it  is  more  subject  to  liurri- 
'■ancs.  It  has  excellent  harbours.  The 
chief  produce  is  sug^ar,  of  wliich  it  an- 


ANT 

nually  makes  16,000  hogslicads.  The 
capital  is  St.  John's.  It  is  60  miles  E 
of  St.  Christopher's.  Lon.  6.'  5  W,  lat. 
71  5  N. 

Antiilrs,  the  name  which  the  French 
give  to  the  Caribbee  Islands,  di.scover- 
e<l  ijy  Columbus,  in  1492.  Set  Indie*, 
h'est. 

Antio,  a  promontory  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  near  which  is  • 
liuhour  lately  made.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  anrient  city  of  Antium,  the 
."uins  of  which  extend  over  a  long  tract 
of  land. 

Antiocha,  or  Antioch,  an  island  in  (he 
Mediterranean,  near  Sardinia,  taken 
from  his  Sardinian  majesty,  by  the 
French  in  February  1793,  but  evacua- 
ted soon  after. 

Antioch,  now  Anthakia,  an  ancient  and 
celebrated  town  of  Syria,  of  which  it 
was  formerly  the  capital ;  but  it  is  now 
a  ruinous  town,  whose  houses,  built 
with  mud  and  straw,  and  narrow  miry 
streets,  exhibit  every  appearance  of 
miscrj' ;  the  mag^iificent  ruins  which 
remain  are  sad  memorials  of  its  former 
gjraiuleur.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Orontes,now  called  Assi,  15miles  E  of 
the  Mediterranean  and  40  S  VV  of  Alep- 
po.   Lon.  36  45  E,  lat.  35  17  N, 

Anttochetta,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Ciu'amania,  with  a  bishop's  see,  op- 
{Msite  the  island  of  Cyprus.  Lon.  32 
15E,  bt.  36  42N. 

Antiparos,  the  ancient  Ole.wos,  an 
isliind  of  the  Archipelago,  two  miles 
VV  of  Paros.  It  is  only  a  rock,  16  miles 
in  circuit ;  yet  in  some  parts  it  is  well 
cultivated,  and  produces  as  much  bar- 
ley as  serves  a  small  village.  It  has  a 
grotto,  which  is  one  of  the  greatest  cu- 
riosities in  nature  ;  it  appears  to  be  a- 
bout  SO  yards  high  and  lOO  broad  ;  and 
the  roof  forms  a  pretty  good  arch,  which 
entertains  the  eye  with  a  vast  variety  of 
tigures,  of  white  transjjarent  chrystal- 
linc  substance.  It  was  lirst  discovered 
by  an  Italian  traveller,  who  gives  a 
very  entertaining  account  of  it.  "  Our 
candles  being  all  lighted  up,  (says  he) 
and  the  whole  place  completely  illumi- 
nated, never  could  the  eye  be  present- 
ed with  a  more  glittering  or  more 
magnificent  scene.  The  roof  all  hung 
witli  solid  icicles,  transparent  as  glass, 
yet  solid  as  marble.  I'he  eye  could 
scarce  reach  the  noble  onA  lofty  ceil- 
ing ;  the  sides  were  regulai-ly  formed 
with  spars ;  and  the  whole  presented 
the  idea  of  a  mag^ficent  tlieatre,  illu- 


m 


if 


ANT 

m'lnatud  with  un  iminuiisc  profusion  of 
liglita.     Lon.  25  44  E,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Antivari,  a.  town  of  'rui'i;iHh  Dalma- 
tia,  with  u  Gret^k  aixiibisiiop's  sot-,  10 
miles  N  of  Dolcijjno.  Lon.  19  10  E, 
lat.  4'2  19  N. 

Aiitoiiw,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  tlic 
dc])ai-tnicnt  ,()f  lacvv  and  late  iiroviiice 
of  Daupiiiiiy,  seati'd  among'  tlif  moun- 
tains, 13  miles  E  of  Lyon.s.  It  had  u 
celebrated  abbey.  It  is  live  miles  N  E 
of  St.  Marcellan. 

Antonio,  St.  one  of  Un*  Cape  de  Vcrd 
Islands,  15  miles  from  St.  Vincent.  It 
is  full  of  high  mountains,  whence  pro- 
ceed streams  of  excellent  water,  wiilch 
rci\dcr  the  lanilvcry  fruitful.  'I'hc  prin- 
cipal town  is  seated  among  the  moun- 
tams.     Lon.  25  0  W,  lat.  1/  0  N. 

Antrim,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  St.  George's  Channel,  on  the  VV  by 
Londonderry,  on  the  N  by  the  Ocean, 
and  on  the  SE  by  Down.  It  is  46 
miles  in  length,  and  2K  in  breadth,  and 
is  pretty  fruitful.  It  cuntains  56  ])arish- 
es ;  ami  beJore  the  Irish  Union,  sent 
10  members  to  the  Irish  parliament. 

Antrim,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Antrim,  at  the  N  end  of  the  lake  Lough- 
Ncah.  It  is  a  poor  place,  1.)  miles  W 
of  Carrickferg^ns.  Lon.  C  6  W,  lat.  54 
43  N. 

Antiverfi,  a  city  tif  Brabant,  capital  of 
the  marquisate  of  tiicsanie  nume,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  lies  in  a  low,  marshy 
pround  on  tiie  Scheldt,  24  miles  N  of 
Brussels.  It  is  tlie  tliird  city  in  IJrabant, 
large  and  well  built,  conUiining  22 
tquares,  and  above  200  streets,  all 
straight  antl  broad.  Mo.st  of  llie  houses 
are  of  free  stone,  and  have  an  air  of  an- 
tiquity, being  high,  with  coui'ts  before, 
and  gardens  behind.  The  cathedral  is  a 
fine  structure,  and  contained  an  assem- 
blage of  paintings  by  tiic  greatest  mas- 
ters of  the  Flemish  school,  particularly 
Rubens  and  Qjiintin  RIatsys.  But  of 
these  it  has  probably  been  plui\dered 
by  the  French,  who  in  their  progress 
into  Holland  took  this  city.  The  stadt- 
housc  and  the  exchange  are  magnifi- 
cent structures  :  the  latter  is  the  first 
building  of  that  kind  in  Europe,  and  on 
its  model  the  exchanges  of  London  and 
Amsterdam  are  built.  Its  pillars  arc 
all  of  blue  marble,  and  carved,  but  all 
in  a  diliercnt  manner.  Antwerp  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  15tli  century  was 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  towns  in  the 
world.  The  Scheld,  on  which  it  vtands, 


APE 

being  20  feet  at  low  water,  and  rising 
20  feet  more  at  flood,  ships  ol'the  great- 
est burden  came  up  to  the  keys  ;  but 
when  tl\e  United  Provinces  formed 
themselves  into  a  free  state,  they  got 
the  entire  command  of  the  navigation 
of  tlic  Scheld,  which  ruined  the  traile 
of  Ant  wcrp,  and  transferi-ed  it  to  Am- 
sterdam. Among  the  cloisters,  the 
mo.;t  remarkable  are,  the  noble  and 
ricli  abbey  of  St.  Michael,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Scheld,  the  apartments  of  which 
are  truly  roy.d.  As  to  the  foi-tificationsof 
the  city,  it  is  environed  with  a  fine  wall, 
|)lantcd  with  rows  of  trees  on  each 
side,  with  walks  between,  broad 
t:nough  for  two  coaches  to  go  abreast, 
being  also  defended  by  a  very  strong, 
large,  regular  citadel,  in  formof  a  pen- 
tagon, erected  by  the  duke  of  Alva,  in 
1568,  which  commands  the  town  and 
tiic  adjacent  country.  Antwerp  was 
taken  by  the  prince  of  Parma  in  1585, 
after  a  long  and  memorable  siege.  It 
has  been  since  taken  bv  the  French  in 
irOO,  by  the  allies  in  1706,  and  by  the 
French  in  1746.  It  lias  been  twice  ta- 
ken by  tlie  French,  smce  the  beginning 
of  the  present  war,  (1800.)  It  is  22 
miles  N  of  Brussels,  22  N  E  of  Ghent, 
and  65  S  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  28  E, 
lat.  51  13  N. 

Amernia,  ft  town  and  province  of  Po- 
payan,  in  South  America,  where  there 
arc  mines  of  gold.  The  town  is  seated 
on  the  river  Coca.  Lon.  75  25  W,  lat. 
4  58N. 

Aornus.     See  Bijore. 

Aouata,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  remarkable  for  seve- 
ral monuments  of  the  Romans.  It  ii 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the 
river  Doria,  50  miles  N  W  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  45  48  N. 

Aousta,  a  dutchy  of  Piedmont.  It  ii 
a  valley  30  miles  in  length,  fertile  in 
jiastures,  and  all  sorts  of  fruits. 

Apimiea,  or  AJaviea,  a  town  of  Syria, 
on  the  river  Assi,  35  miles  S  of  Anti- 
ocb.     Lon.  36  56  E,  lat.  34  32  N. 

Apantmiia,  a  to>\Ti  of  tlie  island  of 
Santorini,  in  the  sea  of  Candia.  It  hw 
a  spacious  harbour  in  the  shape  of* 
crescent,  which  is  so  deep,  that  there 
is  no  anchorage.  Lon.  25  59  E,  lat.  36 
18  N. 

Apee,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  near 
Malicollo,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
168  32E,  lat.  16  46  S. 

Aptnradt,   a  town  of  Denmark,   in 


% 


v.;- 


APE 

at  low  water,  and  rtsini^ 
it  flood,  ships  of  the  great- 
iie  up  to  the  keys  j  but 
lited  Provinces  formed 
:o  ii  fi-ee  slate,  they  got 
ninund  of  the  Ilu^•i(fatlon 
wliich  ruined  the  trade 
uid  transferred  it  to  Am- 
monj^  tlic  cloisters,  the 
ible  are,  the  noble  and 
St.  Michael,  on  the  banki 
tlie  apartments  of  which 
,  As  to  the  fortifications  of 
Mivironed  with  a  fine  wall, 
rows  of  trees  on  each 
widks  between,  broad 
A'o  coaches  to  (jo  abreast, 
ended  by  a  very  strong, 
citadel,  in  formof  apen- 
1  by  the  duke  of  Alva,  in 
omnumds  the  town  and 
country.  Antwerp  wat 
wince  of  Parma  in  1585, 
nd  memorable  siege.  It 
!  taken  ))y  the  Freiich  in 
dlics  in  1706,  and  by  the 
tC.  It  lias  been  twice  ta- 
end),  smce  the  beginning 
It  war,  (1800.)  It  is  22 
usscls,  22  N  E  of  Ghent, 
msterdani.     Lon.  4  28  E, 

town  and  province  of  Po- 
tli  America,  where  there 
;old.  Tiic  town  is  seated 
^oca.     Lon.  75  25  W,  lat. 

e  Bijore. 

)wn  of  Piedmont,  capital 
the  same  name,  and  a  bi- 
t  is  remarkable  for  seve- 
of  the  Romans.  It  it 
foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the 
50  miles  N  W  of  Turin, 
at.  45  48  N. 

tchy  of  Piedmont.  It  ii 
ilcs  in  length,  fertile  in 
all  sorts  of  fruits. 
Afainea,  a  town  of  Syria, 
ssi,  35  miles  S  of  Anti- 
56  E,  lat.  :A  32  N. 
a  towi  of  tlie  island  of 
le  sea  of  Candia.  It  hu 
rbour  in  the  shape  of» 
;h  is  so  deep,  that  there 
e.     Lon.  25  59  E,  lat.  36 

the  New  Hebrides,  new 
he  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
16  46S. 
town  of  Denmark,   in 


A  C^U 


Slenwick,  with  a  citadel,  seated  at  the 
bottom  ofagidf  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  27 
miles  N  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  38  E,  lat. 
55  6  N. 

Aphiorn  Karahissart,  a  town  of  Nato- 
lia,  called  Aphiorn.  It  produces  a  great 
dciJ  of  opium.  Lon.  31  48  E,  lat.  38  35 
N'. 

Appalachian.     See  Allegany. 

Appalachihalu,  a  river  of  North  Ame- 
rica, formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Cha- 
tahouchec  and  Flint,  whicli  rise  in  the 
Allegany  mountains ;  and  running  S 
unite  and  fall  into  the  gidf  of  Mexico. 

Appennines,  a  chain  of  mountains  which 
divide  Italy  througliout  its  wi\ole 
length,  as  far  as  the  southern  extremi- 
ty of  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Hence 
proceed  all  tlie  rivers  which  fertilize 
Italy. 

Abpenzel,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  the  canton  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  divided  into  twelve  communi- 
ties ;  six  called  the  interior  are  Roman 
catholics ;  the  six  exterior,  arc  protcs- 
tants.  It  is  40milc8  EofZuric.  Lon. 
9  31  E,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Appleby,  the  county  town  of  Wcst- 
morelani,  with  a  good  corn  market  on 
Monday.  It  has  gone  greatly  to  decay, 
being  only  one  broad  street  of  mean 
liouscs.  The  church  stands  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  town,  and  at  the  up- 
per part  is  the  castle  and  town  house. 
It  is  seated  on  tlie  river  Eden,  by  which 
it  is  almost  surrounded,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament;  and  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Penrith,  and  266  N  N  W 
of  London.   Lon.  2  34  W,  lat.  54  34  N. 

Apt,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
tlie  department  of  tlie  mouths  of  tlie 
Rhone  and  late  province  of  Provence. 
There  are  many  fine  Roman  antiquiti'is, 
and  itis  seated  on  the  Calaron,  20  miles 
N  of  Aix,  and  25  S  E  of  Orange.  Lon. 
5  30  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Apulia,  the  E  side  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  on  t!ic  gu)f  of  Venice.  It  is 
divided  into  three  provinces,  whose 
modem  names  are  Capitanata,  Barl, 
and  Otranto. 

Apurima,  or  Aporamia,  a  very  rapid 
river  of  South  America  in  Peru. 

Aqua-Negra,  a  small  towm  of  Italy,  in 
the  Mantuan,  on  the  river  Chiesa,  12 
miles  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat. 
45  12  N. 

Aquila,  a  to^vn  of  Naples,  capital  of 
Abnizzo  Ulterior,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
iind  a  castle.  An  earthquake  happened 
li?r«  in   1700,  by  which  24000  persona 


A  R  A 

were  killed.  It  is  seated  on  th«  Poi- 
cara,  52  miles  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13 
39  E,  lat.  42  20  N. 

Aquilfia,  formerly  a  trading  town  of 
Italy,  in  A'cnitian  Friidi.  It  is  .sc.itcd 
near  tile  gulf  of  Venice,  57  milts  NK 
of  Venice      Lon.  13  8  E,  hit.  46  0  N. 

Aquino,  a  town  of  N;H)U'S,  in I'cir.i  di 
Lavora.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  but  was 
ruined  by  the  emperor  Coniiulo,  and 
now  consists  of  ;il)ou1.  i5  houses.  It  wa« 
the  birthplace  of  the  Roman  sntirist, 
Juvenal,  and  is  30  miles  N  W  of  Capua. 
Lon.  13  iO  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Arabia,  a  coinitry  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  VV  by  the  Hod  Sea  and  the  isth- 
mus of  Sue/ i  on  the  NE  by  the  Eu- 
phrates, wliich  divide  it  from  Diarbc- 
kar,  the  ancient  Mesopotamia;  on  the 
E  by  the  gulfs  of  Persia  and  Ornius ; 
and  on  the  S  by  the  Indian  OceaiL  It  il 
divided  into  three  parts,  Arabia  Petrea, 
Desorta,  and  Felix.  Arabia  Pctrea  is 
the  smallest  of  tlic  three,  and  toward 
the  N,  is  full  of  mountains,  with  few 
inhabitants,  on  account  of  its  barenness- 
It  had  its  name  from  the  to^tii  Petrea, 
its  ancient  capital,  now  dcstroyecL  It 
differs  little  from  Arabia  Deserta,  «o 
called  from  l!,e  nature  of  the  soil,  which 
is  generally  a  barren  sand ;  but  there 
are  great  flocks  of  sheep,  and  herds  of 
cattle  near  the  Euphrates,  where  the 
land  is  good.  In  the  desert  are  great 
numbers  of  ostriches,  and  there  is  a  fin* 
breed  of  camels  in  several  places.  Ara- 
bii  Felix  is  so  called,  on  account  of  its 
fertility  with  regard  to  tlie  rest  The 
Arabs  in  the  desert  live  wandering  live.*, 
removing  from  place  to  place,  partly 
for  the  sake  of  pasture,  and  partly  to 
lie  in  wait  for  the  caravans,  which  they 
often  rob,  as  they  travel  over  part  of 
this  desert  from  Bassora  to  Aleppo,  and 
from  Egy])t  to  Mecca,  in  order  to  visit 
Mahomet's  tomb.  Arabia  Felix  pro- 
duces frankincense,  myrrh,  balm  of  Gi- 
lead,  gum  arable,  and  coflec,  of  which 
latter  they  expo-t  prtnligicus  quantities. 
The  famous  Mahomet  was  a  native  of 
this  country,  and  his  followers,  soon  af- 
ter his  death,  conquered  agre.it  part  of 
Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe,  establishing 
their  religion  wherever  they  came.  It 
lies  betM'cen  35  and  60  E  lon.  and  12 
and  33  N  lat.  extending  14,30  miles  in 
lengtli,  and  1200  in  breadth. 

Aracan,  or  Hcccan,  a  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Roshaan,  on  the 
E  by  Burmah,  on  the  S  by  the  coast  of 
Ava,  and  on  tlie  W  by  the  gulf  of  B«*> 


I 

il 


^A 


A  R  B 

^J.  It  i»  II  fiTtilc  but  not  populous 
fovintrj',  govcnicd  by  12  iiriiices,  sub- 
jtTt  to  tbf  diii-f  king',  wlio  residfs  in 
Arit(.'ull  liis  I'unitiil.  In  bis  palaci',  \vbi<-b 
is  very  liirj^f,  arc  contained  hcvcii  gold- 
fn  iiloU,  two  inrbcs  thick,  cacb  of  u 
inan'n  beig-bt,  and  coveri-d  with  diii- 
niondN,  rubies,  and  otiier  precious 
stones.  Tbcy  have  only  two  seasons, 
tlic  rainy  season,  wbieli  continues  from 
A])ril  to  October,  and  tbe  fair  season, 
wliicb  includes  all  tlic  rest  of  tbe  )ear, 
and  is  called  the  summer.  The  intiabi- 
tants  ari'  idolaters,  and  tbe  women  to- 
lerably fair  J  but  the  lonj^est  ears  arc 
reckoned  tbe  most  beautiful,  and  in 
these  tl\ey  wear  many  rinfips.  There 
are  s;icb  numbers  of  eleplnnts,  biitla- 
loes,  and  tillers,  that  but  few  places  re 
inhabited,  on  account  (.i  the  lava^^es 
made  hy  these  anin.als.  The  ccnnmo- 
diti/s  arc  v  inuer,  lead,  tin,  and  ele- 
ph  ntst<et'i;  anil  :ionietinics  the  tra- 
ilers ni?et  with  diamonds,  rubies,  am. 
other  prcclo'is  stones. 

Ata),  r\  lake  of  Asia,  200  miles  E  of 
th3  Caspian  sea.  It  is  300  milts  in 
lenf^h,  and  in  some  places  150  in 
brcadtli.  It  lies  betwecr  58  and  62  of 
E  Ion.  and  between  42  and  4T  I,'  \id. 

Arwule-de-Douer ,,  a  handsome  town 
of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  on  the  Douero, 
42  miles  E  of  Valladolid.  Lon.3  30  W, 
lat.  41  40  N. 

Ararat,  a  \\\^\\  mountain  of  Asia,  in 
Armenia,  where  itr  is  said  Noah's  ark 
rested. 

Arastii,  a  maritime  andpoptdous  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  five 
miles  S  W  of  Albenguay.  Lon.  7  56  E, 
lat.  44  2  N. 

Arava,  a  fortress  of  Upper  Himj^ary, 
situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  72 
miles  N  W  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  0  E, 
lat.  49  30  N. 

Arau,  or  Aarau,  in  Swisscrland,  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  river  Aar  on 
which  it  is  seated.  It  is  27  miles  W  of 
iiJuric,  Lon.  7  50  E,  lat.  47  S.-?  N. 

Araiico,  a.  fortress  and  town  of  Chill, 
in  Soi'.tb  America,  situate  in  a  fine  v:.l- 
ley,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  The 
natives  arc  very  brave,  and  drove  tli". 
Spaniards  out  of  their  country,  thoug-li 
they  had  no  fire  wms.  Lon.  7'3  20  W, 
lat.  37  30  S. 

Araxes,  or  Araj,  a  rive'"  of  Asia, 
which  rises  in  Geurg'ia,  and  rims  S  E 
across  Armenia,  falls  into  the  Kiir. 

Ar/e,  an  i  pise. 'pal  i.iwnoi" the  repub- 
lic o(  Venice,  iu  an  island  of  tlu-  same 


ARC 

name,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  from 
wliich  it  is  five  miles  distant. 

Arheta,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan, 
where  Alexander  fought  the  last  battle 
with  Darius.  It  is  abmit  60  miles  S  E 
of  MouHul.      Lon.  42  25  E,  lat.  35  5  N. 

Arbtrg,  a  town  of  Swisscrland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  a  kind  of  island 
formed  bv  the  two  branches  of  the  Aar. 
It  is  10  niiles  N  W  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  .5 
E,  hit.  47  0  N. 

Arbuin,  a  |>opulous  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  (hpartmenf  of  Jura,  lately 
in  tiie  p.'ovince  of  FriUuhe-Comtc,  fa- 
mous for  its  wliite  wines.  It  is  22  miles 
S  W  of  Besancon.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat. 
46  55  N. 

Arhon,  '.ii  ancient  towni  of  Swisscr- 
land, on  the  S  side  '>f  the  lake  Con- 
stance,  in  Thurgau.  '1  he  majority  of 
tbe  inhabitants  arc  proteslriuts.  It  is 
12  miles  S  E  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  30 
E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Arbroath.     See  Aberbrothvikk . 

Arbtirg,  or  Aarburg,  a  town  of  Swis- 
scrland, in  Argau,  so.ited  on  the  Aar, 
with  a  citadel  cut  out  of  a  rock,  12 
miles  E  I'i'  SoWture. 

Arcadia,  a  town  of  the  Morea,  near 
tl;c  ;julf  of  the  same  name,  and  in  the 
province  of  Belvedere,  22  miles  N  of 
Navarin.     Lon.  21  42  E,  hit.  37  24  N. 

Arccuil,  a  vill:;ge  of  Fr.ince,  three 
miles  S  of  Pari.s,  reniarkuble  for  an 
.iqucduct,  which  is  tho'ight  m  equal 
the  works  of  the  ancient  Romans.  It 
was  built  in  162-1,  by  Maryde  Medicis: 
its  water  is  diatribuled  into  dillerent 
parts  of  I'aris. 

Archangel,  a  seaport  of  Russia,  capi- 
tal of  the  government  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  the  only  seaport  of  Russ-a  for 
many  years,  and  was  first  resorted  to 
by  the  Engli.sh  in  1553.  Great  pirt  of 
tbe  city  was  burnt  to  the  ground  in  1793; 
but  it  is  now  rebuilding  with  neatness 
and  even  elegance.  Archangel  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Dwina,  four  miles  from  the 
White  Sea,  and  4U0  N  E  of  Peters- 
burgh.     Lon.  39  0  E,  lat.  64.  34  N. 

Archipelago,  a  considerable  pai-t  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  having  Roma- 
nia on  tlie  N,  Natolia  (m  the  E,  Mace- 
dor.ia,  Livadia,  I'.d  tbe  Morea  on  the 
W  ,.  and  the  isle  of  Candia  on  tin  S.  u 
is  partly  in  Europe,  anc!  partly  in  Asia, 
containmg  45  pr'ncipal  islands. 

Arciiipelago,  Northern,  four  principal 

gro\i))es    of   islands,    between    Kamt- 

schatka  and  the  W  coast  of  America. 

I  TJie  first  contains  5  ;   tlie  second  ** ; 


ARC 

coast  of  Dalmatia,  from 
;  milpH  (liHtunt. 
VTi  of  Asia,  in  CurdisUn, 
del-  I'out^littLi:  lust  batlJe 

Ir  is  about  60  miles  S  E 
.on.  42  '-'5  E,  lat.  J5  5  N. 
kvii  of  S  wiHsrrluml,  in  the 
:'n,   on     u   kind  ofislund 

two  bnuirlies  of  tlic  Aar. 
N  VV  of  Bern.      I,on.  7  5 

)pul<)\i»  town  of  France, 
purlnifiit  <i|'  Jura,  ialcly 
•  of  Friuulie-Coiuti',  fa- 
liitc  wines.  Itis22niilei 
icon.     LoM.  .1  40  E,  lat. 

iioicnt  towni  of  Swi.sscr- 
S  side  'f  the  lake  Con- 
irguu.  '1  he  majority  of 
H  arc  protesttints.  It  is 
jf  Constance.     Lon.  9  30 

r. 

ice  Aberbrothiaict ■ 
arburg,   a  iayn\  of  Swis- 
rgaii,  seated  on  the  Aar, 
'\  cut   out  of  a  ruck,  12 
e.urc. 

town  of  the  Morcn,  near 
2  same  name,  and  in  the 
L^lv<'dl•re,  22  miles  N  of 
1.  21  42  E,  lat.  2,7  24  N. 
iihige  of  I'Vini-e,  three 
avis,  remarkable  for  an 
icii  is  tho^ight  lO  equal 
lie  anricnt  Romans.  It 
524,  by  Mary  dc  Mcdicis : 
liatributcd  into  diilcrent 

seaport  of  Russia,  capi- 
rnnient  of  the  same  name, 
ily   seaport  of  Russ'a  for 
md   was  first  resorted  to 
in  1553.     Great  part  of 
■nttotht  j^oundin  X79o; 
buildinj;  with  neatness 
mce.     Arclianpel  is  seat- 
four  miles  from  the 
d  4U0   N  E  of  Peters. 
9  0  E,  lat.  64.  34  N. 

considerable    part  of 

ear.  Sea,  having  Roma- 

atolia  <m  the  E,  Maee- 

I'.d  the  Morca  on  the 

of  Can<iia  on  tin  S.     ii 

■ope,  an-!  partly  in  Asia, 

r.cipal  islands. 
Northern,  foiu-  principal 
ilands,    between    Kamt- 
W  coast  of  America, 
aius  5  ;   tlie  seci^nd  "^ ; 


•>! 


A  R  D 

the  third   16;   and  t)ie   fourth,   16;  in 
all  45. 

Arcii-iur- Aube,  asmall  town  of  France, 
ill  the  department  of  Aube  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champaign'.',  seated  on  the 
river  Aube,  15  miles  N  of  'I'roycs. 
Lon.  4  12  E,  lat.  4b  S2  N. 

Arco,  a  town  and  castle  in  the  Tntn- 
tin,  taken  by  the  French  in  1703,  and 
abandoned  soon  atler.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Sarca,  15  miles  S  W  of  Trent. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Areas,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
on  a  craggy  rock,  at  the  foot  of  whicli 
runs  the  Gaudaleto,  28  miles  N  E  of 
Cadiz.     Lon.  5  46  W,  lat.  36  52  N. 

Arcot,  a  city  and  capital  of  tiie  Car- 
nalic,  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostun. 
It  is  73  miles  \V  by  S  of  Madras,  and 
1'17  E  bv  N  of  Seringapatain.  Lon.  79 
0  E,  lat'  12  30  N. 

Ardchil,  one  of  the  most  famous  and 
ancient  towns  in  Persia,  tl;i;  residence 
iiiid  burial  place  of  many  kings ;  par- 
ticularly of  Sluek  Scssi,  the  uutlior  of 
tlie  Persian  sect.  Pilgrims  resort  to 
tliis  place  from  all  pa'-ts  of  Persia.  It  is 
25  mile.i  E  of  I  auris.  Lon.  48  20  E, 
lat.  38  15  N. 

Anieche,  a  department  of  France, 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Dauphiny. 

Ardenburg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Bruges.  Lon.  3  30  E, 
lat.  51  16  N. 

Ardennea,  a  department  of  France, 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Champagne, 
ISO  named  from  the  famous  forest  of  that 
name. 

Ardennes,  a  famous  forest  lying  on  the 
river  Meuse,  extending,  in  Cxsar's 
time,  far  into  Geriiouny.  Wliat  re- 
mains of  it  lies  between  Thionville  and 
Liej,'C. 

Ardrah,  a  small  kingdom  of  Africa, 
in  Guinea.  It  lies  at  tiie  bottom  of  the 
{Culfof  SL  Thomas.  The  inhabitants 
are  very  licentious,  and  have  neitlicr 
temple  nor  any  place  for  religious  wor- 
siiip.  However  they  are  very  coiu'age- 
wis,  and  their  king  was  absolute-,  till 
the  kingofDaiiomy  reduced  and  b.irnt 
the  towns.  The  ai.  is  very  unwhole- 
some to  Europeans ;  yet  the  natives 
live  to  a  great  age  ;  but  tlie  small  pox 
makes  grcr.t  destruction  among  them. 
This  country  is  fertile  in  Indian  corn, 
Iialm  wine,  pbiits,  and  fruits,  whicli 
last  all  the  year ;  and  they  make  a  great 
<lial  of  salt.  It  ha»  a  town  of  the  same 
iianip.     Lon.  3  5  E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Ardrcts,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 


ARC 

department  of  the  Straits  of  Calnif, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Picardy.  It  is 
eight  mile  S  of  Calais.  Lon.  1  59  E. 
lat.  50  50  N. 

Arebo,  or  Areboii,  a  town  on  the  Slave 
Coast  of  Guinea,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Formoso.  The  English  had  once 
a  factory  hcic,  as  the  Dutch  have  still. 
Lon.  5  5E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Areha,  a  seajiort  of  the  Red  Sea,  Hi 
miles  from  Suaijuam. 

Aremberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  heated  on  a.  river,  J2  miles  S  of 
Cologne.     Lon.  7  3  E,  lat.  50  22  N. 

AieiLiburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  on  a 
hill,  in  tlie  county  of  the  sainc  name, 
bv  the  river  Roer,  50  niih-s  N  E  of  Co- 
l.lgiie,  Lon,  8  20  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Arensburg,  an  episcopal  sec  and  sea- 
port in  the  isle  of  0<sel.  It  is  iiicJud- 
ed  in  the  Russian  government  of  Riga. 
Lon.  25  40  E,  lat.    50  15  N. 

Arenshard,  a  tract  in  tlie  dntcliy  of 
Sleswick,  containing  the  greatest  part 
of  the  famous  rampart,  built  by  tlie 
Danish  king  Gotric,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  9th  century,  as  a  defence  against 
the  irrujitions  of  tlie  Saxons.  It  cv. 
tends  across  the  counti'y,  about  nine 
miles  in  Icngtli. 

ArensvialJe,  a  town  of  the  new  mar- 
che  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  lake  Slauin. 
Lon.  15  52  E,  lat.  53  J  3  N. 

Are.'/uipa,  an  episcopal  town  of  S 
America  in  Peru,  seated  on  a  river,  in 
a  fertile  country,  290  miles  S  by  E  of 
Lima.  Near  it  is  a  dreadful  volcano. 
Lon.  75  30  W,  lat  16  40  S. 

Arezzo,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Tuscany.  It  is  s-^ated  on  a  moimtaih, 
15  miles  W  of  Citta-di-Castello.  Lon, 
12  0  E,  lat.  43  27  N. 

Argau,  or  Acirgau,  a  province  of 
Swisserland  in  the  canton  of  Be/n. 

Argences,  a  town  of  France,  seated 
on  tJie  river  Meauce,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  10  mifesEofCaen. 
Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Argentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Onie  and  late  j>r«vince  of 
Normandy.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, in  the  middle  of  a  fertile  plain, 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Orne,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in  lace. 
It  is  12  miles  N  W  of  Seez,  and  HO 
W  of  Paris.     L,on.  0  5  E,  lat.  4«  45  N, 

Argenteuil,  a  town  of  tlie  Isle  of 
France,  on  tlio  Seine,  five  miles  N  W 
of  Pai'is.    It  is  »  sfiTf  beautiful  place. 


rJ, 


A  R  H 


with  n  fine  vineyard  ;  and  in  ihe  en\\- 
rolls  tlicv  liuvf  fiuHfricN  of  the  jdusler 
of  Hi.!  it.'     I.on.  '.'  J.'  E.  lat.  48  5J  N 

Argfiitiera,  a  hsirri'n  ialunil  of  the  Ar« 
chipohiffo,  wliicli  takoH  itit  numt;  from 
the  Hilvor  mini-H  in  it.  There  Ih  Init 
one  villuf^e  in  the  inland,  and  it  huN  no 
water  hut  wliat  is  kept  in  ciNtcrnii. 
Lon.  23  10  E,  Ut.  36  50  N. 

Argentiere,  a  invm  of  Franre,  in  the 
departiiieiit  of  Avdeche  and  latr  pro- 
vince of  I'rovencc,  five  niih-s  S  VV  of 
Aul>enefi,  and  17  W  of  Viviers.  Lon. 
4  22  E,  hit.  44  30  N. 

Argenton,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
deparlincnt  of  Indre  and  late  jirovince 
of  Berry,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the 
river  Cretiae.  It  is  37  miles  S  W  of 
Boiirpfcs.     I.on.   1  38  E,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Argot,  II  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morca,  25  miles  S  of  Corinth. 
Lon.  23  5  E,  lat.  3"  30  N. 

Argmtol,  a  seaport  of  the  isle  of  Ce- 
fihalonia,  opposite  Alhania ;  it  is  the 
best  harbour  in  nil  the  island,  and  the 
provcditor  resides  in  tlic  fortress,  which 
18  five  miles  distant. 

Arguin,  an  island  and  fort  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  Zahara,  30  miles  S  E  of 
Cape  Blanco.  Lon.  17  5  W,  lat.  20  30  . 

Argun,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  divides 
tJ)e  Russian  from  the  Cliinese  empire. 
Argun,  a  town  </f  East  T:irtary,  on 
the  frontiers  of  the  Chinese  empire. 
There  are  mines  of  silver  and  lend  near 
it  j  and  a  pearl  fisher)-  in  the  river  Ar- 
gun.    Lon.  103  56  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Argyleahire,  a  cotmty  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Inverness-shire, 
on  the  E  by  the  counties  of  P'-rth  ard 
Dumbarton,  on  the  S  and  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  by  which  it  is  broken 
into  islands  and  peninsulas.  Its  extent 
is  very  consider!ible,l)einpf  not  less  than 
90  miles  in  lenj^lh  and  70  in  breadth. 
This  county  atlords  a  very  wild  pros- 
pect of  hills,  rocks  and  huji^e  mountains, 
piled  upon  each  other  in  drcadfid  dis- 
order, bare,  bleak,  and  barren  to  the 
view  !  or  covered  with  sha)!^g«d  heath, 
vhich  in  summer  is  variegated  with 
an  agreeal)le  bloom  of  a  purple  colour. 
These  liiph  grounils,  though  little  fit- 
ted for  cultivation,  afford  txcellent  pas- 
tiu-e. 

Arhusen,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in 
North  Jutland,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Baltic  Sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  th  ■  Guda,  and  surrounded  by 
forests  full  of  pame.  It  is  25  miles  S 
of  Wiberjf.      Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  56  5  N. 


ARM 

Ariano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin. 
cipato  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  sec  -, 
15  miles  E  of  Bemvento,  and  10  N  W 
of  Tre.vico.     Lon,  15  I'J  E,  lat.  41  8  N 

Ariano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrii- 
rese,  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Po,  22 
miles  N  E  of  Fen-ara.  Lon.  12  8  E, 
lat.  45  0  N. 

Arica,  a  seajiort  of  Pcni,  550  milri 
S  E  of  Lima.  Here  the  treasure  brouffht 
fVom  Polohi  is  shipped ;  and  there  are 
many  farms  eniplo)ed  in  the  cultivation 
of  Guinea  pepper,  in  which  it  has  a 
(freat  trade  to  Lima.  Lon.  71  6  \V,  la*. 
18  27  S. 

Aripo,  a  town  on  the  west  coMt  of 
Ceylon,  at  the  month  of  the  river  Sa- 
runda.  To  the  east  of  it  is  apenrlfishe- 
ry.     Lon.  80  25  E,  lat.  8  42  N. 

ArH(rv>,  a  sea]x>rt  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wicklow,  13  miles  .S  of  Wick- 
low.     Lon.  6  5  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Arlts,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  tlie  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone  and  late  province  of  Provence. 
Before  the  French  Revolution  it  was  an 
nrchie])iscop:d  sec.  The  country  around 
is  very  pleasant,  and  produces  good 
wine,  vermilion,  manna,  oil,  and  fruits. 
There  are  a  great  number  of  antiqui- 
ties, of  which  the  amphitheatre  and 
oblelisk  are  the  most  remarkable  i  and 
the  cmpiTor  Constantine  took  great 
delight  in  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone, 
12  miles  S  E  of  Nismes.  Lon.  4  43 
E,  Int.  43  41  N. 

Arkihem,  a  handsome  town  of  Swi«- 
serland  in  the  bishopric  of  Basle,  where 
the  canons  of  that  city  reside. 

Arlon,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Aus- 
trian Nctlierlands,  now  dismantled.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  N  W 
of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  56  £,  lat.  49 
45  N. 

Armagh,  a  county  of  Ireland,  bound- 
ed on  tlic  E  by  Doivn,  on  the  W  by 
Tyrone  and  Monaghan,  on  the  N  by 
Lough  Neagh,  and  on  the  S  by  Louth. 
It  is  in  length  32  miles,  and  in  breadth 
17,  contains  49  parishes,  and  sends  six 
members  to  parliament. 

Armagh,  a  city  of  Ireland,  once  a  con^ 
siderable  town,  now  a  small  viUan ; 
but  it  gives  name  to  a  coimty,  uia  it 
the  sec  of  an  archbishop,  who  is  primate 
of  all  Ireland.  It  is  45  miles  S  E  of 
Londonderry.  Lon.  6  34  W,  lat  54 
27  N. 

Armagnac,  a  late  province  of  Qui- 
enne,  in  France,  55  miles  in  length 
and  40  in  breadUL     Tkis   province 


[<:" 


'•'■"""'"■T'iffii 


■SB 


ARM 

town  of  Naples,  in  Prin. 
iow,  with  II  hidhopN  see  ; 
if  Bcncvcnto,  arui    10  N  W 

Lon,  15  19  E,  lut.  41  8  N 
town  of  Italy,  in  tlic  Fcrrii- 
ranch  of  the  river  Po,  22 
)f  Fi'irara.     Lon.  13  8  E, 

seaport  of  Pern,  550  milpi 
._  Hen-  tlic  treasure  broiijfht 
in  shipped  j  and  there  are 
employed  in  the  cultivation 
pepper,  ill  wliich  it  has  a 
to  Lima.  Lon.  "1  6  W,  la*. 

town  on  the  west  coast  of 
the  moutli  of  the  river  Sa- 
he  east  of  it  is  u  pearl  fislie- 
)  25  E,  lat.  8  42  N. 
I  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  tlie 
icklow,  13  miicH  .S  of  Wick- 
6  5  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 
ancient  city  of  France,  in 
lent  of  tlie  Mouths  of  the 
late  province  of  Provence. 
?'rench  Revolution  it  was  an 
)!d  see.  The  country  around 
asant,  and  produces  good 
lion,  manna,  oil,  and  fruits, 
great  number  of  antiqui- 
ich  the  amphitheatre  and 
the  most  remarkable  j  and 
r  Constantine  took  great 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone, 
E  of  Nismea.  Lon.  4  43 
I  N. 

a  handsome  town  of  Swls- 
e  bishopric  of  Basle,  where 
if  that  city  reside, 
ancient  town  of  the  Aus- 
rlands,  now  dismantled.  It 
a  mountain,  10  miles  N  W 
urg.    Lon.  5  56  E,  lat.  49 

I  county  of  Ireland,  bound- 
by  Down,  on  the  W  by 
I  Monaghan,  on  the  N  by 
fh,  and  on  the  S  by  Louth, 
th  32  miles,  and  in  breadth 
49  parishes,  and  sends  six 
parliament. 

city  of  Ireland,  once  a  coni 
wn,  now  a  small  village ; 
name  to  a  county,  and  is 
archbishop,  who  is  primate 
id.  It  is  45  miles  S  E  of 
y.    Lon.  6  34  W,  lat  54 


^a 


a  late  province  of  Gui- 
lance,    55  miles  in  length 
'     proviace 


breadth.      Tkis 


A  R  N 

with  Gascony,  is  now  included  in  the 
kiepartnient  of  Gcrs. 

Armenia,  a  large  country  in  Asia, 
buundt'd  on  the  W  by  the  Euphrates, 
on  the  S  by  Diarbeker  and  Curdistan, 
on  the  E  by  Schirvan,  and  on  the  N  by 
Georgia.  It  is  one  cf  the  most  fertile 
countries  in  Asia,  being  watered  by 
several  large  rivers.  Part  of  it  belongs 
to  the  Persians  and  part  to  the  Turks. 
The  inhabitants  are  much  attached  to 
romineree,  and  iindcrtukelongjournies 
U)  carry  it  on.  They  arc  Cliristians, 
anil  have  apatriarrhand  an  archbishop. 
Hiilygamy  is  not  allowed  among  tticni. 
Tlie  country  in  general  i.s  full  of  moun- 
tains and  valleys,  lakes  and  rivers,  and 
pi(Hluecs  rice,  cotton,  Hax,  melons,  and 
ifrapcs. 

Armentiert,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
ilcpartmcnt  of  the  North  Flanders, 
H'ateil  on  the  Lis,  eight  miles  N  VV  of 
Lisle.     Lon.  3  3  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Armiert,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the 
dcpjulmcnt  of  North  Hainault,  seated 
on  the  Sainbrc,  20  miles  S  of  Mons. 
Lon.  4  3  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Armiro,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the 
piilf  of  Velo,  30  miles  S  E  of  Larissa. 
Lon.  23  22  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Armuyden,  a  seaport  of  tlie  United 
Provinces,  in  the  island  of  Walchcm, 
.low  inconsiderable,  the  sea  having 
stopt  up  the  harbour.  The  salt-works 
are  its  chief  resource.  It  is  three 
miles  E  of  Middleburg.  Lon.  3  42  E, 
lat.  SI  31  N. 

Ama,  a  seaport  of  Andros,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  with  a  good  port. 

Arnay-ie-Duc,  a  town  cf  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late 
province  of  Burgimdy.  It  is  seated  in 
a  valley,  near  the  river  Arioux,  2.5 
miles  N  W  of  Batme.  Lon.  4  26  E, 
Int.  47  7  N. 

Ameberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Brandenburg,  on  the  Elbe,  three  "miles 
from  Werbern,  taken  by  the  Swedes 
in  1631.  « 

Arnedo,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  25  miles 
N  of  Lima. 

Anihehn,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, capital  of  Gueldrrhmd.  It  is 
leated  on  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  N  of 
Nimeguen.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  52  2 

Arno,  a  river  in  Tuscany.  It  has  its 
•ource  in  the  Appennines,  and  passing 
by  Florence  and  Pisa,  falls  into  the 
Mediterran«an  a  little  b«lpw  the  lut« 

i«r. 


A  R  R 

Jituheim,  a  town  in  Germany,  in 
the  pidatinatc  of  tlic  Rhine,  eight  miles 
fVom  Krv^uzenach. 

Arnttadt,  a  town  of  Tluiringia,  on 
the  river  Gera,  10  miles  S  \V  of  Er- 
furt.     Lon.  11  15  E,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Arona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  diitchy 
of  Milan,  on  the  lake  Maggiore,  30 
miles  N  W  of  Milan.  Loti.  8  35  E, 
lat.  45  40  N. 

Aronchet,  a  town  of  Portugal,  ia 
Alentejo,  on  the  river  Caro,  five  miles 
S  E  of  Poitalegra.  Lon.  7  0  ^V,  lat. 
39  3  N. 

Arm-:!,  a  town  of  the  Russian  empire, 
seated  on  the  Ocen,  200  miles  S  of 
Moscow.  It  is  included  in  the  gov^ai- 
ment  of  Kiof.  Lon.  36  40  E,  lat.  51 
58  N. 

Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra- 
di  Lavora,  eight  miles  N  of  Aquino. 
Lon.  13  46  E,  lat.  41  44  N. 

An/ua,  a  town  of  Italy  in  tlic  Padiinn, 
where  is  a  tomb  of  the  celebrated  Pe- 
trarch. It  is  10  miles  S  of  Padua. 
Lon.  1158E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Arques,  a  town  of  France,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  department 
of  Lo^ver  Seine,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
and  is  four  miles  S  E  of  Dieppe.  Lon, 
1  13  E,  lat.  49  53  N. 

Airagon,  a  province  of  Spain,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Pyrenees,  wliicli 
separate  it  from  France,  on  the  W  by 
Navarre  and  the  two  Castiles,  on  the 
S  by  Valencia,  and  on  the  E  by  Valen- 
cia and  Catalonia.  The  air  is  pure  and 
wholesome ;  but  the  countr}-,  though 
abounding  in  rivers,  is  in  want  of  good 
water.  It  is  fertile  in  com,  wine,  flax, 
and  fruit,  near  the  rivers  ;  but  in  other 
places  dry  and  sandy.  It  produces 
saffron,  and  there  are  many  mines  of 
salt.  Saragossa  is  the  capital,  and  the 
Ebro  the  largest  river. 

Arran,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  tlia 
Frith  of  Clyde,  between  Kbityre  and 
Cunningham,  23  miles  long  and  13 
broad.  The  number  of  inhabitants  are 
about  7000,  who  chiefly  inhabit  the 
coast,  the  far  greater  part  of  the  coun- 
try being  uninhabited  by  reason  of  the 
vast  and  barren  mountains.  It  abounds 
with  cattle,  goats,  black,  game,  and 
grouse  ;  and  the  streams  are  stored 
with  fish,  especially  salmon.  The  cli- 
mate is  very  severe,  but  salubrious, 
and  many  invalids  resort  hitlier  to 
drink  the  whey  of  goats  milk.  Amonff 
the  rocks  arc  found  iron  ore,  gpai-,  ani 


hi   - 


A  R  U 


ASH 


li 


i 


]ti> 


ii 


t  RTf»t  varirty  of  boiiiitifiil  pchhloii. 
On  tlic  const  i\fi>  many  wonderful  ca- 
♦crns,  formrri)  tlip  rcir«  nt  of  Sroltiuli 
hei-ot'^,  now  (Icjjriidpd  into  a  ulitltcr 
for  Hmiif^iflrrN.  Trndition  ]Jrf»<"nrH 
the  nu-niory  of  Kini^iil  ;  and  Robert 
Bruce  took  refuifc  in  tliii*  iHland, 
durin)f  the  time  of  liiit  (p-ciitoitt  dU 
lrcH<i. 

ArniJi,  an  ancient  fortified  town  of 
Fri.iicc,  in  the  dcpartnvcnt  of  tlic  Strriits 
of  CuluiH  unil  lute  province  of  Artois. 
It  wan  lately  nn  epixeopul  see,  and  is 
divided  into  two  piirts,  tiie  tmun  and 
the  city,  It  is  Heiitod  on  tlie  river  Searp, 
12  miles  S  W  of  Donny,  and  '22  N  W 
of  C.'tinbi'ay.  Lon.  2  31  E,  lat.  50  17 
ff.- 

Arriegr,  n  department  of  France,  eon- 
taininff  the  late  provinces  of  Couscrans 
and  Foix. 

Arroe,  a  small  island  of  Denmark  in 
the  Baltic,  between  tlie  islands  of 
Pnncn  and  Allien.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat. 
55  10  N. 

Arrojo-de-Si.-Servati,  a  town  of  Spain, 
tn  £str;im:idni'ii,  ci^lit  miles  S  of  Me- 
rida,  and  25  E  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  20 
W,  lat.  38  36  N. 

Art  t,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Turkey 
In  Europe,  in  Albania,  with  a  Greek 
archb'sho])'8  see.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Asdhas,  70  miles  N  N  W  of 
Lepanto.  Lon.  21  20  E,  lat.  39  28 
K. 

Artoii,  a  late  province  of  the  French 
Netherlands.  It  now  forms  part  of  tlic 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais. 

Aruha,  an  island  near  Terra  Firma, 
in  South  America,  subject  to  the 
Dutch.     Lon.  67  35  W,  lat.  12  30  N. 

Arvf,  a  rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which 
riics  in  Fuucigny,  and  joins  the  Rhone 
below  Geneva.  It  has  a  cataract  near 
Sulenche  in  Savoy.  Its  fall  is  said  to 
be  above  1100  feet  rusliinjj  «lth  gfreat 
nuise'  and  violence  from  a  prodigious 
impending'  rock.     See  Ai-per.at. 

Arun,  a  river  of  Sussex,  which  mean- 
dering through  a  beautiful  country, 
falls  mto  the  Enf^lisli  channel,  below 
Arundel.     It  is  famous  for  mullets. 

Arundel,  a  boroufifh  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  tlic  side  of  a  hilU  on 
the  Arun,  where  small  ships  m«y  ride. 
The  castle,  the  ancient  «eat'  of  the 
dukes  of  Norfolk,  stands  OB  the  sum' 
mit  of  a  hill,  and  is  said  to  be  a  mile 
in  cumpiMS.  It  is  governed  by  &  mftyor. 


sends  two  members  to  ])arliamcnt,  »nd 
is  ei(fht  miU's  F.  of  Cliiclirster,  and  f)8 
S  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  29  VV,  lat. 
50  55  N. 

Aruianj^rn,  a  castle  and  village  of 
Swisserland,  on  the  river  Aar,  over 
which  it  has  a  covered  bridge. 

Arzilla,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  once  in  posaei- 
sion  of  the  PortUfpiese,  who  abandon- 
ed it.  It  is  50  miles  S  S  W  of  Tan- 
gier.    Lon.  6  3  W,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Arzina,  a  river  of  Kussian  Lapland, 
into  a  bay  of  which,  iii  1553,  two  Eng< 
lish  ships  (which  had  penetrated  oi 
high  as  the  72  N.  lat.  to  Spitzbergen) 
were  forced  by  stress  of  weather  i  and 
their  crews  were  frozen  to  death. 

Aiiijyh,  St.  a  city  of  Flintshire,  on 
the  river  Elway,  wlierc  it  unites  with 
the  Clwyd  j  antl  over  both  is  a  bridge. 
It  is  a  poor  place,  of  note  only  for  its 
cathedral.  It  is  24  miles  W  of  Ches- 
ter, and  209  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3  36  W,  lat.  Si  12  N. 

Atcention,  a  barren,  uninhabited, 
island,  in  the  Atlantic,  600  miles  N  W 
of  St.  Helena.  Lon.  U  18  W,  lat.  7 
40  N. 

Aschaffenlmrg,  a  town  of  Germany, 
subject  to  tlie  elector  of  Mentz,  who 
has  a  palace  here.  It  is  40  miles  F.  ul' 
Mcntz.     Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Jacoli,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  marquisatc  of  Ancona,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, at  titc  bottom  of  which  runs  the 
Fronto,  80  miles  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon. 
13  29  E,  ii>t.  42  44  N. 

Ascoti-iii-Satriano,  an  episcopal  city 
of  Italy  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain  70  miles  £  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  50  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Aseer,  or  Ateergur,  a  strong  fortress 
of  the  Soubuh  of  Candeish,  in  the  Dec- 
can  of  Hindoostan,  20  miles  N  E  of 
Burhanpour.  Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  21  3J 
N. 

Athboni,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  between 
the  rivers  Dove  and  Compton,  lO  miles 
N  E  of  Utoxeter,  and  139  N  N  W 
of  London.  Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  53  S 
N. 

Ashburton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  for  wool 
and  yam,  and  on  Saturday  for  provi- 
sions. It  sends  two  membsrs  to  pa^ 
liament,  and  is  one  of  the  four  stanno* 
ry  towns.  It  is  seated  among  the  hilk 
(which  are  remarkable  for  tin  and  cop- 


""■"•MMMRMMM 


ASH 

lemlicrii  to  i)arllament,  tnd 
■M  E  of  Cliicliestcr,  and  fi8 
•ornlon.     Lon.  0  29  W,  lat. 

,  a  rattle  and  village  of 
I,  on  the  river  Aur,  over 
»  a  covered  bridge. 
n  ancient  seaport  of  Africa, 
lom  of  Fc/.,  once  in  po*«e». 
Portuguese,  who  abandon- 
I  50  mile*  S  S  W  of  Tan. 
6  3  W,  lilt.  35  30  N. 

river  of  Kusiiun  Lapland, 
f  which,  ill  1553,  two  Enji^. 
(which  had  penetrated  as 
■  72  N.  lat.  to  Spitzbergen) 
I  by  stiTss  of  weather  j  and 

were  frozen  to  death. 
".   a  city   of  FlintBhirc,  on 
.way,  where  it  unitcH  with 

and  over  both  is  a  brid|re. 
p  place,  of  note  only  for  it« 

It  is  24  milcH  \V  of  Ches- 
9  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
.  53  12  N. 

a  barren,  uninhabited. 
If  Atlantic,  600  miles  N  W 
na.     Lon.  14  18  W,  lat.  7 

mrg,  a  town  of  Germany, 
tl\e  elector  of  Mcntz,  who 
:  here.  It  is  40  miles  £  of 
in.  9  5  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 
populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
ate  of  Ancona,  with  a  hi- 
lt is  seated  on  a  mousi- 
bottom  of  which  runs  the 
miles  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon. 
:.  42  44  N. 

latriano,  an  episcopal  city 
le  kingdom  of  Naples,  seat- 
mtain  70  miles  E  of  Naples. 
E,  lat.  41  8  N. 
Jteergiir,  a  strong  fortrew 
ih  of  Candeish,  in  the  Dec- 
doostan,  20  miles  N  E  of 
.    Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  21  33 

«.  town  in  Derbyshire,  with 

Saturday,  seated  between 

love  and  Compton,  lOmilei 

oxeter,    and  139   N  N  W 

Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  53  S 

,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 

pket  on  Tuesday  for  wool 

nd  on  Saturday  for  provi- 

inds  two  membsrs  to  par- 

i  is  one  of  the  four  stanna-         -  n 

[t  is  seated  among  the  hilb     J^ 

remarkable  fur  tin  and  a^ 


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A  b  ! 

per)  near  the  river  Dart,  19  miles  S 
W  of  Exeter,  and  193  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
ilini.  It  has  a  handsome  church.  Lon. 
3  50  W,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Jshby  de  la  Zouch,  a  town  in  Lciccs- 
I  ti'i'shirc,  witli  a  miirket  on  Saturday. 
It  lad  a  castle  with  a  very  hiijjh  tower, 
p-cat  part  of  wtiich  is  still  standing, 
and  it  has  a  free  school.  A  canal  is 
now  made  from  this  t()\vn,  wliich  com- 
municates witli  the  Coventry  canal. 
Aslibv  is  13  miles  S  of  Ocrbv,  and  115 
N  N  \V  of  London.  Lon.  3  50  W,  lat. 
50  30  N. 

As/iden,  a  villag'e  in  Essex,  three 
miles  N  E  of  Saffron  VValden. 

Aslifurd,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  a  large 
church,  that  was  formerly  collegiate. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ash  or  Esh, 
24  miles  S  E  of  Maidstone  and  57  of 
London.     Lon.  0  52  E,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Ashton-under-Line,  a  village  in  Lan- 
cashire, seven  miles  E  of  Manchester, 
with  a  manufacture  of  cotton,  and  an 
iron  foimdery. 

Aihwell,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire, 
on  the  river  Rhec,  that  issues  fn)m  a 
rock  at  the  S  end  of  the  town.  Near 
the  chwch  are  the  remains  of  a  Ro- 
man camp,  which  consists  of  12  acres 
of  land,  inclosed  by  a  deep  ditch,  and 
formerly  a  rampail.  It  is  four  miles  N 
of  Baldock. 

Asia,  one  of  the  four  great  parts  of 
iiic  world,  situate  between  25  and  180 
E  lon.  and  between  the  equator  and  80 
JT  lat.  It  extends  4,740  miles  fr(nn  tlie 
Dardanelles  on  the  W,  to  the  E  shore 
of  Tartary ;  and  4,380  miles  from  the 
most  southern  part  of  Malacca,  to  the 
most  northern  cape  of  Nova  Zembla ; 
being  superior  in  extent,  as  well  as  ii» 
many  .other  respects,  to  Afri;a  aiid 
Europe.  It. is  separated  from  Europe 
by  the  Mediterranean,  the  Archipela 
go,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Palus  Mscotis, 
tlie  Don,  and  the  Dwuia,  and  from 
Africa  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  isthmus 
of  Suez.  All  the  other  parts  are  sur- 
rounded by  tlie  ocean.  The  principal 
countries  in  ijhis  continent,  are  Sibe- 
ria, Tartary,  China,  Thiljet,  Hindoos- 
tan,  Siam,  Burmah,  Persia,  Arabia, 
Sjria,  Palestine,  Natolia,  Diarbeckar, 
Irac,  Armenia,  Georgia,  CurAistan, 
&c.  Asia  is  looked  upon  as  that  part 
of  the  world,  which  of  all  others  has 
been  most  peculiarly  distinguished  by 
heaven.  There  it  was  tlie  first  man 
wag    creftted;    tU^re    the    patriarchs 


ASS 

lived ;  there  the  law  was  given  to 
Moses,  and  tiie  greatest  and  most  ce- 
Icbrati'd  monarchies  were  formed. 
Lastly,  in  Asia  Jesus  Clu-ist  appeared, 
and  from  thence  it  is  that  the  \rght  of 
llie  gospol  wius  did'used  over  uit  tho 
w<n'ld.  L.'iw.s,  arts,  sciences  and  re- 
iigion,  almost  all  had  their  original  ir» 
Asia. 

Asinara,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean,  on  tlie  N  W  coaat  of  Sardinia, 
17  miles  N  by  W  of  Sassari.  It  is  28 
miles  in  compass.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat. 
41  0  N. 

Ashyton,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Limerick,  on  the  river 
Slia-.mon. 

■  Aakrig,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
dav,  six  miles  S  by  E  of  York,  and 
243  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  53 
55  N. 

Asne.     See  Esne. 

Asola,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano, 
20  miles  S  E  of  Brescia.  Lon.  10  30 
E,  lat.  45  48  N. 

Asolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Trcv'sano, 
on  a  mountain  17  miles  N  VV"  of  Tre- 
viso.     Lon  11  36  E,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Asoph,  a  sea,  anciently  the  Palus 
Msotis,  lying  N  of  the  Black  Sea,  with 
which  it  has  a  communication  by  the 
strait  o*^  CafVu,  the  ancient  Cimmeri- 
an Bosphorus.  This  sea,  which  is 
sometimes  called  the  sea  of  Zabak,  ex- 
tends 390  miles  from  S  W  to  N  E. 
Lon.  from  35  to  42  E,  lat.  from  45  to 
47  N. 

Asoph,  s.  district  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, in  the  province  of  Catharinenslaf, 
including  a  large  tvuct  of  territory  to 
the  E  and  W  of  Asoph.  Catiiarinen- 
slaf  is  the  capital. 

Asoph,  the  late  caiiital  of  a  district 
of  the  s.ame  name,  in  Asia,  ."jeated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Don,  to  the  E  of  tha 
sea  of  Asoph.  It  has  bi^en  several 
times  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Turks 
and  Russians.  The  branch  of  the  Don, 
upon  which  it  stands,  is  now  so  choked 
with  sand,  as  scarcely  to  adjTiit  the 
smallest  vessel,  which  rendors  the 
pl.Tce  less  important  than  it  was  for- 
merly.    Lon.  41  30  E,  lat.  47  18  N. 

As'perosa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, with  a  bisliop's  sec,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Archipelago,  23  miles  S  E  of 
Ni-opoli.     Lon.  24  50  E,  lat  40  58  N. 

Assam,  a  roimtry  of  Asia,  boimded 
on  the  W  I'V  Beng:;l  and  Bootan,  on 
tlij  N  by  TUihet,  a«d  on  tJie  S  E  and 


:  i-SS 


AST 


ATA 


is' 


i^ 


S  by  Mecklcy.  Its  capital  is  Ghergonp, 
and  llie  i-ivtr  Burrampootcr  Hows 
tlirong'h  the  whole-  U-iifftli  of  it.  Tlic 
open  i).iHs  arc  niarkuil  with  population 
and  tilhijju  ;  the  woods  abound  with 
eltpiiants.  Tlic  other  inhabitants  of 
Absiini  are  base  and  unprincipled,  have 
no  fixed  religion,  nor  any  rule  but  their 
inclii'ation.  Tliey  cat  all  flcsli  cxcej)! 
luinu.n,  and  even  animals  that  die  a  n;i- 
turul  death.  Tlicy  are  enterprising'  sa- 
yaij^e,  vindietivc,  and  fond  of  war.  They 
liave  ni'ither  horses,  asses,  nor  ca- 
mels J  Lut  they  arc  sometimes  brought 
there  from  other  countries.  Asses  tliey 
are  fond  of,  bat  are  so  much  afraid  of 
a  horse,  tiiat  one  troo))er  woulii  put  a 
hundred  of  tbem  to  flijyht.  Assam 
lies  between  lU  and  96  E  Ion.  and  25 
»nd  28  N  lat. 

Msdi'.cih',  a  town  of  Armenia,  on 
the  river  Ares,  22  miles  E  of  Erze- 
rum.  Here  are  hut  baths  muc'i  fre- 
quented. Lon  41  10  E,  lat.  39  46  N. 
Assanchify  ,i  town  of  Asia,  in  Diar- 
bec.k,  seated  ":i  ihe  Tigris,  40  miles 
S  E  of  Uiai-bckar.  Lon.  40  20  E,  lat. 
37  30  N. 

Assena,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Funen.  It  is  tiie  common  pas- 
sage from  the  dutchy  of  Sles  wick  to  Co- 
penhagen, and  is  17  miles  S  W  of 
Odensee.     Lon.  10  2  E,  lat.  55  17  N. 

Aanisin,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Spole  ■.,  on  the  side  of  a  high  moun- 
tain. The  cathedral  of  lit.  Francis  is 
mag^iificent,  and  comjjosed  of  three 
churches,  one  above  another.  It  is  70 
miles  N  of  Rome.-  Lon.  12  38  E,  lat. 
43  ON. 

AssM,  a  seaport  of  Natolia,  on  a  bay 
of  tlie  Archipelago,  12  miles  S  E  of 
I'roas.     Lon.  ^6  36  E,  lat.  39  32  N. 

Aasumption,  an  episcopal  city,  the 
capital  of  Paraguay,  in  South  America. 
It  is  a  large,  popidous,  and  handsome 
town,  and  stands  in  a  fertile  coimtry, 
on  'he  river  Paraguay.  Lon.  5740  W, 
lat.  26  0  S. 

Aaaynt,  a  district  of  Sutherland  in 
Scotland,  containing  plenty  of  lime- 
stone and  marble. 

Assyria,  a  country  of  Asia,  celtbrat- 
ed  in  ancient  history.  It  comprehend- 
ed the  pro\inces  in  Asia  now  called 
Diarbec  Ciirdistan,  and  Irac. 

Astabat,  a  town  of  Armenia,  three 
miles  from  the  river  Aras,  and  12  S  of 
Naksivan.  Lon.  45  30  E,  lat.  38  28 
N. 

Atti,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 


Italjr,  in  Montserrat.  It  is  seated  oit 
the  Tanaro,  22  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon. 
8  8  E,  lat.  43  3  N. 

Attor^a,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Spain, 
in  Leon,  well  fortified  by  art  and  na- 
ture, seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  25 
miles  S  VV  of  Leon.  Lon.  5  32  W. 
lat.  42  22  N. 

Astrabad,  a  large  town  of  Persia,  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Caspian  Sea,  200  miles  N  of 
Ispahan.     Lon.  55  35  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Astracan,  an  episcopal  city  of  thft 
Russian  empire,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  large  and  po- 
jnilous,  has  a  good  harbour,  and  is 
surrounded  by  strong  walls.  It  sel- 
dom rains  here  :  but  the  river  Volga, 
on  wliieh  it  stands,  overflows  like  the 
Nile  ;  and  wlien  the  water  is  run  off, 
the  gi-ass  grows  in  less  than  a  month. 
The  city  of  Astracan  is  about  tw* 
miles  and  a  half  in  circumference,  sur- 
rovmded  by  a  brick  wall,  which  is  now 
in  a  ruinous  condition:  but,  if  wc com- 
prehend the  suburbs,  the  circuit  will 
lie  r.ear  five  miles.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants amouvits  to  70,000,  including 
Armenians  and  Tra-tars,  as  well  as  a 
few  Persians  aid  Indians.  All  round 
the  city,  at  the  distance  of  two  miles, 
are  seer,  a  great  number  of  gardens 
and  orchards.  This  city  is  supposed  to 
have  been,  in  early  times,  the  general 
staple  for  the  productions  of  Persia, 
India,  and  Arabia.  It  is  seated  on  an 
island  formed  bv  the  river,  50  miles 
N  W  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lon.  47  40 
E,  lat.  46  22  N. 

Asturias,  a  province  of  Spain,  120 
miles  in  length,  and  45  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Biscay,  on  the  S 
by  Old  Castile  and  Leon,  on  the  W  by 
Galicia,  and  on  the  N  by  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  Asturia 
d'Oviedo,  and  Asturia  de  Santillana. 
This  province  is  full  of  moimtains  and 
forests,  and  its  wine  and  horses  are 
excellent.  It  has  mines  of  gold,  lapis 
la-zuli,  and  vermilion,  and  belongs  to 
tlie  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  Spcin, 
who  is  styled  prince  of  Asturias. 

Asylum,  a  town  of  Luzerne  county, 
Peiuisylvania,  on  the  S  W  side  of  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  67  miles  N  W  of 
Wilkcsbarrc.  Here  there  is  a  po»t-of- 
lice  327  miles  from  Washington. 

Atacama,  a  harboui*  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Peru.  There  i.s  a  great  desert 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  70  0  W,  lat. 
22  OS. 


.  T  A 

:rrat.  It  is  seated  on 
miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon. 
N. 

y  ancient  city  of  Spain, 

brtilicd  by  art  and  na- 

a  pleasant  plain,   25 

Leon.     Lon,  5  32  W. 

'ge  town  of  Persia,  ca- 
ce  of  the  same  name, 

Sea,  200  miles  N  of 
55  35  E,  hit.  36  50  N. 
episcopal  city  of  the 
,  capital  of  a  province 
10.  It  is  larpe  and  po- 
good  harbour,  and  is 
strong  walls.  It  scl- 
:  but  the  river  Volga, 
nds,  overflows  like  the 
n  the  water  is  run  off, 
9  in  less  than  a  month, 
.stracan  is  about  twt 
'  in  circumference,  stir- 
ick  wall,  which  is  now 
dition :  but,  ifwccom- 
burbs,  the  circuit  will 
es.  The  number  of  in- 
its  to  70,000,  including 

Tiirtars,  as  well  as  a 
Lid  Indians.     All  round 

distance  of  two  miles, 
at  number  of  gardens 
rhis  city  is  supposed  to 
arly  times,  the  pfeneral 
productions  of  Persia, 
>ia.  It  is  seated  on  an 
)y  the  river,  50  miles 
ipian  Sea.    Lon.  47  40 

•ovince  of  Spain,   120 

I,  and  45  in  Lreadth  ; 

E  by  Biscay,  on  the  S 

[nd  Leon,  on  the  W  by 

tile  N  by  the  Atlantic. 

[to  two  parts,  Asturia 

.sturia  de   Santillana. 

full  of  moimtains  and 

wine  and  horses  are 

IS  mines  of  gold,  lapi» 

liilion,  and  belongs  to 

of  tlie  king  of  Spain, 

lince  of  Asturias. 

rn  of  Luzerne  county, 

the  S  W  side  of  Sus- 

,  67   miles   N   W  of 

[ere  there  is  a  po»t-of- 

im  Waihington. 

irboui-  of  South  Ame- 

iicre  i.s  a  great  desert 

le.     Lon.  70  0  W,  Ut. 


A  T  H 

Atalaua,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  E.*- 
trnmadura  scatedon  an  eminence,  with 
a  strong  fortress,  five  miles  S  ofTo- 
inar.     Lon  7  56  W,  lat.  39  25  N. 

Atena,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Princi- 
pato  Citeriore,  22  miles  N  of  Policas- 
tro.     Lon.  15  58  E,  lut.  AO  ?,&  N. 

Ath,  a  town  in  Austrian  Huinault, 
seated  on  the  Dcndcr,  12  miles  N  W 
of  Mons.     Lon.  3  44  E,  lat.  50  AS  N. 

Atbclncy,  an  island  of  Somcrsi'tshire, 
«t  tile  confluence  of  the  Thone  and 
Piirret,  memorable  for  having  aftbrdcd 
shelter  to  kinp;'  AUVid. 

Athene,  now  called  S'ftinvs,  once  a 
r.nlcbruted  city,  the  capital  of  Ancient 
Attica,  but  now  of  Livadi.o,  in  Eiu'o- 
pean  Turicey.  After  man)-  revolutions, 
tiie  Turks  finally  wre.sted  it  from  the 
Venetians ;  and  it  has  now  not  more 
tlian  10,000  inhabitants,  of  wlioin  tiiree 
fourths  are  Christians  of  tlie  Greek 
church ;  the  remainder  Turks.  It  is 
tile  see  of  an  archiiisliop ;  and  is  de- 
fended by  a  citadel  on  the  summit  of  a 
lofty  rock.  The  town  stands  beneath 
the  citadel  j  not  encompassing  the  rock 
as  former!}',  but  spreading  into  the 
plain  to  the  W  and  N  W.  Some  mas- 
ses of  brick  work,  standing  seiiarate 
without  the  town,  belonged  pei'hajjs  to 
the  ancient  wall,  of  which  otlier  irares 
also  appear.  Tlie  houses  are  mostly 
mean  and  straggling.  In  the  lanes, 
tlic  high  walls  on  each  side,  which  are 
commonly  white  washed,  reflect  strong- 
ly the  light  of  the  sun.  The  streets 
were  very  irregular;  and  anciently 
were  neither  uniform  nor  handsome. 
There  are  many  magnificent  ruins, 
which  testify  its  former  grandeur.  It 
is  situate  on  the  gulf  of  Engia,  100 
miles  N  E  of  Lacedenion,  and  320  S 
bv  W  of  Constantinople.  Lon,  23  S7 
E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Athens,  or  Tyoga  Point,  a  post  town 
of  Luzerne  coimty,  Pennsylvania,  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  Tyoga  river, 
with  the  east  branch  of  the  Siisque- 
hannah,  90  miles  N  W  of  Wilkesbarrc, 
ynd  150  N  of  Nortliumberland. — And, 
a  part  of  Clark  county,  Georgia,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Clarksborough,  and  90 
N  W  of  Augusta. 

Atherston,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday ;  se.ated  on 
t'le  Anker,  indiflTcrently  large  and  well 
built ;  10  miles  N  of  Coventi-y,  and 
104  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  W, 
lat.  52  40  N. 

Athlone,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 


ATS 

county  of  West  Meath,  seated  on  the 
Shannon,  60  miles  W  of  Dublin.  Lon. 
7  41  W,  lat.  53  .'2  N. 

Athnl,  a  district  of  Pertlishire  ;  a 
beauiiliil,  romantic,  and  mountainous 
country,  containing  some  fine  lakes. 

Athv.1,  or  Montc-SrMo,  a  mountain 
of  Miicdonia,  in  a  peninsula,  to  tiic 
S  of  the  gulf  of  Confessa,  about  30 
miles  in  circumference  and  two  in  per- 
pciuLicular  height.  It  is  inhabited  \iy 
a  great  number  of  Creek  r.i,iiVs,  who 
have  many  fortified  monastrrics  iii  .in 
it.  Here  tiiey  cultivate  oli'.es  and 
vines  ;  and  are  carpenters,  masons,  )kc. 
leading  an  austere  lile,  and  living  to  a 
great  age.  It  in  70  miles  E  of  S.Oo- 
nichi.     Lon.  26  20  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 

At liy,  a.  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kiidare,  and  province  of  Leinstcr, 
seated  on  tlie  v\\cv  Harrow,  12  miles  S 
of  Kiidare.     Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Atlantic,  or  Atlantic  Ocean,  takes  its 
name  from  mount  Atlas  in  Africa,  and 
lies  between  the  W  continents  of  Afri- 
ca and  Europe,  and  the  E  continent  of 
America.  Its  least  brcadtli,  from  Gui- 
nea in  Africa,  to  Brasil  in  South  Ame- 
rica, is  2300  miles.  On  one  side  of  the 
equator,  it  is  called  the  North  Atlantic 
Oceun  ;  and  on  the  other  the  South 
Atlantic  Oce.in. 

Atlas,  a  chain  of  high  mountains  in 
Africa,  separating  Barbary  from  Bile- 
didgerid.  Tliey  are  inhabited  almost 
in  every  pl.ice,  except  where  the  ex- 
treme cold  will  not  permit. 

Aiitoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in  1778. 
Towards  the  N  E  and  N  W  the  face 
of  tlie  country  is  ragged  and  broken  ; 
but  to  the  S  it  is  more  even.  The  hills, 
rise  from  the  sea-side  with  a  gentle  ac- 
clivity and  at  a  little  distance  back  are 
covered  with  wood.  The  natives  are 
of  a  middle  size,  and  in  general  stoutlf 
made.  They  are  active,  vigorous,  and 
most  expert  swimmers,  the  women 
with  infants  at  their  breasts  often  leap- 
ing over-board  in  a  heavy  surf,  without 
endangering  their  little  ones. 

Atri,  an  episcopjil  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abru7zo  Ulteriore.  It  is  seated  on  a 
craggv-  mountain,  four  miles  from  the 
gulf  of  Venire,  and  10  SE  of  Teramo. 
Lon.  13  48  E.  lat.  41  35  N. 

Atsion,  a  village  in  Burlington  county, 
New  Jersey,  where  tliere  i»a  valuable 
iron  founderv,  and  a  post-office ;  26 
miles  W  of  fuckerton,  29  E  by  S  of 
Philadelphiu 


[M 


A  U  B 


A  U  D 


Attlcbury,  a  to«ni  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
niarki-l  on  1  ucsdav,  14  inik's  N  E  of 
'1  lit. I II. Ill  and  V.j  ot  London.  Lon.  1  5 
E,  i..i.  jj  oj  N. 

.tri.iu-,  a  Illy  and  Fortress  of  Hindoos- 
tan  l-'iOjitr,  on  llic  £  hanKot  llic  Indus; 
iiu)'|A).>viii  U)  .stand  on  iJic  site  oftlie 
'la.vila  of  Alexaniler,  wliere  lie  erosscil 
tliai  liver.  It  is  180  miles  N  W  oi'La- 
hoi-c.     Lun.  ro  :.6  E,  Jilt.  j2  '27  N. 

.ucod;  a  river  wliicli  rises  i)i  the 
T;iit.iiian  nic)nnlain.s,  N  of  Hindooslan, 
passes  bv  Caind,  and  flows  into  the  In- 
dus al>o>e  Atloek. 

A  ill,  a  lar^e  river  wliich  rises  in 
Thibet,  Mid  erosaing'  tiie  kingdoms  of 
liiiii. 1.1.1  and  I'eyii,  talis  into  the  bay  of 
13eng;U  l)\  .several  niouliis. 

Jva,  a  liiige  eitv  in  Asia,  capital  of 
the  kmgdi  111  of  Jlii;rniali,  and  seated  on 
the  ri'er  Ava.  'Ine  iionses  are  iiuill 
with  timber  or  humlioo  canes,  witli 
tlialehed  lools,  and  floors  made  ofteak 
I'luiiK  or  i'i  lit  iiamboo.  'I'fie  streets  are 
Vn)  »Uaij;iit  witli  rows  of  trees  ])huit- 
cil  on  li.eli  siile.  T)ie  io_\al  jialace  is  a 
itiLun  su-uetiiie,  although  very  larj^e, 
Mill  built  v.ith  stone.  '1  lie  inh'abitaiils 
are  well-.-  aped,  have  good  features, 
wid  an  ouic  complexion  j  but  tiie  wo- 
men, wLo  aie  small,  are  whiter  than 
the  men.  Ava  is  1150  miles  N  E  of 
Calcuttx     Lon.  96  30  E,  hit.  21  0  N. 

AVii,  a  hin^;  tract  of  coast  hi  Asia,  on 
the  E  .i.deoltlie^ulfof  Bengal,  extend- 
ing- ir.iiii  the  S  extremity  of  Aracan  to 
C.ipe  iNiegruias,  and  divided  from  I'cgu 
on  iiie  E  by  the  river  Ava. 

Avuion,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Yonne  and  late  jn-o- 
vincc  of  Bnrg-iindy.  It  is  20  miles  S  E 
of  Auxerre.     Lon.  3  52  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Aube,  a  tlciiartment  of  France,  the 
late  province  of  Champagne. 

Aubenas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche  and  late  pro\  ince 
of  Daiijihiny.  It  has  a  manufacture 
of  clotlis  of  Spanish  wool,  and  of  red 
cotton,  in  imitation  of  Indian  handker- 
chiefs. Besiile  corn  and  wine,  its  dis- 
trict proiluees  truffles,  oranges,  figs, 
olives,  chesiuits,  and  widnuts.  The 
silk-worm  and  nuilberry-tree  succeed 
well  here.  Anbenas  i.s  seated  on  the 
Ardp.che,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  Cevennes, 
near  the  mineral  waters  of  Valtz,  and 
15  miles  N  VV  of  Viviers.  Lon.  4  30 
E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Aubigny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher  and  late  province 
•f  Berry.    It  has  a  castle,  and  is  seated , 


in  a  fine  plain,  on  the  river  Ncrre.  It 
was  a  dukedom,  and  belonged  to  the 
dukes  of  Kichmond  ;  and  was  confirm- 
ed to  the  ]«-esent  duke.  At  the  revo- 
lution in  France  it  shared  the  fate  of 
all  other  titles  of  nobility. 

Auhin,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
with  a  good  harbour  and  a  fort. 

Aubiit  itit  Cormier,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  lUc  and  Vilaine 
and  late  jirovince  of  Bretagne  ;  famous 
for  a  battle  between  viscount  Trc- 
mouille  and  the  duke  of  Orleans,  after, 
ward  Lewis  XII,  in  1488,  when  the 
latter  was  made  prisoner.  It  is  ten 
miles  E  of  Keniies.  Lon.  1  23  W,  kt. 
48  15  N. 

Aubuimc,  a  handsome  town  '  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  on  a  ri- 
ver oftlie  same  name,  10  miles  W  of 
LaiiSciime.     Lon.  6  30  E,  lat.  46  30  N, 

y/»/;i(;-H,  a  town  in  AViUshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  but  an  indif- 
ferent  town,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Kennct,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Marlbo. 
rough,  and  81  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
32  VV,  hit.  51  31  N. 

Aubu^sim,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departni'-nt  of  Creuse  and  late  territo- 
ry of  Marche.  It  had  a  manufacture  of 
tapestry,  which  made  it  populous.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Crfense,  37  miles  NE 
of  Limoges.     Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Aiiciiugrd,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Adel,  seated  on  % 
moimt.ihi.     Lon.  44  25  E,  lat.  0  10  N. 

A:ich,  an  episcopal  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gcrsj  lately  an  arehi- 
episcopal  see,  and  the  capital  of  Gasco- 
I'.y.  It  lies  on  the  summit  and  declivity 
ofasteep  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs 
the  Gers.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  France  ;  the  biiildings  are  mo- 
der.i  and  elegant,  and  the  streets  thoug^Ii 
generally  narrow  are  clean  and  well 
])aved.  The  inhabitants  arc  computed 
to  be  8000  ;  and  they  have  manu- 
factures of  velvet,  serges,  crapes,  hats, 
and  leather.  Auch  is  37  miles  W  of 
Toulouse.     .':>on  0  40  E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Auckland,  Bisliofi's,  a  town  in  the 
bishopric  of  Durham,  with  a  market 
on  Thiirsda}-.  It  is  ple.isantly  se.ited 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  noted  for  its 
beautiful  castle  and  for  its  chapel, 
whose  architecture  is  very  curious.  It 
is  eight  miles  S  bv  VV  of  Durham, 
and  251  N  N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1 
31  W,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Aiide,  a  department  of  France,  part 
of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc. 


1 


A  U  D 

in,  on  the  river  Ncrre.  It 
•iloni,  ami  belonged  to  the 
chiiiond  ;  and  was  confirm- 
•csent  duke.  At  the  rcvo- 
•ance  it  siiarcd  the  fate  of 
les  of  nobility, 
own  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
1  iiarbom-  and  a  fort. 
Cormier,  a  town  of  France, 
rtment  of  lUc  and  Vilaiiie 
ivincc  of  Bretagne  ;  famous 
e   between    viscount    Tre^ 

tlie  duke  of  Orleans,  after- 
s  XII,   in   1488,    when  the 

made  prisoner.  It  is  ten 
tennes.     Lon.  1  23  W,  lat. 

a  handsome  town  '  of  Swis- 
the  canton  of  Bern,  on  a  ri- 
anie  name,   10  miles  W  of 

Lim.  6  30  E,  lat.  46  30  N, 
town  in  WiUshirc,  with  a 
I'ucsday.  It  is  but  an  indif- 
,  seated  or.  a  branch  of  the 
l^ht  miles  N  E  of  Marlbo- 
81  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
51  31  N. 
a  town  of  France,  in  the 

of  Creuse  and  late  territo- 
ic.  It  had  a  manufacture  of 
hich  made  it  populous.  It  is 
le  river  Crfense,  37  miles  NE 
.  Lon.215E,  hit.  45  58N. 
,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital 
fdom  of  Adel,  seated  on  % 
Lon.  44  2.5  E,  lat.  0  10  N. 
episcopal  city  of  France,  in 
lent  of  Gcrs,  lately  an  archi. 
!e,  and  the  capital  of  Gasco- 
on  the  summit  and  declivity 
ill,  at  the  f(M>t  of  which  runs 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the 
ince  ;  the  buildings  are  mo- 
■g-ant,  and  the  streets  though 
larrow  are  clean  and  well 
e  inhabitants  arc  computed 
[)  !  and  tliey  have  manu- 
^elvet,  serges,  crapes,  hats, 
.  AiLch  is  37  miles  W  of 
.':>on  0  40  E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Jiisfiofi's,  a  town  in  the 
f  Durham,  with  a  market 
y.  It  is  ple.isantly  seated 
of  a  hill,  and  noted  for  Its 
astle  and  for  its  chapel, 
itecturc  is  very  curious.  It 
les  S  by  W  of  Durham, 
N  W  of  London.  Lon,  1 
54  43  N. 

epartment  of  France,  part 
>rovince  of  Languedoc. 


AUG 

Ariirii,  a  town  of  I'ortugal,  on  the 
lake  of  Vouga,  with  a  good  harbour,  30 
miles  S  of  Oporto.  Lon.  8  30  VV,  lat. 
40  to  N. 

Aveiron,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
fhiding  tlie  late  prc)\  ince  of  Roucrgue. 

.4i'f//«Ho,  an  episcopal  town  of  Nuiiles, 
ill  Principato  Citfriore.  It  was  almost 
ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  16'.)4,  and 
h  J  5  miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  13  0  E, 
I;.'.  10  50  N. 

.Ivvinhe,  a  town  of  Swlsserland,  in 
•'ic  iiu\ton  of  Bern,  formerly  capital  of 
S.sisserland,  but  now  shows  its  former 
;:'i(  ;tness  otdy  by  its  ruins.  It  is  15 
mill  s  VV  of  Bern'.  Lon.  6  52  E,  lal.  46 
i'J  N. 

M'crno,  a  lake  of  Naples,  in  I'erra  di 
I.;i\ora,  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad. 
Virgil  mid  others  have  said  that  the 
water  was  so  bad,  that  birds  drop  dead 
uiieii  flying  over  it,  and  hence  they. call 
ii  tlic  lake  'jf  hell ;  but  it  is  now  found 
1(1  have  no  poisono\ia  quality  \  for  birds 
not  only  tly  over  it,  but  swim  upon  it. 
A  little  to  the  W  of  the  lake  is  a  cave, 
«inre  some  pretend  they  went  former- 
I)  to  consult  the  CumsEau  Sybil.  There 
arc  also  some  old  walls,  which  some 
suppose  to  he  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of 
.ApiiUo,  and  others  of  Pluto. 

.hena,  a  town  of  Naples,  with  a 
bishop's  sec.  It  is  seated  in  a  very  fine 
plain,  eight  miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon. 
U  20  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Aver/aboro',  a  post  town  of  Cumber- 
land county,  North  Cai-olina :  standing 
oil  the  E  side  of  the  N  W  branch  of 
tape  Fear  river,  35  miles  N  of  Fay- 
fttcvillc,  and  36  S  of  Raleigli. 

ives,  or  the  Islands  of  Birds,  so  cal- 
'fil  from  the  great  number  of  birds  that 
ivqiient  them.  They  are  70  miles  E 
IV  S  of  Curacao,  and  100  N  of  the 
'  last  of  Terra  Firraa. 

■hi'snes,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
F.'anre,  in  tlie  departn"  ent  of  the  North 
- 1(1  late  province  of  Hainault,  seated  on 
tile  Hosper,  25  miles  E  of  Cambray.and 
101}  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  58E,  lat.  508  N. 

Atifiiay,  a  pleasant  little  island  in  the 
Icitf  of  Zuric,  below  Rapperschwyl. 

■lii-^dmrg,  an  ancient  city  of  Suabia, 
'"  Gern)any.  It  is  a  bishop's  sec,  and 
••■1  imperial  city,  or  sovereign  state,  be- 
ni^  governed  by  the  town-council  :uid 
tii(  representatives  of  tiie  burghers, 
w'lii  are  half  protestajits  and  half 
piipisLs.  The  churches,  townhouse, 
Hill  other  public  buildings  are  magniii- 
•■nt.    It  iij  surrounded  bv  beautiful 


A  V  I 

))lains,  and  large  forests,  full  of  all  sort* 
of  game.  In  the  bishop's  palace,  Ihc 
Lutlierans  presented  tlieir  confession 
of  faith  to  the  enipenn*  Charles  \ .  m 
1550  hence  called  the  confession  of 
Augsburg.  The  bisho])  is  one  r)flhe 
princes  of  the  empire,  but  has  no  share 
in  the  goveiiime'it  of  the  town.  It  was 
taken  by  tlie  French  in  170.),  but  aban- 
doned in  the  year  fbllowiiig,  after  tin- 
battle  of  lliick.studt,  and  ag'ain  Uiken  by 
them  August  24,  1796.  It  is  seated 
between  tile  ri\ers  Werdach  and  Lech, 
30  miles  N  \V  of  Munich.  Lon.  114 
E,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Aii;^uat(i,  the  ca)iltid  of  Oi  orgia,  in 
North  America,  situate  on  the  S  VV 
bank  of  the  river  Savunnali,  1  JO  miles 
N  VV  of  the  town  of  Savannah.  The 
town  does  not  consist  of  <niite  .iOO 
houses  ;  but  as  it  is  seated  on  a  line 
plain,  and  enjoys  the  best  soil,  with 
the  advantage  of  a  central  situation  be- 
tween the  upper  and  lower  coimtries, 
it  is  rising  into  importance.  Lon.  82  0 
W,  lat.  2Z  20  N. 

Augusta,  a  town  of  Kennebec  coiint\ , 
Maine  ;  .':ituated  on  the  N  side  of  Ken- 
nebec river,  26  miles  N  of  VViscassei  j 
190  N  E  of  Boston.  Here  is  a  post-of- 
fice 667  miles  from  Waahington. 

Auguste,  or  Austa,  an  island  in  the 
gidf  of  Venice,  on  the  coast  of  Dalnia- 
tin,  near  Uagusa,  subject  to  Venice. 
Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  42  55  N. 

Augustin,  St.  n  town  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, on  the  E  coast  of  Florida.  It  was 
ceded  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  English 
in  1763,  but  restored  to  them  again  by 
the  peace  of  1783.  The  towit  is  situ- 
ate the  foot  of  a  pleasant  hill,  well  co- 
vered with  trees  ;  but  the  coast  is  too 
shallow  to  be  approached  by  vessels 
that  draw  more  than  12  feet  water; 
so  that  this,  place  is  ill  situ.ite  for  traile, 
though  it  is  the  chief  town  of  E  Flori- 
da.    Lon.  8U0  VV,  lat.  30  ION. 

Augustine,  a  cape  of  S  America,  in 
Brasil,  300  miles  N  E  of  the  bay  of  All- 
Saints.     Lon.  35  40  W,  lat.  8  30  S. 

Augustov),  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Poland,  in  Polaehia,  seated  on  the  Na- 
ric.u,  44  miles  N  of  Bielisk.  Lon.  23, 
40  E,  lat.  Si  25  N. 

Augustus,   Fort,   a  small  fortress   of 

Inverr  Ss-shirc,  at  «the  head   of  Loch 

Ness, ijetvveen  the  rive rsTaarf  and  Oicli. 

Avigliano,   a  smalltown   of  Italy,  in 

Piedmont,"  seven    miles    W  of  Turin. 

Lon.  7  38  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Avignon,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of 

G 


A  V  R 


«  terrltnrv  of  tlir  sjnnc  nmtip,' whlrli 
iic-|«'niii' i  liitciv  on  t!ic  li'i])c,  with  mi 
fn'(  i.l)iSii<)|)"s  h.f.  mill  a  ini'iMrsit\.  It 
w.n  f')rim-rh  thi-  m-iMimhi'  uf  ti.i' 
popes,  who  !ifi<l",v:  III  rtti'.rtuil  to 
h'l'iio.  Till'  (■lninrivt  m'c  iK'iulsunii'  ; 
tli.1t  of  Nolir  I);inu'  is  iiii>  u.nl  but 
not  l.ii'i.'^t',  ii'itl  in  iMcC  (if  ll'.  Ik'sI  udirn- 
C;l  ill  tlu'  lity.  It  is  iulviilii;i;^^-oiisl;. 
si'iiti'l  (n  tln-'uiiom-,  'JO  n.ilis  F.  of 
Niiitics.     Lon.  4  5.5  1'.,  Int.  4>)  5"  N. 

.hi! I,  :iii  uiicic'i'  tow  of  S,);'iii,  in 
Ol.l  ri'.st.lc  V  Vns  ■•  vfrh  v,  and '.i 
rnv'.'  '  • -.ihli-    •••    lo;  i'    •     ildr)    ill 

,  '  ii.'Idli  (.  i'tii',- iic'ifc  ,1.1111,  sur- 
ri'indi'd  -viti.  .  .M»'<.!i'  'nd  covcied 
witlihvi:i  -I'cs  ■  J .  i;-,'  .v  ;i,40m'1fsN 
\.'.l  M;alnd.  L<.  ;■. 'i  :i3  W, ''"    '■U4oN 

AhUc^,  a  town  of  ;~;iiun,  i  uiiis 

d'CviL;(io,  on  tlic  bay  of  hisiiu  25 
in::  s  N  of  Ovicdo.  Lon.  ti  5  W,  hit. 
43  ,7  N. 

Afis,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  in 
AUiiti'io,  Stated  on  an  cmincnrc, 
with  a  I'iistlc,  near  tlu'  river  Avis. 
llc'iice  till'  nidiiai y  order  of  Uii-  kiii^i  t.s 
of  Avis  have  their  name.  It  is  65 
miles  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  40  W,  hit. 
38  40  N. 

Aulcejler,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
with  a  nu>vl;et  on  Tuesday.  It  was  a 
Roman  station,  as  a|)|)ears  from  the 
coina,  brieks,  Stc.  ofti.ii  dii(y  i:|)  in  and 
near  it,  and  Irom  tlie  Roman  Ic.kneiUl- 
street  pi.ssinj?  through  it.  It  is  seven 
miles  W  of  Stratfo.-d  upon  Avon,  and 
102  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  52  W, 
lat.S.MGN. 

Aui'ps,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var  and  late  province  ot 
Provence.     Lon.  6  30  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Anmale.     See  Aii.eni.i'-'e. 

Au.ik,  lately  a  sif'.all  territory  of 
Fr.ince,  In  Poitou,  and  now  forniiiii^ 
part  of  the  department  of  Lower  Clia- 
reiitc. 

Avim,  a  river  that  rise.?  in  Wilts,  and 
roastinp^  the  edge  of  the  Nt-W  foriMt, 
falis  into  tiic  Kni^lish  channel  at  Ciirist- 
churih  IJay  in  Haniijsliirc. 

Arxm,  a  river  that  rises  in  Leif  ester- 
shire,  and  riinnin!^  H  W  by  \V'arwiek 
iuid  Eve'sliam,  falls  in^o  the  Severn,  at 
Tewl-e.sbiny,  in  GU)UFCSterH!'.ire. 

Aiwi  L'Hvvr,  a  river  tlii't  ri.ses  in 
"Wiif -,  and  rnnninjc  W  to  iV.itli,  beci.nies 
navlj;ablc  t!:c-e,  eontimies  its  course  to 
Bristol,  and  f  lis  into  the  Severn. 

Avruch,  a  foil  Hied  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  S  part  of  Siiabia,  and  di.teliy  of 
Wiitenibui-^-;  seated  at  tiic  foot  of  a 


A  U  S 

irnuntnin,  on  the  riv.ilet  F.rmst,  l.i 
mil.  s  L  of  'rubi)i)>-eii.  Lon.  'J  22  E, 
lat.  48  20  N. 

Avranches,  r.n  anrlent  town  of  Fraiu  r, 
in  the  de|):!rlnienl  of  the  i  haiiiul  iind 
late  province  of  Normandy;  the  cit) 
is  mean  but  is  Ilnelv  seated  (>'i  ini  i  .ni. 
ninee,  near  wliiili  t!ie  See  runs  ahoji 
a  m.l  ■  and  a  half  i'loin  the  ocean  and,)') 
Eof  SI.  \vAu.  Lon.  1  18  VV,  l;it.4Hll  N. 

Aiirav,  a  sni.'.ll  seaport  of   I''i'ance,  on 
the  pnlf  of  >Iorliihaii,    in   the   ilep:  rt.  W 
ni   i.t  III    ll  .'t   name    a;id    late  priniik-i' 
•  t'Brttai.',-iv,'    ;.MKl.t  miles  W  of  Valines. 
Lon.  :.■  L:  \V,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Aiire/iun,  a  post  town  of  CayiigHCOun. 
tv.  New  York:  the  'lownship  is  sitiiut- 
id  .it  liie  head  of  Ouasco  lake,  Ik- 
tween  llie  tuwiisliip-t  of  JiMiius  and 
iMaralliis,  and  coiiti'ii.s  ,]00  '.iihabitaut.s. 

Aurlcli,  a  town  of  Wesli/Iialia,  in  E 
FriesUiid,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
count  reiiides.  It  is  se.ittd  in  a  plain 
suri'oiinded  by  forests  foil  of  jfanie,  U 
miles  N  E  of"  Eiubden.  Lon.  7  12  E, 
lat.  53  28  N. 

AwilUw,  a  populous  tradinj;'  town  iif 
France,  on  the  ri\  er  Jordannc,  in  the 
department  of  Cantal  and  late  province 
of  Ativcrirne.  (ijiaiitities  of  lace  aiul 
velvet  are  m.'inufacturedliere.  It  is  30 
miles  S  W  of  St.  Flour,  and  250  Sof 
Paris.     Lon.  2  21  E,  lat.  44  55  N.  _ 

Aunirti  l.laml,  an  island,  one  of  tlie 
New  Hebrides,  in  tile  S  Pacific  ocean. 
It  is  about  twelve  leajces  loii!^,  but  not 
iibovc  five  broad.  Lon.  168  24  E,  lat. 
15  8  S. 

Auni'i^^iJxii/,  a  considerable  city  of 
As:..,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoo.stan.  It 
IS  but  a  modern  city;  owinjy  its  rise, 
from  a  small  town,  to  tlw^  capittl  ni 
Dowlatal.u.d,  to  the  gnat  Aiirungzebf, 
from  whom  it  had  its  name.  It  is  260 
miles  N  E  of  Bumbuv.  Lon.  76  2  E, 
lat.  19  45  N. 

Austir.ville,  a  villaj^e  with  a  post  of- 
(ice,  in  Wythe  county,  Virpnia;  situ.it- 
ed  on  tlie  E  side  of  Kanhawa  river  24 
inih.s  E  of  Wythe  court  house,  and 
366  from  the  city  of  IVashington 

.-/HiW/.i,  one  of  the  circles  of  tiic  Ger- 
nian  eir.r.iiv,  bounded  on  the  W  by 
Swisserland  ;  on  the  N  by  Suabia,  Ba- 
.aria,  B'lhemi.i,  and  Moravia;  on  the 
E  by  IIun;;'ary  ;  and  im  the  S  by  Italy 
.md'Croatia.  It  contains  the  archdntcliy 
jf  Austria  ;  the  dutchies  of  Stiria, 
Carinthia,  Carniola,  andOoritia;  the 
county  of  Tirol ;  and  the  bishoprics  of 
Briicn  luid  Trent. 


A> 
«f  t 
iliiit 
iia  i 
I.l^it 
all  t 
C-  .11 
tnri'.' 

Cul'tl 

and 
E.ist 

If  I 

t'.ie  t 
Sa'in 
of  Hi 
n.iiie 
Milpl 
thrci 
\v!iic 
niin,. 

cllViC 

t'l  he 
city  I 

111'  wl 
tlie  (1 
fact  II 
t'iref 
(kift 
altlio 

In  SI 
the  c 
Tour 
slxtii 
iiip  ]: 
of  h 
kiiif^i 
Clov 
wild 
The 

noiic 
Xi-  vf 
23  E 
All 
100  I 
boiin 
on  th 

^v  bi 

and  ( 
veniv 
laeiii 

Av, 
lake! 
mile! 
two  1 
tie  i 
river 
disc! 
la-e 

A^ 


A  U  S 

on  till'    riv.ik't   F.rmst,    l.i 
'I'uliiiigiii.     l,im.   y  72  E, 

■s,  nn  anciiiil  town  of  Fniiici-, 
u'lniciil  of  tlir  (  li;inni.l  :iii(l 
lice  of  Noiniiindy  ;  tin.-  cit) 
It  i-i  HiH'l\  ;:L-uteil  (>'i  itii  ( nii- 
xr  wliuli  t!u'  Sec  riins  jilioin 
;i  liaU'i'ioin  the  ocean  andoO 
..1'..  I, on.  1  18 VV,  lilt. 481  IN. 
Mii.iU  stiiport  of  I'"i  ancc,  (m 
r  Moi'Uiliiui,  in  till-  <U'|i:rt.  gj 
.it  ninno  uikI  luii'  proNiiu-i' 
■.•  eipfl.t  niiU-s  \V  of  Viiiincs. 
W,  lilt.  47  40  N. 
a  |jo.si  townof  Cayiifjacmiii- 
ni'k  :  tlif,  'lownsliip  is  sitiKit- 
ln'iid  of  Owasco  lake,  bi- 
■  ti)\\'nslii]<-i  of  JiMiius  and 
and  lonti'ii.s  ,]U0  '.nlial)itant.s. 
a  town  of  Wcslplialia,  in  E 
with  rt  castlf,  wlicrc  tlu- 
[Its.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain 
I  In  iiu'est.s  full  of  game,  U 
of  Enibden.  Lon.  7  12  E, 
N. 
a  populous  tradin,!?'  town  of 

I  tlie  i'i\  er  Jordannc,  in  the 
it  of  Cantal  and  late  province 
lie.  (ijuuititics  of  lace  aiul 
inaniifactuiedluTC.     It  i.s  30 

of  St.  Flour,   and   250   S  of 
)n.  2  2^  K,  lat.  44  5.5  N. 
'■;/:iml,  an  island,    one    of  tlie 
•ilk  s,  in  the  S  Pacific  ocean. 

twelve  leasees  long^,  but  not 
broad.     Lon.  168  24  E,  lat. 

'hu/,  a  considerable  city  of 
le  Deccan  of  Hindoo.stan.  It 
oderit  city  ;  owinjy  its  rise, 
lall  town,  to  tilt!  capit.il  (if 
id,  to  the  great  Aurung/(!bi', 

II  it  had  its  name.  It  is  260 
;  of  Boniba>-.  Lon.  76  2  E, 
N. 

!k;  a  villaj^c  with  a  post  of- 
•the  county,  Virpniaj  sitn.it- 
E  side  of  Kanliawa  river  24 
)f  Wythe  court  house,  and 
.he  city  of  Jl'nn/iiiigton 
one  of  the  circles  of  tiic  Ger- 
,1V,  bounded  on  the  W  by 
id  ;  oil  the  N  by  Suabia,  Ba- 
emia,  and  Moravia ;  on  tlic 
:;'ary  ;  and  on  the  S  by  Italy 
a.  It  contains  the  archdntcliv 
,1  ;     the    dutcliies   of  Stiria, 

Carniola,  and  Goritia  i  the 
Tirol ;  and  the  bishoprics  of 
1  Trent. 


A  U  X 

Auitriit,  an  archdutchy,  in  tlie  circle 


M 


The  river    Kns 

I-  antl  Lower:  \'iin- 

tlie    Lower,    and 

,•.      Au-tlria  excels 

.■f  Cermany  in  the 

,'ic  plenty  of  its  pas- 

■  oineness  of  tlu   ..ir. 

riiit,   IV      pk  iitiful ; 

■r  than  that  of  the 


of  the    suniu   na*^ 
aiilde.i  it  intiiUi) 
ii:i    is   the  »-apil; 
\.\a\./,  of  tlie    L; 
all   the    pi'ovinci  s 
t;   .ility  of  .ts  .ioil, 
tun  Hand  tlie  wli'' 
CdIii,   wine,   an>i 
.■Hid  tiie  saffron  '.•• 
£..sl  Indies. 

I't'-uii,  an  ai.i-ient  town  ofFranre, 
t!ie  ej):se<)pal  see  of  the  di  irtni'  it  >f 
S,i'ine  and  Loire,  in  the  late  proviiu  e 
(if  Uurnuiidy  i  it  contains  a  (j-rc  t  niany 
niiiu's,  and  produces  a  g'reat  [uantil) of 
Mllpli'ir.  It  is  seated  r.t  the  fool  of 
tiuve  mouatiins  on  tlie  river  of  Arroiix, 
wliicli  washes  its  a..."ieiit  walls,  whose 
niiii.i  are  so  linn,  and  the  stones  so 
closely  united,  that  tiiey  seem  almost 
to  he  cut  out  of  the  solid  i  o(  k,  in  this 
ii!y  arc  the  ruins  of  three  teinpks,  one 
(il  wiiicli  was  dedicated  to  Janiii,  and 
the  other  to  Diana.  Tlicy  have  m;.nu- 
futures  of  tapestry  from  cews  liair  ami 
t'li'iad,  carpets,  and  coveili  ts.  Their 
(kift  ware  is  (le;.;ener,ite;l  into  earthen, 
altliouffh  with  little  iiul.ntry,  tlielr  ar- 
;cil  woidd  be  very  propiu-  for  ])0i'celain. 
In  St.  Martin';  jliurch  is  the  tomb  of 
the  cruel  Brunehaud,  Vvhoni  Greg'ory  of 
Tours  mentions  as  the  monster  of  the 
sixtii  century  :  she  was  accused  of  hav- 
iiiif poisoned  her  son  Childcbirt,  and 
(if  having  prociu'ed  the  death  of  IL) 
kings  ;  by  tlie  order  of  her  grandson 
Clovis  IJ,  .she  was  tied  to  the  tail  of  a 
wlhlmare,  andthiis  miserably  perished. 
Tlie  cathedral  of  St.  La/ariis,  the  col- 
I'.'gc,  and  the  seminary  are  worthy  of 
nmice.  Autim  is  45  miles  E  by  S  of 
Xi  vers,  and  162  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
23  K,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Auvergne,  a  late  province  of  France, 
10(J  miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth  ; 
bnunded  on  the  N  by  the  Bourbonnois, 
on  tlic  E  by  Forez  and  Velay,  on  the 
^V  by  Limosin,  Qiierci,  and  La  Marche, 
and  on  the  S  by  Konerguc  and  the  Ce- 
vennes.  It  now  forms  the  twi  depart- 
nienis  of  Cantal  and  Puy-de-Dome. 

Av-'e  Loch,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
lakes  of  Scotland,  in  Argylesliire,  30 
miles  long,  and  in  some  parts,  above 
two  bro.'id.  It  contains  many  fine  lit- 
tle islands,  tufted  with  trees.  The 
river  Awe,  the  outlet  of  this  lake,  is 
discharged  into  Loch  Etive,  at  the  vil- 
h'fii:  of  Bunawe. 

Aitxerre,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 


intho  (leparinw  nt  of  Y(  niic,  lately  nn 
cjiiscopal  sc''  of  Hin;;undy,  advant'agc- 
oiisly  sitiuiu  il  on  the  Voniie  l>he  in- 
'  abt.ints  are  .mipuled  at  1' ,00()i  and 
it  contaii  1  many  fiiuntains  and  sijuaren. 
I*  .s  25  miles'S  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  39 
E,  lat.  47  48  N. 

Auxaitre,  a  town  of  F'  i.i.e  in  the 
depaitment  of  Cote  d'Or  ar.d  lute  pro- 
vince of  Uurgup'ly,  witli  a  castloj  an 
arsiiial,  liandsMiu-  bui  f.icks,  and  a  foun- 
ds i\)r  cannon.  It  is  seated  (,ii  tlic 
saone,  over  wliith  tlitre  is  a  bridge  of 
23  arcli(.s,  ai.d  is  17  miles  E  of  Dijon, 
Lon.  5  21>K,  lat.  47  11  N. 

Avjiitski-liay,  a  harbour  of  Kamta* 
cliatK:i,  the  safest  and  most  extensive 
that  lias  been  discovered,  and  the  on- 
ly one  in  that  part  of  tlie  world,  that 
can  admit  vessels  of  a  considerable 
burden.     Lon.  15S48E,    lat.   .5?  51  N. 

Aw/fi,  a  small  imperial  town  oi' .Sua- 
bia, o:i  the  river  Co.lien,  15  miles  VV" 
ofOeting.  Il  wastaken  bvthe  Fijiich  in 
Aiigusti;96.   Lon.l(J15E,  lat.4H36N. 

Axliii.lge,  a  corporate  town  in  So- 
mersetshire, with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  seated  on  tlu  river  Ax,  under 
the  Mendij)  hills,  wlicic  there  is  good 
[lasturage,  li)  miles  N  W  of  Wells, 
and  132  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  0  W, 
lat.  51  17  N. 

Axti,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Dutch 
Flanders,  seated  in  a  morass,  10  milea 
N  of  Ghejit.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  179-1  Lon.  3  45  K,  lat.  51 
15  N. 

Axhoiw,  an  island  in  the  N  W  part 
of  Lincolnshire,  in  Engl.and.  It  ig 
formed  by  the  Trent,  Dun,  and  Idle, 
!ind  is  ten  miles  long  and  five  broad. 
It  is  a  rich  tract,  in  which  much  flax 
is  cultivated. 

Axim,  a  teiTitory  on  the  Gold  Coast 
of  Guinea,  containing  two  or  three  vil- 
lages on  the  sea  shore.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  generally  rich,  and  sell  a 
great  deal  of  gold  to  the  English  and 
Dutch.  They  are  likewise  industrious 
in  fishing  and  tilling  tlie  ground.  The 
excessive  moisture  of  the  climate  ren- 
ders it  very  unhealthy,  but  it  produces 
plenty  of  rice,  water-melons,  lemons, 
oranges,  &c.  The  Dtrtch  have  a  fort 
and  a  factory  here,  calle<l  St.  Antho« 
ny. 

Axviinster,  a  towii  of  Devonshire,  on 
the  river  Ax,  with  a  m.orket  on  Satur- 
day. It  was  a  place  of  note  in  the  time 
of  the  Saxons,  but  now  contains  only 
200  houses.     Here  is  a  niaiiufactiire  of 


riMM 


*-*" 


H  I  I'o 


A  Z  A 

lirrmil  r>iic1  iiiivrfiw  clctlis,  and  n  r-imoti* 
mil'  tur  c.iriMis.  It  is  18  miU-s  K  \t\  N 
>il' K  vjcr,  mill  147  \V  of  London,  l.on. 
..  f.  W  ,  I.I.  JO-Ui  N 

I- inn,  li'llmrly  ;i  liirj^r  city,  mid  uiirc 
till  r;il<il.il  111  Alivssiui  1  lis  niiiiN  iii'i- 
\v\'\  I  .vliiir-i\f  hilt  ciiii'.ivl  !ilui(ri.'ilicri)t' 
|illlllii'  l>..il''iili);s.  It  IS  \\ii  lilllk'sW  lit' 
Vm-  Kid  iMa.    l.iiii.  .'.(■>    1  K.liil,  M.  0  N. 

./.</ 11/11/ ,'r,  .1  Hi,'i))iiit  i.tS|>;iiii,  ill  An- 
dulll^.l!l,  u  Jli  a  --li'dn;;'  iMhlK-  liiiill  on  ii 
I'm  K  :.:  Ill'  lliiiiitliiil  ilu'rnri'(;;iildiiilia, 
i>|i)i<imIi-  Cit'lio.M.iiMiU).  8i)  niili-.  N  \V 
olCnli/      1,011.  7  16  \V,  lilt.  .57  12  N. 

.I'l'. .  'iKHi,  a  u.wii  in  NoH'nIk,  with  a 
ii,:it'!t' I  oil  SiidK'il'i) ,  IJ  mill's  N  III' 
Niir^tiili,  :.nd  I'Jl  N  K  of  London. 
l.Mli.  I    i;    )..  !:it.    .,'  .'•>,".  N. 

.liiiiiiuili,  u  lii«ii  of  SiiilliMid,  in  Bi'V- 
uicV>liii'(.,  »ix  mill  >  N  of  l'ir«it  k,  for- 
inclU  t'ui'iilii  d  to  (Mill  (lir  i^anison  of 
thill  liuMi.      I.on.  I  'Id  U'.lal.  SC  11  N. 

.iji;  a.l)'iioii);'li  I'f  Scollaiit),  c;i|iilal  ol 
un  I'NU'iisiM'  I'uiniH  of  tlu'  siiiiic  niiiiii . 
It  is  «!tiiiili'  on  a  sand;  pl.iin,  on  botli 
bidf.i  (.1  tli<'  I'ivri'  A\  r,  o\(.T  wITkIi  is  a 
Ij.idj^i  off  lur  arches.  11  ii|ipcais  from 
history  ami  otlirr  ilocunicnts  to  liuvc 
hctii  ucousjdciahlo  placciit  the  tinu-  of 
the  Norman  ron{|UC'st.  Its  chief  trade 
is  in  coal  and  j^rain  ;  the  lishcry  liiinj^ 
in  a  niii-iiiir  i^'ivcn  up.  In  the  new 
town  are  many  ^;oo'l  liotiscs,  and  the 
ruins  of  ii  Doniinieaii  monastery,  foniul- 
cd  lis  Alexander  II.  in  IJJO.  A  niiU' 
N  from  till-  town,  is  a  house  called 
Kin^-'s  Chapel,  tbiinded  for  lepers  by 
Uolnrt  Briiee  ;  the  lejirosy  heiiijr  a  dis- 
ease HO  eomnion  in  those  dins,  iis  to  he 
the  siibjei  1  of  several  parliainentary 
slutiilts.  Ayr  is  (v-)  miles  S  W  of  Edin- 
i)uri,^i.     Lo'n.  4  M  K,  hit.  55  30  N. 

.7,r4'///';'<',  a  county  of  iScotland,  hinind- 
♦■d  on  the  W  and'  N  l>y  tlie  Frith  of 
Clyde  and  Uenfrewshire,  on  the  E  hy 
the  counties  of  Lunerk  and  IJmnt'ries, 
and  <  n  the  S  E  and  S  \>\  the  shires  of 
Kir.  tidbriuliV  and  Wijj^iiton.  It  exhi- 
bits the  shape  of  two  vvinp;s,  extending' 
to  the  N  W  and  S  \V,  iiiul  forming'  u 
vast  baj  iit  tlie  mouth  of  the  frith  of 
Clyd''.  Between  its  extreme  points  it 
i.s  about  5t)  miles  ;  its  p'eatest  breadth 
is  not  quite  '27.  Its  most  iiortlierly  divi- 
sion is  Cniuiing'hiini,  the  N  \V  aiii^le  of 
whii'h  lhuuj,'li  iiiountainous,  is  rich  in 
pasiure. 

Ait!imi:\  a  small  seaport  oi'  Afi  lea  In 
tile  kii!;;;d(iiii  of  Morocco;  fnierly  ve- 
iry  ei.ns.  ierable,  hut  leiiuil  b\  the  Por- 
tllKUe:ie  in  1513.  Lon.  7  0  VV,  lat.  32 
iON. 


BAB 


Azcm.     See  Auam. 

Al.iif'.      See  Atofih. 

Aciirin,  or  H'luiirii  hlandi,  a  (froup 
of  inlands,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  be- 
tween Jj  and  ,1.1  Wlon.  luul  lietween  J7 
and  40  N  lat.  IKJO  mile  s  W  ol  I'.irtiiiral, 
and  as  many  K  of  Ni  vd'oundlanil.  'I'lie; 
weri'  discoMrid  b)  the  Fhininjjs  in 
llie  1  jlli  <'(  nturi ,  but  were  aflerwi.nU 
liikni  poisi'ssion  of  by  tlii^  I'olliij^uesc, 
(iiuhoiii  llnj  bale  been  subject  eicr 
sini'i  .  Tbi'y  are  nine  in  nnniher,  vi/ 
St.  Maria,  St.  Michael,  'I'ereera,  St. 
Cieoi'j;e,  tiracinso,  l-'yal,  I'lco,  Florrs, 
and  Corvo.  1  he}  were  culled  tlic 
/V/ores,  from  the  nimiber  ot  hawk* 
liiiind  iinioinf  tlu  in.  The  two  western- 
ino?>t  were  named  I'lorcs  and  Corvii, 
from  the  iihundance  of  HowiTs  on 
the  one,  and  of  crows  on  the  other 
'I'liey  are  subject  to  a  governor-jjeiic- 
ral,  who  resides  at  Anj^ru,  in  Tertera. 
No  ])oisonons  aiiiimd,  it  is  said,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Azores,  and  if  carried 
thither  it  will  e.x])ire  in  a  I'ew  hours. 
All  of  them  are  fertile,  and  enjoy  u  sa- 
lubrions  air,  hut  arc  subject  to  violent 
earthipiakes. 


B 


jyARKI.MANDKL,  a  strait  be- 
■*^  tweeii  the  coast  of  Africii  and  Arn- 
bia,  uniting  the  Red  Sea  with  llie  In- 
dian ocean.  Near  it  is  .1  small  island 
and  a  mountain  of  tlic  same  name.  Loii. 
44  30  K,  lat.   U  40  N. 

liiiiciiliiiiiscii,  .1  town  of  Siiabia,  in 
the  iliitchy  of  VVirtembiirg',  live  niilcJ 
N  of  Tubin(ivn.  Lon. 9  4  E, lat.  48  35  N. 

Babolitzti  CWethna,  or  Baboliza,  » 
town  of  .Sclavonia,  near  the  river  Urave, 
between  Posejfa  ami  Zygetli. 

Babylon,  once  a  famous  city  in  Asia, 
and  ])erhaps  at  that  time  the  largest  in 
the  world.  It  is  now  so  ruined,  that 
the  )/lace  where  it  stood  cannot  be  dis- 
covered with  any  certainty.  However, 
\vc  are  sure  tluit  it  was  seated  on  the 
river  Euphnites ;  and  as  some  think 
over  aj^'ainst  Bagdad^  wliich  is  by  many 
traiellers,  fidsely  called  Babylon.  Thi» 
was  also  the  name  of  a  city  in  Egrypt, 
siipi«>sedto  .stand  near  tlie  place  where 
Cairo  stands  now.  What  authors  tell 
us  concerning;  the  biwicss  ofOld  Baby- 
lon is  almost  incredible ;  for  they  af- 
finn  it  wiis  ,)G6  stadia  in  circumference, 
which  is  about  50  of  our  statute  miles  ; 
liowe\er,  it  was  not  full  of  hotises  ;  for 
within  the  walls,  were  not  only  jjarden* 


BAB 


(•  A  till  III. 

.Uofi/i. 

Il'iiirni  Itlaudt,  a  (Coup 
till'  /Vtliiiitu:  (ki'iin,  hi:- 
.>,'>  W  Ion.  luid  Ixluiiii  j7 
VOO  milts  W  (il  I'niiMjjal, 
tl  III'  Nrut'oiiiiiUunii.  Till'; 
Till  II)  I'li;  Kit  iii'mjfs  ill 
un.lml  \MTi!  iit'tirwuiilk 
lull  of  by  tin:  I'lUtu^'tK'iii, 

)     IkIMJ  ln'CIl  Hlllljcll     I'MI- 

Mv  nim-  ill  iuiiiiIh'I',  vi/ 
I.  Mirliiicl,  'Irrceru,  St. 
L'iimii,   Fyal,   I'liii,  Flons, 

'1  Ik  >  wcic  rulUil  llie 
II    till'    niinilii.'r   ut'  llu\^k« 

llu  111.       'I  lie  ISVl)  WCHttTIl- 

laiiii'il  riiircs  and  Conn, 
)uiiil:iii(-e  of  rtowt-M  mi 
of  ci'owH  on  t)ic  otlitr, 
jjfCt  to  a  govcriKir-jjfiii;- 
ili'.H  at  Anjyra,  in  i'crtfni. 
i  uiiinial,  it  i.i  Huid,  iuto  lie 
:  Azores,  and  it'  carried 
II  c.\))ire  in  a  t'i'w  liourn, 
iro  ffrtiic,  and  I'lijoy  u  ««- 
but  arc  subject  to  violent 


B 


[t 


4  AN  DEL,  !i  strait  be- 
i-  coast  ol'  Africa  and  Ar«- 
lic  Red  Sea  with  llic  In- 
Ncur  it  is  n  small  island 
in  of  tlic  same  name.  Lon. 
il  40  N. 

,   .1  towni   of  Siiabia,  in 
VVirtciiibiirjf,  five   niilcJ 

Lon.9  4E,lat.  48  35N. 

Cartthna,    or    Jiaboliza,  * 

(Ilia,  neai-  tiie  river  Urave, 

gu  and  Zyg'etii. 

K  a  i'amoiis  city  in  Asia, 

it  tliat  lime  the  largest  iii 

is  now  so  ruined,  that 

re  it  Ktood  cannot  be  dis- 

iiiy  certainty.     However, 

lat  it  was  seated  on  the 

es ;   aiul   ns   some   think 

i^^dad,  wliicli  is  by  many 

■iely  called  Uabylon.    Tliin 

lame  of  a  city  in  Efrypt, 

iiid  near  tlie  place  wliere 

now.     What  authors  tell 

the  biffncss  of  Old  Baby- 

incvcdible  ;  for  they  af- 
6  studia  in  circumference, 
I  50  oi'  our  statute  miles ; 
as  not  full  (if  houses  ;  for 
lis,  were  not  only  jjardtni 


BAD 

and  nrrhanls,  but  cult  \'it('d  fiildK  It 
va'>  iliviili'd  b\  the  Kii|iliri.l<  s  into  two 
i'(|li.il  parts  tli.'it  I'oiiiiiiuiiicati'd  by  a 
ntiiiic  liriil)('e  (>i\  fret  in  li'n)Ft|i,  imd  .ill 
briiud.  'llie  tower  of  llalicl,  w.tliiii 
this  citv,  was  built  in  a  »i|iiai('  form, 
4tiO  ciioitt  liijfli  ;  and  the  liniinifcr- 
ciice  at  the  bottom  4  or  jdOO.  '1  be 
lia!ij^inj,  jjardcns  at  Uabylon  xM-re  such 
a  jimiri;j.ious  work,  that  tlic)  jjmsm  d  for 
oiii'  "I'tlK;  St  veil  wonders  oftlie  world; 
l^.iir  of  titcm  contained  each  four  aires 
111  land,  and  weie  supported  by  vast 
columns,  at  the  tii|i  of  .i  palace  ^..'i()>l 
pai'es  in  cii'ciiml'ereiiie  ;  tliey  were  dis- 
|io«i'il  in  the  liirin  ot  an  ai!i]>liith('ati'e. 
'I'he  walls  of  llaln  I'll  were  also  so  as- 
toiiishing',  that  these  also  passed  I'or 
one  of  the  seven  wiimlers  i  tliev  wre 
built  of  bricks  and  liit'imen  ;  6U  miKs 
in  circumference,  2(J0  feet  bijfli,  luid  50 
thick.  There  was  also  a  temple  coii- 
Kccrateil  to  ill  Ills,  whose  mafpiilicence 
corresimnded  with  the  g'randeur  of  the 
city,  first  the  capital  of  the  Assyrian 
empire,  and  afterwards  tli;it  of  the  kiiin-- 
dom  of  Uabylun  founded  by  Nabonas- 
ner. 

flacn,  or  JItizn,  a  town  of  S)iain,  in 
the  kiii|i'doiii  of  Granada,  l.i  miles  N  K 
of  Gaudix,  Lon.  2  42  W,  lut.  37  18  N. 
tiiuiino,  a  villa^'e  of  Italy,  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  on  a  small  lake, 
neai  a  river  of  the  same  name,  well 
known  on  ttccoimt  of  the  defeat  oftlie 
Fabii,  in  the  277th  year  of  Home. 

liacateray,  u  town  in  the  Russian  pro- 
vince of  Tuiiridi,  wiiere  the  late  khans 
of  the  Grim  Tartars  wen  accustomed 
to  reside.  It  is  70  miles  SofPrecop. 
Lon.  35  40  E,  lat,  45  30  N. 

Biicnmic/i,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  ])alatiiuite  of  the  Hliiiu',  forinerlv 
iinperiul.  It  is  famous  fur  its  wines, 
and  is  Seated  on  the  Hliiiie,  20  miles 
\V  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  52  E,  lat.  49  55 
N, 

Bachian,  one  of  the  Molucca  itdands, 
in  the  East  Indies,  wlilch  produces 
cloves.  It  is  ver\  fruitfii!  and  beloiiifs 
to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  125  a  E,  lat.  0  ''25 
S. 

Builnjoz,  :i  town  of  Sjiain,  cajiital  of 
F.Htrainadiira,  and  a  b.isluip'.'i  see.  It  i:; 
s'.Mted  in  a  i'ertile  territory  on  the  Gati- 
ili ma,  over  which  tliere  is  a  faiiimis 
briiljje  built  by  the  Rimir.ni;,  On  tliis 
hiid^;'!'  llie  Portu  niese  weie  defe:  ted 
liy  lj<.ii  Joliii  of  Aii.v.ri'.v,  ;n  U'lGL  It  is 
Jr5  inllrs  S  In  \V  oi  Mailriil.  Lon..  6 
■  lO  VV,  hit.  38  32  N. 

Bmk-ion,;,  a  town  of  Rp:.in,  in  C:X:-- 


BAG 


Ionia,  scaled  on  the  Mediterraiiciin,  1# 
niilei  N  K  of  Harceloiia.  I. nil.  2  20  K, 
lat.   11  28  N. 

iliiilin,  a  town  of  Silabia,  caplt.il  of 
a  mar^rat :itr  ufthe  s.ii  i<  name,  with  a 
c.'islle,  on  the  top  of  a  iiiouiitaili,  where 
the  prime  often  rcsihs  It  is  niii'iik- 
able  for  its  baths,  wlliiic"  it  t:il.e'.  ilk 
name,  and  is  seated  near  the  Itliiiie, 
four  ii.iles  S  of  llastadl.  Lon,  H  1  I-  I':, 
hit    l;;  :MJ  N. 

Hadcn,  u  marjfra*  ;.t  e  of  Snabia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  palatinate  of  the 
Uliiiie  and  bishopric  of  Spire,  on  the 
E  by  the  diitehv  of  Wirti  mhiirif  and 
principality  of  Fiistenbiir{<',  on  the  S  by 
the  Brisj.^-aw,  and  on  the  VV  by  the 
Kliine.  it  IS  divided  into  the  Uppei* 
and  the  Lower. 

Httitfii,  an  ancient  and  handsom« 
town  in  a  emmtyofthe  same  name  in 
Swisserland.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
baths  mentioned  by  the  inhabitants  un- 
der the  names  of  Aqua;  and  Thermic 
Helvetica.' i  aiid  for  the  tre'ity  conclud- 
ed here  in  1714,  be 'ween  Germany  and 
S])aii).  It  is  seated  i,n  the  Limmat,  10 
miles  N  W  of  Zurie.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
47  2.'>  N. 

/iuden,  a  neat  little  walled  town  of 
Austria,  fainoiis  for  it.s  liet  baths  i 
seated  on  the  river  Suechat,  I.'j  miles 
S  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  If)  25  E,  lat.  48 
1  N. 

Bademvei/ler,  n  town  of  Siiaii'ia,  bc- 
lonjjiniy  to  the  tower  marji^ravate  of  Ba- 
den, seated  near  the  Rhine,  10  miles 
S  E  of  Frihtirj,'.  Lon.  7  52  E,  hit.  48  1. 
N. 

Bai/gei-ortli,  a  village  i:i  Gloiiceslcr- 
,',liire,  remarkable  for  a  s]>riiig'  of  mine- 
ral w.ilcr,  called  Gold  I'oul,  nearly  the 
sanje  ns  tliose  oi  Glieltenham.  It  is 
seven  miles  N  E  of  Glouce.ster. 

BiieZ(t,nU>\vn  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop  and  hu»  a  uni- 
ver.sity,  seated  on  the  Gaudalqui- 
ver,  15  miles  N  E  oijaeii.  Lon.  3  18 
W,  hit.  37  45  N. 

Btiffin'\-liay,a  bayin  North  America, 
di.srovercd  by  Mr.  IJaffin,  mi  En.irlish- 
iiiaii,  who  attvniiJted  to  f.nd  out  a  N  \V 
passaffe  that  way  to  the  South  Sea.  It 
extends  from  70  to  80  N  latitude. 

liuffo,  a  considerable  town  in  the 
island  of  Gyprus,  with  a  fort  near  tlic 
ancient  I'apUos,  of  which  considL-riible 
r'.ilr.s  remain,  particularly  some  broken 
eoliiiiins.  which  probably  belonged  to 
the  temp!"  of  Venus.  Lon.  3;J  30  E, 
lat.  S4  50  N. 

Bii^'lii'l,   ('ulsely   V';i.;'c;icd  to  !:c  an. 


I      ( 


,  I  ♦ 


BAG 

elcnt  nabylim,  a  iM)piil<ivi<i  cityi  rtipitol 
ol'Inic  AimI/h.,  Kciitcil  (11  iliu  'I'lcri!", 
uiiil  iiiliuliitcd  In  C'.ri^tinnH,  'linkn, 
fii'.  'I  lie  nty  iH  liii^'f  1111(1  i)ii|  11. 
Ioiin;  uiiiI  liic  atUi'iitairr  i>l  tin,' 
'l'lj;riH  is  MO  KiiisitliruMo,  \\\\\,  li';;i,fil 
to  coniiiici-i  I',  lli;iliiltlioii('li  the  ciiriN.li' 

"iH  fXtt'SbivC   llDt  and     ill    OIIUT    ;•<  H|H'(ts 

fi'T  li'olii  l)<  ill);-  u;fr('i:ilili',  u  i.  t!ic  ih  lu- 
lii'i*  of  itx  inliuliit.'iiits  JH  foiiipiucil  i.t 
3'Ji),()U0.  '1  III-  rixfiiiic  w'liilii  i)i'  im. 
im  Use  if  tin'  p)Viriiiiu'n1  wi.h  liuld  \ 
hut  iii'ti-Uil  oi'tliiM  the  I)..jIi..\>  is  ciin. 
tiini:ill_\  i:.tortin)4  iiK.iu'y  t'loni  the  \vA\i 
inliiiMtunis  i  tVimi  ik.iu'  inoi-c  tliiu<  tioiii 
till-  Clirisli:ins  aiid  Jews,  many  ot 
wiiom  luc  olil.gdl  lo  liavc  tlir  tity,  In 
till'  nidiitlis  ofjiim',  Jrly,  and  Auj^iist, 
till'  wcatlul  is  so  t\tli  iikIv  lu.f,  an  to 
o!ili),'c  tlic  iiilialiitaiils  to  live  for  tliosc 
months  III  Hiihtfnancoiis  a|)avliMcnt», 
wliicii  arc  arcl.c'd  over  to  admit  tlic 
fi'icr  circiil.itioii  of'tlic  air.  'i  lie  lioiru's 
ni'c  jfi'iicially  l:.i)C>',  li'idt  of  britk, 
und  fcnK'iit,  and  arc  arrlifd  over  ; 
many  of  tile  windows  arc  madr  of  (de- 
fiant Venetian  g-jass  ;  the  ce'liiii^s  are 
mostly  ornr-mented  with  a  kind  of  eliec- 
<|nered  work,  which  has  friiurally  u 
noble  ap])e:iranei  j  most  of  tlie  lioiines 
Imve  a  court-yard  htliirc  them,  in  the 
middle  of  whic!)  is  a  plantation  of 
oran^-e  trees,  See.  that  lias  apleasinjyef. 
feet.  The  soil,  whii  h  would  produre 
not  only  every  ronveniency  of  life,  hut 
Almost  every  luMiry,  is  tliro'  the  niitu- 
nd  ind'.dente  of  the  Turks,  in  ii  great 
measure  imcultivated  luul  neglected. 
The  ha/.ars  or  markets  here  are  large 
and  extensive,  heinifeovered  over  with 
luxhes  built  of  masonry,  and  divided 
into  difl'erent  streets  filled  with  sho|.s 
of  all  kinds  of  merehandise,  to  the 
iHimhir  of  12,000.  On  the  N  side  of 
the  town  is  the  citadel  which  com- 
mands the  river.  In  the  city  arc  seve- 
ral large  beautiful  nio.s(iues.  There 
ure  also  a  number  of  antique  buildings. 
At  the  distance  of  about  10  miles  stand 
tlic  ruins  of  an  ancient  tower  called 
the  Tmver  of  Nhnrud.  Whether  this 
tower  was  at  first  of  a  sfpiarc  or 
round  form  is  now  dillicult  to  determine. 
The  height  of  the  ruin  is  about  126 
feet,  the  diameter  of  the  larf;'est  and 
middle  part  about  100  feet.  Bagdad 
■was  the  capital  of  the  Saracen  em- 
pire, till  taken  by  tlie  Turks  in  the 
l.jtli  century  ;  since  which  it  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  several  times  by 
tile  Turks  and  Persians;  and  last  of  all 


BAH 

hv  the  Turks  in  16,)8.  It  is  2.50  mil? • 
N  hv  VV  of  Hassora.  I, on,  4)  .j>  K,  hit, 
.l.i  J.)  N. 

/iiig.'.ina,  or  Diici'aiui,  a  country  of 
llii.ii  iiiMfan,  in  t;  <  Deecaii,  wlili.'i  ex- 
tii.d.  Ii'oin  till-  .Siiii;!  ri^tr  to  I'ouiinh, 
iin  t  l:i  ineliHcd  ly  a  ridn'c  of  niouii- 
t;.i'ii,  (.,lk,l'  !.■  U.iiit.i.  It  is  boil  (led 
on  t'  e  N  h"  Ciindeis'i,  or.  the  S  \V  by 
X'^'iiiDoiir,  and  on  the  S  I.  by  Dowla- 
tabail'. 

iiii(>>-(int,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  eight 
m  les  S  '.f  I'aliiia.  In  t.ii.)  town  Ml\T 
pi  r-'OU'*  pirlsi.td,  h'  till-  ilr.  adliil  eurlli- 
<;iiakc  111  l,-H.!.  I.Vn.  Ki  8  li,  l.it.  38 
Ij  N. 

/Lifrniirea,  a  town  of  li.dy,  with  a  l)i- 
sliiip's  see,  ill  the  pa'.riiiiiniy  of  >.jt, 
Peter,  five  miles  S  of  ()r\ieto.  I. on. 
12  2a  K,  hit.  42  .56  N. 

li(-^ne!cs,  a  town  of  I'riiiic"  In  the 
dip;itnieiit  of  the  Upjier  P\  reiiees  and 
late  province  of  Higorre.  Il  lies  at  the 
foot  of  the  I'Miiieeii,  on  the  rivcp 
Adoiir.  It  is  iiiueli  frequented,  on  ac- 
count of  its  hot  mill  ral  waters,  and  is 
10  miles  S  E  of 'I  arbes.  Lon.  0  12  E, 
lat.  4;1  .}  N. 

Bii^r.iiU,  a  town  of  Trance,  in  the 
de])artnient  of  Herault  and  late  pro- 
viiiee  oi'  LangiieiUic,  near  the  river 
Cese,  8  mil.s  S  W  of  Pont  St.  Esprit. 
It  has  a  handsome  square  and  two 
fountains  wliicli  rise  in  tlie  middle  of 
tlie  town.     l,or..  4  4.>  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Buhama,  or  Lucnya  Is/tiiiJ.i,  situate 
to  the  S  of  Carobna,  between  22  and 
27  N  lat.  and  7.5  .mil  81  W  lon.  They 
e\tei\d  al'ing  the  coast  of  Florida  to 
Cuba,  and  are  said  to  be  500  in  mim- 
bcr,  some  of  them  only  mere  rocks, 
but  12  of  them  are  hi'ge,  fertile,  and 
ill  not!iiiig  di;!eient  frinn  tlic  soil  of 
Carolina.  These  islands  were  the  first 
fruits  of  Col.  iiibns's  discoveries,  hut 
tliey  are  all  unliiliahited,  except  Pro- 
vidence, ard  are  s'.ibj^iet  to  tlie  Eng- 
lish, to  whom  tiiey  were  not  known 
till  1667,  wleii  c'.ptain  Seyle  being 
driven  among  lliem  in  hi.s  passage  to 
Carolina,  gr.ve  his  name  to  one  of  tiieni, 
and,  b'.'ing  a  second  time  driven  upon 
it,  (viUed  it  Providence.  TT.e  cotton 
seed  lu'.s  been  receiitlv  introduced  into 
these  islands  from  Ge(<rgia,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  tlie  soil  and  climate. 

lUihar,  a  country  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  the  W  by  Alhiliabad 
ami  Oude,  on  tb.e  N  by  Napaiil,  on  the 
E  by  Bengal,  and  on  the  S  by  Orissa. 
It  ii   suljject  to  the  English  E  India 


BAH 


ill  KUU.  It  is  2.50  mil«i 
iHiiora,    Lull.  4.1  52  K,  lut. 

'  lltcil.init,  ft  country  of 
II  t:  ('  Di'rrim,  \v1ii<. 'i  ex. 
1"  Smut  ri»t  r  to  l'oi)ii;ili, 
•<l  l-.y  a  rill);"!'  'if  niiiiiii- 
I.  li.iiit.i.  ll  in  1)01 1  il('>l 
•mKlfiH'i,  .,!.  till-  S  \\  hy 
■I  <iii  I  In;  S  1.  by  Uiiwlu- 

Ncii|i(irt  i)f  N:i|)li'fl,  cij^Iit 
illilM.  Ill  t  ■,;.(  town  .^ijlT- 
('<l,  ))<  till'  ill'i  tiiiliil  rill  til- 

,!.     I.'r  II.  Ki  H  E,  l.it.  .18 

I  town  (if  Ii.ily,  Willi  a  hi. 

II  tlu-  |):i',viliiii(iy  of  St. 
ill's  S  of  Orsicto.  I. en. 
l,>  ,5ti  N. 

town  of  I'lMnc"  ill  tlis 
I'tlic  UpjuT  l'\  rencis  unci 
of  Hi^^'orii'.  Il  liis  at  tlic 
I'\  niiifit,    on   till-    river 

n.iiili  frcqucnti'd,  on  uc. 
<t  mill  ml  wiiti'rs,  and  is 
of 'larhfs.     Lon.  0  l:>  E, 

town  of  I'rancc,  in  tlie 
f  Hcraiilt  and  lato  pro. 
ij^nidor,     mar    tlii'    river 

S  \V  of  I'ont   St.  Esprit, 
idsonio    sepiarf    and    two 
ell  rise  in   the  middle  of 
nr..  4  4.1  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 
•   l.iicayti   hlamln,  situate 

iroliiia,  I'etwten  22  and 
-.'.  .md  81  W  lon.      iliey 

the  coast  of  Florida  to 
;  said  to  be  500  in  niiiii- 

theni  only  men-  rocks, 
m  lire  hi' (;e,  feitile,  and 

U'leiit  fr  )in  tliC  soil  of 
ese  islimils  wi'i'e  the  first 

lnl)us^^   discoveries,  but 

nliiiiablted,  except  Pro- 
are  s'.ihjeet  to  tliO  Eii^f- 
tliey  were  not  known 
en    c^'.ptain    Scxie    l)ein(f 

tluni  in  his  passajje  to 

■  liisnanie  tooiie  of  tiieni, 
ecor.d  time  driven  upon 
Providence.     1  he  cotton 

recentlv  introduced  into 
rom  Ge(<r(.',i:i,  and  is  well 

■  soil  and  climate. 

iintry  of  Mindoor.tan  Pro- 
on  tile  W  by  Allahabad 
the  N  by  N.i])aiil,  on  the 

and  on  the  S  by  Orissa. 
to  the  English  E  India 


U  A  I 


Cniiip.iny  I  and  most  of  the  saliprire 
lliev  exjioi't  is  inaiiiifactiu'cd  iii  this 
pi'oviiK'e,  of  which  Patnu  is  the  ea- 
jiital. 

Hi'.hcnn  Llaiul  lies  in  tlie  jfulf  uf 
l'i.:.ia,  and  vMis  once  faiiion.s  fr.r  its 
ti<  .irl  lisher\.      Eon. -ly  .5  E,  hit.  2t)  10 

Hii/iiii,  u  Klroiij;'  town  of  Sweden, 
capital  of  a  n'overnnunt  oi'  thi'  iaiiie 
name,  on  a  riKiC,  in  an  isl.iiid,  til  loiles 
N  of  Goitciibur)^.  Eon.  II  42  E,  lut. 
S7  32  N. 

Oiiiit,  un  InronHidei'ahle  town  of  Na- 
ples, ill  Terra  di  I.AMira;  it  was  fa- 
iiioiis,  in  the  time  ol'  the  Hoiiian.s,  fi>r 
its  hot  batlis  and  elegant  palaces.  Its 
iipK  uchir  may  be  inferred  from  its  in- 
numerable  ruins,  heaps  of  niarhle,  niui- 
sacs,  stucco,  and  other  prec  ious  fra}-'- 
ineiits  of  taste.  It  lloiirished  in  full 
jflory  (h)wn  to  the  da\s  of  The.idorie 
the  Goth  ;  but  the  deslruetion  of  tlie^e 
enchanted  palaces  followed  quickly 
upon  the  irruptiun  of  the  northern  con- 
(pierors.  Loss  of  foitune  left  not  the 
Uonians  the  means  oj'  su|)portin)^  luieli 
expensive  establjslinieiits.  No  sooner 
had  opulence  withdrawn  its  hand  than 
the  unbridled  sea  riisheil  hack  u|>on 
tile  g'round  from  whence  it  had  been 
forced  back  by  Komaii  luxury  ;  nioks 
and  buttresses  were  torn  usoiuler  Mid 
washed  away ;  wliole  |)roinoiilories 
with  tile  proud  towers  that  once  crown- 
ed tlieii'  brows,  were  undermined  and 
tiniibleillieadlon)^'  into  tlie  tlee|),  where 
many  iii't  below  the  siiif.iee,  )jave- 
nieiits  of  streets,  foundations  of  iiouses, 
and  masses  of  w:ills  iiia.'  still  be  seen  ; 
ycl  JJaia  in  its  ruined  state,  and  strip- 
ped of  iiU  its  ornaments,  still  presents 
many  beautiful  and  strikin;.;  objects  for 
the  pencil.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay  of 
Naples,  12  miles  W  of  Naples.  Lon. 
14  .«J  E,  lat.  40  51  N. 

Btija,  a  popul-jiis  town  of  Hiit'(fary, 
on  the  Danube,  35  miles  N  VV  of  Es- 
»eck.     Lon.  20  0  E,  lat.  -Ifi  10  N. 

Bajador,  a  cape  on  the  W  coast  of 
Africa,  S  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Lon. 
14  22  W,  lat.  46  10  N. 

ISaikal,  a  p'trat  lake  in  Siberia,  in 
tlie  province  of  Irkut/.k,  420  miles  long 
and  80  broad.  There  are  a  great  many 
seals  in  it  of  a  bhickish  colour,  anil 
sturgeons  of  a  monstrous  si/.c. 

Sailleul,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late 
French  Flanders,  nine  miles  S  W  of 
Yjires.    Lon.  2  55  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 


B  A  L 

H,itn  Conifii,  or  flui/i  River,  «  rlvff 
of  Mindoosiaii,  whicli  I'ii,  s  near  the 
Nerbiidda,  runit  suuthw.ti'il  thruiigli 
lierar,  and,  al'ler  u  coiir<e  of  near  400 
miles,  unites  with  the  Goduvery,  wilh- 
in  the  hilU  that  Uouiul  the  Urititli  Cir- 
cars. 

J{,ii'J.ftirwn,  ft  post  town  of  Nelson 
CDiiiity,  Kentuckx,  w  (h  ab.iut  (iOC  in. 
hiihilaiits.  It  i'l  situated  on  tlie  N  sido 
of  Ui\ch  creek  (a  branch  of  Hollinu- 
river)  )()  miles  N  E  of  Uc ulkburc;,  and 
j.>  S  W  of  Frankfort. 

Itiilxuvll,  a  town  in  the  Peak  of  I)er- 
bvsliii'i',  with  a  marki't  oil  Monday, 
sealed  on  the  river  W'je,  among  tiie 
hill.s,  20  miles  N  N  W'of  Derby  uiul 
1  jl  of  London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lut.  53 
U  N. 

tiulni,  a  town  of  Per.sia,  in  the  pro- 
viiice  of  Schirvaii,  the  most  comiiiodi- 
ous  haven  of  the  C...  Jiian  Sea,  on  the 
VV  coa.st  of  which  il  is  situate.  The 
number  ufNliiialM  and  suulbanks  render 
the  eiilr'inee  soiiiewhat  diltieiilt.  Uakii 
is  a  fortress,  surrouiuled  by  high  brick, 
walls,  oOO  miles  S  of  Astracan.  Lon. 
4U  15  E,  lat.  40  2  N. 

liitla,  a  town  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  Ht.inds 
on  the  lake  of  Bala,  or  Pembleiiiere, 
which  is  13  miles  in  length,  and  six  in 
breadtii,  and  abounds  with  a  iish  cal- 
led a  giiiiiard,  resembling  a  salmon  in 
shape,  and  tasting  like  i  trout.  The 
river  Dee  runs  througii  this  lake.  The 
town  i.'J  noted  for  a  great  trade  in  knit 
woollen  stockings.  It  is  50  miles  S  S 
E  of  Molvhead,  and  1*)5  N  VV  of  Lon 
don.     Lon.  3  35  VV,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Halagat,  a  pro\iiicc  in  the  Deccan 
of  lliiiaooHtan,  and  the  largest  of  the 
three  which  compose  that  kingdom.  It 
consists  of  a  vast  extent  of  fertile  and 
pojmloiiH  ])lains,  supported  in  the  na- 
ture of  ft  terrace,  by  a  slupendmis  wall 
of  mountains,  called  the  Gaiits,  which 
rises  abruptly  from  the  low  country 
called  the  Cnncan.  This  tract  is  so 
elevated,  that  the  air  is  cool  and  plea- 
sant. It  extends  througii  the  penin- 
sula, to  the  southern  extremity  of  My- 

S"i- 

.  tlaguer,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain, 
in  C  'alonift,  on  the  river  Segra,  at  the 
foot  ol  a  craggy  rock,  75  miles  N  VV 
of  Barn  lona.  Lon.  1  1  E,  lat.  41  55 
N. 

Balaruc,  a  to^vn  of  Fr.tnce,  near  the 
road  from  MontpcUicr  to  Tovdouse ; 
noted  for  iti  batJis. 


B  A  L 

Rala.tore,  a  seaport  to  tlio  N  VV  of 
till.'  bay  ()t'  Bcnj^al.  '1  lii'  ii\lial)ilaiit.s 
make  stulls  of  silk,  coUoli,  aiu'  a  sort 
oi'gr;.ss.  It  IS  IHO  uiiiis  S  VV  oi' Iloog'- 
\y.     Loll.  8/  1  E,  ..It.  21  ju  N. 

lia/iuiftro,  an ijiist-opal l.iwii ot'S])ain, 
in  Ai'ragon,  on  llit  river  Wto,  42 
milc-s  N  E  o{'  Sai-agossa.  Lon.  0  '27  E, 
lat.  42  a  N. 

Balbfi-,  a  city  of  Asia  in  Syria,  an- 
ciently called  ih'tvpditi.  It  IS  situated 
at  tlie  foot  of  Ami-Lebanon,  precisely 
on  tlif  last  ri.sin).^  groimd,  where  the 
mountain  teniiMuites  in  a  plain.  On 
the  E  side  are.  the  remains  of  ancient 
ruins,  of  whose  mapiltieenee  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  give  an  a<lcquate  idea.  Among 
the  most  niii/vnilicent  arc  the  ruins  of 
the  tenii)lc  of  the  Sun,  for  a  particular 
description  of  v.'iich  we  refer  our  rea- 
ders to  Mr.  Wood  and  Mr.  Davvkins 
and  to  Vol'.iey.  Tiie  ground  arounii 
this  temple  is  strewed  with  broken  co- 
lumns, mutilated  capitals,  and  the  re- 
mains of  pdantrcs,  entablatures  and 
cornices;  arovmd  it  is  a  row  of  ruined 
edifices  which  display  all  the  ornaments 
of  the  richest  iirchitectiu-e.  Balbcc  is 
chiefly  inhabited  by  Christians  of  the 
Greek  church,  and  is  ,'57  miles  N  of 
Dimascus.  Ion.  o7  20  E,  lat.  ,34  22 
N. 

Batch,  a  town  f)f  Usbec  Tartary,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Persia,  200  miles  S  of 
Bokhara.     Lon.  69  0  E,  lat.  37  20  N. 

Baldkia,  a  seaport  of  Chili,  in  South 
America.  It  was  built  by  the  Spanish 
general  Baldivia,  about  Ijol,  afti'r  he 
had  conquered  Chili.  It  belongs  to 
the  Spaniards,  and  stands  between  the 
Callacallcs  and  Portero,  where  they 
fall  into  the  Pacilic  Ocean.  Lon.  7.3 
20  VV,  lat.  59  38  S. 

BalJuci,  a  towni  in  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Tticsday.  It  is  seated  between 
the  hills,  in  a  chalky  soil,  and  chiefly 
of  note  for  its  trading  in  malt.  It  is 
nine  miles  VV  S  W  of  Royston,  and  57 
N  N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  VV,  lat. 
52  2  N. 

Bali,  an  island  forming  the  N  side 
flf  the  .straits  of  Java,  through  which 
the  Ea.st  India  ships  sometimes  return 
from  China;  but  the  passage  is  com- 
monly very  diflicult,  on  account  of  con- 
trary winds.  This  island  is  extremciv 
populous,  and  abotmds  in  rice  and  all 
sorts  of  fruits.  Ihe  inhabitants  are  pa- 
gans, and  very  warlike.  Lon.  115  50 
E,  lat.  7  10  S. 

Balaaghy,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 


B  A  L 

county  of  Sligo,  22  miles  S  of  Sliga 
Lon.  8  40  VV,  lat.  53  56  N. 

BtUlycuimet,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cavan,  11  niile8..N  E  of 
Cavaii.     Lon.  7  2>  W,  lat.  54  io  N. 

BaUj-naiitl,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
Qiieen's  county,  18  miles  N  W  of  Kil- 
kenny.    Lon.  7  25  VV,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Ballyshannon,  a  large  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Donncgal,  with 
a  good  harbour,  110  miles  N  W  of 
Dublin.     Lon.  7  50  VV,  lat.  54  33  N. 

Buiiochtan,  Little,  a  coimtry  of  Hin- 
dooslan  Proper,  bordering  on  the  N  of 
Mewat,  and  approaching  williin  14 
miles  of  Delhi.  It  is  80  or  90  miles 
long,  and  from  3U  to  40  broad.  VVi'st- 
ward  it  bordcis  on  the  country  of  the 
Sciks. 

BaiUtoM'ii,  a  towniship  of  Saratoga 
county,  New-York,  witli  2000  inhabi- 
tants. Hei'e  is  a  post-oHice,  25  miles 
N  VV  of  VVaterford,  aiul  30  N  of  Al- 
bany, 

Ballntcrvm  Springs :  these  waters  are 
within  the  precincts  of  the  town,  and 
are  eminently  celebrioiis  for  their  me- 
dicinal virtues.  There  are  several  bath- 
ing houses  erected,  and  the  accommo- 
dations for  visitors  arc  very  conve- 
nient. 

Baltic,  a  large  sea  between  Den- 
mark and  Sweden  to  the  W,  and  Ger- 
many, Poland,  and  Russia  to  the  E, 
from  which  run  the  giilfs  of  Bothnia, 
Finland,  Riga,  and  Dantzic.  It  is  r«. 
nuu-kable  tiiat  this  sea  neither  ebbs  nor 
ilows,  and  a  current  always  sets  thro' 
the  Soinid  into  the  Ocean.  Yellow 
amber  is  found  on  the  coa.st. 

Bitltiiiioie,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  seated  on  a  headland 
which  runs  into  the  sea,  nine  miles  N 
E  of  Cape  Clear.  Lon.  9  14  W,  lat. 
51  24  N. 

Ballinwrr  is  the  principal  town  of 
Baltimore  county,  and  the  largest  in 
the  stiite  of  Maryland.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  Potapsco  river,  at  the 
head  of  Chesape:ik  bav,  in  the  lilt,  of 
39  21  N,  and  long,  of  77  48  W.  In 
point  of  si/e  as  well  as  commerce,  this 
thriving  city  I'luiks  as  fourth  in  the 
United  .States.  At  the  last  enumera- 
tion (l.SOO)  the  inhabitants  were  reck- 
oned  26,514,  having  doubled  in  ten 
vears  :  One  eighth  are  in  a  state  of  sla- 
very.— Fells  Point  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  part  of  the  town,  being  se- 
parated from  it  only  by  a  small  creek, 
possesses  an  excellent  harbour,  where 


B  A  L 

SI'b'o,  22  milcH  S  of  Sl^ff, 
AV,  lat.  53  56  N.  "^ 

"mel,   a   town   o*   Ireland,    h, 
tyof  Ciivim,  II  inilcs.N  li  of 
Lon.  7  2,'  W,  lat.  54  io  N. 
ititl,  ;i  borough  of  Ircluiul,  in 
county,  18  miles  N  W  of  Kil- 
-on.  7  25  W,  l;it.  52  50  N. 
«««()«,  a  large  seapoit  of  Ire- 
'he  county  of  Donnegal,  with 
iu-bour,    110   miles   N  W  of 
Lon.  7  50  W,  lat.  54  So  N. 
■tun.  Little,  ii  counti-v  of  Hin- 
'roper,  borclcring  on  'tiie  N  of 
ami   apiH-oaciiiiijr    MJtliin    U 
Wcllii.     It  i.s  80  or  90  mile., 
'roni  3U  to  40  broad.     West- 
>rd(;is  on  tlie  country  of  the 

w,  a  towisl.ip  of  Saratop-a 
iiw-Yorlv,  witli  2000  inliabi- 
t'i(-  is  a  po.si.oHice,  25  miles 
watertonl,  aiul  30  N  of  Al- 
an Springs  .■  these  waters  are 
E  precincts  of  tJic  town,  and 
ntly  celebrious  for  their  mc- 
tucs.  Tliere  arc  several  batli- 
I  erecte<l,  and  the  accommo- 
!•  visitors    are  very    conve- 

n   large    sea  between    Den- 
Sweden  to  the  VV,  and  Ger- 
und, and  Russia  to   the   E 
h  rim  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia,' 
liga,  and  Dantzic.     It  is  r<j- 
Jiat  this  sea  neither  ebbs  nor 
a  current  always  sets  thro' 
into   the   Ocean.      Yellow 
)und  on  the  coast. 
■e,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
-<>rk,  seated  on  a  headland 
mto  the  sea,  nine  miles  N 
Clear.     Lon.  9  14  W,  lat. 

?  is  the  principal  town  of 
-•ounty,  and   the  largest  in 

Maryland.     It  is  seated  on 

ot  Potapsco  river,  at  the 

csapeak  bay,  in  the  lat.  of 

nd  long,  of  77  48  W.     In 

as  well  as  commerce,  this 
y  ranks  as  fourth  in  the 
cs.  At  the  last  enumera- 
llie  inhabitants  were  reck- 
i,  liaving  doubled  in  ten 
eighth  are  in  a  state  of  sla- 

Point  wliich  maj  be  con- 
irt  of  the  town,  being  se- 
I  it  only  by  a  small  creek, 
excellent  harbour,  where 


BAN 

all  large  vessels  belonging  to  the  port 
lade  and  imlade. — The  moiitli  of  the 
liarbour  is  defended  by  a  fortress  of 
considerable  strength. — The  imports 
(if  1798  amounted  to  12,000,000  of  dol- 
lars, and  the  shipping  to  59,000  tons. 
There  arc  in  the  city  nine  places  of 
public  worship  belonging  to  as  many 
sects,  three  banks,  besides  a  brancii 
of  the  United  States  bank,  and  several 
insurance  offices. — Tiie  streets  are  of  a 
convenient  width,  being  from  40  to 
150  feet  wide,  and  la;d  with  consider- 
able regularity,  mostly  paved  and  light- 
ed.— The  markets  are  regular  and  we'l 
supplied  with  fresh  meat,  fish  and  ve- 
(jclablcs  :  the  butter  is  not  to  be  pr  lis- 
cd,  and  the  clieese  consumed  is  im- 
ported from  Europe  or  the  neigh  oour- 
iiig  states. 

Bamberg,  a  large,  handsome  town 
of  Franconia,  formerly  imperi.il,  but 
now  capital  of  a  bishopric  of  tl>c  same 
name,  of  considerable  extent,  with  a 
university.  It  suiTendered  to  the 
French  in  1796.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Maine  and  Rednitz, 
j5  miles  N  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  T 
E,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Bamberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  30  miles 
S  of  Glatz.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  49  55 
N. 

Bamff.     See  Banf. 

Bampton,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated  near 
the  Thames,  12  miles  W  of  Oxford, 
and  70  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  25 
W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Bampton,  a  to\vn  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  in 
a  bottom  surrounded  by  hills.  It  is  14 
miles  N  N  E  of  Exeter,  and  163  W 
i)v  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  38  VV,  lat.  51 
2N. 

Banbury,  a  borough  in  Oxfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament;  and  has'' 
been  long  noted  for  its  cakes  and 
cheese  ;  it  is  seated  on  the  Charwcll, 
75  miles  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
11  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Banca,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  East 
Indies,  on  the  E  coast  of  Sumatra, 
with  a  town  and  strait  of  the  sam^ 
name.     Lon.  106  50  E,  lat.  2  35  S, 

Bancalis,  &  seaport  on  the  E  coast 
nf  Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  have  a 
scatlement.  It  is  130  miles  W  of  Ma- 
liicra.     Lon.  100  7  E,  lut.  1  15  N. 

Bancock,  a  town  of  Asia,  iix  tlie  king- 


BAN 

dom  of  Siara,  with  a  fort,  once  in  the 
possession  of  tiie  Fivnch,  wlio  were 
expelled  in  1C88.  I'hc  houses  are 
made  of  canes,  and  covered  witli  palm- 
leaves.  The  inhabitants  are  almost 
naked,  and  having  no  t'lirniture  in  tlicir 
iiouses,  sit  on  tlie  lioor.  It  is  17  mili'S 
N  of  tiie  sea,  and  40  S  of  Siam.  Lon, 
101  5  E,  lal.  13  23  N. 

Banda,  the  general  name  of  five 
islands  in  the  East  Indies,  of  which 
Banda  is  the  chief  If  we  e.xcejjt  the 
prodiictivin  of  the  nutmeg  the  Banda 
islands  are  barren  to  a  terrible  dejiiee. 
The  climate  is  also  very  unhealthy. 
These  islands  iiave  been  subject  to  the 
Dutch,  ever  since  1609,  when  they 
expelled  both  the  English  and  natives. 
Since  the  present  war  (1800)  they 
have  been  captured  by  the  Briti.sli. 
They  are  all  very  small,  the  largest 
being  scarcely  20  miles  in  length ; 
and  are  subject  to  eurthciuakes.  Banda 
is  75  miles  S  E  of  Ambojua.  Lon, 
128  5  E,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Bander  Congo,  a  seaport  of  Persia, 
seated  on  tiie  Persian  gulf,  80  miles 
VV  of  Gombroon.  Lon.  55  8  E,  lat.  27 
ION. 

Bandora,  tiie  capital  of  Salsctte,  an 
island  separated  from  Bombay  by  a 
n.arrow  channel.  Lon.  73  40  E,  lat.  19 
ON, 

Banff,  a  seaport,  and  the  coimty. 
town  of  Banffshire,  pleasjintly  situated 
on  tlie  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  moutli  of 
tiie  Deveron,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge  of  seven  arches,  erect- 
ed by  government.  It  has  several 
streets,  of  which  that  with  tlie  town 
house  in  it,  adorned  with  a  new  spire, 
is  very  handsome.  The  harbour  is 
very  bad,  as  the  cntr,ince  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Deveron  is  very  uncertain,  being 
often  stopped  by  tlie  shifting  of  sands, 
which  are  continually  changing  in  great 
storms  ;  the  pier  which  is  defende<l  by 
a  battery,  is  therefore  placed  on  the 
outside,  Here  is  a  manufacture  of 
thread,  and  another  of  stockings  ;  -and 
tlie  children  attend  the  factory  and 
school  alternately  j  so  tliat  education 
and  industrj  are  united.  In  the  mid- 
dle of  tlie  town  is  Banff  castle,  belong, 
ing  to  the  Findlater  family ;  and  ncay 
it  is  a  most  magnificent  seat  lately 
built  by  the  earl  of  Fife.  It  lies  in  a. 
beautiful  plain  washed  by  the  Deve-. 
ron,  til''  lofty  banks  of  which  clotlied 
with  wood  on  the  opposite  side,  af-. 
ford  a  delightful  contrast  to  tlie  goU 
U 


BAN 


BAR 


i?;a 


m 


hi;  I  >' 


m 


\'ale  beneath.  Banff  Is  32  miles  N  W 
of  Aberdeen.  I.on.  2  15  W,  lat.  57 
35  N. 

Banffshire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  Nby  the  Murray  Frith, 
on  the  S  E  by  Aberdeenshire,  and  on 
the  N  W  by  Murrayshire.  Its  greatest 
length  is  30  miles,  and  its  extent 
along  the  coast  neai-ly  30. 

Bangalore,  u  strong  fortress  of  My- 
sore, in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostun. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  political  import- 
ance, as  it  Is,  from  its  situation,  the 
key  of  Mysore,  toward  Arcot.  It  was 
taken  by  tlie  English  in  1791 ;  but  re- 
stored ill  1792.  It  is  74  miles  N  E  of 
Seringapatani.  Lon.  77  o7  E,  lat.  13 
0  N. 

Banghir,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's 
countv,  on  ihe  Shannon,  15  miles  .S  of 
Athtone.     Lon.  7  41  W,  lat.  53  7  N. 

Bangor,  .lU  cpis>..)j)id  city  in  Carnar- 
vonshire, with  a  market  on  A\'cdnes- 
day.  It  was  once  s"  considerable,  that 
it  was  called  Bangor  t'.ie  Great,  and 
defended  by  a  castle,  'i  he  principal 
buildings  are  the  catliedral,  tii'.'  bis1i(.,)s 
palace,  and  a  free  school.  It  is  36  r.iihs 
W  of  St.  Asaph,  and  251  NW  of  Lcn- 
don.     Lon.  4  12  W,  lat.  53  12  N. 

Bangor,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  on  the  S  shore  of 
Carrickfergus,  opposite  the  town  of 
that  name.  Lon.  5  42  W,  lat.  54  40 
N. 

Bangor,  a.  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine  ;  lying  on  tl'.c  W  side 
of  the  river  Penobscot,  at  tlie  head  of 
navigation,  about  37  miles  N  of  Cas- 
tine  en  tlie  same  river. 

Banjar,  a  river  in  the  island  of  Bor- 
neo, at  the  moutli  of  which  there  is  a 
town,  where  the  English  have  a  fac- 
tory. 

Banstead,  a  village  of  Surry,  noted 
for  its  downs,  one  of  the  most  delight- 
ful spots  in  England,  on  account  of  its 
fine  carpet  gi-ound,  covered  with  short 
herbage,  perfimned  with  thyme  and 
juniper.  These  downs  form  a  tract 
of  30  miles,  extending,  under  differ- 
ent denominations,  from  Croydon  to 
Farnham.  Banstead  is  13  miles  S  S  W 
of  London. 

Bantam,  a  large  town  on  the  N  W 
coast  of  Java,  It  is  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  a  castle.  It  is  di- 
vided hito  two  towns  by  a  river.  The 
English  and  Danes  had  factories  here 
till  1C82,  when  tliey  were  expelled  by 


the  Dutch,  who  deposed  tlie  king*  of 
the  ancient  race,  and  suffer  nothing  to 
be  done  in  this  kingdom  but  what  they 
please.  The  produce  is  pepper,  of 
which  they  ex])ort  vast  quantities. 
Bantam,  once  populous  imd  flourish- 
ing, is  now  a  poor  and  wretched  place. 
Lon.  105  26  E,  lat.  6  20  S. 

Bantry,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Coi's,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, to  which  it  gives  name ;  in  this 
bay  the  French  licet  lay  for  several 
days  in  their  late  attempt  to  invi.cle 
Ireland  1799.  Lon.  92  5  W,  lat.  51 
36  N. 

Bafiaume,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  the  Straits  of 
Calais  and  hrte  province  of  Altois,  12 
miles  S  E  of  Airas.  Lon.  2  35  E,  lat. 
50  8  N. 

Bar,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
Podoha,  on  the  river  Bog,  40  miles  N 
W  of  Bracklaw.  Lor,.  27  30  E,  lat.  49 
14  N. 

Bar,  or  Barrois,  a  late  dutchy  of 
France,  lying  on  both  sides  tiie  Meuse, 
beiween  Lorrain  and  Champagne.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Meuse. 

Bar-cic-duc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse,  capital  of  the 
late  dutchy  of  Bar,  with  a  handsome 
castle.  It  is  divided  into  the  upper 
and  lower  town  :  the  latter  is  watered 
by  the  rividet  Oniey,  in  which  are 
very  fine  trouts.  The  wine  is  excel- 
lent, and  as  delicate  as  Champagne. 
It  is  se.<ted  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  30 
miles  W  ofToul,  and  138  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Bar-sur-Avhe,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Aube 
and  late  province  of  Champagne,  fa- 
mous for  its  wines.  It  is  seated  at  tlie 
foot  of  a  mountain,  18  miles  S  W  of 
Joinville.     Lon.%  55  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Bar-sur-Seine,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Auj^:  and  late  pro- 
evince  of  Champagne,  20  miles  S  W  of 
Bar-sur-Aube.  Lon.  4  32  E,  lat.  48  5 
N. 

Bara,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scot- 
land, to  the  S  of  S  Uist.  It  is  five 
miles  long  and  three  broad.  At  low 
water,  it  almost  communicates  witli 
Benbecula ;  on  which  account,  both 
islands  are  sometimes  called  the  Long 
Island.  The  W  coast  of  Baras  is  low, 
and  the  soil  in  many  parts  very  fertile ; 
but  the  ground  rises  to  the  E  coast, 
where  it  is  barren.  I.on.  7  30  W,  lat. 
56  55  N. 


W 


BAR 

lio  deposed  tlie  kingn  of 
CI-,  and  suffer  nothing  to 
s  kingdom  but  wliut  titcy 

produce   is    pcj-);er,    of 

ex])ort    vast    qiuintities. 

populous   iind  tiourisli- 
poor  and  wretched  place. 
;,  hit.  6  20  S. 
town  of  Ireland,   in  the 
'-,  on  a  bay  of  the  Ailaii- 

it  gives  name  ;  in   tliis 
ich   fleet  lay   for   several 

late  attempt  to  invi.de 
,     Lon.  92  5  W,  lat.  51 

I  strongs  town  of  France, 
tment  of  the  btraits  of 
rte  province  of  Artois,  12 
Airas.     Lon.  2  35  E,  lat. 

Dng  town  of  Poland,  in 
he  river  Bog,  40  miles  N 
w.     Lor,.  27  30  E,  lat.  49 

'arrois,    a  late  dutchy  of 

on  both  sides  ttie  Meuse, 
'ain  and  Chainpugne.  It 
E  department  of  Meuse. 

a  Xawn  of  France,  in  the 
)f  Mouse,  capital  of  the 
if  Bar,  with  a  handsome 
divided  into  the  upper 
m\ :  tlie  latter  is  watered 
et  Orney,  in  which  are 
its.     The  wine  is  excel- 

delicate  as  Champagne, 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  30 
1  oul,  and  138  E  of  Paris. 

lat.  48  44  N. 

he,  an  ancient  town  of 
le  department  of  Aube 
vince  of  Champagne,  fa- 
ivines.  It  is  seated  at  tlie 
untain,  18  miles  S  W  of 
Mi.%55E,  lat.  48  15  N. 
ne,  f.  town  of  France,  in 
;nt  of  Aujv:  and  late  pro- 
impagne,  20  miles  S  W  of 
;.     Lon.  4  32  E,  lat.  48  5 

of  the  Hebrides  of  Scot- 
S  of  S  Uist.  It  is  five 
nd  three  broad.  At  low 
Host  commimicates  witli 
on  which  account,  both 
)metimcs  called  the  Long 
W  coast  of  Baras  is  low, 
n  many  parts  very  fertile ; 
ind  rises  to  the  E  coast, 
irren.    I.on.  7  30  W,  lal. 


BAR 

Baracoa,  a  seaport  of  Cuba,  50  miles 
N  E  of  .St.  Jago  dc  Cuba.  Lon.  76  10 
W,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Baranco  de  MalatnJ)o,  a  town  of  S 
America,  in  Terra  Firma,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  a  good  harbour;  seated 
on  tile  river  Madalcna,  75  miles  N  of 
Carthagcna.  Lon.  75  30  W,  lat.  11 
40  N. 

Baranviahr,  a  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, taken  from  the  Turks  in  1684.  It 
is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Crosso,  nenrthc 
Danube,  90  miles  N  W  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  19  50  W,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Barbadoes,  tiie  easternmost  of  tlie 
Windward  Islands,  in  tlic  W  Indies, 
25  miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth. 
Itbclongs  to  the  English  ;  andthenum- 
bur  of  tiie  whites  is  about  20,000,  who 
have  100,000  slaves.  Their  exports  arc 
ciigar,  rum,  cotton,  indigo,  and  ginger  ,- 
aiui  they  have  most  of  the  fruits  com- 
mon to  the  climate.  The  sugar  export- 
ed iience  is  whiter  and  finer  than  that 
of  any  other  plantation  ;  and  they  have 
one  pai'ticular  production,  called  Bar- 
badocs  tar,  v  hich  rises  out  of  the  eai'th, 
and  swims  upon  the  surface  of  the  wa- 
ter. This  islijjidhas  suffered  much  from 
hurricanes  ;  particularly  from  a  dread- 
ful one,  Oct.  10,  1780.  It  is  70  miles 
E  of  St  Vincent.  The  capital  is 
Bridgetown. 

Barbary,  a  country  of  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  and  Egypt,  and  contain- 
ing the  countries  of  Barca,  Tripoli, 
Tunis,  Algiers,  Fez,  and  Morocco.  It 
is  near  2000  miles  in  length,  and,  in 
some  places  750  in  breadth.  It  was 
known  to  the  ancients  by  the  names  of 
Mauritania,  Numidia  Proper,  Africa, 
and  Libya.  It  is  the  best  country  in 
all  Africa,  except  Egyjjt.  The  air  is 
mild,  and  the  soil  fertUe  in  corn,  dates, 
almonds,  apples,  pears,  cherries,  plums, 
citrons,  len»:>ns,  oranges,  with  plenty 
of  roots  and  herbs  in  their  kitchen  gar- 
dens. Their  chief  trade  consists  in 
their  fruits,  in  the  horses  called  barbs, 
Morocco  leather,  ostrich-feathers,  indi- 
go, wax,  tin,  and  coral.  The  establish- 
ed religioH  is  the  MaJiometan,  and 
there  are  some  Jews  ;  but  no  Chris- 
tians, except  the  slaves. 

Barhe,  St.  a  town  of  New  Biscay,  in 
Mexico,  near  which  are  ricii  silver 
mines.  It  is  500  miles  N  W  of  Mexico. 
Lon.  107  5  W,  lat.  26  0  N. 

Barbering,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appeninc  mountains. 


BAR 

on  the  river  Sicva,  12  miles  N  of  Flo- 
rence.    I-on.  11  15  E,  lat.  43  59  N. 

Barbezieux,  a  f'.wn  of  Fri;:ice,  in  the 
department  oi'  Chai-ente  imd  late  jiro- 
vince  of  Angoumois.  It  lias  a  mineral 
spring  called  Fontrouilleuse,  and  had 
a  manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  45 
miles  N  E  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  0, 
lat.  45  30  N. 

Barbuda,  one  of  the  British  Caribbee 
islands,  subject  to  the  British,  about 
20  miles  long,  and  12  broad.  The  in- 
habitants (about  1500)  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  raising  com,  and  breeding 
cattle,  for  whicli  they  find  a  ready 
market  in  the  neighbouring  islands.  It 
is  the  property  of  the  Codrington  fami- 
ly, and  is  19  miles  N  E  of  St.  Christo- 
pher.    Lon.  61  50  W,  lat.  17  49  N. 

Barca,  a  country  of  Barbary,  on  the 
S  coa.stofthe  Mediterranean,  between 
Tripoli  and  Egjpt.  It  is  a  barren  de- 
sert, inhabited  by  none  but  wandering 
Arabs.  Here  was  seated  the  famous 
temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  so  difficult 
of  access  on  account  of  the  burning 
simds. 

Barcelona,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, of  which  it  is  the  capital,  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Its  shape 
is  between  a  square  and  an  oval ;  it 
contains  about  15,000  houses,  and  is 
defended  by  a  fort,  called  Mont  Joy, 
which  stands  on  a  rocky  mountain,  a 
mile  W  of  the  town.  It  has  double 
walls  on  the  N  and  E,  and  the  sea  ori 
the  S,  with  a*  mole  for  the  security  of 
ships.  The  city  is  divided  into  two 
pai'ts,  the  Old  and  the  New,  separated 
from  eacii  other  by  a  wall  and  a  large 
ditch  ;  the  streets  are  handsome ,  well 
paved  with  large  stones,  wide,  and  ve- 
ry clean.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  vice- 
roy, is  a  bishop's  see,  has  a  fine  univer- 
sity, a  mint,  a  good  port,  and  is  adorn- 
ed with  handsome  buildings.  The  ca- 
thedral is  large,  handsome  and  adonied 
with  two  towers.  The  arsenal  con- 
tains arms  for  several  thousand  men, 
and  docks  for  the  biulding  of  gallies. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  trade,  and  they 
make  curious  works  in  glass ;  the 
knives  are  likewise  in  great  reputation, 
as  well  as  the  blankets.  In  1705,  it 
was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough, 
after  a  siege  of  three  weeks.  In  1706, 
Philip  V.  invested  it  with  a  numerous 
army,  but  was  obliged  to  raise  the 
siege.  In  1714,  it  was  taken  by  tlie 
French  and  Spaniards,  when  it  was 
deprived  of  all  its  privilcg-es,  and  the 


BAR 


BAR 


51  f 


k» 


t<  1 1 


!*? 


II 


"  i  »: 


»  ■ 


cit'idcl  liuilt  to  keep  it  in  awe.  It  is 
250  miles  E  ol"  Mailrid.  Loii.  2  13  E, 
lilt.  41  JG  N. 

IiarcL-!:metta,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dcpiu'tmcntortlic  i,.)Wer  Alps  and  late 
J)r()vinte  of  Duiii.h'.iiy,  12  inili;s  .S  E  of 
Eiiibnii).     Lon.  6  i'-j  E,  hit.  44  2J  N. 

B.irceloiie,  a  town  of  tlie  penin.sula  of 
Hiiidoostan,  on  tlie  coast  of  M:il;>bar. 
It  w.is  a  Diitcli  fictorv  1.30  miles  S  of 
Goa.     Lon.  74  15  E,  fat.  13  25  N. 

Biircdos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  on  the 
river  Sounlla,  20  miles  N  of  Oporto. 
Lon.  8  20  W,  lat.  41  30  N. 

liiirJtviict,  ibrnierly  a  larpc  town  of 
Gcniiany,  In  tin-  diilcliy  of  Lunenburg', 
on  the  river  Ilmenau,  \7  miles  S  E  of 
Hamburgh.  Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Bardsey,  a  small  island  of  Carnarvon- 
shire, at  tlic  N  point  of  Cardigan  Bay. 

Bardt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Swed- 
ish Pomcn'iiia,  with  a  castle  and  har- 
bour, near  the  Baltic,  12  miles  W  by  N 
of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  54  23 
N, 

Baregci,  a  village  of  France,  much 
frcfpiented  on  account  of  its  miner' 
baths.  It  is  ^■e:ltcdiil  avalley  ofthe  same 
name,  12  miles  S  of  Bagneres, 

Bureithy  a  town  of  Fi-anconia,  in  the 
mar;,"ravate  of  Cidembach,  with  a  fa- 
mous tollige,  15  miles  S  E  of  Culem- 
bach.     Lon.  11  56  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Banfidds,  a  jiost  town  in  Liberty 
county,  Sou*h  Carolina,  414  miles  from 
IVitsliiiifrlan. 

Biirflcur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  CI  innel  and  late  ])ro- 
vince  of  Normandy.  It  was  ruined  by 
the  English  in  1346,  and  the  havbou'r 
filled  up.  The  cape  of  that  name  is  12 
miles  E  of  Cherburg,  and  near  it,  part 
of  tlie  na>y  of  France  was  destroyed  by 
the  English,  in  16v;2.  It  is  175  miles 
NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  6  VV,  lat.  49  40 
N. 

Bari,  formerly  a  good  seaport  town 
of  Naples,  till  its  iiarl>aur  was  ruined 
by  tiic  Venetians.  It  is  seated  in  the 
guH"  of  Venice,  is  the  capital  of  Terra 
di  Daii,  and  an  archbishoi)'s  see.  It  is 
20  niiies  E  of  Trani.  Lon.  17  5  E,  lat. 
41  -26  N. 

Bmi,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  a  province  of 
N;ipUs,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  The 
air  is  temperate,  and  the  soil  fertile  ; 
but  there  are  many  serpents  and  taran- 
tulas. 

Barking,  a  town  of  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  riv- 
•r  Roding,  near  the  Thames,  in  an  un- 


wholsome  air.  It  is  chiefly  celebrated 
for  a  magnificent  nunnery  founded  in 
675  J  a  gateway  and  a  part  ofthe  wallt 
of  which  arc  still  visible.  It  is  seven 
miles  E  of  Loudon.  Lon.  0  12  E,  lat. 
51  52  N. 

Barkttet,  a  handsome  and  stronjf 
town  of  Naples,  in  Bari,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25 
miles  VV  S  VV  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  32  E, 
lat.  41  30  N. 

Barnard-Castle,  a  town  in  tlie  coun- 
ty of  Durham,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  is  stated  on  the  river  Tees, 
and  has  a  manufacture  of  stockings, 
30  miles  S  VV  of  Durham,  and  244  N 
N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1  49  VV  lat. 
5435  N. 

Bariiet,  a  town  in  Caledonia  county, 
Vermont,  situated  on  the  VV  aide  of 
Connecticut  river,  19  miles  N  of  Haver- 
hill, New  Hampshire.  This  township 
is  settled  principally  by  emigrants  from 
bcotland,  as  the  name  implies,  who 
were  estimated  at  858  in  1800.  Here 
is  a  post  ofIic(;  596  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Barnet,  a  town  partly  in  Middlesex, 
and  ])artly  in  Herts,  with  a  market  on 
Monday.  It  is  in  the  parish  of  East 
Barnet,  and  situate  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
whence  it  is  called  High  Barnet,  and 
also  Chipping  Barnet,  from  a  market 
granted  here,  by  Henry  II.  to  the 
miniks  of  St  Alban's.  At  the  meet- 
ingof  the  St.  Alban's  and  Hatfield  road» 
is  a  column,  with  an  inscription  to  com- 
memoratetlie  decisive  battle,  which  waf 
fought  1471  near  this  place  between  the 
liou.ses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  Bar- 
net  is  11  miles  N  by  W,  of  London. 
Lon.  0  5  W  lat.  51  42  N. 

Barnsley,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day, and  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  coarse  linen.  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  13  miles  N  of  Sheffield, 
and  174  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
28  VV,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Barnsley,  a  villpge  of  Gloucestershire. 
It  is  noted  for  large  quarries  of  excel- 
lent  freestone,  and  4  miles  N  E  of  Ci- 
rencester. 

Barnstaple,  a  seaport  and  borough 
of  Devonsliirc,  with  a  market  on  Fri- 
day, seated  on  the  river  Tau,  12  Ihile* 
E  of  Barnstaple  Bay  in  the  Bristol 
Channel,  38  m.  N  N  W  of  Exeter,  and 
191  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  5  W,  lat. 
51  8  N. 

Banstabie,  a  town    of   Banistable 


BAR 

It  is  chiefly  celebrated 

ent  nunnery  fduiidcd  in 

ay  and  a  part  of  the  wallt 

still  visible.     It  is  seven 

iiidoii.     Lon.  0  12  E,  lat. 

.  handsome  and  stronjf 
:s,  in  Bai-i,with  abisliup'g 
1  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25 
'  of  Bari.     Lon.  16  32  E, 

itle,  a  tovm  in  tlte  coun- 
,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
stated  on  the  river  Tees, 
anufacture  of  stockings, 
f  of  Durham,  and  244  N 
idon.    Lon.  1  49  W  lat. 

)wn  in  Caledonia  county, 
uated  on  tlie  W  aide  of 
iver,  19  miles  NofHaver- 
mpshire.  This  township 
icipally  by  emigrants  from 
the  name  implies,  who 
:d  at  858  in  1800.  Here 
;  596  miles  from  Washing- 

iwn  partly  in  Middlesex, 
Herts,  with  a  market  on 
s  in  the  parish  of  East 
ituate  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
;alled  High    Barnet,   and 

Bariiet,  from  a  market 
,   by    Henry  II.  to    the 

Alban's.  At  the  meet- 
ilban's  and  Hatfield  roads 
ith  an  inscription  to  com- 
decisive  battle,  which  wa» 
lar  this  place  between  the 
k  and  Lancaster.  Bar- 
js  N  by  W,  of  London. 
it.  51  42  N. 

town  in  the  W  riding  of 
til  a  market  on  Wednes- 
ansiderable  manufactui'e 
n.  It  is  seated  on  the 
13  miles  N  of  Sheffield, 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
35  N. 

•illpge  of  Glonc«stershire. 
large  quarries  of  excel- 
,  and  4  miles  N  E  of  Ci- 

a  seaport  and  borough 
,  with  a  market  on  Fri- 

the  river  Tau,  12  rtiile* 
pie  Bay  in  the  Bristol 
.  N  N  W  of  Exeter,  and 
tidon.     Lon.  4  5  W,  lat. 

a  town    of   Barnstable 


B  A  S 

county,  Massachusetts,  where  there  is 
a  post  office.  It  is  situated  on  a  bay 
of  uie  same  name  about  72  miles  S  £  by 
S  of  Boston.  The  inliubitants  are  enu- 
merated at  3000,  who  depend  princi- 
pal!" on  the  sea  for  a  sustenance,  and 
arc  accounted  among  the  most  expert 
icamen. 

Biiroach,  a  town  in  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  on  the  S  bank  of  the  Ner- 
budda,  40  m"ies  N  of  Surat,  formerly 
a  verv  commercial  place.  Lon.  72  55 
E,  hit.  21  25  N. 

Barraux,  a  fortress  of  Dauphiny,  at 
tilt  entrance  of  the  valley  of  Gresivau- 
dan,  built  by  a  duke  of  Savoy  in  1597. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Isere,  six  miles  S 
of  Chambcrry.  Lon.  5  52  E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Ba.'n,  a  post  town  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts :  it  is  distant 
about  60  miles  W  from  Boston,  and 
contains  2000  inhabitants.  And  a  vil- 
lage with  a  post  office  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  about  15  miles  from  New- 
bury tlie  county  town. 

B(irt/iolo7>iew,  St.  one  of  the  Caribbee 
islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  30  miles 
N  of  St.  Christopher.  It  i.s  20  miles 
in  circumference,  and  has  a  good  har- 
bour. The  French  ceded  it  to  tlic 
Swedes  in  1785.  Lon.  63  10  W,  lat. 
17  36  N. 

Barton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Humber,  where  there  is  a 
ferry  into  Yorkshire,  of  great  advan- 
tage to  the  town,  which  is  35  miles  N 
of  Lincoln  and  166  of  London.  It  has 
a.  market  on  Monday.  Lon.  0  20  W, 
lat.  53  42  N. 

Baruth,  once  a  considerable  town  of 
Svria,  with  a  Christian  church,  30  miles 
hf  E  of  Seyda.  Lon.  36  30  E,  lat.  34 
10  N. 

Basartschick,  a.tovm  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania.  It  has  a  great  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Meritz.  Lon. 
24  40  E,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Basil,  or  Basic,  the  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Basil,  in  Swisscrland,  witli  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  university. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the 
Rhine  ;  the  larger  of  which  is  on  the 
side  of  Swisserland,  and  the  least  on 
that  of  Germany  ;  but  they  are  joined 
by  a  handsome  bridge.  The  largest 
has  five  gates,  six  suburbs,  200  streets, 
six  large  squares,  and  46  fountains,  and 
is  partly  seated  on  a  hill.  The  other 
utands  on  a  plain,  and  has  but  two 
gates  with  several  streets  and  foun- 
tains.    The   catliedral  is  an  eleg^ant 


B  A  S 

Gothic  building,  but  disfigured  by  a 
daubing  of  rose  coloured  paint,  spread 
over  the  whole  etlifice.  'I'hc  great 
Erasmus  is  interred  here  under  a  mar- 
ble tc  nb.  The  town-house,  and  fine 
paintings  in  fresco,  particularly  an  ex- 
quisite peace  oftlie  suftcrings  of  Christ 
by  Holbein,  are  much  admired.  The  li- 
brary contains  a  prodigious  number  of 
books  and  inanusci  ipts  ;  and  there  is  a 
rich  collection  of  medals,  among  whlcb 
are  several  exceedingly  scuvcc.  The 
clocks  always  go  an  hour  too  fast,  ac- 
cortliiig  to  some  for  the  quick  dispatch 
of  business  ;  others  say  it  was  owing 
to  an  assault,  or  according  to  some 
a  conspiracy  to  nmrdci  ttjc  magistrates 
being  ])revented  by  that  means.  This 
town  is  surrounded  by  tliick  walls, 
flanked  by  towers  and  biistions.  1  he 
art  of  making  paper  is  said  to  have  been 
invented  here.  They  liavc  several  ma- 
nufactures, ])articul:irly  of  ribands  and 
cottons,  and  carry  on  an  extensive  trade. 
The  bisho|)s  of  Basle  once  |)osscssed 
the  sovereignty  over  the  city  and  can- 
ton ;  but,  in  1501,  when  the  canton 
joined  the  Helvetic  confederacy,  they 
fixed  their  residence  at  Porentru  ;  still 
retaining  the  dignity  of  princes  of  the 
empire.  The  sumptuary  laws  are  very 
strict  at  Basil ;  and  no  person  is  :dlow- 
ed  to  have  a  servant  behind  hi.,  car- 
riage. Three  treaties  of  peace  were 
concluded  here  in  one  year,  1795,  with 
the  French  republic  ;  by  the  king  of 
Prussia  April  5,  the  king  of  Spain  July 
22,  and  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  CasscI 
August  28.  Basle  is  th»  largest,  and 
seems  to  have  been  once  one  of  th» 
most  populous  towns  in  Swisserland. 
It  is  capable  of  containing  100,000  in- 
habitants ;  but  their  number  is  scai-cely 
more  than  14,000.  Basle  has  now  lost 
its  independence,  and  has  together 
with  all  Swisserland  been  obliged  to 
bow  to  the  tyrannical  yoke  of  France, 
who  without  even  the  pretence  of  a 
provocation  invaded  and  laid  waste  this 
tranquil  country,  and  reduced  it  to  sla- 
very. It  is  174  miles  N  by  E  of  Gene- 
va, and  250  E  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  29 
E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Bastlicaio,  a  province  of  Naples  a- 
boundiiig  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  eotton, 
honey,  and  saffron.  Cirenza  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Basilipotamo,  a  river  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  in  the  Morea,  which  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Cfllochina.  It  was  colled 
Eurutes  by  the  anclenU. 


I 


B  A  S 


B  A  S 


I  \0 


"  ■■.  i 


Basiiigstote,  a  corporate  towii  in 
U;(iii])»liirf,  witli  a  market  on  Wcdi'cs- 
da\,  35  miles  E  1)V  N  of  Salisbury,  and 
47  \V  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  W, 
lat.  51 19  N. 

Daakinridgc,  a  post  town  in  Somerset 
counlN ,  New  Jersey,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Passaic  river,  7  miles  S  W  of  Morris- 
town  !  famous  for  tlic  capture  of  Gene- 
ral I,i;e,  by  Col.  Hi.:court  of  tlic  Bri- 
tish army,  in  tlie  year  1776. 

/?.7o7UM,  a  late  territory  of  France, 
Wiiicii  included  Lower  Navarre,  La- 
bourd,  and  Sould,  and  now  forms,  with 
Berne,  tlie  department  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees. 

Bitsu,  a  great  insulated  rock  in  the 
GcrmaJi  Ocean,  one  mile  from  the  coast 
of  Haddingtonshire,  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  town  of  Nortli  Berwick.  It  is 
inaccessible  on  all  sides,  except  the  S 
W,  and  there  it  is  with  great  difficul- 
ty tliat  a  man  can  climb  up  by  the  help 
of  a  rope  or  ladder.  In  summer  this 
remarkable  rock,  which  overhanjjs  the 
sea  in  a  tremendous  manner,  rising  in 
the  form  of  a  cone,  is  tiuite  covered 
will)  the  nest.'!,  eggs,  and  youiig  birds 
of  the  gannets,  or  solan  geese  ;  so  that 
it  is  scarce  possible  to  walk  without 
treading  on  them :  and  the  flocks  of 
birds,  ill  flight,  are  so  prodigious,  as  to 
darken  tln"  air,  like  floudi ;  and  their 
noise  is  such,  that  people  close  by  each 
other  hear  what  is  spoken  with  diffi- 
■culty.  These  birds  come  hither  to 
breed.  The  rock  is  one  mile  in  cir- 
C'lmfcrence,  ^iid  siipplied  with  water 
by  u  spring  at  t)ie  top.  A  ruinous  cas- 
tle, once  the  state  prison  of  Scotland, 
Stands  at  tlie  edge  of  the  precipice. 
Ihe  garrison  in  IbM,  suirendeied  to 
king  Wiill;im,  and  tlic  fortifications 
■vN'cre  demolished.  A  cavern  runs 
through  tlie  rock,  (,  iite  dark  in  the 
centre,  where,  it  is  said,  there  is  a  deep 
pool  of  fresh  water.  It  also  contains 
a  small  w;irron  for  rabbits,  and  pasture 
for  a  few  sheep.  Lon.  2  3i  W,  lat.  53 
J  N. 

Bassano,  a  town  of  Vicentino,  in  the 
territory  fif  Venice,  on  the  river  Brante, 
in  a  country  fertile  in  excellent  wine. 
Lon.  11  24  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Basse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Flanders,  famous  for  the  m.iny  sieges 
it  has  sustained  ;  but  its  fortifications 
are  now  demolished.  It  is  18  miles 
S  W  of  Lisic.  Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  50  28 
N. 


Baiieen  a  city  and  fortreis  in  tlie 
Decan  of  Hindoostan,  opposite  the  N 
end  of  Salsetto.  It  is  27  miles  N  of 
Bombay.     Lon.  72  10  E,  lat.  19  19  N. 

Bassentlfuiaile-'uiater,  a  tine  lake  in 
Cumberland,  three  miles  N  VV  of  Kes- 
wick. It  is  four  miles  hug,  bounded 
on  one  side  by  high  hills,  wooded,  in 
many  places,  to  their  bases;  on  the 
other,  by  the  fields,  and  ihe  skirts  of 
Skiddaw. 

Basseterre,  the  capital  of  St.  Christo- 
pher,  built  by  the  French,  before  the 
island  was  ceded  to  tlie  English  in  1713. 

Basset^rv,  tlie  capital  ol'Gaud.iloupc, 
in  a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
W  part  of  the  island.  It  is  defended 
bv  a  citadel  and  other  fortifications. 
Lon  61  59  W,  lat.  15  59  N. 

Bassnra,  or  Bussarah,  a  city  and  sea- 
port of  Turkey  in  Asia,  40  miles  N  W 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  stands  on  tlie 
Euphrates,  a  canal  from  which  divides 
the  city  into  two  parts  ;  and  over  it  is 
a  bridge  of  boats.  The  houses  are 
constructed  of  bricks  dried  in  the  sun, 
!Mid  have  a  very  mean  aspect.  The  cir- 
cumjacent tract  is  looked  upon  !))•  the 
Arabs  to  be  one  of  the  most  delightful 
spots  in  Asia,  and  even  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  gai-dcns  in  the  world. 
The  hot  winds  that  blow  here  are  ve- 
ry troublesome  to  travellers,  sometimes 
ovei  whelming  them  with  sand  driven 
out  of  the  neighbouring  deserts.  Here 
ai'e  many  Jews,  who  live  by  bro- 
kerage imd  exchanging  money ;  but 
they  arc  kept  very  poor.  In  1691,  th« 
plague  destroyed  80,000  of  the  inhabi- 
*:ants  ;  but  it  was  afterwards  peopled 
by  the  wild  Arabs,  who  were  soon 
brought  under  the  subjection  of  the 
Turks.  The  trade  here  is  not  so  con- 
siderable as  it  was  formerly.  It  is  240 
miles  S  by  E  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  44  52 
E,  lai.  29  26  N. 

Bastia,  a  seaport  of  Albania,  in  Tur- 
key  in  Europe,  opposite  tlie  island  of 
Corfu,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Calamu. 
Lon.  20  20  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Bastia,  the  capital  of  Corsica,  with  a 
good  harbour,  a  strong  castle,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  suiTendered  to  lord 
Hood  in  1794,  but  has  since  revolted  to 
France.  It  Is  70  miles  S  S  W  of  Leg- 
horn.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Basthnentos,  the  name  of  some  small 
islands  near  Terra  Firma,  in  South  A- 
merica,  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay  of 
Nombre  de  Dios,  with  a  fort  and  a 
good  harbour. 


I 


B  A  S 

ty  and  fortrcis  in  tlie 
jostaii,  ojipiisltc  the  N 
.  It  is  27  miks  N  (if 
72  lOE,  lut.  ly  li)N. 
•■'water,  a  fine  lake  in 
rce  miles  N  W  of  Kcs- 
lur  miles  hmg,  hounded 
lligh  liills,  wooded,  in 
to  llicir  hfisrs ;  on  tht 
[:lds,  and  the  skirts  of 

e  capital  of  St.  Christo- 
the  French,  before  the 
jdtothcEnjrlish  in  1713. 
V  capital  olGaiidaloiipc, 
tlie  same  name,  in  the 
island.  It  is  defended 
,nd  other  fortiiications. 
lat.  15  59  N. 
Huaarah,  a  city  and  sea- 
in  Asia,  40  miles  N  VI 
crsia.  It  stands  on  the 
mal  from  which  divides 
,'o  parts ;  and  over  it  is 
oats.  The  houses  are 
bricks  dried  in  the  sun, 
•  mean  aspect.  The  cir- 
t  is  h)oked  upon  by  the 
e  of  the  most  delightful 
and  even  as  one  of  the 
f^avdcns  in  the  world, 
that  blow  here  arc  ve- 
to travellers,  sometimes 
them  with  sand  driven 
ibouring"  deserts.  Here 
ivs,  who  live  by  bro- 
changing  money  j  but 
•y  poor.  In  1691,  th« 
d  80,000  of  the  inhabi- 
'as  afterwards  peopled 
Vrabs,  who  were  soon 
the  subjection  of  the 
ade  here  is  not  so  con- 
vas  formerly.  It  is  240 
"  Bagdad.     Lon.  44  53 

)Ort  of  Albania,  in  Tur- 

opposite  tlie  island  of 

uth  of  the  river  Calamu. 

.3940  N. 

pital  of  Corsica,  •with  a 

strong  castle,  and  a 

suiTendered  to  lord 

ut  has  since  revolted  to 

miles  S  S  W  of  Leff- 

E,  lat.  42  36  N. 

he  name  of  some  small 

ra  Firma,  in  South  A- 

mouth   of  the  bay  of 

tis.  witli  a  fort  and  a 


it 


BAT 

ltastwg:i(,  a  town  of  Atistrian  Luxem- 
burg, 25  miles  NWiof  Luxemburg. 
Lon.  6  0  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Jlittitcn/a,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  bi'twecn  Onorc  and  Barce- 
Idi'c.  Here  arc  the  remains  of  a  once 
considerable  city,  on  the  banks  of  a 
small  river,  four  miles  from  the  sea. 
The  country  produces  a  good  de:d  of 
pepper  J  tiie  English  had  a  factory 
iiiic,  taut  w  .I'e  all  massacred  by  the 
natives,  because  one  of  their  bull  dogs 
killed  a  consecrated  cow. 

liiitasect,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
(11  the  Danube,  70  miles  S  of  Buda. 
i.nn.  19  20E,  lat.  46  15  N. 

n.ttavia,  the  ancient  name  of  an  island 
ill  Diitcli  GucldiTland,  from  which  the 
Dutch  arc  sometimes  called  flatavians. 
Slc  Bettnue. 

Batnvia,  a  city  of  the  inland  of  Java, 
r.ipital  of  all  the  Dutch  stttlemf  nts  in 
the  East  Indies.  The  fort  is  buiU  at  a 
distance  from  the  town  of  stone  brought 
IVom  Europe.  In  general,  the  place  is 
very  beautiful  and  built  of  white  stones  ; 
tlieyhave  canals  in  the  principal  streets, 
planted  on  each  side  with  evergreen 
trees.  Batavia  contains  a  ])rodigious 
number  of  inhabitants,  of  every  c(mntry 
in  these  parts.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  governor-general  of  all  the  Dutch 
coloities  in  the  Ea.st  Indies.  It  has  a 
liandsome  hospital  and  arsenal ;  and  all 
the  goods  brought  from  other  parts  of 
the  East  Indies  are  laid  up  here,  till 
tticy  are  exported  to  their  places  of 
destination.  The  air  is  very  unwhole- 
some i  and  this  place  is  represented  as 
tlie  grave  of  European  navigators.  Its 
iiarbour  is  excellent,  and  seated  on  the 
N  E  part  of  the  island.  Shortly  after 
the  Dutch  declared  war  against  Eng- 
land, Batavia  was  capturedov  the  Brt- 
lish.     Lon.  106  51  E,  lat.  6  10  S. 

Batavia,  a  post  town  of  Groen  coun- 
ty, New-York,  situated  on  Batavia 
creek,  a  branch  of  Schoharric  ri<ver, 
iibout  midway  between  Bristol  and 
CatskiU,  being  30  miles  W  of  the  lat- 
ter. 

Bath,  a  city  in  Somersetshiie,  with 
a  iiuirket  on  Wednesdav  and  Saturday. 
It  lias  been  famous  from  the  time  of 
the  Romans,  for  it»  hot  springs,  which 
.ire  not  only  used  as  baths,  but  inter- 
iiiiUy  as  a  medicine.  The  springs  are 
(Itstinguished  by  the  immes  of  the 
CiMss-buth,  the  Hrit-bath,  and  the 
King's-bath.  The  reputation  ofthese 
waters  luM  so  muck  increased,  that 


BAT 

Bath  is  become  the  ])rincipal  resort, 
next  to  the  metropolis,  for  the  no^dity 
and  gentry,  andtiie  constant  residence 
of  many  opulent  imalids,  as  well  as  of 
numerous  vcitarics  of  liissipation.  lit 
s))lerii|i»ur  Mid  idegance  of  buildings,  it 
exceeds  every  town  in  England  ;  tliey 
are  <:onstructed  of  a  while  vl.iie,  and 
the  fronts,  which  are  all  tliree  stories 
high,  are  adorned  with  three  rows  of 
columns  in  pairs,  of  the  Doric,  l'>nic 
and  Corinthian  orders.  The  principal 
seasons  for  the  waters  are  spring  and 
autumn.  The  porn-  who  come  here  to 
drink  the  waters,  may  be  received  in- 
to a  magnificent  hos|)ital.  B.ath  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Avon,  which  has  been  made 
navigable  hence  to  Bristol :  12  miles 
E  S  E  of  Bristol,  and  107  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  21  W,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Bath,  a  village  in  Steuben  county, 
with  a  post-olhce,  20  miles  N  W  of 
the  Painted  Post,  and  120  S  E  of 
Niagara. 

Bath,  a  village  with  a  post-office,  in 
Berkley  county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  Potomack  river,  about 
35  miles  W  of  Winchester,  and  famous 
for  its  warm  springs. 

Bath  court-house,  a  post  town  of 
Bath  county,  Virginia,  and  the  principal 
seatof  justice,  50  miles  W  of  Staunton, 
and  237  from  Washington. 

Batha,  or  Bachia,  a  town  of  Hunga- 
rv,  in  a  coiintvofthe  same  name,  on  the 
Danube,  110  miles  SSE  of  Buda.  Lon. 
20  40  E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Battel,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  famous  for  the  deci- 
sive victory  gained  by  William  I.  over 
Harold  in  1066  j  in  memory  of  which 
he  founded  here  a  celebrated  abbey, 
which  its  remains  shew  to  have  been 
a  noble  structure.  This  town  is  noted 
for  a  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  well 
known  by  the  name  of  Battel  powder. 
It  is  22  miles  E  of  Lewes,  and  57  S 
E  of  London.  Lon.  0  33  E,  lat.  50  55 
N. 

Battecola,  a  fortified  town,  on  the 
E  coast  of  Ceylon.  Lon.  81  3  E,  lat.  5 
55  N. 

Bat^ndmrg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guel- 
derland,  seated  on  the  N  bank  of  the 
Meusr.  ten  miles  S  W  of  Nimegiien. 
Lon.  5  J3  E,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Battersea,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted 
for  its  tine  asparagus.  Near  it  stands 
a  distillery  and  a  curious  'Horizontal  air- 
mill.  Here  Sir  Walter  St.  John  found- 
ed a  freeschool ;  and  here  is  a  timber 


B  A  U 


BAY 


4; 


bridjrp  over  t!ic  Thamois  to  Cliclupa, 
U'.iticiscu  is  f;)ur  links  \V  S  U  of  Li<ii- 
(loa. 

Batt'.cfill,  a  vill.i;:e  in  Sliropsliiio, 
fivf  iiiiltj  N  of  Mi'.i\v.il)i!i_v,  wiiiTi'  tlic 
dcclsi'i'  vi 'I  ■]■"  wiis  f;iiiiu.(!  In  Henry 
IV.  nvii-  Hiih)  IVivc; ,  Hiiniuiiiud  Ildl- 
spur. 

BiUttitoixK,  :i  pfist  t(  wii  (if  Frcdoriik 
couiil',  Virginia,  lin-iil  mili's  W  \<\  N 
of  Stl•vc•I\s^M:l■(■■,  six  K  of  Wiuclicster, 
«1kI  ,'..'  N  W  of  U'its/iii:gli>ii. 

Jia-c<iriri,  oiu-  of  tin-  cirrlcs  of  the 
Germ  ill!  cm  pi  If,  Ixmiulfd  on  (iio  W  by 
Siiiiliiu,  on  llu'  N  W  by  I'nuu'onia,  on 
till-  H  K  by  IJobcniiii,  unci  on  the  E  and 
S  by  Austria.  It  contuinK  tbo  dutcliyof 
Bavaria  Propt-r,  tbe  iippir  paUitinato 
of  Hax  aria,  t'lc  bishoprics  of  Frciscngen 
and  Fashaii,  ibc  diittiiy  of  Neuburg, 
andUii'  archbishopric  of  Sallzljurp. 

Himaria  J'nftr,  a  dutcliy,  and  the 
principal  jiarl,  of  tlic  circle  of  Bavaria. 
This  diitchv  is  \25  miles  long  fronn  E 
to  VV,  :ind  a?  broad  fioni  N  to  S.  The 
nir  is  uliolesonie,  and  tiie  country  fer- 
tile. It  is  divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower  Bavaria.     Its  i  apital  is  Mimicli. 

li(i\iitia,  Upl>tr  Pa.iUinate  tif,  souie- 
tiliies  called  KonigiVK,  from  its  .situation 
in  the  N  part  of  the  circle  of  Bavaria. 
It  is  a  dutcliy,  subject  to  tlie  elector 
palatine.     Its  capital  is  Amberg-. 

Havax,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  |)ro- 
vince  of  Hainault,  to  wliirh  the  French 
retired  after  the  battle  of  Malplaquet, 
in  1709.  in  1~'J2  it  surrendered  to 
the  Austriiuis  bui.  was  retaken  the 
•an  vear.  It  is  three  miles  S  W  of 
Ma  )  ,qiiet,  and  12  S  \V  of  Mons. 
Lon.  ,   J2E,  lat.  50  16N. 

BaUf^t,  a  small  towi)  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Coesnon,  18  miles  E  of 
Angers.     Lon.  0  1  W,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Baiigenci,  a  town  f»f  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loire,  ;«nd  late  province 
of  Orleanois,  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  wliich  runs  the  Ix'ire.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  its  wines,  and  is  six  miles  W 
of  Orleans. 

Baume-ks- Nones,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Doubs  and  late 
province  i.f  Fra'iche  Comle.  It  'lad 
before  the  French  rcvoluticm  a  ririi 
nimnery,  from  which  it  received  its 
a;)])onation.  Five  milosfrom  this  town 
is  a  famous  cavern,  whose  entrance  is 
20  paces  wide,   ;dul  idler  dcscendinjj 


!  ."^00  pares,  a  grotto  in  seen,  SS  pare» 
,  (lee]),  60  wide,  and  co\ered  with  a 
kind  of  \aidted  roof,  from  which  water 
continually  drops.  Buunie  is  15  miles 
S  VV  of  Besuncon.  Lon.  6  24  E,  lat. 
47  24  N. 

Biiuiik,  or  Bmith),  a  small  but  impor- 
tant town  of  Courland,  on  the  froiitiers 
of  Poland,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It 
is  seated  on  tlie  river  Mus/a,  15  miles 
.S  E  of  Mittaii.  Lon.  23  56  E,  lat.  56 
30  N. 

Bautzen,  a  considerable  townof  Ger- 
many,  an<l  capital  of  Upper  Lusatia, 
with  a  strong  citadel.  It  stands  on  the 
river  .S])ree,  30  miles  E  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  14  42  E,  lat.  51  ION. 

Baux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
jiartnient  of  the  Mouths  of  tlie  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Provence.  It  i» 
built  upon  a  rock,  at  the  top  of  which 
is  a  strong  castle  10  miles  E  by  N  of 
Aries.     l,on.  4  57  E,  iat.  43  43  N. 

Bavitry,  a  town  in  tlie  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wecbies- 
day.  Ithas  beenlong  noted  for  millstones 
and  grindstones,  anil  seated  on  the 
river  Idle,  seven  miles  S  by  E  of  Don- 
caster,  and  152  N  of  London.  Lon.  \ 
10  W,  lat.  53  27  N. 

Baya,  or  Baja,  a  toMti  of  Lower 
Hungary,  on  the  Danube,  32  miles  N 
of  Esscck.  Lon.  19  59  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 
Baj/cux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  once  a  bishop's  see.  The 
cathedral  is  a  noble  structure.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Aure,  four  miles 
from  the  English  cliaiinel,  and  140  W 
by  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  43  W,  lat.  49 
16  N. 

Bayon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mcurthe  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  on  tiie  river  Moselle,  12 
miles  S  of  Naiici.  Lon.  6  22  E,  lat.  49 
38  N. 

Bayou,  or  Bnyona,  a  seaport  town  of 
Spain,  in  Gallicia,  situated  on  a  small 
gulf  of  the  Atlanic,  12  mlfcs  W  ofTuy. 
Lon.  8  34  W,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Bayoime,  a  populous  and  commercial 
eitv  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lov.-er  Pyrenees,  aiul  late  jirovince  of 
Gii^scony,  seated  oji  the  mouth  of  the  riv- 
er Adour  which  forms  a  good  harbour. 
It  is  divided  into  three  p'jrtf  The 
groat  town  is  on  this  side  ine'  ri^'er 
Nivc ;  tiie  little  town  is  betvs-een 
tlie  Nive  and  the  Adour  ;  and  the  sub- 
urbs of  St.  Esprit  is  bejond  this  last 
ri\ or,    'ihcre  is  a  commiuucatiou  be- 


BAY 

t^rotUi  i»  seen,  tiS  pare» 
li',  iiiul  coM'i'cd  will)  a 
•(l  roof,  from  which  water 
ri)|)H.  iiuunie  is  15  niik's 
neon.     Lon.  6  24  E,  lat. 

^atith),  a  small  Init  impor- 
.^ourlund,  on  the  fror\ticTit 
ilh  a  carttli-  on  a  rock.  It 
lie:  river  Musza,  15  miles 
II.     Lon.  23  56  E,  lat.  56 

considerable  townof  Ger- 
pital  of  Upper  Liisatia, 
citadel.  It  stands  on  the 
30  miles  E  of  Dresden. 
,  lat.  51  10  N. 
.vn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
he  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
nee  of  Provence.  It  i» 
ock,  ut  the  top  of  which 
stle  10  miles  E  by  N  of 
4  57  E,  lat.  43  43  N. 
town  in  tlie  W  riding  of 
th  a  market  on  Wednes- 
nlong  noted  for  millstones 
les,  anil  seated  on  the 
vcn  miles  S  by  E  of  Don- 
•2  N  of  London.  Lon.  I 
27  N. 

?i7/rt,  a  town  of  Lower 
the  Danube,  32  miles  N 
on.  19  59  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 
iwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
iilvados  and  late  province 
once  a  bishop's  see.  The 
.  noble  structure.  It  is 
river  Aure,  four  miles 
lish  cliannel,  and  140  W 
i.     Lon.  0  43  W,  lat.   49 

m  of  France,  in  the  de- 
eurthe  and  late  province 
1  the  river  Moselle,  12 
ici.    Lon.  6  22  E,  lat.  49 

yonn,  a  seaport  town  of 
icia,  situated  on  a  small 
anlc,  12mlfesWofTuy. 
iat.  42  0  N. 

npiilous  and  commercial 
in  tlie  departtnentofthe 
cs,  aiul  late  jirovince  of 
d  oji  the  moutli  of  the  riv- 
;li  forms  a  good  harbour, 
into  three  pivBtp.  The 
on  this  .side  uie  river 
ttle  town  is  between 
lie  Adour  ;  aiu'  tiie  sub- 
jrit  is  bejond  this  last 
is  a  commuiiicatiou  be- 


B  E  A 


f  Wf  en  these  diflerent  part:*  by  a  bridf^. 
■|  he  Nive  and  Adour,  unite  iheir 
streams  in  the  miil'llo  of  this  city,  and 
proceed  to  the  >*e;i,  at  the  disUince  of  .i 
(jiuiitir  of  a  league.  A  b^iili  of  sand, 
at  the  Tiioiitliof  the  Adour,  itiiili  is  the 
I  ntraiire  of  the  harbour  dilKcull ;  l)Ul 
Ne-isels,  wlieii  they  liave  entered,  find 
it  a  safe  one.  Tlie  citadel  is  the 
strongest  in  France.  llayoMiie  was 
lately  a  bishop's  see  ;  and  the  ancient 
ratiicdral  is  remarkable  for  the  Ueij^ht 
(if  the  nef,  and  tlie  delicacy  of  the  ]n\- 
liii's  which  su|)port  it.  The  military 
weapon,  the  bayonet,  bears  the  name 
of  this  city,  in  which  it  was  invented. 
Tlie  hams  and  chocolate  of  Bayonne 
are  famous.  It  is  25  miles  S  VV  of 
Dax,  and  425  S  by  W  of  I'aris.  Lon. 
1  30  W,  lat.  43  2y'N. 

limus,  a  towji  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment f>f  Gironde  :ind  late  province 
of  Guiciine,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  five  miles  from 
the  river  Garonne,  and  42  S  E  of  Bour- 
deaux.     Lon.  0  2  VV,  lat.  44  22  N. 

Beachy-head,  a  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Sussex,  between  Hastings  and 
Shorcham,  where  the  French  fleet  de- 
feated the  English  and  Dutch  in  1690 
Lon.  0  19  E,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Beuconsfield,  a  town  in  Bucks,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  The  Poet 
Waller  died  here,  and  is  interred  in  the 
churchyard,  as  is  likewise  the  late  Ed- 
mund Burke  who  resided  here.  It  is 
23  miles  W  N  W  of  London.  LoiV.  0 
30  W,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Beaminsttr,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  11  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on 
(he  Bert,  15  miles  W  N  W  of  Dor- 
chester, and  138  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Beam,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Bigorre,  on  the 
S  by  Spanish  Navarre,  on  the  W  by 
Saiilc  and  a  part  of  Lower  Navarre  and 
on  the  N  bi^Gascony  and  Arinagnac. 
It  now  forms  with  Basques,  the  de- 
liartment  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees. 

Bemieave,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard  and  late  province 
of  Lan,niiedoc,  on  the  Rhone,  opposite 
Tai'ascoii,  witli  which  it  has  a  commu- 
nication by  a  bridge  of  boats.  The 
fair,  held  July  22,  "at  this  place,  is  one 
of  the  most  famous  in  Europe.  It  is 
10  miles  E  of  Nismes.  Lon.  4  39  E, 
lat.  43  50  N. 

Beauce,  a  late  province  of  France, 
between  the  Isle  of  France,   Blasois, 


'7m 


B  E  A 

and  Orlcanois.     It  now   forms  the  de- 
partment of  Kure  and  Loire. 

/ictiii/iiif,  a  .sin  11  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Maim:  and  Liiire 
and  late  l)ro^in••e  cif  yXiijou,  eoiitaininjf 
about  100  hinisos.  It  is  15  miles  E  of 
Angers,     Lon.  0  9  W,  hit.  47  26  N. 

Hfititfurt,  a  strong  town  of  Savoy, 
in  Italy  on  the  river  Oroii,  12  miles  N 
E  of  Moiistier.  Lon.  6  28  E,  lat.  15 
50  N. 

Binii/hrt,  a  town  of  South  Carolina» 
on  Port  Roytd  Island.  Lon.  80  10  W 
lat.  31  40N. 

Beatijcii,  a  town  of  Fr.ince,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
jjrovince  of  Lyonois,  with  an  old  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ardiere,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  eight  miles  VV 
of  Saonc.     Lon.  4  40  E,  lat.  46  9  VV. 

Beaumaris,  the  county  town  of  An- 
glesey, with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  stands  on  the  strait 
of  Menai,  and  was  fortified  with  a  cas- 
tle by  Edward  I.  It  has  no  trade  ;  yet 
there  is  verj'  good  anchorage  in  the 
bay  that  lies  before  the  town  \  vessels 
often  iind  se'-iirity  here  in  hard  g.ilcs. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
one  member  '  to  parliament.  It  is  59 
miles  VV  bv  N  of  Chester,  and  241  'T 
VV  of  London.  Lon.  4  15  VV,  lat.  53 
15  N. 

Beaninont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dcjjartment  of  the  North  and  ate 
French  Hainault.  It  was  ceded  to  the 
French  in  1684,  and  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1691,  who  blew  up  the  castle.  It 
is  seated  between  the  Maese  and 
Sambre,  10  milesEofMaubeuge.  Lon. 

4  19  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 
Bcaumont-ile-Lomagne,      a    town    of 

France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  on  the  Gimone,  Ive  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  that  rive;',  and  12 

5  E  of  Lectoure. 
Beaumont-le-Roger,  a  town  of  France, 

in  the  department  of  Lower  Seine  and 
late  province  of  Normandy,  22  miles 
S  VV  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  56E,  lat.  49  7 
N. 

Beaumont-le-Vicmnte,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  dep.irtmcnt  of  Sarte» 
and  late  province  of  Maine,  10  miles  N 
of  Mans.     Lon.  0  12  E,  lat.  48  4  N. 

Beaumnnt-sur-Oise,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise, 
and  late  province  of  the  isle  of  France, 
seated  on  tlie  declivity  of  a  lull,  on  the 
river  Oise,   which  has   a  bridge,  2<* 

I 


mm 


in 


DEC 

mill*  N  of  Piiris.     1,011.2  2t)  E,  lal.  49 

9  N 

Hfdiiiie,  ;i  tiiwiiof  ri'.'ilu'C,  in  tl.c  ilc- 
partr.uiit  of  Critc  d'Or  iiiiil  liilc  pi-o- 
viiK'i'  of  Hiir;{Mnil_\,  n'liiiiikablc  I'ur  its 
cxci'll^nt  Willi',  'it  in  J.i  niiliH  S  W 
of  Dijon.     I,(.n.  4  47  K,  lat.  -iT  0  N. 

/huuviiij,  aiic|iis''op»l  rit_\  of  Trancc', 
in  tlic  (li'iiaptnicnt  of  Oise  limllatL'  ()ro. 
vinci'  of  llie  Isle  of  I'ramio.  'I'lic  cii- 
tliiilral  was  iloilicatod  to  St.  IMlt, 
nnd  i.s  ailiniivd  for  i»s  tine  aiTliiti'itun'  j 
the  i-linrcii  of  St.  Stcpiiin  is  runiark- 
alili'  foi-  its  cnrions  windows.  It  wa.s 
bcsic'|,'ed  in  14().i,  i)y  tlic  duke  of  llnr- 
giindy,  wlien  the  women,  under  tlie 
roiuhirt  of  Jeanne  Maciiette,  foi-eed 
tile  dillie  to  raise  the  siege  ;  and  in 
memory  of  their  exploits,  tliey  used  to 
walk  first  in  u  proecssion  on  tiie  10th 
of  July,  th(!  anniversary  of  tlielr  deli- 
veruiue.  Tlie  inhal>itunts  carry  on  a 
good  trade  in  beautiful  tapestry.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Theiiin,  42  miles 
N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  49  26 
N. 

Bfauvnfr-tiir-Mcr,  a  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  ilepartment  of  Vendee 
«nd  lat('  province  of  Poitou,  25  miles 
S  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  S-;  W,  Int.  46 
55  N. 

Bebdinguen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Wirtemburjy,  seated  on  a 
lake,  from  which  runs  the  river  Worm, 

10  miles  N  VV  of  Stutgard.     Lon.  9  2 
E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Bee,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  liad  formerly 
a  noble  Benedictine  abbey,  18  miles 
S  W  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  52  E,  lat.  49 
14  N. 

BeccUs,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
navigable  river  Waveney,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  has  a  noble  church, 
with  a  lofty  steeple ;  and  two  free 
schools,  one  of  them  with  10  scholar- 
ships for  Emanuel  College,  Cambridge. 
It  is  12  miles  S  W  of  Yarmouth,  and 
108  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  45  E,  lat. 
52  36  N. 

Bcc-tP-Arieux,  or  Bedarietix,  a  town 
of  France,  in  the  province  of  Herault 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  on  the 
river  Obe,  20  miles  N  of  Beziers.  Lon. 
3  20  E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Bechiit,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  situated 
on  the  river  Lausnics,  55  miles  S  of 
Prague.     Lon.  14  53  E,  lat.  49  13  N. 

Beckum,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Munster,  situated  at 


BED 

the  souiTO  of  the  river  Verse,  20  milci 
S  E.of  Munster.  Lon.  8  .)  E,  lut.  51 
41  N. 

Bicsaitfiit,  n  province  of  Asia,  in  Na. 
toliu,  bounded  on  I  lie  N  by  the  l>hak 
Sea,  on  the  \V  l>y  the  Sea  of  Marmo- 
ra, on  the  S  by  Proper  Natolia,  ami 
on  the  K  by  the  Jiroviiuc  of  UoUi.  It 
was  aiii:ienlly  culled  tlithynia.  Tliu 
eupital  is  Uursa. 

BtiLil,  a  town  in  the  north  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  througli  wbieh  passes  u 
Roniaii  eaiisewav.  It  is  10  miles  S  E 
of  Kiehniond,  aiid  220  N  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  54  20  N. 

BeddiiigHm,  a  village  near  Croydon, 
in  Surry.  Here  is  Uedilliigton  Park, 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  Care  ws,  one  of 
the  many  said  to  have  been  the  resi- 
dence ot  queen  Elizabeth.  The  ehurcli 
is  a  Gothic  ))ilc,  with  stalls  in  the  aisles, 
like  a  cathedral. 

Bcileii,  or  Belling,  a  village  in  Sussex, 
13  miles  W  of  Lewes,  near  a  river  of 
its  own  name,  wliirli  runs  into  the 
English  Channel  at  NewSh&reham. 

BeJer,  a  fortified  city  of  the  Derran 
of  Hindoostan,  in  Dowlatabad,  once 
the  capital  of  a  considerable  kingdom. 
It  is  80  miles  N  W  of  Hydrabad.  Lon. 
rs  0  E,  Lit.  17  0  N. 

Bedford,  a  borough,  and  a  county- 
town  of  Bedfordshire,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday  and  Saturday.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  by  the  Ouse,  over 
which  there  is  a  bridge  with  a  gate  at 
each  end.  It  is ,  not  lurg'j  nor  well 
built.  It  has  five  churches,  and  form- 
erly had  a  strong  castle,  whose  site 
is  now  a  bowling  green.  It  is  govern- 
ed ))y  a  mayor,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  27  miles  E  by  N  of 
Buckingliam,  and  50  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  52  13  N. 

Bedford,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  West  Chester  county,  New  York; 
about  35  miles  North  Eastwardly  from 
the  city  of  New  York,  wul  has  about 
2400  inhnbitimts. 

Bedford,  an  incorporated  town,  the 
capital  of  Bedford  county,  Pennsylvania, 
about  210  miles  W  of  Philadelphia,  106 
E  by  S  of  Pittsburg,  and  150  N  W  of 
Washington.  The  coimty  was  divided 
from  Cumberland,  and  Bedford  erect- 
ed into  a  county  town,  March  1771'  It 
iias  a  post  otKcc  and  about  300  inhabi- 
tants. 

Bedford  Level,  a  tract  of  fenny  land, 
it  the  Isle  of  Ely,  consisting  of  300,000 
acres,  and  extending  into  the  counties 


ofS'ii-f 

Mllpli'll 

:iHeli>l' 

iviu'li"- 

WiUial 

(lirtool 

nign  < 

istabli 

^rcat 

i-;il      ■ 

(|iiMiti* 


1%' 


\h 


BED 

rUic  river  Verse,  .20  milfi 
iter.     Lori.  H  ,)  E,  kt.  51 

a  province  of  Asiii,  in  Na. 
■il  oil  Hie  N  In  the  Ulna 
W  l)_v  tlic   Sen  of  Marnio. 

liy  Proper  Niitoliu,  uiul 
lie  iiroviiiee  of  Uolli.  It 
>■  culled  Uiliiyniu.  The 
I'sa. 

iwn  in  the  north  riilinp  of 
hroiin-h  Aviiieh  pusses  a 
iwav.  It  is  10  miles  S  E 
,  ami  220  N  N  WofLoii. 
25  \y,  hit.  54  20  N. 

a  villag'c  near  Croydon, 
ere  is  liediiiiigton  Park, 
•at  of  the  Carcws,  one  of 
I  to  liave  been  tlic  rcsi- 
;n  Elizabeth.  The  church 
lo,  witii  stalls  in  the  aislts, 
•al. 

eding,  a  vilhig'c  in  Sussex, 
if  Lewes,  near  a  river  of 
c,  whicli  runs  into  the 
ncl  at  NcwShorcham. 
•tificd  city  of  the  Dercan 
1,    in   Dovvlatabad,   once 

a  con.siderable  kingdom, 
NTVVof  Hydrabad.  Lon, 
'ON. 

borou|;'h,  and  a  county- 
!)rdsliire,  with  a  market 
id  Saturday.  It  is  divid- 
larts  by  the  Ouse,  over 
s  a  bri<ig'c  with  a  gate  at 
;  is,  not  larg-  nor  well 
five  churches,  and  form- 
rong  castle,  wliose  site 
ng  gi'ecn.  It  is  govern- 
•,  sends  two  members  to 
id  is  27  miles  E  by  N  of 
and  50  N  by  WofLon- 
!0  W,  lat.  52  13  N. 
illage  with  a  post  office, 
ter  county.  New  York  ; 
Nortli  Eastwardly  from 
cw  York,  Mid  has'  about 
Its.  * 

incorporated  town,  the 
ird  county,  Pennsylvania, 
sWof  Philadelphia,  106 
sburg,  and  150  N  W  of 
^iie  county  was  divided 
ind,  and  Bedford  erect- 
y  town,  March  1771.  It 
;c  and  about  300  inhabi- 

/,  a  tract  of  fenny  land, 
ly,  consisting  of  300,000 
ending  into  the  counties 


BEG 

ofN'irfolk,  Stifliilk,  Huntingdon,  North- 
Miiplon,  and  Lincoln.  Athr  various 
atUiiipts  ti  drain  these  fins,  in  the 
iiin'iis  of  Henry  VI.  and  Charles  I. 
William  earl  i)f  Bedford,  in  1C4'.»,  un- 
(|(  I'took  and  conipletcillt  ;  and,  ill  the 
riigii  "f  Charles  II.  ii  corporation  was 
( stablishcd  for  the  govcrnnient  of  this 
jfi-eat  level.  In  these  fens  are  seve- 
nil  decoys,  in  which  iniiuineraliK^ 
qiiaiititicH  of  wild  fowl  are  taken  dur- 
in|;  the  season. 

Hcilfordaliirc,  a  county  in  England, 
bounded  on  the  N  E  by  Huntingdoii- 
hliire,  on  the  E  by  Cainbridgcsliire,  on 
Ihe  S  E  by  Herts,  on  the  S  W  by 
Uiicks,  and  on  the  N  \W  by  Noi ihaini)- 
tonshire.  Its  utmost  length  is  35  miles, 
and  its  greatest  breadth  22.  The  air 
is  healthy;  the  Ouse,  which  in  its 
course  receives  the  Ivel,  divides  it  into 
two  parts.  'I'he  N  side  of  the  Ouse  is 
fertile  and  woody ;  but  the  S  is  lesv;  so. 
Its  chief  products  are  corn,  butter,  and 
fuller's  earth  i  its  manufactures,  lace, 
ttraw  hats,  baskets,  and  toys. 

Bednore,  or  Bidanore,  a  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore. 
It  was  taken  by  general  Matthews,  in 
1783;  But  rettdien  soon  after  by  Tip- 
poo  SiUtan.  The  capitulation  wrs  vio- 
lated, and  the  general  poisoned.  It  is 
452  miles  S  E  of  Bombay,  and  187  N 
W  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  75  30  E, 
iat.  14  0  N. 

Bedouins,  a  modem  name  of  the  wild 
Arabs,  who  live  in  tents,  and  are  dis- 
persed all  over  Arabia,  Eg)-pt,  and  the 
North  of  Africa,  governed  by  their  own 
cliicfs,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pa- 
triarchs were  formerly;  their pri.icipal 
employment  is  the  grazing  of  ci.'ttle. 

Bedviin,  Great,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire, 
by  prescription,  which  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  five  miles  S 
W  of  Hungerford,  and  71  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  33  W,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Beemah,  ariverof  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Decan,  a  principal  branch  of  the 
Kistna,  joining  it  near  Edghir.  It  rises 
in  the  mountains  to  the  N  of  Poonah. 
Befort,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rliine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  28  miles  W  of 
Basil.     Lon.  6  54  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Begia,  or  Beggia,  a  town  of  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  with  a  strong 
castle,  on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain, 
65  miles  W  of  Tunis.  Lon.  11  30  E, 
lat.  36  42  N. 


BEL 

\.'^rja,  atownof  Portugal,  in  Alentrjo, 
in  a  fruitful  plain,  neur  a  lake  of  th» 
same  name,  72  miles  S  E  of  I/isbon. 
Lon,  7  40  VV,  hit.  37  58  N. 
Bijapiiur.  Sfc  Viiii<ifHiur. 
Heu/i/iiigen,  a  town  of  Ccrmaiiy,  in 
Thuringia,  17  miles  N  of  ^Veimur. 
Lon.  11   )0E.  Iat.51  22  N. 

Biin/tciin,  a  fort  of  Kraiice,  in  the  late 
province  of  Alsace,  on  the  Sur,  near 
its  confluence  with  tlic  Khine,  six 
mile*  S  W  of  Hastudt,  Lon.  7  8  E.lat, 
48  50  N. 

Beini,  a  province  of  Portugal,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Tra-los-Montes  and 
Entre-l)ouero-e-Minho,  on  the  S  by 
Portuguese  Estraniadura,  on  the  E  by 
the  Spanish  jirovince  of  the  same 
name,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic. 
Bclcaatro,  an  episcfijial  town  of  Na. 
pies,  in  Ciilabrio  Ultcriore,  seated  on 
a  mountain,  eight  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  12  S  W  of  San  Scvcrino.  Lon.  17 
5  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 

BtUlieiton,  a  post  town  of  Hamp- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  \Z  miles 
W  by  N  of  Brookfield,  the  same  dis- 
tance  E  by  S  of  Nortliampton,  and 
about  80  W  of  Boston. 

Bek/iite,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arrar 
gon,  on  the  river  Almonuzir,  ,  J  miles 
S  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  41 
33  N. 

Belchoe,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Fermanagh,  seated  on  Laugh 
Nilly,  18  miles  S  E  of  Ballyshannon. 
Lon.  7  29  W,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Bektare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Sligo,  22  miles  S  W  of  Sligo. 
Lon.  8  54  W,  lat.  541  N. 

Belem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra 
madura,  on  the  N  side  of  the  Tajo,  a 
mile  from  Lisbon,  designed  to  defend 
the  entrance  to  that  city ;  and  here  all 
the  ships  that  sail  up  the  river  must 
come  to.  Here  they  inter  the  kings 
and  queens  of  Portugal ;  and  here  is  a 
royal  palace. 

Bdestat,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
departmf'nt  of  Arriege,  and  late  coun- 
ty of  Foix,  remarkable  for  a  spring, 
which,  it  ia  pretended,  ebbs  and  flows 
12  times  in  24  hours,  as  exilctly  as  a 
clock. 

Belfast,  a  borough  and  spaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  (Antrim,  seated 
on  Carrickfergus  bay.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  commercial  towns  in 
Ireland.  A  canal  was  cut  in  1793, 
connecting  the  harbour  with  Lough 
Neagh.    Lon.  5  52  W,  lat.  54  46  N. 


BEL 


BEL 


mi 


J>i  I 


M 


i 


Rr/fnit,  a  jioitt  tciwn  «'"  Kaiifork 
routity,  MiiiiU',  near  tin-  nioutli  of 
lViii)l)scnt  rhcr,  M  miliN  N  "l"  'I'lio- 
niastowii  (III  l'i'iiiiliii<.'<it  h.iy. 

Jir/guroi/,  a  t"\vn  (if  UuHHia,  and  cu- 
pital  (if  H  pi'cAiiifc  of  tlu'  !t«im- 
name.  It  is  scaUHl  80  niiU-!*  S  L  ol 
Bciidrr. 

Iii!i;iiule,  a  Inwn  (if  Turkey  in  Ku- 
ropc,  the  cnpitnlof  S(  rvia,  anila  Gfc'ck 
liislidp'.H  s'o,  It  IN  seated  '.utile  Daii- 
iibc,  a  little  above,  its  cimll'iem  e  wilii 
the  Save.  'I'lie  streets,  wiiere  the 
greatest  trade  is  carried  on,  are  cov- 
ered •,.!lh  wool!  to  stielt  r  the  deali  rs 
from  tlie  rtiiii  and  ruin.  It  was  taken  in 
irSP,  iiy  marsh  d  [.aiidohii,  Init  restor- 
ed at  tl'C  peace  ol'iUieheiiiiat  k  in  H''.'!). 
It  is  2().'>  miles  S  K  of  Vienna,  and  400 
N  W  (ifCoiistantinoi)le.  Loii.  2\  2  E, 
lat.  45  10  N. 

Jielf;ra(le,  a  small  town  of  Uomaiiia, 
in  European  'I'lirkey,  on  the  strait  of 
Constaiitiiiople,  20  miles  N  of  that 
«.!ty.     Ton.  29  01:,  lat.  41  23  N. 

/}i'/grii(/(i,  a  town  of  Italy  in  \'eiie- 
t!an  Friiili,  10  miles  E  by  S  of  Udino. 
Lon.  12  55  E,  lat.  43  56  N. 

BrlliKt  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Viennc,  and  late 
province  of  Liinosin,  seated  on  the 
Vincon,  20  miles  N  of  Limoges.     Lon. 

1  20  E,  lat  46  10  N. 

Bvllf-air,  a  post  town  of  Harford 
county,  Maryland,  77  miles  from  IViuh- 
iiigton:  heinj^  the  principal  scat  ofjiis- 
tice,  it  has  a  court  house  and  jail,  but 
few  inli:  bitants. 

Bcltrganle,  a  strong  place  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  the  Eastern  Py- 
renees, and  lute  province  of  Konssillon, 
above  tlin  defile  of  I'ertuis.  It  is  an 
im])ortapt  place,  on  account  of  its  be- 
ing' apas.'iage  to  the  Pyrenees,  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  Spaniards  in  1793, 
but  was  retaken  the  ne.\t  year,  after 
an  obstin.ite  defence,  and  named  by  the 
French  government  Sud  Libre.     Lon. 

2  56  E,  lut.  42  27  N. 

Bvllfgiirde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on 
the  river  Saone,  15  miles  NE  of  Cha- 
lons.    Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Belleuie,  an  island  of  France,  15 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Brittany.  It  is 
a  mixture  of  craggy  rocks,  and  pleasant 
fertile  plains.  The  principal  place  is 
Palais,  a  fortified  town,  with  a  citadel. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1761,  ( 


Mul   rmtorcd  in    176.!.      Lon.  3  ft  W, 
lat    47  17  N. 

Brlliiilf,  aw  island  of  North  Amcri. 
ea,  at  the  Itiouth  of   t!ie  strait  between  [ 
New       Uritain      and      Ni' wliiundlainl, 
whe'iee  thi-  >.lraits  take  also   the  name 
of  lielleisle.     Lon.  5.)  25  W,  lat.  ,il  .i.S  | 
N. 

Hr//i'.:iiic,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlir 
dipai-tmeiit  of  Oirie  and  late  pro\iac-e 
of  Perelie,  with  all  ancient  castle,  7) 
miles  S  VV  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  42  K,  lat. 
48  23  N. 

ttclley,  an  epiHCopal  town  of  I'riiiico, 
in  the  dcp.artmeiit  ol  Ain  and  l.iie  pro- 
vince of  Uresse,  near  thi'  Hhoiie,  12 
miles  N  of  Chamberrv,  and  250  S  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  5.50  E,  hit.  45  47  N. 

liilUw^liam,  a  town  in  Northiimhcr- 
land,  with    a   market  on   Tiiesd.iy,  14  I 
miles    N  N  W  of  Hexlium  and  2''4  (if| 
Lonih.n.     Lim.  2  10  VV,  lat.  55  10  N. 

Bi<llii:ztmti,  a  town   of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese.     It  is  seated  on  the    Tesino, 
live  miles  above  tlie  place  where  it  falU  ■ 
into  t!ie  Lugo  M'lggiore.    Lon.  B  16  E,  | 
lat.  46  6  N. 

Uctlitiicse,  a.  territory  of  Italy,  be- 
longing to  the  Venetians,  lying  be- 
tween Friuli,  Cadorino,  Feltrimo,  the 
bishojirlc  of  Trent,  and  Tirol.  It  ha.H 
iron  mines.  Uelluno  is  the  only  plac(> 
of  note. 

liM"u),a.  towni  of  Italy,  capital  ofj 
the  Uellunese,  and  formerly  u  bishop's 
see.     It  is  seated  among  the  Alps,  on 
the  river  Piave,  15  miles  N  Eof  Feltri. 
Lon.  12  9  E,  lat.  43  13  N. 

BfhiKmti',  a  town  of  Naples  in  Cala- 
bria Cilcriore,  on  the  coast  of  the  Tus- 
can Sea,  10  miles  VV  of  Cosenza.  Lon. 
19  5  E,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Be/t,  Great,  a  strait  of  Denmark, 
between  the  islands  of  Zealand  andFu- 
nen,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 
It  is  not  so  commodious,  nor  so  much  I 
freipicntcd  as  the  Somul.  In  1658,  it 
was  frozen  over  r.o  liard,  that  Charles  f 
XII.  marched  over  it  with  a  design  to 
take  Copenhagen.  I 

Belt,  Little,  a  strait  to  the  W  of  the 
Great  Belt,  between  Fui'.en  and  North! 
Jutland.  It  is  one  of  the  passages  from  I 
the  German  Ocean  to  the  Baltic,  I 
though  not  tliree  miles  in  brcadtli,  audi 
very  crooked.  I 

Belvedere,  a  town  of  Greece,  capital  I 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  in  thi;  I 
Morea.  This  province  hes  on  the  WJ 
coast,  and  is  the  mo&t  fertile  in  all  the] 
Morea.    The  town  is  delightfully  situ- 


BEL 


III 


17(''.!.      I.oii.  J  rt  W, 


island  (if  Ndi'tli  Amcri. 
itli  <il'  I'lC  strait  lu't  WITH  I 
I      and      Ni'svliiiiiKllunil, 
raits  tiilvr  uIhii   IIk'  muni' 
1.(111.  55  23  W,  lut.  il  351 

town  of  France,  in    tlif  | 
Onu-  iilltl    lute    proMiii'c 
li   nil  imcicnt    rastlc,  7i  I 
I'aris.     1. 1)11.  0  4J  K,  lat.  | 

iiHropiil   town  of"  l'i:iii(0, 
ifiit  ol  Ai'i  unci  i.iU'  pro-  | 
ISC,  near  tlii'  Hlioiic,  12 
aniluTfv,  luul  iJO  S  E  of 

.50  IC,  ial.45'17  N. 

a  town  in  Nfu-tliiiinlicr- 
niarivi't   on   'I'lii'sday,  14  I 
of  llcxlmin  and  .."'4  <if  | 
.  2  10  W,  lat.  55  10  N. 
ft  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
is  seated  on  tlif    Tcsiiio,  I 
f  tlic  place-  wliiiT  itfalU 
M'i(jg-iorc'.    Lon.  B  16  E, 

territory   of    Italy,  lie- 
I"   Venetians,  lyinjf    lie- 
Cadurino,  reltrinio,  the  j 
•eiit,  and   Tirol.     It  ha.t 
UtUnno  is  the  only  jilace 

)\\ni  of  Italy,  capital  of  I 
and  formerly  a.  hisliop'i  r 
itcd  among  the  Alps,  on 
,  15  miles  N  Eof  Feltri.  | 
It.  43  13  N. 

own  of  Naples  in  Gala- 
on  the  coast  of  the  Tus- 
Ics  VV  of  Cosenza.  Lon. 
20  N. 

a  strait  of    Denmark,  I 
lands  of  Zealand  andFiw 
:ra)icc  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 
nniodions,  nor  so  nmchl 
Liie  Soinid.     In   1658,  it 
r  no  liard,  that  Charles  [ 
over  it  with  a  design  to 
en.  I 

a  strait  to  the  W  of  the 
Avecn  Fui'.en  and  North  I 
iiie  of  the  passages  froml 
Ocean    to    the    Haltic, 
2t  miles  in  brcadtli,  and 

own  of  Greece,  capital! 
r  the  same  name,  in  th«5 1 
province  Ues  on  the  Wj 
e  moiit  fertile  in  all  thej 
own  is  delightfully  situ- 


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BEN 

ated,  17  miles  N  E  of  Cliirenza.  It  is 
sulyect  to  tlie  Turks  :  and  tlie  raisins, 
called  Belvederes,  come  from  this 
place.     Lon.  21  45  E,  lat.  38  0  N. 

Belvitle,  a  villafi'e  witli  a  post-office, 
in  Mifflin  county,  Pennsylvania,  190 
miles  from  Washington. 

Belvidere,  a  post-town  in  Sussex 
county,  New  Jersey,  about  12  miles 
above  Easton  in  Delaware,  and  10  S  by 
W  of  Hope. 

Belvoir  Castle,  in  Lincolnshire,  four 
miles  W  of  Grantham,  the  ancient  seat 
of  the  dukes  of  Rutland,  supposed  to 
liavc  been  a  Roman  station,  as  many  of 
their  antiquities  have  been  dug  up 
here.  Its  foundation  was  laid  soon  af- 
ter the  Norman  conquest. 

Benares,  a  district  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  between  Bahar  and  Oude  ; 
containing  the  circars  of  Benares,  Jion- 
pour,  Chunar,  and  Gazypour.  It  was 
ceded  to  the  English  in  1775,  and  pro- 
duces a  clear  annual  revenue  of  380,000/. 
Benares,  a  populous  city,  capital  of 
the  district  of  the  same  name,  in  Hin- 
doostan. It  is  more  celebrated  as  the 
ancient  seat  of  Braminical  learning, 
than  on  any  other  account  ;  and  is 
built  on  the  N  side  of  the  Ganges, 
which  is  here  very  broad,  and  the  banks 
very  high.  Several  Hindoo  temples 
embellish  the  banks  of  the  river ;  and 
many  other  public  and  private  build- 
ings are  magfnificent.  The  streets  are 
narrow ;  the  houses  high,  and  some  of 
tiiem  five  stories  each,  inhabited  by 
different  families.  The  more  wealthy 
Hindoos,  however,  live  in  detached 
houses  with  an  open  court,  surround- 
ed by  a  wall.  Nearly  in  the  centre  of 
the  city  is  a  considerable  Mahometan 
mosque,  built  by  the  emperor  Aurung- 
zebe,  who  destroyed  a  magnificent 
Hindoo  temple,  to  make  room  for  it ; 
and  round  the  city  are  many  ruins  of 
of  buildings,  the  effects  of  Mahome- 
I  tan  intolerance.  Notwithstanding 
I  this,  the  same  manners  and  customs 
.still  prevail  among  these  people,  as  at 
the  most  remote  period  that  can  be 
traced  in  history ;  and  in  no  instance 
of  religious  or  civil  life  have  they  ad- 
mitted any  innovations  from  foreign- 
I  ers.  Benares  is  425  miles  S  E  of 
Delhi,  and  400  N  W  of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
83  10  E,  lat.  25  20  N. 

Benavarri,  a  town  of  Spaijn,  in  Arra- 
(fon,  17  miles  N  of  Lerida.     Lon.  0  45 
E,  lat.  42  11  N. 
Benavento,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon. 


BEN 

it  is  seated  on  the  river  El.1,  23  miles 
S  E  of  Astorga.  Lon.  57  W,  Lit.  42  4 
N. 

Bencooten,  a  fort  and  town  on  the 
S  W  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  belong- 
ing to  the  English.  The  country  about 
Bencoolen  is  mountainotis  and  woody ; 
and  there  are  several  volcanos  in  the 
island.  The  chief  trade  is  in  pepper. 
Lon.  102  5  E,  lat.  3  49  S. 

Benderinassen,  the  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  in  the  island 
of  Borneo,  with  a  good  harbour.  Lon. 
114  40  E,  lat.  2  40S. 

Bender,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bessarabia,  on  the  river  Dniester, 
100  miles  N  W  of  Belgorod.  It  was 
the  residence  of  Charles  XII.  of  Swed- 
en, after  his  defeat  at  Pultowa.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1789,  but  re- 
stored by  the  treatv  of  Yassa  in  1790. 
Lon.  29  0  E,  lat.  46  58  N. 

Benedetto,  St.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  35  miles  S  E  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  11  25  E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Benesoeiif,  a  town  of  Egjpt,  remarka- 
ble for  its  hemp  and  flax ;  seated  on 
the  W  shore  of  the  Nile,  50  miles  S  of 
Cairo.     Lon.  31  10  E,  lat.  29  10  N. 

Benevento,  a  city  of  Naples,  agreeably 
situated  in  Principato  Citeriorc,  with 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  has  suffered 
greatly  by  earthquakes,  particularly  in 
1688,  when  the  archbishop,  afterward 
pope  Benedict  XIII.  was  dug  out  of 
the  ruins  alive.  When  he  was  advan- 
ced to  the  papal  chwr,  he  rebuilt  this 
place.  It  is  subject  to  the  pope,  and 
seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Sa- 
boro  and  Caloro,  35  miles  N  E  of  Na- 
ples.   Lon.  14  57  E,  lat.  41  6  N. 

Benfeld,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Rhine  and  lat» 
province  of  Alsace  :  its  fortifications 
were  demolished  in  consequence  of  the 
treaty  of  Westphalia.  It  is  situated  on 
the  river  111,  12  miles  S  W  of  Stras- 
burgh.    Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Bengal,  a  country  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per,  bounded  on  the  W  by  Orassa,  .ind 
Bahar,  on  the  N  by  Bootan,  on  the  E  by 
Assam  and  Meckley,  and  on  tjie  S  by 
the  bay  of  Bengal.  Its  greatest  ex- 
tent from  W  to  E  is  about  720  miles, 
and  from  N  to  S  above  300.  The' 
country  consists  of  one  vast  plain,  of 
the  most  fertile  soil,  which,  in  common 
witli  other  parts  of  Hindoostan,  annu- 
ally renders  two,  and,  in  some  parts, 
even  three  crops.  It  is  sometimes  sub- 
ject to  such  extremes  of -lieat  as  rcn- 


BEN 


BEN 


tier  it  fatal  to  Euro])eans.     Tlic  great 
cause  of  tlie  iinheiiltliincss  of  Bengal, 
however,  is  owing  to  the  inimdations 
of  the  Gangea  and  Burrampooter,  l)y 
wliich    siicli   quanlitlcs  of  putrcsciblc 
matters  arc  brought  down  as  infeetthe 
air    with  tlie   most  malignant  vapours 
■when  tlie  waters  retire.     By  the  latter 
end  of  July,  all  the  lower  parts  of  Ben- 
gal, comlguous  to  llie  Ganges  and  Bur- 
rampoot'-r,  are  overflowed,   and  pre- 
sent a  surface  of  water  more  than   100 
miles    wide.      This  vast  collection  of 
fluid,  however,  is  owing  inagreatmea- 
siirc  to  the  rains  w'licli  fall  on  the  low 
•country  itself;    for   the   lands    in  the 
neiglihourhood   are    overflowed    some 
time  before  the  bed  of  the  river  is  filled. 
As  some  of  the  lands  in  Bengal  would 
receive  dumage  from  such  a  copious 
iniuidation,  they  must  for  this  reason 
be  guarded  by  strong  dykes  to  resist 
the  waters,   and  admit   only  a  certain 
quantity.     One    particular    branch    of 
the  Ganges  is  conducted  for  70  miles 
between  dykes :    and  when  full,  the 
passengers  look  down  upon  the  adja- 
cent ci,untry  as  from  an  eminence.     Its 
principal  products  are  sugar,  silk,  fruit, 
pepper,  opium,  rice,  saltpetre,  lac  and 
civit.     It  is  compared  to  Egypt  for  fer- 
tility ;  the  Ganges  dividing  here  into 
several  streams,  and,  like  tjie  Nile,  an- 
nually overflowing  the  coinitry.  Bengal 
has  been  subject,  ever  since   1765,  to 
the  English  East  India  Company.     Its 
annual  revenue,  including  that  of  Bena- 
res is  near  ;{?1, 290000,  and  its  ])opula- 
tion  is  11,000,000.  Calcutta  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Bevgiiela,  a  kingdom  of  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Angola,  on  the  S 
by  Mataman,  on  tlie  E  by  the  river 
Rimba,  and  on  tiie  \V  by  the  Atlantic. 
Its  coast  begins  at  Cape  Ledo  on  the 
N,  and  extends  to  cape  Negro  on  the  S, 
that  is,  from  hit.  9  20  to  1630  S.  Tlie 
climate  is  very  pernicious  to  Europe- 
ans. The  men  wear  skin-i  about  their 
■waists,  and  beads  round  their  necks  ; 
and  arc  armed  with  daits  Jieaded 
■with  iron,  and  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows. The  women  wear  a  heavy  col- 
lar of  copper  round  their  neck,  a  kind 
of  cloth  made  of  the  bsirk  of  a  tree, 
round  their  waist,  and  copper  rings  on 
their  legs. 

Bertg^iela,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  where  the  Portuguese 
have  a  fort.  It  lies  to  the  N  of  the  b.iy 
of  Benguela.  Lon.  12  30  E.  lat.  10  30  S. 


Benin,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  W  by  Daliomy  and  the  Atlan- 
tic, on  the  N  by  Biafara,  on  the  E  by 
parts  unknown,  and  on  tlie  S  by  Loango. 
It  begins  in  1°  S  lat.  and  extends  to 
about  9*  N  lat.  The  country  exliibits 
many  beautiful  landscapes  :  but  is  very 
low  and  marshy ;  this  renders  it  very 
unhealthy ;  there  arc  here  a  great 
number  of  wild  beasts,  such  as  ele- 
phants, lions,  tigersi  leopards,  &c. 
The  dress  of  the  natives  is  neat.  The 
rich  wear  white  callico  or  cotton  pet- 
ticoats, but  the  upper  part  of  the  body 
is  commonly  naked.  The  people  are 
skilful  in  making  various  sorts  of  dyes ; 
and  they  manui'acture  and  export  cot- 
ton cloths.  Witli  respect  to  food, 
they  prefer  the  flesh  of  dogs  and  cats 
to  that  of  any  other  animal.  Polygamy 
is  allowed  among  them,  and  the  num- 
ber of  their  wives  is  limited  by  the 
state  of  their  circumstances  only. 
Though  jealous  of  each  other,  they 
are  not  so  of  the  Europeans,  and  they 
think  it  impossible  that  the  taste  of  the 
women  can  be  so  depraved  as  to  grant 
any  liberties  to  a  white  man.  Their 
religion  is  paganism. 

Benin,  tlie  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name  in  Africa,  formei-ly  a 
very  closely  built  and  populous  city.  In 
the  streets,  which  are  long  and  broad, 
are  many  shops  filled  with  European 
merchandise,  as  well  as  with  the  com- 
modities of  the  country.  The  women 
keep  the  streets  clean.  The  king's 
palace  Vnakes  great  part  of  the  townj 
and  its  gi-eat  extent  excepted,  there  is 
nothing  worth  taking  notice  of,  being 
only  a  confused  heap  of  buildings,  made 
with  boards  or  clay,  without  regularity 
or  neatness.  The  houses  are  large,  ■with 
clay  walls,  and  at  a  distance  from  each 
other.  Tliey  are  covered  with  reeds, 
straw,  antl  leaves.  Benin  is  situate  on 
the  river  Benin  or  Formosa.  Lon.  5  4 
E,  lat.  7  30  N. 

Bennevis,  a  mountain  in  Inverness- 
shire,  near  Fort  William.  It  is  esteem- 
ed the  highest  in  Britain,  rising  more 
than  4300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
its  pointed  summit  capped  witji  sno^w. 
Bennington,  the  chief  to^wn  of  Benning- 
ton countv,  Vermont,  36  miles  W  of  ] 
Brattleboifough,  and  33  N  of  Pittsfield 
in  Massachusetts.     It  contained  2283 
inhabitants  in  1800,  and  is  famous  for  a  I 
victory  obtained  here  by  the  Ameri- 1 
cans  over  a  detacl^ment  of  tlie  British  | 
army,  which  was  a  prelude  to  the  dC' 


■- ^*  rii  n.iMiaJjJf.l  .*%i|iipij  I .i.^ '■ 


E  N 

loin  of  Africa,  bounded 
aliomy  and  the  Atlan- 
•  Biafara,  on  the  E  by 
andontheSbyLoango. 

S  lat.  and  extends  to 
The  country  exhibits 
landscapes  ••  but  is  very 
y;  this  renders  it  very 
ere  arc  here  a  great 
d  beasts,  such  as  cle- 

tigersi    leopards,    8i,c. 
he  natives  is  neat.    The 
e  callico  or  cotton  pet- 
;  upper  part  of  the  body 
saked.     The  people  are 
iig  various  sorts  of  dyes ; 
ifacture  and  export  cot- 
Witli   respect  to   food, 
e  flesh  of  dogs  and  cats 
other  aiiimal.     Polygamy 
ong  them,  and  the  num- 
wives  is  limited  by  the 
tir    circumstances    only. 
)us  of  each  other,  they 
the  Europeans,  and  they 
isible  that  the  taste  of  the 
e  so  depraved  as  to  grant 

to  a  white  man.  Their 
ganism. 

capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
me  in  Africa,  formerly  a 
built  and  populous  city.  In 
which  are  long  and  broad, 
ops  filled  with  European 
t,  as  well  as  with  the  coin- 
he  country.      The  women 

reets  clean.    The  king's 

great  part  of  the  towni 

f.  extent  excepted,  there  is 

th  taking  notice  of,  being 

ed  heap  of  buildings,  made 

or  clay,  without  regularity 

The  houses  are  large,  with 

nd  at  a  distance  from  each 
are  covered  with  reeds, 
aves.    Benin  is  situate  on 

nin  or  Formosa.    Lon.  5  4 

N. 

„  mountain  in  Inverness- 
ort  William.  It  is  esteem- 
est  in  Britain,  rising  more 
Et  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
•summit  capped  with  snow, 
tlje  chief  town  of  Benning- 
Vermont,  36  miles  W  ot 
igh,  and33NofPitt8field 
psetts.    It  contained  228J 
in  1800,  and  is  famous  for  a 
hied  here  by  the  Ame«- 
detachmeiit  of  the  Bntjsh 
li  was  a  prelude  to  the  de- 


B  £  R 

cisive  victory  at  Saratoga.  The  princi- 
pal public  edifices  arc  a  church,  court- 
house and  jail.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  43' 
N,  and  lon.  of  73  10  W. 

Bemheim,  a  town  of  the  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine,  on  a  rivulet,  10  miles  N  E 
of  Worms.     Lon.  8  41  E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Benson,  a  post  town  of  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
lake  Champluiiie  ;  9  miles  N  by  W  of 
Fairliaven,  and  ar  N  W  of  Rutland.  In 
1800  it  had  1159  inhabitants. 

Bentheim,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Vecht,  32  miles  N  W  of 
Munster.     Lon.  7  25  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Bentivoglio,  a  town  and  castle  of  Ita- 
ly in  the  Bolognese,  10  miles  N  E  of 
Bologna.     Lon.  11  34  E,  lat.  44  37  N. 

Berar,  a  soubah  of  the  dccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  bounded  by  Malvva  and  Alla- 
habad on  the  N,  Orissa  on  tlie  E,  Gol- 
conda  on  tlie  S,  and  Candeish  and 
Dowlatabad  on  the  W.  Less  is  known 
of  the  interior  parts  of  Berar,  than  of 
mostof  the  other  countries  in  Hindoos- 
tan.  That  about  Nagpour  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated ;  but  tlie  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  country,  particularly 
between  Nagpour  and  Orissa,  is  that 
of  a  forest,  thinly  set  with  villages  and 
to^vns.     Its  capital  is  Nagpour, 

Beraum,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  and  ca- 
pltalofa  circle  of  the  same  name,  11 
miles  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  25  E, 
lat.  50  3  N. 

Berbice,  a  Dutch  settlement,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  in  Guiana,  two 
leagues  W  of  Paraniariba  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  English  fleet  in  May,  1796. 

BerchtoUgaben,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg.  It 
serves  all  the  neighbourhood  with  salt ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Aa,  10  miles 
S  Wof  Saltzbui'g.  Lon.  13  0  E,  lat. 
47  30  N. 

Berealiton,  a  borougli  of  Devonshire, 
that  sends  two  members  to  parliameht, 
but  has  no  market.  It  is  10  miles  N 
of  Plymouth,  and  211  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Bereitly,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, capital  of  RoliiUa.  It  lies  between 
Lucknow  and  Delhi,  120  miles  from 
each.    Lon.  79  40  E,  lat.  28  30  N. 

Bere-Segii,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
Willi  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  a 
small  place,  seated  on  the  Bcre,  12 
miles  E  by  N  of  Dorchester,  and  113 
S  \V  of  London.  Lon.  2  15  W,  lat  50 
UN. 


B  E  R 

Berg,  a  dutchy  of  Westphalia,  very 
mountainous  and  woody.  Dus.seldorp 
is  the  capital. 

Bergamo,  a  province  ofltidy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  bounded  by  Bres- 
cia, the  Valteline,  and  the  Milanese. 
Toward  the  N  it  is  mountainous  and 
rocky ;  but  about  tlie  capital,  Bergamo, 
it  is  very  fertile.  Their  language  is 
the  most  corrupt  of  any  in  Itaiy. 

Bergamo,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy, 
capital  of  Bergamo,  with  a  strong  cita- 
del, and  a  bishop's  see,  famous  for  its 
sewuig  silk.  It  is  30  miles  N  E  of  Mi- 
lan.    Lon.  9  47  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Bergarac,  a  trading  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Dordogne,  and 
late  province  of  Perigord,  seated  on 
the  river  Dordogne,  50  milusE  of  Bour- 
deaux.     Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Ber^as,  a  town  of  Romania,  an4  tlie 
see  ot  a  Greek  archbishop.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Larissa,  40  miles  S  E 
of  Adi-ianople.  Lon.  27  40  E,  lat.  41 
14  N. 

Bergen,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Nor- 
way. It  is  the  see  of  of  a  bishop,  and 
has  a  strong  castle.  It  can-ics  on  a 
g^eat  trade  in  skins,  fir-wood,  and 
di'ied  fish ;  and  is  350  miles  N  by  W 
of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  4  45  E,  lat.  60 
11  N. 

_  Bergen,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pomera- 
nia,  capital  of  the  isle  of  Rugen,  12 
miles  N  E  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13  40  E, 
lat.  54  23  N. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  a  town  of  Dutch 
Brabant  in  the  marquisate  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  a  handsome  place,  and  one 
of  the  strongest  in  the  Netherlands, 
seated  partly  on  a  hill,  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  from  tlie  Scheldt,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  a  canal  j  it  has  seve- 
ral times  been  besieged  to  no  purpose  ; 
but  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1747, 
by  treachery.  It  was  likewise  taken 
by  the  French  in  1793.  It  is  15  miles 
N  of  Antwerp,  and  22  S  W  of  Breda. 
Lon.  4  25  E,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Bergties,  St.  vinox,  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  ofthe  Nortli 
and  late  county  of  Flanders,  seated  on 
the  river  Colmc,  at  tlie  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, five  miles  S  of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  3 
28  E,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Berkeley,  a  corporate  town  in  Glou- 
cestershire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day ;  it  is  governed  by  a  mayor ;  and  in 
the  cliurch  are  some  elegant  monu- 
ments of  the  Berkleys.  Here  is  aq 
ancient  castle  on  «  rising  ground,  com- 


B  E  R 

mantling  a  delightful  view  of  tlie  coun- 
try iuul  tl:e  Severn.  In  the  civil  wars 
it'suflc'red  considerably,  us  it  did  a  few 
J  ears  ago  by  an  accidental  hre.  The 
room  in  which  Edward  II.  was  im- 
prisoned is  still  to  be  seen.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  broolv  that  flows  into  the  Se- 
vern, 18  miles  S  W  of  Gloucester, 
and  113  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  23  W, 
lat.  51  45  N. 

BerkUy  Springs,  a  village  in  Berkley 
county,  Virgina,  where  there  is  a  ])ost- 
office'l04  miles  from  Washington. 

Berkhamsteail,  a  town  of  Herts,  with 
a  market  on  Monday.     It  was  ancient- 
ly a  Roman  town  ;'  and   Roman  coins 
liave  been  often  dug  up  here.     On  the 
N  side  are  the  remains  of  a  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia.     In 
69r,  a  parliament  was  held  here,  and 
Ina's  laws  published.     Here    WilHum 
the  Conqueror  swore  to  his  nobility  to 
maintain  tlic  laws  made  by  his  prede- 
cessors.    Henry  II.  kept  his  co\irt  in 
this  town,  and  gi-anted'to  it  many  pri- 
vileges, and  James  I.  whose   children 
were  nursed  here,  made   it  a  corpora- 
tion ;  but  this  government  was  drop- 
ped in  the  civil  wars.     Here  are  two 
hospitals,  a  handsome  Gothic  church, 
and  a  freeschool.     It  is  26  miles  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  0  31  W,  lat.  51 46  N. 
Berks,  Or  Berkshire,  an  inland  county 
of  England,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Sur- 
ry, on  the  S  by   Hants,  on  the  W  by 
Wilts,   and  on  the  N  by  Oxfordshire 
.and  Bucks.     From  E  to  W  it  extends 
above  50  miles,  and  from  N  to   S  it  is 
25  miles  in  the  widest,  though  not 
more  than  six  in  the  narrowest   part. 
It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Salisbury  ;  con- 
tains 20  hundreds,  12  market-towns, 
and    140    parishes  ;    and    sends  nine 
members  to  pai'liament.    The   air  is 
healthy,  even  in  the  viJes.     Its   chief 
rivers  are  the  Thames,  Kennet,  Lam- 
born,  and   Loddon.     The  E   part  has 
much  uncukivatcd  land,  as  Windsor 
Forest  and  its  appendages :    tlie   W 
and  middle  parts  produce  great  plenty 
of  wheat  and  barley.     Reading  is  the 
capital. 

Berks,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  67 
miles  long  and  29  broad.  The  inhabi- 
tants in  1790,  were  30,177.  Reading 
is  the  capital. 

Berlin,  a  considerable  city  of  Germa- 
ny, capital  of  the  electorate  of  Bran- 
denburg, where  the  king  of  Prussia 
resides.  This  city  is  one  ofthc  largest, 
best  built,  and  best  governed  of  any 


B  E  R 

in   Germany.    The  streets  are  large, 
clean,  elegant,  and  some  of  them  very 
long  and  well  paved.     There  are    also 
several  large    and    beautiful   squares, 
with  pleasant  walks.     It  is  surrounded 
witii   handsome   gardens,    wliich   pro- 
duce  excellent  fruit.     Berlin  is    divid- 
ed   into   five  parts    without   including 
the  suburbs.     The  ii.jal  street  is  one 
of  the  longest  and  most  frequented  in 
the  city.     It  is   crossed  by  five  others 
which  are  large  and  fine.     On  the  new 
bridge  over  tl.i-  Spree  is  an  equestrian 
statue  of  William  the   (;rcat,  wliich  i» 
esteemed  an  exquisite  ])iece    of  work- 
niunsliii).     After  this   bridge  is   past, 
the  king's   i)alace    appears,    wliicli  is 
a  grand  and  superb  edifice  ;  it  is   four 
stories  high,   and  tlic   a])artnients  are 
extremely  magnificent.     No  pidace  in 
Euroije   has  sucii  a  great  quantity  of 
silver-tables,  lustres,  branched  candle- 
sticks, Jic.     The  opera-house  is  an  ele- 
gant iiKidern  edifice.    The  front  has  a 
nobU   portico  supported  by  Corinthian 
columns,  and  a  pediment  adorned  with 
basso  relievos   and   statues.     The  col- 
umns wliicli  support  the  roof  throwtlie 
whole  into  a  grand  saloon.     The  arse- 
nal  consists  of  four  grand  buildings, 
that  form  a  co\u't  in  the  middle,  like  a 
ciiUege  ;  each  front  has  three-large  jjor- 
ticos.     I'herc  are  other  things  worthy 
of  observation,   su»h  as    the    cabinet 
of  medals,  and   of  tlie  .-.ntiquities  be- 
longing to  the  king  i  !uid  the  royal  li- 
brary which  has  many  scarce   i)ooks 
and  manuscripts.     There  is  a  canal  cut 
from  the  river  Spree  to  tiie  Oder,  on 
the  E,  and  annother  thence  to  the  Elbe 
on  the  W.     It  has  a  communication  by 
water,  both  witli  the  Baltic   Sea  anil 
the  Gernuui  Ocean;  and  is  seated  on 
the  Spree,  42  miles  N  W  of  Frankfort 
on  tlie  Odor,  and  300  N  bv  W  of  Vien- 
na.    Lon.  13  26  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Berlin,  a  post-town  of  Hartford 
county,  Connecticut,  10  miles  S  of 
Hartford. 

Berlin,  a  village  with  a  post-ofSce 
in  Adams  county,  Pennsylvimia,  six 
miles  N  of  Abbotatown,  20  S  of  Car- 
lisle, and  about  100  W  of  Philadelphia. 
Berviuda,  Somers,  or  Summer  Islands, 
a  cluster  of  small  islands,  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  shepherd's  crpok,  and  sur- 
rounded by  rocks,  which  render  them 
almost  inaccessible  to  sti-angers.  They 
lie  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  500  miles 
E  of  Carolina,  and  are  inhabited  by  the 
Enjlish.     They  were  discovered  by 


B  £  R 

y.  The  streets  are  large, 
unt,  and  some  of  tlicm  very 
cU  paved.  There  are  also 
g'e  and  l>eautif'nl  .squares, 
lilt  walks.  It  is  siirrouiulcil 
some  (gardens,  whirli  pro- 
lent  fruit.  Berlin  is  divid- 
•e  parts  without  includinjf 
IS.  The  i<.)al  street  is  one 
I'st  and  mo.st  frequented  in 
It  is  crossed  hy  live  others 
lar{i;c  and  line.  On  the  new 
r  tl.c  Spree  is  an  etjuestrian 
V^illlam  tlie  Great,  which  is 
in  excjuisite  ])ieee  of  work- 
After   this   hridge  is   jjast, 

palace  appears,  whicli  is 
:\  superb  edifice  ;  it  is  four 
h,   anil  the   apartments  are 

magnificent.  No  palace  in 
IS  sucii  a  preat  quantity  of 
.'s,  lustres,  branched  candle- 
The  opera-house  is  an  ele. 
rn  edifice.  The  front  has  a 
ico  supported  by  Corinthian 
md  a  pediment  adorned  with 
;vos  and  statues.  The  col- 
h  support  the  roof  throw  the 

a  )j;'rand  saloon.  Tiie  arse- 
ts  of  four  )^rand  buildings, 
a  court  in  the  middle,  like  a 
ach  front  has  tliree-large  ])or- 
ere  are  other  things  worthy 
ation,  surli  as  the  cabinet 
,  and  of  tlie  .■.ntiqulties  be- 
'  the  king  ;  i.nd  the  royal  li- 
ich  has  many  scarce  books 
scripts.  There  is  a  canal  cut 
•iver  Spree  to  the  Oder,  oa 
1  annotlier  thence  to  the  Elbe 
It  has  a  comiinuiieation  by 
th  with  the  Baltic  Sea  and 
an  Ocean;  and  is  seated  on 
,  42  miles  N  W  of  Frankfort 
ler,  and  300  N  bv  VV  of  Vien- 
13  26  E,  hit.  52  32  N. 

a  post-towm  of  Hartford 
lonneeticut,    10   miles    S   of 

a  village  with  a  post-office 
IS  county,  I'eiinsvlvania,  six 
>f  Abbotatown,  20  S  of  Car- 
about  100  W  of  Philadelphia. 
la,  Somers,  or  Sitminer  hlanus, 
of  email  islands,  nearly  in  the 

shepherd's  crQok,  and  sur- 
3y  rocks,  which  render  them 
accessible  to  strangers.  They 
;  Atlantic  Ocean,  500  miles 
ilina,  and  are  inhabited  bythe 
They  were   discovered  by 


BE  R 


BE  R 


Juan  Bermudez,  a  Spaniard ;  but  not 
inhabited  till  1609,  when  Sir  George 
Somers  was  cast  away  upon  them,  and 
they  have  belonged  to  Britain  ever 
since.  It  is  universally  agreed  that 
the  nature  of  these  islands  has  under- 
gone a  surprising  alteration  to  the 
worse  since  tliey  were  discovered ; 
the  air  being  inucli  more  inclement, 
and  the  soil  much  more  barren  than 
fon/iei'ly.  The  town  of  St.  George, 
on  .St.  George's  Island,  is  the  capiud. 
hon.  63  28  VV,  lat.  32  35  N. 

Bern,  the  largest  of  the  13  cantons  of 
Swisserland,  15U  miles  in  length,  and 
75  ill  breailth,  It  is  divided  into  two 
])i'iiicipal  parts  called  the  German  and 
Homaii ;  but  the  lust  is  most  commonly 
called  the  Pays  de  Vaiid.  The  reli- 
gion is  Calvinism,  and  Bern  the  capi- 
tal. 

Bern,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Bern  in  Swisserland.  Here  is  a  cele- 
brated school,  a  rich  library,  and  12 
companies  of  tradesmen,  in  one  of 
which  every  inhabitant  is  obliged  to 
be  enrolled  before  he  can  enjoy  any  of- 
fice. It  is  a  strong  place  in  a  peninsu- 
la, formed  by  the  river  Aar.  The 
houses  arc  mostly  btiilt  of  white  free- 
stone, and  in  the  principal  streets  have 
piazzas  or  arches  under  them,  for  the 
conveniency  of  walking  in  wet  weatlier. 
Criminals,  with  iron  collars  I'ound  their 
necks,  are  employed  in  removing  rub- 
bish from  tlie  streets  and  public  walks. 
The  public  buildings  are  magnificent. 
In  1799  Bern  was,  together  with  the 
rest  of  Swisserland,  ol)ligedto  surren- 
iler  to  the  French.  Bern  is  70  mil6s 
N  E  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  46 
53  N. 

Bernard,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Brandenbur?,  five  miles 
fi'om  Berlin,  famous  for  its  excellent 
beer. 

Bernard,  Great  St.  a  moimtoin  of 
Swisuerlond,  between  Vullais  and  Val- 
d'Aousta^  at  the  source  of  the  river 
Di'ance.  The  top  of  it  is  always  co- 
\  (-red  with  snow,  and  there  is  a  large 
|•o^^ent,  where  the  monks  entertain  all 
strangers  gratis  for  tliree  days,  with- 
out any  distinction  of  religion. 

Bernay,  a  trading  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  late  pro*, 
\inee  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  rir- 
er  Carantonne,  20  miles  S  W  of  Rouen. 
Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Bernburg,  a  towh  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Aniialt,  where  a  branch 


of  the  house  of  Anhalt  residei.  It  if 
seated  on  the  river  Sara,  22  miles  S  W 
of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  11  46  E,  lat.  51 
51  N. 

Berncaitte,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  good  vine,  and 
is  seated  on  the  MoseUe,  near  Trar- 
bach. 

Berry,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Orleanois 
and  Blaisois,  on  the  £  by  the  Niver- 
nois  and  Bourbonnois,  on  the  S  by  the 
Boitfbonnois  and  Marche,  and  on  tlic 
W  by  Touraine  and  Poitou.  It  is  fer- 
tiie  in  corn,  fruit,  hemp  and  flax  i  and 
there  is  excellent  wine  in  some  places. 
It  is  now  included  in  the  departments 
of  Cher  and  Indre. 

Bertella,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Modenese,  seated  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Linza  and  Po,  10  miles  N 
£  of  Parma.  Lon.  10  56  £,  lat.  4445  N. 
Berauire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  two  Sevres  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  12  miles  S  W  of 
Thouars.  Lon.  C  27  W,  lat.  46  52  N. 
Bertinero,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Romag- 
na,  with  a  strong  citadel,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  50 
miles  N  E  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  40  £, 
lat.  44  18  N. 

Bertrand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Upper  Garonne  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  43  milea 
S  of  Aiich.  Lon.  0  48  E,  lat.  42  56  N. 
Bervie,  a  seaport  and  borough  in  the 
coimty  of  Kincardine,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  25  milea  S 
W  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  0  W,  l»t  56 
40  N. 

BerviieJ,a.  town  and  county  of  itself, 
on  tlie  borders  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor ;  and  was  once  a 
strong  fortress^  of  great  importance 
when  England  and  Scotland  wei«  hos- 
tile nations.  It  is  still  fortified  and 
has  a  ditch  on  the  N  and  E  ;  on  the 
S  and  W  it  has  high  walls,  regularly 
fortified  and  planted  with  cannon,  to 
which  the  river  serves  af  a  Qiwat.  It 
had  asb-ong  castle  novrin  rukii.  It  is 
large  and  populous,  has  a  good  trade 
in  corn  and  salmon,  -and  is  seated  on 
the  Tweed,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
jhridge  of  15  arches.  It  sen^s  two 
aMinibcrs  to  pariisment,  and  is  147 
m^  Nof  Toilc,.  52  S  £  of  Edinburj^, 
jM>d  336  N"  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
46  W,  lat.  55  45  N. 

K  * 


t 


B  E  S 

Benvici-Kurth,  a  Iwroutjii  in  the 
comity  ofiast  Lothian  on  the  frith  of 
Forth,  30  miles  N  \W  of  Berwick  up- 
on Tweed.     Lon.  2  3J  VV,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Berviictshire,  a  coiiDty  of  Scotland, 
Rnnietime.i  called  the  Mers ;  bounded 
on  the  E  hv  tlic  Gcrnian  Ocean,  on  the 
S  E  by  tiic  Tweed,  on  the  S  by  Rox- 
burgshirc,  on  the  W  byEdinburgshirc, 
and  on  the  N  W  by  HuddinKtonshire. 
It  abounds  with  com  and  grass,  and. 
bcinrj  a  low  and  fliit  country,  is  some- 
time!* called  the  How  [Hollow]  of  the 
Mcrs.  The  S  E  angle  is  occupied  by 
Berwick  Bounds  ;  a  district  only  eight 
miles  in  compass,  governed  by  English 
laws,  and  aceouuti-d  part  of  an  Eng- 
lish count}'.  The  principal  rivcrR  are 
the  Tweed,  Leather,  Blackadder, 
Whiteaddcr,  and  Eye. 

Scnvici,  a  town  of  York  county, 
Maine,  on  the  E  side  of  Piscutaqua 
river,  about  seven  miles  from  York,  the 
county  town.  It  has  a  post-office,  and 
an  ncademy.  The  township  contains 
3891  inhabitants. 

Benuici,  a  village  with  a  post-ofRce, 
in  Northumhcrland  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia! situated  on  the  Wside  of  Susquc- 
hannah  river,  opposite  to  the  head  of 
the  turnpike  road,  between  this  river 
and  the  Lehigh,  a  branch  of  the  river 
Delaware.  It  is  16  miles  N  E  of  Cat- 
tawissey,  37  of  Northumberland,  and 
about  35  W  of  tlie  navigable  part  of 
the  Lehigh. 

Berujit  HitU,  lofty  hills  at  tlie  N  E 
angle  of  Merionethshire,  bcncatli  which 
apreads  the  fine  vale,  in  wluch  flows 
the  infant  river  Dee. 

Besaiicon,  an  ancient  and  populous 
city  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
DoTibs  and  late  province  of  Franche 
Conit^.  It  has  a  citadel,  on  a  high 
rock,  the  base  of  which  touches  both 
sides  of  tlie  Doubs,  which  here  forms 
a  peninsula.  The  triumphal  arch  of 
Aurelian,  and  other  Roman  nntiquitica 
are  still  to  be  seen.  The  streets  are 
wide  and  handsome,  and  the  houses 
are  well  built  with  frce-stonc.  It  is  53 
miles  E  of  Dijon,  and  208  S  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  2  E,,lat.  47  13  N. 

Betsarabia,  a  ten-itory  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  between  tlie  Danube  and  the 
Dniester,  along  whose  banks  the  Tar- 
tar inhabitants  rove  and  maintain  them- 
selves by  their  cattle,  by  husbandry, 
and  by  robbery.  Their  common  food 
is  the  flesh  of  oxen  and  horses,  cheese, 
and  mai-c's  milk.  Bender  i«  the  c.ipital. 


BET 

Bcatricia,  a  town  of  Trans)lvanl«,r< 
markiiblc  for  the  pfold  mines  near  it,  85 
miles  N  W  of  Htrmanstadt,  and  90  E 
of  Tockay.  Lon.  ii  45  E,  lat.  47  30 
N. 

Betanzot,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Gali- 
cia,  seated  on  tlie  Mandeo,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Atlantic,  20  miles  S  of  Ferrol. 
Lon.  7  55  W,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Bete/fagiii,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 
famous  fo.'  the  vast  quantity  of  cotlee 
boiiglit  and  sold  here  to  tli<;  Europeans. 
It  is  25  miles  E  of  the  Red  sea.  Lon. 
44  3U  E,  lat.  15  40  N. 

Bethania,  a  post  town  of  Stokes 
county,  North  Carolina ;  a  Moravian 
settlement,  about  four  miles  distant 
from  Bethahara,  their  capital  town,  10 
S  W  of  Gcrmantown,  and  15  N  E  of 
Hiintsville.  It  has  about  200  inhabi- 
tants. 

Bethlehem,  a  town  of  Palestine,  fa. 
mous  for  the  birth  of  Christ.  It  is 
seated  on  the  ridge  of  a  hill,  running 
from  E  to  W  and  has  a  delightful 
prospect.  It  is  now  an  inconsiderable 
place,  but  much  visited  by  pilgrims. 
Here  is  a  church  yet  entire,  erected 
by  the  famous  Helena,  in  the  forni  of 
across:  also  a  chapel,  called  the  Cha])- 
el  of  the  Nativity,  where  tliey  pretend 
to  show  the  manger  in  which  Christ 
was  laid ;  as  also  another,  called  the 
Chapel  of  Joseph  ;  and  a  third  of  tlie 
Molv  Innocents.  A  few  poor  Greeks 
reside  here.  It  is  six  miles  S  of  Jeru- 
salem.    Lon.  35  25  E,  lat.  31  50  N. 

Bethlehem,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
hiint,  two  miles  N  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4 
VJ  E,  lat.  50  55  N, 

Beth'ehein,  a  post  town  in  Northamp- 
ton county,  Pennsylvania,  the  capital 
of  the  Moravian  colonies  in  North 
America.  It  stands  on  a  branch  of 
the  Lehigh  river,  a  few  miles  S  E  of 
Easton,  and  53  N  of  Philadelphia,  in 
the  lat.  of  40  37  N.  and  lon.  of  75  14 
W.  The  brethren  were  settled  here 
by  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1741.  In  1800 
the  town  contained  543  inhabitants, 
and  the  township  1343,  principally  of 
the  same  sect.  The  buildings  are  not 
remarkable  for  grandeur,  or  elegance ; 
but  are  generally  comfortable.  They 
have  one  house  for  public  worship,  ase- 
parat';  apai-tment  for  the  residence  of  the 
single  brethren,  and  another  for  the 
sisters.  There  are  likewise  seminaries 
of  learning  in  wliich  children  of  both 
sexes  are  taught  all  the  iiseful  and 
some  of  the  ornamental  branches  of 

P. 


BET 

town  of  Tratidjlvanid, r« 
lu-  jjold  mines  near  it,  85 
r  HirinaiiNtndt,  and  90  E 
.on.  '23  45  E,  Jat.  47  30 

town  of  Spain  in  Gali- 
the  Mandeo,  on  a  bay  of 
20  miles  S  of  Fcrrol. 
,  lat.  43  12  N. 
a  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 
;  vast  qiiantiiy  of  coUue 
lid  here  to  tin;  Europeans. 
E  of  tJtc  Red  sea.  Lon. 
15  40  N. 

a  post  town  of  Stoke* 
1  Carolina;  a  Moravian 
bout  four  miles  distant 
ira,  their  capital  town,  10 
lantown,  and  15  N  E  of 
It  has  about  200  inhabi- 

a  town  of  Palestine,  fty 
birth  of  Chuist.  It  is 
ridge  of  a  hill,  running 
V  and  has  a  delightful 
is  now  an  inconsiderable 
ucli  visited  by  pilgrims, 
urch  yet  entire,  erected 
IS  Helena,  in  the  forn.  of 
a  chapel,  called  the  Chaii- 
ivity,  where  tliey  pretend 
manger  in  which  Christ 
also  another,  called  the 
aseph  ;  and  athirdoftlie 
ts.  A  few  poor  Greeks 
It  is  six  miles  S  of  Jeru- 
35  25  E,  lat.  31  50  N. 
a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
N  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4 
N. 

post  town  in  North  amp- 
cnnsylvania,  the  capital 
iau    colonies    in    North 
stands  on  a  branch  of 
•,  a  few  miles   S  E  of 
N   of  Philadelphia,  in 
37  N.  and  lon.  of  75  14 
thrcn  were  settled  here 
ndorfinir41.    In  1800 
itained   543   inhabitants, 
l)ip  1343,  principally  of 
The  buildings  we  not 
grandeur,  or  elegance  i 
Uy   comfortable.     They 
for  public  worship,  a  se- 
nt for  the  residence  of  the 
and  another  for  the 
are  likewise  seminaries 
wliich  children  of  both 
ght   all   the  useful  and 
ornamental  branches  pf 


55 


;n, 


B  E  V 

cditcf.tion  !  and  so  great  is  the  rcpnta- 
tion  of  these  schools,  for  the  attention 
paid  to  the  morals  as  well  as  the  lite- 
rary  improvement  of  the  pupils,  as  to  in- 
vite tiiem  from  Philadelphia  and  other 
capital  cities. 

Betfilehnn,  a  town  in  Albany  county. 
New  York,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  eight  miles'  S  of  tlie  city 
of  Albany.  This  township  is  famous 
for  its  dairies,  and  contained  3095  in- 
liabitants  in  1800. 

Bethune,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Ca- 
l.iis  and  late  county  of  Artcis,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  by  the 
river  Brette,  20  inilcs  5  of  St,  Omer 
and  120  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  35  £,  lat. 
50  45  N. 

Betley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  16  miles  N  N 
W  of  Stafford  and  156  of  London. 
Lon.  2  10  W,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Betlii,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan, 
situ.^te  on  a  steep  rock,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Turkey  and  Persia,  but  subject 
to  its  own  bey,  and  a  sanctuary  for  the 
subjects  of  the  neighbouring  powers. 
It  is  150  miles  E  of  Diarbckar.  Lon. 
42  50  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Betuvie,  a  fertile  island  of  Dutch 
Gueiderland,  40  miles  long  and  10 
broad,  containing,  in  tliat  space,  eight 
cities  and  several  hundred  villages,  It 
is  formed  by  the  bifurcation  of  the 
Rhine  above  Nimegucn,  and  by  the 
union  of  its  streams,  under  dih'ercnt 
appellations:,  near  Worcum.  It  was  the 
ancient  Batavia,  and  formerly  gave  the 
name  of  Batavians,  to  the  iniiabitants 
of  the  Dutch  Netherlands.  In  this 
morass  (as  it  then  was)  the  ancestors 
(if  the  present  race  first  settled,  when, 
they  emigrated  from  Germany ;  and  it 
was  principally  hence  that  the  Dutch 
spread  themselves  over  the  diiFerent 
])rovinccs. 

Bevecum,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
17  miles  S  of  Louvain.  Lon,  4  50  E, 
lat.  50  36  N.         * 

Beveland,  N  and  S,  two  islands  of  the 
United  proviiices,  in  Zealand,  between 
the  E  and  W  branches  of  the  Scheld. 

Bevergorn,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
22  miles  from  Munster. 

Beverley,  a  borough  in  the  E  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday,  and  two  churches, 
beside  the  minster.  It  ii  seated  on  the 
river  Hull,  9  miles  N  of  Hull  and  182 
of  London.  Lqq.  0  15  W,  Ikt.  53  52  N. 


B  I  B 

Beveniiigfit,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  dioccsij  of  Padeihorn,  at  the  con- 
fluence  of  the  Bcve  Mid  Weser,  22 
miles  E  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  30  £, 
lat.  51  46  N. 

Beverly,  atown  inEsscx county,  Mas- 
sachusfitts,  15  m.  N  by  E  of  Boston,  and 
separated  from  Salem  by  a  bridge.  In 
1800  the  inhabitants  were  3881. 

BcMCattle,  a  village  in  Cumberland, 
on  the  I^cven,  said  to  have  been  built 
about  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest. 
The  church  is  in  ruins;  and  in  the 
chnrchyard  is  an  ancient  cross,  with 
several  scidptures,  on  which  are  illegi- 
ble inscriptions, 

Bevidley,  a  boroiigh  of  Worcester, 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  and 
i»  seated  on  the  Severn,  14  miles  N  of 
Worcester,  and  128  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Bevitey,  or  Beaulieu,  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  N  of  Invemesshire,  and 
flowing  along  the  S  border  of  Ross- 
shire,  forms  the  fine  estuary  on  which 
stand  Inverness  and  Fort  St.  Genrgpe, 
and  which  terminates  in  the  frith  df 
Murray. 

Beziert,  a  tovm  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment  of  Hcrautt  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc.  The  remains  of  a  cir- 
cus, and  some  inscriptions,  bespeak  its 
ancient  grandeur  ;  and  it  has  an  acade- 
my of  sciences,  and  twohospitals.  The 
iniiabitants  are  computed  at  17,000. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Royal  Canal,  on  a 
hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Or- 
bre,  12  miles  N  E  of  Narbonne.  Lon. 
3  18  E,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Bex,  a  village  of  Swiaserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  near  the  town  of  St. 
Maurice,  remai-kable  for  its  delightful 
situation,  and  the  salt  works  near  it, 
the  largest  of  which  is  entered  by  a 
passage  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock. 
Travellers  who  have  the  cui-ioaity  to 
explore  these  rtoomy  abodes,  are  fur- 
nished with  lifted  torches,  and  dress- 
ed in  a  coarse  habit,  to  defend  them 
fi  cm  the  drippings  that  fall  iroin  the 
roof  and  aides  of  the  passage.  ' 

Biitfar,  the  capital  of  a  kingdtim  of 
the  same  name,  in  Negroland,  aitu«te4 
to  the  EofQenin,  on  the  rivev  Los-Cia^ 
morones,     Lon.  17  46  E,  lat.  6  10  K.-^ 

Biaua,  a  ioym  of  Hiiidbost&n  Properj^ 
remarkable  ibr  excellent  (ndigo,  50' 
miles  W  of  Agra.  I^on,  ^  ^  1,  Ut. 
26  son; 

BiSerach,  $k  fte^  ujnperial  to^fm  o( 


>.»■.■. 'J  i„  ii>]i  I,' 


TT' 


B  I  E 


B  I  L 


Suabia.  It  hai  a  manutarture  of  fus. 
tians,  and  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley, 
on  the  Reuss,  17  miles  S  W  of  Uliii. 
Lon.  10  2  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Bicetier,  or  Bunester,  a  town  in  Os- 
fordsliire,  with  a  market  on  Friday, 
between  Oxford  and  Buckingham,  l." 
miles  N  of  the  foi-mer  and  57  W  by  N 
of  London.  Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  51  54 
N. 

Bidache,  a  town  of  Franco,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  tlic  Lower  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Basques,  suated  on  the 
river  Bidouse,  12  mile.t  E  of  Bayonne, 
Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  43  31  N. 

Bidassou,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  has 
its  Nource  in  the  PjTenees,  and  falls  in- 
to tiic  bay  of  Biscay  between  An- 
daye  and  Fontarabia. 

Biddeford,  a  seaport  and  town  cor- 
porate .n  Devonshire,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday ;  seated  on  the  Torridjje, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridjfc  of  24  ar- 
ches. It  is  a  well  inhabited  trading 
place  16  miles  S  by  W  of  Ilfracombe, 
and  203  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  10  W, 
51  10  N, 

Biddeford,  a  port  of  entry,  and  post 
to\vn  in  York  county,  Maine.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  sea  coast,  near  cape  Poi'- 
poise,  23  miles  S  by  W  of  Portland, 
and  40  N  E  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  contains  about  1300  inhabi- 
tants. 

Bieez,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Cra- 
CDwia,  remarkable  for  its  mines  of 
vitriol ;  seated  on  the  Wescloke,  50 
miles  S  E  of  Cracow.  Lon.  21  5  E, 
lat  49  50  N. 

Biela,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
the  Bellese,  near  the  river  Cerva,  20 
tnilcs  W  of  Verceil.  Lon.  7  58  E,  lat. 
45  35  N. 

Bielogorod,  a  strong  town  of  Bessa- 
rabia, on  lake  Vidcno,  near  the  Black 
Sea,  42  miles  S  W  of  Oczakow.  Lon. 
30  10  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Bielak,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Polachia.  near  one  of  the 
sources  of  the  river  Narew,  100  miles 
V  E  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  39  E,  lat. 
£2  40  N. 

Bicme,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Smolensko,  80  miles  N  E 
of  Smolensko/and  170  W  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  33  5  E,  lat.  55  40  N, 

Bienne,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  on  a 
Udce  of  the  same  name,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Jura.  It  is  17  miles  N  W  of 
Bern.     Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  47  11  N. 

Bitroiiet,  n  town  of  Patch  Flanders, 


two  miles  N  of  Sluys.     Lon.   3  39  K, 
lut.  51  21  N. 

Bigglrnvadf,  a  town  in  BcflfordHhirc, 
with  u  market  on  Wednesday,  one  of 
tlic  greatest  barley  markets  in  Eiig. 
land.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ivel,  ovtr 
which  is  a  neat  stone  bridge,  10  milts 
N  W  of  Bedford,  and  45  N  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Bigorn,  a  late  province  of  Fi'iUirp, 
boinidrd  on  the  N  by  Armngiiac,  oii 
the  E  by  Commingcs,  on  the  W  by 
Beam,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Pyrenees. 
It  is  now  included  in  tlic  department 
of  the  Upper  Pyrenees. 
Bijinagur.  See  Bisnagur. 
Bijoft,  a  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  between  the  rivers  Indus  and 
Attock,  having  Cabul  on  the  W,  the 
Bockharian  mountains  on  the  N,  Casli- 
mere  ontiic  E,  and  Peishore  on  the  S. 
It  is  40  miles  from  N  to  S,  ami  30  from 
E  to  W.  It  is  full  of  mountains  and 
wilds,  inhabited  by  a  savage  and  turbu- 
lent  race. 

Bilboa,  a  cityof  Spain,  capital  of  Bis- 
cay,  with  a  good  harbour.  Its  exportslar* 
wool,  swdrd-blades,  and  other  manu- 
factures in  iron  and  steel.  It  is  re- 
markable for  the  wholesomeness  of  its 
air,  and  tlie  fertility  of  the  soil  about 
it.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  Ibaica- 
bal  which  enters  the  bay  uf  fiiscav,  50 
miles  W  of  St.  Sebastian,  and  180  N 
of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  XO  W,  lat.  43  33 
N. 

Bildeiton,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  one 
large  church,  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  from  the  town,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Breton,  1  he  only  business 
of  the  town  consists  in  spinning  of  yarn. 
It  is  12  miles  S  E  of  Biu^,  and  63  N 
E  of  London.  Lon.  0  55'E,  lat.  52  16 
N. 

Biledu/gerid,  a  country  of  Barbary, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Tunis,  on  the  E 
by  Tripoli,  on  th«  S  by  Guergula,  and 
on  the  W  by  Tuggurt.  It  lies  be- 
tween 5  and  11*  E  lon.  and  28  and  32' 
N  lat.  The  air  is  virholesome  but  hot, 
and  tlie  soil  yields  a  great  deal  of  bar- 
ley. 

Bilevelt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  county  of  Ravensburg, 
seven  miles  S  E  of  Ravensburg.  Lon. 
8  50  ^,  lat.  52 10  N. 

Bitlericay,  a  to^vn  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesdiiy^  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  before  which  opens  a  beautiftd 
prospect  over  a  rich  valley,   to  the 


"^|»1l*rt;-'* 


B  I  L 

J  of  Sluys.     Lon.   3  39  K, 

le,  a  town  in  Bcflfonlithire, 
ct  on  Wediicsdiiy,  one  of 
'.  barley  mnrki-ts  in  Eii;;- 

HPatcil   on  the  Ivcl,  ovtr 
cat  Htonc  bridge,  10  inilus 
dford,  and  45  N  N  W  of 
on.0  21  W,  lat.  52  6N. 
I  late   province  of  Fi'iuicp, 

the  N  by  Armaj^iac,  on 
[iinminjfcs,  on  the  W  by 
)M  the  S  by  the  Pyrenees, 
nchided  in  the  department 
p  Pyrenees. 

See  Bianagur. 
province  of  Hindoostan 
veen  the  rivers  Indus  and 
inp  Cabul  on  tlie  W,  the 
mo\intain*  on  the  N,  Ca.sli- 
E,  and  Peishore  on  the  S. 
I  from  N  to  S,  and  30  from 
is  full  of  mountains  and 
ited  by  a  savage  and  turbu- 

ity  of  Spain,  capital  of  Bis. 
Hid  harbour.  Itsexportslar* 
•blades,  and  other  manu> 
iron  and  steel.  It  is  re- 
the  wholesomenesH  of  its 
fertility  of  the  soil  About 
;ed  at  the  mouth  of  Ibaica- 
ters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  50 
)t.  Sebastian,  and  180  N 
Lon.  3  XO  W,  lat.  43  33 

a  town  in  Sufiblk,  with  a 
iVe4nesday.  It  has  one 
I,  about  a  quarter  of  a 
e  town,  and  is  seated  on 
eton,  1  he  only  business 
onsists  in  spinning  of  yarn. 
1  S  E  of  Bury,  and  63  N 
Lon.  0  55E.  lat.  52  16 

{,  a  country  of  Barbary, 
he  N  by  Tunis,  on  the  E 

1  the  S  by  Guergula,  and 
•y  Tuigurt.  It  lies  be- 
ll* E  lon.  and  28  and  32» 
lir  is  wholesome  but  hot, 
ields  a  great  deal  of  bar- 

own  of  Germany  in  West- 
e  county  of  Ravensburg, 
i  E  of  Ravensburg.    Lon. 

2  ION. 

a  to^vn  in  Essex,  with  a 
ie«d!i)\  It  is  seated  on  a 
which  opens  a  beautiful 
r  «  rich  valley,   to  the 


B  I  N 

'IlKtmes,  nine  miles  S  VV  of  Cliclnis- 
tinl,  and  '2.)  E  of  London.  Lou.  0  31 
E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

lidlaica,  a.  post  town  of  Mithllcscx 
county,  MasHacliiiHctt:^,  about  20  uiilcs 
N  W  of  Bo.st<)n,  iind  10  S  of  of  Dracul 
on  the  Merrimack  river.  It  coutain- 
c.l  IJ83  iiihabitimis  in  1800. 

llitloin,  a  linvu  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
liailincnt  of  Puy-dc-Dome  and  late 
pii)\in;'c  of  Anvei'g-nc,  15  miles  S  E  of 
Clcnnoi.t.     I. on.   .)  28  E,  hit.  4.^  41  N. 

lliliuii,  'I  hiirnini^-ilcscrt  of  Africa,  to 
the  S  E  of  i'v/./.-.w,  between  21  and 
W  N  lui; 

Hiitden,  a  town  in  Lcireslershi;':?,  t'fi 
miles  N  bv  VV  of  London.  Lon.  0  51 
W,  lat.  .52  35  N. 

Hitsnii,  a  town  of  WeHtjjIialla,  in  the 
1'i.shopric  of  Liege,  on  tiie  river  Demer, 
15  miles  N  of  Liege.  Lou.  5  29  E.lat. 
50  50  N. 

Jliinini,  one  of  the  Bahama  i.slands, 
near  the  Clianncl  uf  ISahama,  eight 
miles  in  length,  and  a.s  much  in  brcadtli. 
1*  is  very  woody,  and  dilliciilt  of  ac- 
cess on  account  of  the  phoals,  but  is  a 
very  pleasant  place,  ami  inhuinted  by 
the  native  Anicricans.  Lon.  79  30  W, 
l.it.  2.5  0  N. 

Mitnlepatam,  a  seaport  of  Golconda, 
in  the  Deccan  of  Hiiuloostan,  seated 
fin  the  bay  of  Bengal,  12  miles  N  of 
Visiigapatam.   Lon.  83  5E,  lat.  18  0  N. 

Binaros,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  remarkable  for  good  wine  j 
.seated  near  the  Mediterranean,  20 
miles  S  of  Tortosa.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lat. 
•10  3i  N. 

BiHch,  a  little  fortified  town  of  Aus- 
trian Hainault,  nine  miles  E  of  Mous. 
Lon.  4  15  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Bindtester,  a  village  on  the  river 
Were,  near  Durham.  Several  inscrip- 
tions and  monuments  shew  it  to  liave 
been  tlie  Roman  Vinovium  j  many  Ro- 
man coins  are  dug  np  here,  which  are 
called  Binche.ster  Pennies  ;  and  two  al- 
tars have  been  discovered  from  which 
it  appears  that  the  20th  legion  was 
stationed  in  this  place. 

Bincaza,  a  seaport  of  'Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Tripoli,  140  miles  W  of 
Deina.     Lon  19  10  E,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Binf.eld,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  in 
Windsor  forest,  three  mijes  N  by  E  of 
Okinghani.  Binfield  was  the  scene  of 
Pope's  youtliful  dajs,  and  here  he  wrote 
his  Windsor  Forest. 

Bingeii,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Mentz,  seated 


B  I  R 

at  the  place  where  the  rivet  Nirhc  fulU 
into  the  Rhine,  with  a  sh.ne  l>i'iiiue 
over  tiie  former.  It  is  15  miles  AV  .  by 
S  of  Menl/..     Lon.  8  0  E,  lut.  49  1')  N. 

Bivgham,  a  town  in  Nottingbamshii  e, 
with  a  smalt  market  on  Thursday,  nine 
miles  E  of  Nottingiiam,  and  1?U  N  bv 
W  of  Lotulon  Lon.  0  51  W,  Ut.  ii.' 
j3N. 

Binnidiiiri;,  a  town  of  Finl.ind.  in 
Sweden  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kiine, 
in  llie  gulf  of  Bothni::,  7S  miles  N  of 
Abo.  Lon.  22  5  E,  lat.  61  42  N. 

Bir,  or  Bfi'r,  a  town  of  Di.U'hcrk  in 
Turkey  in  Asia,  wllli  a  citstlc,  wIiCk; 
.the  g(-,vernor  ic-.iilc.i.  It  stand.s on  tl',« 
E  bank  of  the  Eu|'.Iirates,  near  a  iii,ih 
niountuin,  in  a  fruitful  country.  It  is 
50  miles  N  E  of  Aleppo. 

Biriei/M,  a  town  of  Germany,  ctipi- 
tal  of  a  cotmty  of  the  same  name,  ift 
the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  Frencli  in  1794,  at".. I  is 
seated  near  the  rivei-  Nahc,  22  niih^i 
S  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  14  E,  lat.  49 
55  N. 

Birmingham,  alirpfff  town  in  War- 
wickshire,  with  a  market  on  Thtn'r.d;iy, 
It  is  no  corporation,  and  therefore  free 
for  any  person  to  settle  there  ;  which 
has  contributed  greatly  not  only  to  the 
increase  of  buildings,  but  also  of  the 
trade,  which  is  the  most  ilourishinq;'  of 
any  in  England  for  all  sorts  of  iron 
work  besides  niany^  other  curious  ma- 
nufactiu-cs.  The  town  stands  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a 
half-moon.  The  lower  part  is  filled 
wiiTi  workshops  and  warehouses,  and 
consists  cliiefly  of  old  buildings.  The 
upper  part  contains  a  number  of  new 
and  regular  streets,  and  a  handsome 
square,  elegantly  built.  It  has  two 
churche.'. ;  one  in  the  lower  part  of  thu 
town,  which  is  an  ancient  buildinj^, 
with  a  Ipfty  spire  ;  the  other,  a  grand 
modem  structure  having  a  square  stone 
tower,  with  a  cupola,  and  turret  above. 
it ;  it  has  also  two  chapels  and  several 
meeting  houses.  It  had  an  elegant 
theatre,  which  was  burnt  in  1792. 
Birmingham  has  been  long  famous  for 
its  hai-dwarc  manufactures  ;imt  of  late 
vears,  by  great  additions  to  its  trade 
from  a  vast  variety  of  articles,  such  as 
metal  buttons,  buckles,  plated'  goods, 
japanned  and  paper  vrare,  &c.  it  has 
oecome  more  populous  than  any  of  the 
modern  trading  to\vns  in  England. 
They  export  their  goods  in  great  quan- 
tities to  foreign  countries,  where,  in 


I 


B  I  S 


B  I  T 


point  of  ilicipnt'f*^  nnd  elcffnnrp,  they 
Krc  iinii.iillcii  It  \h  plciitii'illv  ■tii[)plic(l 
villi  ODhl  liy  means  iit"  n  catiul  to  Wcd- 
nchh'i.y  :  'Mil  it  liiis  II  ciiinniiiiiicutiiin 
xvitli  tlir  Cri'ia  Trimk  from  tli<;  Trent 
♦  n  tlie  Scvrrii,  by  u  brancli  pussinp;'  by 
VVoi\orlmni|it'in.  The  iinprovnl  Ktciiin 
eiiffines,  made  here  by  Ildlton  iiiu! 
W'utt,  (IcMcrvc  to  rank  lilj^h  unioii)f  the 
proituftion  i  of  hiiinnn  injfeniiity  :  their 
upplituticm  to  various  mcchiiniral  pur- 
poses, uiul  nitrtinilui 'v  to  the  tli'iiininif 
of  mines,  plitces  thein  iniong  ttic  most 
valuuble  inventions  of  the  ugc.  Bir- 
miniffliam  is  17  miles  NW  of  Coventry 
and  116  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  W,  lat, 
32  .10  N. 

iiirviaira,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
C.'i.stile,  15  miles  N  of  l)tirg;<>s.  Lon, 
3  30  W,  hit.  42  35  N. 

Siaaccia,  a  smnll  handsome  town  of 
Naples,  in  PriiK'ipato  Ullcviore,  with  a 
biahoii's  sec,  15  niilcn  N  E  of  Conza. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  hit.  41  3  N. 

Biscay,  a  province  of  Spain,  hounded 
on  the  N  by  the  buy  of  Ritiiay,  on  the 
S  hy  Old  Castile,  on  the  W  by  the  As- 
tiirius,  and  on  tiie  E  by  Upper  Navarre. 
It  contains  three  divisions  ;  Biscay 
Proper,  Guipusc.ia,  and  Alava.  It  is 
Sr  miles  in  both  Icn^h  and  breadth, 
and  priHliiceg  ap]>les,  oran((eB,  and  ci- 
trons ;  it  has  also  wood  for  building' 
ships,  and  mines  of  iron  and  lead.  7'lie 
Blscayers  are  tlie  best  seamen  of  Spain. 
Their  language  is  accounted  aboriifiiial, 
and  is  unmixed  with  either  Frouli, 
Latin  or  Spanish.  Bilboa  is  t!ie'citi>l- 
tal. 

Bhcii,  Bay  of,  an  extensive  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  between  Cape  Ortegal,  in 
lon.  7  35  \V,  lat.  43  48  N,  and  the  isle 
of  Ushant,  in  lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Biscay,  New,  a  province  of  N  Amer- 
ica, in  Mexico,  noted  for  its  silver 
mines. 

Bischnfishcm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  archbishopric  of  Ment/.,on  tin-  riv- 
crTaiiber,  two  miles  W  of  Wiirtzburg. 
Lon.  9  10  p.  lat.  49  40  N. 

Bisc/iqfa  Ze/i,  a  town  of  Swis.icrlaiid, 
in  Thurgau,  with  a  castle.  The  inha- 
bitants were  independent,  and  govern- 
ed by  a  supreme  council.  But  their 
j^overnmcnt  ha.s  been  since  overturned 
by  the  French.  It  is  scateri  at  tiie  con- 
fluence of  the  Sitter  andTlnir,  1 J  miles 
S  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  47 
27  N. 

Bischvseillen,  a  fortress  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Upper  Rluue  a)\d 


l.itp  pro\Iiite  of  AUncc,  five  milei,  W 
of  the  Uhinc.  Lon.  7  51  E,  lat.  4«  40 
N. 

Bitegtia,  a  prtpuloiis  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  ser, 
near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  six  miles  E  of 
Trani.     Lon.  16  45  E,  lat.  41  2B  N. 

.0(.vc;'rii,  a  seaport  ofTnnit,  in  Afrira, 
near  the  place  where  Utlra  onec  stood, 
37  miles  N  VV  of  Tunis.  Lou.  9  46  E, 
lat.  37  10  N. 

Biihof)  and  his  Clrrh,  d-ingerous  rneki 
on  the  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  near 
St.  David's.  Lon.  5  20  W,  lat.  51  57 
N. 

Bishopt- Auckland.     Sec  Auckland. 

Bishofii-Castle,  a  borough  in  Slimp- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  seated  near  the  river  Clun,  eight 
miles  E  of  Montgomery,  and  132  W 
N  \V  of  London.  Lon.  2  55  VV,  lat. 
32  22  N. 

Bithops-Stortford.     See  Stcrtford. 

BisigitaiiO,  u  town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
labria, with  a  strong  fort,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Boccona,  18  miles  N  of  Co- 
senza,  and  133  S  E  of  Naples.  Lun. 
16  20  E,  lat.  39  38  N. 

Bisley,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted  for 
a  spring  called  St.  John  Baptist's  Well. 
It  is  thiCfc  miles  N  of  Woking. 

Bimufi'iir,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  seated  on  tli9 
river  Tungebadra.  It  waa  the  capital 
of  the  ancient  king(h>m  of  Narsinga, 
and  when  visited  by  Cesar  Frederic  in 
1567,  was  a  large  city.  It  is  140  miles 
E  l)v  S  of  Goa.  Lon.  76  10  E,  lat.  15 
30  N. 

Bisiagos,  a  cluster  of  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Negroliuid,  200  miles  S  E  of 
the  I'ivcr  Guinbia,  in  11' N.  lat. 

Bissau,  an  island  in  the  coast  of  A- 
frica,  u  few  leagues  to  the  S  E  of  the 
river  Gambia.  'I'hc  island  is  about  35 
or  40  miles  in  circumference.  So  rich  is 
the  soil  of  Bissaa,  that  wheat  and  inaix 
Hpring  up  to  the  size  of  Indian  com. 
'I  he  cattle  also  are  of  an  extraordinary 
si/e,  and  seem  to  keep  pacQ  with  the 
luxuriant  growth  of  the  corn. 

Bistricz,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  142  miles  N 
E  of  Coloswar.  Lon.  25  3  E,  lat.  47  33 
N. 

Bitchy,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Moselle  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  on  a 
rock.  It  is  seated  at  the  foui  of  a  luotin- 


B  I  T 

of  AlHni'f ,  five  mllf*  \V 
I.on.  7  51E,  bt.  48  40 

irtpulr>ui  town  of  Naplfs, 
iri,  with  II  liiNlinp'it  hcf, 
if  Vriiicc,  nix  milfs  E  of 
16  45  E,  lat.  41  '-JB  N. 
aj)()i'l  t)f  Tiinii.in  Afrlra, 
'  wlicre  Utica  once  stood, 
'  of  Tunis.     Lou.  9  4fi  E, 

is  Clerh,  danpfproim  rock* 
of  HcmhrolccHliire,  near 
Lon.  5  20  W,  Ut.  51  57 

ktaml.  Sec  Auckland, 
tit,  a  bdi'oiigh  in  Slirop. 
I  market  on  Friday.  It 
mliers  to  jiurliamt-nt,  and 
ir  the  river  Chin,  eight 
rlonlgomcry,  and  152  W 
kdoii.     Lon.  2  55  W,  lat. 

rtford.  See  Stortford. 
a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
strong  fort,  and  a  bishop'* 
ated  on  a  mountain,  near 
ccona,  18  miles  N  of  Co- 
33  S  E  of  Naples.     Lon. 

39  38  N. 

Uagc  in  Surrv,  noted  for 
d  St.  John  BajjUst's  Well, 
lies  N  of  Woking. 
\  town  «)f  the  peninsula  of 
in  Mysore,  seated  on  the 
jadra.  It  was  tlie  capital 
It  kingdom  of  Narsinga, 

ted  by  Cesar  Frederic  in 
gc  city.     It  is  14^  miles 
Lon.  76  10  E,  lat.  15 

luiitor  of  islands  on  the 
oland,  300  miles  S  E  of 
ibia,  in  11»N.  lat. 
island  in  the  coast  of  A- 
aijiies  to  the  S  E  of  the 
I'hc  island  is  about  35 
circumference.  So  rich  is 
aa,  that  wheat  and  inaix 
ic  size  of  Indian  com. 
are  of  un  extraordinary 
m  to  keep  pacp  with  the 
wth  of  the  corn, 
town  of  Transylvania,  on 
same  name,  142  miles  N 
Lon.  25  3  E,  lat.  47  33 

rtificd  town  of  France,  in 
irt  of  Moselle  and  late  pro- 
ain,  witli  a  castle,  on  a 
ted  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 


B  L  /V 

tjiiii,  near  the  Schwelb,  30  mile*  N  by 
\V  uf  Strajiburg.  Lon.  7  44  E,  lat  49  5 
N. 

Bitiinio,  an'episcnpal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  ten  miles  W  S  W  of 
Buri,  and  117  E  by  N  of  Naples. 
Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  41  6  N. 

BluMank,  ix  town  of  Irelr.nd,  in  the 
coiuuy  of  Arniagli,  seven  miles  S  of 
Armagh.     Lon.  6  .15  W,  lat.  .14  20  N. 

llliiMurn,  a  town  in  Lancashire, 
with,  a  market  on  Monday.  It  carries 
un  a  vast  trade  in  calicoes  for  printing, 
snd  is  seated  near  the  Derweiit,  203 
miles  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  :ii 
W,  lat  53  42  N. 

Black  Fnreat,  a  forest  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  W  of  the  circle  of  Snabia.  It  is 
(mrt  of  the  ancient  Hcrcynian  forest. 

Blackheath,  an  elevated  plain,  five 
miles  SE  of  London,  commanding  beau- 
tiful prospects,  and  adorned  witli  hand- 
some villas. 

Btacifiool,  a  village  in  Lancashire, 
much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing. 

Black  Sea,  the  ancient  Eiixine, 
liDUiidcd  on  the  N  by  Tartary  Taurica, 
and  the  sea  of  Asojih ;  on  the  £  by 
Mingrclia,  Circassia,  and  Georgia  1  on 
the  S  by  Natolia  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Romania,  Bulgaria,  and  Bessai'abia. 
It  lies  between  33  and  44?  £  long,  and 
U  and  46«  N  lat. 

Blackviater,  a  river  of  Ireland,  run- 
ning through  the  counties  of  Cork  and 
Waterford  into  Youghall  bay. 

Blackviater,  a  river  in  Essex,  which 
rises  in  the  N  W  of  the  county,  is  join- 
ed by  the  Chelmer  at  Mahlcn,  and  en- 
ters the  estuary,  to  which  it  gives  the 
name  of  Blackwatcr  Bay. 

Bladeruburg,  a,  town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Marylan<l,  where  there  is  a 
post  office,  six  miles  from  the  city  of 
Washington,  on  the  post  road  to  Ualti- 
nioie,  and  35  miles  from  the  latter. 

Blair  Athol,  a  village  in  Perthshire, 
in  un  angle  formed  by  the  rivers  Tilt 
and  Garry.  Close  by  it  is  Blair  Castle, 
a  castle  belonging  to  the  duke  of  Athil ; 
and  in  its  vicinity  are  many  romantic 
waterfalls.  Blair  Athol  is  28  miles  N 
S\  of  Perth. 

Blaitoit,  a,  late  province  of  Fr.incc, 
which  now  forms  the  department  uf 
Loir  and  Cher. 

Blamont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dopartment  of  Meurthe  and  late  pro- 
viiicc  of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  little 
river  Vezouze,  12  miles  S  of  LuneviUe. 
Uon.  6  53E,  lat.  48  40  N. 


B  L  E 

Mlmt,  a  town  of  Frnnce,  in  tlic  d«« 
partment  of  Indre  and  lute  provincr  of 
Berry,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
river  Creiisc,  35  miles  V,  of  Poitiers. 
Lon.  1  13  E,  Int.  46  38  N. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  South  America,  In 
Patagonia.  Lon.  64  43  W.  lat.  47  20 
S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Peru,  on  the  South 
Sea,  120  miles  S  W  of  Guiaquil.  Lop. 
83  0  W,  lat.  3  45  S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Africa,  on  th'.  At- 
lantic Ocean,  180  miles  N  of  the  river 
Senegal.     Lon.  17  10  W,  lat.  20  55  N. 

Blanfurd,  a  corporate  town  in  Dor- 
setshire, with  a  market  on  Sattinlay. 
In  1731,  the  town  was  nearly  burnt 
down  ;  but  rose  from  its  ruins  moro 
beautiful  than  before.  It  h  is  the  great- 
est manufacture  of  sl.irt  buttons,  in 
England.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on 
the  river  Stour,  near  the  Downs,  li) 
miles  N  E  of  Dorchester,  and  104  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  14  W,  lat.  50 
53  N. 

Blanri,  a  seaport  of  Catalonia,  in 
Spain  near  the  river  Tordcra,  20  mile* 
S  of  Gironne.  Lon.  2  50  E,  hit  41  40 
N. 

Blankenherg,  a  town  and  fort  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  situate  on  the 
German  Ocean,  eight  miles  NE  of  Os- 
teml.     Lon.  3  4  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Blankenberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia 
in  the  dutcliy  of  Burg,  12  miles  F,  of 
Bonn.     Lon  7  30  E,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Blankenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
the  duke  oP  Brunswick  Wolfcnliuttle. 
It  is  45  miles  S  E  of  Wulfisnbuttlc. 
Lon.  11  lOE,  lat.  51  50  N. 

BlaregniM.     See  Malplaquet. 

Blaubeuren,  a  town  of  Simbia,  in  th^ 
dutchy  of  Wirtcmburg,  11  miles  W 
of  Ulm.     Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Blaye,  an  ancient  town  of  Guicnne 
in  France,  in  the  department  of  Gi- 
ronde,  witli  a  strong  castle  ;  it  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Gironde,  which  is  here  3801) 
yards  wide.  Its  trade  consists  in  the 
wines  of  the  adjacent  country.  Its  har- 
bour is  much  frequented,  and  the  ships 
which  go  to  Bourdeaux  are  obliged  to 
leave  their  guns  here.  It  is  17  miles 
N  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  35  W,  lat. 
45  7  N. 

Blechingly,  a  borough  in  Surry,  by 
presciiptiun,  that  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
which  coromiuidg  extensive  prospectii. 


BOB 

20  miics  S.  of  London.  Lon.  0  0,  lat. 
31  t5  N. 

£ie>:/iciin,  a  village  in  Snabia,  me- 
morable- for  the  victory  gained  over 
t!io  Ficncli,  Auf^ust  2,  1704,  by  the 
duke  of  Mailborough.  It  is  seated  on 
tlio  n;.imbe,  llirce  miles  N  E  of  Hoch- 
stet,  :.ii('.  2/'  N  E  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  35 
K.  hit.  48  40  N. 

Ji!e:i/iei>ii,  /^oK^e,  near  Woodstock,  in 
O.-tordiihirc,  a  noble  palace,  built  in 
htijiuur  of  tlic  duke  of  Malborouirh,  at 
the  e>pence  of  tlie  nation,  in  com- 
^Tienioi  ution  of  his  victory  at  Blen- 
heim. 

JHoi-.Hyl,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vince;., in  Ovcrysscl,  with  a  fort ;  seat- 
ed at  the  nioiith  of  the  Aa,  on  the 
Zuidcr  Zee,  where  there  is  a  good 
harbom-,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Stecnwick. 
Lon.  5  39  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Biuis,  an  ancient  commercial  city  of 
France,  lately  the  capitiU  of  Blaisois, 
now  included  in  the  department  of 
Loi.*  and  Cher.  It  is  seated  on  the 
banES  of  the  river  Loire,  partly  on  a 
pla'n,  partly  on  an  eminence,  in  the 
midst  of  one  of  the  .iiost  agreeable 
countries  in  France.  The  castle  is  the 
ornament  of  this  city.  Tl»e  most  re- 
markable thing  in  this  castle  is  a  fine 
long  g:J!ery ;  adorned  with  many  curi- 
t>U!»  and  uncommon  pieces  ;  it  is  in  the 
ir.idst  of  two  gardens,  one  of  which 
ifi  full  of  fruit-trees  ;  and  the  other 
cf  parterres,  fountains,  cascades,  and 
raarblc  statues  brought  from  Italy. 
The  town-house  is  a  tolerable  building, 
.md  stand.s  on  a.  street,  which  termin- 
ates on  the  Muay,  where  is  a  public  walk, 
rhat  has  afpic  prospect  on  the  Loire, 
over  wliich  there  is  a  handsome  bridge. 
'I'lie  country  ab .,/  Blois  produces 
covn,  wine,  eattl  ,  and  game  of  every 
kin;l,  and  the  waters  a  great  quantity 
i-,f  lisli.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  47" 
.niles  W  of  Tours,  and  100  S  W  of 
I'avis.  Lon.  1  25  E,  lat,  47  35  N. 

JJ.'oiicu,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
province  of  WarsoA-ia,  20  miles  W  of 
\V:;rsaw.     Lon.  20  35  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

liljili,  a.  town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
wii'i  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  23 
niilnri  N  N  W  of  Newark,  "and  146  N 
by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  \V,  lat. 
Xi  22  N. 

15obc:ihatiscn,  a  town  of  Germ.iny,  in 
V/eteravia,  with  a  castle,  three  miles 
S  E  of  Francfort  on  the  Main,  and 
seated  on  the  river  Ger^jbi-cntz. 

Hobio,  au  cpisc  ipal  town  of  Italy,  in 


BOH 

the  Mil.incse,  on  the  Trebia,  25  mile* 
S  E  of  Pavi;i.  Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  44  4.=^ 
N. 

Bocat,  a  valley  of  Syria,  in  Asia,  in 
whicli  are  tlie  famous  ruins  of  nalbcf. 

Bocca-Chiai,  the  enfriince  into  tlic 
harbour  of  Cavthagetui,  in  S  Anieric:i. 
It  is  defended  by  several  forts,  wliich 
were  all  taken  by  the  English  in  1741 

Bacca-iicl-Uragii,  a  strait  lictwecii 
the  island  of  Tnnidad  and  Aiididusin 
in  Terra  Firm.-i,  in  S  America. 

Bdchfttit,  a  chain  of  mountains,  inllic 
territory  of  Genoa,  over  wUicli  is  tlu- 
ro.id  liadini^-  from  L3m!).^rdy  to  Gfc',io:i 
On  the  peak  of  the  lii;.;hcst  niountniii 
is  a  pass,  wliich  will  hardly  admit  thrit 
men  to  go  abicabt  :  this  jiass,  is  piv.. 
pcrly,  tlic  Porhitta;  for  the  defciici- 
of  which  there  arc  ti.rce  forts.  It  la 
tlic  key  of  Genoa,  and  was  taktii 
in    171(5  by  the    Au.-^trians. 

Buctltvlt,  a  town  of  \Vcsti)liaiI.i,  in 
the  diocese  of  Mtmstti',  20  miles  E  of 
Cloves.     Lon.  C  22  !•',  lat.  51  42  N. 

Bticcir^',  a  large  villuge  in  Esses, 
adjoining  to  Uraintrce.  It  h.i!!  a  gic.Vi. 
manufacture  of  baize,  and  is  41  miles 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  51 
56  N. 

Bodmin,  a  borough  i)i  Cornwall,  witii 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  scnd;>  tv.ii 
members  to  i  arliament,  and  is  33 
miles  N  E  of  Falmouth,  and  234  W  !  v 
S  of  London.  Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50  o.' 
N. 

Bpdon,  a  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  BiUgaria,  vi-ith  an  Arch- 
bishop's see  i  seated  on  the  river  Dan- 
ube, 26  miles  W  of  Viden.  Lon,  2j 
54  E,  lat.  44 10  N. 

Bodroch,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  100  miles  S  E  of  Buda.  Lou. 
1952E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Boetcfiot,  a  town  in  the  i)rovince  of 
Austrian  Brabant,  seated  on  the  river 
Nethe,  12  miles  N  E  of  Mechlin.  Loi.. 
442E,  lat..518N, 

Bog,  a  river  of  Poland,  which  rum 
S  W  through  Podolia  and  Budziac 
Tartary,  falling  into  tlio  Black  Sea, 
between  Oczakow  and  the  river  Dnie- 
per. 

Bodlio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county 
oi"  Nice,  25  miles  N  W  of  Nice.  Lou 
r  6  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

Bogota,  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 
in  Terra  Finn  a,  in  South  America, 
near  which  are  gold  mines.  Lon.  7o 
53  W,  lat.  4  ON. 

Bohiimia,    a  klng^dom  of   Europe) 


BOH 

ancsc,  on  tlic  Trebia,  25  miU« 
'avi;i.     Lou.  9  12  E,  lal.  44  45 

,  a  vMlpy  of  Syria,  in  Asi.i,  in 
re  tliu  famous  ruins  of  nalbcf. 
-Chka,  tlic  entnuice  into  tlic 
of  Caitliajjena,  in  S  Anicricii. 
fended  by  scvoral  forts,  wiiicli 
I  taken  by  the  English  in  1741 
■iUl-Urago,  a  strait  between 
id  of  Tnnidad  and  Aiuldusiji 
I  Firma,  in  S  America. 
H,/,  a  chain  of  monntaiii.s,  in  llic 
■  of  Genoa,  over  wliic'ii  is  the 
,dini>'  ironi  Lsmbardy  to  Geno:i 
iH-aic  of  the  hi;;-hcst  niountuiii 
i,  wlucb  will  hardly  admit  tbvti 
ji-o  al)VCMst  :  this  jiass,  is  pii- 
he  Porhitta;  for  tb.e  defenci 
li  there  arc  thrc  o  forts.  It  !., 
\-  of  Genoa,  and  was  tal;.cii 
I  by  the  Austrians. 
it'h,  a  town  of  \Vesti)haVia,  in 
•esc  of  Miinstf  I',  20  milci  E  lif 

Lon.  6  '22  K,  lat.  51  4'!  N. 
,;g,   a   larj;e   v:llii;;-c    in   Essex, 
\^  to  Braiiitree.     It  has  a  grciii 
cture  of  baize,  and  is  41  miles 
London.     Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  51 

»!/■»,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  wit!i 
ct  on  Saturday.  It  send;,  twii 
rs  to  1  arliani'ent,  and  is  33 
I  E  of  Falmouth,  and  234  W  bv 
mdon.    Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50  j; 

I.  a  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in 
in  Bidgaria,  \yith  an  Arch- 
see  i  seated  on  the  river  Dan- 
miles  W  of  Viden.  Lon.  23 
44  ION. 
)ch,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
100  miles  S  E  of  Buda.  Lou 
lat.  45  55  N. 

iot,  a  town  in  the  province  of 
n  Brabant,   seated  on  the  riVcr 
12  miles  N  E.  of  Mechlin.  Loi;. 
:it.  51  8  N. 

„  river  of  Poland,  which  nmi 
[hroufvh    Podolia  and   Budziac 
falling  into  the   Black  Sea, 
Oczakow  and  the  river  Dnie- 

I,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  coimty 
25  miles  N  W  of  Nice.    Lon 
.at.  44  2  N. 

o,  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 
a  Finna,  in  South  America, 
lich  are  gold  mines.    Lon.  73 
at.  4  0  N. 
nia,    a  kingdom  of   Europe> 


B  O  K 

bounded  on  tlie  N  by  Misnia  and  Luaa- 
tia,  on  the  £  by  Silesia  and  Moravia, 
on  tlie  S  by  Austria,  and  on  tiie  W  by 
Bavaria.  It  is  200  niiks  in  length,  and 
150  in  breadth,  niid  is  feitile  in  corn,  saf- 
fi-oii,  hops,  and  jjasturc.  In  the  moun- 
tains arc  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and, 
ill  some  places  they  fmd  diamonds, 
granates,  copper,  juid  lead.  The  Roman 
catholic  religion  is  the  principal ;  tho' 
there  ai'c  many  protectants.  T.ie  chief 
rivers  are  the  Muldaw,  Elbe,  and 
Oder.  Their  language  is  Sclavonian, 
with  a  mi.\turc  of  German.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  house  of  Austria.  The  capi- 
tal town  is  Prague. 

Bitjador,  a  cape  of  Africa,  in  Negro- 
land,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1412,  and  doubled  by  them  in  1433. 
Lon.  14  27  W,  lat.  26  12  N. 

Boiano,  anepifcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  Molisc,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
pennines,  near  the  river  Tilenio,  45 
miles  N  of  Naples.  I..on.  14  40  £,  lat 
41  30  N, 

Boitnitz,  a  town  of  Upptir  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  ZoU,  remarkable  for 
its  baths,  and  the  quantity  of  saffron 
about  it.    Lon.  19  10  E.  lat  48  42  N. 

Bois-le-Duc,  a  large  will  fortified 
town  of  Dutch  Brab><nt,  between  the 
Dommel  and  Aa,  situate  among  Mo- 
rasses, 22  miles  £  by  N  of  Breda,  45 
N  E  of  Antwerp,  and  45  S  S  £  of  Am- 
flterdam.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name.  It  was  taken 
bv  the  Dutch  in  1629,  and  by  the 
French  ii;  1794.  Lon.  S  16  £,  lat.  51 
40  N. 

Bokhara,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary, 
capital  of  Bokharia.  In  1219  it  was 
besieged  by  Jenghiz  Khan,  taken  and 
destroyed,  but  waa  by  his  orders  re- 
built, and  is  now  large  and  populous. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  with  a 
slender  wall  of  earth,  and  a  dry  ditch. 
The  houses  are  low,  built  mostly  of 
niiid ;  but  the  caravansaries  and 
mosques,  wliich  are  numerous,  are  all 
of  brick.  The  bazars,  or  market-places 
which  have  been  stately  buildings,  are 
nowmostly  inruins.  Here  is  also  a  state- 
ly building  ibr  the  education  of  the 
priests.  Great  numbers  of  Jews  and 
Arabians  frequent  this  place ;  tho' 
they  are  frequently  deprived  of  sJl 
their  properties  by  tlie  khan  or  his  at- 
tendants at  pleasure.  It  is  138  miles 
W  by  S  of  Samarcand.  Lon.  65  50  £, 
lat.  39  15  N. 
Bokharia,  JBocharia,   or  Sucharia,  a 


BO  L 

general  name  tqir  all  that  vast  tract  of 
land  lying  between  Karazm,  r.nd  the 
sandy  desert  borderipg-  on  China.  It 
is  divided  into  Great  and  Little  Bukha- 

i.  Great  Bukhai-ia  is  situated  be- 
tween 34  and  460  N  lat.  and  76  :md  92" 
£  lon.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
river  Sir ;  on  the  £  by  the  kingdom  of 
Kashgar,  on  the  S  by  Persia  and  the 
peninsula  within  tlie  Ganges,  and  on 
the  W  by  the  country  of  Kai-azm.  It 
is  an  exceeding  rich  and  fertile  coun- 
try i  tlie  moimtains  abound  with  tlie 
richest  mines  j  the  valleys  are  of  an  as- 
tonishing fertility ;  the  fields  are  cover- 
ed with  grass  the  height  of  a  man, 
and  the  rivers  abound  with  excellent 
fish.  Little  Bukharia  is  sufficiently 
popidous  and  fertile  ;  but  the  great  ele- 
vation of  its  land,  joined  to  the  height 
of  the  mountains  which  bound  it  in 
several  parts,  renders  it  much  colder 
than  from  itc  ■  aation  might  be  ex- 
pected. It  contains  rich  mines  of 
gold  and  silver. 

Bolabola,  one  of  the  Society  islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  four  leagues 
N  W  of  Otaha.  Lon.  151  52  W,  lat. 
16  32  S. 

Bolcheresk,  a  town  of  Kamtschatka, 
on  the  river  Bolchoireka,  22  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  the  sea  of  Okotsk. 
Lon.  156  37  £,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Bolettape,  or  Buntzlau,  a  town  of  Si- 
lesia, on  the  Bobar,  17  miles  N  E  of 
Lignitz.    Lon.  16  10  £,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Bolingbroke,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  at 
the  source  of  a  river,  which  falls  into 
the  Witham.  It  is  29  miles  E  of  Lm- 
coln,  and  131  N  by  £  of  London.  Lon. 
0  7  E,  lat.  53  12  N. 

BolUlav),  a  town  of  Bohemia,  SO 
miles  N  £  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  22  E, 
lat.  50  25  N. 

Botkvioitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  12  miles 
S  of  Glogaw.  Lon.  16  29  E,  lat.  51  58 
N. 

Bologna,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  cap- 
ital of  the  Bolognese,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  a  university.  It  lies 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appennine  mountains, 
in  a  fruitful  plain  and  salubrious  air. 
The  river  Saronia  runs  near  its  walls, 
and  the  Reno,  whicIiL  turns  400  mills 
for  the  silk  works,  through  the  city. 
There  are  a  great  number  of  palaces, 
particidarly  Uie  Palazzo  Publico,  in 
which  the  cardinal  legate,  or  viceroy 
of  the  pope  residtss.  In  the  area  be- 
fore this  pala'?<-,  ig  a  noble  marble  fbuuu 


m 


B  O  L 

tain,  the  principal  fipure  of  which,  a 
Neptune  in  bion/e,  eleven  feet  hijfh, 
tlie  workinanslilp  of  GinvHiini  di  Dolojy- 
HH,  is  liiglily  esteemed.  Tlic  anatomi- 
cal theatre,  besides  its  museum,  is 
adorned  with  stutv.cs  of  celebrated 
physicians.  'I'he  churcli  of  St.  Petro- 
nius  is  the  larjifest  in  Bologna  i  and  on 
the  pavement  of  this,  Cassmi  drew  his 
meridian  line.  There  are  168  other 
churclics.  Though  the  nobility  are  not 
rich,  many  of  their  palaces  are  firnish- 
ed  in  a  magnificent  taste,  and  contain 
paintings  of  great  value ;  the  palaces 
having  been  built  and  ornamented  when 
the  families  of  the  proprietors  were 
richer,  and  when  the  finest  works  of 
architecture  and  painting  could  be  pro- 
cured on  easier  terms.  The  private 
liouses  are  well  built ,  and  the  city  con- 
tains 80,000  inhabitants.  They  carry 
on  a  considerable  trade  in  silks  and 
velvets,  which  are  manufactured  here 
in  great  perfection.  The  surrounding 
country  produces  immense  quantities 
of  oil,  wine,  flax,  and  hemp,  and  fur- 
nishes all  Europe  with  sausages,  mac- 
caroni,  liqueurs,  essences,  and  even 
lapdogs.  Bologna  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  ir96,  but  has  since  been  re- 
taken by  Suwarrow.  It  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  t)ie  Appennines,  22  miles  S 
E  of  Modena,  and  175  N  W  of  Rome. 
Lon.  11  21  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Bolognese,  a  provi  •  t  '<f  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  the  chur;  "\nded  on  the 
N  by  the  Ferrares^.  ■  ^  W  by  Mo- 
dena, on  tlie  S  by  T  . ,  -.id  on  the 
E  by  Uomagna.  It  is  ,;;te.  .:  ;>_,  nany 
small  rivers,  which  rendt"  the  soil  the 
most  fertile  of  any  in  Italy.  It  produ- 
ces all  sorts  of  gvain  and  f.ults,  parti- 
cularly muscadine  grapes,  wk'ch  are 
in  high  esteem.  Thi  country  round 
Bolog?ia  seems  one  continued  garden. 
The  vineyards  are  not  divided  by  hedg- 
es, but  by  rows  of  elms  and  mulberry 
trees ;  the  vines  hanging  in  festoons, 
from  one  tree  to  anotlier,  in  a  beauti- 
fid  manner.  There  are  also  mines  of 
alum  and  iron.     Bologna  is  the  capital. 

Dnlsenna,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  45  miles  N  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  42  38  N. 

BoU'oiamt,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  W  Friesland,  eiglit  miles  N 
of  Slooten.     Lon.  5  25  E,  lat.  53  3  N. 

Bolton,  a  town  of  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  lias  been  en- 
riched by  the  manufacture  of  fustians, 
counterpanes,    dimities,  and  muslin?. 


BON 

It  is  11  miles  N  VV  of  Manchester,  and 
239  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  9  35  VV, 
lut.  53  3i  N. 

Bolzano,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
Tirol,  on  the  river  Eisach,  27  miles  N 
of  Trent.     Lon.  11  26  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Bomal,  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
burg, on  the  river  Ourt,  20  miles  S  of 
Liege.     Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Bombay,  an  island  of  Hindoostan, 
one  of  the  three  presidencies  of  the 
En|i;'lish  East  India  Company,  by  which 
their  oriental  territories  are  governed. 
It  is  situated  on  the  W  coast  of  the 
Deccan,  seven  miles  in  length,  and  20 
in  circumference.  It  came  to  the  En- 
glish  by  the  marriage  of  Charles  II. 
with  Catharine  of  Portugal.  It  con- 
tains a  strong  and  capacious  fortress,  a 
large  city,  dockyard  and  marine  arse- 
nal. The  gi'ound  is  barren,  and  good 
water  scarce.  It  was  formerly  count- 
ed very  unhealthy ;  but,  by  draining 
the  bogs,  and  other  methods,  the  air 
is  greatly  altered  for  the  better.  It  has 
abundance  of  cocoa-nuts,  but  scarce  any 
com  or  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
several  nations,  and  very  numerous.  It 
is  150  niiles  S  of  Surat.  Lon.  72  38  £, 
lat.  J8  58N. 

Botnene,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Zealand,  on  the  N  shore 
of  the  island  of  Scho wen.  Lon.  4  0  £, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Bomvtel,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro. 
vinces,  in  the  isle  ofOverflacke,  seven 
miles  W  of  Williamstadt. 

Boniviel,  a  handsome  town  of  Dutch 
Guelderland,  in  the  island  of  Bommel- 
Wacrt,  seated  on  tlie  Waal,  six  miles 
N  E  of  Huesden., 

Bominel-Waert,  an  island  of  Dutch 
Guelderland,  foi-mf!  by  the  jimction 
of  tlie  Waal  and  the  Maese.  It  is  15 
miles  long  and  five  broad.  It  was  tak- 
en by  the  French  in  1794. 

Bonaire,  an  island  of  South  America, 
near  the  N  coast  of  Terra  Firina,  t« 
the  S  E  of  Curacao,  belonging  to  the 
Dutch.     Lon.  68  18  W,  lat.  12  16  I?. 

Bonaventura,  a  bay,  harbour,  and 
fort  of  South  America,  in  Popayan,  90 
miles  E  of  Cali.  Lon.  75  18  W,  lat 
3  20  N. 

Bonavista,  the  most  eastern  of  the 
Cape  dc  Verd  Islands.  Lon.  22  47 
W,  lat,  16  0  N. 

■Bonavista,  a  cape  on  the  E  side  of 
the  island  of  Newfoundland. 

Bondou  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Bam- 
bouk  ;  on  tlie  S  E  and  S  by  Tenda, 


J  O  N 

N  W  of  Manchester,  uni 
'  London.     Lon.  9  35  VV, 

:own  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
river  Eisach,  27  miles  N 
n.  11  26  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 
wn  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
•ivc.v  Ourt,  20  miles  S  of 
5  38  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 
I  island  of  Uindoostan, 
ree  presidencies  of  the 
jidia  Company,  by  which 
territories  are  p)verned. 

on  t!ic  W  roast  of  the 
1  miles  in  Icngtli,  and  20 
ice.  It  came  to  the  En- 
marriage  of  Charles  II. 
ve  of  Portugal.  It  con- 
and  capacious  fortress,  a 
?kyard  and  marine  arse- 
und  is  barren,  and  good 

It  was  formerly  count- 
althy;    but,  by  draining 

other  methods,  the  air 
red  for  the  better.  It  has 
:ocoa-nuts,  but  scarce  any 
The  inhabitants  are  of 
s,  and  very  numerous.  It 
lOfSurat.    Lon.  72  38  E, 

seaport  of  the  United 
Zealand,  on  the  N  shore 
)f  Schowen.    Lon.  4  0  E, 

town  of  the  United  Pro- 
isle  of  Overflacke,  seven 

illiamstadt. 

handsome  town  of  Dutch 
in  the  island  of  Bommel- 

on  tlie  Waal,  six  miles 
len., 
lert,  an  island  of  Dutch 

forme  '.  by  the  junction 
nd  the  Maesc.     It  is  15 
five  broad.     It  was  tak- 
nch  in  1794. 

sl.ind  of  South  America, 
jast  of  Terra  Firma,  t» 

racao,  belonging  to  the 

68  18  W,  lat.  12  1614. 
a   bay,    liarbour,    and 

America,  in  Popayan,  90 

li.    Lon.  75  18  W,  lat 

he  most  eastern  of  the 
Islands.     Lon.   22  47 

cape  on  the  E  side  of 
>Jewfoundland. 
lunded  on  the  E  by  Bam- 
S  E  and  S  by  Tenda, 


BON 

and  the  Simbani  Wilderness  ;  on  the 
S  W  by  Woolli ;  on  the  W  by  Foota 
Torra ;  and  on  tlie  N  l)y  Kajaaga.  The 
country,  like  that  of  Woolli,  is  very 
generally  covered  with  woods,  buttiie 
land  is  more  elevated,  and  towards  the 
Faleme  river  rises  into  considerable 
hills.  In  native  fertility  the  soil  is  not 
surpassed,  (according  to  Mr.  Park,) 
by  any  part  of  Africa.  From  tlie  cen- 
tral situation  of  Bondou,  between  tlie 
Gambia  and  Senegal  rivers,  it  is  be- 
come a  place  of  great  resort,  both  for 
the  Slatees,  who  generally  pass  tliro' 
iL  in  going  from  the  Coast  to  the  inte- 
rior countries  ;  and  for  occasional  tra- 
ders, who  frequently  come  hither  from 
the  inland  countries,  to  purchase  salt. 
By  means  of  the  duties,  v/liich  are  very 
heavy,  the  king  of  Bondou  is  well  sup- 
plied with  arms  and  ammunition ;  a  cir- 
cumstance which  makes  him  formida- 
ble to  the  neighbouring  states.  The 
chief  inhabitants  ai-e  the  Foulahs  wiio 
are  in  general  of  a  tawny  complexion, 
with  small  features,  and  soft  silky 
hair.  They  are  naturally  of  r.  mild  and 
gentle  disposition,  but  tha  uncharita- 
ble maxims  of  the  Koran  have  ma<le 
tiiem  less  hospitable  to  strangers,  and 
more  reserved  in  their  beliaviour 
than  the  Mandingoes.  They-evident- 
ly  consider  all  the  Negro  natives  as 
their  inferiors ;  and  when  talking  of 
diMisrent  nations,  always  -rank  them- 
selves among  the  white  people.  Their 
government  diftWrs  from  that  of  the 
Mandingoes  chiefly  in  this,  that  tlicy 
are  more  immediately  under  the  influ- 
encp  of  tlie  Mahomedan  laws ;  for  all 
tlic  chief  men  (the  king  excepted)  and 
a  larg«  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Bondou,  are  Mussulmen,  and  tlie  au- 
thority and  laws  of  the  Prophet,  are 
every  where  looked  upon  as  sacred  and 
decisive.  In  the  exercise  of  their  faith, 
however,  they  are  not  very  intolerant 
towards  such  of  tlieir  countrymen  as 
still  retain  tlieir  ancient  superstitions. 
Beligious  persecution  is  not  known 
among  them,  nor  is  it  necessaiy :  for 
the  83'stem  of  Mahomet  is  made  to 
extend  itself  by  means  abundantly  more 
efficacious.  By  establishing  small 
.schools  in  the  different  towns,  where 
many  of  the  Pagan  as  well  as  Mahome- 
dan children  are  taught  to  read  the 
Koran,  and  instructed  in  the  tenets  of 
the  Prophet,  th?  Mahomedan  priests 
tix  a  bias  on  the  minds,  and  form  the 
cliaracter    of  their   young    disciples, 


BOO 

which  no  accidents  of  life  can  ever  af- 
terwards remove  or  alter.  Many  of 
these  little  school.t  Mr.  Park  visited  in 
his  progress  tlirough  the  country,  and 
observed  with  pleasure  the  great  do- 
cility and  submissive  deportment  of  the 
children, 

Bonifacio,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  well 
fortified,  and  populous  ;  37  miles  S  of 
Ajaccio.     Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Bonn,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Cologne,  and  the  re- 
sidence of  the  elector,  whose  gardens 
are  magnificent  and  open  to  the  pub- 
lic. It  contains  12,O0U  inhabitants,  and 
has  a  flourishing  imiverslty.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  ten  miles  S  bv  E 
of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  12  E,  lat.  50"  45 
N. 

Banna,  or  Bona,  a  seaport  of  Africa, 
in  t!ie  kingdoin  of  Algiers.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  Charles  V.  in  1535,  and  is  200 
miles  E  of  Algiers.  Lon.  6  15  £,  lat. 
36  2  N. 

Bonnestable,  a  town  of  France,  lately 
in  tlie  province  of  Maine,  now  in  the 
department  of  Sarte,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Mans.     Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Bonm:vai,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire  ai;d  late 
province  of  Beauce.  It  had  before  the 
French  revolution  a  fine  Benedictine 
abbey,  and  is  seated  on  the  Loire, 
eight  miles  N  of  Chateaudun.  Lon. 
1  20  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Bonneville,  a  town  of  Savoy,  capital 
of  Faiicigny,  seated  on  the  river  Arve, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  the 
Mole.  It  is  20  miles  S  of  Geneva.  Lon. 
6  10  W,  lat.  46  32  N. 

Boodge-boodge,  a  to\vn  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  rajah  of  Cutch, 
330  miles  N  E  of  Surat.  Lon.  68  0  E, 
lat.  23  16  N. 

Boonetyau,  a  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Morris  county.  New  Jersey,  9 
miles  N  of  Morristown,  and  29  N  W 
of  Newark,  between  Kack&way  and 
Newton. 

Bootan,  a  country  N  E  of  Hindoo- 
stan Proper,  between  Bengal  and  Thi- 
bet, of  which  last  it  is  a  fijudatorv. 
The  southernmost  ridge  of  the  Bootan 
mountains  rises  near  a  mile  and  a  half 
perpendicular  above  the  ])lains  of  Ben- 
gal, in  a  horizontal  distance  of  only  15 
miles  ;  and  from  the  summit  the  aston- 
ished traveller  looks  back  on  the  plainn, 
as  on  an  extensive  ocean  beneath  hiiu. 
The  capital  is  Tassasudoi:), 


Ji 

iiCrJ 

I! 

i 


n 


B  O  R 


B  O  R 


Bo^ngfn,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Suubii^,  on  the  river  Ep^j-pt,  four  miles 
E  of  Awlaii.  Lmi.  10  '21E,  Int.  48  55  N. 

Boppcit,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  near  tlie  Rhine,  eight 
miles  S  of  Coblcntz.  Lon.  7  35  £,  Tat. 
50  16  N. 

Bor.-h,  a  town  of  the  dutchy  of  Mag- 
deburg', on  the  Elbe,  14  miles  N  E  of 
Magdcbiu-g.  Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Bftrchloen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
tlie  bishopric  of  Liege,  15  miles  N  W 
of  Liege.     Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Bordentavin,  a  post  town  in  Burling- 
ton county,  New  Jersey,  seated  on  tlie 
£  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  11  miles 
N  E  of  Burlington,  and  about  26  of 
Philadelphia.  This  town  possesses  a 
considerable  trade,  being  the  common 
rer.de  zvoiis  of  a  line  of  stages  between 
rii'ladelphia  and  Amboy. 

j:oreham,  a  village  in  Essex,  three 
niiles  N  E  of  Chelmsford,  famous  for  a 
St..  .'ly  fabric,  built  by  Henry  VIIL 
wl.ich  tho'  now  ruinous,  was  ohce  tlie 
most  mugniiicent  building  in  this  coun- 
try. 

£orgo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  on  the 
gulf  of  Finland,  20  miles  N  E  of  11  cl- 
fiingfors.     Lon.  25  40  E,  lat.  60  34  N. 

Dargnftrte,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Mantua,  on  the  river  Po,  10 
m  OS  S  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  53  E,  lat. 
45  ON. 

Borgo-San-Domino,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  dutchy  of  Parma,  15 
miles  N  W  of  Parma.  Lon.  10  6  E, 
lat.  44  58  N. 

Bor^o-di-San-Sepulchro,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Tuscany,  40  miles  E  of  Flo- 
rence.    Lon.  12  7  E,  43  32  N. 

Borgo-vai-di-taro,  a  small  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  dutchy  of  Parma,  20  miles 
S  W  of  Parma.  Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  44 
30  N. 

Bona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
12  miles  S£  of  Tarazona.  Lon.  1  16 
W,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Borirpien,  an  island  of  the  West  In- 
dies,  near  Porto-Rico.  The  English 
settled  here,  but  iwere  driven  away  by 
the  Spaniards.  It  is  uninhabited, 
tiiough  fertile,  and  the  water  gt)od. 
Here  is  a  gi-eat  number  of  land  crabs, 
whence  some  call  it  Crab  Island.  Lon. 
66  0  W,lat.  18  ON. 

Borieto,  a  strong  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Zutphen,  on  the  river 
Borkel,  lOmiles  E  ofZutphen.  Lon.  6 
18  £,  lat  52  11  N. 


Bonnio,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  bounded  on  the  S  liy  the  state  of 
Venice,  on  the  E  by  the  territory  of 
Austria,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Cad- 
dea.  It  contains  about  lOUO  inliabitants, 
and  has  a  desolate  appearance.  The 
houses  are  of  stone  plastered  s  a  few 
make  a  tolerable  figure  amid  many  with 
paper  windows  ;  and  several,  like  the 
Italian  cottages,  have  only  wooden 
window  shutters.  It  is  40  miles  S  K 
of  Coire.    Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  46  25  N. 

Borneo,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  iu 
1521,  before  the  discovery  of  New 
Holland,  thouglit  to  be  the  largest  in 
the  world,  being  1800  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  seated  under  the  equa- 
tor, that  line  cutting  it  almost  thro'  the 
middle.  It  is  almost  of  a  circular  fig- 
ure, abounds  with  gold,  and  the  finest 
diamonds  in  the  Indies  are  found  in  its 
rivers,  being  probably  washed  down 
from  the  hills  by  torrents.  It  produces 
likewise  rice,  pepper,  fruits  and  bees- 
wax, which  last  is  used  instead  of  mo- 
ney. The  beasts  are  oxen,  buil'aloes, 
deer,  goats,  elephants,  tigers  and 
monkeys.  This  island  has  fine  rivers 
especially  toward  the  W  and  S.  The 
rain}'  season  continues  for  eight  months 
in  the  year,  and,  as  dui-ing  that  time 
all  the  flat  countiy  is  overflowed,  the 
air  is  rendered  very  unhealthful,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  forced  to  build  their 
houses  on  floats  which  they  make  fast 
to  trees.  The  houses  hare  but  one 
floor  with  partitions  made  of  cane.  The 
people  arc  very  swarthy,  and  g^  almost 
naked.  There  are  M^omctans  on  the 
sea-coast;  but  the  rest  are  Gentoos. 
The  East  India  Company  had  factories 
here ;  but  difl'erences  arising  between 
them  and  the  natives,  they  were  driv- 
en  away  or  murdered.  The  capital,  of 
the  same  name,  is  large  and  populous, 
with  a  good  harbour,  and  seated  on 
the  N  W  side.  Lon.  112  27  E,  lat  4 
55  N. 

Bornho^m,  an  island  of  the  Baltic  Sea, 
20  miles  S  E  of  Schonen  in  Sweden. 
Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  54  55  N. 

Bomou,  an  extensive  covmtry  in  Afn- 
ca,  bounded  on  the  N  W  by  Fczzan,on 
the  N  by  the  desert  of  Bilma,  on  the 
S  E  by  Cashna,  and  on  tlie  S  W  by  Nu- 
hia.  It  extends  from  12  to  22  degrees 
of  E.lon.  and  from  17  to  21  degrees  of 
N  lat.  The  northern  part  is  poor,  and 
tike  the  rest  of  Uie  provinces  of  Zaara^ 


B  O  R 

wn  of  the  country  ofUte 
1  of  a  county  of  the  same 

on  the  S  by  the  state  of 
e  £  by  the  territory  of 
1  the  S  and  W  by  Cad- 
8  about  lOUO  inhabitants, 
late  appearance.  The 
stone  plastered  t  a  few 
le  figure  amid  many  with 
I ;  and  several,  like  the 
es,  have  only  wooden 
:rs.  It  is  40  miles  S  E, 
.  10  5  E.lat.  46  25  N. 
gland  in  tlie  Indian  O- 
:d  by  the  Portujpiese  in 
the  discovery  of  New 
^ht  to  be  the  largest  in 
[g  1800  miles  in  circum- 
seated  under  the  equa- 
itting  it  almost  thro'  the 
almost  of  a  circular  fig- 
'ith  gold,  and  tlie  finest 
e  Indies  are  found  in  its 
>robably  washed  down 
>y  torrents.  It  produces 
pepper,  fruits  and  bees- 
t  is  used  instead  of  mo- 
lts are  oxen,  bufl'aloes, 
elephants,  tigers  and 
s  island  has  mie  rivers 
rd  the  W  and  S.  The 
ntinues  for  eight  months 
d,  as  dm-ing  that  time 
iti-y  is  overflowed,  the 
.  very  unhealthfiil,  and 
are  forced  to  build  their 
I  'Which  they  make  fast 

houses  hare  but  one 
tions  made  of  cane.  The 
swartliy,  and  gti  almost 
are  Mahometans  on  the 
the  rest  are  Gentoos. 
Company  had  factories 
■ences  arising  between 
ttivcs,  they  were  driv. 
dered.     The  capital,  of 

is  large  and  populous, 
irbour,  and  seated  on 

Lon.  112  27  E,  lat  4 

stand  of  the  Baltic  Sea, 
Schonen  in  Sweden. 
.  54  55  N. 
;ensive  country  in  AfH- 
he  N  W  by  Fczzan,on 
sert  of  Bilma,  on  the 
,nd  on  tlie  S  VV  by  Nn- 
from  12  to  22  dcgprees 
m  17  to  21  «leg;rees  of 
Ihem  part  is  poor,  and 
he  provinces  of  Zaarai 


B  O  R 

h(it  :dl  the  rest  is  well  watered  by  springs 
ami  rivers  that  tumble  dovtm  with  a 
dreadful  noise  fi-om  tlic  mountains 
rendering  tlie  country  prolific  in  com, 
grass,  and  fruits,  and  giving  it  a  pleasing 
as|)ect.  The  eastern  and  western  fron- 
tiers are  divided  into  mountains  and 
valleys,  tlie  latter  being  all  covered 
with  tiocks  of  cattle,  fields  of  rice  and 
millet,  and  many  of  the  mountains 
witii  wood,  fruit-trees,  and  cotton. 
The  climate  is  said  to  be  characterized 
by  excessive,  though  not  by  miiform 
licat.  Two  seasons,  one  commencing 
soon  after  the  middle  of  April,  the  o- 
tlier  at  the  same  period  in  October,  di' 
vide  the  year.  The  first  is  introduced 
iiy  violent  winds,  that  bring  with  them, 
from  the  S  £  and  S  an  intense  heat, 
with  a  deluge  of  sultry  rain,  and  such 
tempests  of  thunder  and  lightning  as 
destroy  multitudes  of  the  cattle  and  ma- 
ny of  the  people.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  second  sejtson,  the  ai-dent 
heat  subsides ;  tlie  air  becomes  soft  and 
mild,  and  the  weather  perfectly  serene. 
The  complexion  of  the  natives  is  black ; 
hill  they  are  not  of  the  Negro  cast 
Tlie  dress  of  the  greater  part  consists 
of  shirts  of  blue  cotton  manufactured 
in  the  country,  of  a  red  cap  imported 
from  Tripoli,  and  a  white  muslin  ttv- 
ban  from  Cairo.  Noserings  of  gold  are 
worn  by  the  principal  people.  But  the 
only  covering  of  the  poorer  sort,  is 
iometimes  a  kind  of  girdle  for  the 
waist.  They  cultivate  Indian  com, 
the  horse-bean  of  Europe,  tlie  common 
kidney  bean,  cotton,  hemp,  and  Indigo. 
Tiiey  have  figs,  grapes,  apricots, 
pomegranates,  lemons,  limes,  and  me- 
Idiis.  Horses,  asses,  mules,  dogs, 
liorned  cattle,  goats,  sheep,  and  cam- 
els (of  the  flesh  of  which  they  are  ve- 
ry fond)  are  the  common  animals. 
Tiieir  bees  arc  so  numerous,  that  the 
wax  is  often  thrown  away  as  an  article 
of  no  value.  Their  game  consists  of 
the  partridge,  wild  duck,  and  ostrich, 
tlie  flesh  of  which  tiiey  prize  above 
every  other.  Their  other  wild  animals 
.ire  tiie  lion,  leopard,  civet  cat,  wolf, 
fox ;  the  elephant,  which  is  not  com- 
mon, and  of  which  they  make  no  use  ; 
the  antelope,  camelopardalis,  crocodile, 
Slid  hippopotamus.  They  are  much  in- 
fisted  with  snakes,  scorpions,  centi- 
I'fdcs,  and  toads.  More  than  thirty 
'^ilicrcnt  languages  are  said  to  be  spo- 
ken in  Bornou  and  its  dependencies  i 
»iid  the  reigning  religion  is  the  Maho- 


''^SfflSSSfe 


B  O  R 

metan.  Their  monarchy  is  elective.  On 
the  death  of  the  sovLreigii,  the  privilujj'e 
i)t  choosing  a  successor  IWuii  uinong  Ins 
sons,  is  confei'i-cd  on  tiiree  persons, 
whose  age,  and  chajactir  for  wisdom, 
are  denoted  by  the  titb  of  ciders. 
These  retire  t  >  .t  icqucstercd  plat  o,  the 
avenues  to  wLi.l,  are  guar'ied  j  and 
while  their  deLucrat'ions  last,  the  pi-in- 
ccs  are  confined  in  sepurate  ctianibers 
of  the  palace.  The  choice  beinp;  niiide, 
they  proceed  to  tl  c  apartment  of  the 
sovereign  elect,  ai  .  coiiduct  himtotiift 
gloomy  place  where  the  corpse  of  his 
fatlier,  that  cannot  be  interred  tiii  liie 
conclusion  of  this  awful  cereiiioiiy, 
awaits  his  arrival.  There  tiic  ciders 
expatiate  to  him  on  tiie  virtues  and  ilc. 
fer.ts  of  his  deceased  pai'ent ;  describ- 
ing witli  panegyric  or  censure,  the 
measures  that  exalted  or  sinik  the  glo- 
ry of  his  reign.  The  sultan  is  said  to 
have  500  ladies  in  his  seraglio,  and  that 
his  stud  likewise  contains  500  horses. 
He  has  a  vast  army,  which  consists  al- 
most entirely  of  horse  i  the  sabre,  lance, 
pike,  and  bow,  are  their  weapons  of. 
offience,  and  a  shield  of  hides  is  their 
armour.  In  their  manners  the  people 
are  courteous  and  humane  :  they  ore 
passionately  fond  of  play,  the  lower 
classes  of  draughts ;  and  tin»  higher 
excel  in  chess.  The  capital  is  of  tlie 
same  name. 

Bornou,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Bornou,  situate  in  a  flat  country,  on  the 
banks  of  a  small  river.  It  consists  of  a 
multitude  of  houses,  neatly  plastered, 
both  within  and  without,  with  clay  or 
mud  i  but  they  are  so  irregularly  placed, 
that  the  spaces  between  them  cannot 
be  called  streets.  Their  mosques  ju% 
constructed  of  brick  and  earth ;  and 
they  have  schools,  in  which  the  Koran 
is  taught,  as  in  the  principal  towns  of 
Barbary.  The  royal  palace,  forming  a 
kind  of  citadel,  is  built  in  a  comer  of  i 
the  town.  Bornou  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  and  is  650  miles  S  E  of  MOtm>zok. 
Lon.  27  30  E,  lat  19  40  N. 

Boroughbridge,  a  borough  in  the  N 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday  ;  seated  on  the  Ure,'  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ;  and  is  17  miles 
N  W  of  York,  and  218  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Borromdale,  u  dreary  disti'ict  in  the 
S  part  of  Cumberland,  abounding,  be- 
yond any  other  part  of  the  world,  with 
the  finest  soit  of  black  lead  or  wad ; 


BOS 

tlic  mines  of  which  arc  only  opened  at 
iiiUnvuls,  ;iiul  tlicn  r;u-(  I'ully  closed 
ajvai'i,  irst  tliis  ])Ptil(>iis  substance 
slioulil  licconii,'  too  coiiinv.in.  Crppi-r, 
lead,  and  cidiiniiiio,  ure  uhu)  r>iiui d  in 
this  tract. 

Iliin-iiwstoiiniiess,  or  Bones.'!,  a  lill.ig'c 
of  Linlithn'owshirc,  on  tlic  t'l'itli  of 
Forth,  siirroiindid    \vit!i  cc.d  pits  a'ld 


salt  pans.  It  linn  a  good  part,  but  its 
trade  i.s  not  on  t!if  i'xrciisc, 

Uojii,  an  ancient  sscJijairt  of  Sardinia, 
witli  II  bliihop's  S(  c,  and  a  castle,  on  a 
ri^(■r  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  S  E 
Of  Alijerl.     I.t  n.  8   .K  F,,  lut.  4')  29  N, 

ifoti.),  or  A'.iir/i/,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Ivl  laiiese,  se.vlcd  ;  t!ie  Aihe,  five 
niiie-i  t^  of  Aiexund  .,.  Lou.  8  52  £, 
lut  'U  J4  N. 

Bii:a,M,  a  viilag'c  in  Sliroijslure, 
nine  n.des  S  E  of  Newport,  n<it«d  for 
the  ()  ,k,  ir.  \viii(  h  Charles  was  hid,  and 
»aw  the  ]>arliaincnt  soldiers  pass  by  in 
quest  of  him,  attcr  tiie  battle  ofVVor- 
ccster.  The  tree  is  now  almost  cut 
away  by  tra.ellers. 

Boira  SiTfiso,  a  larg'e  and  strong 
town  of 'luikey  and  capital  of  Bosnia, 
seated  on  the  river  Bosna,  110  miles 
S  VV  of  Belgrade.     Lon.   17  57  E,  lat. 

44  40  N. 

Bosiua,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rojie,  botnulcd  on  the  N  by  Sdavonia, 
on  tlie  E  l)y  Servla,  on  the  S  by 
Albania,  and  on  the  W  by  Croatia  and 
Dalniatia.      Ceraio  is  the  capital. 

Jiossiiw",  aborovigh  in  Cornwall,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  .seated  on  tlie  Bristol  Channel,  17 
miles  N  W  of  Launcestrm,  and  233  W 
by  S  of  London.     Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50 

45  N. 

B(/.:t,  a  strong  town  of  Persia,  capi- 
tal of  Sa-blestan.  Lon.  64  15  E,  lat.  31 
50  N. 

Boston,  a  borough  of  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  mavket  on  Wednesday  and 
Siitiird.iy.  Itis  seated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Witham,  not  far  from  its  influx  in- 
to tlie  sea  ;  but  its  harbour  can  admit 
vessels  of  inferior  burden  only.  It 
lias  !i  navijjation  fr{)m  Lincoln,  partly 
by  tlie  Witham,  and  p.irtly  by  a  canal, 
at  t!ie  terniinationof  whlcii,  in  Boston, 
is  a  large  and  curious  sluit  e  ;  andthcre 
is  anotlit'r  canal  to  Bourn.  It  i.s  a 
flourishing  town,  with  a  spacious  ni.ir- 
ket-pl;ice,  .nnd  the  tower  of  its  Gothic 
cln!;ch  is  one  of  th('  most  iol'ty  and  ele- 
gant of  the  kind,  and  a  noted  seamark. 
It  is  37  miles  S  E  of  Lincoln,  a;id  115 


B  O  T 

N  of  London.     Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Brntnn,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts, 
asweU  a.sofallthe  New  England  States, 
rontaiiilng  2370  d-.vc'.linr<  liouscs,  and 
24,'.>37  innabiti.ras.  It  is  seated  at  the 
br.l'oni  of  M;i.'sf!ae!iusetts  bay,  on  a 
peninsida  wliicli  wiu  called  by  the  In- 
iliiins  Shaiimul,  tlie  first  buildings  being 
ereclud  ill  16.11.  The  entrance  is  nar- 
row  aiid  ddiicui.,  but  the  harbour  is 
safe,  aii'l  capicious  cr.oiigh  to  con- 
tain  500  sail  of  sliipping  in  a  good 
(h'pth  of  water. — Tiie  quays  and 
wlitrvcs  are  convenient,  one  of  the  lat- 
ter, called  the  Long  Whai-f,  extend- 
ing  600  yards  into  the  bay  with  a 
breadth  of  100  feet,  and  far  excels 
any  other  structure  of  the  kind  in  tiie 
United  States. — The  principal  public 
buildings  .^re,  a  State  House,  a  grand 
and  superb  edifice,  erected  in  1795, 
Fanuel  Hall,  an  alms  house,  work 
house,  bridewell,  and  16  places  of  re- 
ligious worship,  besides  banks  and 
theatres.  Souieoftiiese  buildings  are 
finished  in  a  style  of  great  elegance.— 
The  entrance  into  die  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  a  castle,  formerly  called 
Castle  William,  on  which  are  mounted 
about  40  pieces  of  heavy  artillery,  be- 
sides many  of  a  smaller  size. — Great 
part  of  the  town  is  built  in  a  semi-cir- 
cular form  fro:iting  the  harbour,  on 
which  side  it  appears  to  g^i-eat  advan- 
tage.— The  strc'ets  are  irregidai-,  with 
exception  of  a  few,  particularly  the 
main  street  which  leads  from  the 
long  wharf,  and  exhibits  tlience  a 
l)lea.suig  prospect  of  the  town  house, 
and  a  double  range  of  well  built  dwell, 
ing  houses. — It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  42*'  23* 
N,  and  lon.  of  70»  52'  W  of  Lontlon, 
252  m.  N  E  of  New  York,  347  of  Phila- 
dclphia,  and  about  481  from  the  city 
of  Wushington. 

Bosworth,  or  Market  Bosviorth,  a 
town  in  Leicestershire,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday,  seated  on  a  high  hill, 
and  famous  for  the  battle  which  decid- 
ed for  ever  tlie  contest  between  the 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  It  is 
13  miles  N  W  of  Leicester,  and 
106  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  18  W, 
lat.  52  40  N. 

Botany  Bay,  a  bay  of  New  S  Wales, 
on  the  E  coast  of  New  Holland,  so 
called  from  the  great  quantity  of  herbs 
found  on  the  shore.  It  was  orig^ally 
fixed  on  for  for  a  colony  of  convicts  from 
Great  Britain,  which,  in  the  sequel, 
took  place  at  port  Jacksun,   15  miles 


B  O  T 


B  O  U 


BO  U 


1.  Loii.  0  5  E,  lat.  53  1  N. 
c  ca|)itiil  iif  Miiss;ichusetts, 
nil  1  he  i^i (•  w  lini^lanil  Statcj. 
1670  ilwc'.'.iir<  houses,  and 
j'ltunU.  It  is  seated  attlie 
Mrit-i;.ti.!uiscUs  bay,  on  a 
Uk  li  wii.4  CiilU-tl  by  the  In- 
>iit.,  tlK-  <i>-st  buildings  beinp 
oil.  Tlx  entrance  is  nar- 
liinii.,  bill  thf  barboiip  is 
Mipuciou.s  ci.oi!j;h  to  con. 
Ill  of  sliipprng-  in  a  gnod 
WHter. — 'I'iie  quays  and 
?.  convenient,  one  of  tlie  lat- 
Llu;  Lorify  Whwf,  cxtend- 
iirds   into   the   bay   with  ft 

100  feet,  and  far  excels 
tructure  of  the  kind  in  the 
itcs. — The  principal  public 
le,  a  State  House,  a  grand 

editicc,  erected  in  1795, 
ill,  an  alms  house,  work 
ewell,  and  16  places  of  re- 
rship,  besides  banks  and 
Some  of  these  buildings  are 
a.  style  of  preat  elegance.— 
ICC  into  tlie  harbour  is  de- 

a  castle,  formerly  called 
lliam,  on  which  are  mounted 
icccs  of  heavy  artillery,  be- 
r  of  a  smaller  size. — Great 
;  town  is  built  in  a  setni-cir- 
i  fronting  the  harbour,  on 
;  it  appears  to  gi-eat  advan- 
i  str(:et.s  are  irregulai',  with 
of  a  few,  particularly  the 
ft  which    leads    from   the 

•f,  and  exhibits  tlience  a 
rospectof  the  town  house, 

le  range  of  well  built  dwell- 

—It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  42  •^  2» 

.  of  70'  52'  W  of  London, 
of  New  York,  347  of  Phila- 

nd  about  481  from  the  city 

ton. 

.,    or    Market    Sosviorth,    a 

;icestershire,  with  a  market 

iday,   .seated  on  a  high  hill, 

for  the  battle  which  decid- 

Oie  contest  between  the 

York  and  Lancaster.    It  is 

N  W  of    Leicester,    and 

V  of  London.     Lon.l  18  W, 

lay,  a  bay  of  New  S  Wales, 
coast  of  New   Holland,  «o 

the  gj-eat  ([uantity  of  herbs 
.e  shore.  It  was  originally 
•  for  a  colony  of  convicts  from 
tain,   which,  in  the   ncquel, 

at  port  Jackson,   15  mile* 


nirther  to  the  N.  Lon.  151  22  E.lat.  34 
0  S. 

Botany  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean,  to  tlic  S  E  of 
New  Caledonia.  Lun.  167  16  £,  lat. 
22  26  S. 

Bothnia,  a  province  in  Sweden,  on  a 
rulfof  tlie  same  name,  whicli  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  called  £  and  W 
Bi'tliniu. 

Botesdale.     Sec  BudJesdale. 

Bot\aitr,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
Jutchy  of  Wurteniberg,  15  miles  S  E 
ofHailbron.  Lon.  9  3:^  W,  hit.  49  9 
N. 

Botzenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  diitchy  of  Mecklenburg,  on  the 
river  Elbe.  Lon.  10  48  E,  lat.  53  30 
N. 

Bova,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
neai-  the  Appcnniues,  28  m.  S  E  of  Keg- 
gio.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat  37  50  N. 

Bouchain,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  depai'lmeiit  of  the  North  and 
late  French  Hainault,  divided  into  two 
paits  by  tlie  Scheld.  It  is  nine  miles 
\V  of  Valenciennes.  Lon.  3  21  E,  lat. 
iO  18  N. 

Bouchait,  a  towm  of  France,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Touraine,  now  in 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire, 
situate  in  an  island  of  the  river  Vienne, 
15  miles  S  S  Wof  Tours. 

Boudry,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
county  of  Neufchatel.  Lon.  6  40  E, 
lat.  47  1  N. 

Bouillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
dutchy  of  the  same  name,  and  territory 
of  Luxemburg.  It  has  a  castle,  seated 
on  an  almost  inaccessible  rock,  near 
the  river  Semois,  12  miles  N  of  Sedan. 
Lon.  5  20  V,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Botiignei,  a.  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  Namur,  on  the  river 
Meuse,  ten  miles  S  of  Namur.  Lon.  4 
50  E,  lat.  50  19  N, 

Bovino,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Capitanata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Api)ennines,  15  miles  N  E  of  Bencvcs- 
to.    Loij.  15  15  E,  lat.  4117  N. 

Boulogne,  a  large  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  straits  of 
Calais  and  late  province  of  Boulonncij, 
It  was  lately  an  episcopal  see ;  and  is 
divided  into  two  towns,  tlie  Higher 
and  the  Lower.  The  former  is  strong 
both  by  nature  and  ai*t ;  and  the  latter 
is  only  surrounded  by  a  single  wall. 
The  harbour  has  a  mole  for  the  safety 
of  the  s}iips  i  and  which  at  the  same 
time,  prevents  it  from  being  choaked 


up.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Lianne,  14  miles  S  of  Calais.  I^on.  1 
42  E,  lat.  5v  44  N. 

JlourLon,  an  island  of  Africa,  in  the 
IiKiiun  Otean,  60  miles  long,  and  45 
bi-oiid.  'i  here  is  not  a  safe  harbour  in 
the  island;  but  many  good  roads  for 
8hi]);;in^'.  It  is  for  the  most  part 
mountainous,  but  in  some  places  tlicre 
are  very  beautiful  and  fertile  plains.  The 
climate  is  liot,  but  not  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  ini^iit  be  expected  IVom  its 
situation,  the  breezes  from  the  moun- 
tains being  constant,  and  very  refresh- 
ing. On  the  S  L  is  a  volcano.  It  is  a 
fertile  island  ;  producing  in  particular, 
excellent  tobacco.  Tlie  French  set- 
tled here  in  1672,  and  had  some  con- 
siderable towns  in  the  isluiid ;  hut  it 
now  belongs  to  the  English  East  4n- 
dia  Company.  It  is  300  miles  <¥.  of 
Madagascar.  Lon.  55  30  E,  lat.  20  52 
N. 

Bourbon  Land,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  re- 
markable for  its  castle,  and  hot  baths. 
It  has  a  large  marble  pavement,  culled 
the  Great  Batli,  which  is  a  work  of 
the  Romans..  It  is  15  miles  S  W  of 
Autun.     Lon.  4  6  E,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Bourbon  I' Archavibeau,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Allier 
and  late  province  of  Bouibonnois,  sit- 
uate in  a  bottom,  near  the  river  Allier. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  baths  which 
are  very  hot,  and  for  giving  name  to  the 
family  of  the  late  unfortunate  king  of 
France.  It  is  15  miles  VV  of  M  is,  and 
362  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  5  E,  1;.     .  o  35  N. 

Bourbonnc-les  Bains,  a  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  Upper  Marne 
and  late  province  of  Champagne,  fa- 
mous for  its  hot  baths.  It  is  17  miles 
E  of  Langrcs.  Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  47  54 
N. 

Bfurbonnois,  alate  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Nivernois  and 
Berry,  on  the  W  by  Berry  aiul  a  small 
part  of  Marche,  on  the  S  by  Au- 
vergnc,  and  on  the  E  by  Burgundy 
and  Forez.  It  abounds  in  com,  fruit, 
pasture,  wood,  game,  and  wine.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Allier. 

Bourdeaux,  an  ancient  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Gironde,  and  late 
province  of  Guienne.  It  was  an  arch- 
bishop's see  ;  hus  a  university,  and  an 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences.  It  is 
buiU  in  the  form  of  a  bow,  of  which  the 
river  Garonne  is  the  string.    This  riv- 


111 


B  O  U 


B  O  U 


«r  is  bordered  by  alnrgfc  quay,  and  the 
wa'c'i-  ribcu  four  yards  ut  full  tide,  for 
viiicli  reusonti  tiie  luri^esi  vcsselsi  can 
conic  iij)  to  it  very  readily.  The  cas- 
tle culled  the  Trumpet  in  seated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  quay,  and  the  river 
ruuB  round  its  walU.  The  town  has 
r2g'ute:>;  and  near  another  custle  are 
line  w;.!ks  under  several  rowsoftrees. 
The  ancient  city  of  Bourdeaux,  tiiough 
considerable  in  point  of  size,  was  ill 
built,  badly  paved,  without  police,  or 
un)  of  tiiesc  municipal  regulations,  in- 
dispensably requisite  to  render  a  city 
splendid  or  elegant.  It  has  entirely 
changed  its  a])pearance  within  tliese 
last  40  yeiirs.  The  public  cdiiices  are 
ver)  noble,  iuidall  the  sti-eets  newly 
built  are  regular  and  handsome.  The 
quays  are  four  miles  in  length,  and  the 
river  itself  is  considerably  broader 
than  the  I'humcs  at  London  bridge. 
The  beauty  of  tiie  river  Garonne  and 
the  be.iut)-  of  the  surrounding  coiuitry 
were  probably  the  causes  which  in- 
duced the  Romans  to  lay  the  founda- 
tions of  this  city.  The  ruins  of  a  very 
large  amphitheatre  yet  remain,  con- 
structed under  the  emperor  Galienus, 
btiilt  of  brick  ;  likewise  several  aque- 
ducts. It  is  87  miles  S  of  Rochelle, 
»nd  .325  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  34  W, 
Ittt.  44  50  N. 

Bourdines,   a  town   of  the  Austrian 

.  Netherlands,    in  Namur,  five  miles  N 

W  of  Huy.     Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Bourg,  a  town  of  France,  lately  in 
tlie  province  of  Bresse.  Near  this 
place  is  tlie  magnificent  church  and 
monastery  oi'thc  late  Augustins.  Bourg 
is  seated  on  the  river  Ressousse,  20 
miles  S  £  of  Macon,  and  233  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  19E,  lat.  46  UN. 

■Bourg,  a.  town  of  France,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Guienne,  now  in  the 
tle]jai'tinent  of  Girondc,  with  a  good 
4iarb(i\ir  on  the  Dorgogne,  near  the 
point  of  land  brmed  by  the  junction 
<jf  that  river  v  ith  the  Garonne,  which 
in  called  the  3ec-d'Ambei!.  It  is  15 
milts  N  of  Bomdeaux.  Lon.  0  30  W, 
lat.  45  5  N. 

Bourg,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cay- 
enne, in  S  America.  Lon.  52  50  W, 
lat.  5  2  N. 

Bourganeuf,  a.  town  of  France,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Marchc,  now  in  the 
depai-tment  of  Creuse.  It  had  former- 
ly an  archiepiscopal  see  and  university. 
B.nirgancnf  is  seated  ontlic  river  Tau- 
rion,  20  miles  N  E  ofLimogcs,and200 


S  of  Paris.     Lon.  1  35  E,  lat.  45  S<3  V, 

Bourgcu  an  ancient  city  of  France  )» 
the  department  of  Chor'and  late  prov. 
ince  of  Berry.  I'  stands  upon  a  grcut 
deal  of  ground  but  is  but  thinly  peopli  J 
with  gentlemen  students  and  ecrlesius- 
tics,  the  whole  number  of  students  only 
amounting  to  about  IB.OOO.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  Lewis  XI.  the  Nero  of 
France  ;  and  the  celebrated  preacher 
flourdalo\ie.  It  is  seateil  on  the  rivers 
Auron  and  Ye\Te,  25  miles  N  W  uf 
Nevers,  and  125  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  2.S 
E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Bourget,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  a  lake  of 
the  game  name,  six  miles  N  of  Chum- 
beiTy.     Lon.  5  50  E  hit  45  41  N. 

Bourg -la- Reine,  a  town  of  France,  one 
league  S  of  Paris. 

Bourmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Mame  and  late 
province  of  Champagne,  22  miles  E  bv 
N  of  Chaumont.  Lon.  5  43  E,  lat.  48 
14  N. 

Bcurn,  a  town  in  Lincolnsliirc,  witii  a 
good  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
near  a  8]>ring  called  Bourn  Well-head, 
from  which  proceeds  a  river  that  runs 
through  the  town.  From  Bourn  is  a  na- 
vigable canal  to  Boston.  It  is  35  miles 
SofLincoln,  and  97  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  30  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Bouro,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocetn, 
between  the  Moluccas   and   Celebes, 
subject  to  the  Dutch,  who  have  a  for- 
tress here.  Some  mountains  in  it  are  ex- 
tremely high,  and  the  sea  on  one  side  ij 
uncommonly  deep.     It  produces  nut- 
megs and  cloves,   cocoa,  and  banana  I 
trees,  and  many  vegetables  introduced 
by  the  Dutch.    The  banks  of  the  riven  | 
are  infested  by  crocodiles  of  an  aston- 
ishing size,  who  devour  such  beasts  as 
fall  in  their  way ;  and  men  are  protect- 1 
ed  from  their  fury  by  no  other  metliod 
than  carrying    torches.    Bouro  is  50  | 
miles  in  circumference.    Lon.  127  25 
£,  lat-  3  30  S. 

Bourton-on-the'hill,  a  village  in  Glou- 
cestershire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  witlia  I 
fine  prospect  into  Oxfordshire.    It  is 
five  miles  from    Stow,    and  ^0  frm  | 
Gloucester, 

Bourton-on-the-vater,  a  village,  one  I 
mile  from  the  preceding  place,  water- 
ed by  a  river  tJiat  rises  near  it,  which  I 
here  spreads  30  feet  viide,  and  over  I 
which  i-M  a  stone  bridge.  Adjoiniifg  to  I 
it  is  a  Roman  camp,  where  coins  aixl  | 
other  a.itiquities  are  dug  up.  . 

BoMJac,  a  town  of  France,  ipthe  it- 


I 


-■wuwnmiwi'wwiinii^iwuinini.m 


B  O  U 

Lou.  1  35  E,  lat.  4ji  ^9  N. 
n  ancient  city  of  Frunite  in 
lent  of  Chur  unci  lute  prov. 
y.  I'  atundi  uvon  a  gr(}iit 
nd  but  ibbuttliinly  pcopiij 
men  students  and  ccclcsius- 
lolc  number  of  students  only 
to  about  IB.OOO.  It  is  the 
)f  Lewis  XI.  the  Nero  of 
d  tlie  celebrated  nreatiicr 
It  is  seated  on  tlic  riviia 

YevTc,    25  miles  N  W  uf 
1125  S  of  Paris.     Lon.  2  2» 

;  N. 

I  tovm  of  Savoy,  on  a  lake  of 
lame,  six  miles  N  of  Cham- 
n.  5  50  E  lat  45  41  N. 
Relnt,  a  town  of  France,  one 
"  Paris. 

t,  a  town  of  France,  in  t!ie 
t  of  Upper  Marnu  and  late 
'  Champagne,  22  miles  E  by 
mont.     Lon.  5  43  E,  lat.  48 

town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
et  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
ng  called  Bourn  Well-head, 
\\  proceeds  a  river  th.it  runs 
e  town.  From  Bourn  is  a  na- 
lalto  Boston.  It  is  35  niiku 
In,  and  97  N  of  London.    Lon. 

iat.  52  42  N. 

n  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
;he  Moluccas   and   Celebes, 
the  Dutch,  who  have  a  for. 
Some  mountains  in  it  are  ex- 
gh,  andtlie  sea  on  one  side  is 
ily  deep.     It  produces  nut- 
cloves,   cocoa,  and  bansna  | 
many  vegetables  introduced 
xh.    The  banks  of  the  riven 
:d  by  crocodiles  of  an  aston- 
:,  who  devour  such  beasts  as 
ir  way ;  and  men  are  protect- ' 
leir  fury  by  no  other  metliod 
ing    torches.    Bouro  is  50 
ircumference.    Lon.  127  25 

los. 

\on-the-hill,  a  village  in  Oton- 
e,  on  the  sideofahUl,  W"\*  i 
lect  into  Oxfordshire.    R  is 
from    Stow,    and  ;}0  from 

I*"'  ...  I 

on-the-v>ater,    a  village,  one  | 

the  preceding  place,    water- 

i^er  tliat  rises  near  it,  which 

|ads  30  feet  viide,  and  over 

stone  bridge.    AdjowBig  to 
iman  camp,  where  cohw  awl  | 
[uities  are  dug  up.  . 

a  town  of  France,  ipthe  «• 


BRA 

partmentofCreuse  and  late  province  of 
Murclie,  with  a  castle  almost  inaccessi- 
ble, 25  miles  N  E  of  Gucret. 

Bnuton,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Orran, 
12  miles  S  E  nf  Celebes.  The  inhabi- 
tuiits  arc  small  but  well  shaped,  and  of 
a  dark  olive  comjilexioii.  Their  rclig'ion 
is  Maliomctanisni.  Lun.  123  30  E,  lat. 
5  0  S. 

B(K),  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  at 
the  source  of  a  river  that  falls  into  the 
Taw,  14  miles  N  \V  of  Exeter,  and  188 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  49  W, 
lat.  50  50  N. 

Bam.,  or  Stratford  le  Bavi,  a  considera- 
ble "illage  in  Middlesex,  two  miles  E 
N  £  of  London.  It  is  said  that  t'ii° 
bridge  here,  was  the  first  stone  one 
built  in  England,  and  that  from  its  arch- 
es it  received  tlie  name  of  Bow. 

Bowling  Green,  a  village  with  a  post- 
office,  in  Cai'oline  county,  Virginia,  84 
miles  from  Wathington,  and  22  S  of 
Fredericksburg  on  the  Rappaltonnock. 

Bovmets.     See  Bulneti. 

Box/«y,  a  village  in  Kent,  near  Maid- 
stone, famcus  for  an  abbey  of  Cister- 
tian  monks,  founded  by  William  earl  of 
Kent  in  1146,  the  remains  of  which 
still  exist.  In  this  abbey,  Edward  II. 
granted  the  charter  to  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, empowering  them  to  elect  a 
mayor  from  their  own  body. 

Boxtet,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on 
the  river  Bommel,  eight  miles  S  of 
Bois-le-duc.   Lon.  5  15  E,lat.  51  32  N. 

Boxthude,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  firemen  seated  on  a 
brook  whicli  falls  into  the  Elbe,  12 
miles  S  W  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9 
45  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Boyle,  or  Abbey  Boyle,  a  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  tl>e  county  of  Roscommon. 
It  is  seated  near  \ak&  Key,  23  miles 
N  of  Roscommon. 

Boyne,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises 
in  Qiieen's  county,  and  runs  by  Trim 
and  Cavan,  into  the  Irish  channel,  be- 
low Drogheda.  Here  the  decisive 
battle  was  fought  between  James  II. 
and  William  III. 

Boyolo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  dutchy 
of  Mantua,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  is  15  mites  S  W  of  Man- 
tua.   Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Braan,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which 
descending  from  the  hills  of  Perthsf.ire, 
E  of  loch  Tay,  falls  into  the  Tay  above 
Duiikeld.    Upon  tlui^  riv^r  U  ft  ^and 


BRA 

scene,  at  a  plarc  called  the  Rumbling 
Bridge.  Uniler  an  anli,  tlirowtt  omt 
a  narrow  rliasm,  between  Iwn  project- 
ing rocks,  the  river  is  precipitated  in 
a  full  of  iiear  50  feet. 

Brabant,  a  dutchy  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Ilullund,  on  the 
N  E  by  GueUlcrland,  on  the  E  by  Liege, 
on  the  S  by  Nanuir,  and  on  the  W  by 
Hiiinault,  Flanders,  and  Zealand.  It  it 
divided  into  Dutch  Brabant  and  Aus- 
trian Brabant,  watered  by  several  riv- 
ers, of  which  the  Schcld,  the  Ruppel, 
and  the  Domnicl  arc  the  chief.  It  was 
overrun  by  the  French  in  1794. 

Bracciano,  a  town  of  Italv  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  "\  a  lake  of  tlie 
same  name,  12  mile.    N  W  of  Rome. 
There  are  some  celebrated  batlis  to  t!ie 
Wofthc  town.  Lon.  12  24E,lat.423Nj 
Bracilav!,  a  strong  town  of  Poland  in 
Podolia,  on  the  river  Bog,  85  miles  £ 
of  Kaminieck.  Lon.  2830E,lat.  48  49  N. 
Bradley,  a  borough  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It   is   seated   on  the   river  Ousc,  and 
contains  two  churches,   and  had  for- 
merly a  college,  now  a  freeschool.    It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,   and  sends  two 
members    to    parliament.     It  lies    18 
miles  S  of  Northampton,  and  64  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  52  2  N. 
Bradealey,  or  Badesley,  a  village  near 
Bromsgrove,  in  Worcestershirs,  where 
are  the  ruins  of  a  superb  abbey,  founded 
byempress  Maud,  mother  of  Henry  II. 
Bradjield,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  16  miles   N    of 
Chelmsford.  Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 
Bradford,  a  town  in    Wilts,  with  • 
market  on  Monday.     It  is  the   centre 
of  the  greatest  mamifactiire   of  super- 
fine cloths  in  England,  which  it  sharei 
with  the  surrotmding  towns  of  Trow- 
bridge,   Melksham,     Corshanrt,     and 
Chippenham.  It  is  seated  on  the  Avon, 
11  miles  W   of  Devizes   and   102  of 
London.     Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Bradford,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
.Yorkshire,  with  a  market  (m  Monday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  tiie  Aire,  36 
miles  S  W  of  York,  and  193  N  N  W  of 
London,  and  has  a  trade  in  shalloons, 
everlastings,  &c.  which  are  made  in 
the  neighbourhood.  Lon.  1  40  W,  latt 
53  49  N. 

Brae-Mar^  a  fertile  vale  in  Aber- 
deenshire, surrounded  by  rugged  pre* 
cipices.  Here  the  earl  of  Mar  begaa 
the  rebellion  in  1715.  \t  is  %T  bUM 
N  W  of  Aberdeen* 


airMXii 


! 


i 


BRA 


BRA 


Brrn^a,  a  town  of  Portupfal,  capital 
of  Em  c'-Minhoe-p.Douoro,  8eatc<l  on 
the  ii\ci'  Civado,  180  miles  N  of  Li»- 
boti.     Lon.  8  29  W,  lut.  41  42  N. 

Brag  .  ,^u,  tlie  capital  of  the  datchy  of 
Braffiin/.;i,  in  Ptitujral.  It  in  divided  in- 
to  t\v  Inw.s,  till:  Old  and  the  New: 
the  Old  IS  seated  on  an  eminence,  sur- 
rounded hy  double  walU  i  and  the 
New  stands  in  a  plain,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  and  ia  deAuidcd  by  n  fort. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sabor,  32  miles  NVV 
of  Miranda.     Lon.  6  30  W,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Braita,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Walachia,  on  the  Danube.  It  has  a 
castle  taken  by  the  Russians  in  ITU, 
but  afterward  pfivcn  back. 

Brailmu,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
on  the  river  Bog,  30  miles  N  VV  of 
Bracklaw.     Lon.  28  0  E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Brain  le  Comte,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Hainault,  15  miles  S  W  of  Brussels, 
Lon.  4  6  E,  lut.  50  41  N. 

Braintrve,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
inarket  on  Wednesday,  noted  for  a  con- 
■iderable  manufacture  of  bays.  It  is  12 
Jiiiles  N  of  Chelmsford,  and  41  N  E  of 
London.     0  40  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Brnintrem,  a  town  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  S  W  side  of  tlie 
river  Susquehann.ih.  It  has  a  post-of- 
fice 303  miles  from  Washington. 

Braiel,  a.  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the 
rivulet  Brught,  12  miles  E  of  Pader- 
born.    Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Bralio,  a  mountain  of  the  Alps,  in 
the  country  of  the  Grisons,  wliich  se- 
parates the  valley  of  Munster  from  the 
county  of  Bormio. 

Bramant,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the 
river  Arck,  35  miles  N  W  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Bramber,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
47  miles  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
12  W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Brampton,  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Itshin,  near  the  Picts 
Wall.  It  is  eight  miles  N  E  of  Car- 
lisle, and  311  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  240  W,  lat.  54  58  N. 

Brampton,  a  village  in  Herefordshire, 
one  mile  S  of  Ross.  Here  are  the  ru- 
ins of  a  magnificent  castle. 

Brancatter,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  the 
Wicient  prunodunum,  a  considerable 
Roman  city;  wli^re  ancient  coins  have 
been  freqvjently  dug  up. 

Branchon,  d  town  of  the  Austrian 


Netherlands,  in  Namur,  on  the  t'wtt 
Mehaigne,  eight  milos  N  of  Namur, 
Lon.  4  40  E,  lat.  50  3'";  N. 

BranJeU,  a  town  of  bohemia,  on  the 
river  Elbe,  10  miles  N  E  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  45  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

BranJenburgh,  a  country  of  Germany, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Pomerania  aiid 
Mecklenburg;  on  the  Eby  Poland  ,  on 
the  S  by  Silesia,  Lutatia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, ant!  Magdeburg  -,  and  on  the  W  by 
Lunenburg.  It  is  divided  into  fiv« 
principal  parts ;  the  Old  Marchc, 
Pregnitz,  the  Middle  Mai-che,  Uncker 
Marche,  and  the  New  Marche.  Ber- 
lin is  tlic  capital ;  and  the  principal 
rivers  are  the  Elbe,  Havel,  Spree, 
Ucker,  Oder,  and  Warte.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  inhabitants  arc  Luther- 
ans ;  but  the  Papists  are  tolerated. 

Brandenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  di- 
vided into  the  Old  and  New  Town,  by 
the  Havel,  wliich  separates  the  fort 
from  both.  It  is  26  mdes  W  of  Berlin. 
Lon.  14  5  £,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Brandon,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  seated 
on  the  Little  Ouse,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  a  ferrv  at  a  n.'e's  distance: 
whence  it  is  divided  into  Brandon,  and 
Brandon-Ferry  :  which  last  has  the 
most  business,  because  commodities 
are  brought  thither  from  tlie  isle  of 
Ely.     It  IS  12  miles  N  of  Bury. 

Brandon,  a  post  town  of  Rutland 
county,  Vermont,  16  miles  N  of  Rut- 
jand  the  county  town,  witli  about  lOOO 
inhabitants. 

Branaka,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  river  Merish,  35  miles  S  of  Weis- 
semburg.     Lon.  24  15  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Braail,  a  country  of  South  America, 
which  gives  the  title  of  prince  to  the 
heir  apparent  to  the  crown  of  Portu- 
gal.  The  most  eastern  part  of  South 
America  is  comprehended  under  this 
name,  and  lies  between  the  equinoc- 
tial line  and  the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 
Ijeing  1560  miles  in  length,  and  1000 
in  breadth.  It  was  discovered  in  1500 
by  Alvarez  Cabral,  a  Portuguese,  who 
was  forced  upon  it  by  a  tempest.  Tho 
air  of  this  country,  though  within  the 
ton-id  zone,  is  temperate  and  whole- 
some. The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produ- 
ces sugar,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and 
several  sorts  of  fi-uits  and  medicinal 
drugs.  The  vyqod  brought  from  Bra- 
sil,  and  hence  so  called,  is  of  g^eat  uie 
in  dying  red ;  and  within  the  country 
there  is  gold,  and  several  sorts  of  pre- 
cioui  stones.    Tl)«  «attle  carried  ov«r 


BRA 

in   Nanmr,  on  the  t'wn 

l^lit  inil<!S   N   oi'  Muiu'ir. 

lat.  50  o'^i  \ 

town  of  Uohemia,  on  the 

I  miles    N  E    of  Prague. 

,  lat.  50  15  N. 

'h,  a  country  of  Germany, 

he  N  by  Pomerania  ami 

;  on  llic  E  by  Poland  ,  on 

)i.i,  Lutatia,  Upper  Sax- 

ilcburg  ;  and  on  the  W  by 

It  !8  divided  into  livs 
18 ;  the  Old  Murche, 
Middle  Mai'che,  Uncker 
the  New  Marche.  Ber- 
ipitul  i  and  the  principal 
le   Elbe,   Havel,    Spree, 

and  Warte.  The  great- 
c  inhabitants  arc  Lnthcr- 
Papiits  are  tolerated. 
r,  a  town  of  Germany,  di- 
:  Old  and  New  Town,  by 
/hich  separates  the  fort 
t  is  26  miles  W  of  Berlin, 
lat.  52  45  N. 

villag^e  in  Suffolk,  seated 
I  Ouse,  over  which  is  a 
ferry  at  a  nii'e's  distance; 
divided  into  Brandon,  and 
7  :  which  last  has  the 
IS,  because  commoditiei 
thither  from  tJie  isle  of 
!  miles  N  of  Bury. 
I  post  town  of  Rutland 
nont,  16  miles  N  of  Rut- 
ty town,  witli  about  lOOQ 

town  of  Transylvania,  on 

'ish,  35  miles  S  of  Weis- 

24  15  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

nu'.itry  of  South  America, 

le  title  of  prince  to  the 

the  crown  of  Porta- 

tst  eastern  part  of  South 

omprehended  imder  this 

between  the  equinoc- 

the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 

dies  in  length,  and  1000 

[t  was  discovered  in  1500 

abral,  a  Portuguese,  who 

pon  it  by  a  tempest.   Tha 

untry,  though  within  the 

temperate  and  whole- 

loil  is  fertile,  andprodu- 

>bacco,  Indian  corn,  and 

of  fruits  and  medicinal 

vyqod  brought  from  Bra- 

80  called,  is  of  great  uie 

and  within  the  country 

and  several  sorts  of  pre- 

Tbc  cattle  carried  ovM 


ki 

to 


BRA 

from  Europe,  increase  prodigiously. 
Tlicy  have  several  oiiiinaU  nut  known 
III  Eurulic  i  anuiiig  the  rest,  a  bcauti- 
I'lil  bird  called  Culibri  wliicti  in  size  is 
nut  much  largur  than  that  uf  a  Mayb'iK', 
but  siiigN  uit  iiurmoiiiuusly  as  a  iiiglitiii- 
gulc.  The  Portuguese  chicHy  inhabit 
(lie-  cuaut  j  fur  tlicy  have  luit  |)t:nctra- 
icd  fur  into  the  country.  Tlic  inland 
parts  arc  full  of  |>euplc  of  diflcrcnt  lan- 
guages I  but  they  uU  agree  in  wearing 
III)  sort  of  clothes.  They  are  of  a  cup- 
[ic  colour,  witli  long  coarse  black  hair 
un  their  heads,  but  without  anv  on  the 
otiicr  parts  of  their  bodies,  iikc  the 
rest  of  the  Americans.  They  are  strong, 
lively,  and  guy,  luid  being  subject  tu 
few  diseases,  live  a  long  time.  They 
love  to  adorn  themselves  with  feathers, 
and  are  fond  of  feasts,  at  which  they 
dance  immoderately.  They  have  no 
temples,  nor  any  other  sign  of  religion; 
and  they  make  no  manner  of  scruple  to 
marry  their  nearest  relations.  They 
huve  huts  made  of  the  branches  of  trees, 
and  covered  with  palm  leaves.  Their 
furniture  consists  chiefly  in  their  ham- 
mocks, and  dishes,  or  cups  made  of 
calibashes,  painted  without  of  a  reil 
roloiu',  and  black  within.  Their  knives 
arc  made  of  a  sort  of  stone  and  split 
canes ;  and  they  have  baskets  of  dif- 
ferent sizes,  chiefly  made  of  palm 
leaves.  Their  arms  are  bows,  arrows, 
and  wooden  clubs.  When  they  travel 
they  fasten  their  hammocks  between 
two  trees,  and  sleep  all  night  therein. 
The  Portuguese  divide  Brasil  into  fif- 
teen governments,  which  are  governed 
by  a  viceroy,  who  resides  at  St.  Salva- 
dor, the  capital. 

Braua,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands, 
where  is  the  noted  Bracsa  Sound  i  in 
which  1000  sail  may  at  once  find  com- 
modious mooring. 

Brattma,  or  Cronitadt,  a  strong  town 
of  Transylvania,  on  the  river  Burczel, 
50  miles  £  by  N  uf  Hermanstadt.  Lon. 
25  55  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Brattleborough,  a  town  of  Windham 
county,  Vermont  ;  situat  i  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  Rive  *,  36  miles  E 
uf  Bennington,  nine  S.  of  Pultney,  and 
has  about  2000  inhabitants.  The  post 
office  is  445  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Braubach,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in 
Wetaravia,  witli  a  castle,  seated  on 
tlic  Rhine,  eight  miles  S  of  Coblentz. 

Braunavi,  a-  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Bavaria,    icHted  on  the  river 


B  R  E 

Kiun,  35  miles  S  W  of  Pausiau.    Loiv 
13  3  E,  lat.  4D  lU  N. 

Braumburg,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Ne\T 
Prussia,  w>tli  a  cumnHulioiia  liai'botir, 
seated  near  the  Baltic,  50  miles  b  uf 
Duntzic.     Lon.  30  6  E,  lat.  .U  '2'2  N. 

Braurjfetd,  a  town  of  Ueriiiuny,  in  th* 
count)  ufSolms,  with  a  liandMuine  i>:u 
lace,  26  miles  N  by  W  of  FrancforU 
Lon.  8  32  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Btava,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Ajun,  with  a  pretty  goud  harbour.  It 
is  80  miles  from  Maguduxo.  Lon.  43 
25  E,  lat.  1  20  N. 

Bravo,  one  of  the  Cape-dc-Verd  Is- 
lands, remarkable  for  excellent  wine, 
and  inhabited  by  the  Portuguese.  Lon, 
24  59  W,  lat.  14  32  N, 

Bray,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  In  tha 
county  of  Wicklow,  seated  on  St. 
George's  Channel,  10  miles  S  of  Dub> 
lin.     Lon.  6  1  W,  lat.  5.)  11  N. 

Bray,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  seated 
on  the  Thames,  one  mil«  S  of  Maidcuj 
head. 

Brazza,  a  town  and  island  on  tho 
coast  of  Dalmutia,  in  tlie  gulf  of  Ve-. 
nice,  opposite  Spalatro,  and  subject  to 
Venice.     Lon.  17  35  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Breadalbane.     See  Albany. 

Brechin,  a  borough  m  Angusshire. 
It  consists  of  one  large  handsome  street, 
and  two  smaller  ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  small  hill,  washed  by  the  ri- 
ver Soiithcsk,  over  which  there  is  a 
stone  bridge  of  two  large  arches.  It  is 
a  royal  borough,  and  with  four  others 
sends  a  member  to  parliament.  It  lies 
at  eight  miles  distance  from  Montrose, 
and  the  tide  flows  within  two  miles  of 
the  town.  The  cathedral  is  a  Gothic 
[)ile,  supported  by  13  pillars.  It  is  in 
length  166  feet;  in  breadth  61;  put 
is  ruinous,  and  part  serves  as  a  parish 
church.  The  west  end  of  one  of  the 
aisles  is  entire ;  its  door  is  Gothic,  and 
the  arch  consists  of  m.iny  moukUngs. 
The  steeple  is  a  handsome  tower,  130 
feet  high  ;  the  four  lower  windows  in 
form  of  long  narrow  openingfs.  The 
top  is  battlemented,  ana  from  it  rises 
a  handsome  spire.  At  a  small  distance 
from  the  aisle  stands  one  of  those  sin- 
gular round  towers,  whose  use  has  so 
long  biiffled  the  conjectures  of  antiqua- 
ries. '  "(his  tower  has  been  observed  to 
shake  with  the  wind.  The  castle  of 
Br«chin  was  built  on  an  eminence  a  lit- 
tle S  of  tlie  town,  and  was  gallantly 
defen4ed  against  the  English  in  1303, 
by  Sir  IThomas  I|f  aule,    The  family  ^f 


\ 


IP'   ^   f 


m 


r 


B  R  E 

rw.muie  li»ve  now  a  lioimo  in  tlic  »it-' 

U:Uiaii  iil'llio  (llil  (  iiHlh'.  IttI  nililivit':i('- 
(iri'i  nfi  iiarxf  liiii'ji  uixl  h.uI  rlotli  art- 
lit  pprHciit  |»ros|)«  rmm,  il  Inn  it  w«rkl} 
niaikrl  oil  riic.diiv,  ti>  wliK'li  (frriit 
qiluntiticK  orviiin  nrr  lir<>ii)clit  iViiiii  tlir 
country  fi)r  n.ile  i  tliiri'  an-  iiUdlicTe  hc- 
vcral  (iiii'N  tlii'dui^li  tlic  \»iir  fur  cattliv 
It  in  ru  niiliM  N  ['.  of  Etliiiburgli.  Lnn, 
2  IHK,  l..t.  36  40  N. 

Brtrhi.x'K  or  ttrecm,  tliC  cnijitiil  of 
Uri'ikiMK-k^liiri',  culled  liy  tin-  Wi'Uli 
AljlHT-Hondiiry,  iind  seated  ut  the 
cuDlIiieiK't'  (if  tli>-  llimddey  nnd  Usk. 
Il  In  nn  niieient  |>laee,  as  u|i|iear<  bytlu' 
Hoinun  coins  tluit  lire  oflen  dii(^  ii|) 
here.  It  sends  one  rneliilier  to  purlia- 
nicnl,  and  is  .Vl  miles  N  W  of  Mon- 
inoiitli,  mid  1()J  W  bv  N  of  London. 
Lon.  i  2.'  W.  lat.  51  54  N. 

hieihuicithin;  u.  county  nf  Soutli 
Wales,  3!)  miles  in  U'ii(;tli,  and  27  in 
hreadtli  I  bounded  on  tbf  V,  by  Here- 
foi'dsliirc  and  iMoninoutlisbire,  on  the 
S  by  t;lamor),'aiisbirc,  on  the  W  by 
CHrniartheimliiiv  Hiid  Curdi)r';iiisliirc, 
and  on  the  N  by  Hiulnor.shire.  It  is 
full  of  mountuins,  some  of  which  are 
exrecdintrly  hi^h,  particularly  Monuch- 
dcnny  hill,  not  far  from  Urccknock  ; 
but  there  are  larjje  fertile  plains  and 
vallics,  wliich  yield  plenty  of  com,  and 
feed  (frent  numbers  of  cattle.  Its 
principid  rivers  are  the  Wye  und  the 
Usk. 

Hivda,  a  city  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
lar«e,  popnldus  and  well  built.  It  is 
reK^'"''')'  fortilled  after  the  modern 
■way,  and  in  one  of  the  strongest  places 
en  the  Dutch  frontiers.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Meek,  in  a  murshy  coun- 
try, which  may  be  overflowed  and  ren- 
deifd  inacce.4Hible  to  an  army.  The 
preai  »hurch  is  a  noble  structure,  with 
a  fine  ipirc,  362  feet  hifj'h.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French  in  1793,  and  apnin 
ill  17'J5,  wlieii  thcv  overran  Holland. 
It  is  22  r.iilcs  W  IJv  S  of  Bois-le-duc, 
25  N  N  K  of  Antwerp,  and  60  S  of 
Amsterdam.  Lon,  4  50  £,  lat.  51  35 
N. 

Bregentz,  a  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  jame  name,  in 
Uie  Tirol.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Constance,  70  miles  N  K  of  Appenzel. 
Lon.  9  45  E.  lat.  47  27  N. 

Brchar,  the  ti.ost  tnoimtainouB  of  the 

ficillv   Islands,    30    miles    W   of  tlic 

Lund's  End.     Lon.  6  42  W,  lat.  50  2 

N. 

Brele,  a  river  of  France,  wliich  di- 


B  R  R 


vidcs  tlir  drpnrtmftit  of  Lower  Seine 
rmm  that  of  Snmnie,  iiiid  watering  Vm, 
enters  the  Kn^^lish  Cliiiniul. 

H)i  nigdrhii,  n  town  of  Swisitrrlntid, 
in  the  free  lower  bailiwies,  watered  by 
the  KeiiHS  between  tlip  eai  tons  of  Zu. 
rie  and  Hern.  The  inhabitants  dent 
ehieflv  in  paper  ;  and  are  I'apists,  It 
is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Town,  has  a  biitidsome  iirid^e  over  the 
Ueiiss,  and  i»  10  miles  W  of  Zurio, 
Lon.  H  17  E,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bretnrn,  a  eonsideruble  town  of  Ger- 
many, ea])ital  of  u  diitehy  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  urelibishop's  see,  which 
is  serul.ri/.eil.  It  is  divided  by  th« 
Weser  into  the  Ohl  and  New  'i'«)wn. 
In  1739,  while  the  inhabitunts  were 
asleep,  the  maffn/.ine  of  powder  was 
set  on  fire  by  li^''litnin)7,  and  all  the 
houses  were  shaken,  as  if  there  had 
been  an  cartlupiake.  It  is  22  miles  E 
of  Oldcnburi;.  Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  53  6 
N. 

Bremen,  a  dutchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  lyinjf  between 
the  Weser  und  the  Elbe,  of  which  the 
former  separates  it  from  Oldenburtr, 
und  the  other  from  Holstein.  The  air 
i.i  cold  i  but  the  country  is  fertile  and 
well  peopled.  It  formerly  bclonjifcd  to 
the  Swedes,  but  was  sola  to  the  elect- 
or  of  Hanover,  in  1716.  In  the  win. 
ter  it  is  subject  to  inundations,  and  piur> 
cnlarlv  in  1()17,  on  Christmas-day,  sev- 
eral tlioiisand  cattle  were  drownec'  | 
beside  several  hundreds  of  men.  Bre- 
men is  the  capital. 

Bremeniuoeril,  a  town  of  Geroiany,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Bremen,  27  miles  N  of 
Bremen.     Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Brent,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  with  ft 
market  on  Saturday,  26  miles  S  W  of 
E.xeter,  and  200  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  50  33N. 

Brent,  a  river  in  Somersetshire, 
which  rises  in  Selwood  Forest,  on  the 
edge  of  Wilts,  and  fulls  into  Bridge- 
water  Bay. 

Brente,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
bishopric  of  Trent,  and  fulls  into  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  opposite  that  city. 

Brentfiinl,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with 
a  maiket  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Thames,  into  which  at  tlie  W  end 
of  the  town,  flows  a  rivulet  called  the 
Brent  Here  the  freeholders  of  Mid- 
dlesex choose  the  knights  of  the  shire. 
It  is  divided  into  Old  and  New  Brent- 
ford, in  which  l.nst  are  the  church  and 
market-house.     It  ii  seven  miles  W  of 


R  r. 

tmriit  of  I.nw*r  Sriiio 
HUM',  mill  watering'  Ku, 
inll  CIllilllU'l. 
a  town  of  Swinncrliind, 
■r  liHiliwirN,  Wtttrrcd  hf 
vfcii  llir  ml  tiiiiH  of  7.U. 
'I'lif  iiiliuliitunts  <li'»l 
r  1  ami  urt-   I'ap'nt*.     It 

tlit^  UpiHT  unci  I.owtT 
ntUonu-  i>ri^l^;^■  over  tlie 

10  inil(!<  W  of  Zurir. 
It.  47  '20  S. 

m*\{\vvMf  town  of  Ger- 
>f  u  (Intcliy  of  the  Mume 
uri'lil)i<tlio|)'M  see,  wliicli 
It  U  (lividi'd  hy  tlit 
(•  Old  iilid  New  Tiiwn. 
L-  tin-  inliubituiitx  were 
i)fR/.ine  of  powdpr  wu« 
y  \\i!;\\in\ng,  and  nil  the 
iliakcn,  M  if  tliere  lind 
|ii!tkc.  It  in  "22  mileH  E 
Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  53  6 

utchy  of  Germany,  in  the 

r  Suxony,  lyinjf  between 

.  the  Elbe,  of  whicli  the 

te8   it   from  Oldenburg, 

from  HoUtein.     The   air 

le  country  is  fertile  and 

It  formerly  belon|i;ed  to 

)ut  was  sold  to  the  elect. 

•,  in   1716.     In  the  win- 

-I  to  inundations,  and  par* 

'.  on  Christmas-day,  iiev- 

cattlo   were  tlrownec'  ( 

hundred*  of  men.     Bre- 

litid. 

/,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Bremen,  27  miles  N  of 
.  8  45  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 
'n  of  Devonshire,  with  a 
iirdav,  26  miles  S  W  of 
!0t)  W  bv  S  of  London. 
It.  50  33'N. 

•iver  in  Somersetshire, 
Sclwood  Forest,  on  the 
,  and  fulls  into  Bridge. 

vcr  which  rises   in  the 
I'rent,  and  fulls  into  the 

opposite  that  city, 
town  in  Middlesex,  with 
[uewduy.  It  is  seated  on 
Into  which  at  the  W  end 
lows  a  rivulet  called  the 
the  freeholders  of  Mid- 
the  knights  of  the  shire, 
ito  Old  imd  New  Brent- 

List  are  the  church  and 
It  is  seven  miles  W  of 


B  R  £ 

London.      Lon,  0  10  W,    lat.  51   28 

*<■ 

BrcntmtiHi,  n  town  in   Ksxcx,   with   a 

mirki't  on  'I'liiiriday.     It  Ntiiiulii  mi  a 

liMc    eminrno',    11    niilcH    VV  S  W    of 

CiM'Inisl'ord,  and  IH  E  N  E  of  Lnmloii. 

Lull.  0  .'5  E,  lat.  S\  ,lt)  N. 

HicMa,  a  town  of  Italy,  cajiit'il  <if 
Rrc^L'iano,  with  a  rltiulel,  and  a  l>i*h- 
oji'x  ler.  It  ii  seati'd  on  the  li.ifz.i,  9.^ 
iiiilcH  \V  of  Veniic.  Loll.  10  5  E,  lut. 
4j:)l  N. 

tircteiann,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  tlir 
ti'iTitory  of  Venice  j  lioiindcd  on  the  N 
l>\  till-  cniinlry  of  the  CiriitonH  and  the 
jjiijioprir  of  Trent  1  on  the  E  by  lake 
C.iriiit,  the  VcroiH'Ne,  and  the  Man- 
liuui ;  on  the  S  by  the  Mantuun  and  the 
Cn-inoncKej  iind  on  the  VV  bv  Crein- 
aHco,  Bergamo,  and  the  Vulteline.  It 
\*  watered  by  Ncveral  small  rivers,  and 
ii  full  of  towns  and  villages,  of  which 
Ui'cHcia  is  the  capital. 

BreirlUi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mo- 
ilcnese,  on  the  river  Po,  27  miles  N  VV 
»f  MiKlena.     Lon.  10  41  E,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Vrealmv,  a  large,  rich,  and  populous 
town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Silesia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  university. 
It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Oder 
and  Ola,  which  last  runs  through  sev- 
eral of  the  streets.  All  the  houses  are 
built  with  stone,  and  it  is  surruiuulcd 
liy  govHl  walls,  strengthened  with  ram- 
parts  and  other  works.  There  arc  two 
inlRnds  near  it,  formed  by  the  Oder  i 
in  otte  of  which  is  a  church,  whose 
tuwer  was  burnt  by  lightning  in  1730  i 
iu  the  other,  called  Thum,  is  the  ciub- 
cdral.  The  royal  palace  was  obtained 
liy  the  Jesuit.i,  where  they  founded  a 
university  in  1702.  The  two  priricipsJ 
churches  bclimg  to  the  Ptutestants  ; 
nrar  one  of  which  is  a  college.  It  is 
112  miles  N  E  of  Prague,  uml  165  N 
of  Vienna.     Lon.  17  8  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Bresse,  a  late  province  of  France, 
wliich  now  forms  the  department  of 
Ain.  Is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Burgun- 
dy and  Franchc  Comte,  on  tlie  E  by 
Savoy,  on  the  S  by  the  Viennoies,  and 
on  the  W  by  the  Lyonois. 

Brestici,  or  Brzetk,  the  capital  of 
Polesia,  in  Poland,  seated  on  the  river 
B'lg,  100  miles  E  of  Wars.aw.  It  is  a 
fortified  town,  and  has  a  castle  built 
tipnn  a  rock.  Here  is  a  synagogue,  rc- 
SDi-tcd  to  by  the  Jews  from  nil  the 
iimntries  in  Europe.  Lon.  24  6  E,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

Breuuire,  K  town  of  France,  lately  hi 


B  R  £ 

the  province  of  Poitoii,  now  inrluJad 
in  the  (lepurtMirrit  of  tlie   Two   Sevres. 

Bniit,  u  town  of  Krunre,  in  the  de- 
partintnt  olFiiiestcrre  ami  iati'  pruvinco 
of  Hrittuiiy,  with  a  castle  seated  on  « 
I'raggy  rock  by  the  seaside.  The  street* 
are  narrow,  crooked,  luid  all  upon  a 
tli'i'livity.  Thecpiu)  is  alioxe  u  mile  iu 
length.  The  arsenal  was  built  by  Lew- 
is XIV.  whose  »iu'i:r».sor  established 
a  murine  academy  here  in  1752.  'I'liis 
is  llu-  lest  jMii't  in  France,  and  has  ev- 
ery act'oinniodntion  for  the  navy.  Tho 
English  attempted  in  vain  to  Like  this 
place  in  1694.  It  is  30  miles  S  E  of 
Morlaix,  and  325  N  of  Puiis.  Lon.  4 
30  VV,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Brelagny  or  Brittany,  a  lute  pro^  inco 
of  France,  150  miles  in  length,  and  113 
in  breadth.  It  is  siirroiuided  liy  tha 
ocean  except  on  the  E  where  it  is  uni- 
ted to  Anjou,  Maine,  Normandy,  and 
Poitou.  The  air  is  lemi)eratc,  and  it 
has  large  forests.  It  now  forms  the 
departments  of  the  North  Coast,  Fin- 
isterre.  Isle  andVillaine,  Lower  Lobe, 
imd  Morbinun. 

Breteuit,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
purt.mcnt  of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  Normandv,  seated  on  the  Iton, 
15  miles  S  W  of  Evreux,  and  65  VV  of 
Paris      Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Breton,  Cape,  un  island  of  North  A- 
merici,  between  45  and  47*  N  lat  se- 
parated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  a  narrow 
strait,  called  Canso,  and  is  100  milct 
in  length,  and  50  in  breadth.  It  is  a 
barren  country,  subject  to  fogs  through- 
out the  year,  and  covered  with  snow  in 
the  winter.  There  is  an  excellent  fish- 
ery on  this  coast.  It  was  confirmed  to 
England  by  treaty  in  1763.  See  Louii- 
bourg.    . 

Brevafdt,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guclder- 
laud,  24  miles  S  E  of  Zutphen.  LOn. 
6  25  E,  l«t.  52  2  N. 

Brev:tri-Uaven,  a  g«od  harbour  on 
the  N  end  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  on 
the  coast  of  Chili.  The  Dutch  landed 
here  in  1643,  designing  to  get  posses- 
sion of  some  pai't  of  Chili  i  but  they 
were  driven  from  thence  by  the  Span- 
iards and  natives.  Lon.  74  0  W,  Ut. 
42  30  S. 

Breviood,  a  town  in  StafTordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  S 
by  VV"  of  SUiflbrd,  and  130  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  5  VV,  Lit.  52  43  N. 

Bray,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  14  miles  N  of 
Maesti'icht.    Lon.  5  39  E.  lat.  51  4  N. 


I.  K 


\''!|i 


B  R  I 


BR  I 


Brlancon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
tk:|)arlmcnl  oi'  iJpi)tr  Alps  and  late  pro- 
vmiu  of  Dauj)liiny,  with  a  castle  stated 
on  :i  eragg)'  rock.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  manna  giitlierwl  in  its  neighbour- 
hood, wliicii  at  first  appears  on  the 
leaves  and  sin:dl  branches  of  a  sort  of 
pine-tice;  but  they  make  incisions  into 
the  bark,  ti  (fct  lai'ger  (juantities.  It 
has  a  noble  bridge  over  the  Durance, 
and  had  a  handsome  church ;  it  is  17 
miles  N  W  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  'Z^  E, 
lat.  4-1.  46  N. 

Biiaire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  luii-et  and  late  province 
of  Orleanois,  seated  on  the  Laire,  and 
remark iilile  for  a  canal  of  communica- 
tion between  that  river  and  tlie  Seine. 
It  i.s  35  miles  S  E  of  Orleans,  and  88 
S  of  Paris.     Lon.  2  47  E,  lat.  4/  40  N. 

Biidgeiid,  a  town  in  Glamorganshire, 
witli  a  market  on  Saturday  ;  •cuted  on 
the  Ogmore,  which  divides  it  into  two 
parts,  joined  by  u  stone  bridge.  It  is 
seven  miles  VV  by  N  of  Cowbridge,  and 
1?  8  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  38  W,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

BriJgeport,  a  town  in  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  1- 
eland  Sound,  on  the  E  side  of  Sasco 
river,  opposite  to  Fairfield,  10  miles 
S  W  of  Stratford  and  10  N  E  of  Nor- 
walk.  Here  is  a  post  office  304  miles 
from  Wathington. 

Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Barbadoes,  situate  in  the  inmost 
part  of  Carlise  Bay.  It  contains  laOO 
houses,  and  would  make  a  figure 
in  any  kingdom  of  Europe.  The 
streets  are  broad,  the  houses  well  built 
smd  finished,  and  their  rents  as  liigh  as 
•uch  houses  would  let  for  in  London. 
'^'he  wharfs  and  quays  are  convenient, 
and  the  f  ;its  strong.  The  chur€h  is  as 
large  as  some  cathedrals,  and  it  has  a 
fine  organ.  Here  also  is  a  freeschool, 
an  hos])itaI,  and  a  college  ;  the  latter 
•rccted  by  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel,  pursuant  to  the  will  of 
colonel  Codi'ington,  wlio  endowed  it 
vitli  2000/.  a  year.  Lon.  50  36  W,  lat. 
13  5  N. 

Bridgetcmin,  a  post  town  of  Cumber- 
land county,  Maine,  about  40  miles  N 
VV  of  Portland. 

BridgetoiL'n,  a  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maryland,  120  miles  fi-om 
Washington. 

Bridgetcmn,  a  principal  town  ofCum- 
herland  county.  New  Jersey,  14  miles 
S  of  Salem,  48  N  by  W  from   Cape 


Mav,  and  about  50  from  Philadelpliii. . 
Here   is  a  post  office  185  miles  fram 
Washington, 

Bridgtnorth,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday  t  seated  on 
the  Severn,  which  divides  it  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Town,  joined  by  a 
stonu  bridge.  It  has  two  churches, 
and  a  freeschool  that  sends  and  main- 
tains 18  scholai-s  at  the  university  uf 
Oxford.  It  was  formerly  fprtified  with 
walls,  and  had  a  castle,  seated  on  » 
rock,  now  in  ruins.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  20  miles  W 
bv  N  of  Birmingham,  and  139  N  W  of 
London.      Lon,  2  28  W,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Bridgcuiater,  a  borough  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday  and 
Saturday,  and  a  large  handsome  church. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Parret,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  and  near  it 
ships  of  100  tons  burden  may  ride.  It 
is  a  well  frequented  place  with  the  ti- 
tle of  a  dutchy,  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble coasting  trade,  and  trades  with 
Ireland  and  Norway.  It  is  eight  miles 
S  of  the  British  Channel,  31  S  S  W  of 
Bristol,  and  137  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lcn.  3  10  W,  lat.  51  7  N. 

Bridgewater,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  22  miles  S  of 
Boston.  In  1800  the  township  contain- 
ed 5200  inhabitants. 

Bridlington,  or  Burlington,  a  seaport 
in  the  E  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
a  creek  near  Flamborough-head,  with 
a  commodious  quay  for  ships,  and  is  a 
place  of  good  ti-ade,  36  miles  N  of  Hull 
and  208  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  W,  lat. 
54  8  N. 

Bridport,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  mai'ket  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed between  two  rivers,  and  had  once  a 
harbour,  which  is  now  choked  up  with 
sand.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Dorchester 
and  135  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  52 
W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Brieg,  a  handsome  town  of  Silesii^ 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  college,  and  an  academy  for  the 
nobility.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  35  E, 
lat.  50  50  N. 

Breil,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, capital  of  the  island  of  Voom, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maese,  13 
miles  S  W  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  23 
E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Brientz,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in 
\\\a  canton  of  Bern,  tliree  leagues  Ion; 


^i; 


■fi    ' 


BR  I 

id  about  50  from  Philadelpliia, 
I  a  post  ofiice  185  miles  fram 
(fton. 

.north,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
narket  on  Saturday  )  seated  on 
cm,  Avhich  divides  it  into  the 
Hid  Lower  Town,  joined  by  a 
ridge.  It  has  two  churches, 
ecsi'hool  tliut  sends  and  main. 

scliolars   at  tlic  university  of 

It  was  formerly  fortified  with 
nd  had  a  custle,  seated  on  a 
w  in  ruins.  It  sends  two  mem. 
jarliament,  and  is  20  miles  W 
Birming-ham,  and  139  N  W  of 
Lon.  3  28  W,  lat.  52  36  N. 
^aier,  a  borough  in  Somerset, 
'ith  a  market  on  Thursday  and 
,',  and  a  large  handsome  church, 
ted  on  the  river  Parret,  over 
9  a  stone  bridge,  and  tiear  it 
100  tons  burden  may  ride.    It 

frequented  place  with  the  ti- 
lutchy,  carries  on  a  considera- 
itiiig  trade,  and  trades  with 
uid  Norway.  It  is  eight  miles 
British  Channel,  31  S  S  W  of 
and  137  W  by  S  of  London. 
0  W,  lat.  51  7  N. 
■water,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
Massachusetts,  22  miles  S  of 
In  1800  the  township  contain- 
inhabitants. 
tgton,  or  Burlington,  a  seaport 

riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
in  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
lear  Flamborough-head,  with 
idious  quay  for  ships,  and  is  a 
g^ood  trade,  36  miles  N  of  Hull 
}f  London.    Lon.  0  5  W,  lat. 

rt,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
arket  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
en  two  rivers,  and  had  once  a 
w^hich  is  now  choked  up  with 
'a  12  miles  W  of  Dorchester 
IV  by  S  of  London.    Lon.  2  52 

0  42  N. 
handsome  town  of  Silesia^ 

a  territory  of  the  same  name, 

liege,  and  an  academy  for  the 

It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  20 

of  Breslaw.    Lon.  17  35  E, 

N. 

1  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
tal  of  the  island  of  Voom, 
the  mouth  of  the  Maese,  13 
V^cf  Rotterdam.    Lon.  4  23 

SON. 
a  lake  of  Swisserland,   in 
1  of  Bern,  tliree  leagues  long 


B  R  I 

and  OHe  brrtad.  The  Aar  nins  through 
the  whole  estentof  this  lake,  and  unites 
it  to  tliat  of  Thun. 

Briescia.    See  Poleaia. 

Brieux,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  Coast  and 
late  province  of  Brittany,  with  a  good 
harbour.  It  is  seated  near  the  English 
Channel,  50  miles  N  W  of  Rennes. 
Lnn.  2  38  W,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Briey,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  lately  in  tlie 
province  of  Lorraine,  seated  near  the 
rivor  Manse,  30  miles  N  E  of  St.  Mi- 
chael. 

Brlgg.     See  Glandfordbridge. 

Brighthelmston,  or  Brighton,  a  sea- 
port m  Sussex,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday.  It  was  a  poor  town,  inha- 
bited chiefly  by  fishermen,  but  having 
become  a  fiisliionable  resort  for  sea- 
bathing, it  has  been  enlarged  by  many 
handsome  houses,  with  public  rooms, 
he.  Here  Charles  II.  embarked  for 
France  in  1651,  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester.  It  is  the  station  of  the 
packet-boats,  to  and  from  Dieppe,  and 
ia  56  miles  S  of  London,  and  74  N 
W  of  Dieppe.  Lon.  0  6  E  lat.  50  52 
N. 

Brignotlti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  famous  for  its  prunes.  It  is 
seated  among  mountains,  in  a  pleasant 
country,  325  miles  S  S  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  IS  E,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Brihuega,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain Tajuna,  43  miles  N  E  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  4"l0  W,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Brimpsfield,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, at  the  rioiu-ce  of  the  river  Stroud, 
wherie  are  the  foundations  of  a  castle 
long  destroyed.  It  has  also  a  nunne- 
ry. It  is  seven  miles  S  E  of  Glouces- 
ter. 

Brindiei,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Na- 
ples, in  Otranto,  witli  an  archbishop's 
tee,  and  a  fortress.  It  is  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  32  miles  E  of  Ta- 
rento.     Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  40  45  N. 

Brintt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  where  the 
assembly  of  the  states  meet.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  'Jwitta  and 
Swart,  53  miles  N  of  Vienna,  and 
27  S  W  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  16  40  E, 
lat.  49  6  N. 

Brioude,  in  France,  the  name  of  two 
towns,  a  mile  distant  from  each  other 
now  in  the  department  of  Upper  Loire,  I 
lately  in  the  province  •f  Velay ;  one  of  I 


B  R  I 

which  is  called  Old  Brioude,  and  the 
other  Church  Brioude,  on  account  of » 
famous  chapter.  Old  Brioude  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  AUier,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  one  arch,  whose  diameter  is 
173  ieet.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Issoire, 
and  225  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  50  E, 
lat.  45  16  N. 

Briqueras,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in 
the  valley  of  Lucem,  three  miles  from 
the  town  of  that  name.  Lon.  7  34  E, 
lat  44  56  N. 

Briaach,  Old,  a  town  of  Siiabia,  ones 
the  capital  of  Brisgaw,  seated  on  th« 
Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  boats, 
25  miles  S  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  49  Z, 
lat.  48  2  N. 

Briaach,  .Mju),  a  fortified  town  of 
Frtince,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsiice.  It 
is  built  opposite  Old  Brisuch,  about  % 
mile  from  tlie  Rhine,  and  23  S  of 
Strasburg.     Lon.  7  40  E,  lat.  48  5  N- 

Briagam,  a  territory  of  Suabia,  <.'n  the 
S  side  of  the  Rhine,  which  separates  it 
from  the  department  of  Upper  Rhine. 

Briaaac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  seated  on  the  river 
Aubence,  13  miles  S  of  Angers.  Lon. 
0  27  W,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Brialol,  a  city  and  seaport  in  Glou- 
cestershire •  and  Somersetshire  ;  t« 
which  last  county  it  was  accounted  to 
belong,  before  it  formed  a  separate  ju- 
risdiction. In  wealth,  trade,  and  po- 
pulation, it  has  long  been  reckoned  the 
second  in  this  kingdom.  It  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Avon  with  thj 
Frome,  ten  miles  from  the  influx  of 
the  Avon  into  the  Severn.  Bristol  ha* 
a  prodigious  trade  ;  for  it  is  reckoned 
that  hence  2000  ships  sail  ycarl}'.  The 
tide  rising  to  a  great  hciglit  in  these 
narrow  rivers,  brings  vessels  of  consi- 
derable burden  to  the  quay.  But  the 
largest  ships  are  discharged  at  Hung* 
road  four  miles  below  the  city,  and 
the  goods  are  brought  to  the  quay  bjr 
lighters.  For  building,  equipping  and 
repairing  ships,  there  are  docks,  yards, 
rope  walks  and  ship-wrights.  There 
are  some  considerable  woollen  ma- 
nufactures ;  and  no  less  than  IS  gLua- 
houses,  and  a  sugar  refinery  which  • 
one  of  its  principal  manufactures.  Fo 
supplying  the  city  with  water  there 
are  six  public  conduits ;  and  hand- 
some hackney  coaches  may  be  hired 
at  reasonable  rates.  There  are  also 
Stage  coaches  which  set  out  every  d*/ 


fli 


l!l 


B  R  I 


B  R  I 


for  Bnth,  London,  and  otlicr  places. 
Hitiicr  13  a  gruat  resort  in  the  suniinur 
of  invalids  us  well  as  other  company; 
for  whose  accomniodatifm  and  enter- 
tainment there  is  a  pur-;[)-rooin,  ball- 
room, coflce-housc,  v.ith  ta- orns,  and 
a  great  mnnbi'i"  of  cleg-ant  lodg-ing 
houses,  l)i)tli  below,  on  a  level  witli 
tlic  well,  and  above  in  the  dclig^htful 
village  of  Clifton,  which  is  situated  '>n 
tlic  brow  of  a  hill,  from  whence  there 
are  downs  extcndinpj  several  miics 
where  the  company  ride  ont  for  ex- 
ercise. It  has  18  churches,  beside  the 
cathedral,  a  hrid};-e  over  the  Avon,  a 
evistom-hoiise,  and  an  exchaiijjfc.  'Ilic 
Hot  Well,  about  a  mile  from  tlic  town, 
on  the  side  of  the  A\onj  is  iiuich  resort- 
e<l  to  :  It  is  of  gvcixt  purity,  and  has 
obtained  a  high  reputation  in  consump- 
tive cases.  In  St.  Vincent's  Rock, 
above  this  well  arc  found  those  nutnc 
Chnstals,  so  well  known  under  the 
name  of  fitistol  stones.  Besides  tiiis 
well,  there  is  a  cold  spring*  which 
gushes  out  of  a  rock  on  the  side  of  a 
river  that  supplies  the  cold  bath.  The 
city  walls  have  been  demolished  lonjf 
»go  ;  but  tliere  arc  several  gates  yet 
standing.  Here  are  used  sledges  in- 
stead of  carts,  because  the  vaults  and 
common  sewers  would  be  injured  by 
them.  Bristol  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
has  a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday, 
and  Saturday,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  12  miles  AV  N  W 
of  Bath,  34  S  S  W  of  Gloucester,  and 
124  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  36  W,  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Bristol,  a  post  town,  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  Booth  hav, 
12  rniks  S  E  of  Wiscasset,  and  200  N 
E  of  Boston. 

Bristol,  a  seaport  and  post  town,  the 
capital  of  Bristol  county,  Rhode-Island, 
situate  13  miles  N  of  Newi)ort,  and  24 
S  E  of  Providence.  The  situation  Is 
healthy  and  agreeable  ;  the  inhabitants 
about  irOO. 

Bristol,  a  post  town  in  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  seated  on  the  W 
bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  opposite  to 
Burlington,  aiul  20  miles  above  Phila- 
delphia. The  inhabitants  arc  about  600. 
It  is  the  tlioroughfarc  of  most  of  the 
land  stages  that  travel  between  Phila- 
delphia and  New  York,  and  is  noted  for 
a  medicinal  bath. 

Bristol,  a  cape  of  Sandwich  Land  in 
the  Southern  Occaa.  Lon.  26  51  W, 
lat.  50  2  S. 


Britain,  or  Great  Britain,  the  mont 
considerable  of  all  the  European  islands, 
extending  550  miles  from  N  to  S,  and 
290  from  £  to  W.  It  lies  to  tlie  N  of 
France,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
tiie  English  Channel.  Tlic  ancient 
name  of  the  island  was  Albion,  which, 
in  process  of  time  gave  way  to  that  of 
Britain,  by  which  it  was  known  to  Ju- 
lius Cxsar.  The  general  division  of 
tl>c  Island  is  into  England,  Scotland, 
and  Wales. 

Briuiin,  Ne%u,  a  cotmtry  in  N  Ameri. 
ca,  commonly  csHed  the  Esquimaux 
country.  Is  is  sulyectto  Great  Britain; 
ai\d  lies  between  50  and  70"  N  lat.  and 
between  50  and  10U°  W  lon.  There 
are  innumer;.ble  lakes  and  morasses, 
which  are  covered  with  ice  and  snow 
a  great  part  of  the  year.  The  princi- 
pal settlements  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish H  :d3on's  Bay  Company  are 
Ciiurchill,  ^^elson.  New  Severn,  and 
Albany  on  tlic  W  side  of  Hudson'* 
Bay. 

Britain,  Jfew,  an  island  to  the  N  of 
New  Guinea,  has  Hudson's  B.iy,  and 
strait  on  the  N  and  W  ;  Canada  and 
the  river  St.  Laurence,  on  the  S ;  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  E,  from  whicli  it  is 
separated  by  a  strait  thro'  which 
Dampier  first  sailed.  It  is  divided  in- 
to two  islands  by  another  strait  tliro' 
which  Capt.  Carteret  sailed  in  1767. 
New  Britain  lies  in  lon.  152  19  E,  and 
hit.  4  0  S.  The  shores  of  botli  islands 
arc  rocky,  the  inland  parts  high  and 
mount.iinous,  but  covered  with  trees 
of  vai'ioiis  kinds,  among  which  are  tlie 
nutmeg,  the  cocoa-nut,  and  different 
kinds  of  palm.  The  inhabitants  are 
black,  and  woolly-headed,  like  negroes, 
but  have  not  their  flat  noses  and  tiiick 
lips. 

Brittany.     See  Bretagne. 

Brives-la-Gaillarde,  an  ancient  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Cor- 
rez  and  late  province  of  Limoscn.  Iti» 
seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Cor- 
rezc  and'  the  Vezcrc,  in  a  delightful 
valley,  and  has  a  handsome  hospital 
and  college  ;  and  a  fine  walk,  planted 
with  trees,  which  surrounds  tJie  town, 
and  adds  to  tlie  beauty  of  its  situation. 
It  is  37  miles  S  of  Liaioges,  and  320 
S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  45 
15  N. 

Brixen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  capital  of  the  bishopric  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  at  tlie  conflu- 
ence of  the  Kientz  t^^  ^ysoch,  \^ 


3 


B  R  I 

Great  Britain,  the  mont 
of  ill!  the  European  islands, 
0  miles  from  N  to  S,  hiiJ 
to  W.     It  lies  to  tlie  N  (jf 

wlilch  it  is  separateil  by 

Chiinncl.      riic    ancient 

l»lun(l  was  Albion,  which, 

time  gave  way  to  that  of 

i\i\v\\  it  was  kno%vn  to  Ju- 

The  general  division  of 
,  into  Engiand,  Scotland, 

fw,  it  country  in  N  Araeri- 
ly  csHed  the  Esquimaux 
j  suhjectto  Great  Britain; 
keen  50  and  70"  N  lat.  and 
md  lOU"  W  Ion.  There 
:.ble  lakes  and  morasses, 
ivered  with  ice  and  snow 
of  the  year.  The  princi- 
nts  belonging'  to  the  Eng- 
n's  Bay  Company  are 
leUon,  New  Severn,  and 
tlic   W   side   of  Hudson') 

^ew,  an  island  to  the  N  of 
I,  has  Hudson's  Bay,  and 

N  and  W ;  Canada  and 
Laurence,  on  tlie  S  ;   and 

on  the  E,  from  whicli  it  is 
»y  a  strait  thro'  which 
;t  sailed.  It  is  divided  in- 
Is  by  anoUier  strait  tliro* 

Carteret  sailed  in  1767. 
n  lies  in  Ion.  152  19  E,  and 
rhe  shores  of  botli  islands 
he  inland  parts  high  and 
but  covered  with  trees 
nds,  among  which  are  the 
cocoa-nut,  and  different 
Im.  The  inhabitants  are 
ooUy-headed,  like  negroes, 

their  flat  noses  and  tliick 

See  Bretagne. 
Gailiarde,  an  ancient  town 

the  department  of  Cor- 
province  of  Limoscn.  lti» 
the  confluence  of  the  Cor- 
ic  Vczcrc,  in  a  delightful 
has   a  handsome  hospital 

and  a  line  walk,  planted 
n'hich  surrounds  tlie  town, 
the  beauty  of  its  situation, 
s  S  of  LiHioges,  and  320 
aris.     Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  45 

town  of  Germany,  in  the 
of  the  bishopric  of  the 
It  is  seated  at  tl>e  conflu- 
Kiontz  aiid  Eysoch,  U 


B  R  O 

miles  E  of  Tirol,  and  40  N  of  Trent. 
Lon.  1147  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

^/■j'xe/i,  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol.  It  is  surroimded  with  moun- 
tains wliich  produce  excellent  wine. 
The  bi.shop  is  a  prince  of  the  empire. 

Brizen,  or  Brietzen,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  middle  marclie  of  Bran- 
denburgii,  seated  on  the  river  Adali, 
12  miles  N  E  of  WirtemberK". 

BroadfieU,  it.  post  town  of  Westmore- 
land county,  Virginia ;  96  miles  from 
Waahiiigton. 

Bromltill,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  on  Broad- 
kill  creek,  about  ten  miles  from  Lewis- 
town. 

Brodera,  a.  principal  fortress  and 
towni  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  Giize- 
rat,  in  the  N  E  part  of  the  tract  lying 
between  the  rivers  Tapty  and  Myhie. 
Through  this  place  runs  the  great  road, 
from  Surat  to  Ougein.     It  is  95  miles 

5  by  W  of  the  former,  and  195  N  E  of 
the  latter.     Lon.  73  11  E,  lat.  22  15  N. 

Brod,  or  Brodt,  a  strong  place  of 
Hungary,  on  the  river  Save,  famous 
for  a  battle  gained  by  the  Turks  in  1688. 
It  is  20  miles  S  E  of  Posega.  Lon.  19 
25  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Broil-ifetneii,  or  Teutch-Brod,  a.  town 
of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the  river  Soza- 
wa,  20  miles  S  by  E  of  Czazlaw.  Lon. 
15  40  E,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Broei,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Berg,  tlie  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name  ;  seated  on  the 
Rocr,  11  miles  N  of  Dusseldorp.   Lon. 

6  53  E,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Broei,  a  beautiful  village  in  N  Hol- 
land, six  miles  from  Amsterdam.  The 
inhabitants,  tliough  peasants  only,  are 
all  rich.  The  streets  are  paved  in  mo- 
saic work,  with  variegated  bricks.  The 
iinuses  are  painted  on  the  outside,  and 
look  as  Tresh,  is  if  quite  new.  The 
gardens  are  .J.DMied  with  china  vases, 
prottos  of  shell-work,  trees,  and  flow- 
ers ;  with  borders  composed  of  minute 
particles  of  glass,  of  different  colours, 
and  disposed  into  a  variety  of  forms. 
Behind  the  houses  and  gardens  are 
meadows,  full  of  cattle  grazing :  the 
oiitliouses  are  likewise  behind  ;  so  that 
wafjgons,  carts,  and  cattle,  never  enter 
these  neat  streets. 

Broken- Bay,  a  bay  of  New  S  Wales, 
on  the  E  coast  of  New  Holland.  It  is 
formed  by  tlie  mouth  of  a  great  river 
railed  the  Hawkesbury.  Lon.  151  27 
K,  lat.  33  34  S. 


B  R  O 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket  on  Thursday,  situated  on  the  river 
Raveiisluini.  Bromlev  is  10  miles  S  by 
E  of  London.  Lon.  0  6  E.  lat.  51  23 
N. 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was 
formerly  called  Abbots-Bromley,  and 
afterwards  Pugets-Bromley,  being  giv- 
en to  lord  Paget  when  Henry  VIII. 
pluntlered  the  abbies.  It  is  seven 
miles  E  of  Stafford,  and  130  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  35  W,  lat.   52  50  N. 

Bromley,  a  village  near  Bow,  in 
Middlesex.  It  had  formerly  a  mon- 
astery, the  church  of  which  is  still  used 
by  the  inhabitants. 

Brampton,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
two  miles  W  by  S  of  London. 

Brom,pton,  a  vill.igc  in  Kent,  situate 
on  an  easy  ascent  from  Chatham, 
and  containing  the  fine  barracks  for 
the  military  of  that  garrison. 

Brtmugrove,  a  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, seated  on  the  river  Salwarp. 
It  is  a  pretty  good  town,  15  miles  N 
NEof  Worcester,  and  115  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Bromyard,  a  town  in  Herefordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  18 
miles  W  of  Worcester,  and  125  W  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  50 
8N. 

Bronno,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, 10  miles  S  E  of  Pavia.  Lon.  9 
26  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Brookfield,  a  town  of  Worcester 
coimty,  Massachusetts,  of  great  an. 
tiquity,  being  settled  as  early  as  1660, 
15  miles  S  W  of  Worcester.  In  1800 
the  township  -jntained  3284  inhabi- 
tants. 

Brookfield,  a  town  of  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  W  side 
of  Housatonick  river,  about  eight  miles 
N  E  of  Danbury. 

Brookhaven,  a  town  on  Long  Island, 
in  Suffolk  county,  New  York,  14  miles 
S  E  of  Smith  town,  and  about  60  E  of 
New  York.  The  township  contains 
4122  inhabitants  :  the  post  office  is  317 
miles  from  Washington, 

Brookingtoh,  a  post  town  of  Amelia 
county,  Virginia,  at  the  distance  of  132 
miles  from  Wathington. 

Brooklyn,  a  town  of  Kings  county. 
New  York,  pleasantly  situated  at  the 
W  end  of  Long  Island,  opposite  the 
city  of  New  York.  Here  are  about 
2400  inhabitants,  and  a  post  office, 
Brooklyn,  a,  post  tov^n  of  Windban 


1'    !    I' 


iii 


B  R  U 


coiint\%  Connecticut,  situated  on   the  ! 
Qiiiiiboufj,     a    l>rancti    of    tlic    river 
Thames,   between   FointVct  and  Cau- 
terbni'v. 

BruoKviilt,  a  post  town,  in  Mont- 
gomery count),  Maryland,  on  the  W 
side  o'ftlic  river  Patuxent,  20  miles 
from  Washington. 

Brcmm  Loch,  and  an  extensive  salt- 
water and  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Rosshire, 
on  the  W  coast  of  Scotland.  It  has 
lon)j  been  noted  for  its  excellent  her- 
rings, and  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best 
fishinjj  stations  on  the  cost. 

Brora,  a  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of 
Sutherlandshirc,  Scotland.  Here  is  a 
coal  n)inc  which  was  lately  worked, 
«nd  tlie  coal  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  salt ;  but  it  cannot  be  carried  to  any 
distance,  as  it  takes  fire  on  being 
exposed  to  the  air.  Brora  is  40  miles 
N  bv  E  of  Inverness. 

Brora,  a  river  in  Suthcrlandshire, 
Tvhich  issues  from  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.  Above  the  tOAW  of  Brora,  it 
forms  several  fine  cascades  ;  and,  be- 
low t)iat  village,  falls  into  the  British 
Ocean. 

Brotiage,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente  and 
late  province  of  Saintongc.  Its  salt 
•works  arc  tlic  finest  in  France,  and  the 
salt  is  called  Bay  salt,  because  it  lies  on 
a  bay  of  the  sea.  It  is  17  miles  S  of 
RochcUe,  and  170  S  VV  of  Pnris.  Lon. 
1  4  W,  hit.  45  52  N. 

Brouca,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  the  S 
side  of  the  gvdf  of  Catania,  15  miles  S 
of  Catania.     Lon.  15  30  E,  lat.  37  25 

N. 

BrouershaMcn,  a  seaport  of  the  Unit- 
ed provinces,  in  the  island  of  Schoncn, 
nine  miles  S  W  of  Helvoetsluys.  Lon. 
4  15  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

BroKr.shurg,   a  town  in  Rockbridge 
county,  Virginia,  22  miles  R  by   W  of 
Staunton,  and  200  from   Washington 
Here  is  a  post  office. 

Brmvnsville,  sometim  s  called  Jfed 
Stone  Old  Fort,  is  a  post  town  in  Fay- 
ette county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  the  river  Mononga- 
hela,  12  miles  N  W  of  Union,  25  S  E 
of  Washington,  and  35  S  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  in  the  centre  of  a  settle- 
ment of  Friends,  and  contained  at  tlie 
last  census  425  inhabitants. 

Bnichsal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire,  seated  on  the  river 
Satz,  five  miles  S  E  of  Philipsburg. 
Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  49  V.^. 


B  R  U 

Brvgg,  or  Broug,  a  town  of  Swisscr- 
land,  in  Argau,  seated  on  the  river 
Aar,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  It  is  22 
miles  S  E  of  Basil.  Lon.  8  4  E,  lat. 
47  21  N. 

Brugti,  a  lai'ge  episcopal  city  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  once  the  greatest  trad- 
ing town  in  Europe ;  but  in  the  16tli 
century,  the  civil  wars  occasioned  by 
the  tyranny  of  Philip  II.  drove  the 
trade  first  to  Antwerp,  and  then  to 
Amsterdam.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain, 
eight  miles  from  the  sea,  and  has  a 
communication  by  canals,  with  Ghent, 
Ostend,  Sluys,  Newport,  Fumes, 
Yprcs,  and  Dimkirk.  There  are  seve- 
ral fine  ch<irches,  in  the  first  rank  of 
which  is  the  cathedral,  whose  rich 
ornaments  and  treasure  deserve  notiie. 
Bruges  has  been  often  taken  and  reta- 
ken, the  last  time  bythe  French,  in  1794. 
It  is  eight  miles  E  of  Ostend.  Lon.  3 
5  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Brugge,  or  Bruggen,  a  town  of  Low- 
er Saxony  in  the  bishopric  of  Hildes- 
heim,  six  miles  from  the  city  of  that 
name.    Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Brugneto,  aj»  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  territ  y  of  Genoa,  at  the  foot 
of  tlie  Appv  .nines,  35  miles  S  E  of 
Genoa.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Brunetto,  a'  strong  and  important 
place  in  Piedmont,  near  Susa,  which 
it  defends. 

Brunsuttle,  a  sea  port  of  Germany, 
in  Holstein  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe, 
13  miles  N  VV  of  Gluckstadt.  Lon.  9 
2  E,  lat.  54  2  N- 

Bninawici,  a  country  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Lunenburg,  on  the  W  by 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  on  the  S  by 
Hesse,  and  on  the  E  by  Anhalt,  Hal- 
hcrstadt,  and  Magdeburg.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  f\re  the  Wesar,  Ocker, 
and  Lync.  It  is  divided  into  three 
principalities,  Wolfenbuttle,  Gruben- 
hagen,  and  Calenberg,  which  alsB 
comprehends  the  dutchy  of  Gottingen. 
The  principality  of  Wolfenbuttle  has 
its  own  dukf ;  but  the  other  two  be- 
long to  the  elector  of  Hanover. 

Brunsmici,  a  l.irge  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Brunswick.  It  was 
formerly  an  imperial  and  hanseatic 
town,  till  it  was  taken  by  the  duke  of 
Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle  in  1671,  who 
built  a  citadel  to  keep  it  in  awe.  In 
the  square  before  the  castle  is  a  fa- 
mous stone  statue,  with  a  lion  made  of 
block-tin,  done  after  the  life.    Here  ii 


B  R  U 

'rcnig,  a  town  of  Swisscr- 
an,  seated  on  the  river 
ich  is  a  bridge.  It  is  22 
iasil.     Lon.   8  4  E,    lat. 

rge  episcopal  cityof  Aus- 
s,  once  the  greatest  trad- 
Europe  ;    but  in  the  16ti\ 
civil   wars  occasioned  by 
of  Philip   II.   drove  the 
1   Antwerp,   and  then  to 
It  is  seated  in  a  plain, 
rom  the   sea,    and  has  a 
)n  by  canals,  with  Ghent, 
lyg,     Newport,     Fumes, 
huikirk.     There  are  seve- 
clies,  in  the   first  rank  of 
;    cathedral,    whose    rich 
nd  treasure  deserve  notii  e. 
)cen  often  taken  and  veta- 
jme  by  the  French,  in  1794. 
liles  E  ofOstend.     Lon.  3 

.2  N. 

Bruggen,  a  town  of  Low- 
I  the  bishopric  of  Hildes- 
liles  from  the  city  of  that 
.  10  5  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 
an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
■y  of  Genoa,  at  the  foot 
.  ,nines,  35  miles  S  E  of 
.  3  30  E,  lat.  44  15  N. 

tt'  strong    and    important 
dniont,  near   Susa,  which 

',  a  sea  port  of  Germany, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe, 
W  of  Gluckstadt.     Lon.  9 

2N. 

t,  a  country  of  Germany, 
!  ofLower  Saxony,  bounded 
r  Lunenburg,  on  the  W  by 
)f  Westphalia,  on  the  S  by 
1  on  the  E  by  Anhalt,  Hal- 
ind  Magdeburg.  The  priii- 
I    r\re  Sie   VVesar,    Ocker, 

It  is    divided   into   three 
es,  Wolfenbuttle,    CTruben- 
d   Calenberg,     which    alse 
ds  the  dutchv  of  Gottingen. 
pality  of  Wolfenbuttle  has 
kp' !   but  the  other  two  be- 
elector  of  Hanover. 
■k,  a  large  city  of  Germany, 
chy  of  Brunswick.    It  was 
an    imperial   and   hanseatic 
t  was  taken  by  the  duke  nf 
:  Wolfenbuttle  in  1671,  who 
idel  to  keep  it  in  awe.    In 
before  the  castle  is  a  fa 

statue,  with  a  lion  made  of 
done  after  the  life.    Here  ii 


B  R  U 

also  a  rich  monastery  of  St.  Bluse, 
Tviiose  p.'ior  is  a  prince  of  the  Itouseof 
Bevcrn.  This  town  is  famous  for  the 
liquor  called  Mum,  which  has  lie  ice 
the  name  of  Brunswick  Mum. 
Tiie  number  of  inhubitauts  is  about 
24,000.  The  academy  of  Bnuiswick 
h.18  been  new  modelled,  and  the  piao 
of  education  improved,  by  the  atten- 
tion and  imdcr  t)ie  patronage  of  the 
hereditary  prince.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Oiker,  55  miles  W  of  Magdeburg. 
Lon.  10  42  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Bruiisxvict,  a  post  town  of  Georgia, 
ii\  North  America,  in  GIjtw  county.  It 
ha."  a  safe  harbour  capable  of  contain- 
ing a  numerous  fleet  of  men  of  war  i 
from  its  situation,  and  the  fertility  of 
the  inland  country,  it  promises  to  be  a 
place  of  consequence.  It  is  70  miles 
\V  S  W  of  Savai\nah,  and  752  from 
irashington.  Lat.  31  10  N,  lon.  8  2 
W. 

Bruntviici,  a  city  of  New  Jersey,  in 
North  America,  situate  en  the  Raritan, 
12  miles  above  Perth  Amboy.  Its 
situation  is  low  and  unpleasant ;  but 
tiic  inhabitants  are  beginning  to  build 
on  a  pleasant  hill  which  rises  at  the 
back  of  the  town.  They  have  a  con- 
siderable inland  trade,  and  many  small 
vessels  belonging  to  the  port.  Here 
was  formerly  a  flourishing  college, 
called  Queen's  college,  but  has  dcchn- 
ed. 

Bruiuviict,  Neva,  in  Nortli  America, 
une  of  the  two  provinces  into  which 
Nova  Scoti&  was  divided  in  1784 ; 
bounded  on  the  W  by  New  England, 
on  the  N  by  Canada,  on  the  E  by  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  tlie  S  by 
tlic  bay  of  Fiuidy  and  Nova  Scotia. 
St.  John's  is  the  capital. 

BrusteU,  the  capital  of  Brabant,  and 
scat  of  the  governor  of  the  Austrian 
Low  Countries.  It  is  a  rich  and  hand- 
some city,  and  has  many  magnificent 
public  buUdings,  and  walks.  No  city 
ill  Europe,  except  Naples  and  Genoa, 
makes  a  finer  appeai'ance  at  a  distance  ; 
but  like  them  it  is  all  up  and  down 
hill.  It  it  encompassed  with  a  dou- 
ble brick  wall,  and  has  seven  gates : 
but  being  seven  miles  in  compass,  is 
too  large  to  hold  out  a  long  siege. 
In  Brussels  are  seven  fine  squares  or 
market  places ;  that  of  the  great  mar- 
ket is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world.  The  town  house  takes  up  one 
quarter  of  iti  and  has  a  very  high  stee- 
ple, on  the  top  vf  which  is  a  brAsen 


B  U  C 

statue  of  St.  Michael,  fifteen  feet  high. 
The  opera-house  is  built  after  the 
Italian  manner,  with  rows  of  boxes, 
in  which  are  chimneys.  One  is  cov-- 
ered  over  with  looking  glass,  so  that 
they  can  sit  by  the  fire,  aiul  see  what 
is  doing.  There  are  20  public  foun- 
tains, adorned  witli  statues  at  the  cor- 
ners of  the  mo<it  public  streets  ;  and  in 
the  middle  of  the  town-hoii.sc  is 
one  with  Neptune,  the  Tritons, 
and  the  horses,  spouting  out  wa- 
ter from  their  nostrils.  The  nunnery 
called  the  Bcguinage  is  like  a  little 
town,  being  surrounded  by  a  wall  and 
ilitch,  and  has  liitlc  streets,  where 
each  nun  has  an  apartment,  'i'hisiiiui- 
nery  exists  no  longer,  being  abolished 
with  several  otiiers,  by  the  French, 
when  they  took  Brussels,  in  1794.  It  is 
seated  partly  on  an  eminence,  and  piu-t- 
ly  on  the  rivulet  Senile.  It  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  Selield  by  a  line 
canal,  and  is  22  miles  S  of  Antwerp, 
26  SE  of  Ghent,  and  148  N  by  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  4  21  E,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Bruton,  a  town  of  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  a  free- 
school,  foimded  by  Edward  VI.  ;  and 
a  stately  almshouse,  consisting  oftlie 
ruins  of  a  priory.  It  is  seated  on  die 
river  Brew,  12  miles  S  E  of  Wells, 
andl  09  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  38  W, 
lat.  1    7  N. 

Bruj/iers,  a  town  of  France,  in  tho 
department  oftlie  Vosges  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  22  miles  S  by  E  of 
Luneville.    Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Brayiu -bridge,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Clare,  seated  on  tha 
Shannon,  eight  miles  N  of  Limerick. 
Lon.  8  34W,  lat.52  50  N. 

Bua,  an  islai\d  of  tlie  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  near  tlic 
town  of  Traou,  called  likewise  par- 
tridge Island,  because  frequented  by 
those  birds. 

Buarcos,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  27  miles  S  of  Aveira. 
Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Buchan,  a  district  in  the  N  £  part 
of  Aberdeenshire,  from  the  sea  to  thd 
river  Ythan,  on  the  S. 

Buehaniieu,  the  most  eastern  pro* 
montory  of  Scotland,  situate  in  tl  e  dis- 
trict of  Buchan,  in  lon.  1  26  W,  lat. 
57  28  N.  Between  this  promontory 
and  the  town  of  Peterhead  is  the 
place  called  the  Boilers  of  Buchan ;  a 
large  oval  cavity,  sunk  into  the  steep 
rocks  on  the  coast,  to  th^  depth  of  150^., 


B  U  C 


B  U  E 


fret.  Boats  frequently  sail  into  this 
awful  pit,  under  ii  imturul  arch  open- 
ing to  tlic  sea  at  tlie  E  end,  und  re- 
scmbliiijj^  the  window  of  some  great 
cathedral.  At  a  little  distance,  is  a 
vast  insulated  rock,  divided  by  a  nar- 
row and  very  deep  ehasni  from  the  land  ; 
and  in  the  middle  of  the  rock,  many 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  water,  is  a 
large  triang\dar  ajerture,  through 
which  the  sea,  in  a  storm,  rushes  with 
a  tremendous  noise. 

jBuchuKv,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Su- 
abia,  on  the  Tedersee,  with  a  monaste- 
rj',  whose  abbess  has  a  voice  in  the  di- 
et of  the  empire.  It  is  27  miles  S  W 
ofUlra.      Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Bucharest,  a  large  and  strong  town  of 
Walachia,  where  the  hospodar  com- 
monly resides.  It  is  45  miles  S  E  of 
Tergovisto.     Lon.  26  27  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

Boucliorn,  n  free  imperial  town  ofSu- 
abia,  on  the  lake  of  Constance,  18  miles 
E  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  42  E,  lat.  47 
41  N. 

Buckenham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  by  N 
of  Thetford,  and  97  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Buctfie^U,  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  10  miles  W  of  Turner, 
on  tiie  Andrascoggin  river,  and  about 
50  miles  N  of  Portland.  The  inliabi- 
tants  of  the  township  were  1000  at  the 
last  census. 

Buckingham,  tlie  chief  town  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, w'.th  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  sealed  on  low  ground,  and 
almost  surrounded  by  the  Ouse,  over 
wliich  are  three  stone  bridges.  The/e 
was  fornicrly  a  castle,  on  a  mount,  in 
the  middle  of  the  town.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  25  miles 
N  E  of  Oxford,  and  57  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  58  W,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Buckbijihavishire,  or  Bucks,  a  county 
of  England,  bounded  on  tlie  N  by  North- 
amptonsl\ire ;  on  the  E  by  Bedford- 
shire, Herts,  and  Middlesex ;  on  the 
W  by  Oxfordshire,  and  on  the  S  by 
Berks  It  is  39  miles  in  length,  and 
18  in  breadth,  of  an  oblong  form  whose 
greatest  extent  is  from  N  to  S.  It  sends 
14  membei-s  to  parliament,  and  lies  in 
the  diocese  of  Lincoln.  Its  principal 
rivers  are  tlie  Thames,  Coin,  Ouse, 
and  Tame.  The  most  {general  manu- 
facture is  bonelace  and  paper ;  and  the 
woods  of  the  hills,  chiefiy  beech,  form 
a  considerable  article  of  profit,  both  as 
fuel  and  timber.    The  air    is  healthy, 


and  the  soil  rich,  being  chiefly  chalk 
or  marie. 

Buckland,  a  village  with  a  post-oflice, 
in  Prince  George  county,  Virginia,  42 
miles  from  Washington,  in  a  S  W  direc- 
tion. 

Bucks,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  38 
miles  long  and  15  broad. 

Buckstomn,  a  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine,  with  624  inhabitants. 

Buda,  the  capital  of  Lower  Htmgary, 
situate  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Da- 
nube. The  churcliPs  and  public  build- 
ings are  handsome.  In  the  adjacent 
country  are  vineyards,  which  produce 
excellent  wine ;  and  hot  baths  that 
were  in  excellent  order,  with  magnifi- 
cent rooms,  while  the  Turks  had  pos- 
session of  this  place.  It  is  105  miles 
S  E  of  Vienna,  and  560  N  W  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  18  22  E,  lat.  47  25 
N. 

Buddesdale,  a  town  in  SulTblk,  with  a 
market  on  1  hursday,  with  a  small  cha- 
pel. It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  15  miles 
N  E  of  Bury,  and  88  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Budetich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves  on  the  Traen, 
ten  miles  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  55  E, 
lat.  49  50  N. 

Budoa,  a  strong  episcopal  town  of 
Dalmatia,  subject  to  the  Venetians.  It 
was  almost  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in 
1667.  It  is  30  miles  S  E  of  Ragusa. 
Lon.     18  58  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Budrio,  a  town  of  Italy  in  tlie  Bolog- 
nese,  whose  adjacent  fields  produce 
large  quantities  offine  hemp.  It  is  eight 
miles  E  of  Bologna.  Lon.  11  37  E,Iat. 
44  30  N. 

Budiveis,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  70  miles 
S  of  Prague,  and  85  N  W  of  Viemia. 
Lon.  14  52  E,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Buen  Ayre.     See  Bonaire. 

Buenos  Ayres,  a  country  of  South 
America,  belonging  to  the  Spaniards. 
This  name  given  from  the  pleasantness 
of  the  climate,  is  extended  to  the 
country  Ij  ing  between  Tucuman  on  the 
E,  Paiaguay  on  the  N,  and  Terra  Ma- 
gellanica,  on  the  S.  No  country  in  the 
world  abounds  more  in  horned  cattle 
and  horses,  where  the  greatest  expence 
of  a  horse  or  cow  is  the  catching  it.  In 
such  abundance  are  these  useful  ani- 
mals,  that  the  hide  alone  is  deemed  of 
any  value,  as  this  constitutes  a  main 
article  in  the  trade  of  tlie  coimtry.  Lon. 
58  31  W,  lat.  34  35  S. 

Buenos  Ayres,  or  Cividad  de  la  Trini- 


B  U  E 

rich,  being  chiefly  chalk 

,  village  with  a  post-oflice, 
orge  county,  Virginia,  42 
'athington,  in  a  S  W  direc- 

)iinty  of  Pennsylvania,  38 
d  15  broad. 

a  post  cown  of  Hancock 
c,  with  624  inhabitants, 
■ajiital  of  Lower  Hungary, 
:  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Da- 
^hurchr-s  and  public  build- 
idsomc.  In  the  adjacent 
ineyards,  which  produce 
ne  i  and  hot  baths  that 
llent  order,  with  niagniii- 
vhile  the  I'urks  hud  pos- 
s  place.  It  is  105  miles 
a,  and  560  N  W  of  Con- 
Lon.  18  22  £,  lut.  A7  25 

,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
uirsday,  with  a  small  cha- 
nted in  a  valley,  15  miles 
and  88  N  £  of  London, 
at.  52  22  N. 

town  of  Germany,  in  the 
;  of  Treves  on  the  Traen, 
)f  Treves.     Lon.  6  55  E, 

strong  episcopal  town  of 
bject  to  the  Venetians.  It 
uined  by  an  earthquake  in 
30  miles  S  £  of  Kagusa. 
E,  lat.  42  30  N. 
)wn  of  Italy  in  the  Bolog- 
adjacent  fields  produce 
es  of  fine  hemp.  It  is  eight 
slogna.   Lon.  11  37  E,  Tat. 

town  of  Bohemia,  70  miles 
and  85  N  W  of  Vienna. 
,  lat.  48  55  N. 

See  Bonaire, 
res,    a  country  of  South 
onging  to  the  Spaniards, 
ven  from  the  pleasantness 
ite,  is  extended    to    the 

between  Tucuman  on  the 
on  the  N,  and  Terra  Ma- 
the  S.  No  country  in  the 
ds  more  in  horned  cattle 
rhere  the  greatest  cxpence 
cow  is  tlie  catching  it.  In 
nee  are  these  useful  ani- 
e  hide  alone  is  deemed  of 

this  constitutes  a  main 
trade  of  tlie  country.  Lon. 

34  35  S. 
•■s,  or  Cividad  de  la  Trini- 


B  U  L 

dad,  the  capital  of  the  country  called 
Buenos  Ayres  in  Soutii  America,  was 
founded  in  the  year  1735,  under  the 
direction  of  Don  Pedro  de  Meiidoza, 
at  tliut  time  governor.  It  stands  on  a 
point  called  Cape  Blanco,  on  the  S 
side  of  tlie  Plata,  50  miles  from  the 
tea,  fronting  a  small  river.  The  situa- 
tion is  in  a  line  plain,  rising  by  a  gentle 
ascent  from  the  river  j  and  truly  de- 
lightful, whether  we  regard  the  tem- 
perature of  the  climate,  the  fertility  of 
tlic  soil,  orthe  beautiful  verdure  which 
overspreads  the  whole  face  of  the 
country.  The  city  is  very  considerable 
in  extent,  containing  3000  houses.  The 
streets  arc  straight,  broad  and  pretty 
equal  in  the  heights  and  dimensions  of 
tlic  buildings.  Most  of  the  buildhigs 
arc  of  chalk  or  brick,  except  the  ca- 
tiiedral,  a  magnificent  structure  com 
posed  chiefly  of  stone. 

Bugia,  a  province  of  Algiers,  ir.  Af- 
rica, surrounded  witli  mountains,  and 
very  fertile  in  com. 

Bugia,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Major,  on 
a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  It  has  a 
handsome  port  formed  by  a  narrow 
peek  of  land  running  into  the  sea  ;  a 
great  part  of  whose  promontory  was 
formerly  faced  with  a  wall  of  hewn 
stone.  The  city  itself  is  built  on  the 
ruins  of  a  large  one,  at  tlie  foot  of  a 
high  mountain,  where  there  is  also  a 
castle  that  commands  the  whole  town, 
besides  two  others  at  the  bottom,  built 
for  the  security  of  the  port.  It  is  75 
miles  £  of  Algiers.  Lon.  3  58  £,  lat. 
36  49  N. 

Builth,  a  town  in  Brecknockshire, 
seated  on  the  Wye,  over  which  is  a 
wooden  bridge  into  Radnorshire.  It  has 
a  market  on  Monday  and  Saturday,  and 
is  12  miles  N  of  Brecknock,  and  171  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  14  W,  lat. 
52  8  N. 

Bttic,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
depai-tment  of  Drome,  lately  in  the 
jirovince  of  Oauphiny,  40  miles  S  W 
of  Gap. 

Buiari,  a  small  but  well  built  town 
of  Hungarian  Dalmatia,  with  aharbour 
on  the  gulf  of  Bikeriza,  near  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  ten  miles  N  £  of  Veglia, 
Lon.  14  59  E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Bulac,  a  town  of  Eg3T>t,  on  the  Nile, 
two  miles  W  of  Grand  Cairo,  being  the 
se:iport  of  that  city.  On  the  N  side  of 
it  is  the  Calisch,  whose  banks  are  cut 
every  year  to  convey  tlie  waters  of  the 


BUR 

Nile,  by  a  canal,  to  Grand  Cairo,   Lon. 
31  22  E,  lat.  30  2  N, 

Buiam,  an  island  of  Africa,  at  th« 
mouth  of  the  Uio  Grande,  'ihe  soil  ia 
good ;  and  as  it  wus  uninhabited,  a 
settlement  of  free  blacks  was  formed 
here,  in  1792,  by  the  English,  wli» 
purchased  it  of  the  neighbouring  king, 
but  has  been  since  entirely  rclinquitihed. 
Lon.  15  0  W,  lat.  HON. 

Bulgaria,  a  province  of  Turkey  in 
Eiu-ope,  bounded  on  the  N  by  VVala- 
chia,  on  the  E  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the 
S  by  KoHiunia  and  Macedonia,  and  oa 
the  W  by  Servi.i. 

Buliiest,nY  B(mnest,a,\''\\\Si^e  in  Cum- 
berland, at  tlie  end  of  the  Picts  Wall, 
on  the  Solway  Frith.  It  wai  a  Roman 
station,  called  BlatiMii  Bulgium ;  ai.d 
hence  Antoninus  bc^an  his  Itinerary. 
It  is  13  miles  W  by  N  of  Carlise. 

Bumleta,  or  Bundelcund,  a  territory  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  on  the  S  W  of  the 
river  Junna,  and  separated  from  it  by 
a  narrow  tract  of  low  country.  It  is 
surrounded  by  the  dominions  of  Oiule, 
Benares  and  tlie  Mahrattas.  It  is  a 
mountainous  tract  of  more  than  100 
miles  square,  and  contains  the  cele- 
brated diamond  mines  of  Panna,  with 
some  strong  fortresses.  Chatterpdur 
is  tlie  capital.  Lon.  79  75  £,  lat.  25  0 
N. 

Bungay,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Wavney,  which  is  navigable  hence  to 
Yarmouth.  It  is  36  miles  N  by  E  of  Ips- 
wich,  and  107  N  £  of  London.  Lon. 
1  30  £,  lat.  52  35  N. 

Bungo,  a  kingdom  of  Japan,  in  the 
island  of  Ximo,  whose  capital  is  Lunay. 

Buntingfurd,  a  town  of  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seven  miles  S  of 
Royston,  and  31  N  by  £  of  London. 
Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Buragrag,  a  river  of  Barbary,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  which  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  at  tlie  town  of  Sallee. 

Bureiia,  or  Ciuta  Burrella,  a  town  of 
Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  20 
miles  S  of  Lanciaiio.  Lon.  14  48  £, 
lat.  41  58  N. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
landj  which  gives  the  title  of  count  of 
Buren  to  the  prince  of  Orange.  It  ia 
22  miles  W  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  13 
E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Paderbom,  seated  on  the 
Alme,  10  miles  S  of  Paderbom.  Lon. 
8  S:i  £,  lat.  53  16  N. 


BUR 


BUR 


Buret),  &  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
tnnton  of  Hern,  seated  on  tlie  river 
Anr,  between  Arberjf,  and  Soleurc. 

Burford,  ii  town  in  Oxfordsliiio,  with 
:>  )iiarkct  on  Suturthiy  ;  seated  on  tlie 
river  Wiiulrush,  and  noted  for  the 
niakinpp  of  saildles,  aiul  for  tlie  downs 
in  itH  neiglilioiirhood.  It  is  17  miles 
W  by  N  ot  Oxford,  and  71  W  of  Lon- 
don.    1,011.  1  5i  W,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Burg,  a  town  of  tlie  Dutcli  Nether- 
lands in  Zutphcn,  seated  on  the  Old 
Yisel,  18  miles  E  ofNimegucn.  Lon. 
6  15E,  lat.  52  59  N. 

Burgifiv,  a  town  and  castle  of  Suabia, 
capital  of  a  niargravate  of  tlie  same 
name.  It  belong's  to  tlie  house  of  Au- 
Btria,  and  is  26  miles  W  of  Aiigsburj'. 
Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Btirgdorf,  a  handsome  town  of  Swis- 
fcerland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  pretty  large  and  seated 
on  an  eminence,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Bern.     Lon.  7  19  E,  lat.  46  58  N. 

Biirgh-upon-Sands,  a  village  in  Cum- 
berland, near  Solway  Frith,  where  Ed- 
ward the  First  died,  in  1307.  It  is  five 
miles  N  W  of  Carlisle. 

Burgos,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of 
Old  Castile,  and  an  archbishop's  see. 
The  squai-es,  public  buildings,  and 
fountains  are  fine,  and  the  walks  agree- 
able. It  is  seated  partly  on  a  moun- 
tain, and  partly  on  the  river  Aranzon, 
95  miles  E  by  S  of  Leon,  and  117  N 
•f  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat  42  30 
N. 

BurgtirAy,  a  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  three  depart- 
ments of  Cote  d'Or,  Saon^,  Loire,  and 
Yonne.     It  is  112  miles  in  length,  and 

75  in  breadth :  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Franche  Compte,  on  the  W  by  Bour- 
bonnois  and  Nivemois,  on  the  S  by 
I.yonois,  and  on  the  N  by  Champagne. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits  and  excellent 
wines. 

Burhanpmir,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  in 
the  Deccan,  the  capital  of  Candeish, 
and,  at  one  period,  of  the  Deccan  also. 
It  is  yet  a  flourishing  city,  and  is  situ- 
ated in  tlic  midst  of  a  delightfid  coun- 
try, 225  miles  E  by  N  of  Surat.     Lon. 

76  19  E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

Burici,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Cleves,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
opposite  Wesel,  17  miles  S  E  of  Cleves. 
Lon.  6  18  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Burihausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  Uie  river  Saltz,  27 


miles  N  by  W  of  Saltzburr.    Lon.  12 
50  E,  lat.  40  17  N. 

Burlington,  an  ancient  city,  in  B«r. 
lington  county.  New  Jersey  )  seated  on 
the  S  E  banlcof  the  river  Delaware, 
opposite  to  Bristol,  and  20  miles  above 
Philadelphia.  It  was  founded  in  1677, 
and  called  New  Beverly  s  it  has  a  safe 
harbour  for  shipping,  with  a  consider- 
able depth  of  water,  but  has  progress- 
ed slowly  in  population,  containnig  at 
present  (1805)  but  a  few  more  than 
2000  inhabitants.  The  municipal  juris- 
diction is  vested  in  a  mayor  and  alder- 
men. The  buildings  arc  principally  of 
bricks,  and  constructed  in  a  plain  com- 
modious style,  with  a  large  garden  lot 
to  each  house.  There  is  an  episcopal 
church,  two  or  three  meetinghouses, 
a  considerable  brewery,  a  courthouse, 
and  gaol  in  this  town,  though  the  scut 
of  justice  has  been  lately  removed  to 
MounthoUy. 

Burlington,  a  post  town  of  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  four  miles  S 
of  Onion  river,  and  20  milts  northerly 
of  Vergennes.  The  situation  is  healthy 
and  pleasant,  which  induced  the  legis- 
lature to  pass  a  law  for  the  establish, 
ment  of  an  imiversity  at  this  town.  The 
township  contains  815  inhabitants. 

Burmah,  an  extensive  kingdom  of 
Asia,  to  the  E  of  the  Ganges ;  some, 
times,  but  erroneously,  called  Ava, 
from  its  reputed  capital.  It  is  bound, 
ed  by  Pegu  on  the  N  and  occupies  both 
sides  of  the  river  Ava,  as  far  as  tiie 
frontiers  of  China ;  on  the  N  W  by 
Meckley ;  on  the  W  it  has  Aracan,  and 
on  the  E  Upper  Siam.  This  country, 
which  is  little  known  to  Europeans, 
produces  some  of  the  best  teek  timbet 
in  India.  Ships  built  of  teek,  upward 
ot  40  years  old,  are  no  uncommon  ob- 
jects m  the  Indian  seas,  where  an  Eu- 
ropean ship  is  ruined  in  five  years. 

Burnham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  near  tlie  sea,  29  miles  N  Wof 
Norwich,  and  126  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  48  E,  lat.  53  4  N. 

Burnham,  a  town  in  Essex,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Crouch,  which  it 
here  called  Burnham  Water.  The 
Walfleet  and  Bm-nham  oysters  are  the 
product  of  the  creeks  and  pits  of  this 
river.  Burnham  is  11  miles  S  E  of 
Maiden. 

Burnley,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  mai-ket  oa  Monday,  35  miles  S  £  of 


1 


BUR 

W  of  Saltzburg.    Lon,  12 

0  ir  N. 

I,  an  ancient  city,  in  Bnr. 
ity,  New  Jersey  ;  seated  on 
i)Iuof  the  river  Delaware, 
Bristol,  and  20  milen  above 
I.  It  was  founded  in  1677, 
4ew  Beverly  ;  it  has  a  siit'e 
shipping,  with  a  consider- 
>f  water,  but  has  progress- 
1  ]>(ipululion,  containnig  at 
105)  but  a  few  more  titan 
tants.  The  ntuniripal  juris- 
stcd  in  a  mayor  and  alder- 
buildings  arc  principally  df 
constructed  in  a  plain  com- 
ic, with  a  large  garden  lot 
le.  There  is  an  episcopal 
)  or  three  meeting  houses, 
lie  brewery,  a  court  house, 
this  town,  though  the  scut 
las  been  lately  removed  to 

I,  a  post  town  of  Chittenden 
rmont,  situated  on  the  £ 
e  Champlain,  four  miles  S 
er,  and  20  milts  northerly 
:s.  The  situation  is  healthy 
t,  which  induced  the  le^is- 
i8B   a  law  for  the  establish- 
university  at  this  town.  The 
tntains  815  inhabitants, 
an  extensive  kingdom  of 
:  E  of  the  Ganges ;  some- 
erroneously,    called  Ava, 
uted  capital.    It  is  bound- 
on  the  N  and  occupies  both 
river  Ava,  as  far  as  the 
China ;  on  the   N  W  by 
the  W  it  has  Aracan,  and 
iper  Siam.    This  country, 
tie  known  to  Europeans, 
ne  of  the  best  teek  timber 
lips  built  of  teek,  upward 
lid,  are  no  uncommon  ob- 
Indian  seas,  where  an  £u- 
is  ruined  in  five  years, 
a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
Monday  and  Saturday.    It 
ir  tlie  sea,  29  miles  N  W  of 
id   126   N  £   of  Loiidun. 
lat.  53  4  N. 

a  tovm  in  Esses,  at  the 
le  river  Crouch,  which  is 
Bumham  Water.  The 
Burnham  oysters  are  the 
le  creeks  and  pits  of  this 
ham  is  11  miles  S  E  of 

town  in  Lancashire,  with 
Moiiday,  35  miles  S  £  of 


fi 


BUR 

I.ancKHter,  and  208  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  53  *6  N. 

Burntisland,  a  borough  in  Fifeshire, 
on  the  frith  of  Forth,  with  an  excellent 
hui-boiir.  It  is  seated  under  a  stupend- 
011)1  rock,  ten  miles  N  W  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Burrampooter,  a  river  of  Asia,  which 
rises  near  the  head  of  the  Ganges,  in 
the  mountains  of  Thibet.  It  first  takes 
its  cimrse  to  the  E  directly  opposite  to 
that  of  the  Ganges,  and  winding  with 
a  nipid  current  through  Thilict,  where 
it  is  named  Sanipoo,  or  Zanchin,  it 
washes  the  border  of  the  territory  of 
Lussa,  and  proceeds  S  E  to  within  220 
miles  of  Yunan,  the  westernmost  pro- 
vince of  China :  then  turning  suddenly 
to  tlie  W  through  Assam,  it  enters 
Bengal  on  the  N  E,  where  it  assumes 
the  name  of  Borramjiooter.  It  then 
makes  a  circle  round  the  Western 
point  of  the  Garrow  mountains,  and  al- 
tering its  course  to  S,  meets  tlie  Gan- 
ges about  40  niles  from  the  Sea,  after 
having  meandered  for  more  than  2000 
miles.  During  the  last  60  miles  before 
its  junction  with  the  Ganges,  it  forms 
a  stream  which  is  regularly  from  four 
to  five  miles  wide ;  and,  but  for  its 
freshness  might  pass  for  an  arm  of  the 
lea.  Common  description  fails  in  an 
attempt  to  convey  an  adequate  idea  of 
the  grande\ir  of  this  magnificent  object. 

Bursa,  or  Prtisa,  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  of  Bec- 
tangil.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Otto- 
man empire  before  the  taking  of  Ccn- 
itantinople.  It  stands  upon  several 
little  hills,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olym- 
pus, and  on  the  edge  of  a  fine  ])lain  full 
of  fruit  trees.  So  many  springs  pro- 
ceed from  the  mount,  that  every  house 
has  its  own  fountain.  The  mosques 
..I'c  elegant,  as  are  the  caravansaries. 
Bursa  is  99  miles  S  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  29  5  E,  lat.  39  22  N. 

Burton  upon  TYent,  a  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  had  formerly  a  large  abbey ;  and  over 
the  Trent  is  a  famous  bridge  of  free- 
stone, a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length, 
supported  by  37  arches.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  one  long  street,  which  runs 
from  Uie  site  of  the  abbey  to  the  bridge, 
and  has  a  good  market  for  com  and 
provisions.  Burton  ale  is  accounted 
••xcellcnt,  and  g^eat  quantities  tu-e  sent 
tiown  the  river  to  Hull,  and  exported 
to  otiier  parts  of  the'  kingtlom  and  a- 
broud.  It  is  12  miles  N  £  of  Lichfield, 


BUT 

and  124  N  N  W  of  I  ondoii.    Lon.  1  40 
W,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Burton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday  ;  seated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Trent,  30  miles  N  of 
Lincoln,  and  164  N  bv  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Burton,  a  town  in  Westmoreland, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  t  seated  in 
a  valley,  near  a  hill  called  Farleton- 
Knotliiil,  11  miles  N  of  Lancaster,  and 
247  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  50  W, 
lat.  54  10  N. 

Burville,  a  town  in  Anderson  coun- 
ty, Tennessee,  on  the  N  side  of  Clinch 
river,  30  miles  N  of  Knoxville,  tlie  ca- 
pital of  the  state.  Here  is  a  post  office 
570  miles  from  Washington. 

Bury,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Irwell,  and  noted  for  its  fustian  intmu- 
facture,  and  the  coarse  goodj  railed 
half-thicks  and  kerseys.  In  1787,  the 
theatre  fell,  and  buried  under  its  niina 
more  than  300  persons,  many  of  whom 
were  killed  or  much  bruised.  Burv  it 
36  miles  S  E  of  Lancaster,  and  190  M 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  24  W,  lat. 
53  36N. 

Bury,  St.  Edmundi,  a  borough  in  Siif* 
folk,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  The  situation  is  very  plea- 
sant, and  the  air  is  supposed  tu  be  the 
best  in  England ;  for  wiiich  reason  it  ia 
frequented  by  genteel  people.  The 
noble  ruins  of  its  abbey,  are  still  stand* 
ing  near  the  two  churches,  which  ai-e 
both  large,  and  seated  in  one  church- 
yartl.  In  St.  Mary's,  lies  Mary,  queen 
of  France,  who  was  married  to  Charles 
Brandon  duke  of  Suffolk.  Bury  seiuls 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  took 
its  name  from  St.  Edmund  the  king, 
who  was  buried  here,  after  being  mur- 
dered in  a  wood.  The  assizes  are  held 
here.  It  is  14  miles  E  of  Newmarket, 
.and  72  N  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  4ft 
E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Bussletdion,  a  thriving  village  hk 
Philadelphia  county,  Pennsylvania,  11 
miles  N  by  E  of  the  city.  Here  is  a 
post  office,  and  about  20  dwellinjp 
houses. 

Buteshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  the  islands  of  Bute,  Arran, 
and  Inchmarnoc,  which  lie  in  the  frith 
of  Clyde.  They  are  fertile  in  com  and 
pastures,  and  there  is  a  considerable 
lierring-fislvery.  This  shire  sends  * 
member  to  parliament  alternately  with 
Caithnesi-sliire. 


lltiiE 


B  U  X 

Bl'agn,  «  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Ciistilc,  m.  alcd  on  t!>c  Lo/fi-,  a,  ,'Jo  miles 
N  l>v  K  oC  ivLidnil.  Lon.  J  .I  \V,  lal. 
40  41)  N. 

liutriiito,  ft  spiipnrt  and  cpisropul 
town  ot'l  urkiy  ii  huropc,  in  Alliania, 
on  ihp  can«l  iil'  Corfu,  Bnd  iit  the  en- 
trnni  I' oftlnnfiillor  Vcnicf-,  ,50  milps 
Sofr::iiui.ini.  i.')n.:JU  'JK,  l..f.  .')•.»  49  N. 
Hiittermere  Water,  u  ialic  in  Cimdicr- 
land,  ti^lit  miles  S  W  of  Keswick,  two 
nilr  ,  long,  uiul  neiirly  oin'  liroad.  Ii 
is  fni  iiK'd  by  a  vast  number  of  ttrrent.s 
whitli  riiftbinfrdown  in  never  iiiilinfrra- 
tarai  ts  from  a  roik  of  \ast  iieig!i1,  raj- 
Icil  11.  'I'.ster  Cra),',  fiirmM  tlie  lake  be. 
low.  iliis  lake  is  eulleil  tiie  Upper 
Luicp,  and  near  a  mile  from  it,  to  tlie 
N  K  is  tbe  L  )wer  Lake,  called  also 
Cromai  k  Water.  Tlic  river  Cocker 
fl:)ws  tjiretj^h  both  tlifsc  lake.s  to 
Cockerniimt'i. 

Butternuts,  a  town  of  Otsejfo  cotintv. 
New  York.  The  township  lias  lo'>0 
inliabitants,  and  tbe  post  otlice  is  44U 
milt  ..  fr;mi  W(,sliii ^^tnn. 

Duttm'i  flay,  tbe  M  part  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  tlironj-b  whieti  attempts  iiavc 
bc'pn  made  n  discover  a  N  ^V  passage 
to  Cliina.  It  is  so  called  from  SirTlio- 
mtts  Hiitton,  who  here  lost  his  ship, 
aiid  came  'lael:  in  a  sloop  built  in  Hit 
country.  It  lies  between  60  and  66"  N 
lut. 

flutz(nv,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bisliopric  of  Schwerin,  17  miles  S  W  of 
Rostock.  .Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  54  0  N. 

,  ,ixtrm,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  at 
the  entranre  of  the   Peak.     The  wiirm 
wiitcrs  oi'  Buxton  are  the  bath  consist- 
ing of  nine  springs,  St.  Anne's  well  and 
St.   Peter's  well.     St.  Anne's  wei!  for- 
merly rose  into  a  stone  bason,   over 
wliicli  an  arch  was  erscted,  which  still 
continues.     It  is  13  feet  long   and   12 
broad,  set   round  with    stone-steps    in 
tbe  inside.     In  the  midst  of  this  dome 
the  water  now  springs  up  into  a  stone 
bason  two  feet  si|uare.     It  appears  by 
several   ruins  fomid  here,   that   their 
waters  were  known  in  the  time   of  the 
Romans.  They  are  hot  andsulphureoi>.s, 
but  create   an  appetite,  and  open  .ib- 
structions  ;  and.  if  bathed  in,  give  re- 
lief in  scorbutic  riicumatisms,  nervous 
cases,  &c.     Much  company  resort  to 
them   in  the  summer.     The   duke  of 
Devonshire    has   erected  a    beautiful 
building  in   the   form   of  a  crescent, 
which  is  divided  into  different  hotels, 
shops,  &c.  with  a  public  coftee  room, 


CAB 

M\<\  a  very  elegant  room  for  asscmbliei 
and  eoncirts.  A  mile  from  hence  ia 
another  of  tbe  wonders,  calle<l  Pool'j 
I'ole,  at  the  foot  of  a  mo\mtain.  Tlit 
entrance  is  low  and  narrow,  but  it  pre. 
HCMtly  opens  to  a  cave  of  considerable 
height,  and  is  6'Jf)  feet  long,  with  a  roof 
resembling  a  Ciotbic  cathedral :  it  con. 
tains  ni.Mny  slalactitious  coneretinnj, 
and  .ieveral  curious  reprcsentatiors  both 
of  art  and  nature,  produced  by  the  pc. 
irKying  water  continually  dropping  from 
the  rock.  Uuxton  is  ,12  n.iles  N  W  of 
Derbv,  and  160  N  N  W  of  London. 

Buzbiicli,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  \Ve. 
teravi:i,  and  in  the  county  of  Solms,29 
mill  s  N  bv  V.  of  Fnuicfort.  Lon.  8  44 
Ii,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Bj'chov!,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  on  the 
Dnie))cr,180  miles  S  VV  of  Wihio.  Lon. 
oO  0  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Bjizantium.    Sec  Canstantinopte. 


/^AAKA,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  tlie  ri; 
*^  vi.r   Nile,     whence  they  transport 


corn  and  pulse  to  IMecca.  Soii.e  fine 
monuments,  covered  with  hieroglyphi- 
cul  characters,  have  been  found  here. 
It  is  320  miles  S  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  23 
E,  lat.  26  ,iO  N. 

Cabarrai  Court-hnute,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Cabarras  county, 
North  CuroUna,  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  Rocky  river,  a  branch  of  the  great 
Peslce,  23  miles  S  of  Salisbury,  and  57 
S  by  W  of  Salem,  the  Moravian  town. 
Here  is  a  post  office  439  miles  from 
Washington. 

Cabbin  Point,  a  village  with  a  post 
aflice,  in  Surry  county,  Virginia,  36 
miles  E  by  S  of  Petersburg,  and  about 
60  W  hy  N  of  Ntrfolk. 

Cabvca-de-Viite,  a  town  of  Portugal  in 
Alcntejo,  with  a  strong  castle,  12 
miles  S  W  of  Portalejjro.  Lon.  6  43 
W,  lat.  39  10  N. 

Cabellsburg,  a  prst  town  of  Amherst 
co\mty,  Virginia,  215  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Cahenda,  a  seaport  of'.V^ica,  in  Con- 
go, 100  miles  S  E  of  Loangiviubject 
to  Portugal.     Lon.  122  E,  lat.  4  5.'?., 

Cahreria,  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, ubout  seven  miles  S  of  Major- 
ca. It  has  a  large  harbour  defended  by 
a  strong  casUc. 


CAB 


ejfnnt  room  for  aascmbliei 

A   inil<!    from  liencr  li 

ic   woiuliTs,  called  Pool's 

f(K)t  of  !i  mniintuin.  Tlir 
iw  ii'.id  nurrow,  but  it  pre. 
to  11  rave  of  considcralilf 
H  (Wfi  fi'ct  loiiff,  with  a  roof 
,  Gothir  cuthcdnil ;  it  con> 
sliiluctitioiis  coiuTetioni, 
iM'ious  ri'presfntatior  »  both 
Hire,  prodiucd  by  the  pc. 
r  contliniuMj  dropping  from 
iiMon  ;>.  ,12  n.ili'it  N  W  of 
IfiO  N  S  \V  of  London. 
I  town  of  Girniany,  in  We- 
in  till-  roiinty  of  Solms,  29 
:  of  Fraiicfort.     Lon.  8  44 

N. 
town  of  Lithnnnia,  on  the 

miles  S  W  of  Wilno.  Lon. 
)3  38  N. 
.     Sec  CaiMantinnfile. 


C  A  C 


town  of  Epypt,  on  the  ri; 
,  whence  they  tPRnsport 
jse  to  Mecca.  Soii.e  fine 
covered  with  hicroplyphi- 
•s,  liavc  In-en  found  here. 
S.S  S  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  23 
N. 

Court-hnuie,  the  principal 
Iff  in  Cubarras  county, 
na,  situated  on  the  N  side 
a  branch  of  the  great 
s  S  of  Salisbury,  and  S! 
dcm,  the  Moravian  town, 
it  office   439  miles   from 


nt, 
rry 


tl> 


a  villapfc  with  a  post 
county,    Virginia,   36 
if  Petersburg,  and  about 
Nt^rfolk. 

le,  a  t')M'n  of  Portugal  in 
a   strong  castle,   13 
PortalegTO.     Lon.   6  43 
N. 

u  pest  town  of  Amherst 
Ilia,  215  miles  from  Waih- 

paport  nf'A^lca,  in  Con- 

S  E  of  Loang<v''"''ifi*^* 
Lon.  122  E,  lut.  4  i>.  5. 

island  in  the  Mediter- 
seven  miles  S  of  Major- 

•ge  harbour  defended  by 


Caliul,  a  province  of  Hindooslan  Pro- 
)«r,  boiuided  on  tiic  W  by  Persia,  on 
the  Nojlh  by  the  Himloo-ko,  on  tlic  N 
]•;  I)',  C;«l'eri!ttaii,  and  on  the  E  by  Uash- 
niere,  and  on  the  S  by  Candahar.  It  is  ii 
t'lMiiiiry  highly  diverNificd;  consisting  of 
iii.iuntaliis  covered  with  eternal  snow  ; 
hills  of  mcMlerate  height  ai\d  easy 
MHCcnt  j  rich  plains  and  stately  forests ; 
and  these  enlivened  by  innumerable 
lU'eams.  It  produees  every  article  ne- 
rcssary  to  human  life,  with  the  most 
delicate  fruits  and  tlowers.  It  is  some- 
times called  Zabulistan,  from  Zabid, 
one  of  the  names  of  Ghi/ni,  which  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  tlie  country.  This 
province  it  subject  to  the  king  of  Can- 
duhar. 

Cabul,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cubid,  and  of  the  dominions  of  the  king 
(if  Candahar,  seated  near  the  foot  of 
the  Hindoo-ko,  and  the  source  of  the 
Attock,  which  nms  near  it.  Its  sitii- 
»tion  is  spoken  of  in  terms  of  rap- 
ture by  the  Indian  historians,  being  no 
less  romantic  than  pleasant  i  and  it  has 
withip  its  reach,  the  iruits  and  other 
products  both  of  the  temperate  And  tor- 
rid 2one.  In  a  political  light  it  is  coii- 
!<idered  as  the  gate  of  India  towards 
Tartary.  It  is  680  miles  N  W  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  68  58  E,  lat.  34  36  N. 

Cacaca,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  with  a  fort  upon  a  rock.  The 
Moors  retook  it  from  tlie  Spaniards  in 
1534.     Lon.  2  55  W,  lat.  35  2  N. 

Cacoet,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estra- 
madura,  famous  fv>r  its  iine  wool,  and 
seated  on  the  Sabrot,  32  miles  S  E  of 
Aleanta-a.     Lon.  5  44  E,  lat.  39  11  N. 

Cachjn,  or  Catfian,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  Irae  Agemi,  where  the/  carry  on  u 
considerable  trade  in  silks,  silver  and 
gold  brocades,  and  fine  earthen  ware. 
There  are  many  Christians  and  Gue- 
brcs,  or  worshippers  of  fire,  in  this 
place.  It  is  seated  in  a  vast  plain,  55 
miles  N  by  W  of  Ispaliau.  Lon.  51  55 
E,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Cachao,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  in  Tonquin,  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Hoti,  80  miles  from 
the  gulf  of  Tonquin.  It  contains  20,000 
houses,  whose  walls  are  of  mud,  and 
the  roofs  covered  with  thatch.  The 
houses  of  the  English  factory  is  the 
best  in  the  place.  The  trading  p  -ople 
sue  civil  to  strangers,  but  the  great 
men  are  haughty,  and  the  poor  tniev- 
ish.  They  are  pagans  and  have  a  great 
number  of  pag^odas.     The   ftctorits 


CAD 

piirrhasc  silks  and  lackered  wsre,  as 
in  China.     Loll.  Un,  Jl  E,  lat.  „'.'  10  N. 

(.'iif/ieo,  a  town  of  Negroland,  seated 
on  the  rivor  St.  Domingo.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  Portuguese,  who  have  three 
forts,  and  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  fla.\ 
and  sluvei.  Lon.  14  55  £,  lat.  13  0 
N. 

Cdtongo,  a  small  kingdom  of  Africa, 
on  the  river  Zaire.  The  inhabitants 
have  a  considerable  trade  ;  and  their 
manners,  religion  and  government,  aro 
the  same  as  in  Loango.  It  lies  in  lat. 
5  OS. 

Caeorla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, on  the  rivulet  Vega,  between  two 
mountains.  It  is  15  mile*  E  S  E  of 
Ubeda.     Lon.  2  55  E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Cadenac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  late  province  of 
Qiierci,  on  the  river  Lot,  27  miles  £ 
N  E  of  Catiors.  Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  44 
32  N. 

Cadenet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
28  miles  S  E  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  30 
E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Cadillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gironde  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne, with  a  handsome  castle,  15  m. 
S  E  of  Boi  rdeaux.  Lon.  0  23  W,  lat. 
44  40  N. 

Cadiz,  a  large  and  rich  city  of  Spain 
in  Andalusia,  with  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  a  bishop's  see,  and  seated  on  an  is- 
land, 18  miles  in  length  and  nine  in 
breadth  i  but  the  N  W  end,  where  the 
city  stands,  is  not  two  broad.  It  has  A 
communication  witli  the  cantinent,  by 
a  bridge.  The  bay  formed  by  it  is  12 
miles  in  length  and  six  in  breadth.  Th« 
S  side  is  inaccessible  by  sea  because  it 
is  edg^d  with  craggy  rocks  i  and  two 
forts,  the  Piintal  and  Matagorda,  com- 
mand the  passage  into  the  harbour. 
Except  the  Callt  Aneha,  all  the  streets 
iu-e  narrow,  ill-paved  and  insufferably 
stinking.  The  roofs  are  flat,  covered 
with  an  impenetrable  cement,  and  few 
are  without  a  turret  for  the  purpose  of 
commanding  a  view  of  the  sea.  High 
above  all  these,  stands  the  tower  of 
signals.  Here  flags  are  hung  out  on 
the  first  sight  of  u  sail,  marking  the 
size  of  tlie  ship  and  the  nation  it  bea 
longs  to.  The  equare  of  St,  Antonioia 
large  and  tolerably  handsome,  and  there 
are  a  few  smaller  openings  of  no  great 
note.  The  public  walk  or  Alameda  ia 
pleasant  in  the  eveninff.    The  se*  mt 


fc^  ' 


\m 


C  A  E 


C  A  F 


prevents  \hr  ipcch  tVom  ilii'UinjT,  ""il 
(li'sinnt  ull  liiijii-H  lit  lutiirc  ith^iili' 
■VVi'stw.iril  of  till'  Aliiiiit'ciu  is  CaiiiiKi- 
» i.iln,  u  I'liyc  cKiil.iiw.'li',  r.iu  ii'il_>  iiir- 
iii^'  for  coaiMCH.  ()|),i  .^itc  to  it  in  tlu' 
loj'iri'.^i  lit'  St.  S(iiiJi.Hii,  liiiilt  on  .• 
ik'jIc  III  lii'iil  iMi;iiiiii>f  "III  nlo  iIk!  bcu, 
Tl.i'  i(i.iii;l  t.iwiT  lit  til'-  txtiiinitj  ii 
■ii|>pof<i'.l  to  li.i>f  tt.nftl  tin"  city  in  ilii- 
c;i,t.i(|  I  'u  ill  1^5,),  fniiii  biiinf  hvvi'IM 
l»vv...i  !>..  tlic-  t\\r\  .if  the  wiui'N.  'I'lu' 
ilLl  iii'aiU.t  lire  i-diiiputrd  itt  100, OuO. 
It  iti  u  vci)  aiiciciit  plm  r,  Ixiii^'  built 
li;  tiic  I'lif.-iL.'i.iMS  j  It  w:n  iil'ui  wiinls 
a  i<i.>i.,ii  iii\v;i  i  iiinl  iliiTi"  iuo  still  Hc- 
vci':'.l  it'iii  li.is  of  H'liii^ih  uiitiijiiitii'H.  It 
in  4j  iiiiKs  \V  of  i;il)raU.ir,  and  90  W 
hv  H  of  Malaga.  Lon.  6  11  W,  lat.  31) 
3"t  N. 

Cuilnye,  tlic  capital  of  the  (liotrirt  of 
C.diiriii",  in  It.ilv,  15  in  Ics  N  of  Ucl- 
luio.     Lon.  IJOE,  hit.  4^)  :28  N. 

C\il  iriii'),  a  p.oviiu'i' uf  I'll),  in  the 
tor  .tiiry  oi'  ViMicc  ;  boiiiidctl  on  tlic  li 
In  Fr''  ill  Propir,  on  tlie  .S  and  W  by 
till-  il'ii'uu'Hc,  a. id  'in  t'.i-  N  by  llrixcn. 
Till'  I'l  I't  towi  in  Cadorc. 

<.'m:.i,iii.I,  an  isluiid  on  the  N  roast  of 
Fliiii'.loi-s,  at  the  in  mtli  of  the  iiclicld, 
W  li  'h  river  it  C'liniii  .;uIh. 

(,'.'('«,  n  co'isidei'id)le  city  of  France, 
in  t'.i:  ilei.irt  uc'it  ot' Calvados  and  late 
nvn,  oof  L  iwcr  N  iriuaiid;  .ol'wiiicli 
it  w  iH  t'le  c.pital.  It  lins  a  celebr.ited 
uni.eiHity,  and  an  acidcmy  of  litcra- 
t'l"',  iiiid  Uie  inhabitants  are  comp'.ilril 
nt  4').;j')0.  U'illiaiii  the  conqueror  \v. is 
buried  iiere  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Steplicii, 
w'lii  !i  lie  founded.  The  liver  Oi'iie 
runs  ihioiig'h  the  city,  to  which  the 
till"  brings  up  laiK'e  vessels.  It  is  65 
niiii's  W  by  S  of  Rouen,  and  125  W 
of  P.  ris.     Lon.  0  17  W,  lat.  49  11  N. 

C\ier.  For  some  places  that  bejfin 
th'is,  as  Cuerditt,  see  under  Car. 

Cueiie'tn,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tlmrsdav.  It  was  a 
lloiiian  town,  as  is  evident,  from  the 
(intiqMlties  found  here  ;  nnd  it  has  the 
ruins  of  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Usk,  19  miles  S  W  of  Monmouth,  and 
148  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  0  W, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Caerphitty,  a  town  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  live  miles 
N  of  LandaH',  and  158  W  of  London, 
Lon.  3  18  W,  lat  51  33  N. 

Caeneent,  a  village  in  Monmouth- 
shire, famous  for  a  beautiful  tcsselated 
pavement,  discovered  here  in  1777 ; 
W^  asserted  to  be  superior  to  any  such 


diacovf rfd  on  this  nirle  the  Alps,  .ini 
••ipial  to  lliose  prcstTvi-d  :il  I'orti' i 

Cajfa,  a  town  of  the  Criiiu'a,  with  an 
!•  xcfllciit  li.rrboiir  :  it  in  Hralcd  on  thi' 
Ulack  Sta,  1.60  miles  N  K  of  Constun. 
tinoplr.      Loii.iJ  A,S  K,  lat.  45  H  N 

(■'<iffa,  Sfi-iiit  of,  the  amiiiil  t  iiiu 
ini'i'iun  Uosplioriis,  a  strait  that  fornix 
the  coiniiiiiiiication  brtwien  the  Itlutlc 
Sea  and  the  itea  of  Asoph. 

f.\ijfr,t>iii,  a  very  extensive  country  nf 
AfiiC.i,  boiiiidt'd  on  the  N  by  NcktoIuikI 
and  Alnssiiiia,  on  the  \V  by  (larl  ofOiii 
Ilea,  Ciinjfo,  and  the  si-.i  ;  or,  tin-  S  liy 
the  Cape  of  (iood  llnpi*,  and  on  the  K 
b)  the  sea.  The  CalVrcs  uie  tall  ami 
widl  proportioned  ;  and,  in  (general,  c- 
viiice  ici'eat  cnuraffc  in  attacking  lioiw 
and  other  beasts  of  |)i'ey.  Their  colour 
is  a  jet  black,"  their  teeth  white  hh 
ivoi'j,  and  their  eyes  large.  The  elodi 
ing  oflioth  sexes  is  the  same,  consist- 
ing- entirely  of  the  hides  of  oxen,  wliitli 
are  as  pliant  as  cloth.  The  men  wiav 
tails  ofdiirei'ciit  animals  tied  round  their 
thigiis;  p  eces  of  brass  in  their  hair, 
and  large  ivoj-y  rings  on  their  arms ; 
they  are  adorned  also  w'th  the  hair  nf 
lions,  and  feathers  fastened  on  their 
hca(I.i,  with  many  other  fantastical  or- 
naments. They  are  extremely  fond  of 
dogs,  and  if  one  particularly  pleases 
Hit  m,  they  will  give  two  buUocki  in 
exchange  for  it,  their  whole  exercise 
is  hunting,  fighting,  or  dancing.  They 
are  expert  in  throwingtheir  lances,  and 
in  time  of  war,  use  shields  made  of  the 
hides  of  oxen.  The  women  are  em- 
])loyed  in  the  cultivation  of  their  gar- 
dens and  corn.  They  cultivate  scvcial 
vegetables,  which  are  not  indigenous 
to  tlie  ccMntry,  a»  tobacco,  watermel- 
ons, kiili.  <.. .ans,  and  hemp.  The  men 
have  g>  eat  pride  in  tlieir  cattle  ;  anil 
cut  their  horns  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
able  to  turn  them  into  an)'  sliape  they 
])lease  j  when  they  wish  their  cattle  to 
return,  they  go  a  little  way  from  the 
house  and  blow  h  whistle,  which  is 
made  of  bone,  njid  so  constructed  as  to 
be  heard  at  a  great  distance,  and  in 
this  manner  bring  them  all  home  with- 
out any  difficulty.  Their  huts  are  high- 
er and  more  commodious  than  those  of 
the  Hottentots,  and  their  lands  more 
fertile  ;  but  their  oxen  ami  almost  all 
their  animals,  are  much  smaller.  They 
entertain  a  very  high  oi)inion  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  and  of  his  power:  they 
believe  in  a  future  state  of  re  wards  anil 
puiiislunents,   but    have  no   idea  of 


C  A  F 


tliU  niclf  the  Alps,  and 

.  i„virr\ril  111  rcirtiri 
-nnttln-  CriiiKM,  witli  ail 
l,.M\r  :   It   i«  Hfrili'il  im  'li'" 
■,0  inilrn  N  l'^  of  Coiixtuii- 
,;U4Al'.,  lut.43HN 
it  of,    till-    aM<i>'ii<     *■""• 

,„l'llH,   tt  Hliuil  (lull  fniun 

,iiti<m  l)<uviin  the  »lu<  k 

ic;i  of  A>«i\)l>. 

I  >,nc\»ii>Hivc  country  nt 

l,.a.mtlM-NbyN»-KmUiul 

■I,  on  tlu-  NV  l.>  purl  "I  li«;>- 

lui.i  Oil'  H.:i  i  '".  tlic  s  iiy 
(;(ioa  lli-i"-'  «'"! ""  *'"^ ''; 

Tilt;  CiilVr«-s  uif  tall  lunl 
ioiit-a  1  uiul.  in  Ktnei'ill.  c 
cnuniicc  in  iittackmu  lioii^ 
•iislsofpn-V.  Tliiip  cnlo.ii 
ack;  tlu'lr  tc.-tli  vvl.itc  !.s 
lieircvcitWKf.  Tlif  ••I'j'l' 
sfxcs'istlii-  uiiim',  coiiMSt- 
oftlic-  liiilcsofoxfii.wliicli 

t  u»  clolti.     'I'll'-  '»i"'»  ^^''■'!'' 
rent  animiaxtio.l  round  tlii;ir 

fos  of  l)rass  in  tluir  huir, 
iv.g'v  rinK'it  on  tlii-lr  arms  ; 
lonifd  also  w-.lh  the  Imir  nt 
icutlicrs  fastened  on  then- 
li  many  oth«r  fantiiHlical  or- 
They  are  extremely  fond  of 
if  one  particularly  pleases 

,•  will  K'^'-"   ^^^"  *-"*'"'^''*  '" 
for  ;t,  tlicir  whole  exercise 
fiKlitintf,  or  dancing.  Thev 
in  throwing  their  lances,  and 
war,  use  shields  made  of  the 
xcn.    The   women  ore  tm- 
he   cultivation  of  their  gar- 
orn.    They  cultivate  several 
,  which  are  not  indiKenom 
nrv,  as  tobacco,  watcrmel- 
ans,  and  hemp.  The  men 
pride   in  tlieir  cattle  •.  an.l 
lorns  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
n  them  into  any  shape  they 
hen  they  wish  their  cattle  to 
cv  tfo  a  little  way  from  tht 
■i  'blow  it  whistle,  which  is 
jne,  and  so  constructed  as  to 
It   a  irreat  distance,   and  in 
pr  bring  them  all  home  with- 
fficulty.  their  huts  are  high- 
re  commodious  than  those  ol 
rtots,  and  their  lands   more 
It  their  oxen  ami  almost  all 
als,  are  much  smaller.  They 
I  very  high  opinion  of  the  S«- 
mff,  and  of  his  power :  thev 
a  future  state  of  rewards  m 
lis,   but    have  no   idea  oi 


C  A  I 

the  creation,  tliinkinic  tlint  the  worltl 
liad  ii«  li  'ginning',  and  will  vwr  con- 
liiiiie  ill  iti  prcKint  stud',  'riirv  have 
no  .tai'i'ed  ecr'-iiioiiliM,  ai  /.  iii'M'r  pra\  i 
tliev  iiiHlriict  tlii'irrlijlilien  thciiiHi'lieH, 
li,i\iiig  no  priests  ;  hut  instead  oftluin 
.1  Iviiid  of  conjurors  whom  tliey  (greatly 
icMie.  'I'liey  arc  ffovcriud  hy  an  lu'r- 
(diiary  kinjr,  whose  power  is  very  lim- 
it.il,  recriviiig  no  tux,  anil  liuviii);'  no 
triKips  at  liis  iiiininaiid  i  lieliiif  pcniiit- 
ti(l  to  tiilft-  art  iiiaiiy  wives  as  lie  picas- 
is,  he  has  a  iargrr  portion  of  land  to 
ciillivalr,  and  a  (^nuter  number  of  cat- 
ll(  lo  lend  uiiil  rccii.  Mis  laliin  is  nci. 
ilicr  hi^'liir,  nor  biltei  driorali  il  I'lan 
lilt'  rest  ;  and  liis  wiiole  family  Ine  a- 
oMind  liiiii,  coniposiiig  a  ^roiip  ol'  I'^or 
I.)  huts.  'I'lie  distanre  of  the  dilierenl 
liordes  makes  it  necessary  that  they 
should  have  inferior  chiefs,  wiioare  ap- 
|iiiiiited  by  the  kinpf. 

Ciigti,  an  ancient  episcoiial  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  diitchy  of  Urbiiio,  at  the 
tiiot  of  the  Appenniiies,  'JO  ni'les  S  of 
Urbino.     I,on.  12  42  K,  lat.  4J  26  N. 

Ciigliari,  an  ancient  and  rich  city,  ca- 
]iital  of  Sardinia,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  a  universitv,  a  castle,  and  u  good 
liurbour.     Lon.'a  14  li,  lat.  39  27  N. 

Cithokia,  a  post  town  in  Indiana  ter- 

itory,  and   St.  Clair  county,  standing 

iin  the  E  side  of  the  river  Mississippi, 

6.1  mill's  N  by  W  of  Kaskaskias,   and 

y6;}  from  Washington. 

Ca/ior«,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lot  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Qtierci,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  a  pen- 
iimila  made  by  the  river  Lot,  and  built 
partly  on  a  craggy  rock.  There  arc 
tliree  bridges  over  the  river.  The  cath- 
cdral  is  a  Gothic  structure,  and  has  a 
large  square  steeple.  Caliocs  is  50 
miles  N  \V  of  Alby,  and  287  S  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  1  32  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Cajanaburg,  the  capital  of  E  Both- 
nia, in  Sweden,  on  Lake  Cajania,  300 
miles  N  E  of  Abo.  Lon.  27  45  E,  lat. 
(4  13  N. 

C'ajazzo,  or  Cajizzo,  an  episcopal 
tfiwn  of  Naples,  in  Terri  di  Lavora,  22 
miles  N  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  34  £, 
lat.  41  10  N. 

Caicoa,  islands  of  the  West  Indies, 
lo  the  N  of  St.  Domingo,  which  takes 
their  name  from  the  principal  one. 
l.on,  7130  W,  lat.  21-40  N. 

Caifvng,  a  large  and  popul"'i8  city  of 
China,  seated  on  the  Hoang-ho,  in  the 
|)i(ivincc  of  Honaji.  When  besieged  by 


C  A  I 


iliry  cut  tlic  dikes 
liownrd  .]()U,00U 
Lou.  11.)  27  E,  lat. 


the  rehcli  in   1642, 
lit'   the    riicr,    wliiil 
of  the  inhuhitants. 
.1.1  U  N, 

(.'aimtin  Itliini/n,  in  the  West  ImiIIch, 
to  the  N  VV  of  jainalr  I,  IkIwccu  81 
aid  »()•  W  lon,  and  'Jl»  N  lit. 

f.'iiini,  a  post  town  ^lUil  tlic  cajiital  of 
Ciiiiibirlaiid  cdMiity,  \'iii(.n'u,  I'K)  ni. 
from  Wasliington.  A  iiaiiie,  eiiiiiineni- 
opi.tiM'  iif  Kniirh  mailiu.is.  vei-y  im- 
lU'operly  given  tu  an  Aiiicricuii  seat  of 
,|ustiee  ! 

Ctiinigorm,  a  mountain  of  Srotlaiul, 
in  the  K  of  luxiriuss-s'Mre,  fain.ii.s  t'or 
h'liiiiifiil  roik  iivstals  of  various  tiiitM, 
some  (ifwliicii  lia\ing  tin'  I'istxr  i,f  lin<! 
gems,  bring  a  high  pri^e.  Its  lolly 
top  is  patched  witii  snow. 

Cairo,  or  Cr.vid  Cairo,  a  larn'c  city, 
capit.il  of  Kgypt,  with  a  casth-  liiiilt  oa 
a  riK  k.  It  isd.viited  into  the  New  and 
Old  Cities  i  Old  Cairo  is  on  the  K  sldir 
of  the  Nile,  and  almost  uiiinhnhlled- 
Ni;w  Cairo  is  a  mile  fro.n  the  ri>cr 
NIK-,  and  seven  miles  in  circumference, 
'i'he  stri'ets  are  so  narrow  and  winding, 
that  it  is  imniissilile  to  fullow  their  di- 
rection amid  the  multitudes  of  houses 
which  stand  erowiliiig  on  each  other. 
The  castle  includes  the  palaces  of  the 
sultans  of  Egypt,  now  almost  buried 
under  their  own  ruins  ;  domes  over- 
thrown, heaps  of  rubbish,  gilding,  and 
pictures,  the  colours  of  which  have  de- 
fied corroding  time,  sta  ely  marble  co- 
lumns  still  .standing,  but  in  general 
without  capitals  ;  such  arc  the  tokens 
of  its  former  magnificence.  From  Jo- 
seph's hall,  there  is  a  delightful  ])ros- 
pect  over  the  city,  the  pyramids,  and 
all  the  country  round.  It  was  probt- 
bly  a  terrace  to  that  magnificent  room 
which  is  now  open  on  the  top,  and  is 
adorned  with  large  beautiful  pillars  of 
red  (granite.  There  are  several  public 
bagnios,  very  handsome  within,  and 
used  Ks  places  of  refieshment  and'di- 
vcrsioii,  especially  for  the  women,  who 
go  there  twice  a  week  ;  but  the  wives 
of  great  men  have  baths  at  home.  It  is 
exceedingly  populous  ;  several  families 
living  in  one  house,  and  a  number  of 
people  living  in  each  room  i  and  in  the 
busy  time  of  the  day,  the  streets  are  so 
crowded,  that  it  is  difKcult  to  pass 
along.  The  women  have  greater  liber- 
ty here  than  in  any  part  of  the  Turkish 
empire  ;  and  there  pa-e  particular  streets 
where  the  courtesans  sit  at  the  doors, 
richly  dressed.    The  Calishis  a  caital 


1 


%m 


W 


\\ 


I 


-Id' 


C  A  L 


C  A  L 


which  conveys  the  waters  of  the  Nile 
into  the  city  ;  it  is  20  I'ctt  broad,  ai  rl 
has  lioiises  on  eacli  side  of  it.  As  soon  as 
the  water  bepfins  to  i-ise,  they  close  tlic 
month  of  the  canal  with  eartii,  and 
place  a  mark,  to  show  the  time  when 
this  and  all  other  canals  in  the  km)>-- 
dom  are  to  he  opened,  wiiich  is  done 
with  gTcat  solemnity.  There  iire  not 
less  than  .^OO  mosques  in  Cairo,  the 
lofty  minarets  of  which  present  a  vcr} 
pictnresqiie  appearance.  The  Euro- 
peans have  consuls  and  factors  here  ; 
and  it  was  a  place  of  very  great  trade, 
before  the  discovery  of  the  Capo  of 
Good  Hope.  It  v.'as  taken  by  the  French 
under  Bonap.irte,  in  their  late  expedi- 
tion to  Eg'V]>t.  It  is  100  miles  S  of  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Nile.  Lon.  31  27  E,  lat. 
30  2  N. 

Cairoan,  or  Kairoan,  a  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  on  the  river  Ma- 
prida,  80  miles  S  of  Tunis.  i<on.  10 
I'"  E,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Caithnesshire,  the  most  nortlierly 
rount)-  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  tlie  ocean,  on  the  S  and  S  W  by 
Strathnaven  and  Sutherland.  On  the 
N  it  is  waslied  by  the  I'cntland  frith, 
wliich  flows  between  this  country  and 
the  Orkneys.  Its  greatest  extent  is 
35  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  20  from  E 
to  W.  llie  wliole  S  VV  part  is  occu- 
pied by  great  mountains,  the  abode  of 
roes  aiul  a  variety  of  game  ;  and  the 
lakes  are  often  resorted  to  by  numerous 
water-fowls.  A  vast  ridge  of  hills  forms 
the  S  W  boundary,  ending  ia  the  pro- 
montory called  the  Ord  of  Caithness. 
Along  the  side  of  this  steep  hill,  im- 
pending, in  a  manner,  above  the  sea,  a 
winding  road  is  cut,  wliich  is  the  only 
entrance  into  tliis  shire  from  the  S. 
The  climate  is  good,  and  tlie  soil  ai'ound 
tlie  coast  very  imjiroveable.  Its  chief 
exports  are  beef,  meal,  barley,  butter, 
cheese,  yarn,  skins,  feathers,  and  kelp. 
English  is  chiefly  spoken  on  the  coast, 
but  in  the  highlands  Uie  Gaelic  pre- 
vails. 

Calabria,  a  country  of  Naples,  divided 
into  Calabria  Citeriorc,  and  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  or  Hitlier  and  Further  Ca- 
labria. The  first  is  one  of  the  12  pro-- 
vinces  of  Naples,  bounded  on  the  S  by 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  on  the  N  by  Basili- 
cata,  and  on  the  W  and  E  by  the  Me- 
diterranean. Cosenza  is  the  capital. 
Calabria  Ulteriore  is  washed  by  tlie 
Mediterranean  on  the  E,  S,  and  W, 
and  bounded  by  Calkbria  Citeriore  on 


the  N.  Reggio  is  the  capital.  This 
country  was  entirely  deiolated  by  the 
oaithquakes  in  March  and  February 
178.3.  Ilcside  the  destruction  of  many 
(  \vns,  villages  and  farms,  above  40,000 
jicoplc  perished  by  this  calamity. 
Stupendous  alterations  were  occasion, 
ed  on  the  fiice  of  vhe  coimtry.  Moun- 
tains were  split,  and  valleys  formed  in 
an  instant  j  new  rivers,  began  to  flow  ; 
oti.crs  choaked  up  by  the  falling  in  of 
the  hills  were  converted  into  lakes  or 
sunk  into  the  earth  and  desti'oyed, 
plantations  were  removed  from  their 
situr.tifins,  and  hills  carried  to  places 
far  tlistant.  The  eai-thquakes  (for  there 
were  m.-iny  shocks)  vented  their  great- 
est force  from  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
nincs,  extending  westward  to  the  sea, 
in  all  which  vast  tract,  there  was  not 
a  single  village  or  town,  which  was  not 
either  totally  destroyed,  or  veiy  much 
daniiiged. 

Caiahorra,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Spain,  in  old  Castile,  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  which  extends  to  tlie  Ebro,  70 
miles  E  of  Burgos.  Lon.  2  7  W,  lat. 
42  12  N. 

Calais,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  ])rovince  of  Picardy,  with  a  citadel. 
It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  one 
side  of  which  is  tow.irds  the  sea.  The 
fortifications  are  good  ;  but  its  greatest 
strength  is  its  situation  among  the 
marsiies,  which  may  be  overflowed  at 
the  approach  of  an  enemy.  lu  time  of 
peace  there  are  packet  boats  which 
g^)  twice  a  week  between  Dover  and 
Calais.  It  is  21  miles  E  S  E  of  Dover, 
and  152  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  56  E,  lat. 
50  58  N. 

Calais,  St.  a  to\vn  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Sarte  and  late  province 
of  Maine,  16  miles  N  "W  of  Vendome. 

Calainata,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  the  Morea.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Spinarza,  eight  miles  fVom  the 
Mediterranean.  Lon.  21  55  £,  lat.  37 
0  N. 

Calamianet,  three  small  islands  of 
Asia,  between  Borneo  and  the  Philip- 
pines, and  N  of  Parag^.  Lon.  118  5 
E,  lat.  HON. 

Calatajud,  a  town  of  Spaini  in  Ar- 
ragon,  at  the  confluence  of  Xalnn  end 
Xiloca,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  37 
miles  S  W  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  1  9  W, 
lat.  41  42  N. 

Calatrava,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  the  chief  place  of  the  military 


C  A  L 

Reggio  is  the  capital.  This 
was  entirely  de»olated  by  the 
ikes  in  March  and  February 
Icside  the  destruction  of  many 
illa(^es  and  farms,  above  40,000 

perished  by  tliis  calamity. 
oils  ulterations  were  occasion- 
e  face  of  vhe  country.  Moun- 
re  split,  and  valleys  formed  in 
It ;  new  rivers,  began  to  flow  ; 
houked  up  by  the  falling  in  of 
I  were  converted  into  lakes  or 

0  the  earth  and  desti-oyed, 
ns  were  removed  from  their 
s,  and  hills  carried  to  places 
nt.  The  earthquakes  (for  there 
iny  shocks)  vented  their  great- 
;  from  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
xtcnding  westward  to  the  sea, 
lich  vast  tract,  there  was  not 
village  or  town,  which  was  not 
itally  destroyed,  or  very  much 

■jrra,  an  episcopal  town  of 
»  old  Castile,  on  the  side  of  a 
ich  extends  to  tlie  Ebro,  70 
of  Burgos.     Lon.  2  7  W,  lat. 

,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
Knt  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
ince  of  Picardy,  with  a  citadel, 
t  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  one 
^liich  is  tow.trds  the  sea.  The 
ions  are  good  ;  but  its  greatest 
is  its  situation  among  the 
,  which  may  be  overflowed  at 
3ach  of  an  enemy.  In  time  of 
lere  are  packet  boats  which 
;  a  week  between  Dover  and 
It  is  21  miles  E  S  E  of  Dover, 
N  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  56  E,  lat. 

St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
jnt  of  Sarte  and  late  province 
,  16  miles  N  W  of  Vendome. 
ata,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
the  Morea.  It  stands  on  the 
linarza,  eight  miles  ftom  the 
•aiiean.    Lon.  21  55  E,  lat.  37 

ianet,  three  small  islands  of 
tween  Borneo  and  the  Philip- 
id  N  of  Parago.    Lon.   118  5 

1  0  N. 

)ud,    a  tovm  of  Spaing  in  Ar- 

t  the  confluence  of  Xalon  end 

ivith  a  castle  on  a  rock,  37 

V  of  Saragossa.    Lon.  1  9W, 

!N. 

iva,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 

:he  chief  place  of  the  military 


C  A  L 

order  of  the  knights  of  Calatrava,  It 
is  seated  near  tlie  Guadiana,  80  miles 
S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  20  W,  lat.  ,39  4 
N. 

Calben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
old  marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a 
good  castle  32  miles  N  of  Magdeburg-. 

Catc'ar,  atown  of  the  dutchy  of  Cleves, 
seated  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  S  E. 
of  Cleves.     Lon.  5  55  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Calcinato,  atown  of  Italy,  in  tlie  M;iii- 
tuan,  remarkable  for  a  victory  gained 
over  the  Austi-iuns,  by  tlie  Frencli,  in 
1706.  It  is  25  miles  NE  of  Milan.  Lon. 
9  52  E,  lat  45  45  N. 

Calcutta,  or  Fort  William,  the  empo- 
riam  of  Bengal,  situate  on  the  E  side 
of  the  Hoogly,  or  western  arm  of  the 
Ganges,  100  miles  from  the  sea,  in  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  It  i.i  a  modern  city  hav- 
ing risen  on  the  site  of  the  village  of 
Govinjjour,  about  90  years  ago.  It  ex- 
tends fi'om  the  western  point  of  Fort 
William;  along  the  banks  of  the  river, 
almost  to  the  village  of  Cossi]joor,  four 
miles  and  a  half;  the  breadth,  in  many 
parts  inconsiderable.  Generally  speak- 
ing, the  description  of  one  Indian  city 
is  a  description  of  all;  being  all  built  on 
one  plan,  with  very  narrow  and  crooked 
streets;     an  incredible  number  ofrc- 

rvoirs  and  pond«,  andagreatmanygar- 
dens  interspersed.  A  few  of  the  streets 
are  paved  with  brick.  The  houses  are 
variously  built :  some  of  brick,  others 
with  mud,  and  a  greater  proportion 
with  bamboos  and  mats  :  these  differ- 
ent kinds  of  fabrics,  intermixed  with 
each  other,  form  a  motley  appearance. 
Those  of  the  latter  kinds  are  invariably 
of  one  story,  and  covered  with  thatch ; 
those  of  brick  seldom  exceed  two  floors, 
and  have  flat  terraced  roofs  :  thv:  two 
former  classes  far  outnumber  tlic  last, 
which  are  so  thinly  scattered,  that  fires, 
which  often  happen,  do  not,  sometimes, 
meet  with  tlie  obstruction  of  a  brick- 
house  through  a  whole  street  Altho'  by 
much  the  greatest  part  of  Calcutta  is 
built  upun  this  plan,  yet  the  quarter  in- 
habited by  the  English  is  an  exception 
to  this  rule  of  building ;  being  compo- 
sed entirely  of  brick-buildings,  many 
of  which  have  more  the  appearance  of 
palaces  than  of  private  houses.  The 
line  of  buildings  that  surrounds  two 
sides  of  the  esplanade  of  the  fort  is 
magnificent ;  and  it  adds  greatly  to  the 
superb  appearance,  that  the  houses  are 
detached  from  each  other,  and  insula- 
ted in  a  great  space.    The  buildings  | 


C  A  L 

are  all  on  a  large  scale,  from  the  neces- 
sity of  having  a  free  circulation  of  air  in 
a  climate,  the  heat  of  wliitli  is  extreme. 
The  general  approach  to  tiie  houses  is 
by  a  flight  of  steps  with  great  project- 
ing porficoes,  or  surrounded  by   colon- 
nades or  arcades,  wliic  h  give  them  tiia 
appearance   of  Grecian   temples.     But 
the  remainder  of  the  city,  and  by  much 
the  greater  part,  is  built  as  before  de- 
scribed.    Within  these  20  or  25  years, 
CalcMitta  has  been  wonderfully  impro- 
ved both  in  appearance  and  in  the  salu- 
brity of  the  air,  for  tlic  streets  have  been 
properly  drained,  and  the  ponds  filled 
up.     It   is  sui)posed  to  contain  at  least 
500,000    inhabitants.     The  mixture  of 
European  and  Asiatic  manners  that  may 
be  observed  here,  is  curious  :  coaches, 
phaetons,  cliaises,  with  tlic  palanquins 
and  hackeries  of  the   natives,  the  pass- 
ing ceremonies  of  the  Hindoos,  and  tlie 
ditlei-ent  appearances  of  the  fakirs  form 
a  sight  more    extraordinary,   perhaps, 
than  any  other  city  can  present.     TJu» 
hackery  here  mentioned  is  a  small  cov- 
ered carriage  upon  two  wheels,  drawn 
by  bullocks,  and  used  generally  for  the 
female  part  of  the  family.    The  Ganges 
is  navigable  up  to  the  town  for  the  lar- 
gest ships  that  visit  India.     Here  is  tlie 
seat  of  tlie  governor-general  and  council 
of  Bengal,  whohave  a  control  over  the 
presidencies  of  Madras,  Bonr.bay,  and 
Bencoolen.    Here  is  likewise  a  supreme 
couil  of  judicature,  in  which  justice  is 
dispensed  according  to  tlie  laws  of  En- 
gland, by  a  cliief  justice  and  three  pu- 
isne judges.     In  1756  Calcutta  was  ta- 
ken by  the  soubah  of  Bengal,  who  for- 
ced the  feelde  ^an'ison,  to  the  amount 
of  146  persons,  into  a  prison  called  the 
Black  Hole,  r  cube  of  13  feet,  outof 
whicli  only  23  came  alive.     It  was  reta- 
ken the  next  year  j  tlie  victory  of  Plassey 
followed;  and  the  inhuman  soubah  was 
deposed,  and  put  to  death  by  liis  succes- 
sor.    Immediately  after  this  victory  the 
erection  of  Fort   William  commenced, 
which  is  superior  to  smy  fortress  in  In- 
dia.    Calcutta    is    1030  miles  N  N  F. 
of  Madras.  Lon.  88  28  E,  lat.  22  23  N. 

Colder,  a  ri\er  in  Yorkshire,  which 
rises  on  the  border;*  of  Lancashire,  and 
falls  into  the  Aire  eight  miles  below 
Wakefield.  It  is  navigable  the  gi-eater 
part  of  its  course. 

Caledonia,  Nem,  a  large  island,  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean,  extending  from  19  to 
22»  S  lat.  and  from  163  to  167"  E  lon. 
It  was  discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in 


'    11 


i*®^SS 


■i^i 


C  A  L 

t"74.     The  iiiliabitants  are  stout,  tall, 
iiiul  in  general  will  proportioned,  their 
hair  and  beards  l)hitk,    and  niuch  friz- 
zled, so  as   to  be  somewhat   woolly   in 
some  individuals  j   they  besmear  their 
faces  with  black  pignient ;  and  their  only 
covering'  is  a   wrapper  made  from  the 
bark  of  a  tree,  or  of  leaves.     They  cul- 
tivate  the  soil  with  some  art  and  indus- 
try, but  subsist  chieHyon  roots  and  lish. 
I'lantains  and  sugar-canes  are  not  plen- 
tiful, bread-fruit  is  very  scarce,  and  the 
cocoa-nut  trees  are  but  thinly  jjlanted  ; 
but  tlicir  yams  and  laras  are  in  great  a- 
bundanre.      1  heir  lio\ises   are  circulai- 
like   a   bee   hive,  and  full  as  close  and 
_     warm.     The  framing  is  of  small  spars 
and  reeds )   and  both  sides  and  roof  are 
thick,  and   close  covered  with  thatch  ' 
made  of  di'ied  grass,  and  the  floor  laid 
with  dry  grass.      They  deposit  their 
dead  in  the  groimd,   anil   decorate  the 
gr:i*-e  of  tlicir  chiefs  with  sptars,  darts, 
patldks,    SiC.  all   stuck   upright  in  the 
ground  about  it.     They  are  of  a  pacific 
disijosltion,  and  their  women  are  much 
chaster  than   those  of  the  morf  eastern 
isl.'uuls. 

Ca/ciiberg,  a  castle  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  N)f  the  dutchy  of  Brunswick 
Calenberg,  seated  on 'the  river  I.cina, 
10  miles  S  of  Hanover.  Lon.  10  5  E, 
lat.  5'?  15  N. 

Caii,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Po- 
payan,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name, 
on  tlv  river  Canca.  The  governor  of 
the  province  generally  resides  here. 
I.on.  77  5  W,   hit.  3  15n. 

Calicut,  a  country  on  the  co.rit  of  Mal- 
:fbai',  62  miles  in  length,  and  as  nnich  in 
breadth.  It  ]5roduccs  ])eppcr,  ginger, 
aloes,  and  rice  ;  and  the  trees  are  al- 
ways green.  There  is  a  tree,  which 
produces  a  kind  of  dates,  from  which  is 
obtained  sugiir  and  oil.  This  country 
was  subject  to  Tippoo  Sultan,  regent  o'f 
'  'Mysore  ;  of  wliich  he  was  finally  slript 
by  the  K  India  Company  in  1799. 
'\Ciilkut,  a  city,  capital"  of  a  country  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  pm-t  visited  by 
F.uropean  shipjHng ;  being  discovered  b"v 
tlic  Portuguese,  when  thevcame  to  the 
K  Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in 
l-i'.'fi,  and  was  tlien  the  most  flourishing 
ph'ce  on  the  Malabai- coast.  The  Eii- 
.jg-li.sli  have  a  factory  here.  It  is  ;320 
miles  W  S  VV  of  Madras.  Lon.  74  24 
K.  lat.  11  18  N. 

California,  a  peninsula  of  N  America, 
in  the  N  Pacific  Ocean,  sepai'ated  from 


CAD 


the  VV  coast  of  America,  by  tlie  Ver- 
milion sea,  or  Gulf  of  California;  ex- 
tending S  E,  from  lat.  32*  N  to  Cape 
St.  Lucar,  in  lat.  23<'  N.  It  was  dis- 
covered  by  Cortes  in  1536;  and  is  said 
to  have  bef;n  visited  by  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  in  1578,  and  to  have  received 
from  him  the  name  of  New  Albion. 
This  latter  name,  which  belongs  t«  no 
part  of  tlic  ])eninsula,  but  to  a  country 
further  N,  between  37  and  45*  latitude ; 
the  harbour  of  Sir  Francis  Drake  being 
situate  in  about  110  23  W  lon.  and  38 
23  N  lat.  At  last,  on  the  expulsion  of 
tlie  Jesuits,  who  were  said  to  have  stu- 
diously depreciated  the  country,  the 
court  of  Madrid  a])])ointed  don  Joseph 
Galvcz  to  visit  this  peninsula.  His  ac- 
count of  the  country  was  favourable ;  ho 
found  the  pearl  fisncry  on  its  coast  to 
be  valuable,  and  he  discovered  mines  of 
gold  of  a  very  promising  appe  'ranee. 
At  present,  however,  California  (the 
natural  history  of  which  is  very  little 
known)  still  remains  among  tlie  most 
desolate  and  useless  districts  of  the 
Spanish  empire. 

Callao,  a  seaport  of  S  America,  in 
Peru.  The  harbour  is  the  best  in  the 
S  Sea.  It  was  almost  totally  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake,  in  1746.  It  is  five 
miles  from  Lima,  of  which  it  is  the  port. 
Lon.  76  52.  W,  lat.  12  2  S. 

Calla  Siitiing,  a  town  of  the  Island  of 
Bouton,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  is  a 
mile  from  the  sea,  on  the  top  of  a  liill, 
encompassed  with  cocoa-nut  trees. 
There  is  a  stone  wall  round  the  town, 
and  the  houses  are  built  on  posts.  The 
religion  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  Ma- 
hometan, and  they  speak  tlie  Malayan 
language.  The  people  are  smi  i,  well- 
shaped,  and  of  a  dark  olive  colour. 
Lon.  123  45  E,  lat.  50  S. 

Ctillen,  atown  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Kilkenny,  10  miles  S  W  of  Kilken- 
ny.    Lon.  7  6  W,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Calloo,  a  fortress  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  Waes,  on  the  Scheld, 
.subject  to  Austria :  it  is  five  miles  W  of 
Antwerp.  Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 
Calmai;  a  strong  seaport  of  Sweden, 
in  the  ,Jro^ince  of  Smoland,  divided 
from  the  isle  of  Oeland,  by  a  strait 
about  seven  miles  broad  in  its  narrow- 
est part.  On  an  eminence,  half  a  mile 
from  the  town,  is  the  castle,  the  only 
remains  of  its  ancient  mai^nificence. 
This  palace,  once  t!\e  residence  ofthe 
illustrious  queen  Margaret,  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  distiUerv.     it  is  150  miles 


A  U 


CAM 


CAM 


if  America,  by  the  Ver- 
■  GiiH'  of  California ;  ex- 
from  lat.  32*  N  to  Cape 
:it.  2j'  N.  It  was  dis- 
■tPs  ii<.  1536 ;  and  is  said 
visitcal  by  Sir  Francis 
78,  and  to  have  received 
;  name  of  New  Albion, 
tnc,  wiiich  belongs  to  no 
ninsiila,  but  to  a  country 
ivccn  37  and  45*  latitude ; 
Sir  Francis  Drake  being 
It  110  23  W  Ion.  and  38 
last,  on  the  expulsion  uf 
ho  were  said  to  have  stii- 
ciated  the  country,  tiie 
id  a])])ointed  don  Josepli 
;  this  peninsula.  His  ac- 
luntry  was  favourable ;  lio 
irl  fisncry  on  its  coast  to 
id  he  discovered  mines  of 
Y  promisinpf  appearance, 
lowevcr,  California  (tlu; 
y  of  which  is  very  little 
:mains  amonjf  the  most 
useless  districts  of  the 
e. 

;aport  of  S  America,  in 
arbour  is  the  best  in  the 
D  almost  totally  destroyed 
uake,  in  1746.  It  is  five 
na,  of  which  it  is  the  port. 
,  lat.  12  2  S. 

•,  a  town  of  the  Island  of 
e  Indian  Ocean.     It  is  a 
sea,  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
with    cocoa-nut    trees, 
le  wall  round  the  town, 
are  built  on  posts.    The 
inhabitants  is  the  Ma- 
they  speak  tlie  Malayan 
people  are  sm:  .1,  well- 
dark    olive  oolour. 
lat.  50  S. 
of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
10  miles  S  W  of  Kilken- 
VV,  lat.  53  28  N. 
ress  of  the  Netherlands, 
of  Waes,  on  the  Scheld, 
ria :  it  is  five  miles  W  of 
4  20  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 
on^  seaport  of  Sweden, 
of  Smoland,   divided 
of  Oeland,   by  a  strait 
Acs  broad  in  its  narrow- 
eminence,  half  a  mile 
is  the  castle,  the  only 
ancient  ma^^nificence. 
lice  the  residence  ofthe 
n  Margaret,  is  now  con- 
stiUerv.    U  is  150  miles 


)f  a 


S  W  of  Stockliolm.     Lon.  16  27  E,  lat. 
j(i  40  N. 

Cii/iie,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
ni;u'k(.-t  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two 
iiienibersto  ]>arliaincnt,  and  is  seated  on 
i{  river  of  tlic  same  name,  25  miles  E  of 
Bristol,  iuid  88  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1 
:<9  W,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Ca/vaJos,  a  lejjartment  of  France, 
tDrniirche-ndingjiarl  ofthe  late  province 
ol'  Normandj'. 

Cii/vi,  an  epiicopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
'r^-rra  di  Lavora,  eight  miles  N  of  Ca- 
[jiiu.     Lon.  14  19  E,  lat.  41  15  N. 

Cahi,  a  town  of  Corsica,  on  a  craggy 
mountain  and  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
witli  a  strong  fortress  and  a  goorl  har- 
bour. It  was  taken  from  the  French,  by 
the  Enghsh,  Aug.  10,  1774;  but  has 
been  since  retaken.  It  is  32  miles  S  W 
of  Bastia.     Lon.  9  16  E,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Catii,  or  Grant,  a  river  wh-'.-h  i-ises 
in  Herts,  and  rimniiig  N  E  by  Cam- 
bridge into  the  isle  of  Ely,  there  fai!*; 
into  the  Ouse,  to  which  river  it  is  navi- 
gable from  Cambridge. 

Camarat,  a  seajiort  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Finisterre  and  late  jiro- 
vincc  of  Brittany.  It  stands  on  a  bay 
ofthe  same  nam". 

Cambay,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Guzerat.  It 
stands  on  a  deep  and  dangerous  gulf  of 
tlic  same  name,  and  w.'<s  the  Camanes 
(if  Ptolemy.  Its  products  and  manufac- 
tures are  inferior  to  those  of  few  towns 
ill  India  ;  for  the  dountry  abounds  in 
corn,  cattle,  and  silk ;  and  cornelian 
and  agate  stones  are  founf?  ■"  1^"!  rivers. 
The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  em- 
broidery !  and  some  of  .heir  quilts  have 
been  valued  .it  40/.  It  is  subject  to  the 
Poonah  Mahrattas,  is  the  port  of  Ame- 
dabad,  from  which  it  is  distant  56 
miles.     Lon.  72  10  E,  lat.  22  25  N. 

Cmrtbodia,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Laos,  on  the  E  by' 
Cochin-China  and  Ciampa,  and  on  the 
S  and  W  by  the  gulf  and  kingdom  of 
Siam  ;  divided  by  a  large  river  called 
Mecan,  or  Cambodia,  which  annually 
overflows  the  country  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son, between  June  and  October. 

Cambodia,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
ofthe  same  name  in  Asia,  seated  on 
the  river  Mecan,  or  Cambodia,  150 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  104  5  E, 
l:<t.  13  10  N. 

Cambray,  a  fortified  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and 
late  province  ofthe  Cambrcsis.  It  ha^  k 


citadel  and  fort,  and  a  consiilcrablo 
manufacture  of  cambricks,  wiiicii  took 
tlieir  nanie  from  this  city.  It  is  scatc  d 
on  tiie  Scheld,  22  miles  S  E  of  Arras, 
and  102  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  20  h,  lai. 
50  11  N. 

Ciimhreais,  a  late  province  of  France, 
2.')  miles  in  length  ;  bounded  on  the  I' 
and  E  by  Hainuult,  ou  the  S  by  Picar- 
dy,  and  on  the  W  by  Artois.  Cam- 
bray is  tlic  capital ;  and  it  is  now  rom- 
prchendcd  in  the  department  of  the 
North. 

Cambrld/fc,  the  county-town  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  scat  of  a  celebrated 
university.  It  takes  the  name  of  Cam- 
biidge  froni  the  bridge  over  the  Cam, 
which  di'ides  the  town  into  two  parts. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  who,  on 
entering  upon  his  office,  takes  an  oath 
to  maintain  the  privileges  of  the  uni- 
ve-slty.  The  town  "  all  and  shire-house 
are  the  only  buildings  of  note  that  do 
not  belong  to  the  university  :  the  coun- 
ty-gaol is  the  gatehouse  of  an  ancient 
castle,  built  by  William  tlie  Conqueror. 
It  has  a  mark-.'t  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday;  and  in  tlie  m.-a'ket-phioe, 
which  consists  of  two  spacious  oblong 
squares,  united  together,  is  a  conduit 
that  is  coiistantiy  running.  The  uni- 
versity is  supposed  to  have  been  found- 
ed vluring  the  heptarchy.  It  enjoys 
great  privileges  and  is  governed  by  the 
chancellor,  the  high  steward,  the , 
vice  chancellor,  and  sevi-iral  other  infe- 
rior officers.  It  "ont-liis  12  colleges 
and  four  halls,  whton,  unlike  those  at 
Oxford,  have  equal  privilege.",  with  the 
colleges.  The  colleges  are  Peter 
House,  Corpus  Christi  c.r  Bennet, 
King's,  Qiieen's,  Jesus,  Christ's,  St. 
John's,  Magdaien,  Trinity,  Emmanu- 
el, and  Sidney  Sussex.  The  halls  are, 
Clare,  Pembroke,  Trinity,  and  Catha- 
rine. Ofthe  colleges,  Peter  House  is 
the  most  ancient,  being  founded  in 
1257  ;  and  King's  and  Trinity  coUeg.  f 
rs  vhe  most  considerable.  King's  cc3- 
lege  is  tlie  noblest  foundation  in  Eu- 
rope, and  the  chapel,  f^r  its  contriv- 
ance and  extent,  its  fine  carved  work 
in  wood  and  stone,  and  painted  win- 
dows, is  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of 
Gou.ic  architecture  in  the  world.  The 
library,  chapel,  &c.  of  Trinity  college 
justly  place  it  in  the  first  rank.  The 
otlier  structures  belonging  to  the  uni- 
versity are  tlie  senate-house,  a  fino  edi- 
fice, which,  with  St.  Mary's  church, 
the  schools,  tlie  university  librai-y,  and 


1^ 


CAM 


CAM 


otlicr  building-s  forms  a  noble  sqiiiirc. 
Hurt  is  also  a  bolimical  g.inlrii,  and  a 
j^i  iuimI  hospital,  cii'.Uil  A(t(U'iibro()ki''s, 
Irom  the  naim-  of  liic  founder.  C;iiii- 
bridge  has  H  parishes,  and  is  ])rcUy 
Jarge ;  I)ii(  the  situation  is  low  and 
ibit>'.  It  sends  fiiiir  n\einbers  to  par- 
iiauiciif,  two  lor  tl\c  borough  anil  two 
fv>r  tlie  luiivcrsltj-.  It  is  17  miles  S  of 
Ely,  and  M  N  bv  E  of  London.  Loii. 
0   4  xC,  lat.  52  li'  N. 

CiUjihrid^c,  a  viliuge  in  Glonccster- 
sliiro,  near  }-,t:  klev,  on  tlie  river  Cam. 

C'i:)/,-vri !ge,  a  j)ost  town  in  Middle- 
sex cdiinly,  Tvlaasacbusells.  It  has 
2450  inhai>itants,  and  a  flourishing 
Mni-iiTsily,  w-hich  consists  of  four  ele- 
g-anl  briek  houses,  and  is,  with  respect 
to  its  library,  ijhilosophical  apparatus, 
and  i)rofesaorshij)s,  tlic  first  literary  in- 
stitution in  America.  It  was  establish- 
ed in  1638,  and  has  generally  from  120 
to  150  students.  It  lies  in!the  lat.  of 
42"  23'  N.  and  ri«>  7'  W,  about  three 
miles  iroiu  Boston. 

Cavibridgeslilre,  a  county  of  England, 
boimded  on  the  W  by  Lincohisliire,  on 
the  N  E  by  Norfolk,  on  the  E  by  Suf- 
folk, on  tiie  S  by  Essex  and  Herts,  and 
on  vlie  W  by  tlie  counties  of  Hunting- 
don, Bedford  and  Northampton.  It  ex- 
tends 50  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  25 
from  E  to  W.  It  lies  in  the  dioceses 
of  Ely  and  Norwich ;  it  contains  17 
hundreds,  a  city,  a  tmiversity,  seven 
market-towns,  and  163  jiarishes  ;  and 
sends  six  ni<  nd)ers  to  parliament.  The 
j'rincipal  rivers  arc  the  Grant,  Ouse, 
iNcn,  .>iidCrim.  In  the  fens  it  is  moist 
and  fog;,yy,  and  therefore  not  so  whole- 
some ;  but  in  the  S  and  E  parts  it  is 
very  good,  tUese  being  much  drier 
tl^.an  the  other ;  b>it  both  by  the  late 
improvements,  have  been  rendered  very 
"ruitful,  so  that  it  produces  plenty  of 
corn,  and  affords  the  richest  pastures. 
The  tens  called  Bedford  Level,  con- 
sist of  30,000  acres  of  marshy  groimd, 
which  receive  all  the  waters  of  the 
middle  part  of  England,  which  do  not 
run  into  the  Thames  or  the  Trent. 
And  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year, 
■when  tbej^  are  overflowed  by  water, 
tliey  api^car  covered  with  jogs ;  so 
that  while  the  higher  grounds  of  the 
adjacent  coimtry  glitter  with  the  beams 
of  the  svm,  the  isle  of  Ely  appears 
wrapt  in  a  mist.     See  Bedford  Level. 

Cninden,  a  post  town  in  Kershaw 
county.  South  Carolina ;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Watcrec  rivei-,  35  mjles 


N  E  of  Columbia,  and  150  N  hy 
W  of  Charleston.  It  has  about  1000 
uihabitaiits,  and  was  tlie  scene  of  two 
considerable  actions  between  the  Bri- 
tish and  American  aaniies  duiing  the 
War. 

Camdei'.,  a  village  in  Gloucester 
county.  New  Jersey,  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Delawai-e,  opposite  to  Phila- 
delphia. 

Caniclford,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the 
river  Camel,  24  miles  W  of  Laimccs- 
ton,  and  229  W  by  S  of  London.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  A  great 
quantity  of  yarn  is  spiui  in  this  place 
and  in  its  neighbourhood.  Lon.  4  55 
W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Camerino,  an  ancient  ajid  populous 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is" seated 
on  a  mountain  near  the  Appennlnes  and 
the  river  Chiento,  37  miles  S  W  of 
Ancona.     Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Caininha,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Entre-Douero-e-i\iinho, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Minho,  12 
miles  N  of  Viana.  Lon.  8  29  W,  lat. 
41  50  N. 

Cainmin,  a  district  of  Pnissian  Po- 
mcrania,  converted  into  a  principality, 
in  favour  of  the  House  of  Brandenburg, 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  Colberg 
is  the   capital. 

Cammin,  a  seaport  of  Pruss.an  Po- 
merania,  in  the  principality  of  the 
same  name  ;  seated  on  the  Oder,  oppo- 
site the  isle  of  WoUin,  30  miles  N  of 
Stetin.     Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  54  4  N. 

CampagnH,  or  Campania,  a  town  of 
Naples  in  Prir.eipato  Ulterior^;,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  40  miles  S  E  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  19  E,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Campagna  di  Roma,  anciently  Lati- 
urn,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesi- 
astical State,  extending  60  miles  S  E 
along  the  Medite'.'ranean,  to  tlie  fron- 
tiers of  Naples,  formerly  the  most  de- 
lightful and  most  populous  ooimtry  in 
the  world  j  ft:w  villages.  Utile  cultiva- 
tion, and  scarcely  any  inhabitants  are 
now  to  be  seen :  no  trees,  no  inclo- 
sures  ;  nothing,  in  short,  but  the  scat- 
tered ruins  of  temples  and  tombs, 
which  pre  ent  tlie  idea  of  a  country  de- 
populated by  pestilence.  Rome  is  the 
capital. 

Ca'  pbelton,  a  borough  of  Scotland, 
in  Argyleshire,  situate  on  a  bay  to- 
ward the  S  exti-croity  of  the  peninault 


:  A  M 

imbia,  and  150  N  hv 
on.  It  has  abrnit  1000 
111  was  tiic  sccMic  of  two 
(•lions  bctwcfn  the  Bri- 
'icuu  ainilus  duiing  tlie 

villag'e  in  Gloucester 
Jersey,  on  tlie  E  bank  of 
wai'c,  opposite  to  Phila- 

A  borough  in  Cornwall, 
on  Friday,  seated  on  the 
'4  miles  W  of  Launces- 
V  by  S  of  London.  It  is 
mayor,  and  sends  two 
parliament.  A  ^eat 
irn  is  spun  in  this  |)luce 
hbourhood.  Lon.  4  55 
N. 

n  ancient  and  populous 
in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
bishop's  see.  If  is  seated 
near  the  Appcnnines  and 
ento,  37  miles  S  W  of 
I.  13  0  E,  lat.  43  15  N. 
seaport  of  Portugal,  in 
r  Entre-Douero-e-Minho, 
of  the  river  Minho,  12 
ana.     Lon.   8  29  W,  lat. 

disti'ict  of  Prussian  Po- 
'crted  into  a  principality, 
e  House  of  Brandenburg, 
of  Westphalia.     Colberg 

ieaport  of  Pruss.an  Po- 
he  principality  of  the 
eated  on  the  Oder,  oppo- 
'  Wollin,  30  miles  N  of 
14  55  E,  lat.  54  4  N. 
or  Campania,  a  town  of 
■-cipato  Ultcriore,  with  a 
bO  miles  S  E  of  Nbples. 
lat.  40  35  N. 
Soma,  anciently  Lati- 

of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesi- 
extending  60  miles  S  E 
litevranean,  to  tlie  firon- 
s,  formerly  the  most  de- 
lost  populous  country  in 
w  villages.  Utile  cultiva- 

ely  any  inhabitants  are 
en:  no  trees,  no  inclo- 
»•,  in  short,  but  the  scat- 
)f  temples    and   tombs, 

tlic  idea  of  a  country  de- 
lestilence.    Rome  is  the 

borough  of  Scotland, 
situate  on  a  bay  to- 
iti-cmity  oftbe  peninault 


CAN 

•f  Cantyre,of  which  it  is  the  capital 
It  lias  a  good  harbour,  and  is  now  a 
considerable  place,  for  which  it  is  prin- 
cip.ally  indebted  to  its  being  the  general 
rendezvous  of  the  fisliing  vessels  that 
annually  visit  the  W  coast.  It  is  ten 
miles  W  of  the  isle  of  Arran.  Lon.  5 
42  W,  lat.  53  29  N. 

Canipden,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  22  miles 
N  E  of  Gloucester,  and  87  W  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Campeachy,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in 
South  America,  in  the  pcninsiila  of  Yu- 
catan, on  the  E  doast  of  a  bay  of  tiic 
same  name.  It  is  noted  for  loijwood, 
which,  however,  docs  not  grow  very 
near  it.  It  is  defended  by  a  good  wall, 
anrl  .strong  forts,  but  is  neither  so  rich, 
nor  carries  on  such  a  trade  na  fornier- 
Iv,  it  having  been  the  port  for  the  sale. 
Lon.  90  57  W,  lat.  20  0  N.  See  Hon- 
duras. 

Campden,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Overysscl,  with  a  citadel,  and 
a  port  almost  choked  up.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1578,  and  by  the 
French  in  1672 :  but  they  abandoned  it 
in  1673.  It  is  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Yssel,  on  the  Zuider  Zee,  44 
miles  N  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  55 
E,  lat.  52  38  N. 

Campoli,  atovtm  of  Naples  in  Abruz- 
zo  Ulteriore,  23  miles  N  by  E  of 
Aquila.     Lon.  43  57  E,  lat.  4242  N. 

Canipo  MajoK,  a  town  of  t'ortugal, 
in  Alentejo,  lOQ  miles  E  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  74  W,  lat.  38  53  W. 

Campredon,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  and 
on  the  river  Tcr,  45  miles  N  of  Barce- 
lona.    Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Canaan,  the  country  so  ramed  from 
Canaan  the  son  of  Ham.  It  lies  be- 
tween the  Mediterranean  and '  the 
moimtains  of  Arabia,  and  extends  from 
Egypt  to'  Phenici.v  It  is  bounded  to 
the  E  by  the  mountuns  of  Arabia ;  to 
ihe  S  by  tlie  wilderness  of  Paran,  Idu- 
me  a,  and  Egypt ;  to  the  W  by  the 
Mediterranean;  and  the  N  by  the 
mountains  of  Libanus.  Its  length  is 
about  70  leagues,  and  its  breadth  in 
some  pl.ices  30. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  In  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  vV 
side  of  Kennebec  river,  10  miles  E  of 
Noridgwock,  68  N  of  Wiscasset,  and 
^30  N  E  of  Boston. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  of  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  near  the  line  that 


CAN 

diWdes  tills  state  from  Mr.ssuchusettSi 
situated  on  the  Housatonlc  river,  18 
niilos  N  of  Litchfield  the  shire  town, 
imd47  N  W  of  Halt  ford. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  in  Grafton 
county.  New  Hanipsliire,  on  the  Mas- 
cany  river,  about  12  ntiles  E  uf  Dart- 
mouth college. 

Canada,   a  large  country  of  North 
America,  bounded  on  tlie  N  by  New 
Britain,  on  the   E    by  the  gulf  of  St. 
Laurence,  on  the  S  by  New  Brunswick 
and  the  United  States,  and  on   the  \V 
by  unknown  lands.     It  lies  between  61 
aiid  81»  W  lon.  and   45  and  52»  N  lat. 
and  was  discovered   by  John   and  Se- 
basti.in  Cubut,  father  and  son,  in  1497. 
This  coiuttry,  in    general,    is   pretty 
good;  but  the  winter  continues  for  six 
months  very  severe.     The  land  that  is 
cleared  is  fertile,  and  tlie  wheat  sowed 
in  May  is  reaped  at  the  end  of  August. 
The  climate  is  not  very  different  from 
that  of  the  northern  British  colonies ; 
it  h:is   a  much   severer  winter ;    and 
like  most  of  tike  American  tracts  that 
do  not  lie  too  far  to  tha   N,  the  sum- 
mers are  very  hot  and  exceeding  plea- 
sant.    They  have  a  great  variety  of  an- 
imals, such  as,  stags,  elks,  deer,  bears, 
foxes,  martins,  wild  cats,  ferrets,  wea- 
sels, hares  and  rabbits.    The  marshes, 
and  lakes   with  which    this    country 
abound  swarm  with  otters  and  bea. 
vers,  which  are  highly  valued  for  their 
furs,   which  form  a  principal  article 
of  commerce  in  Canada.    Canada  tur- 
pentine is  ^atly  esteemed  for  its  bal- 
samic qualities,   and  for  its  use  in  dis- 
orders of  tlie  breast  and  stomach.  The 
different  tHbes  of  Indians,  or  orig^ntd 
natives  in  Ck.iada,  are  almost  innuma- 
rable ;  but  they  have  been  observed  to 
decrease  in  population  where  the  Eu- 
ropeans are    most    numerous,  owing; 
chiefly  to  the  immoderate  use  of  spi- 
ritous  liquors.     Canada  was  conquered 
by  tlie  English,  in  1759,  and  confirmed 
to  them  by  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1"74» 
this  country  was  foniied  into  a  pro- 
vince, called  Qiicbec,  fpom  the  name 
of  the  capital;  a  government  was  in- 
stituted  conformably   to  the    French 
laws  of  Canada:  and^the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic  religion,  was    established.    In 
1791,  the  counti^^llhts  divided  into  two 
provinces.  Upper  Canada,  uid  Lower 
Canada,  of  which  latter  province  Que- 
bec is  the  chief  town ;  and  a  constitu 
tion,  in  imitation  of  that  of  England, 
was  given  to  each  of  these  provinces. 


CAN 

Cananorf,  alavg^  seaport  on  the  cnast 
of  Malabar.  It  was  ceded  by  Tlppoo 
Sultan,  regent  of  Mysore,  to  the  Eng- 
lish £ust  India  Company,  in  1792.  Lon. 
74,  10  E,  lat.  12  0  N. 

CanandaigUit,  a  post  town,  and  the 
principal  seat  of  the  courts  in  Ontaria 
county,  New-Vork.  It  is  seated  at  the 
E  end  of  Cauandai|;ua  lake,  16  miles 
\V  of  Geneva,  and  26  E  of  Hartford. 

Canara,  a  province  on  the   coast  of 
M:ilabiir,  subject  to  the  regent  of  My 
sore.  Its  most  northerly  port  is  Onore, 
in  lat.  14  20  N, 

Canaria,  or  the  Grand  Canary,  the 
principal  of  the  Canary  Islands,  about 
180  miles  from  the  coast  of  Africa, 
■which  (rives  name  to  the  whole.  It  is 
a  fruitful  island,  and  famous  for  the 
wine  that  bears  its  name  ;  the  tempe- 
rature of  its  air  is  delightful ;  and  it 
abounds  with  good  water,  with  trees, 
herbs,  and  delicious  fruits.  Here  arc 
two  wheat  harvests,  in  February  and 
May,  and  the  corn  makes  bread  as 
white  as  snow.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
and  27  broad ;  and  lies  18  leagues  W 
by  S  of  Fuertaventura.  Lon.  15  34  W, 
lat.  28  14  N. 

Canary  Islands,  anciently  called  the 
Fortunate  Islands,  on  account  of  their 
tem]5erate  healthy  air  and  excellent 
fruits,  are  seven  in  number,  lying  in 
ihs:  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  continent 
of  Africa :  namely,  Palma,  Ferro,  Go- 
mera,  Teneriffe,  Canaria,  Fuertaven- 
tura, and  Lancerota ;  to  which  may  be 
Added  several  smaller  isles,  as  Gracio- 
sa,  Koccas,  AUegranza,  St.  Clare, 
Infiemo,  and  Lobos.  From  these 
islands  the  Canary  birds  originally 
came.  The  N  E  point  of  these  is  in 
lon.  15  38  W,  lat.  28  13  N. 

Canary,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Canaria,  with  a  bishop's  see,  an  inqui- 
sition, supreme  coimcil  of  the  Seven 
Islands,  and  a  castle  seated  on  a  hill. 
They  have  sugarhouses,  in  wliicn  a 
great  quantity  of  sugar  is  made.  The 
wine  called  Sack,  has  hence  been  of- 
ten termed  Canary.  It  is  computed 
that  10,000  hogsheads  are  sent  annually 
to  England  in  time  of  peace.  Lon.  15 
50  W,  lat.  28  4  N. 

Cancalle,  a  bay  on  tl)e  coast  of  France, 
10  miles  E  of  St.  Maloes,  where  the 
English  made  a  descent,  under  tlie 
duke  of  Mai-lborough,  in  1758,  and 
hence  proceeded  to  bum  tlie  ships  at 
St.  Maloes. 

Camlahar,  a  rich  trading  city  of  Asia, 


CAN 

capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  mme,. 
While  the  Persian  and  Mogul  empires 
were  severally  undivided,  it  was  tha 
frontier  fortress  of  Hindoostan  toward 
Persia  :  and  was  esteemed  the  key  of 
the  western  provinces  of  the  latter, 
and  not  unfrequently  changed  masters, 
although  very  strong  by  situation,  be- 
ing s\u'roimded  by  fens  and  rocks.  It  is 
145  miles  S  W  of  Cabul.  Lon.  67  IS 
E,  lat.  33  0  N. 

Candahar,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bt- 
twcen   the   river   Indus    and    Persia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Cabul,   on  the  £ 
by  Lahore,  on  the  S  E   by    Moultan, 
and  on  the  W  by  Persia.     The  domin- 
ions of  the  king  of  this  country  extend 
westward  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
city  of  Tarshish ;  incUuling  generally 
Cabul,  Candahar,  Ghizni,  Gaur,  Pais- 
ha\vur,  Korasan  and  Seistan  ;  this  tract 
is  not  less  than  800  miles  in  length ; 
its  breadth  is  not  well  known,  and  on 
tlie  E  side  of  the  Indus,  he  possesses 
the  territory  of  Cashmere,  and  some 
districts    above    the   city    of  Attock. 
These  countries  are  all  called  by  the 
general  name  of  the  coimtry  of  the  Ab. 
dalli.     Ahmed  Abdalla,  the  founder  of 
this  kingdom,  was  originally  the  chief 
of  an    Afghan  tribe,    named  Abdal, 
(whence  tlie  name  Abdalli)  who  was 
stript  of  his  coimtry  by  Nadir  Shah,  it 
1739.     On  the  death  of  Nadir,  he  sud- 
denly appeared  among  his  former  sub- 
jects, and  erected  a  considerable  king- 
dom in  the  eastern  part  of  Persia,  add- 
ing to  it  most  of  the  provinces  to  the 
W  of  the  Indus,  which  had  been  ced- 
ed by  the  Great  Mogtd  to  Nadir  Shah, 
together  with  Cashmere  on  the  £  of 
that  river. 

Candia,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, formerly  Crete,  lying  to  the  S  of 
the  Archipelago.  The  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  though  populous  formerly, 
is  little  better  than  a  desert,  there  be- 
ing nothing  but  rubbish,  except  at  the 
bazar  or  market-place ;  and  the  har- 
bour of  Candia  is  now  fit  for  nothing 
but  boats  ;  but  the  walls  of  the  town 
are  standing,  and  it  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop.  This  island  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1669,  after  a 
war  of  25  years.  It  was  attempted  to 
be  retaken  by  ahe  Venetians,  in  1692, 
witliout  effect.  The  products  are  com, 
wine,  oil,  wool,  silk,  and  ex<.  client  ho> 
ney.  The  climate  of  Candia  is  delight- 
ful. The  heat  is  never  excessis'e;  and 
in  the  plains  violent  cold  is  ne> er  felt. 


rais^, 


:  A  N 

(^om  ofthe  same  iMme.. 
sian  and  Mog-.il  empires 
undivided,  it  was  tli« 
S9  of  Hindoostan  toward 
vns  esteemed  the  key  of 
provinces  of  the  latter, 
[uently  changed  masters, 
strong  by  situation,  be- 
d  by  fens  and  rocks.  It  ii 
7  of  Cabul.     Lon.  67  IS 

I  kingdom  of  Asia,  b«- 
ver   Indus    and    Persia, 
lie  N  by  Cabul,   on  the  E 
\  the  S  E   by   Moultan, 
by  Persia.     The  domin- 
ng  of  this  country  extend 
tlie  neighbourhood  of  the 
»ish ;  including  generally 
bar,  Ghizni,  Gaur,  Pais- 
lan  and  Seistan  ;  this  tract 
an  800  miles  in  length; 
not  well  known,  and  on 
the  Indus,  he  possesses 
of  Cashmere,  and  some 
)ve    the   city    of  Attock. 
ries  are  all  called  by  th« 
ofthe  country  ofthe  Ab- 
id  Abdalla,  the  founder  of 
I,  was  originally  the  chief 
lan  tribe,    named  Abdal, 
name  Abdalli])  who  was 
country  by  Nadir  Shah,  it 
he  death  of  Nadir,  he  sud- 
fed  among  his  former  sub- 
ected  a  considerable  king- 
astern  part  of  Persia,  add- 
t  of  the  provinces  to  the 
lus,  which  had  been  ced- 
■eat  Mogul  to  Nadir  Shah, 
h  Cashmere  on  the  Eof 

island  in  the  Mediterra- 
ly  Crete,  lying  to  the  S  of 
^ago.    The  capital,  of  the 
hough  populous  formerly, 
!r  than  a  desert,  there  be- 
jut  rubbish,  except  at  the 
aket-place;  and  the  har- 
ia  is  now  fit  fornothing 
It  the  walls  of  the  town 
and  it  is  the  •ee  of  a 
tishop.     This  island  wa« 
Turks,  in  1669,  after  a 
rs.    It  was  attempted  to 
ahe  Venetians,  in  1692, 
.    The  products  are  com, 
ol,  silk,  and  ex.  ellent  ho. 
imate  of  Candia  is  delight- 
it  is  never  excessive  ;  and 
violent  cold  is  ne> er  felt. 


;tr'"* 


CAN 

In  the  \tarmest  days  of  summer  the 
air  is  cooled  by  breezes  from  the  sea. 
Except  December  and  January  the 
whole  year  is  one  continued  fine  day . 
The  sky  is  always  unclouded  and 
serene ;  the  winds  mild  and  refresliing 
breezes.  The  mountains  arc  covered 
with  ft  {^eat  number  of  odoriferous 
plants;  the  rivulets  which  flow  down  the 
vallies,  are  overhung  with  myrtles,  and 
laurel-roses  -,  clumps  of  orange,  citron, 
and  almond  trees  are  scattered  over 
the  fields ;  some  extensive  plains  are 
arrayed  in  saffron,  and  the  cavities  of 
the  rocks  arc  fringed  with  sweet  smel- 
ling dittany.  In  a  word  from  the  hills, 
the  voles,  and  the  plains,  on  all  hands 
there  arise  clouds  of  exquisite  per- 
fumes, which  embalm  the  air  and  rea 
der  it  a  luxury  to  breathe  it.  Candia  is 
200  miles  in  I'engtli,  and  50  in  breadth. 
It  is  500  miles  S  W  of  ConsUntiiwple.' 
Lon.  25  18  £,  lat.  35  18  N. 

Candeish,  a  rich  and  populous  pro- 
vince, in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoottan,  sub- 
ject to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Malwa,  on  the 
E  by  Berar,  on  the  S  by  Dowlatabad, 
and  on  the  W  by  Baglana. 

Caiidlemai  Itlet,  near  the  coast  of 
Sandwich  Land.  Lon.  27  13  W,  lat. 
57  10  S. 

Candy,  a  kingdom  of  Ceylon,  con- 
taining about  a  quarter  of  tlie  Island.  It 
is  full  of  hills,  whence  rivulets  pro- 
ceed, which  abound  with  fish.  The 
inhabitants  are  dexterous  in  turning 
these  rivulets  to  water  their  land, 
which  is  fruitful  in  rice,  pulse,  and 
liemp.  The  king  is  absolute,  and  his 
subjects  are  idolaters. 

Candy,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon. It  was  often  burnt  by  the  Portu- 
guese, when  they  were  masters  of 
these  coasts.  Lon.  80  52  £,  lat  7  45 
N. 

Cane,  Grotto  del,  a  famous  grotto,  on 
the  banks  of  Lake  d'Agnano,  seven 
miles  from  Puzzoli,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  A  suffocating  vapour  rises  a 
foot  above  the  bottom  of  this  cave,  and 
is  destructive  to  animal  life.  A  dog 
having  his  head  held  in  this  vapour,  is 
convidsed  in  a  few  minutes,  and  soon 
after  falls  motionless  to  the  earth.  The 
fellows  who  attend  at  the  cave,  have 
always  some  miserable  dogs,  with 
ropes  about  their  necks,  ready  for  this 
cruel  purpose. 

Canea,  a  itonsiderable  town   of  the 


CAN 

island  of  Candia,  with  a  gootl  harbmir. 
Tlie  environs  are  adorned  with  forests 
of  olive-trees,  mixed  with  fields,  vine- 
yards, gardens,  and  brooks,  bordered 
with  myrtle-trees,  and  laurel-roscsi 
Lon.  24  15  E,  lut.  35  20  N. 

Caneto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man* 
tuan,  on  the  river  Oglio,  often  taken 
and  retaken  by  the  French  and  Aus- 
trians.  It  is  20  miles  W  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  22  E,  lat.  45  9  N. 

Canfield,  a  small  town  with  a  post 
office,  in  Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  28 
miles  N  by  VV  of  Fort  M'Intosh,  and 
321  from  Washington. 

Cangerecora,  a  large  river  ofthe  pen- 
insula of  Hindoostan.  It  has  its  source 
in  the  Gauts,  and  running  S  W  to  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  enters  the  Indian 
Ocean,  four  miles  to  tlie  N  of  mount 
Dilla ;  before  which  its  course  is  pa- 
rallel with  the  seacoast  for  about  11 
miles,  being  separated  only  by  a  spit 
of  sand. 

Caniaderago  Late,  a  narrow  lake  of 
Nortli  America,  in  tlic  state  of  New- 
York,  six  miles  \V  of  Lake  Otsego, 
and  nine  miles  long. 

Caaina,  the  capital  of  a  district  of 
tlie  same  name,  in  the  N  part  of  Alba- 
nia, a  province  of  Turkev  in  Europe, 
lying  near  the  entrance  o^  tlie  gulf  of 
Venice,  eight  miles  N  of  Valona.  Lon. 
19  25  £,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Cannay,  one  ofthe  western   isles  of 
Scotland,  S  W  of  the  isle  of  Skyc.  This 
island  is  fertile,  and  is  noted  for  vast* 
basaltic  columns,  which  rise  above  each 
other  to  a  great  height,  in  many  suc- 
cessive ranges,  each  separated  from 
the  other  by  a  stratum  of  pebbly  con- 
cretions.    On  the  £  side  of  the  island, 
the  tops  of  an  immense  number  of  these 
columns  appear  at  low  water,  forming 
a  sorrt  of  causeway  of  surprising  ex- 
tent, the   surface  of  which  is  smooth 
and  regular,  like  an  ordinary  paved 
street. 
Canme.    See  Canota. 
Canoge,  the  ruins  of  which  are  at  pre- 
sent of  great  extent,  is  a  tovn  of  Hin- 
doostan Prefer,  in  th.c  province  of  A- 
gra,  seated  on  tlie  Ganges,  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Calini.    It  is  now 
reduced  to  tlie  size  of  a  middling  town. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  built  more  than 
1000  years  before  the  Christian  era, 
and  to  have  ■  been  the  capital  of  all 
Hindoostan,  under  the  predecessor  of 
Porus,  who  fought  against  Alexander. 
In  the  6th  century,  it  was  said  to  coii- 


lim 


"w 


CAN 


CAN 


[  lA 


'■Jv 


-■-* 


I: 


tain  30,000  sliops,  in  whii-h  hetel-nut 
was  sold.  It  in  i'27  mili-s  S  £  of  Agru. 
Lon.  80  13  E,  lat.  27  3  N. 

Canobia,  u  town  of  K.Jy,  in  the  Mil- 
anfsc,  on  Lake  May;,'  .re,  35  uiilcs  N 
N  W  of  Milt.li.  Lou.  8  U  E,  lat.  4j 
55  N. 

Canonsburg,  a  post  town  18  miles  S 
W  of  I'itt  ib(ir;r,  Hittiriteil  )ii  tiie  V 
sidt^  oi' Ciiartel'ii  crecic  in  Wasliingtou 
county,  Pennj.  Ivaiiia. 

Ciiiiosa,  a  ti'Wn  of  tlie  kirgxloin  r)f 
Naples,  in  Terra  di  ll:avi.  It  •■oatuii.s 
not  more  tliiiii  300  lio.i.ses,  and  oicu- 
pics  t;ic  site  of  l.ie  aneieiit  Canii.siuiii, 
one  f/t  tlie  iiiosi  nopuloii.s  and  niiij^nili- 
cenl  .ities  oi'  Italy.  Beiwet-n  Canono 
and  tlic!  river  O.santo,  are  sliU  aimt 
traces  of  the  ancient  town  orCunnu:,  in 
the  jilain  of  whioli  wus  foujfht  the  cel- 
ebrated battle  between  Iliainibal  ai^d 
the  Uoiiiaus.  Lon.  iLi  32  1j,  lat.  41  3\) 
N. 

Canso,  r.  seaport  of  Ni>v;i  Scotia,  in 
North  America,  on  a  strait  w.iich  se- 
piu-atcs  Nova  Scotia  from  Cape  iiicton. 
Near  tlii:5  town  is  a  line  fisliery  forc«l. 
Lon.  60  55  W,  lat.  45  20  N. 

CWiStat,  a  town  of  bu:.bia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Wirteinbei'fy,  seated  on  the 
Neckar,  two  miles  N  E  of  Stutg-ard. 
Lon.  y  14  E,  lat.  48  5^  N. 

Cuntal,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  Lite  province  of 
Auver{fne.     The  capital  is  St.  Flour. 

Cuntazaro,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Cilcr.ore.  It  i.s  seat- 
ed near  the  se.i,  20  iiii.es  E  of  Nicas- 
tro.     Lon.  16  4,7  E,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Canteibxtry,  an  ancient  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Kent,  with  an  arclibishop's  see, 
the  metropolitan  of  all  England.  The 
eathedral,  a  large  structure,  was  once 
famous  for  the  shrine  of  Thomas  Beck- 
et,  to  which  so  great  was  the  resort, 
«nd  so  rich  the  offerings,  that  Eras- 
mus,  who  was  an  eye  witness  of  its 
wealth,  says,  the  whole  chui'ch  and 
chapel  in  which  he  was  interred,  glit- 
tered with  jewels.  But  Henry  VIII.  in 
1538,  not  only  pillaged  this  rich  shrine, 
but  caused  the  saint  to  be  cited  in 
court,  tried,  and  condemned  as  a  trait- 
er ;  ordering  his  name  to  be  struck  out 
of  the  calendar,  his  bones  to  be  burnt, 
and  his  ashes  thrown  inv.'j  the  vir.  In 
this  cathedral  are  interred  Henry  IV. 
•nd  Edward  the  Black  Prince.  The 
city  has  likewisr,  14  parish  churches  ; 
the  remainf  of  many  Roman  antiqui- 
ties i  and  on  ancient  castle,  with  walls 


and  a  deep  ditch.  It  is  governed  h- 
a  mayor,  and  possesses  a  share  of  the 
silk  manufactures  introduced  by  the 
VV^alloons,  who  have  here  a  church  un- 
dtr  t!ie  cathedral.  This  citv  is  noted 
for  its  InuwM,  a:id  tl.e  adjacent  coun- 
tiy  ;)imJ;i(  { ',  ali'.ii.dui.cc  of  liops.  It  ha» 
a  ni.^rk^jl  i):i  \\^.'(liusd.t)  and  Saturday, 
soiidb  '.w>)  nteini;eis  to  parliament,  and 
in  Heated  on  t!:e  riM-r  .Steiir,  26  inileii 
.".  S  E  (yf  KooliLoter  and  56  of  London. 
Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Ciii'.li:rou>  ,;aX*i\\\\  m  Windham  coun- 
ty, C'lr.nertu  III,  on  the  f.i;iinaboag  ri- 
ver, 10  miies  h  of  Wiiitliiam,  and  15 
K  In  E  of  Norwich,  wliii  lt^2'."  inha- 
bitants. Here  is  a  post  ortice  412  miles 
troni  Wathiiigtoii. 

Car.tiii,  Ci./.'e,  a  promontory  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  tlic  cui'st  of  Moroc- 
co.    Lon.  9  5  W,  lat.  32  40  N. 

Canton,  or  S^ttiigtung,  one  of  the 
southern  provinces  of  Cliina  j  bounded 
1)11  the  N  E  by  Fokien :  on  the  N  by 
Kiangsi,  on  the  W  by  Qiiang-si,  and 
tie  kingdom  Tonking,  and  every  where 
else  bj  tlic  sea.  The  country  is  diver- 
sified with  hills  and  plaiiiti,  and  the 
soil  is  in  general  so  fertile  that  it  pro- 
duces two  crops  annually.  Abundance 
of  valuable  aromatic  woods  ai'c  to  be 
met  witli  in  this  province,  as  well  as 
eaifle-wood,  ebony.  Sec.  ;  and  in  the 
mineral  kingdom  tlie  province  furnish- 
es gold,  precious  stones,  tin,  quick- 
silver, and  copper.  C?nton  is  tiie  ca- 
pital. 

Canton,  a  large,  populous,  and  weal- 
tliy  city  of  Cliina,  capital  of  the  province 
of  that  name,  stands  on  the  river  Taa, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  empire.  The 
buildings  of  Canton  are  in  general  low, 
consisting  of  one  story  and  a  ground 
floor,  which  is  covered  with  earth  or 
red  tiles  to  keep  it  cool  j  but  the  hou- 
ses of  the  most  respectable  merchants 
and  mandarins  are  comparatively  lofty, 
and  well  built.  The  streets  of  Canton 
are  long  and  narrow,  paved  with  flint- 
stones,  adorned  at  intervals  with  tri- 
umphal  arches,  which  have  a  pleasing 
effect  and  are  much  crowded  with 
people.  In  Canton  there  ai-e  no  carri- 
ages. The  better  sort  of  people  are 
carried  about  in  chairs  ;  but  the  com- 
mon sort  walk  barefooted  and  bare- 
headed; and  their  goods  are  carried  by 
porters.  At  the  end  of  every  street  is 
a  barrier^  which  is  shut  every  evening, 
as  well  as  the  gates  of  the  city  j  so  that 
people  grc  obliged  to  be  at  home  early? 


A  N 


tch.  It  is  jfovemed  \r 
pusscMscM  :i  Hhurc  of  tlie 
urcs  introduced  by  tiie 
I  liavc  here  u  cluirch  im- 
Ira!.  'Vliis  city  is  notctl 
,  a:.d  ti.e  adjacent  coiin- 

il'.lnduM'C  of'hopH.    ItilUV 

k  ..•dp.i-sduj  and  Saturday, 
iii;ei »  to  |iarliament,  and 
!:(•  n\i-T  Sti'iir,  26  inileit 
iLjtcr  and  56  ol'  London. 
It.  51  19  N. 

it<iwii  in  Windham  coun- 
Liij  on  ihf  f.iiiinaboap  ri- 
K  of  Wiiulliam,  ainl  15 
oi-wich,  Willi  IW,"  inha- 
18  a  post  utticc  412  inilui 
on. 

f,   a  promontory  of  the 
11,  on  tiic  coi'slof  Moroc- 
W,  lat.  32  4y  N. 
S^itiigtung,    one   of  the 
inces  of  China ;  bounded 
by  Fokicn  :  on  tlie  N  by 
,he  VV  by  Qiianp-si,  and 
I'onkiiijy,  and  every  where 
a.     The  country  is  diver- 
ills  and  plains,    and  the 
;ral  so  fertile  that  it  pro- 
ip»  aiuiually.    Alnindance 
oinatic  woods  arc  to  be 
:)iis  province,  as  well  at 
;bi)ny,    Sec.  ;    and  in  the 
om  tlie  province  furnish- 
ious   stones,  tin,   quick- 
pper.     C?nton  is  tl>e  ca- 
rgo, populous,  and  weal- 
na,  capital  of  the  province 
stands  on  tlie  river  Taa, 
ist  in  the   empire.     The 
anton  arc  in  general  low, 
one  story  and  a  ground 
covered  with  earth  or 
ep  it  cool ;  but  the  hou- 
respectable  merchants 
are  comparatively  lofty, 
The  streets  of  Canton 
arrow,  paved  with  flint- 
at  intervals  with  tri- 
which  have  a  pleasing 
much   crowded   with 
anton  there  ai-e  no  carri- 
tter  sort  of  people  are 
n  chairs  ;  but  the  corn- 
barefooted  and  bare- 
leir  goods  are  carried  by 
he  end  of  every  street  is 
cli  is  shut  every  evening, 
gates  of  the  city  ;  so  that 
ged  to  be  at  home  early^ 


;d 


CAP 

The  river  is  co>cred  wiih  barks,  wliich 
have  apartments  in  tlicm  for  famiiie.-*, 
where  many  reside.  The  luiinber  of 
iniiabitants  is  computed  at  1,0U0,000, 
but  li'ler  calculations  have  made  Uiein 
cuiisiderablv  less.  Lon  133  12  E,  lat. 
23  7  ti. 

Caiilviell's  Bridge,  a  post  town  in  New 
Castle  county,  (Uel.)  9  miles  S  of  St. 
Georges,  and  19  of  New  Castle. 

Cantyre,  a  soutlicrn  division  of  Ar- 
gyleshire  in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow 
peninsula  60  miles  long,  and  from  five 
to  eight  broad.  It  is  connected  on  the 
N  by  lui  isthmus  to  the  mountainous 
district  of  Knapdalc.  Across  this  isth- 
mus, which  is  scarce  a  mile  bi-oad,  a 
canal  might  easily  be  cut.  To  the  S 
the  peninsula  terminates  in  a  great 
promontory,  surrounded  by  a  group  of 
dangerous  rocks,  called  the  Mull  of 
CantjTe.  The  soil,  in  general,  is  fertile. 

Caorlo,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  tlie  coast  of  Venetian  Fri- 
uli,  20  miles  S  W  of  Aquileia.  It  has 
a  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat,  45  42  N. 

Capacio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citeriore,  16  miles  S  of 
Salerno.     Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  40  20  N.    ' 

Capt  Breton.  See  Breton,  Cape  ,•  and 
otiier  Capes,  in  like  manner,  sec  un- 
der their  respective  names. 

Capelle,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
depai-tmcnt  of  Aisne,  lately  in  the  ])ro- 
vince  of  Picardy,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Guise,  taken  by  tlie  Spaniards  in  1636,' 
but  retaken  the  year  after.  Lon.  3  50 
E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Cape  May  Court  Houie,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Cape  May  county, 
New:  Jersey,  situated  a  few  miles  N  of 
Cape  Ma3',  34  S  E  of  Bridgetown,  and 
74  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  lat.  of  39" 
N  4pd  75*  W.  Here  is  a  post  office' 
231  miles  from  Wathington. 

Capeatan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude  and  late  province  of 
Lan^uedoc,  near  the  river  Aude  and 
the  famous  canal  of  Languedoc.  Lon. 
3  8  E,  lat.  43  21  N. 

Capitanata,  a  province  of  Naples, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  fi  by  Terra  di  Bari,  on  the 
S  by  Basilicata  and  Principato  Ulteri. 
ore,  and  on  the  W  by  Molise  and  A- 
bruzzo.  It  is  a  level  country,  witliouv 
trees  ;  has  a  sandy  soil,  and  a  hot  air ; 
but  the  land,  near  the  rivers,  is  fertile 
m  p.istures.  The  capital  is  Manfredo- 
(lia. 


CAR 

Capo  Fino,  a  barren  rock,  in  the  tei'- 
ritory  of  Genoa,  with  a  castle  <m  its 
eastern  peak.  Near  it  is  a  small  har- 
bour of  the  same  name,  13  miles  E  S  £ 
of  Genoa.     Lon.  8  56  E,  lat.  44  20  N  .j 

Capo  D'Jjtria,  a  town  of  Italjr,  in  Ve- 
netian Istriu,  on  the  gulf  of  Triest, 
whose  principal  revenue  consists  in 
wine  and  salt.  It  is  8  miles  S  of  Triest. 
Lon.  14  6E,  lat.  45  49  N. 

Caprula,  an  isle  in  tiie  Mwliterrunean 
Sea,  to  tlic  N  E  of  Corsica,  on  which  it 
jlepem'j.  It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is 
15  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  10  0 
E,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Capri,  an  island  of  Naples,  in  tlic  Me- 
diterranean, opposite  Sorcnto,  famous 
for  being  the  retreat  of  the  empcror 
Tiberius.  A  vast  quantity  of  quails 
come  here  every  year,  forming  the 
principal  rcvciui'-  of  the  bishop,  who  is 
heiice  called  the  Bishop  of  Qiiuils.  It 
is  five  miles  in  length  and  two  in 
breadth. 

Capri,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It 
was  once  a  delightful  placj,  embellish- 
ed with  magnificent  works,  which  were 
demolished  after  the  death  of  Tiberi- 
us.    Lon.  14  8  £,  lat.  40  11  N. 

Capua,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavora,  witli  an  archbishop's  see. 
It  is  two  miles  from  the  ancient  Ca- 
]>ua,  and  was  built  out  of  its  ruins. 
Here  Hannibal  and  his  ofAcers  trifled 
away  their  time  in  pleasure,  and  gave 
time  to  the  Romans  to  recover  from 
their  consternation  after  the  battle  of 
Cannte  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians 
in  1707;  and  is  seated  on  the  Voltumo, 
15  miles  N  of  Napier.  Lon.  14  19  £, 
lat.  41  7  N. 

Caraceat,  a  district  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Terra  Firma,  included  in  the 
W  part  of  the  province  of  Venezuela. 
It  is  boimded  on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  on  the  E  by  Cumana,  and  on 
the  S  by  New  Granada.  The  coast  is 
rocky  and  mountainous,  interspersed 
witli  small  feitile  valleys,  blessed  in 
general  with  a  clear  air  and  wholesome 
climate.  The  chief  t(  vm  is  Caraccas. 
The  commerce  of  this  town  was  for  a 
long  time  open  to  al!  the  subjects  of 
the  Spanish  monarchy  But  in  1728  a 
company  ;va8  formed,  who  obtained  an 
exclusive  right  of  trading  to  this  part 
of  tlie  world.     It  is  sometimes  caJled 

I'  the  Company  of  Caraccas,  and  some- 
times the  Company  of  Guipiscoa,  from 
th.e  province  of  Spain,  in  which  it  is 


«  lll»- 


CAR 


CAR 


St.  Jkgo  dc  Leon  \*  the 


•Ktabllshrd. 
rupitnl. 

Carainania,  n  prov'nu'p  of  Turkey  in 
/.Kin,  in  the  S  pint  of  Natoliu.  MoHt 
of  the  lioiisc!)  Ii;ivi>  tufrets  so  (•ontri\<-'<l 
kH  to  cool  tlu-  niou))  in  summer  SiitH- 
liii  in  the  capital 

Caramantii,  u  province  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  lyiiiR  on  both  sides  the  river  Ciiu  ■ 
ca :  hounded  on  the  N  hy  the  district 
of  Carthagena,  on  the  E  by  New  Gra- 
nada, on  the  S  and  \V  hy  I'opayan  and 
I'anama.  It  is  a  valley  surrounded  by 
high  mountains,  and  tlicre  we  rividets 
whenre  the  natins  g;et  vcn'  good  salt. 
Caramant'i,  tin-  capital  of  a  province 
of  that  name  in  Terra  I'iM.  .!,  itcated  on 
the  Ca\ica,  240  miles  N  N  E  of  Po- 
payan.     Lon.  7S  15  W,  lat.  5  18  N. 

Carango,  an  inconsiderable  island  in 
the  E  Indies,  ne;u'  Bombay.  ItaHords 
nothing-  but  some  rice,  fowls  and  g:oa».8. 
Carara,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
principality  of  Massa,  between  Massa 
and  Sarzana,  tive  miles  from  each. 
Near  this  place  are  quarries  of  marble 
of  various  coloun.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat. 
44  5  N. 

Carasti,  a  river  of  Natolla,  which 
rises  in  Caramania,  crosses  part  of 
Aladula,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterm- 
nean. 

Caraiu  Mestro,  a  river  of  Romania, 
which  rises  in  moimt  Rliodolpho,  and 
falls  into  the  Archipelago. 

Caraatii,  a  lake  in  Bulgaria,  said  to  be 
55  miles  in  circumference,  and  *  >  con- 
tain  several  islands.  It  is  formed  by 
a  branch  of  the  Danube,  not  far  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Caravacca,  a  town  of  Spain,  among 
the  mountains  near  the  river  Scgura, 
in  Murcia.  It  is  50  miles  N  W  of 
€arthagena.     Lon.   2  5  W,   lat.  38  5 

Carcassone,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  depart  mriit  .of  Aude  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  divided 
mtotlie  Upper  and  Lower  Town  by  the 
Audit,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge. 
In  tha  Upper  Town  are  a  strong  castle 
and  the  cathedral.  The  Lower  town 
is  square,  built  aflcr  the  modem  taste, 
and  kept  very  neat  by  means  of  an  aque- 
duct, which  brings  the  water  of  the 
Aude  to  different  fountains.  The  Up- 
per town,,  which  is  also  called  the  City, 
is  very  ancient,  and  in  the  castle  are 
preserved  some  old  records  written 
on  the  bark  of  trees.     Here  arc  manu- 


miles  \V  of  Narboune,   and  400  S  oi 
Paris.     L<m.  2  25  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Cardiff,  a  borough  of  S  Wales  in  Gla> 
norgansliire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday.  It  is  a  large 
and  welt  built  town,  and  has  a  castle, 
a  wall,  and  four  gates.  It  is  seated 
ori  the  Taafc,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  with 
Bristol  I  for  vessels  of  small  burden 
may  come  to  tl)c  bridge.  The  castle, 
tho'  much  decayed,  makes  a  grand  ap. 
peArance  at  this  time,  and  the  walls  of 
the  castle  are  very  strong  and  thick. 
The  constable  of  the  castle  is  the  chief 
magistrate,  whom  they  call  mayor. 
Near  tl^e  town  are  some  inm-worksi 
and  a  canal,  extending  25  miles  hence, 
to  the  iroti-works  at  Merthyr-Tidvil, 
In  the  castle,  died  Robert,  didce  of 
Normandy,  eldest  son  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  aft  ,r  having  been  blinded, 
and  confined  28  years,  by  his  brother 
Henr)'  I.  Cardill'is  12  miles  E  of  Cow- 
bridge,  and  164  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3   12  W,  1st.  51 30  N. 

Cardigan,  the  county-town  of  Car. 
diganshirc,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday 
and  Saturday ;  situate  on  the  river  Ty- 
vy,  over  which  is  i  handsome  stons 
bridge.  The  walls  and  castle  are  gone 
to  ruin.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  and 
is  33  miles  N  E  of  St.  David's  and  225 
W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  38  W, 
lat.  53  10  N. 

Cardigan  Bay,  on  the  const  of  Car- 
diganshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyvy, 
extending  to  Borsey  island  in  Camar- 
vonshirc.  It  is  40  miles  from  one  cape 
to  the  other,  and  aflbrds  secure  shel- 
ter for  ships. 

Curdiganihire,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Merionethshire 
and  Montgomeryshire,  on  the  £  by 
Radnorshire  and  Brecknockshire,  on 
the  S  by  Carmarthenshire,  and  Pem- 
brokeshire, and  on  the  W  by  Cardigan 
Bay.  It  extends  42  miles  from  N  to 
S  and  20  from  E  to  W  ;  and  is  divid- 
ed  into  five  hundreds,  containing  six 
market-towns,  and  64  parishes.  It 
lies  in  the  diocese  of  St.  David's,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament 
The  air  is  milder  here  than  in  most 
parts  of  Wales.  To  the  S  and  W  are 
plains  fruitful  in  com ;  but  the  N  and. 
E  parts  are  a  continued  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, however  there  are  cattle  bred  ill 
all  parts  ;  but  they  have  neither  wood 


fectuves  of  all  sorts  of  clotlt    It  is  15  (nor  coals  of  their  own  for  fuel.    Thej 


::  A  R 

irbtiiinc,   and  400  S  r) 

25  E.  Ut.  43  14  N. 
nu)ch  of  S  Wales  in  GU- 
irith  II  market  on  Wed- 
aturilav.  It  ii  a  large 
town,  und  has  a  castle, 
ur  gitcs.  It  U  icatcd 
over  whiih  i»  a  bridge, 
c(in»iderable  trade  with 
'esseU  of  ainall  burden 
J)c  bridge.  The  caatle, 
ayed,  makes  a  grand  ap- 
lis  time,  and  the  walls  of 
e  very  strong  and  thick. 

of  the  castle  is  the  chief 
vhom  they  call  mayor, 
m  are  some  inm-worksj 
xtcnding  25  miles  hence, 
rorks  at  Merthyr-Tidvil. 
,  died  Robert,  didce  of 
dest  son  of  William  the 
^',r  having  been  blinded, 
28  years,  bv  his  brother 
•dilris  12  miles  E  of  Cow- 
64  W  of  London.  Lon. 
51 30  N. 

the  county-town  of  Car- 
rith  a  market  on  Tuesday 

;  situate  on  the  river  Ty- 
ich  is  a  handsome  stont 
;  walls  and  castle  are  gone 
is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
ember  to  parliament,  and 
»I  E  of  St.  David's  and  22S 

London.     Lon.  4  38  W, 

ay,  on  the  const  of  Car- 
it  the  mouth  of  tlie  Tyvy, 
Borsey  island  in  Camar- 
is  40  miles  from  one  cape 
and  aftbrds  secure  shel- 

\ire,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
the  N  by  Merionethithire 
)mery8hlre,  on  the   E  by 
and  Brecknockshire,  on 
irmarthenshire,  and  Pem- 
^nd  on  the  W  by  Cardigan 
ends  42  miles  from  N  to 
[m  E  to  W  ;  and  is  divid- 
hundreds,  containing  six 
s,    and   64  parishes.     It 
[ocese  of  St.  David's,  and 
members  to   parliament 
.lilder  here  than  in  most 
fes.    To  the  S  and  W  are 
-  in  com  \  but  the  N  ani 
continued  ridge  of  moun- 
jr  there  are  cattle  bred  in 
It  they  have  neither  wood 
leir  own  for  fuel.    Thcj 


CAR 

have  fish  in  plenty  witli  fowls  both 
tame  and  wild.  Near  tlic  rivers  are 
great  numbers  of  otters  i  and  in  the  val- 
leys arc  several  lakes.  The  mountains 
abound  with  veins  of  kiid  and  silver 
ore  j  and  the  mines  have  been  worked 
several  times  to  great  advantage  :  Sir 
Hugh  Middlcton  is  said  to  have  clcur- 
('(I  20(X)/.  a  moMtli,  for  several  vcars 
togelher,  wiiieh  enabled  him  to  bring 
the  New  River  water  to  London  ;  but 
lie  expended  the  whole  on  that  great 
ubjcct.  The  ]>rineipal  rivers  are  tlie 
I'yvy,  the  Rydul,  and  the  Istwith. 

CarJona,  a  town  uf  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, witli  a  castle.  Near  it  is  an  inex- 
liuustiLle  mountain  of  salt,  of  seve- 
ral colours,  which,  when  washed,  be- 
comes white  )  and  there  are  vineyards, 
which  produce  excellent  wine.  It  is 
icated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  river 
Cardencro,  30  miles  N  W  of  Barcelo- 
ua.     Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Carelia,  the  eastern  part  of  Finland. 
It  belongs  partly  to  tlie  Swedes,  and 
partly  to  the  Russians.  See  Wiburgh. 
Carentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channel  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  with  an  ancient 
castle,  eight  miles  from  sea.  Lon.  1 
4  W,  lat.  49  16  N. 

Cariati,  a  toMm  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  two  miles  from  the  gpulf  of  Taranto. 
Lon.  17  19  £,  lat.  39  35  N. 

Caribbean  Sea,  that  part  of  the  At- 
lantic, Ijnng  between  Cuba,  St.  Domin- 
go, and  Porto  Rico  on  the  N,  and  Ter- 
ra Firma  on  the  S,  It  was  former- 
ly called  the  North  Sea;  for  the 
Spaniards  having  crossed  the  isthmus 
of  Daricn  from  N  to  S,  gave  the  sea 
they  discovered  the  name  of  the  South 
Sea,  and  this,  of  course,  the  North 
Sea,  although  with  respect  to  the 
Anierican  continent,  the  Pacific  is  the 
western,  and  the  Atlantic  the  Eastern 
ocean. 

Caribbee  Itlandt,  the  most  eastern 
islands  ot  the  West  Indies  divided  in- 
to Windward  and  Leeward  islands. 
As  the  Caribbee  islands  are  all  be- 
tween the  tropics,  their  inhabitants 
are  exposed  to  perpetual  heat.  In 
those  places  where  the  wind  does  not 
blow,  the  air  is  excessively  hot,  and 
none  but  easterly  winds  contribute  to 
refresh  it  The  torrents  of  roin  which 
fall  refresh  the  air;  but  their  humid 
exlialations  render  the  cUmate  uobeal- 
tffv. 


CAR 

Carigiiann,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  • 
dlKtricl  of  the  sitnie  name,  seated  on 
the  river  Po,  three  miles  S  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  44  S7  N. 

Cariuian  Java,  a  eliinter  of  islands 
to  the  N  of  Java,  at  tbe  principid  of 
which  ships  toueli  for  refreshmentN, 
in  their  vovage  to  Borneo.  Lon.  110 
12  E,  Int.  5  56S. 

Ctirinola,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Lavora,  seated  near 
Mount  Massico,  25  inilcM  N  W  of  Na- 
ples.    Lon,  1418E  lat.  41  15  N. 

Carinthiii,  a  fertile  dutchy  of  Ger- 
many in  the  circle  of  Austria,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Austria,  on  the  E  by 
Stiria,  on  the  S  by  Curniola  and  Friu- 
li,  and  on  the  W  by  Tirol  and  Saltz- 
burg.     Clugenfiirtis  the  capital. 

Cariilnook  Cattle,  an  ancient  castle, 
near  Newjiort,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  Charles  I.  was  imprisoned. 

Cariito,  an  episcopal  town  of  Greece, 
in  the  E  part  of  the  island  of  Negro- 
pont.     Lon.  2445E,  lat  38  4  N. 

Cartingford,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  on 
Ciirlingford  Bay,  in  the  county  of 
Lowth,  21  miles  N  of  Droghcda.  Lon. 
6  0  W,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Carlisie,  an  ancient  city,  the  capital 
of  Cumberland,  with  a  market  on  Sa- 
turday. It  is  walled  round,  and  plea- 
santly situated  above  a  rich  tract  of 
meadows,  bordering  the  Eden  and  two 
other  rivers,  which  here  unite  their 
streams.  The  gates  of  this  city  are 
called  tlie  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch. 
It  has  a  castle,  on  the  W  side  of  the 
town  ;  and  tlie  cathedral  is  a  stately 
structure.  The  eastern  part  which  i» 
tite  ne  west,  is  a  curious  piece  of  work- 
manship. The  choir  with  the  aisles, 
is  71  tcet  broud  ;  and  has  a  stately  E 
window,  48  feet  high  and  SO  broad, 
adorned  with  curious  pillars.  Carlisle 
has  a  considerable  manufacture  of  print- 
ed linens  and  checks,  for  which  3000/. 
per  annum  is  paid  in  duties,  and  is  no- 
ted for  the  making  of  whips  und  fish- 
hooks. It  was  taken  by  the  rebels  in 
1745,  but  retaken  by  the  duke  of  Cum- 
berland It  is  governed  by  a  mayor., 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  ani'i 
is  60  miles  S  of  Edinbui-gh,  and  30; 
N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  53  W, 
lat.  54  56  N. 

Cttrliile,  a  post  town  and  tlie  capital  of 
Cumberland  county,  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  south  side  of  Conedog- 
winnet  creek,    18  miles   W   by  S   of 
Harrisburg,  37  N  by  W  of  York,  about 


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54  N  W  of  Lnnra«tep,  anil  124  of  Plii- 
liicl«-l|i|iiii.  'I'lio  ciiiiiity  wus  ilividcd 
from  I.:iiu'  iiii-r,  niiil  Chi'IIsIu  made  (liu 
priiicipiil  !i«'ul  Drjimtice  of  Ciimbcrlnnd 
county  Janiriry,  174!>-.VO.  'I'lic  town  is 
plcnnuntlv  sitiiiitfd,  and  tlic  houscx 
urc  l»iill  ])rini-i|iiilly  with  lii'icki,  pluin 
and  coinniodiiiiis.  'I'lii;  Hti'i'«rt«  ui'i' 
laid  out  in  Htriii«lit  lincH,  and  of  u  conve- 
nient widtli.  Mciv  in  u  scniinnry  of 
leurninff,  called  Dickenson  collcjfi!, 
wliicli  luis  liit!i(:rt<i  been  conducted 
witli  ((oixl  rc|>nt.ttion  i  t!ie  laio  prin- 
cipal Dr.  Ncnt>it  bcinp;'  a  tCHclier  of 
distin};uii«hcd  leurnin)^  unJ  piety.  At 
the  lant  cniimrrutiou  in  1800  tiic  in- 
habit :intH  amounted  to  20.1i. 

Ciiilov),  or  Cathrrtough,  a  county  of 
Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Leinster, 
28  niilesinlcn(^h,andei)(htin  brcudtli ; 
boinided  on  tlic  E  bv  Wicklow  and 
Wcxfonl,  on  the  W  by  Qiicen's  coun- 
ty and  Kilkenny,  and  on  the  N  by  Kil- 
clarc. 

Carlmu,  or  Catherlough,  a  town  of 
Ireland,  in  a  coimty  of  the  same 
name,  w\  the  river  Barrow,  16  mileit 
N  K  of  Kilkenny.  Lon.  7  14  W,  lat. 
52  48  N. 

Corloviits,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  33  miles  N  W  of 
fielfirTRdc.  Lon,  20  5  £,  lat.  44  45  N. 
Carltcrona  or  Carlteroon,  a  seajjort  of 
Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Blckinpen. 
It  derives  its  orig^in  and  name  from 
Charles  XI.  wiio  firht  I 'id  the  founda- 
tions of  a  new  town  in  1680,  and  re- 
moved the  fleet  from  Stockholm  to 
this  place  on  account  of  its  advantujje- 
ons  situation  in  the  centre  of  the 
Swedish  seas  and  tlie  superior  securi- 
ty of  its  harbour,  wliich  has  depth  of 
water  for  first-rate  ships  to  cairy  their 
lower  tier  of  guns ;  the  entrance  into 
tiiis  harboiu",  is  defended  by  two  stronp 
forts.  The  greatest  part  of  the  town 
stands  upon  a  small  rocky  island, 
^vhich  rises  gently  in  a  bay  of  the  Bal- 
tic :  the  suburbs  extend  over  another 
small  rock,  and  alwiig  the  inolc,  close 
to  the  basin  whei  e  the  fleet  is  moored. 
The  way  into  the  town  from  the  main 
land,  is  carried  over  a  dyke  to  an 
island,  and  from  thenrc  along  two 
long  wooden  bridges  joined  by  a  bar- 
ren rock.  The  lawn  contiiins  about 
18,000  inhnbitants  ;  and  the  suburbs 
are  fortified  towai-d  t.hc  land,  by  a 
stone  wall,  Formei-l}-,  vessels  in  uii«' 
port,  when  careened  and  ri-paired, 
were  laid  upon  tl*elr  .^idcs   in  the  open 


hkrhour ;  until  a  dock  was  hollowed 
Ml  the  solid  rock,  in  1724,  capuble  of 
receiving  a  lirst  rate  man  of  war.  A 
project  for  constructing  ,10  covered 
docks,  and  other  improvements,  wus 
l)cgun  in  1759  i  but  they  have  proceed- 
eil  slowly.  One  dock  wat  flnisiied  in 
1779,  and  gives  an  ide:»  of  the  expiiiirc 
und  gri'utnesH  of  the  plan:  the  bottom 
and  sides  urc  of  hewn  granitu  i  rows  of 
granite  pillars  .support  the  roo.",  and 
bear  rather  tiio  upnearancc  o!'a  colon- 
nade to  a  temple  tlutn  a  receptacle  for 
siiipH.  CarNcronu  is 'JJOmilei  S  W  oC 
btockliulm.    Lon.  15  26  K.  lat.  56  20  N. 

Carmtiidt,  II. c  cupitid  of  Croiitiu,  on 
the  river  Kidp,  140  miles  S  of  Vienna 
Lon.  15  21  K,  lat.  46  2  N 

Carlttwlt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  iu 
Wernieland,  on  the  island  of  1  higwul- 
la,  which  is  formed  by  two  blanches 
of  the  Clara  Elb.  It  is  a  bishop's  see. 
The  town  contains  1500  inhubitants, 
who  carry  on  a  trade  in  iron  and  woimI 
acrois  lake  VVcuncr.  It  is  IJJ  milci 
W  of  .Stockholm.  Lon.  13  43  E,  lat. 
59  16  N. 

CurUtadt,  a  ti>\vn  of  Germany,  in  th« 
bishopric  of  Wurt/burg,  seated  on  the 
Maine,  16  miles  N  of  Wurtzburg. 
Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Cannagniula,  a  trading  town  of  Pied- 
mont,  with  a  strt.ng  citadel.  It  was 
taken  by  tlie  French  in  1691,  but  reta- 
ken by  prince  Eugene  tlie  same  year. 
It  is  seated  on  u  small  river,  which 
runs  into  tlie  Po,  14  miles  S  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  44  51  N. 

Canuanlien,  \  he  county -town  of  Car- 
murtiienshire,  with  a  market  on  Wed-,, 
nesday  and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  .pfk' 
tlie  river  Towy,  over  wliich  is  a  stoM 
bridge,  to  which  small  vessels  may 
come  up.  It  was  once  fortiBed  with  % 
wall  and  acastle,  now  in  ruins.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament,  and  is  24 
miles  S  E  of  Cardigan,  and  207  W  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  4  23  W,  lat.  51 
52  N. 

Carm.arthemhire,  a.  county  of  South 
Wales,  35  miles  in  length,  and  20  in 
breadth  ;  bounded  by  Cardiganshire  on 
the  N,  the  Bristol  channel  on  tlie  S, 
Brecknock  and  Glamorganshire  on  the 
E,  and  Pembrokeshire  on  the  W.  It 
lies  in  the  diocese  of  St.  Davids  t  con< 
taining  eight  market-towns  and  87  pa- 
rishes ;  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  Its  principal  rivers  arc 
the  Towy,  Tyvy,  and  Taafe.  It  i» 
friiitM  in  corn  and  grass,  having  many 


CAR 


until   a 
J  rork, 


■r  tlio  uppcaraiii'c  iii'a  coU 
tc-mple  timii  a  receptacle 


<lurk  WDS  hollowed 
ill  1^34,  rupubli:  of 
I  timt  rate  niuii  of  witr.  A 
r  coiistrtictiii|f  'Ml  tovornl 
1  other  iinprovcniriiiM,  vim 
759  i  but  thoy  have  pn)ctc(l. 
Oiu:  (lot-k  will  fininhfit  in 
(fivcM  uii  idea  ol'thc  c\pBiire 
L'SH  of  the  plan :  the  bottom 
ire  (if  liewn  ^-riinito  i  rowinf 
Ihirs  .lupporl  the  roo.",  and 
olon- 
t'ur 
rUrronu  in 'JJOinilcH  S  Wot' 
.  Lon.  15  261i.  liit.  S6  20  N. 
r,  II. c  capitiil  of  Croutiu,  oi\ 
^iilp,  14U  niiW's  S  uf  Vienna 
I  E,  lat.  46  2  N 
t,  a  town  of  Sweden,  iu 
id,  on  the  itliind  of  1  in){wal- 
Ih  formed  by  twii  biunilivi 
ra  Klb.  It  in  a  bNlio|>'»  nee. 
1  contains  IjUO  iiihubitants, 
'  on  a  trade  in  iron  and  wo(hI 
e  VVcnncr.  It  in  IJJ  milci 
khoim.     Lon.  13  43  E,  lat. 

It,  a  t^)^vn  of  Gcrniuny,  in  the 
of  W  urt/.biir(f,  seated  on  the 
6  niilcN   N    of   VVurtzbur^. 
E,  lat.  49  56  N. 
niiula,  a  tradlnn^  town  of  Pied- 
ill    a   stri.iig  I  itudel.     It  w»8 
the   French  in  1691,  but  reta- 
I'ince  Eugene  tlie  same  year. 
;d  on   a  smuU  river,   which 
the  Vo,  14  milc!  S  of  Turin. 
E,  lat.  44  51  N. 
then,  the  county-town  of  Car- 
liire,  with  a  market  on  Wed^ 
d  Saturday.     It  in  seuted  ,pi^' 
Towy,  over  wiiich  is  a  stoni 

0  wiiich  small  vessels  may 
It  was  once  fortified  with  a 

castle,  now  in  ruina.  It  sends 
ler  to  parliament,  and  is  24 
,  of  Cardigan,  and  207  W  by 
don.    Lon.  4   2.3  W,  lat.  51 

■theiuhire,  a  county  of  South 
5  miles  in  length,  and  20  in 
bounded  by  Cardiganshire  on 
c  Bristol  channel  on  tlie  S, 
k  and  Glamorganshire  on  tlic 
Pembrokeshire  on  the  W.  U 
!  diocese  of  St.  Davids  t  con- 
ght  market-towns  and  87"  pa- 
niid  sends  two  members  to 
it.  Its  principal  rivers  ar* 
ry,   Tj-vy,   and   Taafe.     It  i» 

1  corn  and  grass,  having  many 


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pleai.ant  and  rich  meadnwi,  alio  wood, 
eii.il,  and  lea-fisli,  especially  salmon^  porary 
winch  is  cxccpdinfif  good.  The  air  is 
mild  aixl  wholnomr,  it  not  being  so 
iii'iiiiitainous  as  the  other  counties  of 
Wiil.i, 

Cinnef,  a  mountahi  in  Palestine,  no- 
ted (or  haviii)f  been  the  retreat  of  the 
|ii'<iphct  Ellas,  mid  for  a  monastery  of 
(;;ii'iiielitcs.  It  is  5U  miles  N  of  jeru- 
nHlein. 

Carmona,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Aimtrian 
riiiili,  on  a  miiuiitiiin  near  the  river 
li.'lri,  neveii  miles  N  \V  of  Uurit/. 
[.■;ii.  !,]2.}  E,  lat.  46  25  W. 

Cirmitna,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  AiidiiliiHia.  Tlic  gate  toward  Sev- 
ille is  one  of  the  most  exti'iiordinary 
jiieees  nf  antiquity  in  all  Spain.  It  is 
.'5  miles  E  of  Seville.     Lon.  4  48  W, 

lA.  ar  24  N. 

Carnarvon,  the  county -town  of  Car- 
iiiirvonshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
<l;ty.  It  is  seated  on  a  strait  of  the 
Irish  sea,  called  Menai,  and  carries  on 
a  ennsiderable  trade  with  Ireland  and 
tlie  principal  English  ports.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  strength,  as  well  by  na- 
ture as  art,  being  surrounded  on  all 
sides,  except  the  E,  by  the  sea  and  two 
rivers.  Carnarvon  sends  one  member 
to  parliament,  and  is.  governed  by  the 
ronstable  of  the  castle,  who,  by  patent, 
is  always  ihayor.  It  is  seven  miles  S 
\V  of  Bangor,  and  251  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  20  Vt,  lat.  53  8  N. 

Carnarvonthire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  50  miles  in  length,  and  13  in 
lir.cadtli :  bounded  on  the  N  and  W  by 
tlie  Irish  Sea,  on  the  S  by  Meribnctli- 
sliire,  and  on  tKe  E  by  Denbighshire. 
It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Bangor,  and  is 
about  40  miles  in  length,  and  20  in 
lireadth.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Seint  and  Conway  :  the  last  of  which 
rivers,  though  its  coiir'ae  is  only  12 
miles,  is  navigable  by  ships  of  good 
burden  for  more  than  half  its  length. 
TIkt  uir  is  piercing,  owing  partly  to  the 
snow  tliaf  lies  seven  of  eigttt  months  of 
the  year  on  the  mountains,  and  partly 
to  the  great  number  of  lakes  which  are 
said  to  be  not  fewer  than  60.  Its  cen- 
tral piurt  is  occupied  by  tlie  famed 
Snowdoii,  and  the  several  craggy  sum- 
mits,  deep  dells,  moors,  chksms,  and 
lakes,  which  constitute  its  dreary  rie- 
j^i'ins.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are 
almost  its  sole  rural  riches.  These 
are  fed,  during  the  summer,  vci^  high 
m  the  moontains,  tended  by  their  om- 


en, who  reside  for  that  season  in  tern* 
huts,  and  make  butter  anA 
cheese  for  their  own  consumption. 
The  prospects  around  are  rude  ant 
sHVRf^e  in  the  highest  ilegrcc  ;  but  not 
without  a  mixture  of  beauty,  when  the 
dimensions  of  the  vules  admit  the  va- 
rieties of  wood,  water  and  meadows. 
Many  rare  vegetables,  met  witli  onlj^ 
on  the  most  olcvated  spots,  grow  here. 
Copper  mines  have  been  worked  in  va- 
rioiis  parts  of  these  nioiintaiiis,  and  ar4 
nt  jnesent  about  Lhaibrrris.  Uthef 
[ilares  aHord  lead  i  and  quantities  of 
stone,  excellent  for  hones,  arc  dug  nea^ 
Snowdnn  I  to  the  bleak  region  ol  which 
the  vide  of  Conway  below,  in  fertility 
and  beauty,  forms  a  vary  pleasing  con- 
trast. 

Carnatic,  a  country  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  extending  trom  the 
Guntoor  circar,  along  the  whole  coast 
of  Cororaandel,  to  Capt  Comorin;  in- 
cluding its  appendages,  which  are 
Tanjore,  Maravar,  Trichinopoly,  Ma- 
dura and  Tinevclley.  It  is  570  miles 
from  N  to  S,  but  no  where  more  than 
120  wide,  and  commonly  no  more  than 
75.  The  annual  revo'ie  of  the  nabob  of 
Arcot,  its  soverci(;'  is  stated  at  about 
1,500,000/.  out  of  wl .  leh  he  pays  a  subsidy 
of  160,000/.  to  the  £ngli»h  East  Indiii 
Company,  toward  the  expencft  of  tlieir 
military  establishment.  The  British 
possessions  in  the  Camatic,  are  con- 
fined chiefly  to  the  tract  called  the 
Jaghire,  whose  annual  revenue  is 
150,000/.  There  is,  besides,  a  land 
revenue  dependant  on  Madras,  of 
725,000/.  The  Camatic  is  rich ,  Ut- 
tile,  and  populous ;  and  contains  an  in- 
credible number  of  fortresses  ;  public 
monuments  too,  the  unequivocal  marks 
of  civilization  and  opulence,  are  more 
common  here  than  in  the  northeni 
parts  of  India.  In  1787,  the  East  Id- 
dia  Company  took  the  whole  adminis- 
tration of  the  Carnatic,  and  the  collec- 
tion of  the  nabob's  revenues  intoUieir 
own  hands.    Arcot  is  the  capital. 

Carnhla,  a  province  <^f  Germany,  Jjii ' 
the  circle  of  Austria ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Carinthia  and  Stiria,  on  tlie  %  by 
Sclavonia  and  Croatia,  on  the  S  1^. 
Morlachia  and  Istria,  and  on  the  Why' 
Friuli.  It  ii  lull  of  ro«l(8  and  i6o«tt- 
taiha,  some  of  which  are  cultivate, 
othent  nri^ed  and  barren,  and  <MUm 
coiitiiuUdiy  buried  in  tfnow.  Ltfimibti 
is  the  capital. 
Cdroliria  NorlK,  6M  of  the  'OWteA 


3«*'l'  •; 


CAR 


CAR 


^•taies  of  America ;  bounded  on  tlie  N 
by  Vir^nia,  on  the  £  by  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  S  by  South  Carolina  and  Gcor- 

f;ia,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Mississippi, 
t  is  758  miles  long,  and  1.10  broad ; 
oivi'Vid  -into  eij^ht  districts  and  58 
counties.  This  country  is  seated  be- 
tween the  exti'eniities  of  heat  and 
cold;  the  heat  being  more  trouble- 
some in  summer,  thtm  the  cold  in  win- 
ter The  air  is  generally  serrne  and 
tloar  the  greatest  part  of  the  year,  but 
in  February  the  inhabitants  have  a  cus- 
tom of  burning  the  woods,  which  caus- 
es such  a  smoke  as  would  seem  to  pro- 
ceed from  a  thickness  in  the  air.  Be- 
side the  regetable  products  common  to 
America,  there  are  ground  peas,  which 
run  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and 
are  covered  by  hand  with  a  light 
mould,  and  tlie  pods  grow  under 
gfi'ound ;  they  are  eaten  raw  or  roasted, 
and  taste  much  like  a  hazle  nut  Cot- 
ton also  is  universiiUy  cultivated  here. 
The  most  remarkable  of  their  trees  is 
tlie  pitch  pine,  which  afibvds  pitch, 
tar,  turpentine,  and  various  kinds  of 
lumber.  Among  their  medicinal  herbs 
and  roots,  this  country  abounds  with  tlie 
ginseng,  Virginia  and  Seneca  snake- 
root,  and  lion's-heart,  a  sovereign  re- 
medy for  the  bite  of  a  serpent.  The 
in'Ugo  is  h<Avever  inferior  to  what 
comes  from  the  Caribbee  Islands.  The 
Inhabitants  of  this  state  were  estimat- 
ed in  1790,  at  210,000  whites,  and 
60,000  negroes.  Newbem  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Carolina  South,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America  ;  bounded  on  tlie  E 
by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  N  by  N(jrth 
Carolina,  and  on  the  S  and  S  W  by  the 
river  JiavaiiiuUi,  which  divides  it  from 
Georgia;  its  western  boundary  has 
not  yet  been  accurately  ascertained.  It 
is  200  mileb  long,  and  125  broad; 
divided  into  seven  districts,  and  35 
counties.  Beside  Indian  com,  wheat, 
&c.  for  home  consumption,  large  quan- 
tities of  tobacco,  and  some  indigo  and 
wheat  are  raised  for  exportation.  Their 
rivers  are  large,  and  aboimd  with  de« 
licate'iish  ;  besides  water  fowl  of  dif- 
ferent kinds.  The  number  of  white 
inhabitants  has  been  estimated  at 
80^006  ;  the  negroes  the  same  number, 
but  some  compute  the  latter  to  be 
i30,000.    Columbia  is  the  capital. 

ptttvlinat,  or  Caroline  hlmdt.    See 
mtlppinet,  Neva. 
Carpathian     Mountavi*,     mountains 


which  divide  Hungary  and  Transylra- 
l^ia  from  Poland. 

Carpentrat,  an  episcopal  town  of 
France,  in  the  late  province  of  Pro. 
vence,  and  capital  of  Venaissin.  Be- 
fore the  French  revolution,  it  was  sub- 
ject to  the  pope.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Auson,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  14 
miles  N  £  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  6  E, 
lat.  44  8  N. 

Carpi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  with  a  castle,  eight  miles  N  of 
Modena.     Lon,  11  16  £,  lat.  44  41  N. 

Carpi,  a  town  of  Italy  in  tlie  Vero- 
nese, seated  on  the  Adige,  24  miles  S 
E  of  Verona.  Lon.  1 1  39  E,  lat.  45  11 
N. 

Carrici  on  Sure,  a  town  of  Ireland, 
in  Tipperary,  14  miles  N  W  of  Water- 
ford.     Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Carrickfergut,  a  populous  borough 
and  seaport  uf  Ireland,  in  Antrim,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  buy  in  the 
Irish  Channel,  of  the  same  name,  85 
miles  N  of  Dublin.  Lon.  5  46  W,  l»t. 
54  43  N. 

Corron,  a  river  of  Stirlingshire,  which 
rises  on  the  S  side  of  tlie  Campaef 
Hills,  and  flows  into  the  frith  of  Forth, 
below  Falkirk.  Its  stream  is  aimUl  wl 
scarcely  desen-es  the  noidce  of  the  tra- 
veller ;  yet  there  are  few  rivers  which 
have  been  the  scene  of  so  many  memo- 
rable transactions.  When  the  Roman 
empire  was  in  its  glory  tlie  banks  of 
Carron  were  its  Doundaries  on  the 
N  W,  and  Antoninus'  wall  which  was 
raised  to  mark  the  limits  of  that  vaat 
empire,  ran  parallel  tu  tliis  river  for 
several  miles.  Two  miles  from  iti 
source,  it  forms  a  iine  cascade,  called 
tlie  Fall  of  Auchinlilly. 

Carron,  a  village  in  Stirlingshire, 
Scotland,  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
foundery,  belonging  to  the  Carron 
Company  on  the  river  Carron,  one 
mile  from  Falkirk,  consisting  of  the 
greatest  iron  works  in  Europe.  All 
sorts  of  iron  g^ds  are  made  in  it,  fym 
the  most  trifling  article  to  a  cannon 
that  discharges  a  ball  of  42  pounds. 
The  short  piece  of  ordinance  called 
a  carronade.  And  introduced  into  the 
navy  in  the  last  wto-,  was  firtl  made 
here,  and  hence  li^ceived  ij||k'naffle. 
They  export  g^eat  quantitiei-W  lArge 
cannon  to  Russia,  Germany,  tnd  other 
foreign  parts.  These  woriu  were 
erected  m  1761;  before  which  time 
there  was  not  a  single  house  on  the 
spot.    At  present  the  building*  K^  "^ 


CAR 


CAR 


CAR 


ivide  Hungary  and  Trantylva. 
n  Poland. 

ntriu,  an  episcopal  town  of 
in  the  Ute  province  of  Pro- 
ind  capital  of  Venaissin.  Be- 
:  French  revolution,  it  was  sub. 
the  pope.  It  is  seated  on  the 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  14 
I  E  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  6  E, 
8N. 

,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
ith  a  castle,  eight  miles  N  of 
a.  Lon.  11  16  £,  lat.  44  41  N. 
I,  a  town  of  Italy  in  tiie  Vero- 
sated  on  the  Adige,  24  miles  S 
erona.    Lon.  1 1  39  E,  lat.  45  19 

id  on  Sure,  a  town  of  Ireland, 
jerary,  14  miles  N  W  of  Water- 
Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  52  24  N. 
icKfergui,  a  populous  borough 
iport  of  Ireland,  in  Antrim,  with 
i.  It  is  seated  on  a  buy  in  the 
;h!innel,  of  the  same  name,  8S 
)J  of  Dublin.  Lon.  5  46  W,  l»t. 
N. 

on,  a  river  of  Stirlingshire,  which 
m  the  S  side  of  tlie  Camptef 
and  flows  into  the  frith  of  Forth, 
Falkirk.  Its  stream  ia  siMdl  ad 
ly  desenxs  the  notice  of  the  tra- 
;  yet  there  are  few  rivers  which 
leen  the  scene  of  so  many  memo- 
transactions.  When  the  Roman 
£  was  in  its  glory  tlie  banks  of 
n  were  its  Doundaries  on  thr 
and  Antoninus'  wall  which  wu 
to  mark  the  limits  of  that  vut 
e,  ran  parallel  to  tliis  river  for 
d  miles.  Two  miles  from  it« 
i,  it  forms  a  fine  cascade,  called 
all  of  Auchinlilly. 
ran,  a  village  in  Stirlingshire, 
ind,  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
ery,  belonging  to  the  Carron 
any  on  the  river  Carron,  one 
from  Falkirk,  consisting  of  the 
:st  iron  works  in  Eur<^.  Ml 
of  iron  goods  are  n\ade  in  it,  fyfia 
nost  trifling  arUcle  to  a  cannon 
iischarges  a  ball  of  42  pounds, 
short  piece  of  ordinance  called 
ronade,  ftnd  introduced  into  the 
in  the  last  wkr,  was  iiril  made 
and  hence  Bpceived  i|fc^name. 
export  great  quantities  W  l»rge 
in  to  Russia,  Germany,  and  other 
fn  parts.  These  works  were 
ed  m  irei;  before  v*ich  time 
was  not  a  single  house  on  the 
At  present  the  buildMif*  Vf  <*^ 


^^T"-    -^■- 


vast  extent,  and  the  machinery  eon 
structed  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  is  the  first 
ill  Britain,  both  in  elegance  and  cor- 
rectness ;  6500  tons  of  iron  aj'c  smelt- 
ed annually  from  tlie  mineral  with  pit- 
eoal,  and  cast  into  cannon,  cylinders, 
tic.  In  one  place,  wliere  cotd  is  con- 
verlea  into  coak,  by  discharging  it  of 
its  sulphur,  and  the  fire  spreads  of 
coarse  over  a  large  sui-fuce,  the  vol- 
umes of  smoke,  the  spiry  flames,  and 
tlie  suffocating  heat  of  the  glimmering 
air,  are  wonderfully  affecting ;  and  at 
night,  its  glare  is  inconceivably  grand. 
How  vast  the  fire  is  wc  may  conceive, 
when  wc  are  told  that  it  often  bums 
lUD  tons  of  coal  in  a  day.  The  massy 
bellows  which  rouse  the  furnaces  are 
put  in  motion  by  water,  and  receiving 
llie  air  in  large  cylinders,  force  it  out 
again  through  small  orifices,  roaring 
with  astonishing  noise.  The  fire  of 
the  furnace  thus  roused  becomes  p. 
glowing  spot,  which  the  eye  caniio 
mure  look  at  than  at  the  sun.  Under 
such  intense  heat  the  rugged  stone  in- 
stantly dissolves  in  streams  of  l-quid 
iron. 

Cart,  the  name  of  two  rivers  in  Ren- 
frewshire, distinguished  by  the  appel- 
lations of  Black  and  White. 

Ctrtama,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Grana- 
da, at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Guadala  Medina,  eight  miles  M  W 
of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  43  W.  lat.  .30  40  N. 

Carteret  Itland,  a»  island  in  tiie  Soutli 
Pacific  Ocean,  seen  by  captain  Carteret 
in  1767.  It  is  six  leagues  long  from  E 
to  W.     Lon.  JL59  14  £,  lat.  8  26  S. 

Carthage,  a  famous  city  of  antiquity 
in  Africa,  which  for  many  years  dispu- 
ted the  empire  of  the  world  with 
Rome,  but  was  at  length  razed  by  the 
Romans.  Some  of  the  ruins  are  to  be 
leeii  on  the  coiist  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an, 10  miles  H  E  of  Tunis,  near  a  pro- 
montory called  cape  Carthage.  Lon. 
10  25  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Carthage,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
Costa  Rica,  with  a  bishop's  see,  360 
miles  W  N  W  of  Panama.  Lon.  85  45 
W,  Ut.  10  15  S. 

Carthage,  or  JHoore  Coun-Hnute,  a 
post  town,  and  the  principal,  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Moore  coiinty,  North  Carolina, 
about  40  miles  a-om  Fayettville,  and 
390  from  Washington. 

Carthagena,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Murcaa,  built  by  Asdrubal,  a  Cartha- 
%ivi\a.vL  general,  and  named  afler  the  ci- 
ty of  Carthage.    It  has  tj^e  best  bar- 


I  hour  in  Spain,  but  nothing  else  very 
considerable.  It  was  taken  by  Sir  John 
Leake  in  1706,  but  the  duke  of  Ber- 
wick retook  it.  It  is  seated  on  a  gull 
of  the  same  name,  27  miles  S  of  Mur« 
cia.     Lon.  0  8  W,  Ut.  37  37  N. 

Carthagena,  a  province  of  South 
America,  in  Terra  Firma,  bounded  on 
the  W  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  on 
the  N  W  and  N  by  the  Carribbean  Sen, 
on  tlie  E  by  St.  Martha,  and  on  the  S 
by  Popayan.  It  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try I  but  has  many  well  watered  and 
fertile  vallies ;  yet,  being  thinly  peo- 
pled, it  is  ill  cultivated.  Tb^  '■\imnte 
is  exceedingly  unhealthy.  1  ne  Euro- 
peans are  subject  to  a  terrible  disease 
called  the  black  vomit,  which  sweeps 
off  multitudes  annually  on  the  arrival 
of  the  galleons.  It  produces  a  variety 
of  valuable  drugs,  and  some  precious 
»*one»,  particukrly  eitteralds. 

Carthagena,  the  ci^ital  of  the  pro- 
vince uf  CarUiagena,  in  Terrs  Firma, 
one  of  the  most  populous,  opulent,  and 
beautiful  cities  in  South  America.  Its 
harbour  ia  the  safest  and  best  fortified 
in  tlie  Spanish  American  dominions. 
This  was  not  the  only  circumstance,  to 
which  Carthagena  owed  its  splendour 
and  importance  i  it  was  chosen  as  tltt^ 
port  in  which  the  galleons  should  firet 
begin  to  trade ;  on  their  arrival  from 
Europe,  and,  to  which  tliey  we  «  di- 
rected to  return,  in  order  to  prepare 
for  their  voyage  hoiheward.  lliere  ia 
reason.,  however,  to  apprehend,  that  it 
has  reai'^hed  its  highest  point  of  exalta- 
tion, as  it  must  be  affected,  in  a  great 
degree,  by  the  change  in  the  Spanish 
system  oi' trade  ^th  America,  which 
has  withdrawn  from  it  the  desirable 
visits  of  the  g^eons.  The  forUfica* 
tions  both  of  the  city  and  suburbs  are 
built  ailer  the  modem  manner  and 
lined  with  free  stone.  The  streets  are 
broad,  uniform  and  well  pave4.  All 
the  houses  are  built  of  stone  or  brick, 
only  one  story  high,  neat  and  furnished 
with  bidconies  of  yrood,  which  is  more 
durable  in  that  clinvite  Uian  iron,  the 
latter  being  soon  corroded  by  the  acri- 
monious quality  of-the  atmosphere.  It  . 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1585,  and 
by  the  French  in  1697,  vrho  found  » 
great  booty :  but  admiiral  Vernon,  in 
1741,  though  he  had  taken  the  <;asUe« 
was  obliged  to  abandon  the  siege. 
Lon.  75  26  W,  lat.  10  24  N- 

Cartmel,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  vfHh^ 
a  market  on  Monday,  and  a  Landsonif  • 


kSi 


I i 


CAS 


CAS 


church,  built  like  a  cathedral.  It  ig 
seated  among  the  hills  called  C:.rtinel 
Fells,  not  iar  from  the  aeu,  oiid  neur 
the  river  Kent,  12  miles  N  by  W  of 
Lancaster,  and  260  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  J  S  W,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Canvar,  a  seapoi-t  on  tlie  coast  of 
Malabar,  subject  to  the  regent  of  My- 
sore. It  is  6U  miles  S  by  £  of  Goa. 
Lon.  74  34  E,  lat.  15  0  N. 

Casal,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat, 
with  a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
'.s  seated  on  tlie  river  Po,  37  miles  N  £ 
of  Turin.     Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  45  18  N. 

Casal  Maggiore,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Milan.  It  was  forced  to 
stirrender  to  the  French  in  May  1796, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Po,  2U  miles 
S  £  of  Cremona.  Lou.  10  35  E,  lat.  44 
56  N. 

Caial  Nunva,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore.  A  terrible  earth- 
quake happened  here  in  1783,  by 
which  the  princess  Gerace,  and  up- 
wards of  4000  inhabitants  lokt  their 
lives. 

Caibin,  or  Caveiin,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  Irac  Agemi,  wher^  Several  of  the 
kings  of  Persia  have  resi4ed.  Nadir 
Shah  built  a  palace  here,  inclosed  by 
a  wall  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumfer- 
ence ;  likewise  the  town  is  incircled 
by  u  wall  four  miles  in  circuit.  It  car- 
ries on  a  great  trade  and  is  seated  near 
the  high  mountain  Elwend,  where 
there  are  fine  quarries  of  white  marble, 
180  miles  N  of  Ispalian.  Lon.  52  16 
£,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Ca*CiiL,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo, 
17  miles  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  43  W, 
lat  38  40  N. 

Catchav!.     See  Cassovia. 

Casco  B^«,  a  bay  of  North  America, 
in.  the  state  of  Massachusetts  and  dis- 
tnct  of  Maine,  between  Cape  Eliza- 
beth and  Cape  Small  Point.  It  is  25 
nules  wide,  and  interspersed  with 
stfiall  islands.  Lon.  09  30  W,  lat.  4j4 
5N. 

Cashftn,     See  Cafhan, 

Cathel,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippc? 
rwy,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  13 
miles  N  W  of  Clonmel.  Lon.  7  33  W, 
lat  52  26  N. 

Cathgur,  or  Little  Bokharia,  Sec 
Bfiharia. 

Cathgur,  a  city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
•  cfiuntry  of  the  same  name.  It  stands 
at,  t)ie  foot  of  the  Himmaleh  mountains, 
and  ei\|6y8  a  |[ood  trade  with  the  bei {[h- 


bouring  countries.    Lon  73  25  E,  lat 
41  30  N. 

Catlimeie,  a  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  subject  to  tlie  king  of  Canda- 
har,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  ...^us, 
on  the  N  by  Hiinaleh  Mount,  and  on 
the  E  and  S  by  Lahore.  The  valley  or 
country  of  Cashmere  is  80  miles  long, 
anil  40  broad;  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
r<  mantic  beauties,  the  fertility  of  tlie 
soil,  and  the  temperature  of  the  atmos- 
phere. All  these  particulars  may  be 
accounted  for,  when  it  is  considered, 
that  it  is  iui  elevated  and  extensive  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  steep  mountains 
that  tower  above  the  regions  of  snow ; 
and  that  its  soil  is  composed  of  the 
mud  deposited  by  a  capital  river,  which 
orginally  formed  its  waters  into  a  lake, 
tl-at  covered  the  whole  valley,  until  it 
opened  itself  a  possag*;  through  the 
mountains,  and  left  this  fertilized  val- 
ley an  ample  field  to  human  industry, 
and  to  the  '•'.^ommodation  of  a  happy 
race.  It  !<i>nears  that  tlic  pcriodicid 
rains,  whicit  almost  deluge  the  rest  of 
India,  are  shut  out  of  Cashmere  by  the 
height  of  the  r.ountains,  so  that  only 
light  showers  fall  there  j  these  howev- 
'r  are  in  abundance  enough  to  feed 
some  hundreds  of  cascades,  which  ar^ 
precipitated  into  the  valley,  from  every 
port  of  this  stupendous  and  romantic 
bulwark  tliat  encircles  it.  The  soil  is 
the  richest  that  can  be  conceived,  and 
its  productions  those  of  the  temperate 
zone.  A  vast  number  of  streams  from 
all  quarters  of  the  valley,  bring  their 
tribute  to  the  Chelum,  the  parent  of 
the  soil,  and  a  large  navigable  river. 
Many  lakes  are  spread  ovdr  the  siir- 
facc,  and  some  of  them  contain 
floating  islands.  In  a  word  *hc  whol's 
scenery  is  beautifully  picturesque  ;  and 
a  part  of  the  romantic  Circle  of  the 
motmtainii  ma^es  a  psirt  of  every 
hndscape.  The  superstition  of  tlie  in- 
h  ibitants  has  multiplied  the  places  of 
v/orship,  of  Maliadeo,  Beschan,  and 
i}rama.  All  Cashntere  U  holy  land, 
and  miraculous  fountaint^  abound.  They 
are  co.intantly  subject  toi  earthquakes! 
and,  to  g^ard  against  ^e  most  terrible 
effects,  all  their  houuiss  are  buiU  of 
wood.  Among  other  1  curious  m^u- 
factures  of  Cashmere  iithatof8|iawls: 
and  the  delicate  wooj  of  whir^hl  ipey 
are  made,  is  the  product  of  a  species  of 
goat  of  thi^  country,  or  of  the  ddjoiiunK 
j  Thibet.  Here  are  bned  a  8peci<ji»  <» 
)  sheep,  called  Hindoo,  which  are  09- 

.  itk 


:  A  s 

ics.    Lonr3  25  E,  lat. 

province  of  Hindoostan 
t  to  tlie  king  of  Canda- 
on  tlie  W  by  til c  ...>.U9, 
limuleli  Mount,  and  on 
■f  Lahore.  The  valley  or 
ilimere  is  80  miles  iong^, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its 
ties,  the  fertility  of  tlie 
;nipcrature  of  the  atnios- 
hese  particulars  may  be 
,  when  (t  is  considered, 
evat'jd  and  extensive  vai- 
led by  steep  mountains 
ove  the  regions  of  snow ; 
soil  is  composed  of  the 
1  by  a  capital  river,  which 
ed  its  waters  into  u  lake, 
lie  whole  valley,  until  it 
a  passag*;  through  the 
d  left  this  fertilized  val- 
field  to  human  industry, 
.ommodation  of  a  happy 
:ars  that  tlie  periodical 
silmost  deluge  the  rest  of 
t  out  of  Cashmere  by  the 
r  ountains,  so  that  only 
fall  there ;  th^se  howev- 
indance  enough  to  feed 
Is  of  cascades,  which  arcs 
ito  the  valley,  from  every 
tupendous  and  romantic 
encircles  it.  The  soil  is 
at  can  be  conceived,  and 
s  those  of  the  temperate 
,  number  of  streams  from 

the  valley,  bring  their 
Chelum,  the  parent  of 
a  large  navigable  river. 
re  spread  ovdr  the  snr- 
;ome  of  them  contain 
Is.  In  a  word  *hc  whole 
itifuUy  pictujesque ;  and 

romantic  eircle  of  the 
a^es  a  psirt  of  every 
he  superstitiion  of  the  in- 
multiplied  the  places  of 
Maliadeo,  Beschan,  and 
Cashmere  U  holy  land, 
s  fountain^  abound.  They 
subject  to  earthquakes  \ 
against- tbe  most  terrible 
leir  houubs  are  buijt  of 
ig  other  1  curious  mtptu- 
shmere  it  thiat  of  sfiawls ; 
ate  wpo^  of  whi'-.h  tijey 
le  product  of  a  species  of 
tmtry,  or  of  the  tidjoining 
s  are  bned  a  specie*  <n 
H\|^dooj^  whAcU  are  ^- 


_1_I 


■r»^SiS'E" 


GAS 

ployed  in  can-ying  burdcnii.  The 
Cashmereans  have  a  language  of  their 
own,  said  to  be  anterior  to  that  of  th-: 
Siuiscvit  i  and  a  religion  too,  it  is 
thougiit,  different  from  that  of  tlie  Hin- 
doos. 

Cashmere,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  province  or  vkl- 
k\-  of  Cashmere.  It  is  seated  on  both 
Men  of  the  Chelun,  235  miles  £  by  S 
uf  Cabul.  Lon.  73  11  £,  lut.  33  49 
N. 

Cashna,  an  extensive  empire  cf  A- 
frica,  part  of  ttie  region  called  Ncgro- 
luiid;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Fezzan 
and  Zahara,  on  tlic  S  by  tltc  Niger, 
and  on  tiie  £  byZampharaand  Bornou. 
It  resembles  Bornou  in  climate,  soil, 
uiid  natiu'al  productions,  and  in  the  co- 
Imir,  genius,  religion  and  government 
of  tliu  people.  The  rains,  indeed,  are 
less  violent  than  tliose  of  Bornou.  Its 
iiiunkies  and  parrots  (hul  seldom  seen 
in  Bornou)  are  numerous  and  of  various 
species.  The  common  people  are  less 
courteous  in  Cashna  than  in  Boniou. 
A  thousand  towns  andvillagci'  arc  said 
to  be  included  in  this  empire,  wliich, 
like  Bournou,  consists  of  diTcrcnt 
tribes  or  nations,  subject  to  the  ciorai- 
nion '  of  one  ruling  power. 

Ccuhna,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Cashna  in  Africa,  970  miles  S  by  W  of 
MesuraU,  in  16  20  N  lat 

Catimir,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Lublin.  Lon.  22  3  £,  lat 
51  ON. 

Catpian  Sea,  a  great  inland  sea  of 
Asia  ;  bounilcd  on  the  N  by  the  coun- 
try of  the  Kalmucs,  on  the  £  b/  a  tribe 
of  the  Turcomans,  on  tht  S  by  Persia, 
.ind  on  tlie  W  by  Georgia  and  Circas- 
sia.  It  is  680  miletrin  leng^i,  reckon- 
ing from  Gurief  to  Medshetifar,  and  in 
no  part  more  tlum  260  miles  in  breadth. 
It  has  no  tide ;  and,  on  aceoiuit  of  its 
frequent  shraU,  ii  navigable  only  for 
vessels  drawing  from  9  to  10  feet  wa- 
ter, it  has  sti'oR^  currents,  and,  like 
all  inland  seas,  is  subject  to  violent 
storms.  There  are  certain  v/inds  that 
domineer  oyer  it  witli  such  absolute 
sway,  that  vessels  are  oflea  deprived 
of  every  resource,  and  in  tJie  whole  ex- 
tent of  it  there  is  not  a  port  that  can 
truly  be  called  safe.  Its  watc/8.,.are 
lirackish.  The  fishery  is  a  nur«ery  for 
suitors.  The  Uralian  Cossaca  enjoy  the 
right  of  fishing  on  the  coast  47  miles  on 
each  side  of  the  river  Ural ;  and%e  in- 
l}^bitaats  (^  Astri^i^i,v.c  an  e;i;plu^Y|l 


CAS 

privilege  on  the  remaining  shores  be- 
longing to  Russia.  Tiie  fish,  which  arc 
chiefly  salted  and  dried,  form  a  coiisid- 
erable  article  of  consumption  in  the  Rus- 
sian empire.  Seals  ai'e  the  only  quad 
I'upeds  that  inhabit  the  Caspian  sea, 
hut  th?y  are  In  such  quantities,  that 
they  allord  tlie  means  of  subsistence 
lo  great  numbers  of  people.  The  Cas- 
pian abounds  with  sea-dogs,  which  ui'c 
liunted  and  c.uight  in  great  numbers. 
Lon.  from  48  to  So"  £,  lat.  from  37  to 
47"  N. 

Cattaiui,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dulchy 
of  Milan,  w.th  a  castle,  memorable  for 
the  defeat  of  prince  £ugene  by  the 
duke  de  Vendomc,  in  attempting  to 
force  the  passage  of  the  Adda.  <04S- 
sano  is  seated  on  the  Adda,  15  miles  N 
E  of  Milui.  Lon.  9  24  E,  la*.  45  30 
N. 

Cattano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria  Citeriore,  witli  a  bishop's  see,  35 
miles  N  of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16  20  Et 
Jat.  39  55  N. 

Caste/,  the  capital  of  the  landgravate 
of  Hess>>-Cassel,  divided  into  Uic  Old 
add  New  Town.  The  streets  are  broad, 
the  marketplacef  spacious, and  there  are 
four  churches.  The  castle,  or  palace, 
whence  thei-e  is  an  extenalte  and  de- 
lightful prospect,  is  buUt  of  free  stone. 
The  gardens,  the  arsenal,  and  the  ca^ . 
binet  of  curiosities,  deserve  tlic  atten- 
tion of  travellers.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Fulda,  40  miles  S  of  Paderbcm.  Lon. 
9  29  £,  lat.  5119  N. 

Castel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
paitnicnt  of  the  North,  and  late  French 
Flanders,  seated  on  a  mountain,  whence 
may  be  seen  33  towns,  and  the  German 
Ocean,  though  50  miles  from  it.  It  is 
:0  miles  N  E  of  St  Umei.  Lon.  2  36 
£,  lat  50  48  N. 

t'  tsiet,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  ia 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  situate 
on  the  Rhine,  op]>osi^  Meats,  with 
which  it  has  a  communicatibd  by  a 
bridge  of  boats. 

CaMovia,  or  Ca*hav,  a  Strang  town 
of  Hungarv,  with  a  fine  arsen:^,  seated 
neai-  tho  river  Horkt,  55  miles  N  £  of 
Agria.     Lon.  21  25  £,  lat  46  48  N. 

Cartanovitz,  .» town  of  Austrian  Cro- 
atia, seated  on  the  river  Unna,  which 
livide  B  that  coimtry  from  Turkey.  Lon. 
17  19  £,  lat.  45  40  N.    ' 

CasteUtmara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citeriore,  with  a  biithop's 
see,  vkd  a  good,  itarhour,  15  ruiles  S  £ 
oi:^\f»,    Lon.  1135  £.  li^  41  40  N. 


m 


\m.  :i 


CAS 

f^astcl-Aragnneac,  a  seaport  of  Sardi- 
nia, with  a  Msliop's  scf,  SOnilcs  N  E 
ot  Si^aai-;      Lon.  9  1  E,  iat.  40  56  N. 

CMtfl-Baldo,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  tl.e 
N  iToncse.on  the  nvcr  Atlig-e/Sj  miles 
R  K  or  Vcroiia.     Lon.  12  7  E,  Iat.  45 

b  N. 

Castdbar,  a  toun  of  Ireland,  in  the 
eounly  ..f  Miivo,  35  miles  Nof  Galwav. 
LfMi.  y  15  VV,  Iat.  53  54  X. 

Castcl-Braiu-n,  a  town  of  PortU)?al, 
capital  of  iJeira,  situated  on  the  river 
Lyra,  38  miles  NW  of  Akantai-a.  Loti. 
6  40  W,  Iat.  3!)  52  N. 

Cattc'-de-FiJc,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Aleiitejo,  cijfht  inili's  N  of  Portaletrre. 
Lon.  7  31  VV,  Iat.  30  13  N. 

Castel-FoUt,  a  town  of  .Spain,  in  Ca- 
t*loMia,  on  an  inaccessible  eminence, 
near  the  ri^er  Fulvia,  15  miles  W  of 
Gironna. 

Castcl-Gandolfo,  a  village  in  C:unpRg. 
nadi  Koina,  near  Lake  Alixmo.  Near 
Ujis  villagx:  is  t!ic  villa  Uarbarini,  with- 
in  the  gardens  of  which  are  the  ruins  of 
on  immense  i>alace,  built  bv  the  empe- 
ror Domitian.  It  is  10  miles  S  by  E 
of  Rome. 

Cutel-Jalmtx,  a  to\CTi  of  France, 
Utely  in  the  province  of  Guienne,  now 
in  the  department  of  Lot  and  Garonne. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Avance,  20  miles  E 
of  Bazas.  Lon.  0  25  E,  Iat.  44  20 
N. 

C.isie.l-Nu(wo,  a  town  of  Venetian 
nalrantia,  situate  on  the  gulf  of  Cata- 
to,  12  miles  N  by  W  of  Cataro.  Lon. 
IB  2:-)  E,  Iat.  43  36  N. 

Custel-Ro:liig,j,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
llic  province  of  Tra-los-Montes,  30  m. 
N  V/  of  Cividail-RocU'ieo.  Lon.  6  22 
W,  Iat.  41  ON. 

Caitd-lhcnyy-di-Carfagnana,  a  town  of 
Italy  in  the  Modenese,  with  a  strong 
fort.  It  i.s  the  cipital  of  the  valley  of 
Carfiignjuia,  and  seated  on  the  river 
Serchio,  17  miles  above  Lucca.  Lon 
10  4aE,  Iat.  44  5  N. 

Castdlmic,  a  town  of  France,  in  Uie 
dcp.'.itraent  oltiie  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Pn)-,cnce.  It  is  seated  an 
the  Verdon,  in  a  hilly  countrv,  27  miles 
S  by  E  of  Senez.  Lon.  6  34'E.  Iat.  43 
55  N. 

Cattdlon,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, five  miles  N  W  of  Roses.  Lon 
24  58  E,  Iat.  42  18  N. 

Cattdnatidary,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aude  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  Languedoc,  on  an  eminence. 
The  Liuij^uedoc  Cuiwl  here  forms  a  ba-  j 


CAS 


son  about  3600  feet  in  circumferenee 
Castelnuudaiy  is  15  miles  W  of  Ca:'. 
cassoniie.     Lon.  2  0  E,  Iat.  43  19  N. 

Castigfiniir,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  the 
Mantuan,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Frencii  on  August  3,  1796  It 
IS  20  miles  N  W  of  Mantua.  Lon  JO 
32  E,  Iat.  45  23  N. 

Castile,  the  principal  and  most  opii. 
lent  of  the  kingdoms  into  which  Spain 
was  formc)  ly  divided.  It  now  forms 
the  two  piovinces  of  Old  Castile  and 
New  Castile. 

Castile,  Old,  a  province  of  Spain,  199 
miles  in  lengtli,  and  115  in  breadth- 
bounded  on  the  S  by  New  CusUIe,  on 
the  E  by  Arragon  and  Navarre,  on  the 
N  by  Biscay  and  the  Asturias,  and  on 
the  W  by  Leon.     Burgos  is  the  capi. 

tiil. 

Ca^ile,  He-Mi,  or  Toledo,  a  province  of 
jspam,  200  miles  in  length,  and  184  in 
breadth ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Old 
CiLstile,  on  the  E  by  An-agon  and  Va. 
lencia,  on  the  S  bv  Murcia  and  Anda. 
lusia,  and  on  the  W  by  Estramadura. 
It  IS  divided  into  three  parts  ;  Arga- 
na  to  the  N,  Mancha  to  the  E,  and 
Sierra  to  the  S.  Madrid  is  the  capital. 
Castile  del  On,  or  JVctu  Castile,  m  A- 
merica.     See  Terra  Finna. 

Castillara,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Mantua,  six  miles  N  E  of 
A^intua.     Lon.  10  54  E,  Iat.  45  14  N. 

C-'stillon,  ato^vn  of  France,  in  tlie 
dep.  nment  of  Gironde  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  Guienne  j  famous  for  a  victory 
gained  by  the  French  over  the  English 
m  1451.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dordogne, 
25  miles  E  of  Bourddaux.  Lon.  0  2E. 
Iat.  44  52  N. 

Castine,  a  post  town  in  Hancock 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Penolwcot  bav,  4  miles  S  of  Penob. 
scot,  in  tl.e  Wt.  of  440  24/  N,  and  lon. 
of  680  31/  W.  It  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able foreign  trade,  and  has  about  1000 
inh.ibilants. 

Castle-Cary,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  miu'ket  on  Tuesday,  12  miles 
S  E  of  Wells,  and  112  W  byS  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  42  W,  Iat.  51  5  N. 

Castle-Comb,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  so 
called  from  its  ancient  castle.  It  for- 
merly had  a  market.  It  is  12  miles  N 
NE  of  Bath. 

Castle- Hedingham,  a  village  in  El- 
sex,  seven  miles  S  W  of  Sudbury. 

Castle-iiising,  a  borough  in  Norfolk, 
which  had  a  market,  now  disused,  on 
account  of  its  h^rboiir  beipif  choked  up, 


CAS 

oOO  feet  in  rircumferfRee. 
ly  i»  13  miles  W  of  Ca;'. 
Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  43  19  N. 
',  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
ith  a  castle.  It  was  taken 
cli  oil  August  3,  1796.  It 
^VV  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10 
;23N. 

e  principal  and  most  opu- 
injfdoins  into  which  Spain 
y  (lividcfl.  It  now  forms 
inces  of  Old  Cuatile  and 

/,  a  province  of  Spain,  192 
ertli,  anci  115  in  hrcadlhj 
the  S  bv  New  C:i8Ule,  on 
agon  and  Navarre,  on  the 
and  the  A.sturias,  and  on 
5on.     Burgos  is  the  capi- 

!u,  or  Toledo,  a  province  of 
liles  in  length,  and  184  in 
inded  on  the  N  by  Old 
le  E  by  An-agon  and  Va. 
^  S  bv  Murcia  and  Anda. 

the  W  by  Estramadura. 
into  three  parts  j  Arga- 

Mancha  to  the  E,  and 
3.  Madrid  is  the  capital. 
>ro,  or  JV«u  Cattile,  m  A- 

Terra  Finna. 
a  town  of  Italy,  in   the 
(intua,   six  miles  N  E  of 
1.  10  54  E,  lat.  45  14N. 
to\vn  of  France,   in  tJie 

Gironde  and  late  pro- 
ne i  famotis  for  a  victory 
French  over  the  English 
seated  on  tlie  Dordogne, 
Bourd<;aux.    Lon.OSE, 

lost  town  in  Hancock 
situated  on  the  E  sitle 

ay,  4  milci  S  of  Penob- 
of  44«'  24/  N,  and  lon. 

It  is  a  place  of  consider- 

kde,  and  has  about  1000 

town  in  Somersetshire, 
on  Tuesday,    12  miles 

and  112WbySof  Lon- 

2  W,  lat.  51  5N. 
A  town  in  Wiltshire,  so 
ancient  castle.     It  fbr- 

rket.    It  is  12  miles  N 

ham,    a  village  in  E(- 
sS  Wof Sudbury, 
a  borough  in  Norfolk, 
irket.  now  disused,  on 
M'l'our  beiiiifchoktd  up^ 


CAT 

but  it  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  The  cas- 
tle, whence  it  has  its  name,  has  now 
fallen  into  ruins.  It  is  seven  miles  N 
E  of  Lvnn,  and  103  N  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Cattlrton,  a  village  in  the  peck  of 
Derbyshire.  At  tne  foot  of  a  rock 
al>ove  250  feet  high,  on  which  are  the 
remains  of  a  castle,  ascribed  to  Wil- 
liam Peverei,  natural  son  of  the  Con- 
queror. 

Cuttletowi,  the  capital  of  the  isle  of 
Man,  with  a  castle,  but  of  no  gi-eat  in  - 
portance,  on  account  uf  its  diHtmicc 
from  the  rocky  and  shallow  harbour. 
Lon.  4  35  W,  lat.  53  55  N, 

Cation,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  10  miU-s  N  N  W 
of  Norwich,  and  113  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  22  £,  lat  52  48  N. 

Cottar,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Lincoln,  and  159  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  9  W,  lat.  53 SON. 

Cattre*,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Torn  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  of  which  it  was  recently 
an  episcopal  see.  Near  this  town,  are 
mines  of  Turqucise  stones,  it  is  the 
birthplace  of  Rapin  Thoyras,  Abel 
Boyer,  and  M.  Dacier.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fine  valley,  on  the  Agout  20 
miles  S  of  Alby.  Lon.  2  20£,  lat.  43  37  N. 

Cattro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  40  miles  N  W  of 
Rome.    Lon.  11  54  E,  lat.  42  23  N. 

Castro,  a  maritime  town  of  tlie  king- 
dom of  Naples,  six  miles  S  of  Qtranto. 
Lon.  18  31  E,  lat.  40  16  N. 

Cattro,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Cliili,  capital  of  the  island  of  Chiloe. 
It  is  180  miles  S  of  ialdivia.  Lon.  75 
5  W,  lat.  42  4  S. 

Cattro-Marino,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Algarve.  It  is  strong  by  situation, 
and  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Guadiana,  55  miles  S  of  Beja.  Lon.  7 
12W,  lat376N. 

Cattro-Veregna,  a  town  of  Peru,  re- 
markcble  for  mines  of  silver,  good  to- 
bacco, and  wholesome  air.  ft 'is  125 
miles  S  £  of  Lima.  Lon.  74  45  W, 
lat.  12  50  S. 

Cat  Itland.    See  Guanahami. 

CatabofiB,  a  town  belonging  to  the 
Catabaws,the  only  Indian  nation  in  the 
state  of  S  CaroUna.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Catabaw,  on  the  line  which 
separates  North  and  South  Carolina. 
l.on.8115  W,Ut34  49N. 


CAT 

Catalonia,  a  province  of  Spain,  bound* 
ed  (III  llie  N  by  the  Pyrenees,  un  th* 
E  and  S  by  the  Meiliterrancan  Sea, 
and  on  the  W  by  Arragon  aitd  Valen- 
cia.  Its  gieatest  extent  from  E  to  W 
is  112  miles,  and  from  N  to  S  148.  It 
is  155  miles  in  leng^  and  100  breadth. 
The  air  is  wholesome ;  and  it  is  full 
of  high  mountains,  covered  with  forest 
and  fruit-trees.  It  abounds  in  wine, 
corn,  and  pulse,  and  there  ore  several 
quarries  of  marble  uf  all  colours,  chrys- 
tiJ,  alabaster,  amethysts  and  lapis 
liixuli.  Gold  dust  has  been  found 
among  the  sand  of  one  or  two  of  the 
rivers,  and  there  are  mines  of  tin, 
alum,  vitriol,  and  salt.  They  likewiso 
Hsh  for  curul  on  the  Eastern  coast. 
Barccluna  is  tlje  capital. 

Catania,  a  celcbr;ited  city  of  Sicily 
on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  uni\'crsity,  the  only 
one  in  tl'.e  island.  I'he  church  is  a  no- 
ble fabric,  the  Inrgebt  In  Sicily;  and 
the  organ  is  much  admired  by  musical 
connoisseurs.  The  land  about  it  isfer* 
tile  in  corn,  e.icellent  wine,  and  fruits. 
By  an  eruption  of  Etna,  in  1669,  it  was 
almost  totally  destroyed ;  and  in  1693, 
it  was  entirely  swallowed  up  by  an 
eartliquake,  which  buried  18,000  peo- 
ple in  the  ruins.  It  is  52  miles  S  W  of 
Messina.     Lon.  15  29  E,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Catanzaro,  atown  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  witlk  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  a  mountun,  15  miles  S  W  of 
Belcastro.     Lon.  16  48  E,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Cataro,  atuwn  of  Venetian  Dalmatian 
with  a  castje,  and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seat- 
ed on  a  gulf  of  its  own  name,  30roilei 
WofScuiari.  Lon.  18  40  E,  lat.  43 
40  N. 

Cateau.    See  Chateau  Caml>resit. 

Categate,  a  gulf  between  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  by  wiiom  the  Baltic 
communicates  with  the  ocean. 

Catharinenslqf,  or  Scaterrinentiqf,  a 
government  of  the  Russian  empire, 
divided  into  two  provinces;  name- 
ly, Catliarinenslaf,  which  includes 
New  Russia  and  the  late  govern- 
ment of  Asoph ;  and  Taurida,  which 
includes  the  Crimea. 

Catharinentlaf,  tlie  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  built  by  the 
late  empress  of  Russia ;  and  its  name 
signifies  The  glory'of  Catharine.  It  is 
seated  near  the  confluence  oftheKilt- 
zin  and  Samara,  178  miles  N  E  of  Cher- 
son.    Lon.  35  15  E,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Catharint't,  St.  tbe  principal  ishuid 


Iw, "'  J 


MB 


C  A  V 

on  the  coast  of  the   9  pan  of  BraslI, 
with   a  harbour  defended  by    several 
forts.     It  is  27  miles   Jon^,   but   not 
more  than  six  broad.    Lon.  4'J  \7  W 
Ut  27  25  S. 

Catherlo'if^h.     See  Carlon. 
CatinanJu,  the  capital  of  Napaul,  in 
Hindoostan   Proper,   445   miles  E  of 
Dcllii.     Lon.  84  51  E,  lat.  28  6  N. 

Cittoue,  C'.ifie,  the  N£  promontory  of 
TiiCiitan,  in  N  America,  \vhere  the 
English  adventurers  fivim  Jamaica  first 
attempted  to  cut  logwood.  Lon  86  30 
W,  Ikt.  22  10  N.     See  Honduras. 

CatsHll,  a  town  in  Green  ouiit}', 
New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  ut  the  maiith  of  Catskill 
crock,  eight  irriles  from  the  city  c-f 
Tludson,  and  135  N  of  New  York. 
Here  is  a  post  office. 

Cattack,   or    Cuttaci,   the   capital  of 
Orissa,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  Deccan.  It  is  a  post  of  consequence 
on    the    Mahanuddy,  as  it  lies  on  the 
only    road    between    Dengal   and  the 
Northern  Circars  i  and  the  possession 
of  this  city  and  its  depei.aencies  gives 
the   Berarrajaii  (a   Maliratta  prince) 
more   consecjuence  in  the  eyes  of  the 
government  of  Bengal,  than 'even  his 
extensive  domdin  and  centrical  position 
in  Hindoostan.  Cattack  is  seated  on  the 
Mahanuddy,   near  its   influx  into  the 
bay  of  Bengal,   220  miles  S  W  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Lon.  86  1  E,  lat.  20  51  N. 

Cattarid;   a  village  near  Richmond, 
in  tlie  W  riding  of  Yorkshire,     li  has 
a  bridge  over  the  river  SWiJe,   and  a 
sort  of  cataract  near  it,  fi'om  Which  it 
seems  to  have  derived  its  name.     It  ap- 
pears  to  have  been  a  great  city  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans,  one  of  whose  high- 
ways  cro.ssid  the   river  here.  On  tlie 
banks  of  wliich  are  the   foundations  of 
great  walls,  and  a  mount  cast  up  to  a 
vast  height.      Many    coins   and  urns 
have  been  dug  up  here.     The  final  dd- 
struction  of  this  city  was  by  the  Danes. 
Cattawessy,  a  thriving  post  towh  on 
the   E  bank  of  Susquehartnah  river  in 
Northumberland    county,    Pennsylva- 
nia,   at  tlie  distance  of  21  m.  E  by  N  of 
Northumberland,   and  150  miles  N  W 
of  Philadelphia.     It  lias   about    1500 
inlial)itants. 

Catwici,  a  village  of  Holland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  near  which  the  only 
branch  of  the  Rhine  that  retains  its 
original  name,  is  lost  in  the  sands.  It 
is  six  miles  N  by  W  of  Leyden.  •' 
Cava,  a  considerable  and  populous 


C  A  V 


town  of  Naples,  ih  Principato  Cite- 
riore,  witli  a   bishop's  see  j   seated  at 
the    foot  of   Mount  Metelian,    three 
miles  W  of  Salerno.    Lon.   14  55  E 
lat.  40  26  N.  ' 

Cavaillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  Ven. 
aissm.  It  lately  liad  an  episcopal  sec 
and  Was  subject  to  the  pope.  It  ii 
seated  <„.  the  Durance,  ^0  hiilcs 
S  E  Aviglion.    Lon.  5  17  E,  lat.  43  34 

Oivan,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  thi 
province  of  Ulster,  47  miles  in  lenfftli. 
and  23  in  b:-cadth;  bounded  on  the  N 
1  £,''["'""«&'»  a"J  Monaglian,  on 
theE  by  the  latter  county  and  Louth, 
on  the  Why  Lei  trim,  andonthcSby 
Lonford,  West  Meath  and  East  Meatli 
It  has  but  two  towns  of  any  note 
Cavan  and  Kilmore.  It  J  sent  six 
members  to  the  Irish  parliament,  and 
It  contains  :i7  parishes. 

Cawn,  a  boroujrii  of  Irelartd,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Cavan,   60  miles  NW 
of  Dublin.     Lon.  7  23(.W,  lat.  54  51  N. 
Cmieasui,  a  very  high   mountain  of 
Asia,  being  one  of  that  great  ridge  of 
mountains  that  rims  between  tlie  Black 
and  Caspian  seas.     These  mountains 
are  inhabited  by  seven  distinct  nations, 
each  speaking  a  diHiSicnt  language- 
namely,  tlie  Turcomans,  the  Abkhas, 
the  Circassians,  tHie   Ossi,  the  Kisti 
the    Lcsguis,     iftid    the    Georg'ians! 
They  have    fine  complexions    and  the 
Mrort^  ai-e  beautiful.    Of  this  ridW 
mount    Caucasus  is  the  highest    an<r 
most  difficult  to  pass.     It  is  36  leagues 
ovei",  ajld  the  summit  eight  leagues  itt 
breadth.    The  toj)  is  perpetually  cov- 
ercd  With  inoW,  but  tllie  other  parts  afe 
very  fruitful,  aboundlWgih  honeV,  corti, 
fmits,  hogs,  and  large  cattle. 

Caucasus,  a  governitlerit  of  tjlc  Rus- 
sian empire,  divided  into  the  t\v6  tirb-. 
vinces  of  Asti-acailahdCaucaaus.  Thi 
province  of  Caucasiis  comprikes  tJie 
Cuban,  and  all  that  district  to  the  fi 
and  S,  now  in  the  possession  of  Russia, 
between  tlie  rWtri  Don  and'  Cuban, 
and  between  the  Black  Sik  and  the 
Caspian,  extending  a*  fW'arf  t&e  con- 
tines  of  Geor^a. 

CaudcLec,  a  rich  and  populous  tid- 
ing town  of  Franc*,  in  the  departiAetit 
of  Lov/er  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  at  the  foot  of  a  rtioUntain, 
near  the  Seine,  18  miles  N  W  of  Rouen. 
Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  49  31  N. 

Cavendish,  a  post  tbWn  of  Windsor 
county,  Vermont ;   sitasud"  art  t&e  N 


^m 


C  A  V 

ales,  ih  Principato  Cito 

bishop's  st'c  ;   Heated  at 

Mount   Metelian,    three 

Salerno.     Lon.    14  55  E, 

town  of  France,  in  Ven. 
;ly  liad  an  episcopal  sec, 
ject  to  tlie  pope.  It  h 
ic  liurance,  20  i^ilcs 
Lon.  5  17  E,  Ittt.  43  34 

luiity  of  Ireland,  in  thft 
flster,  47  miles  in  length, 
:udth ;  bounded  on  the  N 
h  and  Monaglian,  on 
attcr  county  and  Lolith, 
Lcitrim,  and  on  the  S  by 
t  Meath  andEastMeath. 
wo  towns  of  any  note, 
Kilniove.  It  j  sent  six 
tile  Irish  parliament,  and 
parislies. 

roiitrti  of  Ireland,  capita! 
of  Cavan,  60  miles  N  VV 
r.n.  7  23j,W,  lilt.  54  51  N. 
veiv  high  moiuitain  of 
e  of  that  great  ridge  of 
;  runsbet\Veen  the  Black 
icas.  These  mountains 
)y  seven  distinct  nations, 

a  different  language  : 
urcomans,  the  Abkhas, 
I,  lilic   Ossi,  the   Kisti, 

«ftjd    the     Georg'ians. 

e  complexions    and  the 

autiful.     Of  tliis  ridg^ 

us  is  the  highest    and^ 

pass.     It  is  36  leagubs 

iimmit  eight  leaeuea  in 

top  is  perpetually  cov- 

,  but  tliie  other  parts  ate 

oundirig  ih  lioney,  corti, 

:  large  cattle. 

ovcrnirterit  of  the  Rus- 

ded  into  the  t\v6  jJro-. 

art  andCaucaau*.    Thi 

ucasiis  comprises  tSe 

that  district  tp  the  £ 

possession  of  Russia, 
•erS  Don  and  Cuban, 
ic  Black  3<^a  and  the 
liig  as  fttf'arf  ^e  con- 

and  populous  itud- 
ce,  in  the  departrfteut 
and  late  province  of. 
he  foot  of  a  itioiintain, 
8  miles  NW  of  Rouen. 
id  31  N. 
)st  tbWn  of  Windsor 

sitaned'  <m  tie  l^ 


CAY 

ddc  of  Black  river,  between  Weathers- 
field  and  Ludlow,  32  miles  S£  of  Rut- 
land river,  containing  1016  inhabitants. 

Caviana,  an  island  of  S  America,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  90 
miles  in  circumfeience,  and  of  a  trian- 
);ulur  form,  with  its  base  to  the  ocean. 
It  lies  under  the  equinoctial  line  in  lon. 
50  20  VV. 

Ciiiivery,  or  Cavery,  a  considerable  riv- 
er of  the  peninsula  of  Hinduostan, 
whici\  rises  among  the  Gauts,  and 
watering  Seringapatam  and  Tanjorc, 
tntfcPS  the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  several 
mouths,  between  Cuddalore  and  Tri- 
cliiuopoly. 

Cavina,  a  town  in  tlie  island  of  Ma- 
nilla, with  a  strong  castle,  a  harbour, 
and  a  dock.  It  is  lU  miles  from  the 
city  of  Manilla. 

Caune,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pai'tmcnt  of  Tarn  and  late  province  of 
Langiiedoc,  seated  near  the  moun- 
tains, wliere  the  river  Agout  has  its 
source.  It  is  21  miles  N  £  of  Ca^tres. 
Lon.  2  43  £,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Cautereti,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees 
and  late  province  of  Blgorre,  noted 
for  its  mineral  water.  It  is  18  miles 
SW  of  Bagneres. 

Caviood,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day, 12  miles  S  of  York,  and  186  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  53 
47  N. 

Caxamalca,  a  town  of  Peru^  capital 
of  a  territory  of  its  own  name.  It  was 
noted  for  a  sumptuous  pala<;e  belong- 
ing to  the  incas  and  a  magnificent  tem- 
ple dedicated  to  the  sun.  Here  Pi- 
zarro,  the  Spanish  general,  in  1532, 
perfidiously  seized  the  inca  Atahuhal- 
pha,  and  the  next  year,  after  a  n.ock 
trial,  caused  him  to  be  publiclv  exe- 
cuted. It  is  300  miles  NNE  of  Lima. 
Lon.r4  53W,  lat.  725  8. 

Caxton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  W 
by  S  of-Cambridge,  and  49  N  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Caya,  a.  river  of  Portugal  which  rises 
near  Poi^egre,  and  rwining  S  E  di- 
vides Spun  trom  Portugal,  and  falls 
into  the  Guadiana,  at  Bapajoz. 

Caymne,  a  rich  toi^m  and  island  on 
the  coast  of  Guiana,  in  South  America, 
capital  of  the  French  settlements  there, 
and  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Dutch 
colony  of  Surinanit  The  French  set- 
ft»d  here  in  1635,  bat  kft  it  in  1654, 


C  E  D 

and  it  was  successively  in  the  posse^sioa 
of  the  English,  French,  :r.><l  IJ  .t.h; 
but  the  latter  were  expcD'-il  In  the 
French  in  1677.  The  islami  n  "vboit 
16  miles  in  circumference,  ami  i:,  o<ily 
separated  from  the  contme'it  liv  two 
rivers.  By  a  |)ai'ticular  furni.it-.!iii  un- 
common in  islands,  the  land  is  liij^'liest 
near  tlie  water-side  and  low  in  the 
middle.  Hence  it  is  so  full  nt' riioms- 
ses,  tiiat  all  coriimiinication  between 
the  different  parts  of  it  is  imp  issble, 
without  taking  a  grc^it  circuit.  'I  he 
entrance  thro'  the  harbour  is  thro'  a 
narrow  channel,  and  ships  can  onl\  get 
in  at  high  water  tlivo'  the  rocks  and 
reefs  that  iue  scattered  i>b<>;.t  this  puss. 
Cayenne  pepper,  sn^^ar,  and  I'oiiee  are 
the  princijial  conimoJitles.  Lon.  52 
15  W,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Cai'ugci,  tiie  principal  town  of  a  coun- 
ty bearing  the  same  name,  In  New 
York  Slate.  Here  is  a  post-office  439 
miles  from   Woihingtun. 

CdKenovia,  a  post  town  of  Chenengo 
county.  New- York  J  situated  at  the 
head  of  Chenengo  river,  about  40  miles 
S  W  of  Whitestown,  and  4i)4  ftom 
IVtuhington. 

Caztmer,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
in  the  p^Jat'nate  of  Lublin,  seated  oa 
the  Vistula,  80  miles  £  of  Zamaw.  Lon. 
22  3  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Cebu,  one  of  the  most  southerly  of 
tHe  Philippine  motmtains. 

CeJar  Crtei,  a  water  of  James  River 
in  Virginia,  in  the  county  of  Rock- 
b?  ■  ige  i  remarkable  for  its  nacural 
b.  idge,  which  is  one  of  tlie  most  aston- 
ishing works  of  Nature.  It  stands  on 
the  ascent  of  a  hill,  which  seems  to  - 
have  been  cloven  through  its  length  by 
some  great  convulsion.  The  fissure, 
just  at'the  bridge,  is  by  some  admea> 
surements  250  feet  deep,  45  wide  at 
the  bottom,  and  90  at  the  top.  This 
of  course,  determines  the  length  of  the 
bridge  and  its  height  from  tne  water. 
Its  breadth  in  the  middle  is  about  60 
feet,  but  more  at  the  ends,  andtlte 
thickness  of  the  mass  at  tlie  summit 
of  the  arch,  about  40  feet.  A  part  of 
this  thickness  is  constituted  by  a  coat 
of  earth,  which  gives  growth  tp  many 
large  trees.  The  residue,  with  the 
hills  on  both  sides,  is  one  salid  rock 
of  limestone.  This  bridge  gives  name 
to  the  county  of  Rockbridge,  and  af- 
fords a  conunodioua  passage  over  a 
valley,  which  cmlliet  be  crossed  elser 
where  for  a  coiUddieral^l«  distance. 


C  £  R 


C  E  T 


Cedonga,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin« 
eipato  UllcriDie,  with  a  bisliop's  see  ; 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenni'ies, 
12  milt  ,H  N  W  of  Melft.  Lon.  15  38  E, 
kt.  41  5  N. 

Ctfatoitia,  a  considerable  island  of 
the  Mi'ditorraiiean,  on  the  coast  of 
Livadia,  and  opposite  the  (fiilf  of  Le- 

f)aiito.  It  is  fertde  ui  oil,  and  excel- 
ent  muscadine  wine.  It  is  subject  to 
the  Venetians,  and  the  Ciipital  is  of  the 
aainc  name  Lon.  20  J6K,  lat.  3822  N. 
Cefalu,  a  sea|>ort  of  Sicily,  in  tiie 
valley  of  Demona,  witii  a  castle,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  Lon.  13  58  £,  lat.  38  25 
N. 

Celano,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Abrtuzo 
Ulteriorc,  a  mile  from  the  lake  of  Ce- 
lano.    Lon.  13  39  ^,  lat.  41  56  N. 

Cefebet,  or  JUaca4iar,  ^  ■  isl:m  '  in  die 
Indian  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  Borneo.  Tl;.: 
heat  woidcl  be  insupportable  but  for  the 
N  windn  aiul  the  rains,  which  overflow 
Miis  country  and  for  wliicli  reason  the 
iniiabit<knts  iiuild  their  houses  oh  piici 
of  wood  ten  feet  high.  The  fiuits  are 
ripe  all  the  year.  The  nati%-es  are  M;i- 
hometans,  and  the  be^it  soldiers  in 
these  parts.  The  Dutch  have  stiont; 
forts  here,  by  which  tliey  keep  the  na- 
tives in  awe.  L<  .  <rom  116  to  124' 
E,  lat.  from  1  30  N  to  5  30  S. 

Ccttiberia,  a  county  of  the  Hither 
Spain,  along'  the  S  W  side  of  the  river 
Iberus ;  tho'  sometimes  the  greatest 
part  of  Spain  was  uwnominated  Ceitibe- 
ria.  The  people  were  brave  and  war- 
like, and  their  cavalry  in  particiUar 
wa^  excellent. 

Cenadu,  an  ancient  'own  of  Italy,  in 
Trevisano,  witli  a  bishop's  Bee,  18 
miles  N  of  Trevigio.  Lon.  12  26  E, 
lat.  46  2  N. 

Cenis,  a  mountain,  which  is  a  part  of 
the  Alps,  and  separates  the  niarqui- 
sate  of  Susa,  from  the  Morianne. 

Centemille,  a,  post  town  of  Qjieen 
Ann's  county,  Maryland,  situated  on 
Corsica  creek,  a  branch  of  Chester 
river,  17  miles  S  of  Chculcrtown,  and 
20  N  of  Easton. 

CentendUe,  a  post  town  of  Fairfax 
coimty,  Virginia,  eight  mi'es  f-o.ii  Fair- 
fax court  house,  and  26  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Cmu,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  eight 
miles  S  of  Carthagcna.  Lon.  TS  2f 
W,  lat.  10  19  N. 

Cerr.'.n,  ar;  island  in tlie  Indian  Ocean, 
one  .)f  tl»e  ivio'-'ccaa,  to  the  VV  of  New 
Guinea,  140  n:iiies  in  length,  and  40  in 


breadth  It  is  mountainous  and  woody; 
and  the  Dutch  once  had  a  fortress  *.» 
keep  the  natives  in  subjection,  and  to 
defend  tlie  S|Nce  Islands,  having  de- 
stroyed the  clove-trees  here.  Lqd. 
from  126  to  129°  E,  lat.  3  0  S. 

Cerdagna,  a  small  district,  partly  of 
Spain,  ill  Catalonia,  and  partly  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Eu- 
tern  Pyrenees  and  late  province  of 
Kousillon.  Piiycerda  is  tl:e  capital  of 
the  Spanish  part,  and  Mont  Lewis  of 
tlie  French. 

Cerema,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Cala- 
bria Citerioi'C,  with  a  bishop's  see ; 
.seated  on  a  rock,  12  miles  N  W  of  St. 
Severino.     Lon.  17  2  E,  lat.  39  23  N. 

Ceret,  a  toM'H  ot  France,  in  the  de- 
parliiient  ot  the  Eastern  Pyrenees  and 
lute  province  of  Kojssillon,  witli  a 
magnncent  bridge  of  one  arch  over 
the  Tct.  it  is  12  miles  from  Perpig- 
nan.     Lon.  2  46  E,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Cerigo,  an  island  of  the  Ardiipelag^, 
to  the  S  of  the  Morea,  imd  to  the  N  of 
Candia,  formerly  known  by  the  name 
of  Cytherea,  and  not;;d  fitr  being  the 
birthplace  of  Venus.  It  is  45  miles  in 
circumference,  full  of  mountains,  and 
!.a$  a  small  town  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  23  22  E,  kt.  36  20  N. 

Cerinea,  a  seaport  of  Cj-prus,  v,  ith  * 
castle,  and  a  Creek  bishop's  sec.  Lon. 
33  35  E,  lat  35  59  N. 

Ceniey,  North,  a  village  in  Gloiicet- 
tershire,  near  the  tlow.is,  where  Ci- 
rencester races  are  run.  In  an  adja- 
cent field  is  a  cainpof  cnnsidtrable  ex- 
tent. It  is  four  miles  from  Cirenceii- 
ter. 

Certosa,  a  celebrated  Carthusian  mo- 
nastery in  tlie  dutchy  of  Milan,  fotir 
miles  from  Pavia.  Its  park  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall  20  miles  in  circum- 
tercnce,   and  contains  several  villages. 

Cervera,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalo- 
nia, on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  33 
miles  N  W  of  Tarragona.  I.on.  1  9  £, 
lat.  41  25  N. 

Cervia,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Romag- 
na,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  t£e 
gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  S  £  of  Raven- 
na,    Lon,  12  17  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cesena,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Homagna, 
\vith  a  bishop's  k  -^  i  seated  on  the  S»- 
vio,  15  miles  S  E  oi  Ravenna.  Lor  x« 
20  E,  lat.  44  25  N. 

C'e«e,  a  seap./^l  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herault  and  and  late  pro- 
vinceof  Languedoc,  seated  at  the  place 
where  the  CuuU  of  Lw)|fuedoc  b«fiai. 


C  E  T 


C  E  Y 


C  H  A 


1  mountainous  and  woody; 
:li  once  hiul  a  furtrcHs  '.u 
ives  in  gubjection,  and  to 
S)Nce  Inlunds,  liuving  de- 
cli>vc-trec9   here.      Loo. 

129°  E,  lul.  3  0  S. 
a  small  dintrict,  partly  of 
Jtttulonia,  and  partly  of 
lie  department  of  the  Eaa* 
es  and  late  province  of 
Piiycerila  is  the  capital  of 
part,  and   Mont  Lewis  of 

town  of  Naples  in  Cula. 
re,  with  a  bishop's  acej 
rock,  12  miles  N  W  of  St. 
:.on.  17  2  E,  lat.  39  23  N. 
wn  of  France,  in  the  dp- 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees  onti 
•e  of  Ko.issillon,  with  a 
bridge  of  one  arch  over 
is  12  miles  from  Perpig- 

2  46  E,  lat.  42  36  N. 
island  of  the  Arciiipelago, 

:he  Morea,  :md  to  the  N  of 
nerly  known  by  the  name 
,  and  not3«l  for  being  the 
f  Venus.  It  is  45  miles  in 
ice,  full  of  mountains,  and 
1  town  of  the  same  name. 
E,  lat.  36  20  N. 
seaport  of  C>-prus,  v.  ith  * 
a  Greek  bishop's  sec.   Lon. 

35  59  N. 
orth,  a  village  in  Gloiicea- 
:ar  the  dow.is,  wiiere  Gl- 
ees are   run.     In  .in  adja- 

a  camp  i<f  cnnsidtrable  ex- 
four  miles  from   Cirences- 

celebrated  Carthusian  mo- 
;he  dutchy  of  Milan,  four 

Pavia.  Its  park  is  sur- 
a  wall  20  miles  in  circiun- 
contains  several  villages. 

town  of  Spain  in  Catalo- 
iver  of  its  own  name,  32 
of  Tarragona.    l.on.  1  9£. 

leaport  of  Italy,  in  Romag- 
)i8hop's  see ;  seated  on  tbe 
ce,  10  miles  S  E  of  Raven- 
.  17  E,  lat-  44  30  N. 
;own  of  Italy,  in  Romagna. 
ip's  k  .- 1  seated  on  the  S»- 

SE  ji  Ravenna.    l.or  *« 

25  N. 

ap'i  •t  of  France  in  thede- 
Herault  and  and  late  pro- 
,uedoc,  seated  at  tlie  place 
lansd  of  Languedoc  bogiaii 


between  Montpellier  and  Agile,  on  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  Lon.  3  42  E,  lut. 
43  23  N. 

Ctva,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
Tiinaro,  with  a  fiirt,  eight  miles  S  E  ol 
Monilovi.  It  was  takt-nbv  ihe  French 
in  April,  1796.  Lon.  8  10  E',  lat.  44  26  N. 

Cfveinct,  a  mountainous  couiifry  in 
t)ie  S  of  France,  in  wliich,  after  &>'■  rc- 
vocaticm  of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  a  rem- 
ti.int  of  the  j)erseculed  Huguenots  took 
refuge. 

Ceuta,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  with  a 
bislu>p's  see.  John,  king  of  Portugal, 
took  it  from  the  Moors,  in  1415,  but  it 
now  belongs  to  Spain.  It  is  seated  on 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar.  Lon,  5  20  VV , 
lat.  35  50  N. 

Ceylon,  a.  large  island  in  the  Indian 
Oeean,  250  miles  in  length,  and  195  in 
breadth.  In  general  the  air  is  very  good, 
and  though  the  country  is  full  ot  moun- 
tains, there  are  fertile  vallic*.  In  some 
places  there  are  rich  mines,  whence 
.ire  got  rubies,  sapph);-es,  topazes,  and 
other  stones  of  less  value.  Here  is 
abundance  of  wood  for  all  sorts  of  u^es, 
and  some  proper  for  dying  red.  It  is 
remarkable  for  abundance  of  cinna- 
mon ;  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Candy  is 
plenty  of  very  large  cardamoms.  The 
pepper  here  is  so  good,  Uiat  it  sells 
dearer  than  that  of  otner  places.  One 
o*f  the  most  remarkable  trees  in  Cey- 
lon is  the  tallipot,  which  grows  straight 
and  tall,  and  is  as  big  at  the  mast  of  a 
Dhip :  the  leaves  are  so  large  as  to  co- 
ver 15  or  20  men  ;  when  dried,  they 
are  round ,  and  fold  up  like  a  fan.  The 
natives  wear  a  piece  of  tl»e  leaf  on 
their  head  when  they  travel  to  shade 
them  from  the  sun,  and  they  are  so 
tough  tliat  they  are  not  easily  torn, 
though  those  that  wear  them  make 
tlieir  way  throiigli  the  woods  and  bush  • 
rs.  Every  soldier  carries  one,  and  it 
serves  for  his  tent  Common  deer  are 
found  in  this  island  in  (^at  abundance 
as  well  as  Guinea  deer :  but  the  hom- 
ed cattle  are  both  very  small  and  very 
scarce.  They  have  the  largest  and  best 
elephants  in  the  world  ;  and  the  woods 
are  infested  by  tige-s  the  most  terrible 
of  all  ravenous  beasts.  They  abound 
also  with  snak'''s  of  a  monstrous 
91 /.e,  one  of  which  has  been  known  to 
(Ifvour  a  tiger  at  one  meal.  Mr.  Ives 
saw  one  fifteen  feet  long,  and  thirty  in 
dies  in  circumference.  Spiders,  cen- 
tipedes, and  scorpions,  also  gfrow  here 
to  an  enormous  size.    Mr.  Ives  saw  a 


spider  here  as  large  as  «  load,  with 
brown  hair  upon  it,  aiul  logs  as  thick 
aft  the  shank  uf  a  tobacco  pi|.c.  A  sror. 
pion  taken  out  of  a  piece  of  wood  was 
eight  inches  long,  from  head  to  tail  ex- 
elusive  of  the  claws  ;  and  the  shfll  was 
as  hard  as  that  of  a  crab.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  divi<lc(l  into  several  tribes, 
from  the  nobleman  to  the  maker  of 
mats,  and  all  the  children  follow  the 
same  business  as  their  fathers  ;  nor  is  it 
lawful  to  marry  into  .>ny  other  tribe. 
They  are  Pagans  \  and  tliough  they  ac- 
knowledge  a  supreme  God,  they  wor- 
ship none  but  the  inferior  sort,  and  a* 
mong  these  they  reckon  the  stm  and 
moon.  In  their  temples  arc  images, 
well  executed,  though  their  figures  are 
moitstrous  :  some  are  of  silver,  copper, 
&,c.  The  ditiierent  sorts  of  g^ls  have 
various  priests,  who  have  all  some  pri> 
vilcgcs.  Their  houses  are  small  and 
low,  with  walls  made  of  hurdles, 
smoothly  covered  with  clay,  and  the 
roofs  thatched.  They  have  no  chim- 
niei,  and  their  furniture  is  only  a  few 
earthen  vessels,  with  two  copper  ba« 
sins,  and  two  or  three  stools  ;  none  but 
the  king  being  allowed  to  sit  in  a  chair. 
Their  Irlod  is  generally  rice,  and  tl:'^!'* 
common  drink  is  water,  which  they 
pour  into  their  mouths  out  of  a  vessel 
like  a  tea-|K>t,  through  the  spout,  never 
touching  it  with  their  lips.  There  are 
some  inscriptions  on  the  rocks,  which 
must  be  very  ancient,  t<jr  they  are  not 
understood  by  any  of  the  present  inha- 
bitants. The  Portuguese  were  the 
first  Europeans  who  settled  on  thiii 
island ;  but  the  Dutch  soon  drove  them 
away,  and  established  themselves  on 
all  the  principal  places  along  the  coast. 
In  February  1796,  all  the  Dutch  forts 
and  settlements  were  taken  by  the  En- 
glish. Lon.  from  80  to  82°  F.,  lat.  from 
« to  10°  N. 

Chablait,  a  province,  of  Savoy,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  on 
the  E  by  Vallais,  on  the  S  by  Fauci^- 
ny,  and  on  die  W  by  the  Genevois. 
Thonon  is  the  capital. 

Chablii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Bivgundy,  remarkable  for  whit«  iinries. 
It  is  15  miles  E  by  N  of  Auxerre.  Lon. 
3  59E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Chaco,  a  large  country  in  South  Am- 
erica, situate*  between  19  and  37"  S 
lat.  It  belongs  to  tlie  Spaniards  bjr 
wliom  it  was  conquered  in  1536.  It  u. 
not  naturally  fruitful,  but  abouncU  vn, 


m 


C  fi  A 


C  H  A 


gold  mines,  which  are  so  mncli  the 
more  \  kliiublu,  tliat  they  are  casih 
W'iiki!il. 

C'hactciKt,  or  Fliit  Heads,  a  tridp  o' 
Imliuiis,  hLtwecii  the  rivem  Alubuin. 
ami  M.HsiHiii|']ii,  in  the  VV  pint  of  Gcoi 
giu  1  Ik'>  li;ivi>  4,5  towns  imd  vilhigcs 
cuntaiiun)^  12,1^3  souls,  of  wiiich  4,041 
we  l';^;'iiii.i^;  iiitMi. 

CliacittiKhe  Hay,  a.  bay  in  Norton 
Soiiiul,  (liMcovcred  bv  Ciiptuin  Cook  in 
1?7«.     Urn.  162  4r  W,  lut.  64  31  N. 

Chitroneti,  llic  last  town  or  ratlici 
village  of  Beoiiii,  towaids  I'hocis,  the 
birth  place  of  Phit.ux-li ;  famous  for  the 
defeat  of  the  confederate  Greeks  b) 
P)iiii]i  of  Marcdon. 

Chitgre,  a  fort  of  South  America,  in 
the  ])rovince  of  D  iricn,  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  tlie  same  name,  to  tlie  S 
■W  of  Porto-Bello.  It  was  taken  by 
Admiral  \'ernon  in  1740.  Lon.  80  7 
Vf,  lut.  9  20  N. 

Chais-Dieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Velay.  Its  Benedictine  ab- 
bey was  much  celebrated.  It  is  12 
mile.s  E  of  Brioude.  Lon,  3  4  E,  lat. 
45  15  N. 

ChaLka.     See  Irac  Arabia. 

Chaloi.s-sur-Saone,  an  ancient  city  c*" 
France,  in  the  department  of  Saone 
and  Loire,  lately  an  episcopal  see  in 
the  province  of  Burginidy.  It  is  the 
Staple  of  iron  for  Lyons  and  St.  Etien- 
ne,  and  of  the  wines  for  exportation. 
The  great  Roman  way  from  Lyoni  to 
Boulogne  passed  by  Chalons  ;  and  here 
are  various  indications  of  Roman  mag- 
nificence, particularly  the  ruins  of  an 
amphitheatre.  Chalons  is  seated  on 
tlie  Saone,  35  miles  S  of  Dijon.  Lon. 
4  57  E,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Chalont'tur-Marne,  a  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Marne,  lately  an 
episcopal  see  in  the  province  of  Cham- 
pagne. It  contahis  15,000  inhabitants, 
■who  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
shalloons  and  other  woollen  stufTs. 
Here  is  an  academy  of  the  sciences, 
arts,  and  belles-lettres.  Chalons  is 
seated  on  the  rivers  Marne,  Mau,  and 
Kau,  40  miles  S  W  of  Verdun,  and  95 
£  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  27  E,  lat.  48  57 
N. 

Chamb,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  county 
of  its  own  name,  seated  on  the  river 
Chamb,  37  miles  N  E  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  12  55  E.  lat.  49  16>  N. 

Chambeny,  a  populoiu  town,  the  ca- 


pit.d  of  Savoy,  with  a  castle.  It  Is  w»,. 
ored  by  many  Blreams,  whioli  nava 
lieii'  NOurccN  in  St.  Martin's  Hill,  and 
.'iMi  tin;)ii;;li  seviral  of  ?lie  streets 
I'here  are  pia//,as  under  most  of  the 
.lOUscs,  wliere  (leople  may  walk  dry  in 
ilie  worst  weather.  It  has  large  and 
handsome  siibin'bs,  and  in  the  centre  of 
the  town  is  the  (lural  palace.  The  prin- 
'■  i])Hl  rhurch  is  St.  Legcr,  and  the  Je- 
suits college  is  the  most  magnificent  of 
dl  tlie  monasteries.  It  was  taken  l)y 
the  French  in  1792.  It  is  27  miles  N 
E  of  Grenoble,  and  85  N  \V  of  Turin, 
Lon.  5  50E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Chambersburg,  a  post  town  and  the 
principal  town  of  Franklin  county, 
Peimsylvania ;  situated  on  the  Conego- 
cheage  creek,  11  miles  S  W  of  Ship- 
pensburg,  50  of  Carlisle,  and  157  Wof 
Philadelphia.  This  is  a  very  thriving 
town,  being  seated  in  the  bosom  of  a 
very  fertile  valley,  and  a  populous 
settlement. 

diamond,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
dc|)artment  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and 
laic  province  of  Lyoi:ois,  with  a  strong 
rustle,  on  the  river  Giez,  17  miles  Sof 
Lyons.     T,on.  4  55 E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Champagne,  a  late  province  of  France 
162  miles  m  length,  and  112  in  breadth, 
...lu.ulcd  on  the  N  by  Hainault  aqd 
Lnxeniburg,  on  the  E  by  Lorrain  and 
Franche  Comtc,  on  the  S  by  Burgiih'< 
ily,  and  on  the  AV  by  the  Isle  of  France 
and  Soissonnois.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  Ardenries,  Aubc,  Mome 
and  Upper  Marne. 

Champlain,  Lah,  a  lake  of  North  A« 
merica,  80*miles  long,  and  14  in  its 
broadest  part.  Lon;  74  10  W,  lat.  45 
0  N. 

Champlaintmxn,  a  town  in  Clinton 
county.  New  york ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Lake  Champlaine,  near  its 
jimction  with  the  Sorrel  river :  being 
on  the  border  of  Canada.  Here  is  a 
post  office  591  miles  fi-om  Wathington. 

Chancha,  a  rich  and  considerable 
town  of  Egypt,  five  miles  from  Cairo, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  desert  which 
leads  to  Mount  Sinai. 

Chanda,  a  considerable  cityof  Berar, 
in  the  Decan  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
the  chief  of  the  Eastern  Mahrattas.  It 
is  seated  on  a  branch  of  tlte  Godarery, 
70  G  m-les  S  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  79  40 
E,  lat.  20  10  N. 

Chandernagore,  a  large  town  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  Bengal.  It  was  a 
French  setUement,  and  had  )i  very 


■A 


C  H  A 

r,  with  a  caRtle.  It  In  w».. 
my  Hlrfams,   wliirh   iiava 

in  St.  Miirtiii'M  Hill,  mul 

spvinil  of  Mie  streets 
uv.f.u»  iinilcr  inimt  of  the 
■e  iieoiilc  itiiiy  wulk  dry  in 
.•atlicr.  It  liHs  Inrgc  and 
biii'bs,  and  in  the  centre  of 
he  chiral  palace.  The  prin- 
'\H  St.  Leji^r,  and  the  Je- 
is  the  miiHt  maKnificeiil  of 
stcries.  It  w«.s  taken  hv 
w  1792.  It  18  27  miles  N 
e,  and  85  N  W  of  Turin, 

lut.  45  35N. 

irg,  a  post  town  and  the 
wii  of  Franklin  cotuUv, 
i  situated  on  the  ConcTO- 
;,  11  miles  S  W  of  Ship- 

of  Carlisle,  and  157  W  of 

This  is  a  very  Uiriving 

seated  in  the  bosom  of  a 

valley,    and    a    populous 

a  town  of  France  in  the 
of  Rhone  and  Loire  and 
of  Lyoiiois,  with  a  strong 
i  river  Giez,  17  miles  Sof 
.  4  55E,  lat.45  29N. 
,  a  late  province  of  France 
length,  and  112  in  breadth, 
the  N  by  Hainaidt  aqd 
on  the  E  by  Lorrain  and 
itc,  on  the  S  by  Biirpfiih'- 
e  W  by  the  Isle  of  France 
lois.  It  now  forms  the 
f  Ardeniics,  Aubc,  Mome 
arne. 

Laie,  a  lake  of  North  A« 
liles  long,  and  14  in  its 
.    Lon.  74  10  W,  lat.  45 

tncn,  a  town  in  Clin^ 
Vork ;  situated  on  the  W 
s  Champlaine,  near  its 
the  Sorrel  river:  being 
r  of  Canada.  Here  is  a 
1  miles  fi-om  Wathington. 
a  rich  and  considerable 
t,  five  miles  from  Cairo, 
nee  of  the  desert  which 
nt  Sinai. 

onsiderable  cityof  Berar, 
of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
ie  Eastern  Midirattas.  It 
branch  of  the  Godavery, 
of  Nogpour.  Lon.  79  40 
N. 

we,  a  large  town  of  Min- 
er, in  Bengal.  It  was  « 
sment,  and  had  »  very 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


strong  fort,  destroyed  by  admirallV at-' while    some   b-ve   on  their  tops  vnirt 
son  ill  l7J7i  and,  in  1793,  the  English    plains  no  less  fertile  thuii  t!io  rirhcnt 


ajrain  disposseNscd  tiie  French  of  this 
iittlcnicnt.     It  is  a  neat   and   pretty 
lar^e  town,  and  is  seated  two  leagues 
and  a  half  above  Calcutta,  witli  an  ex- . 
tclkat  hai-bour.  ] 

Clutng-hiti,  u  town  of  China,   in  the 


IowIuikU.  TheiM.-  uioimtaiiis  ahoiiiid 
Willi  colli,  wliii'li  the  inliabituiitH  |iiiiiiid 
and  make  into  cakes  w.lh  water  ;  u 
ki'id  of  fuel,  wuitli  tlioii|;'li  not  very  in- 
llamniable,  altiinls  a  strong  and  liLstiiig 
(ire,  when  once  kindled.    Here  an-  live 


province  of  Kia.ig-niin.     In  this  town,  I  cities  of  tlie  fust  class,  and  eighty-live 

' '' '"    ^       '     -  '     •      -    •-  of  the  second. 

Cliantill),  A  town  of  France,  cclebra* 
ted  for  a  line  forest,  and  magnilicont 
hunting  seat,  which  belonged  before 
the  late  revolution,  to  the  prince  of 
Condu,  wiio  had  made  it  one  of  tlic 
most  delightful  places  in  the  world.  It 
is  17  miles  N  by  E  of  i'uris.  Lon.  2  36 
E,  lat.  49  UN. 

Chuu-hin^-fuu,  a  city  of  China,  in  tlio 
province  ot  Tche-kiang.  It  has  eight 
cities  of  the  third  rank  under  its  juris, 
diction.  The  inhabitants  of  this  district 
are  said  to  be  the  greatest  adepts  in 
chicanery  of  any  in  China.  Indeed  they 
are  so  well  versed  in  the  laws,  that  th« 
governors  of  the  provinces  and  gfreat 
niandiu-ins  choose  their  sccrotarie$ 
from  among  them. 

Cliao-tcheofou,  a  city  of  China  in  the 
province  ofQiiang.tong,situate  between 
two  navigable  rivers,  and  celebrated 
for  a  monastery  of  tlie  bonzes,  in  its 
neighbourhood.  Lon.  114  22  E,  lat 
25  ON. 

Chapurang,  or  Dtaprong,  a  considera- 
ble city  of  Thibet,  seated  on  the  south- 
ernmost of  the  two  heads  of  the  Gan. 
ges,  not  far  westward  from  the  lakes 
Mansarour  and  Lanken.  Lon.  78  42 
E,  lat.  34  0  N. 

Chapeli  Hill,  a  post  town  of  Orange 
county.  North  Carolina,  situated  on  k 
branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  14 
miles  S  of  Hillsborough  and  24  W  of 
Raleigh. 

Chapel  in  Frith,  a  town  in  Derby- 
shire, with  a  poor  market  on  Saturday, 
seated  on  the  confines  of  the  Peak,  se- 
ven miles  S  E  of  Manchester,  and  165 
N  N  W  of  L«»ndon.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat. 
53  22  N. 

Chaptico,  a  town  in  St,  Mary's  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  12  N  W  of  Leonard- 
town,  and  56  from  Wathington.  Here 
is  a  post  office. 

Charabon,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast 

of  Java,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  150  miles 

£  of  Batavia.    Lon.  109  10  £,  lat.  6  0 

S. 

Charcot,,  Lot,  a  province  of  South 


A\v\  the  villages  ilcjieiulant  on  it,  are 
more  than  2(JU,0Cl>  weavers  of  common 
cotton  cloth. 

Chang-tong,  a  province  of  China, 
hounded  on  the  E  by  Petcheli  and  part 
(if  Honan,  on  the  S  by  Kiang-nan,  on 
the  E  by  tlie  sea,  and  on  the  N  by  the 
sea  and  part  of  Petcheli.  The  country 
is  well  watered  by  lakes,  sti-eanis,  and 
rivers  i  but  is  nevcrtlielcss  liable  to  suf- 
fer from  drought,  as  rainfalls  here  but 
seldom.  The  locusts  also  sometimes 
make  rreat  devastation.  However,  it 
abounds  greatly  in  game  i  and  there  is 
perhaps  no  country  where  quails,  par- 
tridges, and  pheasants,  are  sold  cheap- 
er, Uie  inhabitants  of  this  province  lie- 
ing  reckoned  the  keenest  sportsmen  in 
the  empire.  The  province  is  greatly 
enriched  by  the  river  Yun,  called  the 
Grand  Imperial  Canal,  through  which 
all  the  barks  boiuid  to  Pekin  must  pass 
in  their  way  thitlier.  The  duties  on 
this  canal  alone  amount  to  more  than 
450,000/.  annually.  The  canal  itself  is 
greatly  admired  by  European  travellers 
on  account  of  its  strong  and  long  dikes, 
the  banks  decorated  with  cut  stone, 
the  ingenious  mechanism  of  its  locks, 
and  the  great  number  of  natural  obsta- 
cles which  have  been  overcome  in  tlie 
execution  of  tlie  work.  The  capital  is 
T.si-nan-foH. 

Chamnanning,  a  city  of  Thibet,  which 
has  been  the  residence  of  tlie  grand 
lama.  It  is  130  miles  W  of  Lassa.  Lon. 
89  45  E,  lat.  31  ON. 

Channerqy,  a  village  in  Ross-shire, 
near  the  frith  of  Murray,  30  miles  W 
of  Elgin. 

Chan-ti,  a  province  of  China,  and  one 
of  the  smallest  in  the  empire,  is  bound- 
ed on  tlie  E  by  Petcheli,  on  the  S  by 
Honan,  on  the  W  by  Chen-si,  and  on  tlie 
N  by  the  Great  wall.  Tlie  climate  is 
healthy  and  agreeable,  and  tlie  soil  gen- 
crally  fertile,  tlio'  the  country  is  full  of 
ilioimtains.  Some  of  these  last  are  rough, 
wild,  and  uninhabited ;  but  others  are 
cultiiated  with  tlie  greatest  care  from 
top  to  bottom,  and  cut  into  terraces 


forming  g  very  agreeja)le  prospect  >i  America,  in  Peru.    It  iuu  the  finest 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


Jt/KI 


•ilvcr  mine*  in  tin*  worlil.     (.a  Pluta  Ik 
the  cujiititl.     Sir  I'iutisi. 

Cliiiril,  u  tiiwii  in  .Soiiur«ctHliirc,willi 
n  ni.irki't  on  Miiii(Ia\  ;  acatccl  on  tlir 
did.-  (if  R  liill,  NIX  iniick  W  of  Ci'cw- 
kcriic,  and  141  W  liv  S  of  Lomlun. 
Loii.  ,)  18  VV,  III.  50  .5,'  N. 

C/mriiitc,  11  (li'inii'tnii'nt  of  France, 
inrliiding;  tlic  lulc  province  uf  An^^m- 
niois. 

C/iiirvnte,  Lm-jer,  a.  dcpartnicnt  «♦' 
France,  conMiNtiiiK  of  the  two  late  pro- 
vince!) of  AnniM  and  Suintonifc.  Saint. 
cs  iH  the  capital. 

C/iiireninn,  the  nume  of  two  towns  in 
Frjuice,  the  one  upon  the  Marmaiide, 
in  the  ilepartment  of  Allier,  the  other 
on  the  rnei'  Seme,  four  mile*  S  of  Pa- 
ris ;  once  famous  for  its  protcstant 
church. 

Cliarlciihurg,  a  post  to\vn  of  MontgD- 
mcry  county,  Maryland,  26  miles  N  of 
Wiuhii.gtnn. 

Churlet  City,  a  town  of  Virjfinia,  in  u 
county  of  the  same  name,  on  tlie  N 
•ide  of  James  river,  35  miles  S  K  of 
Ridimoiid,  and  167  from  Wuahlngton. 

Chiirite,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
pnrtnieiit  of  NievTC  and  late  province 
of  Nivernois.  Its  sittiation  ort  the  road 
from  PiuMs  to  Lsons,  and  the  canal  of 
Briare,  has  ma(le  its  trade  very  brisk. 
Here  are  forpfcs  for  convcrtinpf  the  iron 
in  the  neiiyhhourhood  into  steel,  a  wool, 
len  manufacture,  and  another  for  arms, 
helmets,  and  luirdware  in  general.  The 
Rubtirb  is  hituutc  in  a  kind  of  island, 
which  forms  nbDut  a  fourth  of  the 
town.  The  stone  bridffe  communicat- 
ing witli  it  was  ruined  by  the  melting 
of  the  ice  in  1789.  The  town  derives 
its  name  from  the  charity  of  the  late 
prior  of  tl-.e  Benedictine  Clunistcs,  tip- 
on  whose  bounty  it  subsisted  in  a  time 
of  scarcity.     Loii.  3  10  E,  lat.  47  10 

Charlemont,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  count)'  of  Armagh,  seated  on  the 
river  Blackwater,  six  miles  S  of  Diin- 
gannon.     Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  54  44  N. 

Charlemont,  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  county  of  Namur, 
ceded  to  the  French  by  the  treaty  of 
Nimeguen.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse, 
25  miles  S  W  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  40  E, 
lat.  50  6  N. 

Charleroy,  a  to\vn  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  the  coimty  of  Namnr, 
built  by  the  Spaniards  in  1666.  It  has 
been  fi-eqnently  taken  and  retaken,  the 
last  time  by  the  French  in  1794.     It  is 


seated  on  the  Sambrc,    18  miles  W  of 
N.iiiiur.     I.on.  4  MK,  lut.  M)  VU  N. 

(.iuirlri,  Cibr,  a  promontory  of  Vir. 
finiu,  on  the  N  tide  of  Chesapeak  Bay 
I.on.  75  50  W,  lut.  37  Vi  N. 

Cliiirle.1,  f.'.i/M',  a  promontory  on  tlia 
S  \V  pint  of  the  strait  enti'iing  into 
Hudson's  Uiiy.  Lon.  75  15  \V,  lat.  62 
ION. 

Cluirlca  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Ireland,  at 
I  lie  entrance  i>f  Kinsule  harbour.  Lon. 
.'  J.i  W,  lat.  5J  1  N. 

Charleitim,  the  principal  town  of 
Cliai  h.'Nton  county,  and  the  metropolis 
of  the  Ht.ite  of  South  Curoliini.  It  \sm 
planted  mi  1669  at  thu  conMucnce  of 
Cooper  and  Ashtev  Hivers,  ii\  the  lat. 
of  .!2"  50'  N,  an<i  lon.  ol'  80"  li'  W. 
Ashley  river  is  niivigahle  20  miles  abcive 
the  city  hy  vessels  of  considerable  bur- 
den ;  but  it  being  placed  im  a  low  spot 
of  ground,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
ocean,  it  is  subject  to  be  inundated  by 
higli  tides,  and  has  often  sufierrdfrom 
this  cause,  as  well  as  by  fires  and  tre- 
mendous whirlwinds.  Charleston  is 
nevertheless  a  capital  of  great  riches 
and  commerce  i  the  exports  of  1803  a- 
mouiiting  to  g  7,811,108.— .Tlie  banks 
of  the  rivers  ahovc  and  below  the  town 
arc  bcaiitilicd  with  fine  plantittinns,  and 
Vi'idks,  interspersed  with  rows  of  trees. 
The  streets  that  lie  E  and  VV  run  in 
straight  lines,  from  river  to  river,  and 
are  intersected  hy  others  at  right  an- 
gles ;  though  they  have  one  common 
fault  of  lieiiig  too  narrow,  some  of  tiicm 
being  not  above  35  feet  wide.  Moiit, 
if  not  all  of  them  are  provided  with 
subterranean  drains  that  carry  off  the 
water  and  filth  of  the  city.— The  hous- 
es lately  built  are  principally  of  bricks, 
and  sonic  of  them  in  a  style  of  compar- 
ative grandeur  and  elegance.  The 
chief  public  edifices  are  an  exchange, 
a  State-house,  a  bank,  an  armourj',  and 
a  ])ul)lic  alms-house,  with  ten  or  a  doz- 
en places  of  religious  worship.  Here 
are  two  ba;iks,  besides  a  branch  of  the 
United  States'  bank.  The  inhabitants 
in  1800  amounted  to  18,834,  nearly  one 
halfof  tiicm  slaves.  The  entrance  of 
the  harbour  is  defended  by  a  fort  on 
Sullivan's  Island,  about  six  miles  be- 
low the  city.  This  fort  repelled  the 
attack  of  a  British  fleet  under  Sir  P. 
Parker,  in  the  revolution  war,  with  a 
very  destructive  effect  to  tlie  assail- 
ants. 

Charleston,  a  town  of  Nortli  America, 
in  the  state  of  Uhode  I^itaiid  and  coim>. 


:'vll 


H  A 

lanihro,    18  milei  W  of 

I  :;uK,  lut.  50  vo  N. 

,  II  iironmiitory  of  Vir- 
liilc  olCliiiinpottk  lliiy 
lut.  37  U  N. 
',  u  pronionuiry  on  the 
111-  Htniit  fnlfiiiijc  into 
Lon,  75  15  W,  lut.  62 

n  fortreufi  of  Ireland,  at 
KiiiHulc  hurbour.    Lon. 
I  1  N. 

llie   principal    town    of 
nty,  and  tUc  mctropolii 
So'utli  Curolina.     It  was 
i)  at   tin:    coilMdCiuir    of 
,lilev  HivtTH,  in   tlio  lut. 
imci  lon.  of  H(J"  lA'  W. 
iiavi((iil)le  20  niilen  ab'ivo 
uiIh  of  I'lMisidcrable  biir- 
in(j  placed  on  a  low  »pot 
I  in  tlic  vicinity  of  the 
iject  to  bf  inundated  by 
I  lia.s  often  Biifit'redfrom 
well  as  by  fires  and  tre- 
•Iwinds.     Cliarlcston    in 
1  capital  of  great  riches 
i  the  exports  of  1803  a- 
J  7,811, 108.— Tlie  bank* 
l)o\c  and  beloVrthc  town 
with  fine  plant^tionii,  and 
crsedwith  rows  of  tree*, 
but  lie   E  and  W  run  in 
from  r'n  cr  to  river,  and 
d  by  others  at  right  au- 
tlie'y  have   one   common 
[oo  narrow,  some  of  them 
e  35  feet  wide.     Mo^tt, 
hem   are  provided  with 
drains  that  carry  off  tl>c 
li  of  the  city.— The  hous- 
urc  prinripally  of  bricks, 
lem  in  a  style  of  compar- 
ir    and    eletjance.      The 
[lificcs   are  an  exchange, 
a  hank,  an  armoury,  and 
Ihousc,  with  ten  or  adoz- 
■ligious  worship.     Here 
[  besides  a  branch  of  the 
bank.    The  inhabitents 
itedto  18,824,  nearly  one 
Slaves.    The  entrance  of 
8  defended  by  a  fort  on 
[nd,  about  six  miles  be- 
This  fort  repelled  the 
•itish  fleet  under  Sir  P. 
revolution  war,  Mritha 
ive  eft'ect  to  the  assail- 

1  town  of  Nortl>  America, 
Rhode  U\md  and  comv- 


^1* 


C  H  A 

tv  of  Wanhiiiifton  It  is  remarkable 
iiir  liein(f  the  roaidcnco  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  Indians  thai  «till  remain  (to 
the  number  of  500)  in  this  state.  They 
arc  i)euceablu  and  well  disposed  to- 
ward the  government,  and  siicuk  the 
CnK'lish  lang^uago. 

Cluirlnion,  a  town  on  the  SW  side 
oftitc  island  of  Nevis,  it)  the  West  In- 
dii's.  It  is  the  scutof  ifovemmeiit,  and 
defended  by  a  fort.  Lun.  6:2  50  W, 
hit.  16  10  N. 

CliarltiUntin,  a  post  town  in  Chcsliirc 
county.  New  Hampshire  t  situated  un 
the  V.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  12  m. 
N  of  Wulpolc,  .^>8  .S  of  Dartmouth  col- 
lege, and  80  W  by  N  of  Portsmouth. 

Chiirlettmun,  the  principal  town  of 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  op- 
posite to  Boston,  from  whicii  it  is  se- 
ovr.tted  by  Ciiarle*  ri-.cr,  over  which 
IS  constructed  one  of  tiie  most  elegant 
bridges  in  the  United  States.  It  con- 
tains about  2000  inhabitants. 

C/tarieitavin,  a  post  town  of  JefTerson 
county,  Virginia,  73  miles  from  fyaih- 
inglon, 

Chartettovin,  a  town  in  Cecil  rotmty, 
Maryland  i  situated  on  tiic  \V  side  of 
North  East  Kiver,  near  its  nioutli,  10 
miles  W  of  Elktoii  and  47  E  by  N  of 
Baltimore.     Here  is  a  post  oflico. 

Charletton,  an  island  at  the  bottom  of 
Hudson's  Bay.  Lon.  79  5  W,  lat.  £2 
3  N. 

Charleville,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  In 
the  county  of  Cork,  30  miles  N  of  Cork. 
Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Charleville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Ardennes  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  The  streets 
arc  as  straight  as  a  line,  and  the  hous- 
es of  an  equal  height,  covered  witli 
slate.  Here  is  a  magnificent  square, 
and  in  the  centre  a  handsome  fountain. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mcuse,  near  Mez- 
iers,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
bridge  and  a  causeway  ;  IS  miles  N  W 
of  Sedan,  and  115  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 
45  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Charlotte,  a  post  town  on  the  E  side 
ef  Lake  Champlain,  in  Chittenden 
rounty,  Vermont ;  at  the  distance  of 
10  miles  S  of  Burlington,  and  13  N  of 
Virgennes. 

Charlotte,  a  town  in  Virginia,  the  ca- 
pital of  Cliarlotte  county,  30  miles  N 
of  Halifax,  and  100  S  W  of  Richmond. 

Charlotte,  the  principal  town  of  Meck- 
lenburg county.  North  Carolina  i  situ- 
ated on  bugar  cre«4(,  a  branch  of  Ca- 


C  H  A 

tahavr  rivrr,  4fi  miles  S  of  Slatc*v!ll«, 
and  about  the  same  distance  S  VV  of 
Salisbury. 

Charloite-tmun,  formerly  fioteau,  thn 
canitul  of  Dimiinica,  21  miles  S  E  of 
Prince  Rupert's  Bay,  on  a  |)oint  of  land 
on  tb(;  S  VV  side  ot  ilic  island.  Lun, 
61  25  W,  lat.  15  25  N. 

i^iren  Charlotte't  Itland,  an  island  in 
the  South  Sea,  first  discovered  by  Cap- 
tain VVallis  in  the  U'llphin.  It  has  a- 
bundance   of  good  water,  cocoa-nuts, 

f>alm-niits,  and  scurvy  grass.  The  in- 
lubitants  are  of  a  middle  stature,  and 
dark  complexion,  with  lung  hair  liang- 
ing  over  their  shoulders. 

Charli)tics\)ille,  a  post  town  and  the 
capital  of  Albemarle  county,  Virginia, 
situated  on  Rivannah  rii  cr,  42  miles 
E  by  S  of  Staunton,  aiid  85  N  VV  uf 
Richmond. 

Charlton,  a  village  in  Kent,  on  an  c- 
minence  that  commands  a  line  view  of 
the  Thames.  Charlton  is  six  miles  E 
S  E  of  London. 

Channel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vosges  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  seated  un  the  Mo- 
selle, over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge, 
eight  miles  E  of  Mirecuurt.  Lon.  6  17 
E,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Charnuool,  or  Charley  Forest,  a  rough 
open  tract  in  the  N  W  part  of  Leices- 
tershire. 

Charollei,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  has  a 
ruinous  castle,  and  is  seated  on  tlie  Re* 
conce,  24  miles  W  N  W  of  Macon. 
Lon.  4  24  £,  lat.  46  28  N. 

Charoat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  seated  on  the  Arnon,  six  miles 
N  E  of  Issoudun.  Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  47 
1  N. 

Chartre;  an  ancient  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Bcauce.  It  is  tlie 
episcopal  see  of  the  department,  and, 
before  the  abolition  of  nobility  in  France 
gave  the  title  of  duke  to  tlic  eldest  son 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans.  Here  is  a  gen- 
eral hospital,  and  another  for  120  blind 
persons.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  France,  and  its  steeple  much 
admired.  The  principal  trade  consist.^ 
in  corn.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eiire*  45 
miles  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  34  £»lat 
48  27N. 

Chartreuie,  or  Grand  Chartreuse,  late- 
ly one  of  the  most  celebrated  monas- 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


i.iiii 


tcries  in  France,  eight  mlle«  N  of 
Grenoble,  now  converted  into  a  kind 
of  arsenid.     Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Charybdit  a  fiimouH  whirlpool,  in  the 
Strait  ot  Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Si- 
cily, opposite  the  celebrated  Scylla,  in 
Italy.  According'  to  the  poets,  it  was 
very  formidable  to  mariners  ;  but  it  is 
•aid  to  have  been  entirely  removed  !)y 
the  dreadfid  earthquake  in  1783.  On 
diving  into  it,  T  ore  were  fovmd  vast 
{^dphs  and  whirlpools  below,  which 
produce  all  the  commotion  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  water. 

ChateM-Briant,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Britaiiny,  with  an 
old  castle,  24  miles  S  of  Renncs.  Lon. 
1  16  W,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Chateau-Cambresit,  atown  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and 
late  province  oftiie  Canibresis,  with 
a  magnificent  |)!iiace,  which  belong- 
ed to  the  archbis'iop  of  Cambray. 
It  is  famous  for  a  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Henry  II.  of  France  and  Philip 
IL  of  Spain ;  and  is  12  miles  S  E  of 
Cambray.     Lo)i.  3  40  E,  lat.  13  7  N. 

Chateau-Cliinon,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Nievre,  and  late 
province  of  Niven"iis,  with  a  consid- 
erable manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Yonne,  near  the  source  of 
tliat  river,  36  miles  E  of  Nevers.  Lon. 
4  8  E,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Chateau-Djuphin,  a  strong  castle  of 
Piedmont,  18  miles  W  by  N  of  Salu- 
tes. It  was  taken  by  tlie  French  and 
Spaniards  in  1744,  and  restored  in 
1748,  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Cliateau-du-Loir,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  depai-tment  of  Sarte  and  late 
province  of  Maine,  famous  for  sustain- 
ing a  siege  of  seven  years  against  the 
count  of  Mans.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Loir,  22  miles  S  E  of  Mans,  and  97 
W  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Chateau-Dun,  an .  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Eure  and 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bcauce. 
Here  is  a  castle,  and  a  holy  chapel, 
built  by  the  famous  count  of  Dunois. 
The  streets  are  straight ;  the  houses 
uniform  ;  and  the  great  square  is  very 
spacious.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
near  the  Loire,  30  miles  N  of  Blois, 
and  ra  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  22  E, 
lat.  48  4  N. 

Ckateau-Gontier,  a  town  of  Prance, 
in  the  department  and  late  province 
of  Maine,  seated  on  th^  river  Maine, 


with  a  castle.  It  lias  a  mineral  spring', 
its  trade  consists  in  linens  ;  and  it  is 
22  miles  N  W  of  Angers,  and  147  3 
W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  47  47  N. 

Chateau- Landmi,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne, 
and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France. 
It  lately  had  an  Augustine  Abbey, 
seated  on  a  hill,  five  miles  S  of  Ne- 
mours, and  50  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  38  E,  lut.  48  11  N. 

Chateauiin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dcpai'tnient  of  Finisterre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittanny,  18  miles  N  of 
Ciliiniper,  on  the  river  Auzon  where 
there  is  a  salmon  fishery. 

Chateau- Meillant,atQvmo{¥ra.nce,  in 
the  department  of  Cher,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Berry,  nine  miles  E  of  Chatre. 
Here  is  a  castle,  with  a  tower,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Julius  Cesar. 

Chateauneuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  16  miles  S  of  Bourges.  It  is  the 
nanie  of  other  two  inconsiclcrable  towns 
of  France. 

Chateauneuf,  a  toym  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Beauce,  12  miles  N  £  of 
Chartres. 

Chateauneuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  seated  on  the  Sarte, 
12  miles   N   of  Angers. 

Chateau-Renaud,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  20  miles  N  W 
of  Amboise,  and  88  S  W  of  ''aris.  Lon. 
1  1  W,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Chateuroux  a  town  of  France  in  th« 
late  province  of  Berry.  It  has  a  manu- 
facture of  cloth,  and  is  seated  in  a  plea- 
sant plain,  on  the  Indre,  15  miles  S  W 
oflssoudun,  and  148  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1 5  E,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Chateau-Thierry,  a  tovm  of  France,  in 
tlie  department  of  Aisne  and  late  prov^ 
ince  of  Champagne,  with  a  castle  on  an- 
eminence,  seated  on  the  river  Maine. 
It  is  the  birth  place  of  the  inimitable 
La  Fontaine  ;  and  is  27  miles  S  W  of 
Rheims,  and  97  N  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
33  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Chatel,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  8 
miles  E  of  Mirecourt. 

Chatel-Chalon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Jura  and  late  province 
of  Franche  Comii,  remarkable  for  its 
late  Benedictine  nunnery,  20  milas  S  of 


C  H  A 

tic.  It  !ias  a  mineral  spring-, 
consists  in  linens  ;  and  it  is 
r  W  of  Angers,  and  147  3 
u.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  47  47  N. 
Landon,  a  town  of  France, 
jrtment  of  Seine  and  Marne, 
■ovince  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
had  an  Augustine  Abbey, 
a  hill,  five  miles  S  of  Ne- 
1  50  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 
:.  48  11  N. 

in,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the 
It  of  Finisterre  and  late  pro- 
Brittanny,  18  milos  N  of 
on  the  river  Auzon  where 
salmon  fishery. 
A/f/7/anf,  a  town  of  France,  in 
mcnt  of  Cher,  and  late  proy. 
:rry,  nine  miles  E  of  Chatre. 
castle,  with  a  tower,  said  to 
built  by  Julius  Cesar. 
wif,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
It  of  Cher  and  late  province  of 
miles  S  of  Bourges.  It  is  the 
:her  two  inconsiderable  towns 

wtf,  B  town  of  France,  in  the 
It  of  Em-e  and  Loire,  and  late 
>f  Beauce,   12  miles  N  E  of 

teuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
It  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
if  Anjou,  seated  on  the  Sarte, 
N  of  Angers. 
-Renaud,  a  town  of  France,  in 
tment  of  Indre  and  Loire  and 
ce  of  Touraine,  20  miles  N  W 
e,  and  88  S  W  of  "aris.  Lon. 
t.  47  33  N. 

mx  a  town  of  France  in  the 
ice  of  Berry.  It  has  a  roanu- 
cloth,  and  is  seated  in  a  plea- 
on  the  Indre,  15  miles  S  W 
and  148  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
46  46  N. 

Thierry,  a  town  of  France,  in 
;ment  of  Aisne  and  late  prov^ 
ampagne,  with  a  castle  on  un- 
seated on  the  river  Maine, 
birth  placeof  the  inimitable 
ne  ;  and  is  27  miles  S  W  of 
nd  97  N  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
49  2  N. 

town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
f  the  Vosges  and  late  province 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  S 
Mirecourt. 
halon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
ment  of  Jura  and  late  province 
e  Comti((,  remarkable  for  its 
lictine  nunnery,  20  milas  S  of 


C  H  A 

Dole.     Lon.    5  38  E,  lat.   46  46  N. 

ChntdlerauU,  u  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vienne  iind  laic  pro- 
viiice  .)f  Poitou,  seated  on  tlie  Vi- 
enne,  over  which  is  a  hands'iiuc  stone 
biklg'e.  It  is  noted  for  its  I'ltiery, 
wateiimaking,  and  the  cutting  of  i'Axv 
diiiiiioiids.  It  gives  the  title  of  d.ike  to 
the  Scotcli  duke  <if  Hamilton.  It  is 
•n  miles  N  N  E  of  Poitiers,  and  168  S 
S  W  of  Piu-is.  Lon  0  44  E,  lat.  46 5u  N. 

Chathaiti,  a  town -n  Kent,  a(ijoi'"'..p, 
Rochester,  and  seated  on  the  Medwuy. 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the 
loyul  navy  i  .ind  the  yards  and  maga- 
zines are  furnished  with  all  sorts  of  na- 
val stores.  Ill  1667,  the  Dutch  sailed 
up  to  this  town,  ami  biu-nt  several  men 
of  war;  but  tlie  entrance  inio  the  Med- 
wMV  is  now  defended  by  Shccrness  and 
other  forts ;  and  in  1757,  additional 
fortitlcations  were  begun  at  Chatham. 
It  h.is  about  500  Iiouscs,  mostly  low, 
and  built  with  brick,  the  streets  arc 
narrow  and  paved  ;  and  it  contains 
ahuut  3000  inliabitants.  The  ]jrinci])al 
employment  of  the  labouring  hands  is 
ship  building  I.i  the  king's  yard  and 
l)rivate  docks.  It  has  a  market  on  Sat- 
urday, a  church,  aclmpcl  of  case,  and  a 
sliip  used  as  a  church  fur  the  sailors.  It  is 
31  miles  £  S  E  of  London.  Lon.  036E, 
lat.  51  22  N. 

Chatham,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts,  near  Cape 
Malabar,  22  miles  E  of  Barnstable. 
Standing  near  the  sea  shore,  the  prin- 
ripal  employment  of  the  inliabitants  is 
fishing. 

Chatham,  a  town  in  Chesterfield 
county.  South  Carolina,  on  the  W  side 
of  Great  Pedee  river,  16  miles  N  of 
Greenville.  Here  is  a  post  ofiice  427 
miles  from  Waahiiigton. 

Chatilloii-Lei-Dcmibei,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Ain  and 
late  province  of  Bresse,  12  miles  W  of 
Bourg. 

Chatillon-sur-Indre,  a  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  Indre  and  late 
province  of  Berry,  10  miles  S  ofLoches. 
Lon.  0  55  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Chatiiionsur-Marne,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Marne  and  late 
pro\ince  of  Champagne,  27  miles  S  of 
Klicims.     Lon  4  5  £,  lat.  48  58  N. 

ChatiUon-tur-Seine,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or.  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  divided  in- 
to two  by  the  river  Seine.  It  has  iron- 
works in  its  neighbourhood,  tutd  is  36 


CHE 

I  miles  N  W  of  Dijon.     Lon.  4  35  E,  lat. 

47  42  N. 

i  Chatur/iie,  a  lake  of  N  America,  in  the 
1  state  (if  New  Ywk,  It  :s  ti:e  .-.oMi'.e  of 
the  rnor  C(.inaw(j).go,  w'llch  rins  into 
tlie  Allegany,  i  i.e  lower  end  'if  it, 
wlicnce  ti;c  river  proceeds,  is  in  lal.  42 
10  N.  From  tl.c  N  \V  of  this  l..kc  to 
Lake  F:ie  is  nine  niilcs. 

Cliittre,  u  town  of  Fiance,  in  tl;e  de- 
partment of  IiHlie  .nid  l.le  pioviiicc  of 
Kerry,  scaltd  on  tlie  nver  Indie  37 
miles  from  iJoiiiges.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  ill  cuttie.  Lon.  155 
E,  lat.40o5  N. 

f,'hatsz.orth,  a  village  in  the  Peak  of 
Derbyshire,  nefirtlie  river  Dei  went,  six 
miles  VV  of  Chesterlield.  He  e  is  •.  no- 
ble scat  of  the  duke  of  Dcvun.sliire, 
whicli,  for  its  lilic  situation,  pari.,  r'lir- 
dens,  fountains.  See.  is  (ieemed  one  of 
the  wonders  of  the  peak.  It  was  the 
prison  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  tor  17 
years ;  in  memory  of  which  the  new 
lodgings  that  are  built,  instead  of  the 
old,  are  called  the  (^iccn  of  Scots  apart- 
ment. 

Chavfs,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tralos-Montes,  sc.ited  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  tlie  river 
Tamega.  It  has  two  suburbs  and  two 
forts,  one  of  which  looks  like  a  citadel. 
Between  the  town  and  tlie  suburb  Mag- 
dalena,  is  an  old  Roman  stone  bridge. 
It  is  30  miles  S  W  ofBraganza.  Lon. 
7  0  W,  lat.  41  45  N. 

Chaumont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Mai-n  indlate 
province  of  Champagne.  T  he  princi- 
pa'  gate  of  tlie  church  of  the  college 
is  much  admired.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Marne,  14 
miles  S  of  Joinville.    Lon.  5  9  E,  lat. 

48  8  N. 

Chaumont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of-.^pi.'''-  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France,  30  miles  N  W  of 
Paris.    Lon  2  7  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Chaun,',  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  on  the  river 
Oise,  20  miles  E  of  Noyon.  Lon.  3  IS 
E,  lat.  49  17  N. 

Chebrechin,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the 
province  of  Russia,  and  palatinate  of 
Belskow.  It  is  seated  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  a  hill,  and  the  river  Wierpi  wa- 
ters its  walls,  and  afterwards  falls  into 
the  river  Bog.  Lon.  23  51 E,  lat  50  35  N. 

Cheadle,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on 
the  most  fertile  part  of  tliQ  moorlwv^ 


\'M 


CHE 

12  miles  N  E  of  Stafibrd.     Lon.  1  56 
W,  lut.  53  0  N. 

Cheam,  a  village  in  Surry,  adjoining 
to  wliicli  is  the  site  of  the  villiige  of 
Codington,  or  Ctidington,  where  Hen- 
ry Vlll.  built  tlie  palace  of  Nonsuch, 
•o  nuich  celebrated,  by  Camden 
and  Heutzner,  for  its  miignificence. 
Ciieam  is  13  inilen  S  S  W  of  London. 
Chebukto,  a  harbour,  near  Halifax, 
in  Nova  Scotia.  Lon.  63  18  W,  lat. 
44  45N. 

Chedtr,  a  village  in  Somersetshire, 
famous  for  its  cheeses,  wliich  arc  as 
large  as  those  of  Cheshire.  It  is  three 
miles  E  of  Axbridge. 

Chediiiurth,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, four  miles  W  S  W  of  Northlech, 
situate  on  tlie  declivity  of  two  hills.  In 
this  ])arish,  in  1760,  a  Roman  Bath 
was  discovered ;  and  near  it  is  a  tumu- 
lus, in  which  great  quantities  of  human 
bones  have  been  found. 

Cheitore,  or  OaMpour,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal of  the  Raj  pnt.t  states,  in  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper.  It  consists,  in  general  of 
hieli  mountains,  divided  by  narrow 
vallies ;  or  of  plains  environed  by 
mountains,  accessible  only  by  narrow 
passes  or  defiles  ;  in  etlect  one  of  the 
strongest  countries  in  the  world  ;  yet 
having  a  sufficient  extent  of  arable 
land :  of  dimensions  ec^ual  to  the  sup- 
port of  a  numerous  population,  and 
blessed  with  a  miUl  climate,  being  be- 
tween 24  and  Sb"  N  lat.  It  is  tributa- 
ry to  the  Mahra'tas. 

Cheitore,  oi'  OuJipour,  a  town,  in  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  in  Hin- 
doostan  Proper.  It  was  tlie  capital  of 
the  rana,  or  cliief  prince,  of  the  Raj- 
poots, in  the  da\s  of  his  greatness.  It 
was  a  fortress  and  city  of  great  extent, 
situated  on  a  mountain ;  but  it  has 
been  in  ruins  since  the  time  of  Au- 
nmgzcbo,  ill  1681,  and  had  once  befSre 
experienced  a  like  fate  from  the 
huads  of  Acbar  in  1567".  It  is  120 
miic-s  S  bv  E  of  Nagpoiu-.  Lon.  74  56 
E,  lat.  25  21  N. 

CMvi,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red 
Russia,  capital  ofa  palatinate  of  its  own 
name,  with  a  bisliop's  see.  It  is  100 
miles  ES  E  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  2329  E, 
lat.  51  20  N. 

Cheltner,  a  rivet  in  Essex,  wbichrises 
near  Thaxtcd,  and  flows  by  Dunmow 
and  Chelmsford  to  Maiden,  where  it 
joins  the  Blackwatcr,  and  forming  the 
estuary  called  Blackwater  Bay,  or  Mai- 
den water,  enters  the  German  Ocean. 

'f0, 


CHE 

Chelmsford,  the  county  town  of  Es. 
sex,  situate  in  a  beautiful  valley,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Chclmer  and  Can, 
with  a  mai'ket  on  Friday.  It  consists 
of  the  town  and  hamlet  of  Moulsliam, 
parted  from  each  other  by  the  river 
Can,  over  which  is  an  elegant  stone 
bridge  of  one  arch.  In  tlie  town  are 
the  church,  a  magnificent  shire-house, 
a  freeschool,  a  new  conduit  which  af- 
fords a  plentiful  supply  of  water,  and 
a  neat  theatre  :  the  hamlet  contains 
the  new  county-gaol,  and  three  meeting 
houses.  In  1793,  an  act  of  pai-liament 
was  obtained,  to  make  the  Chelmer  na- 
vigable hence  to  Maiden.  Chelmsford 
is  21  miles  W  S  ^V  of  Colchester,  and 
29  E  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  33  E, 
lat.  51  43  N. 

Chelvisford,  a  post  tovm  of  Middle- 
sex county,  Massachusetts,  22  miles 
N  W  of  Boston,  and  about  1300  in- 
habitants. 

Chelsea,  a  fine  village  situated  on  the 
N  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  a  mile  W 
of  Westminster,  remarkable  for  a  mag- 
nificent hospital  of  invalids  and  old  de- 
crepit soldiers,  and  for  the  noble  ro- 
tundo  in  the  garden  of  Ranelagh  house, 
to  which  a  great  deal  of  fine  company 
resort  in  summer,  and  which  is  one  of 
the  noblest  structures  of  the  kind  in 
Europe.  It  consists  of  a  vast  range  of  ' 
buildings,  that  form  three  large  squares, 
in  which  there  is  an  <^||^mmon  air  of 
neatness,  and  elegance  observed.  It 
is  luidcr  the  direction  of  commission- 
ers, who  consist  geiif  rally  of  the  offi. 
cers  of  state  and  of  war.  Here  is  »!• 
so  an  excellent  physic  garden,  belong- 
ing to  the  company  of  apothecaries. 

Cheltenham,  a  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday; 
and  noted  for  its  mineral  waters,' 
which  ai'e  somewhat  like  tliose  of  Scar- 
borough. A  new  market  house  has 
been  erected,  and  on  each  side  is  made 
a  convenient  foot-way  of  flagstones. 
It  is  nine  miles  N  E  of  Gloucester, 
ami  95  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  221 
W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Chelsea  Landing,  on  the  W  side  of 
Thames  river,  in  New  London  county, 
Connecticut,  at  tlie  distance  of  14 
miles  N  from  New  London.  Hei'e  is 
a  post  office. 

Chelum,  or  yhylum,  a  river  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  being  the  westernmost 
of  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the  river 
Indus.  It  rises  above  Cashmere,  waters 
titat  city,  and  flowing  through  the  pro- 


1 


CHE 


T 


',  the  county  town  of  Es. 

in  a  beautiful  valley,  at 
ce  of  the  Chclnicr  and  Can, 
Et  on  Friday.  It  consist:) 
and  hamlet  of  Moulsham, 

each  other  by  the  river 
vhich  is  an  elegant  stone 
le  arcli.  In  tite  town  are 
a  magnificent  shire-house, 
,  a  new  conduit  which  af- 
itiful  supply  of  water,  and 
re  :  the  hamlet  contains 
iity-gaol,  and  three  meeting 
1793,  an  act  of  pai-l lament 
I,  to  miike  the  Chelmer  na- 
;e  to  Maiden.  Chelmsford 
VV  S  W  of  Colchester,  and 
of  London.     Lon.  0  33  E, 

d,   a  post  town  of  Middle- 
Massachusetts,  22  miles 
)ston,  and  about   1300  in- 

.  fine  village  situated  on  the 
le  river  Thames,  a  mile  W 
Iter,  remarkable  for  a  mag- 
lital  of  invalids  and  old  de- 
ers,    and  for  the  noble  ro- 
garden  of  Kanclagh  house, 
great  deal  of  fine  company 
mmer,  and  wliich  is  one  of 
structures  of  the  kind  in  _ 
t  consists  of  a  vast  range  of 
lat  form  three  large  squares, 
icrc  is  an  i^J^mmon   air  of 
.nd  elegance  observed.    It 
e  direction  of  commission- 
msist  generally  of  the  offi- 
;e  and  of  war.     Here  is  si- 
lent phjsic  garden,  belong- 
omi)imy  of  apothecaries. 
m,  a  town  in   Gloiicester- 
a   market   on   Thursday; 
for    its    mineral    water.s,' 
omewhat  like  tliose  of  Scar- 
A    new  market  house  hu 
!d,  and  on  each  side  is  made 
nt  foot-way  of  flagstones- 
miles  N  E  of  Gloucester, 
>y  N  of  London.    Lon.  221 
55  N. 

Landing,  on  the  W  side  of 
er,  in  New  London  county, 
t,  at  tlie  distance  of  14 
im  New  London.    Here  is 

nr  yhyltim,  a  river  of  Hin- 
[iper,  being  the  westernmost 
astembranches  of  the  river 
ises  above  Cashmere,  waters 
nd  flowing  through  the  pr«- 


CHE 

vincc  of  that  name,  in  a  S  E  direction, 
joins  tlic  Indus  below  Moultan.  It  is 
joined  by  a  vast  number  of  streams  in 
"its  course.  This  river  is  tlie  famous 
llydaspes  v-."  Alexander  and  is  some- 
times called  Behut. 

Chemingo,  a  post  town  of  Tyoga 
coiiity,  New  York,  situated  on  the  N 
Hide  of  Tyoga  river,  10  miles  N  W  of 
Athens  or  Tyoga  point.  In  1800  the 
townsllip  contanied  1149  inhabitants. 

Chen-si,  one  of  tlie  most  extensive 
provinces  of  China,  bordering  on  the 
grcit  wall.  It  is  divided  mto  two 
pints,  the  eastern  and  western,  and 
contains  eiglit  cities  of  the  first  rank, 
and  106  of  the  second  i.nd  third.  It  is 
fniitf  d,  commercial,  and  rich,  but  sub- 
ject to  long  drouglits;  and  clouds  of  lo- 
custs sometimes  destroy  every  tiling 
that  gi'ows  in  the  fields  j  these  insects 
the  Chinese  eat  boiled.  In  Chen-si, 
are  rich  gold  mines,  wliich,  for  politi- 
cal reasons  are  not  allowed  to  be  open- 
ed.    Singan-fou  is  the  capital. 

Chen-jan,  or  Moiig-den,  the  capital 
of  Eastern  Chinese  Tartary  (or  coun- 
try of  the  Mantchew  Tartars)  and  of 
:i  department  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  bounded  on  tlie  S  by  the  gi'eat  wall 
of  China. 

Chepelio,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Pa- 
nama, three  miles  from  the  city  of  Pa- 
nama, which  it  supplies  with  provisions 
and  fruit.     Lon.  80  15  W,  lat.  8  46  N. 

CItepstcKo,  a  town  in  Monmouth - 
.shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
Wye,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Se- 
ven). It  was  formerly  a  considerable 
place,  and  had  a  large  castle  on  arock, 
and  a  priory,  part  of  which  is  convert- 
ed into  a  parish  church.  It  is  walled 
round,  has  a  handsome  high  bridge 
over  the  river,  and  sends  provisions  and 
otiier  commodities  to  Bristol.  The 
tide  is  said  to  rise  higher  here  than  .  i 
any  other  part  of  Europe,  it  swelling 
to  50  or  60  feet  perpendicular.  It  is 
18  miles  N  of  Bristol,  and  127  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  36  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Cher,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Berry. 
Bourges  is  tlie  capital. 

Cheraico,  a  considerable  town  of 
Piedmont,  ca]>ital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  strong  citadel,  to 
which  the  duke  of  Savoy  retired  in 
1706,  during  the  siege  of  Turin.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Stu- 
ria  and  Tanaro,  opon  a  mounttdn,    24 


CHE 

miles  S  E  of  TOrin.    Lon.  7  58  E,  lat. 
44  45  K. 

Clierav}  Court  House,  the  principal 
scat  of  justice,  in  Darlington  county, 
South  Carolina,  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Black  Creek  a  branch  of  the  Great 
Pedce.  Here  is  a  jjost  oflfice  43'4 
miles  from   Washington. 

Cherbourg,  a  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  de])artinent  of  the  Channel  and  late 
province  of  Normamiy.  It  is  remarka- 
ble for  the  scafig-lit  between  tJie  Eng- 
lish and  French  in  1692,  when  the  lat- 
ter were  beat,  and  upwards  of 
twenty  of  their  men  of  war  burnt 
near  Cape  la  Hogue.  The  English 
Imided  here  in  August  1758,  took  the 
town,  with  the  ships  in  the  basin,  de- 
molished the  fortifications,  and  ruined 
tiie  other  works  which  had  been  long 
begun  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging 
the  harbour,  and  rendering  it  more 
safe  and  convenient.  These  works 
were  resumed,  by  Lewis  XVI.  on  a 
very  expensive  plan,  but  their  progi'esi 
was  stopped  by  the  revolution.  Cher- 
bourg is  50  miles  N  W  of  Caen.  Lon. 
1  33  E,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Cheresoul,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
capital  of  Curdistan,  150  miles  N  or 
B.ij.'-dad.     Lon.  4A  15  E,  lat.  25  50  N. 

Cherokee  River.     See  Tennessee. 
Cherry     Island,     in    the    Northern 
Ocean,  between    Norwav   and  Green- 
land.    Lovi.  20  5  E,  lat.  74  30  N. 

Cherry  Valle^,  a  post  town  in  OtsegfO 
county.  New  York,  12  miles  N  £  of 
Cooper's  town,  and  60  W  of  Albany. 

Cherso,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
near  Croatia,  belonging  to  the  Vene- 
tians.  The  soil  is  stony  ;  but  it  aboundf 
in  wine,  cattle,  oil,  and  excellent 
honey.    Lon.  14  40  E,  lat.  45  11  N. 

Chersnn,  the  Capital  of  New  Russia, 
in  tiie  government  of  Catharine slaf.  It 
is  a  new  towni  erected  by  Catharine  II. 
on  the  N  bank  of  the  Dneiper,  10 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ingulep, 
It  is  not  yet  very  large ;  but  the 
church,  and  many  of  the  houses  are 
built  of  stone,  in  an  excellent  taste. 
It  is  intended  to  be  the  principal  mart 
of  all  the  commodities  of  ex]x>rt  and 
import.  It  has  a  dock,  for  tlie  con- 
struction of  large  vessels  from  which 
severid  men  of  war  and  merchant  ships 
have  been  already  launched  It  is 
supplied  with  fuel  by  reeds  onhr,  of 
which  there  is  an  inexhaustible  rarest 
in  the  shallows  of  the  Dneiper,  oppa^ 


1  't 


CHE 

site  tlic  town,     Rails,  and  e\rn  tempo- 
taiy  Ixmsfs,  are  made  of  them.      J  lie\ 
arc  tull  and  sitroiiR-,  and  aHbrd   slicllei- 
to  v:,ri;iiia  kii.dsor.Kjuatir  birds,  seme 
of  wliUh  are  veiv  beautifid.     The  for- 
tificatioiis  art-    ni.idc,   anci  tlie   planta- 
tions    fcrnied,    Ijy    mi.lcfactors,     who 
imiount  to  sonic   hundreds.     In  \7S7. 
tlie  empress  miide  a  lriiini;,liant  jonr- 
ne>  l.nliis  cai>;tal,  and  met  the  emi)e. 
rcn-  Joseph  II      Her  ititention  it  l.s  s..id, 
was  to  be  crowned  here  queen  of  Taii- 
vica,  and   emjircss   of  the  East.     But 
the  design,    whatever   it   was,  did  not 
take  place  ;    and  she    was   cohtent  to 
have   inscribed  over  one  of  the  pates 
oftliecity,    "TliroMjrh   this  gate  lies 
the  road  to  Byz.intinni."  In  this  place, 
in    1790,    tlie   excellent  Mr.   Howard, 
so  well    known  for  his  plans  of  reform 
of  the   different  hospitals   and   prisons 
of  Europe,  fell  a  victim  to  his  indefati- 
gable humanity.     Cherson  is  50  mWciC 
E  of  Oczaknw.     Lon.  33  10  £,  hit.  46 
5  N. 

Chcruey,  a  town  in  Siirrv,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It"  is  seated 
in  a  low  wet  situatiin)  iiot  far  from  the 
river  Thames,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some  stone  bridj^o  of  seven  arches. 
It  IS  seven  miles  VV  of  Kingston,  and 

20  \V  by  S  of  London.     Lon.  0  20  W. 
lat.  51  25  N 

Cherz,  an  ancient  town  of  Poland,  in 
Ma.=.ovia,  15  miles  from  Warsaw.  Lon. 

21  8  W.  lat.  52  1  N. 
Chesapeak,  one  of  the  hrgest  bavs  in 

the  known  world.  Its  entrance  is  be- 
tween Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry 
in  Virginia,  12  miles  wide,  and  it  ex- 
tends  2r0  miles  to  the  N,  dividing 
Virginia  from  Mar) land,  thro'  this 
extent  it  is  fi.,.n  seven  to  18  miles 
broad,  and  generally  nine  fathoms 
deep  J  affording  many  commodious  bar- 
hours,  and  a  safe  navigation.  It  re- 
ceives the  Susquehannah,  Potomac, 
Rappahannoc,  York,  and  James  Riv- 
vers,  which  are  all  large  and  naviga- 
ble.    Lon.  re  0  W,  lat.  36  45  N. 

Cheaham,  a  town  in  Bucks,  with  a 
market  c..\  Wednesday,  12  miles  S  E 
of  Ailesbury,  and  29  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Cheshire,  an  English  county  pala- 
tine, bounded  on  the  N  by  Lancashi-e, 
on  the  N  E  by  Yorkshire,  nn  the  E  by 
Derbyshire,  on  the  S  E  bv  Stafibrd- 
sh.re,  on  the  S  by  Shropshire,  on 
the  W  by  Denbighshire  and  Flintshire, 
and  on  the  N  W  by  Uie  Irish  Sea. 


CHE 

This  county  extends  33  miles  from  N 
to  S,  and  42  from  E  to  W,  without  m. 
rluding     a    peninsula     13    miles    in 
length  and  six  in  breadth,   which  pro- 
jects   into  the   Irish  Sea,  or  a  nwrow 
trac-t  of  land  which  stretches  between 
Lancashire  and  Derbyshire,  to  York, 
shire,  on  the  N  E,     It   is   supposed  to 
eontain  125,000  inhabitants.     It  is  ili. 
vided  into  seven  hundreds,  containing 
one  city,  11  market-towns,  and  101  par- 
isbes.     It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament for  the   county,   and  two  for 
Chester.     Both  the  air   and  soil   are 
good.     In  many  places  of  the  country 
arc   peat   mosses,   in    which  are  of\cn 
found  trunks  of  fir  trees,  sometimes  so- 
vcral  feet  under  ground,  tliat  are  used  hy 
the  inhabitants  both  for  fuel  and  ed- 
dies.    Here  also  are  many  lakes  and 
pools    well   stored  with  fish ;    besides 
the   rivers    Mersee,     Weaver,   Dane, 
and    Dee,     which     la.st    falls    into    a 
creek  of  the  Irish   sea,  near   Chester. 
It   is  rich    in   pasture  and  corn  land  ; 
but  there  arc  several  heaths  upon  which 
horses  and  sheep  feed,  among  which  are 
the  extensive  forests  of  Macclesfield  and 
Delamcre.    'I'hc  country  is  generally 
level,  the  highest  hills  in  it   are  about 
Frods!;ani ;  and  its  extensive  pastures 
feed  a  great  number  of  cows,   whose 
milk  is  i)ecili;(ily  rich,  and  of  which 
is  made  excellent  cheese,    for  which 
this   country    is    chiefly    remarkable. 
Tliis  cheese  has  a  peculiar  flavour,  and 
is  not  inferior  to  any  of  Europe.     Such 
quantities  of  these  cheeses  are  made, 
that  London  aloiie   is  said  to  take  an- 
nually 14,000  tons;   and  vast  quanti- 
ties are   also   sent  to  Bristol,    York, 
Scotland,   Ireland,   &c.    This    county 
IS  likewise  famous  for  its  salt  springs 
at    Namptwich,    Middlewich,  North- 


wich,  and  Winsford ;  and,  at  North- 
wich,  there  are  vast  pits  of  solid  salt 
rock, 

Chester,  the  capital  of  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturdav. 
It  is  a  very  ancient  city,  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Romans, 
and  plainly  appears  to  have  been  a 
Roman  station,  by  the  many  antiquities 
which  have  been  and  are  still  dis- 
covered  about  the  town  j  the  walls 
are  near  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  there  are  four  gates,  towards  the 
four  cardinal  points.  It  has  a  strong 
castle,  in  which  is  the  shire-haii,  and 
10  churches,  besides  the  cathedral. 
The  structure  of  the  principal  streets 


CHE 

extends  33  miles  from  N 
I'roin  E  to  W,  witliout  m. 
peninsula  13  miles  in 
X  in  breadth,  which  pro. 
le  Irisii  Sen,  or  a  narrow 
which  stretches  between 
ind  Derbyshire,  to  York- 
N  E.  It  is  supposed  to 
lUO  inhabitants.  It  is  (li- 
ven hundreds,  containing 
narkct-towns,  and  101  pur- 
ids  two  members  to  pur- 
he  county,  and  two  for 
ith  tlie  air  and  soil  are 
imy  i)laces  of  the  country 
issos,  in  which  are  often 
of  fir  trees,  sometimes  sc- 
erg'round,  that  are  used  by 
ts  both  for  f\iel  and  c?ui- 
a!so  are  m«ny  lakes  and 
stored  with  fish  ;  besides 
Hcrsee,  Weaver,  Dane, 
which  last  falls  into  a 
Irish  sea,  near  Chester. 
I  pasture  and  corn  land  ; 
several  heaths  upon  which 
eep  feed,  amon^  which  are 
foi'ests  of  Macclesfiekl  and 
I'hc  country  is  (generally 
best  hills  hi  it  are  about 
md  its  extensive  pastures 

number  of  cows,  whose 
iiirly  rich,  and  of  which 
client  cheese,   for  which 

is  chiefly  remarkable, 
las  a  peculiar  flavour,  and 

to  any  of  Europe.  Such 
;hese  cheeses  are  made, 
done   is  said  to  take  an- 

tons ;   and  vast  quanti- 

sent  to  Bristol,  York, 
land,  &c.  This  county 
imoiis  for  its  salt  springs 
Middlewicb,  ISTortli- 
insford ;  and,  at  North- 
re  vast  pits  of  solid  salt 


capital  of  Cheshire,  with 
I'ednesday  and  Saturday, 
ncient  city,  supposed  to 
unded  by  the  Romans, 
ppears  to  have   been  a 

by  the  many  antiquities 
)een   and    are  still    dis- 

the  town ;  the  walls 
miles  in  circumference. 
Pour  g'ates,  towards  the 
mints.     It  has  a  strong 

h  is   the  shire-iiaii,  and 

besides  the  cathedral. 

of  the  principal  streeU 


CHE 

Ls  very  singular.  They  are  ns  if  ex 
cuvated  out  of  the  earth  and  sunk  ma- 
ny feet  below  the  surface ;  tlie  carn- 
ages drive  far  beneath  tlic  le\cl  of  the 
kitclicns  on  a  line  with  runj^es  of  shops. 
The  houses  arc  mostly  of  wood,  with 
galleries,  paizzas,  and  covered  walls 
before  them  ;  by  which  not  only  the 
sliops,  but  those  who  are  walking  :d>out 
the  town  are  so  hid  that  one  would  ima- 
gine there  were  scai'cc  any  Inhabitants 
in  it,  though  it  is  very  ijopulous. 
The  back  courts  of  all  the  houses  are 
on  a  level  with  the  ground  ;  but  to  go 
into  any  of  the  four  principal  streets, 
it  is  necessary  to  descend  a  fliglit  of 
several  steps.  It  has  a  constant  com- 
munication with  Ireland ;  this  and 
Holyhead  being  the  principal  places  of 
taking  shipping  for  Dublin  !t  has  a 
small  share  of  foreign  trade ;  and  its 
two  annual  fairs  are  the  most  noted  in 
England,  especially  for  the  sale  of 
Irish  linen.  It  has  a  n<anufactu-.'e  of 
gloves,  and  a  considerable  traffic  of 
shop  gcds  into  North  Wales.  It 
givc-s  the  title  of  earl  to  the  prince  of 
\Vules,  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends 
two  members  to  parliument,  and  is  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  20  milts  S  by  E  of 
Liverpool,  38  S  W  of  Manchester, 
and  182  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  3  E, 
lat.W,  52  12  N. 

Chester,  foriginal/y  called  Upland  J  a 
post  town  and  the  capital  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  seated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  15 
miles  below  Philadelphia,  and  IS  N  £ 
of  Wilmington.  This  is  a  very  ancient 
town,  was  the  seat  of  the  first  Leps- 
laturc,  after  the  arrival  of  William 
Penn,  but  ha.s  long  been  stationary  in 
point  of  growtli.  It  has  about  1000  in- 
habitants. 

Chester,  a  town  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  30  milos  westward 
from  Portsmouth,  an(':  about  the  same 
distance  N  W  of  Ne  wbury-Port,  •  Here 
is  a  post-oilice  528  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Chesterfield,  a  town  in  Derbyshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  liaiid- 
Homc  church  remarkable  for  its  curved 
spire.  It  is  a  handsiiftne  populous  town, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  next  to  Der- 
by, is  the  most  considerable  trading 
town  in  the  county.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  stockings,  and  also  of  carpets. 
There  are  potteries  for  brown  ware, 
and  near  the  town  large  iron  founde- 
rics,  the  ore  and  coal  foi'  tlie  supply  of 


C  H  I 

which  are  dug  in  the  vicinity.  Large 
quantities  of  lead  are  sent  from  hence, 
by  a  canal  from  this  town  to  the  Trent, 
wiiich  it  joins  below  Gainsborough.  It 
bus  a  church,  but  its  spire  which  is  of 
timber  covered  with  lead,  is  warped  all 
away.  Chestcrlield  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
between  the  rivulets  Ibbcrand  Rotlicr, 
22  miles  N  of  Derbv,  and  149  N  N  W 
of  London    Lon.  1  27  W,  lat.  Si  18  N. 

Chesterfield,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire 
count)'.  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on 
tlie  E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  11 
W  miles  of  Marlborough,  and  opposite 
to  Brattlcboro',  Vermont.  It  contained 
2161  inliabitants  at  the  last  census  in 
1800. 

Chesterfield,  a  town  of  Euscx  county, 
Ncw-Yoi'k,  having  a  post-oUicc  54r 
miles  from  JVasliington. 

Chesterfield,  a  post  town  in  Caroline 
county,  Virginia,  34  miles  S  of  Frede- 
ricksburg on  the  Rappahanoc,  and  10'' 
from  lVu/>l!!::gir,;-,. 

Chesti.tmL-ii,  the  chief  town  of  Kent 
county,  Maryland  j  situated  on  Ches- 
ter river,  17  miles  N  of  Centcrvillc, 
and  about  the  same  dist.ance  S  W  of 
Georgetown,  on  Sassafras  river.  It  is 
a  post  town  and  the  seat  of  a  college. 

Cheviot,  .1  district  in  Northumber- 
land, to  the  S  W  of  Wooller,  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland,  famous  for  the 
free  chace,  much  used  here  by  the 
Enp-lisli  and  Scots  gentry.  The  adja- 
cent country  being  hilly  is  called  the 
Cheviot  Hills,  of  which  or,;  is  so  high 
that  it  is  seen  60  miles  of,  and  is  the 
first  land  discovered  by  slijps  coming 
from  the  E  :  near  the  chace  are  some 
fenny  grounds  called  the  Cheviot 
Muirs.  This  is  the  Cheviot  famous 
fcr  the  fierce  encounter  between  the 
English  and  Scots  under  the  carls 
Percy  and  Douglas,  which  is  cele- 
brated in  the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chace. 

Chiapa-de-loa-Indios,  a  large  town  of 
North  America,  in  Mexico,  in  a  pro- 
vince of  its  own  name.  Lon.  ,96  5  W, 
lat.  15 16  N. 

Chiapa-el-Real,  a  town  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  Mexico,  in  a  pro^ince  of  its 
own  name,  with  a  bishop'.'-,  see.  It» 
principal  trade  consists  in  cocoa-nuts, 
cotton,  and  sugar,  Lon.  94  45  W,  lat, 
\7  10  N. 

Chiaren!"'.,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  the  Morea,  opposite  the 
i  sland  of  Zante.  Lon.  21  35  E,  Jat.  37 
50  N.  \ 

Chiari,  a  town  of  It&Iy,  in  the  Bres- 


Piili 


I  I'll 
'  i 


C  H  I 


C  H  I 


Mi 

'5  ' 


•1 


ciano,  v.herc  the  Imperialists  defeated 
the  French  in  1701.  Lon.  10  17  E, 
lat.  45  30  N. 

Chiartt-Monte,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a 
mountain,  25  miles  W  of  Syracuse. 
Lon.  14  S9  E,  lat.  ir  3  N. 

C/itavenna,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
ea]iit!d  of  a  cotinty  of  the  same  name, 
imder  the  sovereignty  of  the  Grisons. 
It  iH  a  trading  ])lace,  especially  in  wine 
and  delicate  fruits  ;  but  its  ciiief  sup- 
port is  the  transport  of  merchandise,  it 
beiniy  the  principal  communication  be- 
tween the  Milanese  and  Germany.  The 
governor's  palace,  and  the  churches 
are  magnificent;  and  the  inhabitants 
are  Roman  catholics.  Chiavenna  is 
seated  ncaj"  the  lakes  of  Chiavenna 
and  Como.     Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  46  19  N. 

Chiavenna,  Laghetto  di,  a  small  lake 
of  the  coimtry  of  tlie  Grisons,  in  Swis- 
serland, near  the  town  of  Chiavenna, 
remarkable  for  its  defghtful  views, 
which  are  ^vild  and  magnificent.  It  is 
surrounded  by  biu'ren  rocks,  craggy, 
and  rising  into  spires  sprinkled  with 
snow.  The  bases  of  these  dreadful 
precipices  lire  lost  in  the  overshadow- 
ed viter,  dangerous  on  account  of  its 
malignant  vapours,  and  affording  no 
asylum,  soarcely  a  landing  place,  to  the 
crews  of  lliose  frail  boats,  which  ere 
ciiuj^ht  unwarily  in  the  violent  storms 
to  which  it  is  subject. 

Chkasans,  a  nation  of  Indians,  set- 
tled on  the  head  branches  of  the  Tom- 
becbe,  Mobile,  and  Yazoo  rivers,  in  the 
N  W  corner  of  Georgia.  Th"  number 
of  these  Indians  has  been  reckoned  at 
1725,  of  which  575  are  fighting  men. 
They  hav<:  seven  towns,  the  central 
one  of  which  is  in  lon.  89  43  W,  lat.  34 
23  N. 

Chichestvr,  the  capital  of  Sussex, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  surroimded  with  a  wall, 
which  has  four  gates  answering  to  the 
fotir  cardinal  points ;  from  which  run 
two  streets  that  cross  one  another  in 
the  middU"  and  form  a  sqnare,  where 
the  market  is  kept,  and  where  is  a  fine 
Btone  piazza  built  by  bishop  Red.  The 
space  between  tl>e  W  and  S  gates, 
is  taken  up  with  the  cathedral  church, 
and  the  bishop's  palace.  It  has  seven 
parish  churches,  and  is  seated  on  the 
little  rirer  I.avant,  which  washes  it  on 
all  sides  exi^yit  the  N.  The  principal 
manu&cturc!  is  malt  and  needles.  Its 
market  is  nnted  for  fish,  wheat,  barley, 
malt  and  o«.ts  -.  the  fmest  lobsters  in 


I  England,  are  bred  in  the  Lavant,  and 
it  is  observable,  that  this  river  unlike 
most  others  is  very  low  in  winter,  but 
in  summer  often  overflows  its  banks. 
It  is  61  miles  S  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  48  VV,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Chielefa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Venetians  in  1685  ;  but  the  Turks  re- 
took it.     Lon.  22  28  E,  lat,  36  35  N. 

Chienuee,  a  lake  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, wliich  contains  an  island  and 
town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  The  island  is  17  miles  in  eircum- 
ference,  and  the  town  is  22  miles  WS  W 
of  Salt/burg. 

Chieri,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont, 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  in  a 

Eleasant  country,  bounded  on  all  sides 
y  hills  covered  with  vines.  It  is  eight 
miles  E  of  Turin. 

Chifti,  a  town  of  Naples  capital  of 
Abruzzo  Citeriore,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  river  Pescara,  eight  miles 
S  W  of  Pcscara.  Lon.  15  7  E,  lat.  42 
20  N. 

Chigwell,  a  village  in  Essex,  near 
Epping  Forest,  noted  for  a  freeschool, 
foimded  by  archbishop  Harsnett,  who 
had  been  vicar  of  this  place.  Chigwell 
is  10  miles  N  E  of  London. 

Chihiri,  or  Port-Cheer,  s.  sriport  of 
Arabia  Felix,  whicii  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  Lon.  49  25  E,  lat.  14 
40  N. 

Chilesburg,  a  post  town  in  Caroline 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  E  side  of  Pa- 
munkey  river,  32  miles  S  by  W  of 
Fredericksburg,  on  the  Rappahannoc, 
and  90  miles  from  Washington. 

Chili,  a  large  country  of  South  Ame- 
rica, on  the  coast  of  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Diego  d'Alma- 
gro  in  1525.  The  mountainous  part  of 
it  is  still  possessed  by  the  Puelches, 
Araucos,  and  other  tribes  of  its  origi- 
nal inhabitants,  formidable  neig^ibours 
to  the  Spaniards,  with  whom,  during 
two  centuries,  tliey  have  been  obliged 
to  maintain  almost  perpetual  hoatility 
suspended  only  by  a  few  intervals  of 
insecure  peace.  The  Spanish  colonies, 
therefore,  are  dispersed  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  South  Sea,  to  an  extent  of 
about  900  miles.  They  are  parted  from 
Peru  by  a  desert  of  80  leagues  in 
breadth,  and  bounded  by  the  island  of 
Chiloe,  at  the  extremity  next  the 
straits  of  Magellan.  The  climate  of 
Chili  is  tlie  most  delightful  in  the  Me# 


1 


-  yMWRMMMri^lM** 


H  I 

in  ths  Lavant,  and 
at  this  river  unlike 
1  low  in  winter,  but 
Dverflows  its  banks, 
iV  of  London.  Lon. 
)N. 

af  Turkey  in  Europe, 
was  tukcn  by  the 
;  but  the  Turks  re- 
28  E,  lat,  36  35  N. 
!  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
tains  an  island  and 
name,  with  a  bishop's 
s  17  miles  in  circum- 
iwn  is  22  miles  WSW 

id  town  of  Piedmont, 

clivity  of  a  hill,  in  a 

bounded  on  all  sides 

vith  vines.   It  is  eight 

of  Naples  capital  of 

e,  with   an  nrehbish- 

5atc<l  on   a  mountain 

?e8c:ira,    eight   miles 

Lon.  15  7E,  lat.  42 

lage  in  Essex,  near 
oted  for  a  freeschool, 
bishop  Harsnett,  who 
r  this  place.  Chigwell 
)f  London. 

rt-Cheer,  r.  soport  of 

rhicii  carries  on  a  con- 

Lon.  49  25  E,  lat.  14 

lost  town  in  Caroline 
on  the  E  side  of  Pa- 
p  miles  S  by  W  of 
[on  the   Rappahannoc, 
n  Washington. 
[ountry  of  South  Ame- 
ofthe  South   Pacific 
Id  by  Diego  d'Alma- 
e  mountainous  part  of 
td  by  the   Puelches, 
[er  tribes   of  its  origi- 
n-midable  neighbours 
with   whom,  during 
ey  have  been  obliged 
,\   perpetual  hostility 
a  few  inten'als  of 
[The  Spanish  coloiues, 
spersed  on  the  bor- 
Sea,  to  an  extent  of 
'hey  are  parted  from 
■t  of  80    leagues  in 
ided  by  the  island  of 
extremity   next   the 
in.    The  climate  of 
Lelightful  in  the  Ne# 


C  H  I 

World.    Tho'  bordering  on  the  Torrid 
Zone,  it  never  feeU  the  extremities  of 
heat,  being  rendered  coul  and  agreeable 
by  its  vicinity  to  the  Andes.     The  tem- 
perature of  the  air  is  so  mild  and  equa- 
ble, that  the  Spaniards  give  it  tlie  pre- 
ference to  that  of  the  southern  provin- 
ces in  their  native  country.     The  ferti- 
lity of  tlic  soil  corresponds  with  the 
benigiiity  of  the  climate,  and  is  wonder- 
fully accommodated  to  European  pro- 
ductions,  which  have  all   improved  in 
that  happy  climate.    The    most  valu- 
able   of  these,    corn,  wine,  and    oil, 
>boimd   in  Chili,  as  if  tliey  had  been 
native  in  the   country.     Here   all  the 
fruits  imported  from  Europe   attain  to 
full  maturity  ;  and  the  animals  not  on- 
ly multiply,  but  improve.    The  horned 
cattle  are  of  a  larger  size  than  those  of 
Spain ;  and  its  horses  excel  in  beauty 
and  spirit,  the  famous  Andalusian  race 
from  which  they  spnmg.     Nature  too 
has  enriched  Chili  with  valuable  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead.     Yet 
with  all  these  advantages  Chili  has  no 
direct  communication  witli  the  mother- 
country.     Their  trade   is  confined  to 
Pei-u^  Paraguay,  and  the  savages  on 
their  frontiers.     Chili  is  governed  by  a 
chief,  who  is  absolute  in  all  civil,  poli- 
tical and  military  afliurs,  and  is  also 
independent    of  the  viceroy.      If  on 
some  occasions  the  viceroy  has  inter- 
fered in  tlie  government  of  Chili,  it 
was  when  he  has  been  either  authoriz- 
ed by  a  particular  trust  reposed  in  him, 
or  by  the  deference  paid  to  the  emi- 
nence of  his  oflfice.     In  the  whole  ex- 
tent  of  Cbili   tliere    are    not  above 
80,000  white  inhabitants,  and  240,000 
negroes  and  people  of  a  mixed  race. 

Chilicotha,  the  capital  of  Ross  county, 
in  the  state  of  Ohio  ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Sciota  river.  Here  is  a 
post-office,  420  miles  from  Washington. 
Chilia,  a  lake  in  the  Decan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  which  bounds  the  five  Circars 
on  the  N,  It  lies  on  tlie  coast  of  Hie 
bay  of  Bengal,  and  se  ;m8  the  efi'ect  of 
tiie  breach  of  the  sea,  over  a  flat  sandy 
surface,  whose  elevation  was  Boroe- 
tliing  above  tlie  level  of  tlie  country 
within.  It  is  40  miles  in  lengtli  from 
N  E  to  S  W,  apd  in  most  places  1 1  or 
15  wide,  with  a  narrow  slip  of  sandy 
ground  between  it  and  the  sea.  It  hu 
many  inhabited  islands  on  it.  On  the 
N  W.  it  is  bounded  by  a  ridge  of  mo'ona 
tains,  a  continuation  of  that  which,  ex- 
tends from  tl)«  Mabanuddy  to  the  Go^ 


€  H  I 

davery  river,  and  shuts  up  the  Clwar* 
towards  the  contincjit.  It  affords  aa 
agreeable  diversity  of  objects  ;  moun- 
tains,  islands,  and  forests  i  and  an  ex- 
tended  surface  of  water,  witli  boats 
and  small  vessels  sailing  ou  it.  To 
those  who  sail  at  some  distance  from 
the  coast,  this  lake  has  tlie  appearance 
of  a  deep  bay  ;  the  sUp  of  luid  not  be- 
ing visible. 

Chiloe,  an  island  of  South.  America, 
on  the  coast  of  Chili,  125  miles  in 
length,  and  17  in  breadth.  I'he  prin- 
cipal town  is  Castro. 

Chiltern,  a  chain  of  chalky  hilhi,  run' 
ning  from  E  to  W  through  Bucking- 
hamshire, and  forming  tlie  S  part  of 
the  coimty.  They  are  covered,  in  va- 
rious parts,  with  woods  :  and  some  of 
tlie  eminences  are  of  considerable 
height,  and  afToid  rich  prospects.  The 
air  on  these  heights  is  extremely 
healthful  J  the  soil,  tho'  stony,  produ- 
ces good  crops  of  wheat  and  barley. 
This  district  belongs  to  tho  crown, 
which,  for  time  immemorial,  has  had 
an  officer  under  it,  with  the:  title  of 
Steward  of  tlie  Chiltern  Hun>dreds. 

Chiviay,  a  to\vn  of  France,  kn  the  de- 
partnient  of  tlie  North,  and  Ute  pro- 
vince of  Hainault,  seated  on  the  river 
Blanche,  20  miles  S  S  W  "f  Charleroy. 
Lon.  4  15  £,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Chinittra,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  Albania,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  intruding  a 
chain  of  mountains,  of  which  one  part 
is  free,  and  the  other  subject  to  the 
Turks.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  29 
miles  N  of  Corfu.  Lon.  20  8  £.  lat. 
40  8  N. 

Chitnbeigh,  a  town  in  Devonshire* 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
almost  surrounded  by  the  rivc;r  Dart ; 
and  is  21  miles  N  W  of  Exetei-,  and  195 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  5;3  W,  lat. 
50  57  N. 

Chiua,  an  extensive  empire  in  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Tarta.ry,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  great  wall 
500  lesgues  in  length ;  on  the  E  by  the 
Yellow  Sea  and  the  Chinese  Ocean :  on 
the  Sby  that  ocean  and  the  kingdoms  of 
Tonquin,  Laos,  and  Burmah;  .and  on 
the  W  by  Thibet.  It  lies  betwe  en  100 
and  125*  E  lon.  and  20  and  41°  M  lat. 
It  is  2000  miles  firom  N  to  S,  and  1500 
from  E  to  W,  and  divided  into  IS  pro- 
vinces, which  contain  4402  walhtdci- 
ties<  divided  into  clAwes.  the    civil 


tS:5S2^SSl3SSSSSi5^^^ 


At.-* 


C  H  I 


C  H  I 


oil.   •• 

ltd    M.: 

'.    •,    R  kbic 

.     .1  ex- 


and  the  militan  ;  the  rivil  class  con- 
tniim  2045,  ami  tliat  of  the  militan 
2357.  't  i*  in  niia-ral  a  pluinuiut  level 
country,  with  tt  \v  niountuinN  of  niiy 
note,  but  the  nvt-rs  are  very  iiuincroiis 
«nd  considerable ;  th<)ii(;h  llie  water 
commonly  used  is  of  a  very  indiflcrcni 
quality,  and  Hometimes  re(iiiires  boiling 
to  rentier  it  fit  for  use.  The  iuit  eroiis 
rivers  are  of  great  Herviee  for  the  in- 
land navigation  of  the  coiintry,  and  it  is 
besides  assisted  by  such  luimbers  of 
canals  as  are  not  to  be  met  wit'-  in  my 
country  of  the  WOT '  These  !•■••'  orn.  tl 
in  a  m.'inner  supt  i  ».o  t'  / 
luitiofi  (ht  |irii..i~  i  l/'li's/.T  ;■ 
liewn  sioiic,  so  dec;  '■-\,'V,( 
to  carry  vessels  '  any  )'«*•'.«:( 
tending  in  some  plac  *'>  '. 
length,  They  are  furnisl.L.I  with  i 
quays,  and  sonielinics  witli  bri(l|.;e.  .n 
a  surprising  ronstruclion.  'Ihe  vessels 
are  l-.ttod  with  :J1  the  coii\euiences  of 
life,  u!id  it  has  been  s'lpposetl  thai  the 
ciiiijire  of  China  contr.'n.s  as  many  in- 
habitants by  water  as  by  land.  '1  lieir 
navigiition,  however,  is  slow,  and  tliey 
are  sometimes  drawn  by  men.  Accord, 
int^  to  the  calculatlnns  of  fatlier  Amiot, 
China conUiins  200,000,000  intiabitants. 
Astonishitig  as  tiiis  may  appear  t.jEuro- 
jH-ans,  Ahhe  Grosier  is  of  opinion  th.nt 
this  account  is  b\  no  means  exaggerat- 
ed ;  and  he  himself  not  only  states  nil 
the  calculations  of  Amiot,  but  gives  a 
variety  of  rei'sons,  from  circumstances 
lilinost  pecidiar  to  China,  to  account  fir 
this  wonderful  population  in  that  re- 
mote corner  of  Asia.  The  climate  ami 
soil  are  various,  as  the  different  pro- 
vinces are  nearer  to,  or  remote  from, 
the  S  i  severe  cold  being  felt  at  Pekin, 
while  the  sorithern  provinces  are  expo- 
sed to  excessive  heat.  In  several  of 
the  provinces,  the  land  yields  two  crops 
n-yearj  yet,  though  the  husbandman 
•idtivate's  it  with  such  care,  as  not  to 
lose  the  smallest  portion  of  ground, 
China  has  been  often  desolated  by  fa- 
mine. Its  numerous  mountains  (which 
are  chiefly  in  the  N  and  W  parts  of  tlic 
empire)  contain  mines  of  iron,  tin,  cop- 
per, qnicksilver,  gold,  and  silAcr  i  but 
those  of  gold  and  silver  are  not  permit- 
ted to  bf  opened  ;  the  emperors  having 
always  feared,  that  if  the  people  shoidd 
be  exposed  to  the  temptation  of  these 
artificial  riches,  they  would  be  induced 
to  neglect  the  more  useful  labours  ol 
agriculture.  Qjiarries  of  marble,  coal 
mines,  lapis  lazuli,  rock  crystals,  pre- 


cious stones,  and  a  kind  of  sonorous 
stones,  of  which  musical  instruments 
arc  composed,  are  a'tundant  in  China. 
1  hey  havir  potter's  eartli  loo  of  sucii 
various  and  superior  kinds,  that  their 
celebrated  fine  porcelain  will  ever  re- 
muin  unrivalled-  The  whole  of  the 
finest  is  reserved  for  the  emperor,  .so 
that  none  of  it  ever  comes  into  the 
hands  of  other  persons,  unless  it  hup. 
pen  to  be  cracked  or  otherwise  dama- 
ged in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  unwor- 
thy of  being  presented  to  the  sovcr(>ign. 
'J'here  is  ■ome  chmht  thcrefoie,  if  any 
of  the  fi'  est  Chinet  porcelain  was  ev.  " 
er  seen  in  Europe,  ilesidc  the  fruitH 
pecidiar  to  the  country,  China  produces 
l!ie  greater  part  of  those  of  Europe  ; 
hut  (excepting  the  grapes  and  ponu:- 
uTanates)  they  are  much  inferior.  O- 
i.njjcs  were  first  brought  us  from  Clii- 
na.  They  ha<e  also  lemons,  citrons, 
the  tse-tse,  a  kind  of  fig  jicculiar  to 
China  ;  the  li-tchi,  of  the  size  of  a  ilate, 
its  stone  covered  with  a  soil  juicy  jjulp 
of  an  exquisite  taste,  but  dangerous 
when  raten  to  excess  :  the  long-yen,  or 
(iragon's-eyes,  its  pulp,  white,  taitand 
.juicy,  not  so  agreeable  to  the  tAte, 
but  more  wholesome  than  the  li-tchi. 
The  Chinese  surpass  us  in  the  art  of 
managing  kitchen-gardens,  and  have  a 
luimher  of  vegetables  unknown  to  us. 
'I'hey  cultivate  even  the  bottom  of  their 
waters;  the  beds  of  their  lakes,  ponds 
iuul  rivulets,  jiroducing  crops  unknown 
to  us,  particularly  of  the  pitsi,  or  water 
ehcsnut,  the  fruit  of  which  (found  in  a 
cover  formed  by  its  root)  is  exceed- 
ingly wholesome,  and  of  a  very  delicate 
Uiste.  The  mountains  and  vast  forests 
abound  with  wild  animals  of  every  spe- 
cies J  but  that  valuable  qiuulruped,  the 
musk-deer  is  pectdiar  to  it.  Of  tlieir 
birds,  the  most  beautiful  in  China,  and 
perhaps,  in  the  world,  is  the  kin-hi,  or 
golden  fowl.  The  complexion  of  the 
Chinese  is  a  sort  of  tawny,  and  they 
have  large  foreheads,  small  eyes,  sliort 
noses,  large  ears,  long  beards,  and 
black  hair ;  and  those  are  thought  to 
be  the  most  handsome  who  ar^'  the 
most  bulky.  The  women  affect  a  great 
deal  of  modesty,  and  Are  remarkable 
for  their  little  feet  The  men  endea- 
vour to  make  as  pompous  an  appear- 
ance as  possible,  when  they  go  abroad  j 
and  vet  their  houses  are  mean  and  low, 
consisting  only  of  a  ground  floor.  Learn- 
ing, with  the  arts  and  sciences  in  gen- 
eral, is  much  cultivated  in  tbis  cvun- 


C  H  I 


H  I 


a  kind  of  sonorous 
niiisic'ul  inHtrunicMU 
.-  iilitindunt   in  Cliinu. 
•'s  eartli  too   of  such 
ior   kinds,  tliut  tliiir 
jrcclain  will  ever  rc- 
Tlic    \vlio\p   of  tlic 
for  the  emperor,  so 
ever  comes  into  tlic 
L-rsons,  unless  it  lu'.p- 
I  or  otherwise  dania- 
nner  as  to  he  imwor- 
nted  to  the  sovereign, 
uht  thcrefoie,   if  any 
.•t    poreelain  was  ev.  * 
e.     llesidc  the  fruitit 
initry,  China  iiroduccs 
of  tliose  of  Europe  j 
lie  K''"!"^"  "'"1  pomc- 
•e  much  inferior.     O- 
brouirl.t  us  from  Ciii- 
also  lemons,  citrons, 
id   of  fig  i)cculiiir  to 
,  of  the  size  of  a  date, 
with  a  soil  juicy  j)ul|> 
taste,   but  dangerous 
cess  :  the  long-yen,  or 
pulp,  white,  tajt  and 
reeable  to  the  tAte, 
jme  than   the   li-tchi. 
pass  us   in  the  art  of 
n-ffarilcns,  and  have  a 
ables  unknown  to  us. 
en  the  bottom  of  their 
of  their  lakes,  ponds 
lucing  crops  unkno\vn 
•  of  the  pllsi,  or  water 
.  of  which  (fo\md  in  a 
its  root)   is  excecd- 
iind  of  a  very  delicate 
tains  and  vast  forests 
animals  of  every  spe- 
uable  quadruped,  the 
uliar  to  it.     Of  their 
autiful  in  China,  and 
orld,  is  the  kin-hi,  or 
E  complexion  of  the 
of  tawny,  and  they 
ids,  small  eyes,  sliort 
I,    long  beards,   and 
hose  are  thought  to 
dsomc  who  ar.'  the 
women  aflfcct  a  great 
and  tire  remarkable 
t.    The  men  endea- 
pompous  an  appcar- 
hen  they  go  abroad; 
cs  are  mean  and  low, 
ground  floor.  Learn- 
and  sciences  in  gen- 
vated  in  tUis  coun- 


try rhc  government  is  absolute,  i\nd 
till'  cmper  ir  is  more  unlimited  in  his 
aiitliority  lii.inany  other  ni.inarch  upon 
c;iiM'i;  liis  edict  .ire  respet  tid  thri)' 
V  came   from  ;i  di- 


the  empire,  as  it' 
vinity  ;  !ie  aloru 
|;la(en,  and  men 
eti,  raises  t)  iin  oil! 
til.   |)iivile)»-e  of  (  !i 
aii'l  tiiiTe  have  I  . 
Ill' his  maki  igu"  ■ 
cliiif  mandarin 
iiiiit  of  his  faults 


the  disposal  of  all 
.  luo.  real  or  suppos- 
i  o.  he  has  lil^cWi.se 
'•  sing'  his  siici'e  '  ir, 
I  several  instances 
''this  rij,  "t  ;  but  tlio 
perinisston  tfi  tell 
He  looks  upon  his 
-  il;  '"ts  ai  liii>  chllilren,  am'  profess 
til  H,'overn  t'lem  witli  paternal  afli;cti'.)ii. 
Their  empire  is  very  aucient,  and  they 
jiretend  that  it  existed  m  iny  tlio  isaiij 
years  before  N^iah's  Hood  ;  it  is  gener- 
ally allowed  to  have  continued  40(J0 
years.  The  anmal  revenues  of  the 
crown  are  computed  at  41,000,000/. 
sterling,  and  the  li.irse  arc  said  to 
consist  of  5,000,000  in  time  of  peace; 
but  they  have  no  enemies  to  cope 
with.  The  principal  defence  of  the 
empire  against  a  foreign  enemy  is 
the  great  wall  which  separates  China 
from  Tartary,  extending  more  tlian 
1500  miles  in  length,  and  of  such  thick- 
ness that  six  horsemen  may  easily  ride 
abreast  upon  it.  It  is  flanked  wltli  tow- 
ers two  bowsh  ',s  distant  from  each 
other  i  and  it  l*  said  that  a  third  of  tl\e 
able-bodied  men  in  the  empire,  were 
employed  in  constructing  it.  Tli^  work- 
men were  ordered  under  pain  of  death 
to  place  the  materials  so  closely,  that 
not  the  least  entrance  might  be  afford- 
ed for  any  iM'trument  of  iron  ;  and  thus 
the  work  was  constructed  with  such 
solidity,  that  it  is  still  :dmost  entire, 
though  2000  years  have  elapsed  since 
it  was  constructed.  Their  religion  is 
Paganism.  The  Chinese  are  flowed 
only  to  have  one  wife,  whose  rank  and 
Age  must  be  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
their  husbands  ;  but  they  are  allowed 
to  have  several  concubines,  whom  they 
admit  into  their  houses  without  any  for- 
mality, after  paying  the  parents  a  sum 
of  money,  and  entering  into  a  written 
tiigagemcnt  to  use  their  daughters 
well.  Divorces  are  allowed  in  China 
ill  cases  of  adultery,  mutual  dislike, 
incompatibility  of  tempers,  jealousy, 
iic.  No  husband,  however,  can  put 
away  or  sell  his  wife  until  a  divorce  is 
legally  obtained  ;  and  if  this  regulation 
be  not  strictly  observed,  the  buyer  and 
seller  become  equally  culpable.  If  a 
wife  lately  married,  privately  withdraws 


C  H  I 

herself  fn  m  her  husband,  he  may  im- 
mediately comnienre  an  .letion  at  law, 
by  the  sentence  of  which  ;.l'e  become* 
his  slave,  .iiid  h"  is  at  liixM'ty  to  sell 
111'  {}  whoi.  I'C  pl<  .ises.  O'.  the  other 
liand,  i''.iu  husband  leaves  his  wife  for 
til  x  years,  she  is  at  liberty,  after  lay- 
ing her  case  before  the  nu'  'arins,  to 
take  another  husband  ;  hn'  .i  she  wero 
to  anticipate  their  consent,  she  would 
be  liable  to  a  severe  >  imishment.  The 
Chinese  pretend  to  have  a  great  vcnc- 
ral'' '1  for  their  ancestors ;  and  soma 
!.  tpliniiges  of  them  in  their  houses,  to 
whieli  ihcy  pay  a  .sort  of  adoration. 
'I'hey  have  laws  which  regulate  the  ci- 
vilities and  ceremonious  sariitati<jn.s  they 
pay  to  each  other,  for  which  reason 
they  always  appear  Id  be  e,<tremuly 
goodnatured  ;  and  yet  they  are  as  de- 
ceitful as  any  people  in  tile  world. 
Their  writing  is  very  particular,  for 
every  letter  is  a  word,  and  con»e((ucnt- 
ly  they  have  as  many  letters  or  charac- 
ters, as  words  in  their  language.  All 
their  towns  are  so  much  alike,  that 
those  who  know  erne,  are  acquainted 
with  all.     Pekin  is  the  capital 

C/iiiica,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  seated  on 
a  river,  in  a  valley  of  it  i  own  name,  90 
miles  S  of  Lima.  '  Lon.  76  15  \V,  lat. 
13  10  S. 

Chilian,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  with  a  cas- 
tle, in  which  Henry  II.  kin;^  of  En- 
gland expired.  Chinou  is  the  birth- 
place of  Rabelais  and  of  Qjiillet.  It  is 
seated  on  the  'Vieime,  10  miles  N  of 
Richelieu,  and  150  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  22  E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Chintura,  a.  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  Bengal.  It  is  a  settlement  of 
the  Dutch,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Hoogly,  nearly  midway  between  Chan- 
dernagore,  and  the  old  town  of  Hoog- 
ly. It  contains  several  good  houses, 
and  a  church,  with  a  little  mole  pro- 
jecting into  the  river.  It  was  taken  bjr 
the  English  in  1795. 

Chiny,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
in  Ausf-ian  Luxemburg,  57  miles  W 
of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  37  E,  lat.  49 
45  N. 

Chios,  Scio,  or  Kio,  by  the  Turks  cal- 
led Sail  Saduci,  M\  island  lying  near 
the  coast  of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor,  about 
100  miles  W  of  Smyrna.  It  is  moun- 
tainous and  rocky,  and  about  100  miles 
in  circuit.  The  number  of  its  inhabit 
T 


'      Ifl 


1 


Bmmk-^ 


C  H  I 


C  H  O 


Unts  if  almon  incredible,  havififf  be- 
sides ollifis  upward.s  of  a  million  ol' 
Greeks,  who  iiave  300  churches  iicre, 
bcHuU'.t  cliapels  and  nionuNterics.  It 
kbouiids  witli  cxceiluiit  wines  ;  and 
iVorn  tlience  tlic  ancients  had  their 
nectar. 

Chiot,  tlic  capital  of  the  above  island. 
It  stands  on  the  E  coast,  is  ns  well 
built  as  most  of  the  town.i  in  the  Le- 
vant, the  Genoese  havinj^  been  lony;  in 
tlie  posaessioit  of  it.  Here  is  a  Turk- 
ish garrison  of  1400  men,  and  the  port 
is  the  rendezvous  of  tlic  Turkish  ship- 
ping, which  trade  to  Constantinople, 
»nd  usually  the  station  of  asquadron  of 
Turkish  galleys.  The  natives  pre- 
tend that  Homer  was  boni  here,  and 
shew  a  place  they  ciU  his  school,  at 
the  foot  of  mount  Epos,  abont  four 
miles  from  the  city.  Lon.  27  5  E,  lat. 
36  6  N. 

Chwurtk,  an  ancient  town  of  Roma- 
nia, with  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
47  miles  W  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
27  57  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Chiozzo,  anciently  Foua  Claudia,  a 
town  and  island  of  Italy,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Venice,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  harbour  defended  by  a  fort.  It  is  18 
miles  S  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  9  E,  lat. 
45  17  N. 

Chippenham,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  pRrlianient ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Avon,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge  of  16  arches,  21  miles  E  of 
Bristol,  and  94  W  of  London.  Lon.  2 
8  W,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Chiri,  a  village  S  of  Wrexham,  in 
Denbighshire.  It  had  formerly  two 
castles,  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  one  of 
which  seems  to  have  been  a  magnifi- 
cent structure. 

Chislehurit,  a  village  in  Kent,  near 
Bromley.  Here  is  Camden  Place,  the 
ancient  seat  of  earl  Camden,  and  the 
residence  of  the  celebrated  antiquary 
of  that  name,  who  died  here.  Here 
likewise  were  born  Sir  Nicholas  Ba- 
con, and  Sir  Francis  Walsingham.  It 
is  11  miles  E  S  E  of  London. 

Chisme,  a  seaport  of  Natolia,  on  the 
•trait  that  parts  tlie  continent  from  tlie 
isle  of  Scio.  It  was  anciently  called 
Cyssus,  was  celebrated  for  the  great 
victory  which  the  Romans  gained  here 
over  the  fleet  of  Antiochus,  in  191  B 
C,  and  Ua»  been  diati^guished  by  tlie 


deitnietion  of  the  Turkish  fleet  by  th« 
Russians  iu  1770. 

C/tiiiaict,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
on  tlie  Thames.  Here  is  Chiswick 
HoiiNc,  a  celebrated  villa  of  the  dvike 
of  DcvoiiMliire,  built  by  the  earl  of  Bur- 
lington, ;d'ler  a  design  of  Pathulio.  In 
the  cliiirchyitrd  is  a  iiioiiunieiit  to  Ho. 
H'arth,  with  an  epitaph  by  Ourrick.  It 
IS  live  miles  W  by  S  of  London 

Chitur,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name  in  the  Hither  India. 
This  city  is  supposed  to  have  becutlie 
scat  of  Porus's  doiiiinluiis,  who  engag- 
ed Alexander.  It  lies  256  miles  N  £ 
of  Surat,  and  is  subject  to  llie  Great 
Mogul.     Lon.  76  10  E,  lat.  2J  30  N. 

Chitor,  a  city  of  Piedmont  in  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Po,  ten  miles  N  of  Tu. 
rin  ;  it  was  taken  by  the  French  after 
a  gallant  defence  in  1705,  but  rerover- 
cd  by  the  confederntes  the  following 
year  ;  it  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Sardi- 
nia.    Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Chitro,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on  th« 
bay  of  Saloiiichi,  where  the  motlier, 
wife,  and  son  of  Alexander  were  mur- 
dered by  Cassandcr ;  and  where  Per- 
seus was  defeated  by  the  Romans. 
Lon.  22  35  £,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Chitterdroog,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  HinihioNtan,  in  Mysore,  117  miles  N 
by  W  of  .Seringapatam.  Lon.76  15E, 
lat.  14  5  N. 

Chivai,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  which 
has  been  several  times  taken  and  reta- 
ken.. It  is  so  advantageously  aituat* 
near  the  river  Po,  tliat  it  is  called  the 
key  of  Italy.  It  is  12  miles  N  E  of  Tu- 
rin.    Lon.  7  47  E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Chiusi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tusca- 
ny, poorly  peopled,  on  account  of  iti 
unwholesome  air.  It  is  35  miles  S  £ 
of  Sienna.  Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 
Chiutoje,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
capital  of  Natolia  Proper,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Grand  Signior  before  the 
taking  of  Constantinople.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Ayala,  75  miles  E  of  Bur- 
sa.    Lon.  30  47  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Choczim,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the 
Dniester.  It  was  taken  by  the  Poles, 
in  1670,  after  they  had  totally  defeated 
the  Turkish  army,  before  its  walls.  It 
surrendered  in  1788  to  the  Russians 
and  Austrians,  but  was  restored  to  tlie 
Turks  at  the  subsequent  peace.  It  is 
110  miles  N  Wof  Jassy.  Lon.  26  25 
W,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Chalet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de. 
partment  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  lat* 


H  O 

Lhe  Turkish  fleet  by  tht 
70. 

village    in    Middlesex, 
:».      Here   is   Chiswii.'lc 
:brute<l  villa  of  the  duke 
huill  by  tlie  twl  ofBur. 
design  ol  Pulladio.     In 
1  in  u  uioiiuniciit  to  Ho- 
fpitupli  by  OurricW.     it 
^  b;,  S  of  London 
apital   of   a  province  of 
e   in   the    Hithi-r  India, 
ipposed  to  have  been  the 
doniii>ions,  who  eoK^g- 
It   \k'i  :25()  nnlcs  N  C 
is  suliject  to  the   Great 
76  10  E,  Ut.  2J  oU  N. 
r  of  Piedmont   in   Italy, 
:  Po,  ten  miles  N  of  Tu. 
:en  by  the  French   after 
ice  in  1705,  but  reiover- 
fcderules   the    following 
jcct  to  the  kinjf  of  Sardi- 
5E,  lut.  45  12  N. 
vn  of  Macedonia,  on  tht 
chi,  where  the   moUier, 
of  Alexander  were  mur- 
ander ;  and  where  Per- 
fcatcd   by   the  Komans. 
Ut.  4U  20  N. 
.  a  town  of  the  peninsuU 
,  in  Mysore,  117  miles  N 
ig^apatum.     Lon.  76  15  E, 

wn  of  Piedmont,  which 

k-ul  times  taken  and  retJk- 

^  advantaffeously  situat* 

Po,  tliat  it  is  called  tha 

It  is  12milesNEofTu- 

E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

liscopal  town  of  Tuica- 

j>led,  on  account  of  its 

air.     It  is  35  mileii  S  E 

)n.  10  52  E,  lat.   43  0  N. 

own  of  Turkey  in  Aua, 

lia  Proper,  and  the  resi- 

rand  Signior  before  the 

itaiuinople.     It  is  seated 

ala,  75  miles  E  of  Bur- 

E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

own  of  Moldavia,  on  the 

was  taken  by  the  Poles, 

:hey  had  totally  defeated 

my,  before  its  walls.    It 

1788  to  the  Russians 

but  was  restored  to  tli« 

lubseqiient  peace.     It  is 

V^  of  Jassy.    Lon.  26  25 

N. 

m  of  France,  in  the  de. 
aine  and  Loire,  aiid  lat* 


C  H  R 

province  of  Anjou,  with  n  castle,  170 
miles  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  45  VV, 
lat.  47  ION. 

Chonnt,  an  episcopal  t'lwn  of  Hun. 
gary,  capital  of  ii  nmnty  of  the  (tame 
name,  on  the  Mt-rich,  25  mili-s  E  of 
Sejfc'lin.     Lim.  21  4  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Chiirget,  a  tovvii  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmi-nt  of  the  l/ppcr  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Duuphiny,  burnt  by  the 
duke  (if  Savoy  in  1692.  It  is  10  miles 
)i.  of  Gup.     Lcin.  6  23  E,  lat.  44  35  N. 

Choitey,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  t'-ated 
near  tlic  source  of  a  rivulet  called 
Chor,  not  far  from  the  river  Yarrow, 
six  miles  S  S  E  of  Preston,  and  205 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  45  W,  lat. 
53  38  N. 

Chu-uile,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  \f  a- 
labar,  with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels, 
which  is  fortified.  It  belongs  to  P<ir- 
tugal,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
fine  embroidered  quilts.  It  is  15  miles 
S  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  45  E,  lat.  18 
42  N. 

Chremnitz,  the  chief  mine  town  in 
Upper  Hungary,  90  miles  N  E  of  Pres- 
burg.     Lon.  19  27  E,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Ciirittchurch,  a  borough  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is 
a  pretty  good  town,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Avon  and  Stour,  98  miles  S  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Chr'utiana,  a  village  with  a  post-of- 
fice, in  New  Castle  county,  Delaware  ; 
seated  on  Christiana  creek,  nine  miles 
above  Wilmington,  and  37  S  W  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Chrittiania,  a  city  of  Southern  Nor- 
way, in  the  government  of  Aggerhuys, 
situate  at  the  extremity  of  ufcrtile  val- 
ley, forming  a  semicircular  bend  .ilong 
the  shore  of  the  beautiful  bay  of  Biorn- 
ing,  which  forms  the  N  extremity  of 
the  gulf  of  Cliristiania.  The  castle  of 
Aggerhuys  is  built  on  a  i-ocky  emin- 
ence on  the  W  side  of  the  bay,  at  a 
small  distance  from  the  city.  The 
town  is  divided  into  the  city :  the  sub- 
urbs of  Waterlandt,  Peterwigen,  and 
Fierdingen ;  the  fortress  of  Agger- 
huys ;  and  the  old  town  of  Opsloe  or 
Ansloe.  The  streets  are  carried  in  a 
straight  line,  and  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  are  imiformly  40feet  oroad, 
and  very  neat  and  clean.  The  inhabi- 
tants  amount  to  about  9000.  The  city 
was  rebuilt  in  its  ivesent  sitoation  by 


C  H  R 

Christian  IV.  after  a  plan  designed  by 
himself  The  governor  is  the  chief  go- 
Ncmor  of  Norway,  und  presides  in  the 
high  court  of  justice.  Opsloe  was  the 
lite  of  the  old  city,  burnt  in  1624.  It 
contains  the  episopal  palace.  Chris- 
tiaiiia  has  an  excellent  harbour,  and  car- 
ries on  a  considerable  trade.  Its  prin- 
cipal exports  are  tar,  soa|>,  iron,  cop- 
per, planks,  <leals,  and  alum.  The 
planks  and  deals  arc  of  superior  esti- 
mation to  those  sent  from  America,  or 
from  llussia  and  the  otlier  parts  of  the 
Baltic.  It  has  136  privileged  sawmills, 
of  which  100  belong  to  a  single  family 
of  the  name  of  Anker.  Cliristiania  is  30 
miles  from  the  open  sea,  and  290  N  by 
W  of  Coptiihagen.  Lon.  10  50  E,  lat. 
59  6  N. 

Chrutianople,  a  strong  seaport  of 
Swe<len,  on  the  Baltic,  and  capital  of 
Blckingen.  It  is  13  miles  N  E  of 
Carlcscroon.  Lon.  16  47  E,  lat.  56  26 
N. 

Chriitianburg,  a  fort  of  Africa  on  the 
gold  coast  of  Guinea,  subject  to  the 
Danes.     Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  4  10  N. 

Clirittianttadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
the  territory  of  Blekingen.  The  town 
is  small,  biit  neatly  built,  and  is  es- 
teemed the  strongest  fortress  in  Swed- 
en. The  houses  are  all  of  brick,  and 
mostly  stuccoed  white.  English  ves- 
sels annually  resort  to  this  port,  for 
alum,  pitch,  and  tar.  The  inhabitants 
have  manufactures  of  cloth  and  silken 
stuff's.  The  town  is  seated  in  a  marshy 
plain,  close  to  the  river  Helge-a,  which 
flows  into  the  Baltic  at  Alius,  about  the 
distance  of  20  miles,  and  is  navigable 
only  for  small  craft  of  seven  tons  bur- 
den. The  inhabitants  have  manufac- 
tiu-es  of  silken  stuflii,  and  carry  on  a 
small  degree  of  commerce.  It  is  50 
miles  N  E  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  14 
10  E,  lat.  56  25  N. 

Chriniamviile,  a  post  town  in  Meck- 
lenburg county,  Virginia,  on  the  Me- 
herrin  river,  243  miles  from  Wiuhing- 
ton. 

Chrittina,  St.  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Mar- 
quesas.    Lon.  139  9  W,  lat.  9  56  S. 

Chrittmiu  Inland,  an  island  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by 
Captain  Cook,  on  account  of  his  first 
landing  there  on  Christmas  day.  It  is 
45  miles  in  circumference,  uninhabited* 
and  destitute  of  fresh  water ;  but  hat 
abundance  of  fine  turtle.  Lon.  157  30 
W,  ia^-  1  59  N. 


I 


la 


C  H  U 


C  I  N 


I  "(J 


!    it 


ChrUtntm  Sound,  ft  noiind  of  Smith 
Anioricii,  in 'IViTii  (li'l  h'lU'jfo.  Lon.  70 
2  \V,  Ut   55 -'1  S 

ChniitopLer,  St.  or  .SV.  Kiit'i,  one  «it' 
the  Lt'C\N:iril  IsliiiuU  in  the  WcHt  In- 
dii'H,  60  inil(:i  W  (if  Aiii'.(fu».  It  wui 
forniri'ly  mlii4l)itt'(l  by  the  French  und 
Enf^hHh  :  bill,  in  171.),  it  wu.h  (((U'll  to 
the  lulli'i-.  It  is  2U  milct  in  hi'ciulth, 
■ml  H('^en  in  lt'n^tl\  anil  Iiiin  liiK'h 
tnoiint:iiiiit  in  the  nilildlr,  wliencr  rivii- 
Icth  flow,  whiiliarr  of  j^rcut  use  to  the 
inlmbitantN.  Uetwcen  tiio  nioiintiunii 
art  (Ireiiilfiil  rocks,  horrid  preciiiiccn, 
and  tliick  woods  -,  and  in  the  S  W 
parts,  hut  Hiil|ihiireoiis  spring*  at  tlie 
rrH>i  oftlicni.  The  uir  is  g'ood,  the  soil 
liffiit,  suiidy,  and  fruitful ;  but  it  is  tub- 
ject  to  hiirricunes,  '1  hi*  pmdnce  is 
chiefly  Kiijfar,  cotton,  jfinjfcr,  indi(;o, 
and  the  tropical  fruits.  It  was  taken 
liy  the  Irene  h  in  178.;,  but  restored  the 
next  year.     Basseterre  is  tlic  capital. 

CliiHtltigli,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday  i  sealed  near  the 
river  'I'c'p-nc,  i<ine  miles  S  VV  of  Exe- 
ter, und  185  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
S  39  VV,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Chunar,  a  fort  of  Hindoo.<tan  Proper, 
In  the  province  of  Allahabad.  It  is 
BCiited  on  the  Ganjfes,  20  miles  above 
Benares,  and  is  built  on  a  rock,  which 
is  fortified  all  round  by  a  wall,  and 
towers  ut  various  distuncea.  At  the 
end,  overhiokinjf  the  river,  is  situated 
the  citadel,  which  has  formerly  been 
strong'.  This  fort  is  said  to  be  of  the 
hig'he.st  antiquity,  und  originally  built 
by  the  Hindoos.  In  the  citadel  is  un 
altar,  consistinf^ofa  plain  bluck  marble 
«lab,  on  wiiich  the  tutelary  deity  of  tiie 
place  is  traditionally  supposed  to  be 
•eated  at  all  times,  except  frimi  sun- 
rise till  nine  in  tjic  mominfr,  when  he 
is  at  Benares ;  during  wliich  time, 
from  tiie  superstition  of  the  Hindoos, 
attacks  may  be  made  with  a  prospect 
of  Success.  Chunar  has  always  been 
considered  as  a  post  of  great  conse- 
quence on  the  Ganges,  from  its  insu- 
lated situation,  projecting  forward  to  a 
ereat  extent,  and  being  of  considera- 
ble height.  It  was  iinsiiccessfully  at- 
tempted by  the  English  in  1764:  the  next 
year  it  was  surrendered  to  them  :  they 
restored  it  to  the  nabob  of  Oude  at  the 
subsequent  peuce ;  but  in  1772,  it  was 
finally  ceded  to  the  English  by  that 
prince,  in  exchange  for  Allahabad.  At 
tliis  pluce  is  kept  the  magazine  of  am- 
ipunition  and  artillery  for  the  brigade 


of  Cawnporr.     It    it  .185  miles  N  W  of 
Cull  iitta.     Lon.  H5  50  K,    lat.  25  10  N 

(.humiuli,  or  ynuiu/i,  u  river  of  liin- 
doost.iU  Proper,  inie  of  tl:e  U\e  eastern 
branches  of  the  Indus.  It  runs  throU)(h 
Cuslimerr  and  Lahore,  hit  wren  tlia 
Clieluni  und  the  Kiiuvee.  Its  geiierul 
course  isfrijiii  N  i".  tii  S  W,  and  after 
leaving  Jiiiunioi),  is  ihrnngh  a  tUt 
country  gniiUiully  uppruarhing  to  tlio 
Cheliilii.  It  is  united  with  both  tlicHtt 
ri\ers  at  some  diHtuncc  idiovu  Moultkn. 
Its  junction  with  the  Chchim,  «boiit5() 
miles  above  Moultun,  is  cilected  with 
gruat  violence  and  noise,  und  no  Irit 
(lunger  to  navigators.  The  Chunaub 
is  the  Acesines  of  Alexander. 

(Jiun  te-foii,  u  city  of  China,  in  the 
nrovinct^  of  Petrheli,  with  nine  pfipii- 
iiiiis  cities  of  the  third  rank  under  its 
jurisdiction. 

Cl.urch-Strettiin,  a  town  in  Shrop- 
shire, with  u  market  on  Thursday,  14 
miles  S  of  Shrewsbury,  und  153  W  N 
VV  of  London.  Lon.  2  46  VV,  lat.  53 
32  N. 

Churchill  fort,  a  fort  on  Church-hill 
river,  on  the  E  side  nf  Mudsim's  Bay. 
Lon.  4  3  VV,  hit.  58  4b  N. 

Church-hill,  a  jmst  town  of  Qiiccn 
Anns  county,  Maryland,  situated  on 
South  Ea.st  Creek,  a  brunch  of  Ches- 
ter  river,  about  nine  miles  E  by  Sof 
Chester  town,  and  the  same  distance 
N  by  E  of  Ceiitrevillc. 

Chilian,  un  island  on  the  E  const  of 
Cliina,  where  the  English  East  India 
company  hud  once  a  factory.  Lon. 
124  0  E,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Ciamfiit,  a  kingdom  of  Anin,  bounded 
on  the  E  asd  S  by  the  Indian  Ocean, 
on  the  N  by  Cochin-China,  and  on  the 
VV  by  Cambodia. 

Cicliii,  or  Ciclugh,  a  frontier  town  of 
Dahnatia,  on  k  rocky  hill  on  the  VV 
bank  of  the  Narentha.  It  was  tahcn 
from  the  Turks,  bv  the  Venetians,  in 
1694.     Lon.  18  22'E,  hit.  43  29  N. 

alley,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  Upi'cr  Carniola.  It  is  the  eupitul 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  and 
seated  on  the  Saan,  36  miles  N  E  of 
Laubach.     Lon.  15  15  E,  lut.  46  31  N. 

Civi/iriiham,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
Schonen.     Lon.  13  30  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cinaloa,  a  province  and  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  tlie  audience  of  Galiein,  on 
the  E  side  of  the  gulf  of  California. 
The  country  abounds  in  eoi-n,  cattle, 
and  cotton,  and  is  rendered  extreme- 
ly picturesque,  by  a  number  of  beauti- 


I  N 


e  I  N 


C  I  R 


;   it  385  mileii  N  W  of 
M  50  K,   Ittt.  25  10N. 
rtfiuli,  u  riv«T  of    llii\. 
(.ii»-  iiftlio  \\\e  c-antcrn 
ImluH.  U  iMfiM  tlirouKh 
Loliori',   iKtwfi'ii  tim 
Kiidvif.     It»  f;^!\^^•rl^ 
E  til  S  W,  uiitl   uftir 
I),    in   UuwikIi    n    tl»t 
ily   upi)ro(i<  liiiiK  ^"  ""» 
miitril  will*  botli  <'»'*<» 
iHiuniT  lilxivc  Miuilluii. 
itlic  Clitliim,  KbimtSO 
nltuii,   iH  cllcctcd  with 
iiml  no'me,   uml  no  lr»» 
l^tttdrg.     The    Chuimib 
of  Alc'xuiukr. 
I  city  of  Ciiina,  in  tlio 
rhcli,   witli    niiic  popu- 
lie  tliiiil  ruiik  imcler  iti 

,H,    a    town    in   Slirop. 

inrkft  on  TliurHday,  H 

•wsliorv,  and   li3  W  N 

Lon.  '2  46  W,   lat.  53 

rt,  a  fort  on   Cliiiich-liiW 
side  of  IIiidnon'H   Bay. 

It.  5H  4b  N. 

11  post  town  of  Qiicfn 
Miirland,    bituatcd  on 

■cek,    a  liianch  of  Clics- 

lit  nine  niilen  E  by  Sof 
and   tlie  sutiie  distance 

treville. 

ilaiid  on  the    E   coast  of 
the   Englisli  East  India 
once   a    factory.     Lon. 
ON. 

ijrdoin  of  A«itt,  bounded 
.  b\  the  Indian  Ocean, 
ich'in-China,  and  on  the 

P-  .  e 

lush,  a  frontier  town  ot 

rocky  hill  on  the  W 

larentha.     It   was  taken 

;s,  bv  the  Venetians,  in 

8  22'E,  hit.43  29N. 

cient  town  of  Germany, 

liola.     It  is  the   capital 

t  the  same    name,  and 

Saan,  36  miles   N  E  of 

1.  15  15  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 

,.  13  30  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

ovince  and  town  of  New 

iiidience  of  GaVicin,  on 

f  the  gulf  of  California. 

ibounds  in  corn,   cattle, 

d  is  rendered  extreme- 

by  ft  number  of  beauti- 


ful ranpadci  of  clear  watrr  that  fall 
down  fi'iiin  the  mountains.  I'hc  abo- 
rigines in  this  province  have  neither 
InwK  nor  kin|{s  to  punish  any  crime. 
They  seem  to  be  amonv  the  rudest 
people  in  America  united  in  the  social 
state:  they  neither  cultivate  nor  sow, 
but  depend  on  the  spontaneous  pro. 
thirtions  of  the  earth,  or  on  huntin|f  or 
hsiiing'.  About  the  year  1771,  the 
Spaniards  in  their  expeditions  against 
the  fierce  tribes  in  this  and  the  pro- 
vince of  Sonora,  discovered  that  these 
ne((lected  and  tiiinly  inhabited  pro- 
vinces, abounded  in  the  richest  (jfold 
mines,  and  mi^ht  soon  become  aa  po- 
pulous and  valuable  as  any  part  of 
Spanish  America  i  and,  accordingly, 
the  population  in  these  parts  hiu  since 
very  muci)  increased.  The  town  is  seated 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  92 
10  VV,lat.  26  15  N. 

Cincinnati,  a  town  in  Hamilton  coun- 
ty, Ohio  i  situated  on  the  N  bank  of 
Ohio  river,  eight  miles  W  of  the 
mouth  of  Little  Miami  river,  opposite 
to  Newport  in  Kentucky,  and  25  miles 
S  of  Fort  Hamilton.  Here  is  a  post 
office  515  miles  from  Wathington. 

Cineguilla,  a  town  of  New  Mexico 
in  the  province  of  Sonora.  When  the 
Spaniards  attacked  tlie  native*  in  Cina- 
loa  and  Sonora  (sec  Cinatoa)  they  here 
entered  a  plain  of  14  leagues  in  extent, 
in  which,  at  the  depth  of  only  16  in- 
ches, they  found  gold  in  great  abun- 
dance, and  in  grains  of  great  size  and 
weight.  The  consequence  was,  that 
in  1"71,  above  2000  persons  were  set- 
tled in  Cineguilla,  under  the  govern- 
ment and  inspection  of  proper  magis- 
trates and  eclesiastics.  Lon.  9623  W, 
Int.  35  5  N. 

Ciney,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  archbishopric  of  Liege,  eight 
miles  E  of  Dinaiit.  Lon.  4  57  £,  lat. 
50  18  N. 

Cinque  Portt,  certain  ports  on  the 
coast  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  so  called 
by  way  of  eminence,  on  account  oftheir 
superior  importance,  as  having  been 
thought  by  our  kings  to  merit  a  par- 
ticular  reganl  for  their  preservation 
aK'ainst  invasion.  They  were  five  in 
number  when  their  first  charter  was 
granted  by  William  I.  in  1077.  These 
were  Dover,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Romney, 
and  Sandwich  i  to  which  were  after- 
ward added  Winchelsea,  Seaford,  and 
Rye.  That  king  appointed  a  consta- 
ble of  Dover  Custle  (who  is  now  called 


Lord  Warilcn  of  tlie  Cinque  PortO 
and  iiiv('.-.lcil  'nm  vith  llic  cnmniund 
of  ilicHC  j.uit!.,  -.vlL.ti-  iiiliub.tunls  hi.d 
con.iideiahle  p'i'  iK'gi.*.  Ani(in};st 
others  they  were  c.icli  of  tlu'in  to  sind 
two  barons  to  lejiresent  them  in  |iarlia« 
ment  I  they  w<  re  to  be  exempted 
from  subsidies  and  aids  j  tlieir  hrira 
were  to  be  free  from  jjcrsonul  waM- 
sliip  notwithstanding  an,\  tenure  ;  and 
they  wen;  to  be  impleaded  in  their 
own  towns,  not  elsewlierc.  For  tlieso 
privileges,  they  were  obliged  to^uppljr 
the  government  with  S7  ships,  at  4()da)'B 
no  ice,  and  to  pay  tlicjf  crews  during 
15  days.  At  tiiat  period,  the  o])ulent 
traders  of  Limdon  were  styled  barons; 
a  privilege,  which  was  enjoyed  like- 
wis*  by  the  merchants  of  tli  jse  porta, 
whose  repreicntatives,  to  thii  daj',  are 
styled  Barons  of  the  C'nquc  Ports. 

Cintra,  a  capo  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  called  the  Rucic  oi  Lisbon, 
on  the  N  side  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Tajo.  On  it  is  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  14  miles  W  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9 
30  W,  lat.  38  46  N. 

Ciotat,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  tha 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
defended  by  a  strong  fort.  It  is  famous 
for  Muscadine  wine,  anii  is  seated  on 
the  bayof  Laquec,  between  Marseilles 
and  Toulon.  Lon.  5  46  i:,  lat.  43  12 
N. 

Cireari,  Northern,  five  provinces  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  liay  of  Bengal. 
They  were  originally  denominated 
Northern  from  their  position  in  respect 
to  Madras,  on  which  they  dc  .•mj. 
Of  the  five  Northern  circars,  Cicacol6, 
Rajamundry,  Ellore  and  Condapilly 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  English, 
and  Guntoor  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Ni- 
zam. The  first  four  extend  from  the 
N  bank  of  the  Kistna  to  Cliilka  Lake  ; 
forming  a  narrow  slip  of  country  350 
miles  long,  .-md  from  26  to  75  broad, 
bounded  by  mountains  and  extensive 
forests  on  the  side  opposite  the  sea. 
The  English  Circars  hadbeenceded  to 
the  French,  by  the  nizam  of  the  Dec- 
cai  in  1753;  but  they  were  conquered 
by  1  'imcl  Clive  in  1759,  and  produce 
an  an.iial  revenue  of  360,000/.  Sec 
Guntoor. 

Circat  r,  a  large  country  of  Asia, 
situated  between  45  and  50  degrees  of 
N  latitude,  and  between  40  and  50 
of  E  longitude.  It  is  bounded  by 
Russia  on  the  N ;  by  Astracan  and  tlie 


C  I  R 

Caspian  sea  on  tlie  E  ;  by  Georgia  and 
Dagistan  on  tlie  S  j  and  by  the  river 
Ddii,  tiic  Pulus  Medtis,  and  tlic  BLick 
Se.i  ontl'cVV.  Tl.is  country  has  long- 
been  celcbiatcd  for  tlie  extraoi'tliiiaij 
beauty  ol'its  women;  and  licre  it  v<u8 
tliat  tlie  jjractice  of  inoculating  for  the 
small  ])ox  ilrst  began.  Teiki,  tlie 
principal  city,  is  seated  iii  a  very  sjiacioiis 
plain,  very  swamjiy,  towardw  the  sea 
side,  in  43  deg.  23  niiii.  N  latitude  : 
it  is  about  three  wcrsts  in  compass, 
v/ell  fortified  with  ramparts  and  bas- 
tions in  the  modern  style,  well  stored 
-with  ciiimon,  apd  has  always  a  consid- 
erable f^urrison  in  it,  under  the  com- 
mand ot  a  governor.  The  Circassian 
prince  wiio  resides  here,  is  allowed 
500  Kiishians  for  his  guard,  but  none 
of  Ids  own  subjects  are  permitted  to 
dwell  witiiin  any  jiart  of  the  fortifica- 
tions. Ever  since  the  reduction  of 
those  parts  to  the  obedience  o<  Russia, 
they  I'ave  put  in  all  jjlacesof  strength, 
not  only  Russian  gaiTisons  and  gover- 
nors, but  magistrates,  and  priests  for 
tlie  exercise  of  t!ie  Christian  religion  ; 
yet  the  Circassian  Tartars  are  govern- 
ed by  their  own  princes,  lords,  and 
judgfis ;  but  these  administer  justice 
in  the  nan.e  of  the  emperor,  and  in 
mattei's  of  imjionance,  not  without 
the  jircsence  of  the  Russian  governors, 
being  all  obliged  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  his  imperial  majesty. 
The  apparel  of  the  men  of  Circassia, 
is  much  the  same  with  that  of  the  Na- 
gayans  ;  only  their  caps  are  something 
larger;  i.nd  tlieir  cloaks  being  like- 
wise of  coarse  cloth  or  shcc])  skins, 
are  fastened  only  at  the  neck  with 
a  string,  an<l  as  they  are  not  large 
enough  to  cover  the  whole  body,  they 
turn  them  round  according  to  the 
»vind  ».nd  weather.  The  men  here  are 
much  better  favoured  than  those  of  Na- 
gaya,  and  the  women  extremely  well 
shaped,  with  exceeding  fine  features, 
smooth  clear  complexions,  and  beauti- 
ful black  eyes,  which,  with  their  black 
hair  hanging  in  two  tresses,  one  on 
each  side  the  face,  give  them  a  most 
lovely  appearance  •  they  wear  a  black 
coif  on  their  heads,  covered  with  a 
fine  white  cloth  tied  under  the  chin. 
During  tlie  summer  they  all  wear  oaly 
a  smock  of  divers  colours,  an<l  that 
open  so  low  before,  that  one  may  see 
below  their  navels  :  this,  with  their  beau- 
tiful faces  always  uncovered  (contra- 
ry to  the  custom  of  most  of  the  oUier  pro- 


C  I  R 

vinces  of  these  parts),  their  good  hum- 
our uiid  lively  freedom  in  tonversntion, 
altogether  rer.der  ti  em  very  attract- 
ing; notwithstanding  which  li.ey  have 
the  reputation  of  being  very  chaste, 
though  they  seldom  waiitopjyortunity ; 
for  according  to  the  accounts  of  a  late 
traveller,  it  is  an  established  point  of 
good  manners  among  them,  that  as 
soon  as  any  person  comes  in  to  speak 
to  the  wife,  the  husband  goes  out  of 
the  house  :  but  whether  thiscontinen- 
cy  of  theirs  proceeds  from  their  own 
generosit},  to  recompence  their  hus- 
bands  for  the  confidence  they  put  in 
them,  or  has  its  foundation  only  in 
fame,  he  pretends  not  to  determine. 
The  bridegroom  pays  for  his  bride  a 
marriage  present,  consisting  of  arms 
or  a  coat  of  mail,  but  he  must  not  see 
her,  or  cohabit  with  he",  without  the 
greatest  mystery ;  and  this  reserve 
continues  diu>ing  life.  The  fatlier 
makes  the  bride  a  present  on  the  wed- 
ding-day, but  reserves  the  greater  part 
of  what  he  intends  to  give  her  till  the 
birth  of  her  first  child.  On  this  occa- 
sion she  pays  him  a  visit,  receives 
from  him  the  remainder  of  her  portion, 
and  is  clothed  by  him  in  the  dress  of 
a  matron,  the  principal  distinction  of 
which  consists  in  a  veil.  Until  this 
time,  the  dress  of  the  women  is  much 
like  that  of  tlie  men,  ex.cepting  that 
the  cloak  is  longer,  and  frequently 
white,  a  colour  never  worn  by  men : 
the  cap  too  is  generally  red  or  rose- 
coloured.  Before  marriage,  the  youth 
of  both  sexes  see  each  other  freely  at 
the  little  rejoicings  which  take  place 
on  festivals.  Before  the  ball,  the 
young  men  show  their  activity  and  ad- 
dress in  a  variety  of  military  exercises, 
and  the  most  alert  have  the  privilege 
of  choosing  the  most  beautiful  part- 
ners. Their  musical  instruments  are 
a  long  flute  with  only  three  stops, 
a  species  of  mandoline,  and  a  tambou- 
rin.  The  dances  are  in  the  Asiatic 
style,  with  little  gaiety  or  expression ; 
the  steps  diiiicult,  but  not  graccfiil. 
The  women  participate  in  the  general 
character  of  the  nation  :  they  take 
pride  in  the  courage  of  their  husbands, 
and  reproach  them  severely  when  de- 
feated. They  polish  and  take  care  of 
the  armour  of  the  men.  Their  lan- 
guage they  have  in  common  with  the 
other  neighbouring  Tartars,  although 
the.  chief  people  among  them  are  also 
not  ignorant  of  the  Russian  :  their  re- 


C  I  R 

e  parts),  their  good  hum. 
frcfdoni  in  toincrsittion, 
•v.dcr  tleni    \eiy  uttisxt- 
gtunil'mg  whiili  Hiy  liave 
,n    of  being  very  tliustc, 
seldom  wautcpvort'iiiity ; 
to  the  acoMints  of  a  lute 
is  an  eslabllshcd  point  of 
rs  among  them,  that  &a 
person  comes  in  to  speak 
tlie  husband  goes   out  of 
b»it  whetlier  tliiscontinen- 
proceeds  from   their  own 
to  recompcnce  their  hus. 
be   confidence  they  put  in 
las  its  foundation  only  in 
retends  not  to  determine. 
Toom  pays  for  his  bride  » 
'resent,  consisting  of  arms 
mail,  but  he  must  not  see 
abit  with  hc".   without  the 
ivstcrv;    and  *'''*  r^serfe 
&l    Hfe.      The    father 
bride  a  present  on  the  wed- 
lut  reserves  the  greater  part 
>  intends  to  give  her  till  the 
r  first  child.    On  this  occa- 
m»  him  a  '"'*•    '•e^eives 
he  remainder  of  her  poruon, 

hed  by  him  in  the  dress  ot 
the  principal  distinction  of 
.sists^in  a  veil.      Until  this 
dress  of  the  women  is  much 
3f  tlie  men,  excepting  that 
is    longer,    and   frequently 
colour  never  worn  by  men: 
ioo  is  generally  red  or  rose- 
^  Before  marriage,  the  youth 
:xe8  see  each  other  freely  at 
cioicinps   which  take  place 
lis       Before    the    ball,   the 
[n  show  their  activity  and  ad- 
variety  of  military  exercises, 
,ost  alert  have  the  privilege 
kg  the  most  beautiful  part- 
eir  musical  instruments   are 
Lte    with  only  three    stops, 
of  mandoline,  and  a  tambou- 
dances   are  in  the    Asiatic 
■h  little  gaiety  or  expression  i 
'  diflBcult,  but  not  graccfiil. 
,en  participate  in  the  general 
of  the    nation  :    they  take 
,c  courage  of  their  husbands, 

Lch  them  severely  when  de- 
they  polish  and  take  care  ot 
fur  of  the  men.  Their  Ian- 
.y  have  in  common  with  the 
rhbouving  Tartars,  although 
people  among  them  are  also 
it  of  the  Russian:  their  re- 


C  I  R 

tigton  is  Paganism  ;  for  notwithstand- 
ing they  use  circumcision  among  them, 
tlicy  have  neither  priest,  ulcorun,  or 
mosque,  like  other  Mahometans.  Eve- 
ry body  here  olFcrs  liis  own  sacrifice  at 
pleasure ;  for  which,  liowcver,  tliey 
have  certain  days,  established  rattier 
by  custom  titan  any  positive  command ; 
their  most  solemn  sacrifice  is  ottered  at 
the  death  of  their  nearest  friends ; 
upon  which  occasion  both  men  and  wo- 
men meet  in  the  field  tc  be  present  at 
tlie  offering,  whicli  is  an  he-goat ;  and 
iiaving  killed,  they  flay  it,  and  stretch 
tlie  skin  with  the  head  and  horns  on, 
upon  a  cross  at  the  top  of  a  long  pole, 
placed  commonly  in  a  quickset  hedif 
(to  keep  the  cattle  from  it) ;  and  near 
the  place  tlie  sacrifice  is  otlered  by 
boiling  and  roasting  the  flesh,  w'.iich 
they  afterwards  eat.  When  the  feast 
is  over,  the  men  rise,  and  havin  ^  paid 
their  adoration  to  the  skin,  and  mut- 
tered over  some  certain  prayei  s,  the 
women  withdraw,  and  the  mei  con- 
clude the  ceremony  with  drinking  a 
great  quantity  of  aquavitx ;  and  tliis 
generally  ends  in  a  quarrel  before  they 
part.  The  face  of  the  country  is  plea- 
santly diversified  with  mountains,  val- 
leys, woods  lakes,  and  rivers ;  and, 
though  not  much  cultivated,  ia  far 
from  being  unfruitful.  In  summer 
the  inhabitants  quit  the  towns,  and  en- 
camp in  the  fields  like  the  neighbour- 
ing Tartars  ;  occasionally  shilling  their 
stations  along  with  their  flocks  and 
herds.  Besides  game,  in  which  the 
country  greatlv  abounds,  the  Circas- 
sians eat  beef  and  mutton ;  but  that 
which  they  prefer  to  all  others  is  the 
flesh  of  a  young  horse.  Their  bread 
consists  of  tiiin  cokes  of  barley  meal, 
baked  upon  tlie  heai-th,  which  they  al- 
way:]  eat  new ;  and  their  usual  drink 
is  water  or  mare's  milk ;  from  tlie  lat- 
ter of  which  they  distil  a  spirit,  as  most 
of  the  Tartar  nations.  They  allot  no 
fixed  hours  for  the  refreshments  oftb^ 
table  or  sleep,  which  they  indidge  irre- 
gularly, as  inclination  or  convenience 
dictates.  When  the  men  make  ex- 
cursions into  an  enemy's  country,  they 
will  pass  several  days  and  nights  suc- 
cessively without  sleeping;  but,  at 
their  return,  devote  as  much  time  bj 
repose  as  tlie  space  in  which  they  had 
before  with  held  from  that  gratification. 
When  they  eat,  they  sit  cross-legged 
on  the  floor,  the  slun  cf  some  animal 
serving  them  itutead  of  a  carpet.     In 


C  I  R 

removing  from  one  part  of  the  country 
to  another,  the  women  and  children 
arc  caiTied  in  wuggons,  which  arc  a 
kind  of  travelling  houses,  and  di-uwn 
by  oxen  or  camels,  they  never  using 
horsies  for  draught.  Their  breed  of  the 
latter,  however,  is  reckoned  exceeding 
good  ;  and  they  arc  accustomed  to  swim 
almost  any  river  on  horseback.  The 
women  and  chiltL'cn  smoke  tobacco 
us  well  as  the  men  ;  and  this  is  the 
most  acceptable  commodity  which  a 
traveller  can  c.irry  with  him  into  tlie 
Tartar  countries.  There  are  here  no 
public  inns,  which  indeed  itre  unneces- 
sary (  for  so  great  is  tlie  hospitality  of 
the  people,  tliat  they  will  contend  with 
each  other  who  shall  entartain  any 
stranger  that  happens  to  come  among 
them.—- The  principal  branch  of  their 
traflic  is  their  own  chiUU-en,  especially 
their  daughters,  whom  they  sell  for 
the  use  of  the  seraglios  in  Turkey  and 
Persia,  where  they  frequently  many 
to  great  advantage,  and  make  the  for- 
tune of  their  families.  Whatever  may 
have  been  the  original  religion  of  tliia 
people,  they  have  been  successively 
converted  to  Christianity  and  Mahom- 
etanism,  and  have  now  no  religion  or 
worship  among  them.  They  break, 
without  scruple,  such  oaths  as  they 
have  token  on  tlie  bible  and  the  koran  ; 
but  tliere  are  certain  forms  of  oaths, 
and  certain  places,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  tlieir  ruins  (supposed  to  be 
remains  of  Christian  churches)  which 
insure  their  fidelity.  Their  courage, 
g^eat  as  it  is,  is  not  proof  agsunst  reli- 
gious terrors.  Like  all  barbarians,  they 
believe  tliat  what  is  called  accident, 
may  be  influenced  by  particular  cere- 
monies. The  Circassians  have  not  any 
letters  of  their  own  ;  those  among  them 
who  wish  to  write  their  language  being 
obliged  to  make  use  of  Arabian  chai'ac- 
ters. 

Cirencester,  a  considerable  borough 
in  Gloucestersliire,  with  a  market  on 
Monday  and  Friday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Churn,  and  was  a  place  of 
great  account  in  the  time  of  tiie  Ro- 
mans. The  ruins  of  the  walls  and 
streets  are  to  be  seen  in  the  adjacent 
meadows  where  many  Roman  coins, 
checquered  pavements,  and  inscrip- 
tions of  marble  have  been  found.  It  had 
also  a  castle  and  an  abbey.  Many  Ro- 
man antiquities  have  been  discovered  ; 
and  here  the  Roman  roads  crossed  each 
other.     It  '.i  one  of  the  greatest  meJc^  - 


■'UV«?«««^W»«"'" 


C  I  V 


C  L  A 


^i 


in  England  for  wool,  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  pwliainent,  and  is  18  miles  S  E 
of  Gloucester,  and  89  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Chema,  a  towni  of  Najjles,  capital  of 
Basilicata,  with  a  bisliop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  river  Brandonn,  at  tlie 
f-9toftlic  Appennincs,  97  miles  E  of 
Naples.     Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  40  44  N. 

Cittadello,  a  seaport  and  capital  of 
Minorca,  on  the  W  side  of  that  island. 
Lon.  3  34  E,  lat.  39  54  N. 

Citta-di-Cattello,  a  populous  city  of 
Italy,  capital  of  a  county  of  tlie  same 
name,  in  Umbria,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tiber,  27  miles  S  W 
of  Urbino.  Lon.  12  18  E,  lat.  43  32 
N. 

Citta-Nuova,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona,  containing  16 
churches  and  convents  witliinits  walls, 
and  15  without.  It  is  seated  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  SofLoretto. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  43  16  N. 

Citta-Nuova,  a  seaport  of  Venetian 
Istria,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  miles  E 
cf  Venice.  Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  45  35-N. 
City  Point,  a  post  town  of  Prince 
George  county,  Virginia ;  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  James  river,  11  miles  N 
E  of  Petersburg,  24  miles  S  E  of  Rich- 
nond,  and  169  from  Washington. 

Ciudad-JReal,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital 
of  Mancha.  The  Inhabitants  are  noted 
for  dressing  leather  for  gloves.  It  is 
two  miles  from  the  Guadiana,  and  90 
S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  38  58 
N. 

Ciudad-Hodrigo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  with  a  bisliop's  see,  seated  on 
the  river  Aquada,  40  miles  S  W  of  Sal- 
amanca.    Lon.  5  58  W,  lat.  40  33  N. 

Civita-di-Friuli,  a  small  but  ancient 
town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  seat- 
ed on  the  Natisona,  10  miles  E  of  Ude- 
na.  Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 
■  Ciiiita-di-Penna,  an  ancient  to^vn  of 
Navies,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore,  with  a 
bishoji's  see,  near  the  river  Salino,  35 
miles  N  E  of  Aquila.  Lon.  14  52  E, 
lat.  42  27  N. 

Civiui-Caatellana,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  on  a  high  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  which  is  a  river,  which  falls 
into  the  Tiber.  It  is  25  miles  N  W 
of  Rome.  Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  42  25 
N. 

Civita-Vecchia,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  witii  an 
arsenal.  Here  the  pope's  gallies  were 
formerly  stationed,  and  it  was  a  free 


port  J  but  tlie  air  is  unwholesome.  It 
is  35  miles  N  \V  of  Rome,  Lon.  11  51 
E,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Clackmannan,  a  small  town  in  Scot- 
land, and  capital  of  the  county  of  tlie 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  N 
sliorc  of  tlie  Forth,  and  stands  on  a 
liill,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  castle, 
commanding  a  noble  prospect.  A  large 
square  tower  in  this  castle  df  rives  its 
name  from  the  illustrious  Robert  Bruce, 
whose  gi-e.it  sw  M'd  wul  casque  are 
here  preserved.  A  large  sword  is  also 
shown,  said  to  have  belonged  to  Sir 
John  Graham,  the  faithful  uttoindant  of 
the  heroic  Wallace.  It  is  23  miles  N 
bv  E  of  Glaigow.  Lon.  3  40  W,  lat. 
56  5  N. 

Clachnannaiiihire,  a  county  of  Scot* 
land,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Fifcshire, 
on  the  N  and  W  by  Perthshire,  and  on 
the  S  by  the  Forth.  It  is  eight  miles 
in  length,  and  five  in  breadth.  The 
country  is  plain  and  fertile  towards  the 
frith,  producing  corn  and  pasture  in  a- 
bundance.  This  shire,  with  Kinross, 
sends  one  meinber  to  parliament.  It 
is  watered  by  the  rivers  Forth  and  De- 
van. 

Clagenfurt,  a  town  of  Germany,  ca- 
pital of  Carinthia,  50  miles  S  W  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Glair,  St.  a  lake  of  North  America, 
half  way  between  the  lakes  Huron  and 
Erie,  90  miles  in  circumference.  It 
receives  the  waters  of  the  great  lakes 
Superior,  Michigan,  and  Huron,  and 
dischai'ges  them,  through  the  strait 
called  Detroit,  into  the  lake  Erie. 

Clameci,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  NievTe  and  late  province 
of  Nivernois.  Clameci  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Beiivron  and  Yonne, 
112  miles  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  36 
E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Clapham,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted 
for  many  handsome  villas,  which  chief- 
ly surround  a  beautiful  r.  immon.  In 
the  old  parish  church,  divine  service  i» 
performed  at  funerals  only ;  an  elegant 
new  church  having  been  erected  on 
the  common,  but  without  an  adjoining 
cemetery.  Clapham  is  three  miles  S 
S  W  of  London. 

Clara,  St.  a  small  island  of  South  A- 
,  merica,  in  Peru,  in  the   bay  of  Guia- 
qiiil,  70  miles  S  W  of  Guaiaquil.   Lon. 
82  20  W,  lat.  2  20  S. 

Clare,  St.  a  small  ■  island,  or  rather 
rock,  one  of  the  Canaries,  betvfeen 
Laucerota  and  .^Ucgranza. 


L  A 

is  unwholesome.     It 
of  Rome.     Lon.  11  51 

I  small  town  in  Scot- 
of  tlie  co\inty  of  llu! 
is  seated  on  the  N 
rth,  and  stands  on  si 
of  wliich  is  a  castle, 
uble  prospect.  A  large 
this  castle  derives  its 
ustrious  Robert  Bruce, 
k  >rd  Mid  cusque  are 
A  lurge  sword  in  idso 
have  bclon(;ed  t(i  Sir 
lie  i'aitlil'iLl  attendant  of 
ice.  It  is  23  miles  N 
v.     Lon.  3  40  W,   lat. 

lire,  a  county  of  Scot- 
)n  the  E  by  Fifcsbire, 
■  by  Pertiishirc,  and  on 
rtli.     It  is  eijjht  miles 
five   in  breadth.     The 
and  fertile  towards  the 
f  corn  and  pasture  in  a- 
s   shire,  with    Kinross, 
ber  to  parliament.     It 
le  rivers  Forth  and  De- 
town  of  Germany,  ca- 
hia,   50  miles   S  W  of 
14  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 
ike  of  North  America, 
en  the  lakes  Huron  and 
in  circumference.    It 
Iters  of  the   great  lakes 
■gan,  and  Huron,   and 
through   the   strait 
into  the  lake  Erie, 
•wn  of  France,  in  the 
iJiewe  and  late  province 
Clameci  is  seated  at  the 
le  Beuvron  and  Yonne, 
of  Paris.      Lon.  3  36 

tillage  in  Surry,  noted 
ome  villas,  which  chief- 
beautiful  ^.^mmon.  In 
jhurch,  divine  service  i» 
incrals  only ;  an  elegant 
living  been  erected  on 
ut  without  an  adjoining 
pliam  is  tliree  miles  S 
I. 

mall  island  of  South  A- 
u,  in  the   bay  of  Guia- 

W  ofGuaiaquil.   Lon. 

20  S. 

small  island,  or  rather 
Canaries,  between 
AUegranza. 


C  L  A 

Cfare,  a  town  of  SufTolk,  with  8  mar- 
ket on  Monday.  The  nuns  of  a  castle 
and  of  a  collegiate  church  arc  still  visi- 
ble ;  and  here  is  a  manufactiu-e  of  bays. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Stour,  15  miles 
5  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury,  and  56  N 
£  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  52  12 
N. 

Clare,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  55  miles  in  length, 
and  38  in  breadth ;  bounded  on  the  £ 
and  S  by  the  Shannon,  which  separates 
it  from  Tipperary,  Limeric,  and  Ker- 
ry i  on  tiie  W  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on 
the  N  by  Gidway.  It  contains  two 
market-towns  and  76  parishes,  and  be- 
fore the  Irish  union  sent  four  members 
to  the  Irish  parliament. 

Clare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  N 
W  ofLimaric.  Lon.  8  46  W,  kt.  52  52 
N. 

Claremont,  a  town  in  Cheshire  coun 
ty,  New  Hampshire.  It  has  a  post  of- 
fice, and  contains  1900  inhabitants. 

Clarendon,  a  village,  tlu'ee  miles  E 
of  Salisbury,  where  Henry  II.  summon- 
ed a  council  of  the  barons  and  prelates, 
in  11' 4,  who  enacted  the  laws,  called 
the  Constitutions  of  Clurendcm  ;  and 
here  were  tivo  palaces  built  by  king 
John. 

Clarent,  or  Chatillard,  a  village  of 
Swisserland,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  ce- 
lebrated as  the  chief  scene  of  Rous- 
seau's Eloise,  though  its  ancient  castle 
by  no  means  accords  with  the  descri])- 
tion  in  that  work.  It  is  delightfully 
situate,  not  far  from  Vevay,  on  an  em- 
inence, whose  declivity  slopes  gradu- 
ally towards  the  lake  of  Geneva. 

Clarksburg,  a  post  town  in  Montgo- 
mery county,  Maryland,  29  miles  from 
Washington. 

Clarksburg,  the  principal  town  of 
Harrison  county,  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  main  branch  of  MonongaheTa  river, 
36  miles  S  by  W  of  Morgantown. 

Clarksbu-g,  a  post  town  in  Jackson 
county,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  N 
fork  of  the  Appalachy  river,  IIC  miles 
N  W  of  Augusta,  and  704  from  Wath- 
ington,  with  a  post  office. 

Clartesville,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Montgomery  county,  Tennes- 
see ;  situated  on  the  N  side  of  Cum- 
berland river,  about  45  miles  N  W  of 
Nashville,  and  790  from  Washington. 

Claude,  St.  ahandsome  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Jura  and  latepro- 
vi|ice  of  Franche  Comte  j  with  a  bish- 


CLE 

op's  »ee.  It  is  seated  between  three 
high  mountains,  on  the  river  Lison,  and 
owes  its  origin  to  a  celebrated  abbey, 
built  in  425,  in  this  tiien  barren  and 
iminhabited  country.  The  cathedral  is 
extremely  elegant.  From  Mount  St. 
Cioude,  which  forms  part  of  Mount 
Jura,  is  a  fine  prospect  over  Swisser- 
land and  Savoy,  the  lake  and  town  of 
Geneva,  and  tiie  Pays  de  Vaud.  In 
this  city  are  many  public  fountains 
witli  large  basins.  It  is  35  miles  N 
W  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  18  £,  lat.  46 
24  N. 

Claveraci,  a  post  town  in  Columbia 
coiuity.  New  York,  5  miles  E  of  Hudr 
son. 

Clausenbtirg,  a  town  of  Transylvania, 
«n  the  river  Samos,  60  miles  N  W  of 
Hermanstadt  On  one  of  the  gates  is 
an  inscription  in  honoui-  of  the  emperor 
Trajan.     Lon.  23  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Claji,  a  town  in   Norfolk,  seated  on 
an  arm  of  the  sea,  between  two  rivers^ 
20  miles  N  W  of  Norwich.     Here  are  . 
some  Lirge  salt-works. 

Clear,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  a  little 
island  on  the  S  of  Ireland.  Lon.  11  15 
W,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Cleburji,  a  town  in  Sliropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Rea,  28  miles  SSE  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  136  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  23 
W,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Clerac,  or  Clairac,  lately  in  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  now  in  the  depart* 
ment  of  Lot  and  Garonne.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Lot,  10  miles  N  W  of  A- 
gen.     Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Clertrwnt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse  and  late  territory 
of  Barrois,  127  miles  N  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  9  E,  kt.  49  34  N. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Oise  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  37  miles  N  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  2  25  E,  lat,  49  25  N, 

Clermont^  a  consMerable  city  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Puy  de 
Bome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathearal, 
public  squares,  and  walks,  are  very 
fine  i  but  the  sti-ests  are  narrow,  and 
lined  with  houses  built  of  stones  of  a 
sombre  hue.  Many  Roman  antiqultiet 
are  found  in  the  neighbourhood.  Ther« 
are  also  some  mineral  springs ;  and 
that  of  the  suburb  St,  AUyre  has  form- 
ed a  natural  bridge  over  the  brviok  into 
which  it  falls ;  it  is  called  the  Mineral 
firid^^o,  and  carriages  may  pass  ovex 


CLE 


C  L  W 


'  ■*; 


isi 


it.  Clermont  contains  30,000  inhabi- 
tants, unci  lias  niunuf^xctiires  of  ratteens, 
di-(;^;;^cts,  serges,  and  ledtlier.  It  is 
tlic  l)ui!i  place  of  the  celebrated  Pas- 
cal ;  and  is  30U  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  10  £,  lat.  45  47  N. 

Cicnaont,  a  town  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty, Nlw  York,  on  the  E  side  of  Hud- 
sou  i'i\cr,  and  15  miles  S  of  the  city 
of  Hudson.  The  township  has  1150 
inliabitants.  The  post  oflice  is  361  miles 
fiom  Wanliington. 

Ckiy,  a  viUage  in  France,  nine  miles 
S  W  of  Orleans,  once  famous  for  the 
pilgrimages  to  our  lady  of  Clery.  Here 
vras  the  tomb  of  that  monster  Lewis 
XI.  who  appeared,  in  white  marble,  as 
tihe  saint  and  tlie  patriot  king. 

C/erie't  Island,  lies  in  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Kamt- 
scliatka  and  that  of  North  America.  It 
was  disco\ered  by  Captain  Cook  in 
1778;  and  was  ^.o  named  in  iionour  of 
Captain  Clerks,  his  KRcoiid  in  command. 
A  landing  could  not  be  eHected.  At  a 
distance  it  appcai-ed  to  be  of  »  c^nsid- 
ert-ble  extent,  and  to  have  ."cveral  hills 
connected  with  the  low  grounds,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  look  Uke  a 
gi  oup  of  islands.  Near  its  E  extremi- 
ty  is  a  little  island  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing three  elevated  rocks  upon  it.  It  is 
quite  uninhabited.  Lon.  169  30  W, 
lat.  63  15  N. 

Cieces,  a  dntchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Wcstohalia,  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  Rhine.  It  is  a  fine  country, 
deligliifully  variegated  with  hills, 
■woods,  fields,  towns  a*- d  villages ;  and 
is  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Cleves,  a  city  of  Westphalia^  capital 
of  the  dutchy  of  Clevcs.  It  is  seated 
on  the  eastern  side  of  three  hills,  about 
a  mile  VV  of  the  Rhine  ;  with  which  it 
communicates  by  means  of  a  canal, 
which  is  large  enough  for  great  barg- 
es.  It  has  a  castle  built  by  Julius  Cse- 
sar.  Several  of  the  streets  from  their 
elevated  situation,  extend  their  views 
many  leagues  deep  into  the  ccuntry,  on 
the  opposite  shore.  It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken  ;  the  last  time  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  15  miles  S  E  of 
Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  50  £,  lat.  51  45 
N. 

Cleybrook,  Great  and  Little,  two  villa- 
ges in  Leicestershire,  on  the  N  W  side 
of  Lutterworth  They  are  supposed  to 
have  'been  a  part  of  Cleycester,  situate 
<)ne  mile  to  the  W,  which  was  a  flour- 
fihing  city  of  the  R<omans«  and  where) 


their  hrlcks  and  coins  have  been  tva, 
qnently  found. 

CTttf,  a  town  in  Northamptonsliire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesdav,  30  miles  N 
E  of  Northampton,  and  88  N  N  W  of 
London.    Lon.  0  37  W,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Clifton,  a  village  in  Westmprelanil, 
three  miles  S  SE  of  Penrith,  noted  for 
a  skirmish  between  the  king's  forces 
and  the  rebels  in  1745,  in  wliich  tlic 
latter  had  the  advantage. 

Clifton,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Bristol,  noted  for  tiie  hot  well  iit 
its  neighbourhood,  upon  the  lower  Av- 
on,  at  the  foot  of  St.  Vincent's  rock. 

Clinton,  a  post  town  in  Dutchess 
county.  New  York.  The  township  is 
well  settled,  containing  at  last  census 
5203  inhabitants,  340  miles  from  Waik- 
ington. 

Clissa,  a  fort  of  Dalmatia,  t.iken  from 
the  Turks  by  the  Venetians.  It  is  seat- 
ed  on  a  craggy  mountain,  six  miles  N 
ofSpalatro.  Lon.  17  31  E,  lat.  44lON. 

Clisson,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
>  ince  of  Bretilgne,  on  the  rivt  •  Seure, 
n  miles  S  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  28  W, 
lat.  47  1  N. 

Clithero,  a  borough  in  Lancasliire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  and  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  castle..  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  near  Peiidil  Hill,  36  miles  9  £ 
of  Lancaster,  and  213  N  N  W  of  Lon^ 
don.     Lon.  2  21  W,  lat.  53  54  N. 

Clogher,  an  episcopal  tovra  and  bo- 
rough of  Ireland,  in  Tyrone.  Lon.  6  50 
W,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Clonr.iel,  aboroiigh  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Sure,  19  miles  S  E  of  Tipperarj', 
Lon.  /  27  W,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Cloud,  St.  atownofFrance,  four  miles 
W  of  Paris,  seated  on  the  Seine.  Here 
w.as  lately  a  magnificent  royal  palace, 
wardens,  and  a  beautiful  cascade. 

Cloyiie,  an  episcopal  town  and  bo- 
rough of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Cork. 
16  miles  E  of  Cork,  Lon.  8  0  W,  lat 
51  54  N. 

Cluny,  a  towm  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for 
its  late  famoiis  Benedictine  abbey.  It 
is  seated  on  tlie  Gvosne,  10  miles  N  W 
of  Macon.    Lon.  4  33  E,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Cluse,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  Faucigny, 
seated  on  the  Arve,  22  miles  3  E  of 
Geneva.     Loiv  6  29  E,  lat.  45  57  N. 

6Vwy<4  a  celebrated  vale  of  Denbigh^ 


L  W 

(1  coins  have  been  frcr 

I  in  Northamptonshire, 
on  Tuesday,  30  miks  N 
pton,  and  88  N  N  W  of 

J  37  VV,  lat.  52  53  N. 
luge  in  Westniprelaiui, 
lE  of  Penrith,  noted  for 
ween  tlie  king's  forces 

in  1745,  in  wliich  tl\c 
idvantage. 

.age  in  Gloucestershire, 
oted  for  tlie  hot  well  iu 
)od,  upon  the  lower  Av. 
of  St.  Vincent's  rock, 
ost  town  in  Dutchess 
'ork.  The  township  is 
untaining  at  last  census 
;s,  340  miles  from  JVatli- 

of  Dalmatia,  taken  from 
he  Venetians'.  It  is  seat- 
f  mountain,  six  miles  N 
m.  17  31  E,  lat.  44  Ion. 
,vn  of  Prance  in  the  de- 
iwer  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
pie,  on  the  rive  •  Seure, 
Nantes.    Lon.  1  28  W, 

lorough  in  Lancasliire, 
on  Saturday,  and  the  re- 
incient  castle..  It  sends 
to  parliament,  and  is 
iKlil  Hill,  36  miles  9  £ 
uid213  NNWofLon. 
1  W,  lat.  53  54  N. 
episcopal  town  and  bo* 
d,  in  Tyrone.  Lon.  6  50 

)rough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
erary,  seated  on  the  riv- 
les  S  E  of  Tipperarj'. 
lat.  52  14  N. 
)wn  of  France,  four  miles 
iited  on  the  Seine.  Here 
.gnificent  royal  palace, 
beautiful  cascade, 
piscopal  town  and  bo- 
d,  in  the  county  of  Cork. 
Sork.    Lon.  8  0  W,  lat 

of  France  in  the  de- 
one  and  Loire  and  late 
rgundy,  remarkable  for 
Benedictine  abbey.    It 

Gvosne,  10  miles  N  W 
n.  4  33  E,  lat.  46  24  N. 

of  Savoy,  in  taucigny, 
\ne,   22  miles  3  E  of 
6  29  E.iat.  45  57  N. 
brated  vale  of  Denbiglu 


c  L  y 

•hire,  extending  from  its  upper  iend  to 
the  Irish  Sea,  above  20  miles;  its 
breadth  var}'ing  from  three  to  eight, 
jir  ^ording  to  the  approach  or  recess  of 
the  higii  mountains  inclosing  it, 
through  which,   in  diilerent  parts,  are 

faps  formed  by  nature  for  entrances, 
'h  8  delightful  spot  is  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation,  even  far  up  thp  ascent 
of  the  hills.  A  river  of  the  same  name, 
whicli  rises  in  tiie  middle  of  the  coun- 
ty, runs  uion^-  this  vale  and  having  en- 
tered Flintshire,  falls  into  tlie  Irish 
Sea. 

Clyde,  a  river  in  Scotland,  which 
arising  in  Annandale,  falls  into  the  sea 
over  against  the  isle  of  Bute.  Next  to 
the  Tay  it  is  the  largest  river  in  Scot, 
land  ;  and  is  navigable  for  small  craft 
up  t  <  Glasgow.  The  can.il,  which 
joins  tiie  Fortli,  fulls  into  it  a  little  be- 
low that  city.  Near  Lanerk,  tliis  riv- 
er runs,  for  several  miles,  between 
high  rocks  covered  witli  wood ;  and  in 
its  course  exhibits  many  astonishing 
cataracts.  At  StonebjTes,  it  is  con- 
Gncd  within  a  very  nan'ow  bed,  and 
makes  one  entire  slioot,  falling  about 
60  feet  over  a  perpendicular  rock ;  the 
water  then  pouring  over  another  pre- 
cipice, is  dashed  into  a  deep  chasm  be- 
neath. The  horrid  and  incessant  din 
with  which  this  is  accompanied,  un- 
nerves and  cvercomes  the  heart.  At 
Cora-lin,  the  falls  are  see*  to  most  ad- 
vantage iirom  a  solitary  and  ruined 
tower  in  a  garden,  placed  in  a  lofty  si- 
tuation. The  cataract  which  is  preci- 
pitated at  least  100  feet  between  two 
vast  rugged  precipices,  is  full  in  view, 
.seen  over  the  top  of  trees  and  bushes, 
precipitating  itself  for  an  amazing 
way,  from  rock  to  rock,  with  shori. 
.interruptions,  forming  a  rude  slope  of 
various  foam.  The  sides  are  bounded 
by  vna'i.  rocksj  clotl^ed  on  their  tops 
witli  trees :  on  the  summit  and  very 
verge  of  one  is  a  ruined  tower,  and  in 
jront  a  wood  o^e^topt  by  a  verdant 
hill.  A  path  conducts  the  traveller  to 
tke  beginning  of  the  fall,  into  which 
nrojects  a  high  rock  in  floods  insulated 
by  the  water ;  and  from  the  top  is  a 
tremendpus  view  ofthe  furious  stream. 
In  floods,  the  rock  and  tower  have 
been  observed  to  shake  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  spill  water  in  a, glass  standing 
on  a  table  m  the  castle. 

Clydesdale,  a  wild  district  in  the  S 
part  of  Lanerkshire.  Amid  the  moun- 
teins^ere,  particles  gf  gold  have  soiqe- 


C  Q  C 

times  been  washed  down  by  the  rains 
and  etreams  of  water ;  but  this  tract  i> 
cliieily  remarkable  for  producing  me- 
tals of  inferior  worth.  The  veins  of 
lead  lie  mostly  N  and  E,  and  tUeir 
tliick'.eas,  whicli  seldom  exceeds  40 
feet,  varies  greatly  in  diflerent  parts. 
The  scanty  pasture  here  feeds  sums 
sheep  and  cattle. 

Coati  Castle,  Caf-e,  tlie  principal  set- 
tlement of  tiie  English  on  the  co;i«t  of 
Guinea,  with  a  strung  citadel.  It  is  30 
miles  E  by  N  of  St.  George  del  Mina. 
Lon.  0  0  lat.  5  6  N. 

Coblentz,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
in  tlie  electorate  of  Treves.  It  is  the 
residence  ofthe  elector,  who  has  lately 
built  a  new  palace  here  ;  the  old  one 
being  on  the  opposite  side  of  tlie 
Kiiiue,  in  the  •vale  of  Ehrenbreitstein. 
Over  the  Rhine  is  a  bridge  of  twelve 
arches,  built  for  the  convenience  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Coblentz  and  the  adja- 
cent places.  The  castle  appears  to  be 
almost  inaccessible  to  an  enemy,  and 
entirely  commands  the  city  of  Cob- 
lentz. It  -was  taken  by  tlie  French  in 
1794.  It  is  seated  at  tl'C  confluence  of 
the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  50  miles  N  £ 
of  Treves.      Lon.  7  32  £,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Coburg,  a  town  of  Gernumy  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a  princi- 
pality ofthe  same  name,  with  a  college, 
a  fort,  and  a  castle.  This  town,  and 
its  principality,  belongs  to  tlie  house  of 
Saxony.  It  is  seuted  on  the  Itch,  20 
miles  N  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  IJ  IS  E, 
lat.  50  22  N. 

Coca,  a  town  of  Spiun,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, near  which  is  a  strong  castle  for 
state  prisoners.  It  is  seated  among 
mountains,  at  the  confluence  of  tiie 
Morvedro  and  Ele^ena,  25  miles  N  N 
E  of  Segovia.  Lon.  3  34  W,  lat.  41  17 
N. 

Cochieim,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  formerly  imperial.  It  was 
forced  to  surrender  to  the  French  in 
1794,  and  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  2^ 
milts  S  W  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  2  E, 
lat.  50  12  N. 

Cochin,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of' Ma- 
labar, in  'I'nivancore.  It  is  a  Dutch 
settlement,  and  was  captured  by  the 
British  fleet  in  1795.  It  is  120  miles 
S  by  £  of  Calicut.  Lon.  79  30  £,  lat. 
10  ON. 

Cochin  China,  a  kingdom  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  tJie  Eastern 
Ocean,  on  the  N  by  Tonquin,  on  the 
W  by  ^ambodis,  «nd  on  the  S  by 


C  O  E 


C  O  I 


i  il 


Ciampa.  It  abounds  in  gold,  raw  silk, 
and  di'iigs.  It  is  iinniially  overflowed  und 
consequently  fruitfid  in  rice.  Tliey 
have  likewise  Hiigar-canes;  but  nu 
prapes,  and  tlierciore  tlicy  drink  ii 
liquor  brewed  from  rice.  The  reli- 
gion of  tlie  inhabitants  is  much  *he 
Skmc  as  that  of  China.  'I  heir  ciue.s 
and  towns  have  gates  at  tiie  end  of 
each  street,  wliicli  aie  shut  every 
night ;  and  if  any  iire  bi't-ak  out  in  a 
ward,  all  the  inhabitants  aie  destroyed, 
except  tlie  women  und  riuldien. 

Coder,  a  river  wliicli  rises  m  tlie  S 
of  Cumberland,  and  Howing  through 
the  lakes  of  Butternierc,  Cromack-wa- 
ter,  and  Lowes-w.itcr,  joins  the  Der- 
went,  below  Cockermoutli. 

Cociermouth,  a  populous  borough  in 
Cumberland,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
day. It  lies  between  tlie  Derwent  and 
Cocker,  over  which  latter  are  two 
stone  bridges  ;  and  between  two  hills, 
on  one  oi  which  stands  a  handsome 
church ;  and  on  tlie  other  a  stately 
castle.  It  lias  a  manufacture  ofslial- 
loons,  worsted  stockings  and  hats. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  are  be- 
tweecii  3  and  4000.  It  has  a  square 
buihlini^,  and  is  strengthened  witli  se- 
veral square  towers ;  on  eacii  side  of 
the  inner  gate  ait  two  dungeons  capa- 
ble f'f  ho'''!r.j  50  persons  in  either  ; 
tl.ey  arc  vaul'  ';d  at  tJic  lop,  and  have 
only  a  small  opening  'n  order  to  lower 
thro'  it  llic  unhappy  prisoner  intQ  this 
dire  prison.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  27  miles  S  W  of 
Carlisle,  and  29u  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Coconato,  a  town  of  Pieamont,  re- 
markable for  being  tlie  birthplace  of 
Columbus.  It  is  20  miles  E  of  Turin. 
Lon.  8  9  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Cod,  Cape,  on  the  S  side  of  Boston 
Bay,  in  the  state  of  i\):<  .sachusctts,  in 
North  America.  Lon.  70  18  W,  lat. 
42  ON. 

Codo^no,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  dutchy 
of  Milan.  .It  was  taken  by  tlie  French 
in  May  1796.  It  i°  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  A<lda  and  Po,  33 
miles  ^.  of  Pavia.  Lon.  10  49  E,  lat. 
45  6  N. 

Coetfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
territories  of  the  bishop  of  Munster, 
where  he  often  resides.  It  is  .'eated 
near  the  river  Biu-kel,  22  mihs  S  W 
ofMunster.  Lon.  7  30  £,  iat.  51  48 
N. 

Coev^den,    a  fortified   to^  of  the 


United  Provinces  in  Overyssel,  aeated 
in  a  morass,  30  miles  S  of  Grouingen. 
Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Cognac,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Charente,  lately  in 
tlie  province  of  Angoumois,  with  a 
castle,  where  Francis  I.  was  born.  It 
is  remarkable  for  excellent  brandy,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Charente,  17  miles 
W  of  Angoulesme.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat, 
45  44  N. 

Cogni,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in  A- 
sia,  in  Caramania,  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  com,  fruits,  pulse,  and  cattle. 
Hei'e  are  sheep,  whose  tails  weigh  30 
pounds.  It  is  270  miles  S  E  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  35  56  E,  lat.  ^7  56 
N. 

Cohasset,  a  seaport  town,  in  Norfolk 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  25  miles 
N  E  of  Boston.  It  has  a  post-nffice, 
and  849  inhabitants. 

Cohgeshal,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
markot  on  Saturday,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  bays.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Blackwater,  43  miles  E  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  47  E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Cuiinbcttore,  a  province  and  town  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
kingdom  of  My.sore.  It  was  taken  by 
general  Meadows  in  1790,  but  retaken 
by  Tippoo  Stdtan  in  1791,  and  con- 
rirmed  to  him  by  the  peace  of  1792. 
Since  the  d^'eat  and  death  of  Tippoo, 
it  belongs  to  the  E  India  Company.  It 
is  100  miles  S  byE  of  Seringapatam. 
Lon.  77  10  E,  lat.  10  5  N. 

Coimbra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  capital 
of  Beiru,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  an 
university.  The  cathedral  and  tlie 
fountains  are  magnificent.  It  stands 
on  a  mountain,  by  the  side  of  the  river 
Mondego,  100  miles  N  E  of  Lisbon,  in 
a  very  pleasant  country,  abounding  in 
vinevards,  ollvc  trees,  and  fruits.  Lon. 
8  17  W,  lat.  40  12  N. 

CoirCi  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  whose  prelate  has  the 
right  of  coining  money.  It  is  situate 
at  tlie  foot  of  the  Alps,  in  a  rich  plain, 
and  ia  surrounded  by  ancient  brick 
walls,  with  square  and  round  towers, 
in  the  style  of  fortification  prior  to  the 
invention  of  gunpowder.  The  streets 
are  narrow  and  dirty ;  and  the  inhabi- 
touts  are  computed  at  3000.  It  was 
formerly  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
least  of  which  was  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
tb.olic  religion,  and  the  greatest  of  the 
Protegtant.    But  since  it  hng  bc«a  ta- 


O  I 


COL 


COL 


1  in  Overyssel,  aeated 
niles  S  of  Giouingen. 
.  52  44  N. 

m  ol'  France,  now  in 
of  Cliarente,  lately  in 
F  Angoumois,  with  a 
•ancis  1.  was  born.  It 
r  excellent  brandy,  and 
»  Cliarente,  17  miles 
ne.     Lon.OlO  W.lut, 

ittownofTiirkevinA- 
ia,  in  a  country  aboiind- 
its,  pulse,  and  cattle, 
whose  tails  weigh  30 
270  miles  S  E  of  Con- 
an.  35  56  E,  lat.  37  56 

aport  town,  in  Norfolk 
husetts,  about  25  miles 
It  has  a  post-nftice, 
ants. 

:own   in  Essex,  with  a 
ii'day,  and  a  manufac- 
t  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
43  miles  E  N  E  of  Lon- 
rE,  lat.  51  52  N. 
a  province  and  town  of 
of  Hindoostan,   in  the 
ysore.     It  WHS  taken  by 
ws  in  1790,  but  retakeu 
tan  in   1791,   and  con- 
by  the  peace  of  1792. 
it  and  death  of  Tippoo, 
|e  E  India  Company.     It 
by  E  of  SeringapataiD. 
at.  10  5  N. 

iwn  of  Portugal,  capital 
1  bishop's  see,  and  an 
he  cathedral  and  tlie 
magnificent.  It  stands 
by  the  side  of  the  river 
miles  N  E  of  Lisbon,  in 
country,  abounding  in 
trees,  and  fruits.  Lon. 
12  N. 

of  Swlsserland,  capi- 
py  of  the  Grisons,  with 
whose  prelate  has  the 
r  money.  U  is  situate 
e  Alps,  in  a  rich  plain, 
ded  by  ancient  brick 
are  and  round  towers, 
brtification  prior  to  the 
ipowder.  The  streets 
dirty  i  and  the  inhabi- 
uted  at  3000.  It  was 
.  into  two  parts,  the 
■as  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
_id  the  greatest  of  the 
It  since  it  hsw  hceo  t»- 


Jftn  possession  of  by  the  French,  all 
cstablislied  worsliip  has  l)cen  set  asidt.-. 
It  is  sealed  near  tlic  Kliine,  48  miles 
S  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  25  £,  lut.  46 
50  N. 

Coienhauttn,  a  strong  town  of  Rus- 
sia, in  the  government  of  Livonia,  on 
the  river  Dwina,  50  miles  S  E  uf  Riga 
Lon.  25  50  E,  lat.  56  30  N. 

Coi,  one  of  tlie  Western  Islands  of 
Scotland,  nine  miles  S  VV  from  the 
point  of  Ardnamitrchan  in  Argyleslure. 
It  is  rich  in  corn  and  pasture,  and 
abounds  witli  fish.  Lon.  T  15  W,  lut. 
57  0  N. 

Colbirg,  a  seaport  of  Prussian  Potne- 
rania,  remarkable  for  its  salt-works.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1761, 
but  restored  at  tlie  subsequent  peace. 
It  is  seated  at  tiic  moutii  of  the  Per- 
sant,  on  the  Baltic,  60  miles  N  E  of 
Stetin.     Lon.  15  39  E,  lat.  54  21  N. 

Colchester,  an  ancient  borough  in  Es- 
sex, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  beautiful,  popidons, 
and  pleasant  town,  extended  on  the 
brow  of  a  liill  fi-om  E  to  W,  and  adorn- 
ed with  12  churches,  most  of  wliicli 
were  damaged  when  this  tovtm  surrend- 
ered to  the  parliament  al'ter  a  memora- 
ble siege.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coin, 
which  is  navigable  within  a  mile  of  the 
town,  at  a  place  called  the  Hythe, 
where  the  custom-house  is  situate. 
The  town  was  sun-ounded  by  a  wall, 
which  had  six  gates  and  three  post- 
erns i  but  these  are  now  demolished. 
There  is  a  large  manufacture  of  bays  ; 
and  the  town  is  famous  for  oysters 
and  eringo  roots.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor  j  and  to  the  E  .ire  the  ruins  of 
an  old  castle,  in  which  is  one  of  the 
town  prisons.  It  is  22  miles  E  N  E  of 
Chelmsford  and  51  of  London.  Lon. 
lOE,  lat.  5155  N.     Sec  Cb/;i. 

Colchetter,  a  post  town  in  New  Lon- 
don coimtf ,  Connecticut,  20  miles  N  W 
of  New  London,  and  30  S  E  of  Hart- 
ford. 

Colchester,  a  town  in  Fairfax  county, 
Virginia,  16  miles  S  by  W  of  Alexan- 
dria, and  26  from  Washington,  being 
situated  on  Ocqiiakan  creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Potowmac  river.  Here  is  a  post 
office. 

Coldingham,  a  heathy  tract  near  the 
coast,  in  tlie  county  of  Berwick,  in 
Scotland,  anciently  noted  for  a  nunne- 
ry, built  in  the  12th  century  by  Edgar, 
king  of  Scotland.  Ebba,  one  of  the  ab- 
besssfi,  renowned  in  tradition  for  Ives 


chastity,  gave  name  to  the  ntiglibonr- 
ing  promontory  culled  St.  Abb's  Head. 

Colaing,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  W 
Jutland,  remarkable  for  its  bridge,  over 
which  all  the  cattle  pass,  that  go  fi-om 
Jutland  into  Hulstein,  and  pay  a  small 
toll,  which  brings  in  a  considerable  re- 
venue to  tiie  king.  Here  is  a  royal  pa- 
lace, containing  a  iuite  of  190  rooms. 
The  liarbour  is  two  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, uind  deep  enough  for  ships  of  the 
largest  ourden.  It  is  sittuite  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  bay  of  the  Little  Belt,  50 
miles  S  by  E  of  Wiburg,  on  an  emi- 
nence in  a.  pieusant  countr}'  al)ouu<ling 
with  game.  Lon.  10  15  £,  lat.  53  35 
N. 

Coldstream,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Berwick,  sealed  on  tjie  Tweed,  over 
which  i»  a  luiudsome  l)n(lge.  It  had  a 
famous  nionai«tery ;  and  liere  general 
Monk  raised  .ic  two  battalions,  now 
known  by  llie  aame  of  the  Coldstream 
Reginif  nt  of  &uards.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat. 
55  j6  N. 

Co'ebronk  Hale,  in  Shropshire  ;  a  wind- 
ing glen  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn, 
lielwncu  two  vast  hills,  wliich  break 
iiuovkrioits  forms,  beint^  sdl  thickly  co- 
vered, and  forming  lieautiful  Kheets  of 
hanging  woods.  Here  are  many  kibia 
tin*  burning  limestone  ;  tf.>e  most  con- 
siileratole  iron  works  in  Eingland  ;  and 
a  curious  bridge  over  the  Severn,  con- 
structed rntirely  of  caat-irtan. 

ColeiKi,  Cape,  a  cape  of  tie  inland  of 
New  Caledonia,  in  tlie  Snmth  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  164  56  E,  lat  20  30  S. 

Colerain,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Londonderry,  on  the  river 
Bann,  25  miles  N  E  of  Loodonderryi 
Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  55  16  N.  ■ 

Colerain,  a  town  in  Bertie  county, 
Nortli  Carolina,  having  a  post  oifice, 
270  miles  from  Washingerm. 

Coleshill,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
witli  a  market  on  Wednesday ;  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  nill,  on  the  Coin,  over 
which  is  a  stone  nridge.  It  is  of  a  tol- 
erable size,  ano  very  elegantly  built. 
It  is  11  miles  N  W  of  Coventry,  and 
105  of  London.  _on.  1  35  W,  lat.  52 
,12  N. 

Colesville,  a])OHttownof  Chesterfield 
county,  Virginia,  .32  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Colford,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  14  miles  S 
of  Hereford,  and  123  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  51  4S  N. 

Celima,  a  seaport  of  Me»i'Ji>j  capital 


COL 


COL 


^f  a  fertile  valley  of  the  same  name.  It 
iit  sealed  ut  the  niontli  gf  a  river,  near 
tlie  Noilh  Pueidc  Ocean,  JOO  miles  W 
«f  Mexico.     Lon.  106  5  W,  liit,  19  10 

CoUoun;  a  seaport  of  Frunce  in  tbe 
.Ue|>artnieni  of  the  EaHtern  PjTcnccs 
»r.(l  late  province  of  Uoiuillon.  It  was 
taken  liy  tiie  Spimiards  in  1793.  biitre- 
tiikcii  tiie  next  year.  It  is  a  small  b\it 
atronp  town,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyri.-uces,  JO  miles  S  E  of  Pcrpignan. 
Lon.  3  8  1;,  lit.  42  CA  N. 

Collr,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
10  niiU-s  N  W  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  7  L, 
lat.  43  16N. 

Colivnifjtiin.     See  Colunihton. 

Coinuir,  a  city  of  France,  c.ipital  of 
tlic  depavlnient  of  Upper  Uhiiie,  and 
late  province  of  Upjier  Al.sacc.  It  is 
seated  near  tlic  river  111,  35  miles  S  l)v 
W  of  SUasbiirg.  Lon.  7  27  E,  lat.  43 
SN. 

Cohnars,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  (lepaitnient  <if  the  Lower  Alp.s, 
lately  in  t!ic  province  of  Provence,  20 
mWcA  E  of  Uignc.  Lon.  6  35  E,  lat.  44 
7-  N. 

Colmogornd,  a  vown  of  Russia,  in  an 
island  fonucd  by  the  r  cr  Dwina,  with 
an  arciii)ishop's  see,  30  miles  S  E  of 
Archangel.  Lon.  39  42  E,  lat.  64  14 
N. 

Coin,  the  name  of  several  small  ri- 
vers in  Enphind,  the  chief  of  which  ri- 
ses near  Clare  in  Suffolk,  and  passing 
by  Kalstuud  and  Colelie.>4ter  in  Essex, 
f?lls  into  tl'c  German  Ocean,  between 
Mersey  Island  and  the  mainland.  In 
,<lie  inlots  an<l  pools,  at  the  mouth  of 
•this  ''1  ?r,  are  bredtlie  famous  Colches- 
ter o-  s  jrs. 

Coll.'.  vol,  a  tovvn  of  Bucks,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the 
river  Coin,  17  miles  W  of  London, 
Lon.  0  25  W,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Cohie,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  v.lth  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  a 
hill,  36  miles  S  E  of  Lancaster,  and  214 
N  N  W  of  London.  I»n.  2  5  W,  lat. 
53  50  N. 

Colochina,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey, 
in  the  Morea,  50  miles  S  E  of  Misiti'a. 
Lon.  23  22  E,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Colnrza,  a.  tO'^rn  of  ^Hungaiy,  on  the 
Dan\ibe,  capital  of  the  county  of  Batli, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  S7  miles  SE 
of  Buda.     Lon.  18  29  E,  lat.  46  38  N- 

Cologna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pa- 
duan,  26  miles  S  W  of  Padua.  Lon. 
17  271L,  lat.  45"  14  N. 


Cologne,  pn  electorate  rif  Gfisvwny,  ui 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Uhinc,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  dutchy  of  Cleve* 
and  Guelderland,  on  the  E  by  tlic 
dutchy  of  Berg,  on  the  S  by  the  arcli- 
bisho|)ric  of  Treves,  t^ul  on  tl^c  }ff  by 
the  dutchy  of  Julicr^.  y)\e  jclrctor  i^ 
archchanc(:llor  of  .the  etnpire  for  Italy, 
and  has  a  rij^ht  to  consecrate  the  ,cm- 
pei-or  for  Italy,  witli  Uiat  of  Ment?..  It 
13  one  of  tiie  most  fertile  countries  in 
the  empire,  abounding  .with  all  ,0^6  ne* 
ccssarier.  of  life. 

Cologne,  an  ancient  city  of  .CVcrmany, 
capital  of  the  electorate  of  Cologne, 
wiih  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  uni- 
versity, seated  on  tlic  river  Rhine. 
The  city  is  fortified  with  strong  wall^, 
ilanked  with  83  large  towers,  and  sur- 
ro'mded  with  three  large  ditches  ;  but 
these  fortifications,  being  executed  af- 
ter the  ancient  manner,  could  make 
but  a  poor  defence  at  present.  It  lies 
in  the  shajie  of  a  balf-moon,  and  is  said 
to  have  20  gates,  19  parishes,  37  nion- 
a.stcries,  and  about  10  coUcgiates,  aiid 
19  parochial  churches,  with  about  50 
chapels,  all  of  which  are  candidates 
for  t!ie  attention  of  the  devout  and  cu- 
rious by  their  fine  paintings.  The 
street.s  in  general  are  badly  paved,  the 
windows  of  the  houses  composed  of 
small  bits  of  round  glass,  and  the  inha- 
bitants arc  but  few  for  so  large  a  place. 
It  is  a  free  imiicrial  city,  and  tho'  the 
elector  has  a  palace  here,  he  has  not 
the  liberty  of  staying  in  it  for  many 
days  together  ;  nor  is  he  admitted  to 
come  at  all  with  a  numerous  attend- 
ance. The  inhabitants  arc  generally 
Roman  Catholics,  but  there  are  ^ome 
Protestants,  whoai-e  obliged  to  perform 
divine  service  at  Mulheim,  tbcee,ini)es 
from  the  city.  In  the  cathedral, are-the 
golden  chamber  or  treasury,  tl)e  riches 
of  which  are  immense  ;  and  the  chapel 
of  the  three  Magi,  Ji  which  they  pre- 
tend to  show  the  bodies  of  the  three 
Magi,  called  the  Three  Kings.  Co- 
logne was  once  one  oi'the  Hanse  Towns, 
celebrated  for  its  commerce,  which  is 
now  dwindled  to  the  manufacture  of^a 
lew  ribands,  stockings,  lace,  and  some 
tobacco.  'I'o  jierseciition  it  owestliis 
decay ;  lo  tlie  expulsion  of  the  Jaws  in 
1485,  and  of  the  Protestants  in  1618. 
i'wo  thirds  of  tills  city  have  sincefallen 
into  ruins,  and  streets  and  squares  aje 
concerted  into  kitchen-gardens  ai)d 
vi;ieyards.  Cologne  was  i.aken  by  tl^e 
.  French  in  1794.    It  is  .seated  on  jJje 


O  L 

'tonit*  «>r  G/EiHumy,  ui 
Lower  Uliinc,  bound, 
tlie  ilutchy  of  Cleve* 
d,  on  tlu!  E  by  tlic 
on  the  S  by  the  arcji- 
ves,  ^lKl  on  tlv:  W  by 
ilicra.  '!rhe  *lrc,tor  i? 
)f  ll»e  etapirc  for  lt»ly, 
to  consecrate  the  em- 
witli  tli»t  of  Mcntz.  It 
ost  fertile  countries  in 
mnding  with  all, the  ne- 

rtcicnt  city  of  .Qcnnany, 
electorate  of  Cologne, 
see,  and  a  famous  uni- 
1  on  the  river    Rhine, 
lifted  with  strong  wall;), 
3  large  towers,  and  sur- 
ihree  large  ditches  ;  but 
ions,  being  executed  af- 
,t   manner,  could  make 
encc  at  present.    It  lies 
'  a  half-moon,  and  is  said 
es,  19  parishes,  37  nion- 
iibout  10  collegiate*,  aiid 
ihurchcs,  with  about  50 
if  which  are  candidates 
on  of  the  devout  and  cu- 
ir   fine    paintings.      The 
cral  are  badly  paved,  the 
the  houses  composed  of 
round  glass,  and  the  inha- 
it  few  for  so  large  a  place, 
nicrial  citv,  and  tho'  the 
palace  here,  he  has  not 
f  staying  in  it  for  many 
r  ;  nor  is  he  admitted  to 
trith   a  numerous  attend- 
inliabitants  arc  generally 
\)lirs,  but  there  tre  9ome 
who  ai-e  obliged  to  perform 
'   at  Mulheim,  three  .miles 
In  the  cathedral  we-the 
l,cr  or  treasury,  tl>e  riches 
llmnicnsei  and  the  chapel 
Magi,  )\  which  they  pre- 
IV  the  bodies  of  the  three 
the   Three  Kings.    Co- 
•e  one  (lithe  Hanse  Towns, 
|r  its  commerce,  which  i» 
\(\  to  tht  manufacture  of.a 
stockings,  lace,  and  some 
,  persecution  it  owes  tlus 
[e  expulsion  of  the  Jaws  m 
I  the  Protestants  in   1618^ 
Iftlvis  city  have  sincelallen 
id  streets  and  squares  aje 
ito    kitchen-gardens    and 
;o\ogne  was  taken  by  the 
94.    It  i»  seated  on  Uje 


COL 

Rhine,  17  miles  Eofjuliers.  Lon.  7 
JO  K.  hit.  50  55  N. 

Coloinbutz,  a  castle  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  in  Bulgaria,  on  a  liill,  under 
wliicli  is  tiie  strong  pass  of  Urania. 

Odomej,  or  Cotmnia,  a  (iiwii  of  Po- 
Innd,  in  Red  Russia,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Pruth,  42  miles  S  E  of  Hahtz.  Lon. 
25  40  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Cotonna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  18  miles  E  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  56  E,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Coloiisa,  a  fiirtile  little  island,  on  the 
\V  coast  of  Scothmd,  seven  miles  VV  of 
the  island  of  Jura. 

Colorado,  a  river  of  New  Mexico, 
wliich  being  joined  by  the  river  of  the 
Apostles,  enters  the  gtdf  of  California, 
in  lon.  101  0  W,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Colorno,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Par- 
masan,  near  the  Po,  eigiit  miles  from 
Parma.  The  duke  of  Parma  liad  a 
plcasurc-housn  here,  which  was  one  of 
the  most  delightfid  in  Italy,  and  the 
gardens  were  very  fine.  Lon.  10  22  E, 
lat.  44  54  N. 

Colos'uiar,  a  large  town  of  Transylva- 
nia, where  the  states  meet.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Samos,  37  miles  N  VV 
of  Weisscmburg,  and  120  E  bv  S  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  2J  15  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Columb,  St.  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  miU'ket  on  Thursday,  seated  on  a  hill 

10  miles  W  of  Bodmin.  Lon.  4  52  W, 
lat.  50  30  N. 

Columbia,  a  post  town,  the  principal 
of  Richland  county.  South  Carolina; 
and  the  present  scat  of  the  state  go- 
vernment. It  is  situated  on  the  E  side 
ofCongaree  river,  35  miles  S  by  W 
of  Camden,  and  1 15  N  by  W  of  Charles- 
ton, the  former  capital. 

Columbia,  a  small  town  in  Washing- 
ton county,  Maine,  18  miles  S  W  of 
Machias,  that  has  a  post  offlce. 

Columbia,  a  post  town  on  the  N  aide 
of  James  river,  in  Fluvanna  county, 
Virginia,  about  46  miles  N  W  of  Rich- 
mond, and  136  from  Waahingtoti. 

Columbia,  a  flourishing  village  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvaiiia,  that 
has  a  post  office,  being  seated  on  the 
E  side  of  Susquehannah  river,  12  miles 
E  of  York,  11  W  of  Lancaster  borough, 
and  74  of  Philadelphia. 

Colombo,  a  town  on  the  W  side  of 
the  island  of  Ceylon,  which  was  taken 
iy  the  English  fleet  in  February  1796. 

11  was  built  by  the  Portuguese  in  1638, 
and  in  1658  they  were  expelled  by  tlie 
natives  and  Dutch.    It  is  18  miles  S  of 


COM 

Ncgombo.     Lon.  80  25  E,  lat.  7  10 
N. 

Columbton,  :.  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Satvint.iy.  It  hai  a 
woollen  manufacture,  uuil  is  »e.ited  on 
the  river  Columb,  over  wiiicU  il'.oru  is 
a  bridge.  It  is  12  m;lea  N  E  of  Exe- 
ter, and  104  Vf  of  London.  Lon.  3  23 
VV,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Colummi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  tlio 
govenuneiit  of  Moscow,  with  an  areh'^ 
bislio])'»  see,  50  miiea  S  E  of  >ioscow. 
Lon.  38  25  E,  lat.  55  5  N. 

Coluri,  an  island  of  Greece,  formerly 
called  Salamis.  The  principal  town  is 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  !?  siilc,  at 
the  bottom  of  tlic  harbour,  wiiicii  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Though 
Ajax,  who  makes  sucli  a  figure  in 
Momer,  was  king  of  this  ishuid,  it  is 
but  a  poor  place.  It  is  seven  miles 'S 
of  Athens.     Lon.  24  5  E,  lat.  38  U  N. 

Com,  a  populous  town  ol'  Persia,  in 
Irac  Agcmi,  100  mi\cn  N  of  Ispahan. 
Lon.  51  56  E,  hit.  34  5  N, 

Comachio,  'mx  episcopal  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  Ferrarc.se.  The  air  is  bud, 
for  which  reason  it  is  inliubited  by  a 
few  fishermen  only.  It  is  seated  in  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  27  miles  .S  E  of 
Ferrara.     Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  44  45  K 

Comachio,  a  lake  of  Ituly,  in  the  Fer- 
rarese,  between  the  two  mouths  ofthe 
river  Po.  It  is  10  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence J  but  dry  in  several  places,  and  on 
one  port  a  town  of  the  same  name  is 
built. 

Comana,  or  Cumana,  a  seaport  of 
South  America,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Comana,  in  Terra  Firma.  Lon.  64  29 
W,  lat.  10  10  N. 

Com^nagotta,  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Terra  Firma,  10  milas  W  of 
Comana.    Lon.  64  40  W,  lat.  ^0  10  N. 

Comb'Abbey,  a  village  in  Warwick- 
shire, three  miles  fi'om  Coventry,  once 
famous  for  a  rich  abbey.  The  church 
is  demolished,  but  the  abbcj',  modern- 
ized, is  the  seat  of  lord  Crave*n. 

Comb-Martin,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Bristol  Channel,  where  it  has 
an  inlet  which  runs  through  the  town. 
It  is  but  a  small  place  five  miles  £  of 
Ilfracomb,  and  176  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  2  W,  lat.  51 13  N. 

Cominet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Nprth  and  late 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis, 
five  miles  S  W  of  Mcnin.  Lon.  3  4  E, 
Ibt.  50  45  N. 


'■    Si 


COM 


CON 


Cr^ninerrm't  a.  towji  of  France  in  the 
dcpaitinciit  of  MciiKc  iiiiil  lute  iliitcliy 
f>r  U'lr,  witli  a  nij^v<>>'>''cnt  cii-stlc, 
built  by  cardinal  (k'  Rftz.  It  is  scati^d 
on  ilie  rivtu'  Mouhc,  160  inik'.H  E  of 
Pans.     Lon.  .S  44  E,  i;.t.  48  4U  N. 

fXniio,  :i  pii|i'il<)iiii  town  (if  Itii'./,  in 
the  Milanese,  with  u  l)isli()])'s  hi-c  ;  si- 
tualc  in  a  v.tllcv,  inrloseil  hy  fertile 
liillM,  on  the  S  t'xlPciuity  of  n  hike  of 
the  same  name.  The  hniscs  are  neat- 
ly hnilt  of  stone  ;  an.l  tlic  cuthedral  is 
a  handsome  edihie  of  while-  marhle, 
hewn  from  the  nci),'lihourinjf  quarries. 
It  is  (nirroinuUd  by  a  wall,  gaarded  by 
towers,  and  hacked  hy  a  coniral  emi- 
nence, on  which  arc  the  ruins  of  nil 
ancient  castle.  Como  is  80  miles  NE 
of  Turin.     Lon.  9  7  E,  lat.  4545  N. 

CirtHo,  the  larpfCHt  lake  in  Italy,  in  the 
Milaiiese.  It  l.s  8ii  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, hut  nut  ubove  six  miles  over  in 
•ny  one  part. 

Co-niira  lilwuls,  five  islands  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  i)ctwecn  tiie  coast  of  Zan- 
Ifiiebar  and  the  N  p.irt  of  tlie  island  of 
Madiijjascar.  'I'hey  all  abound  in 
horned  cattle,  sheep,  and  a  variety  of 
hoji^  common  in  warm  countries.  They 
are  c.>Hcd  Hinznan,  Mayotta,  Mnhilla, 
Aniro/eia,  and  Coinora.     Set  llinzttan. 

Coiiiorin,  Cape,  the  most  southern 
point  of  the  jieiiinsula  of  Hindoostan. 
Lon.  77  oi  E,  lat.  7  50  N. 

CjiiLura,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  so  well  fortified,  that  the  Turks 
could  never  take  it.  The  greatest 
p:irt  of  the  itilLihltants  arc  of  the 
Greek  relij^ion.  It  is  seated  on  the 
niunibc,  in  t!ie  island  of  Sibut,  70  miles 
S  l)\  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  47 
43  N. 

Lhnifiiegiie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
<Ier:;rtincnt  of  Oijc  and  late  province 
of  tie  Isle  of  France.  It  has  a  palace, 
in  '/hicli  tlie  kinps  of  France  ofien  re- 
sided. The  Maid  of  Orleans  was  ta- 
ken prisoner  here  in  1430.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  an  extensive  forest,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Aisne  and  Ousc,  45 
miles  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  55  E,  lat. 
49  25  N. 

Compostella,  a  celebrated  town  of 
Spain,  capital  of  Galicia,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  a  university.  The 
public  squares,  and  the  churches,  par- 
ticularly the  metropolitan  church,  are 
magnificent :  and  it  has  a  great  num- 
ber of  monasteries  for  both  sexes,  and 
contftins  about  2000  houses.   It  is  pre- 


I  teniled  that  the  body  of  St.  Jameii  wa« 
buried  here,  whicli  draws  a  great 
I  nuinlier  of  pilgrims:  they  walk  in  pro- 
I  cession  to  the  church,  and  vinit  his 
wooden  image,  which  stands  on  the 
great  altar,  and  is  illuniin  ited  by  many 
wax-eundles.  They  kiss  it  three  times 
with  a  very  respectful  devotion,  and 
then  put  their  hats  on  its  head.  In  the 
church  there  are  30  silver  lamps,  al- 
ways lighted,  and  six  chandeliers  of 
silver,  five  tcet  hi{fli.  The  poor  pil. 
grims  are  received  into  an  hospital, 
built  for  that  purpose,  which  8tand» 
near  the  church,  and  round  it  arc  gal- 
leries of  free-stone,  supported  by  large 
pillars.  The  archbishop  is  one  of  the 
richest  prelates  in  Spain,  having  rO,G0O 
crowns  a  year.  From  this  tovni  the 
mliitury  order  of  .St.  Jago,  or  St.  James, 
had  its  ori;;'in.  It  is  seated  in  a  i)enin- 
sula,  formed  bv  the  Tanibra  and  Ulla 
265  miles  N  W  <><'  Madrid.  Lon.  8  17 
\V,  lat.  42  52  N. 

Qmtpustdla,  Nevi,  a  town  of  North 
America,  in  New  Spain,  near  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  400  miles  N  W  of  Mexi" 
CO.     Lon.  109  42  W,  lat.  21  20  N. 

Conajohtiry,  a  post  town  in  Montgo- 
mery county,  New-York,  on  the  S  side 
of  Mohock  river,  41  miles  W  by  N 
of  Skenectady,  and  57  N  W  of  Alba- 
ny. 

ConCiVi,  a  low  tract  of  country,  on 
the  \y  co.istofthe  Decan  of  Hindoos- 
tan.  From  this  tract  rises  abruptly 
that  stupendous  w.dl  of  mountains  cal- 
led the  Gp.iits.  It  is  subject  to  the 
Mahrattas,  :uid  lies  between  15  and  20? 
Nlat. 

Concarneau,  a  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Finisterre  and  late 
province  of  Brittany,  with  a  castle,  12 
miles  S  E  of  Qiiimper.  Lon.  4  2  E, 
lat.  47  46  N. 

Conception,  a  town  of  Chili,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  very  large  har- 
bour. It  has  been  often  taken  and  ra- 
vaged by  the  native  Americans,  and  is 
seated  on  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  230 
miles  N  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  73  20  W, 
lat.  36  40  S. 

Conception,  a  town  of  New  Spain, 
seated  near  tlie  gulf  of  Mexico,  100 
miles  W  of  Porto-Bello.  Lon.  81  15 
W,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Concord,  a  post  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Merrimack  river,  18 
miles  S  by  E  of  Salisbury,  and  49  N  W 
of  Portsmouth. 


O  N 

l)o(Iy  of  St.  Jameii  wa> 
liicli  (Iruwi  a  great 
ms  t  tliey  wulk  in  pro- 
cliiircli,   and  vin'it    his 

which  HtaixlH  on  thn 
is  ilhiniiii  it'jil  by  many 
"hey  kiss  it  tlircc  times 
per.tful  devotion,  and 
Its  on  its  head.  In  tlir. 
c  30  silver  lamps,  al- 
nd  six  cliundeltcrs  of 

high.  Tiic  poor  pil- 
;lvcd  into  an  hospital, 
purjMj.sc,  wiiich  stands 
,  and  round  it  arc  gaU 
inc,  supported  by  larpe 
•ciibishoi)  is  one  of  the 
in  Spain,  having  70,000 
From  this  towii  the 
rst.  Jago,  or  St.  James, 
It  IS  seated  in  a  jienin- 

tlic  Tanibru  and  Ulla 

of  Madrid.     Lon.  8  17 

S^e%ti,  a  town  of  North 
vv  Spain,  neartlic  Soiith 
KK)  miles  N  W  of  Mexi- 
2  \V,  lat.  21  20  N. 
.  |)ost  town  in  Montpo- 
cw-York,  on  the  S  side 
er,  41  miles  W  by  N 
and  57  N  W  of  Alba- 

V  tr.ict  of  country,  on 
the  Uccan  of  Hindoos- 
tract   rises    abruptly 
i  w.dl  of  mountains  cal- 
It   is   suhjecw  to  the 
lies  between  15  and  20? 

I  seaport  of  France,  in 

of  Finisterre  and  late 

ttnny,  witli  a  castle,  12 

jumper.    Lon.  4  2  E, 

town  of  Chili,  with  B 
(vltli  a  very  large  har- 
con  often  taken  and  ra- 
ative  Americans,  and  is 
outl)  Pacific  Ocean,  230 
divia.     Lon.  73   20  W, 

town  of  New  Spwn, 
e  gulf  of  Mexico,  lOO 
'orto-Bello.     Lon.  81  15 

st  town  in  Rockingham 
lampshire  ;  situated  on 
f  Merrimack  river,  18 
•  Salisbury,  imd  49  N  W 


CON 

Cmteerd,  A  village  with  a  pott -office 
in  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  about  20 
miles  N  W  of  Dagsbury,  and  about  M 
W  by  S  ui  Lewistown  at  Cape  Henlo- 
pen. 

Concorti,  a  considerable  town  with  a 
pu.st-ofKcc,  in  MidiUuicx  county,  Mas 
sachusctts,  18  miles  N  W  of  Boston, 
rendered  famous  by  being  the  unfortu 
iiutc  scene  of  tlic  first  hostilities  he- 
Iween  Great  Britain  and  her  colnnics, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  revolutiuna)-y 
war. 

Concordia,  u  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Mirandola,  on  the  river 
Sechia,  five  miles  W  of  Mirandola. 
Lon.  11  13  £,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Concordia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in   Vene 
tian    Friuli,  with   a  bishop's   sec,    28 
miles  S  S  W  of  Udina.     It  is  now  al- 
most ruined,  and  Ute  bishop  resides  at 
Portu  Gvuaro. 

Condavir,  a  fort  in  the  peninsida  of 
Hiiidoostan,  and  the  principal  post  of 
Guntoor,  one  ofthe  five  Circars.  It  is 
stroiwly  situate  on  a  mountain,  16  miles 
\V  of  Gimtoor. 

Comic,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  uftlie  North  and  French 
part  of  Hainault.  It  has  a  castle,  and 
gave  the  title  of  prince  to  a  branch  of 
tiie  late  royal  family.  It  was  taken  by 
the  combined  armies  July  10,  1793, 
but  was  retaken  by  the  French  Oct.  1, 
1794,  when  its  name  was  changed  to 
thatofNord  Libre.  Conde  is  seated 
on  tlie  Scheld,  seven  miles  N  £  of 
Valenciennes,  and  117  N  by  E  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

"onde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  It  is  15  miles  W  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  0  37  W,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Condecedo,  a  cape  of  North  America, 
in  Yucatan,  100  miles  W  of  Merida. 
Lon.  9127  W,  lat.  2050  N. 

Condctm,  a  large  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gers  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  Gascony.  It  is  a  poor  place, 
being  thinly  peopled.  It  was  lately 
an  episcopal  see,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Baisc,  22  miles  W  of  Auch.  Lon. 
0  36  E,  lat.  44  1  N. 

Condore,  the  capital  of  a  number  of 
islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  pro- 
duces mangoes,  which  grow  on  trees, 
as  large  as  apple-trees:  the  fruit  is  of 
tlie  size  of  a  small  peach,  and  when 
ripe  has  a  pleasant  smell  and  taste. 
The  inhabitants  are  small  in  stature, 
well-shaped,  and  of  a  dark  olive  com- 


CON 

nlexion;  their  facet  are  long,  witl% 
black  straight  hair,  HU)all  black  eyes, 
high  noses,  thin  lips,  white  tei'th,  and 
little  mouths.  Tliey  are  very  pf)or,  and 
their  chief  employment  is  getting  tar 
out  of  the  trees.  They  arc  very  frc» 
of  their  women,  for  when  ships  arrive 
there  \\\fy  will  bring  them  on  board, 
and  otier  them  to  the  sailors.  Thev 
have  a  little  idol  temple,  built  of  wood, 
and  thatched  like  their  houses,  which 
are  very  mean.  The  English  East  In- 
dia Company  had  a  settlement  here  in 
1701  i  but  the  factors  falling  out  with 
the  natives,  mort  of  them  were  mur- 
dered, and  the  rest  driven  thence  in 
1705.     Lon.  107  26  E,  lat.  2  40  N. 

Condrieu,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  lat* 
province  of  Lyonois,  remarkable  for  its 
excellent  wines.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  hill  near  the  Rhone  17  miles 
S  of  Lyons.     Lon.  4  5i  E,  lat.  45  23  N. 

Caneottnt,  a  town  of  France,  in  thai 
department  of  Charentc  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Angoumoit,  on  the  river  Vi- 
cnnc,  30  miles  NE  of  Angoidcsme. 
Lon.  0  43  E.  lat.  48  55  N, 

Congleton.  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  4 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  nnd  has  two  chiiri  les,  but 
the  principal  one  is  two  miles  distant 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  leather  gloves  ( 
and  a  more  considerable  one  in  silk, 
there  being  n  large  silk  mill,  which  em* 
ploys  700  hands.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Dane,  seven  miles  S  of  Maccles- 
field,  and  164  NW  of  London.  Lon, 
2  10  W,  lat.  53  8  N. 

Congo,  a  country  of  Africa,  between 
the  equinoctial  line  Mid  18  degrees  of 
S  lat.  containing  (  le  kingdoms  of 
Loango,  Congo,  A  lUfjla,  and  Benguela< 
It  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese 
in  1481,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Benin,  by  the  inland  part  of  Africa  oh 
the  E,  by  Matamon  on  the  S,  and  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  W.  It  ia 
sometimes  called  Lower  Guinea;  and 
the  Portuguese  have  a  great  many 
settlements  on  the  coast,  as  well  as  in 
the  inland  country.  They  have  many 
desert  places  within  landj  but  near  the 
coast  tlic  soil  is  more  fertile  j  and  there 
are  fruits  of  many  kinds,  besides  palm- 
treew,  fVom  which  they  get  wine  and 
oil.  In  the  lowlands  the  grass  grows 
so  high,  rank  and  thick,  that  it  be- 
comes  one  of  the  most  dangerous  re- 
ceptacles for  wild  beasts,  serpents,  and 
venemous  ijuects:    on  this  accounjr 


ilH* 


CON 


CON 


hi- 


!^ 


iTAVtWtrt  arc  in  rontimml  danpfer  of  | 
be  11^  ntiintf  to  (Iciitli.  Tlie  uiit>  nic- 1 
till)  I  <)r)riiur(liii|i'  ;i(,'itiiiNt  alUltrsi-  vviU  ; 
elti  (MiiiiUy,  iH  ny  m'ttiDfC  firr  to  ti.c 
grain  III  Lot  wi'iitlici ,  bat  i-vcii  tliiH 
Cknnot  be  (lone  witliout  iliiii((ci'i  uh 
thoRf  uiiiiniiU  t>i'in)f  i-oiiscd  out  nt'lht'ir 
liii'lciM^''  ijlucfi,  Will  Hy  i'liruMiMly  ut 
tboHi'  wlio  l\ii|ipcn  to  l>e  in  tlirir  wiiy. 
Lions,  Icopunis,  liners,  wolves,  unci 
otluT  lieastn  ofprey  ubouiul  berr,  uiul 
do  niiicli  daniii)(e.  Here  are  idso  a 
viist  viirii'ty  of  iii'inkey!i  of  all  sbupcs. 
Tbc  Achva,  weil  known  foi"  its  fXtreiiie 
beauty  and  swiftness,  in  uUo  met  with 
in  tiiis  ('oui)lry.  I'be  inhabitants  are 
■kllfnl  in  weiivin^f  cotton  cloth  ;  and 
tbc.  trade  in  slaves,  ivory,  cassin,  and 
taniaiindsj  the  (rreatcst  part  of  them 
go  ahnost  nuked  ;  wor8hi|)piii)(  the  snn, 
in  )on,  and  utars,  besides  animals  of 
diH'erent  kinds  i  but  the  Portuguese 
have  made  many  converts.  Conjjo  pro- 
perl\  go  ralird,  is  only  150  miles  broad 
aI'Mijr  tiic  eoasf,  but  is  3i"j  inliuul. 
From  March  t)  .September  is  called  the 
Winter  season,  when  it  rains  ulniost 
every  day  j  and  the  summer  is  from 
October  to  March,  wlien  the  weather 
is  very  hot.  The  river  Zaire  is  full 
of  crocodiles  and  river-horses.  The 
principal  town  is  St.  .Salvador. 

Colli,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  Ciipital  of 
a  territory  of  that  name,  with  a  citadel 
It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  April 
1796.  It  is  seated  at  the  conHuencc  of 
the  Gresse  and  Sture,  35  miles  S  of 
Turin.     Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Coningneck,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  20  mile.-- 
N  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  4" 
50  N. 

Conington,  a  village  in  Huntingdon- 
shire, near  .Stilton. 

CoiiUton-Mere,  a  lake  in  Lancashire, 
■which  aflords  plenty  of  chai".  It  is 
five  nfiies  Wof  Winandermere. 

Connaught,  a  province  of  Ireland,  130 
miles  long,  and  84  broad  ,  boimded  on 
the  E  by  Leinster  and  Munater,  on  the 
S  by  tlie  latter  province,  on  the  W  and 
N  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  N  W  by 
Ulster.  It  has  several  convenient 
bays  and  creeks,  and  is  fertile  in  many 
places,  but  thp  inhabitants  being  lazy, 
IS  the  least  cultivated  of  any  of  the  four 
provinces.  It  contains  one  archbi- 
shopric, five  bishoprics,  six  counties, 
seven  market  towns,  10  boroughs,  and 
330  parishes.  It  I  as  no  rivers  of  any 
great  not^  except  the  Shannon*. 


Connteticut,  one  of  the  United  Statti, 
in  Ni-w  England,  Hi  miles  long  and  ij  j 
bro.id  I  bouniled  on  the  N  by  Mussa. 
chusetts,  on  the  K  by  Khud'e  Island, 
on  the  W  by  New  York,  and  on  llie  S 
by  the  Sound,  wliicli  divides  it  from 
LoU)(  Island.  In  the  maritime  towns, 
the  weather  is  variable,  according  ai 
the  wind  blows  from  the  sea  or  liiiiil. 
As  you  advance  into  tbc  country,  iha 
sua  brec/.es  have  less  efl'ect  ui)on  the 
air,  and  consequently  the  weather  i« 
less  variable.  The  N  VV  winds,  in  the 
winter  season,  are  often  extremely  «e. 
verc.  The  clear  and  serene  tempera- 
ture of  the  sky,  however,  make) 
amends  for  the  severity  of  the  wcatlicr, 
and  is  favourable  to  health  and  longevi- 
ty. The  comitry  ii  generally  broken 
land,  made  up  of  mountains,  hills,  and 
vullevs  I  and  it  is  exceedingly  well  wa- 
tered. It  is  the  most  populous  in  pri)- 
portion  to  its  extent,  of  any  of  the 
United  States,  and  proiluces  the  ne- 
cessaries of  life  in  abundance.  Its 
princi|>al  rivers  are  the  Connecticut, 
Housatonik,  uii.'.  Thames.  It  contains 
the  counties  of  Hartford,  Nowhaven, 
New  London,  Fairfield  Windham, 
Litchfield,  Middlesex,  and  Tolland. 
It  1782,  the  nund)er  of  inhabitants 
wa.s  276,395.  Hartford  and  Ncwha- 
.en  are  the  capitals ;  the  general  as- 
sembly being  oiutually  hoUlen  at  the 
former  in  May,  and  ai  the  latter  in 
October. 

Cnimecticut,  a  large  river  of  New 
England  which  gives  name  to  one  of  i 
the  five  colonies  of  that  province.  It 
rises  in  a  swamp  in  Int.  45  10,  lon.  4  £. 
After  a  sleepy  course  of  eight  or  ten 
miles,  it  tumbles  over  four  separate 
falls,  uud  turning  W,  keeps  close  under 
the  hills  which  form  the  N  boundary 
of  the  vale,  thro'  which  it  runs.  Be. 
I  ween  the  towns  of  Walpole  on  the 
£,  and  Westminster  on  the  W  side  of  | 
the  river,  are  the  great  falls.  The 
whole  river,  compressed  between  two 
I'ocks  scai'cely  30  feet  asunder,  shoots 
with  amazing  rapidity  into  a  broad  ba< 
:<on  below.  Over  these  falls,  a  bridge, 
160  feet  in  length  was  built  in  1784, 
under  which  the  highest  floods  may 
pass  without  detriment.  This  is  the 
first  bridge  erected  over  this  noble  riv- 
er. The  length  of  this  beautiful  river, 
in  a  straight  line,  is  nearly  300  miles. 
On  its  banks,  which  are  settled  almost  j 
to  its  source,  are  many  pleasantt  neat« , 
and  well  built  towns* 


K     i 


O  N 


one  of  tlie  United  Sutti, 
ukI,  H'J  iiiilcH  lon)f  uiiil  ij  j 
ili'il  KM  tin-  N  t>y  Maisa- 
llii-  K  by  KIi.kIo  Islaiul, 
New  Yoi'k,  UDil  on  lilt' S 
,   wliich  divides   it  t'rom 

III  ilic  niurilinie  towns, 
a  vurlublc,  m'cordiiijif  ai 
WK  from  the  scu  or  iiiiul. 
CO  into  the  country,  ilia 
iHve  IcsB  «rf1'fct  ui)ou  the 
sc(j\ii'nliy  the   wcuthcr  ia 

Tlie  N  VV  winds,  in  the 
1,  ure  often  extremely  »e. 
luu.r  und  serene  tempera. 

sky,  however,  iiiakei 
e  Hcvcrity  of  the  weuther, 
il)le  tohcidth  and  lonifcvi- 
mtry  ii  generally  broken 
j>  of  mountains,  lulls,  und 
It  is  exceedingly  well  \va- 
tlic  most  |>opulous  in  pni. 
s  extent,  of  any  of  the 
4,  und  produces  the  nC' 
life  in  ubiinduncc.  Its 
:rs  arc  the  Connecticut, 
111,'.  Thames.  It  contains 
of  Hartford,  Nowhaven, 
n,  Fairfield  Wiiulhftm, 
liddlescx,    and    Tolland. 

nund>er   of   inhabitants 

Hartford  and  Ncwha- 
rapitids  ;   the  general   as- 

annually  holden  at  the 
ly,   and  at  the   latter  in 

a  large  river  of  New 
ch  gives  name  to  one  of  J 
lies  of  that  province.  It 
>mp  in  Int.  45  10,  Ion.  4  £. 
y  course  of  eight  or  ten 
nblcs  over  four  separate 
ling  W,  keeps  close  under 
ch  form  the  N  boundary 
tliro'  which  it  runs.  Be- 
WHS  of  Walpole  on  tho 
ninster  on  the  W  side  of 
■e  the  great  falls.  The 
:ompressed  between  two 
y  30  feet  asunder,  shoots 
•  rapidity  into  a  broad  ba. 
Dver  these  falls,  a  bridge, 
ngtli   was   built  in  1784, 

the  highest  floods  may 
detriment.  This  is  the 
reeled  over  this  noble  riv- 
rth  of  thi»  beautiful  river, 
line,  is  nearly  300  miles. 

which  are  settled  almost  j 
are  many  pleasanty  neat, 
t  tQwnst 


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HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatltuta  for  HIttorlcal  MIcroraproductlona  /  InatKut  Canadian  da  microraproduetiona  liiatoriquaa 


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■4i>nneltville,  a  post  town  in  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania,  standing  in  the 
N  E  side  of  Yoghigany  river,  12  miles 
N  E  of  Union,  31  W  of  Somerset, 
and  about  45  S  E  of  Pittsburg'. 

Connor,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Antrim,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
six  miles  N  of  Antrim.  Lon.  6  6  E, 
ljit.54  59N. 

Cunquet,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
I  department  of  Finisterre  and  late   pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  with  a  good  har- 
bour and  road.    It  is   12  miles  W  of 
Brest.     Lon.  4  41  W,  lat  48  23  N. 

Conitance,  a  city  of  Suabia,  with  a 
bisliops's  see ;  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
I  between  the  upper  and  lower  lakes  of 
Constance  The  commerce  of  this 
once  flourishing  town  has  gone  great- 
ly to  decay,  and  grass  now  grows  in 
the  principal  streets.  By  the  assis- 
tance of  Zuric  end  Basil,  with  whom 
it  was  in  alliance,  it  expelled  the  bi- 
siiop,  and  embraced  the  reformation. 
But  the  Protestant  cantons  being 
worsted  in  1531,  Constance  was  oblig- 
ed to  submit  to  the  emperor  Charles 
V.  and  to  readmit  tlie  catholic  raligion. 
It  thus  lost  its  independence,  and  be- 
ing neglected  by  the  house  of  Austria, 
fell  by  degrees  into  its  present  state. 
Constance  is  famous  for  a  council,  in 
1514,  which  caused  John  Huss  and 
Jerome  of  Prague  to  be  burnt  j  and 
likewise  condemned  the  doctrine  of 
Wickliffe,  and  ordered  his  bones  to  be 
burned  40  years  after  be  was  dead. 
The  French  took  possession  of  this  ci- 
ty in  July  1796.  It  is  35  miles  N  E  of 
Zuric.  The  inhabitants  scarcely  a- 
mount  to  3000.  Lon.  9  10  £,  lat.  47 
38  N. 

Conttance,  Lake  of,  one  of  the  most 
I  considerable  lakes  of  Swisserland, 
which  it  separates  from  Suabia,  that 
pari  excepted,  where  the  city  of  Con- 
stance is  seated  on  its  S  side.  Like 
all  tlie  lakes  in  Swisserland,  this  is 
deeper  in  sum.iier  tlian  in  winter ; 
which  is  owing  to  the  first  melting  of 
the  snow  from  the  adjacent  moun* 
tains. 

Conttantia,  a  district  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  consisting  of  two  farms, 
which  produce  the  well  known  wine 
80  much  prized  in  Europe,  and  known 
by  the  name  ;!pf  Cape  or  Constantia 
wine.  vi 

Cbn^toMtnOr  ft  strong  and  considera- 
ble town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  and  coital  of  a  territory  of 


the  same  name.  It  is  the  largest  and 
strongest  in  all  the  eastern  parts,  and 
seated  at  the  top  of  a  gi'eut  rock. 
There  is  no  way  to  X  but  by  steps  cut 
out  of  the  rock;  and  tie  usual  wn:'  of 
punisliing  criminals  here  is  to  throve 
them  down  the  clitt.  Here  are  many 
Roman  antiquities,  particularly  a  tri> 
umplial  arch.  It  is  75  miles  fi-om  the 
sea,  and  210  E  bv  S  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
7  0  E,  lut.  36  4  N. 

Conttantina,  .1  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, with  a  castle  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain,  40  miles  N  E  of  Seville.  Lon.  5 
35  W,  lat.  i7  40  N. 

Conitantinople,  the  ancient  Byzanti- 
um, one  of  the  most  celebrated  cities 
in  Europe,  in  Romania,  and  capital  of 
the  Ottoman  empire.  Constantine  the 
Great  chose  this  place  for  his  abode, 
and  rebuilt  it  after  tlie  model  of  Rome. 
It  was  taken,  in  1453,  by  the  Turks,  who 
have  kept  possessioM  of  it  ever  since. 
It  is  seated  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Romania,  on  a  smull  neck  of  land 
which  advances  towards  Natolia,  from  • 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  of 
a  mile  in  breadth.  The  sea  of  Mar- 
mora washes  its  walls  on  the  S,  and 
a  gulf  of  the  channel  of  Constantincjple 
does  tlie  same  on  the  N.  It  is  delight- 
fully situated  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  Archijielago,  from  whence  it 
is  supplied  with  all  necessaries.  The 
grand  seignior's  palace,  called  the  Se- 
raglio, is  seated  on  the  sea  side,  and 
is  surrounded  with  walls  flanked  with 
towers,  and  separated  from  the  city  by 
canals.  It  is  said  the  harbow  will 
easily  hold  12000  ships.  The  number 
of  houses  must  needs  be  prodigious, 
since  one  fire  has  burnt  down  30,000 
in  one  day  without  greatly  changing 
the  aspect  of  the  city.  However,  in 
general,  they  are  but  mean,  especially 
on  the  outside,  where  there  are  few  or 
no  windows ;  and  the  streets  being 
narrow,  gives  them  a  melancholy  look. 
They  reckon  that  there  are  9770 
streets,  small  and  great :  but  they  are 
seldom  or  never  clean ;  and  the  people 
are  infested  with  the  plague  almost 
every  year.  The  inhabitants  are  half 
T«rk8,  two-thirds  of  the  other  half 
Christians,  and  the  rest  Jews.  Here 
are  a  great  number  of  ancient  monu- 
ments still  remaining,  and  particularly 
the  superb  temple  of  Sophia,  which 
is  turned  into  a  mosque,  and  far  sur- 
passes all  the  rest  The  street  called 
Adrimople  ia  tite  lengtvt  and  hioadtft 


'iitl 


ss-^mmm 


CON 

Ift  the  city ;  and  the  bazars  or  bezes- 
teins,  are  the  markets  for  selling  all 
sorts  of  merchandise.  The  old  and 
the  new  are  pretty  near  each  other ; 
and  are  large  square  buildings  covered 
with  domes,  and  supported  by  arches 
and  pilasters.  The  new  is  Uie  best 
and  contains  all  sorts  of  goods  which 
are  there  exposed  to  sale.  The  mar- 
ket for  slaves  of  both  sexes,  is  not  far 
off;  and  the  Jews  are  the  principal 
merchants  who  bring  them  here  to  be 
sold.  There  are  a  great  number  of 
joimg  girls  brought  from  Hungary, 
Greece,  Candia,  Russia,  Mingrelia, 
and  Georgia,  for  the  service  of  the 
Turks,  who  generally  buy  them  for 
their  seraglios.  The  great  sq|iiare, 
near  the  mosque  of  sultan  Bajazet, 
is  tlie  place  for.  public  diversions, 
■where  the  jugglers  and  mountebanks 
play  a  great  variety  of  tricks.  The  cir- 
cumference  of  thi»city  is  by  some  said 
to  be  15  miles,  and  by  Mr.  Toumefort 
23  miles  :  to  which  if  we  add  the  su- 
(jjurbs,  it  may  be  34  miles  in  comp.iss. 
The  suburb  called  Pera  is  charmingly 
tiituated  ;  and  is  the  place  where  the 
ambassadors  of  England,  France,  Ve- 
nice and  Holland,  reside.  This  city  is 
built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle ;  and  as 
the  ground  rises  gradually,  there  is 
a  view  of  the  whole  town  from  the  sea. 
The  public  buildings,  such  as  tlie 
palaces,  the  mosqvies,  bagnios,  and 
caravansaries  for  the  entertainment  of 
strangers,  are  many  of  them  very  mag- 
nificent.    Lon.  29  20  E,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Constantinople,  Strait  of,  anciently  the 
Thracian  Bosphorus,  and  forming  the 
communication  between  the  Euxine 
or  filack  Sea,  and  the  Propontis,  or  sea 
of  Marmora.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  broad,  where  nar- 
rowest. The  Turks  have  built  two 
castles  opposite  to  each  other,  to  de- 
fend the  passage.  It  forms  the 'separa- 
tion here  between  Europe  and  Asia. 
On  one  side  of  it  is  situate  Constantino- 
ple, and  on  the  other,  Scutari,  where 
the  grand  signior  has  his  seraglio. 

Constantinovi,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
VoUiinia,  on  the  river  Selucza,  62  miles 
K  E  of  Kaminieck.  Lon.  27  20  £,  lift. 
49  58  ii. 

emtetta,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
»ope,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Ai-chipelago,  200  miles  W  of  Constan- 
tinople.   Lun.  23  58  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

.Conti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  ilomQis  au4  Ut$  province 


COP 

of  Picardy.  It  formerly  gave  the  title 
of  prince  to  a  branch  of  the  late  royal 
family  of  France.  It  is  seated  on  tiie 
Seille,  14  miles  S  W  of  Amiens,  and 
62  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  13  £,  lat.  49  42 
N. 

Convertano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
radi  Bari,  vnth  a  bishop's  see,  12  miles 
S  E  of  Bari.  Lon.  17  6  £,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Conviay,  a  town  in  Carnarvonshire, 
witli  a  maiket  on  Friday ;  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Conway,  and  distinguish- 
ed by  tlie  massy  remains  of  its  castle, 
formerly  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
structures  ofthekindin  the  kingdom. 
It  is  18  miles  E  N  E  of  Carnarvon,  and 
235  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  1  W, 
lat.  53  20  N. 

Conviay,  a  river  of  N  Wales,  which 
flowing  through  a  fertile  vale  of  tlie 
same  name,  along  the  whole  eastern 
border  of  Carnarvonshire,  falls  into  the 
Irish  Sea,  at  the  town  of  Conway. 

Coma,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Ulteriore,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see.  It  was  so  greatly  ruined  bf 
an  earthquake  in  1694,  that  the  place 
where  the  cathedral  stood  is  hardly 
known.  It  is  52  miles  £  of  Naples. 
Lon.  1535E,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Cook^s  Siiier,  a  large  river  of  N  Amer- 
ica, which  flows  into  the  N  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  was  discovered,  in  1778,  by 
Captain  Cook,  who  left  a  blank  for  ita 
name  which  was  filled  up  by  the  earl  of 
Sandwich.  This  river  was  traced  aa 
high  as  lat  61  30  N,  which  is  above  70 
leagues  from  its  moutii,  in  lon.  152  0 
W. 

Cook'i  Strait,  a  strut  dividing  the  tw« 
islands  of  which  New  Zealand  is  com- 
posed :  it  is  about  four  or  five  leagues 
braad. 

Cooper^*  Town,  a  new  uid  thriving 
town  in  Otsego  county.  New  York.  It 
has  a  post  oflice,  and  is  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Otseg^o  county,  being 
77  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Coos,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  56 
miles  N  W  of  Rhodes,  subject  to  the 
lurks.    Lon.  27  44  E,  lat.  37  1  N. 

Coosaviatchy,  a  post  town  in  Beaufort 
county,  Soutii  Carolina;  lying  on  the 
river  Coosa,  about  75  miles  westward 
from   Charleston. 

Cootstovtn,  a  village  with  a  post  ofRct^ 
in  Berks  county,  Pennsylvania,  situa- 
ted on  Maiden  creek,  a  branch  of  the 
river  Schuylkill,  and  about  17  mile*  N  E 
of  Reading. 

Copenhageitt  thc^  capital  of  the  king- 


»tw*^L. — , 


COP 

It  formerly  gave  the  title 
)  a  branch  of  the  late  royal 
F'rance.  It  is  seated  on  the 
niles  S  W  of  Amiena,  and 
ris.    Lon.2  13E,Ut.49  42 

10,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
mth  a  bishop's  »ee,  12  miles 
i.  Lon.  17  6E,lat.4120N. 

a  tovm  in  Carnarvonshire, 
ket  on  Friday ;  seated  at  the 
he  Conway,  and  distinguish, 
massy  remains  of  its  castle^ 
)ne  of  the  most  ma^ificent 

of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom, 
les  E  N  E  of  Carnarvon,  and 
W  of  London.    Lon.  4  1  W, 

a  river  of  N  Wales,  which 
irough  a  fertile  vale  of  tlie 
le,  along  the  whole  eastern 
Carnarvonshire,  falls  into  the 

at  the  town  of  Conway, 
m  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
)  Ulteriore,  with  an  archbish- 

It  was  so  greatly  ruined  by 
juake  in  1694,  that  the  place 
e  cathedral  stood  is  hardly 
It  is  52  miles  E  of  Naples. 
5E,lat.40  50N. 
River,  a  large  river  of  N  Amer- 
h  flows  into  the  N  Pacific 
[t  was  discovered,  in  1778,  by 
:ook,  who  left  a  blank  fop  iti 
ch  was  filled  up  by  the  earl  of 
1.  This  river  was  traced  aa 
It  61  30  N,  which  is  above  70 

■om  its  mouth,  in  lon.  152  9 

Itrait,  astrsutdivitUngthetw* 
which  New  Zealand  is  com- 
is  about  four  or  five  leagues 

ToKn,  a  new  and   thriving 
Jtsego  county.  New  York.  It 
|st  office,  and  is  the  principal 
ktice  in  Otsego  county,  being 
[W  of  Albany, 
island  in  the  Archipelago,  56 
V  of  Rhodes,    subject  to  the 
.on.  27  44  E,  lat.  37  1  N. 
Itchy,  a  post  town  in  Beaufort 
pouth  Carolina;    lying  on  the 
|sa,  about  75  miles  westward 
irleston. 

m,  a  village  with  a  post  ofiic^ 
county,  Pennsylvania,  sitiu- 
[aiden  creek,  a  branch  of  the 
lylkill,  and  about  17  mile*  N  E 

'  tn,  th^  capital  of  the  king- 


COP 

dom  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  east- 
em  shore  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  upon 
a  fine  bay  of  tlie  Baltic  sea,  not  for  from 
the  strait  called  the  Sound.  Lon  13  0 
E,  lat  55  30  N.  Copenhagen  is  the 
best  built  city  of  tlie  north ;  U)T  although 
Petersburgh  excels  it  in  superb  edifices, 
yet  as  it  contains  no  wooden  houses,  it 
does  not  display  that  striking  contrast 
of  meanness  and  magnificence,  but  in 
general  exhibits  a  more  equable  and 
uniform  appearance.  The  town  is  sur- 
rounded towards  the  land  with  reg- 
ular ramparts  and  bastions,  a  broad 
ditch  full  of  water,  and  a  few  outworks  ; 
its  circumference  measures  between 
four  and  five  miles.  The  streets  are 
well  paved,  with  a  foot- way  on  each 
side,  but  too  narrow  and  inconvenient 
for  general  use.  The  greatest  part  of 
the  buildings  are  of  brick ;  and  a  fe  w  are 
of  free-stone  brought  from  Germany. 
The  houses  of  the  nobility  are  in  gener- 
al splendid,  and  constructed  in  the 
Italian  style  of  architecture.  The  busy 
spirit  of  commerce  is  visible  in  this  city, 
which  contains  about  80,000  inliabitants. 
The  haven  is  always  crouded  with  mer- 
chant ships  ;  and  the  streets  are  inter- 
sected by  broad  canals,  which  bring  the 
merchandise  close  to  the  warehouses 
that  line  the  quays.  This  city  owes  its 
principal  beauty  to  a  dreadful  fire  in 
1728  that  destroyed  five  churches  and 
67  streets,  which  have  been  since  re- 
built in  the  modern  style.  The  new 
part  of  the  town  raised  by  the  late  King 
Frederic  V.  is  extremely  beautiful, 
scarcely  inferior  to  Bath.  It  consists 
of  an  octagon,  containing  four  uniform 
and  elegant  buildings  of  he  wn  stone.and 
of  four  broad  streets  leading  to  it  in  op- 
posite directions.  In  tlie  middle  of  the 
area  stands  an  equestrian  statue  of  Fre- 
derick V.  in  bronze,  as  big  as  life, 
which  cost  80,000/.  The  Royal  Mu- 
seum, or  Cabinet  of  Rarities,  merits  the 
attention  of  travellers.  This  collection, 
which  was  begun  by  Frederic  III.  is 
deposited  in  eight  apartments,  and 
ranged  in  the  following  order :  animals, 
shells,  minerals,  paintings,  antiquities, 
medals,  dresses,  arms  and  implements 
of  the  Laplanders.  The  royal  palace, 
called  Christianburg,  built  by  Christiait 
VI.  one  of  the  most  commodious  and 
sumptuously  furnished  in  Eiu-ope,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  Feb.  26,  1794 :  and 
on  June  6,  1795,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the 
dock-yard,  which  soon  communicated 
across  the  owial  to  tbe  house*,  and  con- 


COR 

tinued  to  rage  for  two  days,  by  whick 
one  fourth  of  the  city  was  destroyed. 
This  city  is  five  miles  in  circumicrence^ 
and  seated  on  the  E  shore  of  the  isle  <^ 
Zealand,  300  miles  b  W  of  Stockhohn, 
and  500  N  £  of  London.    See  Amai. 

Copilcniata,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  £u> 
rope,  in  Bulgaria.  Lon.  36  35  £,  lat. 
46  40  N. 

Goporia,  a  town  of  Ingria,  in  the  Rua* 
sian  government  of  Petersburgh,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  29  0  E,  lat  59  34  N. 

Coquet,  a  river  in  Northumberland, 
which  crossing  tlie  centre  of  that  coun* 
ty,  falls  into  the  German  Ocean,  «t 
Warkwortli. 

Coquet,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Northumberland,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Coquet. 

Cotjuimbo,  a  seaport  of  Chili,  on  arivc^ 
of  the  same  name.  It  has  been  often 
pillaged  by  the  English.  Lon  71 11 W, 
lat.  29  54  S. 

Corah  or  Corahjehenabad,  a  city  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  Dooab,  subject  to 
the  nabob  of  Oude.  It  is  60  miles  S  S 
W  of  Lucknow.  Lon.  79  45  E,  lat 
26  5  N. 

Corbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Waldeck,  10  miles  N  W 
of  Waldeck.     Lon.  8  58  E,  bit  51  20  N. 

Corbtck,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
three  miles  S  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49 
E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Corbeil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on 
the 'Seine,  17  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
26  £,  lat.  43  33  N. 

Corbie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  with  a  late  celebrated  Benedic- 
tine abbey,  seated  on  the  Somme,  10 
miles  E  of  Amiens.  Lon.  2  38  E,  lat: 
49  54  N. 

Coiby,  a  town  of  Germany,  on  the 
confines  of  Westphalia,  with  a  famous 
abbey,  whose  abbot  is  a  sovereign  prince. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30  miles  £ 
by  N  of  Paderbom,  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat. 
51  50.  N. 

Cordova,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in   Andalusia,  remarkable  for  its  anti- 

3uity,  and  for  having  preserved  its  oplen- 
our  and  riches  through  so  many  ages, 
it  being  well  knovm  to  tlie  Romans  by 
the  name  of  Corduba.  In  759,  Ab- 
doulrahman  only  heir  of  the  Ommiad 
line  fixed  his  royal  residence  at  Cordo- 
va.   Th^  began  those  ilovrivhing  ageif 


COR 


COR 


of  Arabian  gallantry  and  magnificence, 
which  rendered  tlie  Mooru  of  Spain  su- 
perior to  uU  their  cotcinpuraries  in  arts 
and  arms,  and  made  Cordova  one  of  the 
inoiit  splendid  cities  of  the  world. 
When  Eiiro|)e  was  buried  in  ignorance 
and  debased  l>y  brutality  of  manners,  it 
became  tlie  centre  of  politeness,  indus- 
try and  genius.  Great  and  expensive 
monuments  of  architectiu-e  were  under- 
taken and  completed  by  many  of  these 
Spanish  monarclis  ;  whose  remains  no- 
body can  behold  without  being  strongly 
impressed  with  a  high  idea  of  tlie  ge- 
nius of  the  ui'tists,  as  well  as  the  gran- 
deur of  the  prince  who  carried  them 
into  execution.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Guadalquivcr,  over  which  is  a  magnifi- 
cent Btone  bridge.  The  circumference 
is  large,  but  it  is  not  peopled  in  propor- 
tion to  its  extent,  f<)r'there  ai-e  many 
orcliards  and  gardens  within  the  walls. 
The  palaces,  churches,  and  religious 
houses  are  superb,  particularly  the  ca- 
thedral, which  is  very  magnificent.  It 
was  a  mosque  when  the  Moors  possess- 
ed the  town ;  for  which  reason  it  still 
retains  the  name  of  Mezquita.  The 
square,  called  the  Plaza  Major,  is  sur- 
rounded by  fine  houses  under  wliich  are 
piazzas.  The  trade  consists  in  wine, 
silk  and  Cordovan  leather;  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  a  vast  number  of 
orange  and  lemon  trees.  The  best 
Itorses  in  Spain  come  hence.  Cordova 
is  75  miles  N  E  of  Seville,  and  137  S 
by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  4  W,  lat.  32 
lOS. 

Cordova,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Tu- 
cumun,  with  a  bishop's  see,  180  miles  £ 
by  N  of  St.  Jugo.  Lon.  62  S  W,  lat.  45 
36  N. 

Corduan,  a  famous  lighthouse  of 
France,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde, 
55  miles  N  W  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  1  9 
W,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Coita,  a  peninsula  of  Asia,  extending 
between  China  and  Japan.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Chinese  Tartary,  on  the 
£  by  the  sea  and  isles  of  Japan,  on  the 
S  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
pilf  and  province  of  Leao-tong.  This 
Kingdom  is  commonly  reckoned  200 
Icag-ues  from  N  to  S,  and  100  from  E  to 
W.  The  king  has  absolute  authority 
oyer  bis  subjects,  but  is  himself  tribu- 
tary to  China.  It  is  divided  into  eight 
provinces,  which  contain  33  cities  of 
the  first  rank,  58  of  tlie  second,  and  70 
oi' the  third.  KinpkHao  is  the  capital. 
JgiiVis.  ciiiefly  pruluccs  wlicat,   rice, 


and  ginseng,  with  a  kind  of  palm-tfee 
which  yields  a  gum  capable  of  produ- 
cing a  yellow  varnish  little  inferior  to 
gilding.  Hence  also  are  exported  cast* 
or  and  sable  skins ;  also  gold,  silver, 
iron,  and  fossil  salt  (  a  kind  of  small 
brushes  for  painting,  made  of  the  hair 
of  a  wolf's  tail,  ar<:  likewise  manufac- 
tured here,  which  are  exported  to  Chi- 
na and  highly  esteemed  there.  The 
sea-coasts  abound  in  fish,  and  great 
numbers  of  whales  arc  found  there 
every  year  towards  tlie  N  E.  The  Co. 
reans  are  well  made,  ingenious,  brave 
and  tractable  ;  arc  fond  of  dancing,  and 
show  great  docility  in  acquiring  the 
sciences,  to  which  they  apply  with 
great  ardour,  and  honour  in  .a  particular 
manner.  The  northern  Coixans  are 
larger  sized  and  more  robust  thanttiose 
of  the  south  ;  have  a  taste  for  arms, 
and  become  excellent  soldiers.  Their 
arms  are  cross-bows  and  long  sabres> 
Men  of  learning  are  distinguished  from 
other  classes  of  people  by  two  plumes 
of  feathers  in  their  caps;  and  when 
merchants  present  the  Coreans  with 
any  books  for  sale,  they  dress  them- 
selves in  their  richest  atUrc,  and  burn 
perfumes  before  they  treat  concerning 
the  price.  The  Coreans  mourn  three 
years,  as  in  China,  for  a  father  or  mo- 
ther ;  but  the  time  of  mourning  for  a 
brother  is  confined  to  three  months. 
Their  dead  are  not  interred  until  three 
years  after  tlieir  decease;  and  when 
the  ceremony  of  interment  is  perform- 
ed,  they  place  around  the  tomb  the 
clothes,  chariot,  and  horses,  of  the  de- 
ceased, with  whatever  else  he  showed 
the  greatest  fondness  for  while  alive  j 
all  wliich  they  leave  to  be  carried  ofi"  by 
the  assistants.  Their  houses,  as  in 
China,  consist  only  of  one  story,  and 
are  very  ill  built.  Their  writing,  dress, 
religious  ceremonies,  and  creed,  as 
well  as  the  greater  part  of  their  cus- 
toms, are  borrowed  from  the  Chinese^ 
Their  women,  however,  are  less  con- 
fined, and  have  the  liberty  of  appear- 
ing in  public  with  the  other  sex,  for 
wiiieli  tijcy  ai-e  often  ridiciUed  by  their 
neighbours.  They  differ  from  the  Chi- 
nese also  in  tiieir  ceremonies  of  mar- 
aiage,  and  in  the  manner  of  contracting 
it;  the  parties  in  thia  country  taking 
tlie  lilicrty  to  choose  for  themselves, 
without  consulting  the  inclinationg  of 
their  parents,  or  suffering  them  to  throw 
any  obstacles  in  their  way. 
Corfe-Cattie,   a  borough  in  Dorset*- 


9f^"S^ 


:  o  R 

with  a  kind  of  palm.lfee 
a  gum  capable  of  produ- 
r  varnish  little  inferior  to 
ce  also  are  exported  ca«t- 
skins;  also  gold,  silver, 
isil  salt;  a  kind  of  small 
aintinff,  made  of  the  hair 
il,  aP':  likevfise  manufuc- 
rhich  are  exported  to  Chi- 
ly  esteemed  there.     The 
bound  in  fish,  and  great 
whales  are  found  there 
iwards  tl»e  N  E.    The  Co- 
:11  made,  ingenious,  brave 
.;  arc  fond  of  dancing,  and 
docility  in   acquiring  the 
,  which  they  apply   with 
r,  and  honour  in  a  partjcular 
'he  northern  Coi-cans   are 
andmorc  robust  than  those 
li ;  have  a  taste  for  arms, 
;  excellent  soldiers.    Their 
i-oss-bows  and  long  sabresv 
rning  are  distinguished  irom 
Es  of  peopte  by  two  plumes 
,  in  their  caps;  and  when 
present  the  Coreans  with 
for  sale,  they  dress  them- 
leir  richest  attire,  and  burn 
jefore  they  treat  concerning 
The  Coreans  mourn  three 
tn  China,  for  a  father  or  mo- 
Ithe  time  of  mourning  for  a 
confined  to  three  months. 
1  are  not  interred  untd  three 
r  Uieir  decease ;  and  when 
ony  of  interment  is  perform- 
ilace  around  the  tomb  the 
lariot.  and  horses,  of  the  de- 
ith  whatever  else  he  showed 
•St  fondness  for  while  alive  ; 
[hey  leave  to  be  carried  ott  by 
ants.     Their  houses,   as  in 
naist  onlv  of  one  story,  and 
il  built.  Their  writing,  dress, 
ceremonies,   and  creed,    as 
e  greater  part  of  their  cus- 
borrowed  from  the  Chinese, 
men,  however,  are  less  con- 
L  have  the  liberty  of  appear- 
,Uc  with  the  other  sex,   for 
•v  aie  of\en  ridicided  by  their 
s    They  differ  from  the  Chi- 
in  their  ceremonies  ofmar- 
a  in  Uie  manner  of  contracting 
artics  in  thU  country  taking 
,  ,0   choose  for  themselves, 
consulting  the  i'W^l'nf  """^^ 
nts,  or  suffering  them  to  throw 
Hcles  in  their  way.  ^     _^,.  .. 
attie,   a  borough  m  Dorset- 


1 


COR 

shire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  seated  in  a  peninsuU,  called  the  Isle 
of  Purbeck,  on  a  river,  between  two 
hills,  on  one  of  wliich  stands  the  castle, 
fonnei'ly  a  place  of  g^eat  importance. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
its  aldermen  tiuvc  the  title  of  barons. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  21  miles  E  of  Dorchester,  and 
120  VV  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  4  W, 
lut.  50  36  N. 

Corfu,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
ncan,  near  Albania,  subject  to  the  Ve- 
netians, and  the  most  important  place 
tliey  have  in  tliese  parts,  because  it 
rommands  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is 
defended  by  an  impregnable  castle. 
Here  is  made  a  great  quantity  of  salt ; 
.ind  it  abounds  \n  ith  vineyards,  lemons, 
and  olives.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  handsome  metropolitan 
church  of  the  Greeks,  on  tlie  £  coast 
Lon.  20  0  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Coria,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon;  seated  on  the  Alagon,  120  miles 
S  VV  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  40 
ON. 

Corinth,  now  called  Corantho,  or  Go- 
ravie,  a  celebrated  city,  in  the  Morea, 
with  a  Greek  ai'chbishop's  see.  It  was 
one  of  the  most  important  ])lace9  in 
Greece,  on  account  of  its  situation  on 
the  isthmus  into  the  Morea;  its  castle 
on  tlie  top  of  an  almost  inaccesible 
rock ;  its  harbours  on  the  gulfs  of  Le- 
panto  and  Engia;  its  riches,  and  its 
architects,  sculptors  and  painters,  who 
were  the  most  skilful  in  Greece.  It 
once  belonged  to  tlie  Venetians,  but 
the  Turks  became  masters  of  it  in  1715, 
and  have  kept  it  ever  since.  It  is  now 
greatly  decayed;  for  the  houses  are 
not  contiguous,  but  intermixed  with 
fields  and  gardens,  which  make  it  look 
like  a  village.  The  country  about  it 
abounds  with  com,  wine,  and  oil,  and 
from  tite  castle  is  a  fine  prospect  over 
the  bea  to  the  E  and  W,  and  a  fertile 
country  N  and  S.  The  inhab.tants  are 
chiefly  Christians,  of  the  Greek  chui'ch. 
It  is  40  miles  N  W  of  Atliens  Lon. 
23  3  E,  lat  38  14  N. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  nf,  in  the  Morea,  a 
neck  of  land  which  joins  tlie  Morea  to 
Livadia,  and  reaches  from  the  gulf  of 
Le panto  to  that  of  Engia.  There  are 
still  the  ruins  of  a  town  upon  it,  and  of 
the  temples  dedicated  to  the  Sim,  Plu- 
to, Diana,  Neptune,  Ceres,  and  Bac- 
chus. The  narrowest  part  of  it  is  six 
miles  over ;  and  on  a  mpunt  there,  call- 


COR 

ed  Oneius,  were  formerly  celebrated 
the  Isthmian  games.  Julius  Cesar, 
Caligula,  and  Nero,  in  vain  attempted 
to  cut  a  channel  through  the  isthmus ; 
they  therefore  built  a  wall  across  it, 
called  Hexamilium,  because  it  was  six 
miles  in  lengtii.  This  was  demolished 
by  Amurath  II.  rebuilt  by  the  Vene- 
tians, and  let'elled  a  second  time  by 
Mahomet  II. 

Corita,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  33 
miles  E  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  49  W, 
lat.  41  5  N. 

Cork,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  M.inster,  80  miles  in  length, 
and  50  in  bi-cadtli ;  hounded  on  the  W 
by  Kerry  and  the  Atlantic,  on  t!ie  N  by 
Limerick,  on  the  E  by  Waterford,  and 
on  the  S  and  S  E  by  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel. It  contains  232  parislies,  and  be- 
fore tlie  Irish  Union  sent  26  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  fertile  and  popu- 
lous, and  has  two  remarkable  rivers, 
the  Blackwater  and  Lee. 

Cork,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Cork,  with  a  !>isbop's  see.  It  is  a  neat, 
wealthy  and  populous  place,  on  the 
river  Lee,  where  it  has  a  commodious 
harbour.  It  is  the  first  town  of  Ireland 
for  trade  except  Dublin.  It  was  taken 
by  the  earl  of  Mai-lborough  in  1690.  It 
is  14  miles  fi-om  St.  George's  Channel, 
and  124  S  VV  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8  23  W, 
lat  51  54  N. 

Corlin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia,  seated  on  the  river  Persant,  eight 
miles  S  E  of  Colberg.  Lon.  15  47  £, 
lat  54  16  N. 

Cormentin,  a  fortress  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Guinea,  belonging  to  ^he 
Dutch,  Near  it  is  the  town,  which  is 
large  and  po,/ulous.  Lon.  0  15  W, 
lat.  5  30  N. 

Cannery,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine.  It  had  before 
the  French  revolution  a  rich  Benedict* 
ine  abbey,  and  is  seated  on  tlie  Indre, 
eight  miles  from  Tours.  Lon.  0  38  £, 
lat.  47  30  N. 

Cornet,  a  castle  on  the  island  of 
Guernsey.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat  49  30 
N. 

Corneto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Marta,  tliree  miles  E  of 
the  sea,  and  37  N  W  of  Rome.  Lon. 
11  53  E,  lat  42  15  N. 

Corniaall,  a  county  which  forms  di» 
S  W  extremity  of  Engl-md  ;  bounded 
on  the  £  by  Devonshire,  on  the  S  t^.. 


m 


..  L- 


COR 


COR 


the.Enp^Ii«h  Channel,  and  on  the  N  W 
by  St.  Georffe's  Channel  This  coun- 
ty is  80  miles  long-,  40  broad,  and  350 
in  circumference,  containing  960,000 
kcrcs,  and  126,000  inhabitants.  Its 
chief  rivers  are  the  Tamar,  Tale,  Co- 
ber.  Loo,  Camel,  Fowe,  Haile,  Le- 
mara,  Kcnse  and  Aire.  Its  principal 
capes  or  head  lands  are  the  Land's 
End,  the  Lizard,  Cape  Cornwall, 
Dcadman'8  Head,  Kanie  Head,  &c. 
and  a  cluster  of  islands,  145  in  number 
called  the  Scilly  isles,  supposed  for- 
merly to  have  belonjifed  to  the  main- 
land, thoug'li  now  30  miles  distant  ; 
•bounding  with  antiqtilties  particularly 
druiilical.  It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Ex- 
eter ;  contains  nine  hundreds,  27  mar- 
ket-towns, and  161  parishes  ;  and  sends 
44  members  to  parliament.  As  Corn- 
wall is  surrounded  by  the  sea  on  all 
sides  except  the  E,  tlie  summers  arc 
less  hot,  and  the  winters  less  cold,  than 
in  other  parts  of  England,  and  the 
spring  and  harvest  are  observed  to  be 
more  backward.  High  and  sudden 
wmds  are  also  more  common  in  tliis 
than  in  other  counties  of  England. 
The  soil,  as  it  is  shallow,  is  not  ve- 
ry fruitful,  especially  in  the  centre 
or  the  hilly  parts  ;  the  valleys  are  very 
pleasant  and  fertile,  yielding  great 
plenty  both  of  corn  and  pasture.  The 
lands  near  the  sea-coast  are  manured 
and  fertilized  with  sea-weed,  and  a 
kind  of  sand  formed  by  the  particles  of 
broken  shells  as  they  arc  dashed  against 
each  other  by  the  sea.  It  has  plenty 
of  gea-herbs,  and  soi^e  other  plants 
peculiar  to  its  insular  situation.  The 
Phenicians  early  visited  these  coasts, 
come  think,  400  or  450  years  before 
Christ.  It  derives  its  chief  importance 
Crom  its  minerals.  The  mines  of  tin 
are  numerous,  and  are,  in  general,  very 
rich  in  ore ;  these  have  rendered  this 
county  famous  in  all  ages.  There  has 
been  sometimes  found  a  small  quantity 
of  gold  and  silver,  but  not  worthy  of 
notice.  With  the  metalline  ores  are 
intermixed  large  quantities  of  mundic 
and  arsenic-  Many  sorts  of  stones  are 
also  found  here,  particularly  moorstone 
which  is  used  both  in  buildings  and  for 
millstones ;  when  polished,  it  appears 
more  beautiful  tlian  any  of  the  marble 
kind,  and  makes  the  richest  Aimiture, 
as  tables,  chimneypieces,  &c.  but  being 
exceedingly  hard,  the  polishing  is  ex- 
pensive. The  copper  mines  are  also 
9umerou8,  and  rich  in  ore.    |(t  many 


cavernous  parts  of  the  rocks  are  (bund 
transparent  crystals,  railed  Cornish  di- 
amonds, they  being  very  brilliant  when 
well  polished.  This  county  was  one 
of  the  places  to  which  the  ancient  Bri- 
tons retreated,  whose  language  wag 
retained  even  to  this  century,  but  it  is 
now  quite  extinct.  The  king's  eldest 
son  is  born  duke  of  Cornwall,  and  de- 
rives a  revenue,  not  only  from  lands 
appertaining  to  the  dutchy,  but  from 
the  mines  of  tin  and  copper ;  he  has 
under  him  an  officer,  called  lord  ward- 
en of  the  Stannary  Courts,  whose  juris- 
diction extends  over  the  mines  and  mi- 
ners of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire  ;  and 
he  appoints  in  his  privy  council,  the 
sheriflTofthe  former  county.  Launce- 
ston  is  the  capital. 

Corivuiall,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
countv,  Connecticut,  10  miles  N  W  of 
Litchfield,  and  42  W  by  N  of  Hart- 
ford, with  1614  inhabitants. 

Coro.     See  Veneztiela. 

Corotnandel,  Coast  of,  the  most  eastern 
partoftlie  Hither  India,  lying  between 
10  and  20  (leg.  N  lat.  and  79  30  and  8« 
30  E  long.  It  is  terminated  by  Golconr 
(la  on  the  N,  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  on 
the  E,  by  Madura  on  the  S,  and  by 
Bisnagar  Proper  on  the  W.  Some 
geographers  consider  the  southern  li- 
mit of  Golconda  to  be  Cape  Comorin, 
and  the  noi-them  Masulipatam.  On 
this  coast,  Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George, 
Pondicherry,  and  many  other  Europe- 
an forts  and  factories  are  situated, 
from  whence  chintz,  calicoes,  and  mus- 
lins are  exported  to  Europe,  together 
with  some  diamonds.  There  is  not  a 
port  for  large  ships  on  the  whole  coast. 
Madras  is  tlie  principal  town. 

Corcm,  a  seaport  of  the  Morea,  seat- 
ed on  a  bay,  15  miles  SE  of  Modon. 
Lon.  21  50  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Coronation  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island 
of  NewCiledonia,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  1 67  8  E,  lat.  22  5  S. 

Corregio,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name  in  the  Mo- 
denese,  with  a  castle,  nine  miles  N 
£  of  Reggio.  Lon.  11  12  £,  lat.  4A 
46  N. 

Correze,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  pfbvince  of  Lio^osin.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a  river,  whi6h  falls 
into  the  Vezere,  afler  having  watered 
Tulles  and  tirives.  Tulles  is  the  capi* 
tal. 

Ccavham,  a  town  in  Wilts,  where  the 
Saxon   king  fithelred  had  n,  pfdi^. 


COR 

urts  of  the  rocks  are  (bund 
crystnlH,  called  Cnrnigh  di- 
y  beinfi;  very  brilliant  wlicn 
(1.  Tliis  county  wus  one 
I  to  wliich  the  ancient  Bri> 
ed,  whose  lunguacfc  was 
n  to  this  century,  but  it  is 
xtinct.  The  king's  eldest 
duke  of  Cornwall,  and  de- 
cnue,  not  only  from  lands 
'  to  the  dutchy,  but  from 
f  tin  and  copper;  he  has 
n  officer,  called  lord  ward- 
innary  Courts,  whose  juris- 
nds  over  tlie  mines  andmi- 
iwall  and  Devonshire  ;  and 

in  his  privy  council,  the 
;  former  county.  Launce- 
apital. 

a  post  town   in   Litchfield 
necticut,  10  miles  N  W  of 
and  42  W  by  NofHart- 
514  inhabitants. 
B  Venezuela. 

'.I,  Coast  of,  the  most  eastern 
iither  India,  lying  between 
:g.  N  lat.  and  79  30  and  86 
t  is  terminated  by  Golconr 
■,  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  on 
udura  on  the  S,  and  by 
roper  on  the  \V.  Some 
I  consider  the  southern  U« 
)nda  to  be  Cape  Comorin, 
irthern  Mosulipatam.  On 
Iitdras,  or  Fort  St.  George, 
,  and  many  other  Europe- 
d  factories  are  situated, 
;  chintz,  calicoes,  and  mus- 
orted  to  Europe,  together 
"umonds.  There  is  not  a 
e  ships  on  the  whole  coast, 
le  principal  town, 
eaport  of  the  Morea,  seat- 
15  miles  S  £  of  Modon. 
lat.  36  50  N. 

Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island 
donia,  in  the  South  Pacific 

.  J67  8  E,  lat.  225  S. 

town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 

he  same  name  in  the  Mo« 

a  castle,  nine  miles  N 

o.    Lon.  11  12  £,  lat.  44 


department  of  France,  con<- 
atepfbvince  of  Limosin.  It 
[le  from  a  river,  whi6h  falls 
ere,  afler  having V'tered 
(rives.    Tulles  ia  the  capi* 

L  town  in  Wiks,  where  the 
£tbelred  bad  «,  p«db^. 


1 


COR 

Here  are  some  considerable  clothier*. 
It  is  t")  w  iniles  S    VV  of  Chippenliam. 
(,'inica,  an  ishuul  in  the  Mediterru- 
ne;iii,  lietween  8  and  10"  E  lon.  and  41 
and  43°  N   hit.     On  the  ii  it  is  sepa- 
ratcil  from   Sardinia,  by  tlie  strait  of 
Doiiifiicio ;  to  the  E  it  hus  tlie  Tuscan 
Sea;  to  the  N  the  gulf  of  Genoa;  and 
t(i  tiie  W  it  is   opposite  the   coasts  of 
Fr;ii'."c   und   Sp.iin.     It  is    150   miles 
friiin  V  to    S,    und  from   40  to   50  in 
bi'f  .  Itli.     It  was  known  to  the  ancient 
Gi'ci  Us   by  the   names   of  Calista  and 
CvinuR,  anil  to  t!ic  Romans  by  its  pre- 
sent  .ippcllation.      On   the    coast  arc 
mnny  excellent  harbours.     The   air  'u 
very  imwholcsomc,  and  the  land  hilly, 
full  of  stones,  and  cultivated  very  poor- 
ly ;  however  the  vallies  produce  wheat, 
and  the   hills   fruits,  viz.  olives,   figs, 
grapes,  almonds,  and  chesnuts.     They 
iiavc  horses  also  of  a  very  fiery  nature. 
Besides,  there   are  mines  of  iron,  and 
a  great  deal   of  Hsh  and  coral  on  the 
coast.       In   the  middle  there    is  the 
mountain   Gradaccio,  where  there  are 
two    l.ikcs,    near    each    other,     from 
whence  proceed  the  two  principal  ri- 
vers.    There  is  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
which  divide  the  island  into  two  parts, 
•he  N  and  S.    The  capital  is  Bastia.    It 
belonged  to  the  Genoese,  but  the  na- 
tives having  for  many  years  taken  up 
arms  ag<iinst  them,  that  state  surren- 
dered its   right  to  the  king  of  France. 
After  the  French  revolution  in  1789, 
Coi'sica  wtis   admitted  as   an  eighty- 
third    department   of  France,   at  the 
p.^rticular  request  of  a  deputation,  of 
which  Paoli  was  at  the  head.     In  con- 
sequence,   however,    of  some   events 
whicii  followed  tlie  revolution  of  1792, 
Paoli  revolted  ;  the  French,  by  the  as- 
sistance of  the  English,  were  expelled 
from  the   island ;  and  Corsica,  on  titc 
19th  of  June  1794,   was  declared  an- 
nexed to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain, 
according  to  anew  constitution,  which 
had  been  previously  formed.     It  has 
since  revolted  to  France  and  tlie  En- 
glish viceroy  has  been  recalled. 

Cortoer,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
W  side  of  the  isle  of  Zealand,  on  a  pen- 
insula, in  the  Great  Belt.  It  has  a 
good  harbour  for  light  vessels,  and  is 
defended  by  a  citadel.  Lon.  11  12  £, 
lat.  55  12  N. 

Corte,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  itiaftd  of 
Corsica,  seated  partly  on  the  foot*  and 
partly  on  Uie  declivity  of  a  rock,  at  th« 
confluence  of  the  Tavignano  and  Re- 


COS 

ainniea.  On  the  point  of  a  rock,  riling 
above  the  rt-M,  at  the  buck  of  tha 
town,  is  the  castle,  which  has  onlyono 
winding  passage  to  climb  up,  in  which 
only  two  persons  can  go  abreast.  It  ia 
27  miles  S  VV  of  Bastia.  Lon.  9  26  E, 
hit,  42  6  N. 

CuriU,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  10  miles  N  E  of 
Ramillies.  Lon.  4  59  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 
Coriona,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  academy,  32 
miles  E  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  52  W,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Coruitna,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gull* 
cia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Groyne.  It  ia 
situated  on  a  line  bay  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  about  32  miles  N  of  Compos* 
tella.     Lon.  8  19  W,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Corvo,  the  smallest  island  of  tho 
Azores.  It  derives  its  name  from  th« 
abundance  of  crows  found  upon  it.  It 
has  about  600  inhabitants,  who  culti- 
vate wheat  and  feed  hogs.  Lon.  31  5 
W,  lat.  39  4-2  N. 

Coryvreian,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  on 
the  W  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the 
isle  of  Scarba  and  the  N  point  of  that 
of  Jura.  It  is  so  named  from  a  young 
Danish  prince  who  perished  in  this 
place :  its  dreadful  vortex  extends 
above  half  a  mile  in  circuit. 

Corzola,  an  Lsland  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  coast  of  Dolmatia.  Lon. 
17  0E,  lat.  43  16  N. 

CosMza,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of 
Calabria  Citeriore,  with  an  archbish- 
op's  see,  and  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Crate,  11  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  105  S  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  10 
£,  lat  39  20  N. 

Cotlin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomera-  ^ 
nia,  10  miles  E  of  Colberg. 

Cotne,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de« 
partment  of  Nicvre  and  late  province 
of  Nivemois.  It  is  seated  at  the  con* 
duence  of  the  Loire  and  Noain,  88 
miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  6  £,  lat.  47 
23  N. 

Cottaet,  a  people  inhabiting  the  con- 
fines of  Poland,  Russia,  Tqrtary,  and 
Turkey.  They  are  divided  into  tho 
Kosakki-sa-Parovi,  the  Kosakki-Don- 
ski,  anifthe  UralianCossacs.  The  Cos- 
sacs  are  tall  and  well  made,  with  a- 
quiline  noses,  and  a  good  mein.  They 
iire  hardy,  vigorous  and  Iwave ;  but 
id  wavering,  the  women  ar* 


^*. 


fickle  and 

liandsome,  well  sh^>ed,'^and  complai- 
sant to  strangers.  The  Uralian  Cos- 
sacs  dwell  in  villages,  along  the  b«4lm 


GOV 


of  tlie  Urul,  and  their  cliief  town  is 
Ur;ilsk.  Tlic  countiy  wliich  the  Kos- 
akki-sa-Parovi  inlialnt,  is  called  the 
L'kr;unc  :  and  their  towns  arc  built  of 
•wood  uCtcr  tile  iiiunncrof  tlie  Russians. 
Tiic  Kosakki-Donski,  dwell  on  both 
sides  of  the  Don  ;  are  under  tlie  protec- 
tion of  Russia,  and  profess  tlic  same 
religion,     See  Ukraine  and  Uraiian  Cos- 

tacs.  , 

Cossimbazar,  A  small  city  of  Hmdoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  Bengal,  nearly  adjacent 
to  Moorshediibad.  It  has  been  at  all 
times  the  residence  of  the  diherent 
European  factors,  tliis  being  the  cen- 
tre of  tlieir  trade.  It  is  seated  on  an 
island,  in  Hoogly  River,  110  miles  N 
of  Calcutta.    Lon.  85  22  E,  lat.  23  40 

N. 

Coitagnazzar,  the  highest  mountain 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Romania,  an- 
ciently called  Haemus. 

Costa  /?;crt,  aprovinoE  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  New  Spain,  bounded  on  tlie  N 
E  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  S  W 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  N  W  by 
Nicaragua,  and  on  tlie  S  E  by  Veragua. 
New  Carthage  is  the  capital. 

Cotbiis,  a  town  of  Lower  Lusatia, 
subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  A  great 
number  of  French  protestants  fled 
here  from  the  persecutions  of  their 
own  country,  and  introduced  their  ma- 
nufactures. It  is  noted  for  excellent 
beer,  pitch,  and  the  cultivation  of  flax. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Spree,  60 
miles  S  by  E  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  12  E, 
lat.  51  36  N. 

Cote  d'or,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Burgundy.     Dijon  is  the  capital. 

Cotes  nu  J^or(/,adepartment  of  France, 
80  named  from  its  northerly  maritime 
position,  containing  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Bretagne.  St  Brieux  is 
the  capital.  . 

Cotigniac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  late  province 
of  Provence,  on  the  river  Argens. 

Cotesviold,  or  Coisviotd  Hills,  a  long 
tract  of  high  gi'ound  in  the  E  part  of 
Gloucestershire.  Affording  in  many 
places  a  fine  short  grass  for  the  feed  of 
sheep,  and  ovicrs  are  devoted  to  tlie 
growUi  of  corn. 

Couiy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  nine  miles  N  of 
Soissoijs.    Lon.  3  13  E,  lat.  49  31  N. 

Coventry,  a  city  in  Wai-wickshire, 
which,  with  Lichfield,  is  a  bishop's 
see.    Its  market  is  on  Friday.    It  is  a 


c  o  u 

county  of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliameni. 
It  has  three  parish-chuiches,  two  fite-     * 
schools,  and   several   hospitals.    'Ihe 
houses  being  mostly  old,  and  built  of 
wood  and  plaster,  with  stories  projec- 
ting over  each  otlicr,  make  a  mean  ap- 
])earancc.     The  walls  were  ordered  to 
be  demolished  at  the  Restoration,  and 
now  nothing  remains  of  them  but  the 
gales,  wliich  are  very  lofty.  The  town- 
house  is  much  admired  for  its  painted 
windows,   reijresenting  several  kings 
and  others  that  have  been  benefactors 
to  tlie  city.     At  present   its  principal 
blanch  is  that  of  silk  ribands  \  some 
gauzes,  camblcts,  and  lastings  are  also 
made  here.     It  has   a  communication 
with   the   Staflbrdshlre  Grand  Trunk, 
by  a  canal  to  Fradley  ;  and  by  another 
canal,  which  joins  the  Oxford  canal  at 
Braunston,    it  has    a    communication 
with    the  Ihames.      Coventry  is  91 
miles  N  W  of  London.    Lon.  1  28  W, 
lat.  52  28  N. 

Coventry,  a  town  in  Tolland  county, 
Connecticut,  14  miles  W  of  Windham, 
and  19  E  of  Hartford,  with  about  2000 
inhabitants.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Covoerden,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Overyssel,  with  a  fortress  in 
the  marshes,  strong  botJi  by  nature  and 
art.  It  is  35  miles  N  E  of  Deventer. 
Lon.  6  35E,  lat.52  46N. 

Courland,  a  dutchy  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  tht  Baltic,  on  the  E  by 
Livonia,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Poland. 
It  is  divided  into  Courland  Proper  and 
Seinigallia;  its  length  is  about  150 
miles,  and  its  breadth  is  in  some 
places  30,  in  others  scarcely  10,  and 
towards  the  S  E  it  stretches  to  a 
point.  The  cwmtry  swells  into  gentle 
hills,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and 
flax.  It  is  mostly  open  i  but  in  some 
parts  there  are  forests  of  pine  and  fir, 
and  groves  of  oak.  It  is  nominally  a 
feudatory  province  of  Poland,  but,  in 
reality,  dependant  on  Russia.  Mittau 
is  the  capital. 

Courtray,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  on  the  river  Lis,  22  miles 
E  of  Ypres.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  April  1794,  in  whose  pos- 
session it  still  remains.  Lon.  3  6  E» 
lat.  50  50  N 

Couserans,  a  late  province  of  France, 
lying  along  the  river  Satat,  and  form- 
ing, witli  Folx,  the  department  of  Ar- 
riege.  , 

Coutmces,  a  seaport  of  France,  la 


mniiitliiriiitiii 


■flitl'iir  i1ll*iii< 


t<wwil.Hrtilwii»ildWmiiu.a-jjJtJ.;.. 


^^VW.j'jlj; 


^-■''UV.^i-feMt.i.'W" 


:  o  u 

If.  governed  by  a  mayor, 

0  members  to  pnrliumym. 
parisli-chuicbcs,  two  lite- 

several  liospituU.  'Ihe 
;  mostly  olil,  and  built  of 
kstcr,  with  stories  projcc- 
cl>  otlicr,  make  a  mean  ap- 

1  he  walls  were  ordered  to 
cd  at  the  Restoration,  and 
■remains  of  them  but  the 
II  are  very  lofty.  The  town, 
ich  admired  for  its  painted 
•cpresenting  several  kmgs 
Lhiit  have  been  bcneii.ctor* 

At  present  its  principal 
that  of  silk  ribands  i  some 
nblets,  and  lastings  are  also 

It  has  a  commnnication 
Stattbrdshire  Grand  Trunk, 
:o  Fradley ;  and  by  another 
:h  joins  the  Oxford  canal  at 

it  has  a  communication 
Ihames.  Coventry  is  91 
r  of  London.    Lon.  1  28  W, 

a  town  in  Tolland  county, 
lit,  14  miles  W  of  Windham, 
^f  Hartford,   with  about  2000 
s      Here  is  a  post  office. 
),,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
Overyssel,  with   a  fortress  in 
les,  strongboUi  by  nature  and 
I  33  miles  N  E  of  Deventer. 
E,lat.52  46N. 
/,  a  dutchy  of  Europe,  bound- 
N  by  tht  Baltic,  on  the  E  by 
nd  on  the  S  and  W  by  Poland, 
led  into  Courland  Proper  and 
a-    its   length  is   abont   150 
ui   its  brettdth    is   in   somo 
»,  in  others  scarcely  10,  and 
the   S    E  it  stretches    to    a 
he  cwintry  swells  into  gentle 
is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and 
is  mostly  open ;  but  in  some 
■re  are  forests  of  pine  and  hr, 
es  of  oak.    It  is  nominally  a 
•  province  of  Poland,  but,  in 
epcndanton  Russia.    MitUU 

ital.  .         .     ,  . 

»,,,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
nds,on  the  river  Lis,  22  mUea 
)res.  It  was  taken  by  the 
n  April  1794,  in  whose  pos- 
t  still  remains.     Lon.  Soft. 

ana,  a  late  province  of  France, 
mg  the  river  Satat,  and  form- 
Foix,  the  department  of  Ar- 

cet,  a  seaport  of  France,  ia 


■MMMO*r 


C  R  A 

the  department  of  the  Channel  and  late 
prnvinrc  of  Normandy.  It  was  foniicr- 
ly  a  hisliop's  see,  and  had  a  fine  cathe- 
dral. It  is  22  miles  N  of  Avranchcs. 
Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 

Cmitraa,  a  town  of  France,  in  llic  de. 
partment  of  Dordogne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  seated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne, 20  nules  N  E  of  Bourdeaux. 
Lon.  0  3  W,  lat.  40  4  N. 

CmubrL'se,  a.  corporate  town  in  Gla- 
morganshire, witii  a  market  on  Tues- 
day. It  is  called,  by  the  Welsh, 
Pont-Van,  from  the  stone  bridge  over 
the  river,  which  soon  after  falls  into 
the  Bristol  Channel.  The  streets  are 
broad  and  paved ;  and  here  the  assizes 
for  the  county  are  held.  It  is  12  miles 
W  of  Cardiff' and  176  of  London.  Lon. 
3  33  W,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Cmues,  a  seaport,  on  the  N  E  side  of 
the  isle  of  Wight,  eight  miles  S  W  of 
Portsmouth.  Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Coytan,     See  ^i/on. 

Cozumei,  an  island  of  North  A^ieri- 
e.1,  on  the  E  coast  of  Yucatan,  where 
Cortez  landed  and  refreshed  his  troops, 
before  he  attempted  the  conquest  of 
Mexico.  It  abounds  with  fruits,  pulse, 
cattle,  and  fowls.  The  original  na- 
tives possess  this  island,  but  are  sub- 
ject to  Spain. 

Crabb  Itland.     See  Boriquen. 

Cracatoa,  tlie  southernmost  of  a  clus- 
ter of  islands  in  the  entrance  of  the 
straits  of  Sunda.  It  consists  of  elevat- 
ed land,  gradually  rising  on  all  sides 
from  the  sea,  and  is  covered  with  trees, 
except  a  few  spots,  which  have  been 
cleared  by  the  natives  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  rice  fields.  The  population 
is  considerable,  and  its  corid  reefs  af- 
ford small  turtles  in  abundance.  Lon. 
105  56  E,  lat  8  6  S. 

Cracov),  a  city,  formerly  the  capital 
of  Poland,  where  the  kings  were  elect- 
ed and  crowned.  It  was  once  almost 
the  centre  of  the  Polish  dominions, 
but  since  the  partition  of  Poland  in 
1774,  it  is  become  a  frontier  town. 
Cracow  stands  in  an  extensive  plain, 
watered  by  the  Vistula,  which  is  broad 
but  shallow:  the  city  and  its  suburbs 
occupy  a  vast  tract  of  ground,  but  are 
so  badly  peopled,  that  they  scarcely 
contain  16,000  inhabitants.  The  great 
square  in  the  middle  of  the  town  is 
very  spacious,  and  has  several  well 
built  hotises,  once  richly  fumisihed 
and  well  inhabited,  but  most  of  them 
now  either  uptenapted  9r  in  a  state  of 


C  R  A 

melancholy  decay.  Many  of  the  streets 
ai-e   broad  and  handsome ;  but  almost 
everv  building  bears  the  niost  striking 
marks     of    ruined     grandeur :      The 
churches  alone  seem  to  have  preserved 
their  original  splendour.     The   devas. 
tation  ot   this   unfortunate    town   was 
begun    by    the    Swedes   at   the   com» 
mcncement  of   the  present    century, 
when  it   was   besieged   and  taken  by 
Charles  XII.  but  the  mischiefs  it  suf- 
fered from  that  ravager  of  the  N  were 
far  less  destructive  than  those  it  cxpe> 
rienced  during  the  late  dreadful  com- 
motions,  when  it  underwent    repeated 
sieges,  and  was  alternately  in  posses, 
sion  of  the  Russians  and  confederates. 
The  eil'ects  of  cannon,  grape,  and  mus- 
ket shot,   are  still  discernible    on  the 
walls  and  houses.    In  a  word,   Cracow 
exhibits  the  remains  of  ancient  magni- 
ficcncc,  and  looks  like  a  great   capital 
in  ruins :  from   the  number   of  fallen 
and  falling  houses  one   would  imagine 
it  had  lately  been  sacked,  and  that  thf 
enemy  had  left  it  only  yesterday.    The 
town  is  surrounded  with  high  walls  of 
brick,     strengthened    by    round     and 
square  towers,   of   whimsical  shajies, 
in  the    ancient  styles  of  fortification: 
The  university  of  Cracow  was  former- 
ly, and  not  uujustly,  c>illed  the  mother 
of  Polish  literature  as  it  principally  sup- 
plied  the  other  seminaries  with  pro- 
fessors and  men  of  learning  t    but  ita 
lustre  has  been  greatly  obscured  by 
the  removal  of  the  royal  residence  to 
Warsaw,  and  still  more  by  the  lat« 
intestine   convulsions.      Towards    tho 
southern  part  of  the  town,  near  the 
Vistula,  rises  a  small  eminence  or  rock, 
upon   the   top  of   which   is   built  tb^ 
palace,  surrounded  with  brick  'vValli 
and  old  towers,  which  form  a  kind  of 
citadel  to  the  town.     When  the  gene^ ' 
ral  insurrection  broke  out,  in   1794, 
against   the    Prussian    and    Russian 
usurpers  of  the  Polish  territory,  Kos- 
ciusco,  the  chief  of  tlie  patriotic  insur> 
gents,  expelled  the  Russian  mrrison 
troin  this  city,  on  the  24th  Of  March 
1794 ;  but  having  marched,   in  the  se- 
quel, to  the  protection  of   Warsaw, 
Cracow  surrendered  to  the  Prussians, 
on  the  15th  of  Jyne.    U  is  seated  on  the 
Vistula,  130  miles  S  S  W  of  Warsaii^, 
Lon.  19  50  E,  lat  50  10  N, 

CraijimiUar^  a  ruinous  castle,  twO 
miles  S  £  of  Edinburg-h,  in  which  Ma-. 
ry  queen  of  Scots  re9ided,  after  Jieit 
r«tum  from  P^urisa   in  1^02.     I)e( 


C  R  E 


C  R  E 


French  retinue  were  lo(l§fed  in  an  ad- 
jacent village,  thence  called  Little 
fi-muc. 

Cniii,  a  boroiipfh  in  Fift-shire,  at  the 
month  of  the  Frith  of  Fortli  «e\eii 
piiles  S  £  of  St.  Andrew's.  Lon  2  36 
^V,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Craiiihiirg,  a  town  of  Germaiiy,  in 
Curniolii,  on  tiie  river  Suve,  20  miles 
N  W  of  Liiubuch.  Lon.  U  5  E,  lut. 
46  36  N. 

Crtinntiond,  a  »m  11  villapc  of  Midlo- 
thiuii,  Scotland,  rcinurkuble  for  the 
traces  of  ii  Roman  station. 

Critviiiiond  ir,ite>;  a  /ivcr  In  F.din- 
burglishirc,  called  al.so  the  Almond. 
For  several  miles  it  divides  this  cotmt) 
from  Linlithgowshire,  and  falls  into 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  village  of 
Crnmniond. 

Cranbourn,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  u  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
■well  watered  with  streams,  and  has 
a  fine  chase  which  extends  almost  to 
Salisbury.  It  is  38  miles  N  E  of  Uor- 
cheater,  and  94  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
51  W,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Cranbrmi,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Satuiday,  13  miles  S  of 
Maidstone,  and  52  S  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  39  E,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Cranganore,  a  town  and  fort  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  lately  subject  to  the 
Dtitch  by  whom  it  was  t.ikcn  from  the 
Porttiguese  in  1662.  In  1789,  the 
Dutch  sold  this  place  to  the  rajah  of 
Travuncore.  But  Tijjpoo  Sultan  re- 
gent of  Mysore,  disputing  the^r  right 
to  sell  it,  a  war  ensued,  which  was 
terminated  in  1792 ;  Tippoo  con  cnt- 
tng  to  pay  three  crores  of  rupees,  and 
to  cede  one  half  of  his  dominions  to  the 
three  confederate  powers.  Cranga- 
nore is  seated  at  the  moiitli  of  a  river, 
24  miles  N  by  W  of  Cochin.  Lon.  76 
30E,  lat.  10  23  N. 

Crato,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  seven  miles  E  of  Portalegra.  It 
has  29  parishes  under  its  jurisdiction, 
beside  the  capital  priory  belonging  to 
the  order  of  Malta.  Lon.  7  20  W,  lat. 
39  6  N.  '    ■ 

Crecy,  or  Creity,  a  village  of  Francp, 
in  thp  department  of  the  Straits  of 
Calais  and  late  province  of  Picardy, 
remarkable  for  the  victory  gained  by 
Edward  III.  in  1346.  It  is  32  miles  S 
by  E  of  Calais. 

Crediton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
»  market  on  Saturday.  The  church 
)b  8  han49ome  structure,  built  in  the 


form  of  a  cathedral,  to  wliich  belongi 
a  free  school.  I  he  town  was  alniost 
all  destrojcd  by  lire  in  1743.  It, has 
a  considerable  nianufacture  of  scrn'cs, 
and  is  seated  between  two  hills,  U 
miles  N  W  of  Exeter,  and  181  \\  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lut.  50 
49  N. 

Creetirun,  a  small  port  of  Scotland, 
on  the  E  side  of  VVigton  Day,  in  Kirk- 
cudbrig'itshire.  Here  several  bloops 
arc  constantly  employed  in  carrxinjf 
scashells  coastwise,  or  importing  coal 
and  lime  from  Cumberland. 

Crtiff,  a  town  in  Perthshire,  v/ith  an 
annual  fair  for  cattle,  one  of  the  great- 
est in  Scotland.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Earn,  20  miles  W  of  Perth. 

Cm/,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Oise,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vincc  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on 
the  Oise,  five  miles  E  of  Scnlis.  Lon. 
2  43  E,  lat.  49 13  N. 

Crema,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
Cremasco,  with  a  bishoji's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Serio,  20  miles  N  nf 
Pl.iceiitia.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 
Creniiii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Iscre  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  near  tlic  Rhone,  20  miles 
N  E  of  Vicnnc.  Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  45 
44  N. 

Cremnitz,  the  principal  mine -town 
of  Upper  Hungary,  70  miles  N  E  of 
Prcsburg.  Lon.  19  6  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 
Cremona,  an  ancient  town  <d'  Italy, 
capital  of  the  Cremonesc,  defendeilhy 
a  strong  castle.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight,  the  houses  well-built, 
the  churches  handsome,  i.nd  the 
squares  large.  In  1702  prince  Eugene 
introduced  a  body  of  troops  by  a  sub. 
terranean  passage,  surpriaed  and  t<H»k 
prisoner  marshal  Villeioy,  and,  but  for 
an  accident,  would  have  taken  the  town. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  .-uid  re- 
taken; and  it  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  May  1796,  but  has  been 
since  retaken  by  tlie  Russians  under 
Suwarrow.  It  was  the  see  of  a  bi- 
shop,  and  hada  universitv.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Po,  30  miles  N  "W  of  Parma. 
Lon.  9  58  E,  lat.  45  8  N. 

Crenwvese,  a  territory  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Milan,  hounded  on  the  E  by 
Mantua,  on  the  N  by  Bresciano,  on  the 
W  by  Cremasco,  and  on  the  S  by  Par- 
ma. It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  fruits. 
Cremona  is  the  capital. 
Cremjten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 


C  R  E 

riitliedrul,  to  wlilcli  belonpfi 
lol.  'I'lic  towii  was  alnii)>it 
c(l  by  lire  in  174,3.  Itliaj 
ible  niHiiiitkcturL-  ol'  sci-hts, 
ted  between  two  hills,  ij 
'  of  tlxeter,  and  181  W  [,y 
Ion.     Loll.  3  45  W,   lut.  50 

,  ft  small  port  of  Scotland, 
(Ic  of  VV  iffton  Day,  in  Kirk, 
iiire,  litre  several  bloops 
ntly  employed  in  currjinjf 
oust  wise,  or  importing  coid 
om  Cumberland, 
town  in  Perthshire,  v/ith  an 
for  cattle,  one  of  the  great- 
land.  It  is  seated  on  the 
ilcs  W  of  Perth, 
own  of  France,  now  in  the 
L  of  Oise,  lately  in  the  pro. 
.'  Isle  of  France,  seated  on 
ive  miles  E  of  Scnlis.  Lon. 
4913  N. 

I  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
with  a  bisho]i's  see.     It  is 

the    Serio,   20  miles   N  of 
Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.   45  35N. 

II  town  of   France,  in  the 
of  Iscre  and  late  province 

y.  It  is  seated  at  tlie  foot 
in,  near  tlie  Rhone,  20  miles 
inne.     Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  45 

,  the  principal  mine -town 
iungnrv,  70  miles   N  E  of 

Lon.  19  6  E,  hit.  48  32  N. 

an  ancient  town  of  Italy, 
le  Cremonesc,  dtfenile<lby 
itle.  The  streets  are  broad 
tit,  the  houses  well-built, 
hes  handsome,  iind  the 
re.  In  1702  prince  Eugene 
n  body  of  troops  by  a  »ub. 
iissage,  siirpriaed  and  took 
ii'shal  Villeroy,  and,  but  for 
would  have  taken  the  town, 
several  times  taken  .ind  re. 
1  it  surrendered  to  the 
May  1796,  but  has  been 
3n  by  tlie   Russians  under 

It  was  the  see  of  a  hi- 
lad  a  university.  It  is  scat- 
o,  30  miles  N  "W  of  Parma. 
,  lat.  45  8  N. 

,  a  territory  of  Italy,  in  the 
lilan,  hounded  on  the  E  by 
the  N  by  Bresciano,  on  the  • 
usco,  and  on  the  S  by  Par. 
fertile  in  wine  and  fruits, 
the  capital, 
a  town  of  Gerjmany,  in  the 


M 


C  R  I 

dutchy  of  Holstein,  five  miles  from 
Hamburgh. 

Cresapa/mrg,  a  post  town  of  Allegha- 
ny county,  Maryland,  on  the  VV  side  of 
p'litomac  river,  seven  niiU's  S  \V  of 
Cuinl>erlan(l,eiglit  N  of  Frankfurd,  and 
155  from  Waaltiiij^ton. 

Ciencentiiw,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on 
the  river  Pi).  It  was  taken  bv  the  French 
in  1704,  and  by  the  allies  in  1706.  It 
is  20  miles  N  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  U  0  E, 
lat.  45  20  N. 

Creipy,  a  town  of  France  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  Fninrc,  32  miles  N  W  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  3.')  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Creasy.     See  Crecy. 

Crat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Drouse  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  Drome,  15 
miles  S  E  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  26  E, 
lat.  44  40  N. 

Creveeoeur,  a  town  of  Frnnce  in  the 
department  of  the  North  und  late  pro- 
vince of  Cumbrcsis,  on  the  Sclu-hi, 
five  miles  S  of  Cambray.  Lon.  3  20  E, 
lat.  50  6  N. 

Creveeoeur,  a  town  and  fort  of  Dutch 
Brabant,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dom- 
niel  with  the  Maesc,  four  miles  N  W 
of  Bois-le-Duc.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  when  they  overr.iu 
HolLmd. 

Creuse,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining tlie  late  province  of  Marche. 
Gueret  is  the  capital. 

Creutznach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  witli  a  cas- 
tle, on  an  eminence.  It  has  been  fre- 
quently taken  during  the  present  war, 
the  last  time  by  the  French  in  1796.  It 
is  seated  on  tiie  Nahe,  over  wliich  is  a 
stone  bridge,  20  miles  S  \V  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  7  55  E,  lat.  49  44  N. 

Crewieme,  H  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  a  branch  of  the  Parret,  25 
miles  S  of  We'.ls,  and  132  W  S  W  of 
London.     Lon.  3  0  W,  Ikt.  50  50  N- 

Crevisville,  a  post  town  of  Goochland 
county,  Virginia,  lying  on  the  S  side 
of  South  Anna  river,  a  branch  of  Pa- 
munkey  river,  20  miles  ?  E  of  Colum- 
bia Court-house,  and  122  froip  Wath- 
ingtojt. 

Cricihoivel,  a  town  in  Brecknock- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Usk,  10  miles  S 
E  of  Brecknock,  and  149  VV  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  3  7  W,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Crkklada^  a  borough  in  "^iits,  with 


C  R  I 

ft  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  almoftt 
surrounded  by  the  Thames  ;  and  is  21 
miles  VV  by  S  of  Oxford,  and  83  VV  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  VV,  lat.  51 
38  N. 

Crimea,  or  Crhn  Tartary,  the  ancient 
Taiirica  Chersoiu-sus,  a  peninsula  in 
Asia,  bounded  on  the  S  and  VV  by  the 
lllack  Sc'U ;  on  the  N  by  the  provinca 
of  Cathurinenslaf,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  the  isthmus  of  Perekop  | 
and  on  the  S  by  the  sea  of  Asoph  and 
the  strait  of  Callii.  The  moiintaiiioui 
jiarts  were  inhaiiited  by  the  Tauri,  pro- 
bably a  colony  of  Scythians  ;  and  iti 
coasts  on  the  VV,  the  E,  and  the  S,  by 
Greeks.  The  Scythians  were  driven  out 
by  Mithridates  j  the  Greeks  by  the  Sar- 
matians  i  and  these  again  by  the  Alani 
and  Goths,  a  northern  liord  of  Scytlii- 
ans.  I'jie  Hungarians,  the  Cossacks, 
and  Tartars  succeeded  in  tlieir  turn  j 
while  the  Genot^e  in  the  12th  century, 
held  a  temporary  and  precarious  posses- 
sion of  the  seaports,  wliicli  they  were 
obliged  to  yield  to  the  Turks  in  1475.  At 
the  j>eace  of  1774,  the  Tartars  of  the 
Crimea  were  declared  iiule|)endent. 
The  mountains  are  well  covered  with 
woods  fit  for  the  purpo.se  of  ship-build- 
ing, and  contain  plenty  of  wild  beasts. 
The  valleys  consist  of  line  arable  land  j 
on  the  sides  of  the  hills  grow  corn  and 
vines  in  great  abundance,  and  the  earth 
is  rich  in  mines.  But  these  mountaineers 
are  as  careless  and  negligent  us  the  in- 
liiibitiiiits  of  the  »leserts  :  slighting  all 
these  advantages  ;  and,  like  their  bre- 
thren of  the  lowlands,  are  sulHciently 
happy  if  they  are  in  possession  of  a  fat 
sheep  undiis  much  bre:id  as  serves  them 
to  eat.  In  1783,  the  Russians  took  pos- 
session of  the  country  with  an  army  ; 
the  following  year,  it  was  ceded  to 
them  by  the  Turks  j  and  the  peaceable 
poi-'session  of  the  whole  was  secured  to 
them  in  1791,  by  the  cession  of  the 
fortress  of  Oczakow  The  Crimea  !• 
divided  into  two  parts,  by  mountains 
which  run  E  and  VV.  The  N  division 
is  flat,  poor,  and  fit  for  pasturage  only. 
In  the  S  parts,  the  valleys  are  aston- 
ishingly productive,  and  the  climate 
extremely  mild,  from  the  exclusion  of 
those  violent  winds  by  which  the  N  di-  • 
vision  is  frequently  incommoded.  Be- 
sides the  poi-ts  of  Kerth  and  Jenikale, 
the  raad  of  CafFa,  and  the  harbour  of 
Baluclava,  there  is,  near  Sebastapol, 
one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world. 
The  Crimea  now  forms  one  of  the  tw« 


C  R  O 


C  R  O 


provinces  of  the  government  of  Catlia- 
rinensluf,  under  tlic  name  ofTaurida; 
in  soTne  lute  nrnps  it  is  culled  Taiiricu. 
Achmetscliet  -vrum  made  the  capital  in 
1785. 

Croatia,  formerly  a  part  nf  the  ancient 
lllyricuni,  now  a  ])rovince  of  Hunjjurv, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Stlavonia,  on  the 
E  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S  by  Dalmatia,  and 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the  \V  by 
Cainiola.  The  {p-eatcst  [.art  of  it  be- 
long-s  to  the  ho\ise  of  Aiiiitria.  Carls- 
tadt  is  the  capital. 

Croia,  a  to%vn  of  Albania,  witli  a  hi- 
shop's  sec,  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 13  miles  N  E  of  Durazzo.  Lon. 
19  2r  E,  h.t.  42  6  N. 

Croisic,  or  Croisil,  a  town  of  F'rance, 
now  in  tiiC  department  of  Lower  Loire, 
lately  in  tlic  pr  vince  of  Bretugne.  It 
is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  between 
the  nioutli:<  of  the  Loire  and  Vilaine, 
35  miles  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  2  31  W, 
lat.  47  17  N. 

Croix,  St.  a  liver  of  North  America; 
which  forms  the  N  E  boundary  <if  the 
United  States,  and  falls  into  the  Bay 
of  Fundy. 

Crmnaci-water,  a  lake  of  Cumber- 
land, between  Buttermere-water  and 
Lowes-water,  with  each  of  which  it  is 
connected  by  the  river  Cocker.  It  is 
four  miles  long,  and  near  half  a  mile 
over  ;  beautified  with  tlirce  small  isles, 
one  of  them  a  rock. 

Crmnartj,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
■which  coniprejiends  part  of  a  peninsula 
on  the  S  side  of  the  frith  to  which  it 
g^'es  name.  It  is  bomuled  an  all  sides 
by  Ross-sliive,  except  on  the  E,  where 
it  is  bounded  by  the  Murray  frith.  It 
is  12  miles  from  E  to  W,  and  three  is 
its  greatest  breadth.  It  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated,  and  abounds  with  black 
cattle.  It  sends  one  member  to  parlia- 
ment, alternately  with  Nairne. 

Croniartt;  the  capil.il  of  the  shire  of 
Cromarty,  at  the  mouth  of  the  frith  of 
the  same  name.  This  borough  has  a 
manufacture  of  coarse  cloth,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  corn,  thread,  yarn, 
fish,  and  skins  of  various  sorts.  It  is 
16  mile.s  N  of  Inverness.  Lon.  3  53 
W,  lat.  57  44  N.    . 

Cro}ne>;  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  German  Ocean,  and  formerly  bad  2 
churches,  one  of  which,  with  several 
houses,  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea. 
The  inliabitunt.'i  are  now  chiefly  fisher- 
men ;  «nd  the  best  lobsters,  on  this 


part  of  the  coast,  are  taken  here.  It 
i.s  22  miles  N  of  Norwich,  and  127  N 
E  of  Lordon.  Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  53  0 
N. 

Cromford,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  on 
the  river  Derwent,  two  miles  N  of 
Wirks  worth. 

Cronach,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  tlie  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  with  a  ci- 
tiidel,  25  miles  N  E  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 
11  35E,  lat.  50  27N. 

Cronborg,  a  strong  fortress  of  Den. 
mark,  on  tlieisle  of  Zenland.  near  Elsi- 
nore,  which  guards  the  passage  of  the 
Sound.  Not  far  fiom  this  is  Hamlet's 
Gai'den,  said  to  be  the  spot  where  the 
murder  of  his  father  was  perjietratcd. 
Lon.  12  54  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Croiienburg,  a  towni  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgTuvate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  10  miles  N  of  Fr.mcfort,  on 
the  Maine.     Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Cronstadt,  ato\vn  and  fortress  of  Rus- 
sia, on  the  island  of  Retusari,  in  tlie 
gulf  of  Finland.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
which  is  the  station  of  the  Russian 
fleet,  and  great  magazines  of  naval 
stores,  as  well  as  docks  and  yards  for 
building  ships.  It  is  12  miles  W  of 
Petersburg.  Lon.  29  56  E,  lat.  59  56 
N. 

Cronstad:,  a  town  of  Transylvania. 
See  jirassau. 

Croasen,  a  handsome  town  of  Jilesia, 
capita)  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Bobar  and  Oder,  in  a  country  abound- 
ing with  wine  and  fruit.  The  bridge 
over  the  Oder  is  fortified ;  and  it  is  35 
miles  N  W  of  Glogaw.  Lon.  15  49  E, 
lat.  52  5  N. 

Crotona,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Taranto, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  pnd  a  citadel,    15* 
miles  S  E  of  St.  Scerina.     Lon.  17  27 
E,  lat.  39  9  N. 

Crouch,  a  river  in  Essex,  which  ris- 
ing near  Homdon,  terminates  its  course 
in  the  German  Ocean,  between  Burn- 
ham  and  Foulness  Island. 

Croviland,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  the  fens,  and  had  formerly  an  ab- 
bey of  gTeat  note.  There  is  no  com- 
ing at  it  but  by  narrow  causeways, 
which  will  not  admit  a  cart.  It  has 
three  streets,  separated  from  each  o- 
ther  by  watercourses,  whose  banks 
are  supported  by  piles,  and  set  with 
I  willow,  tre««   The  chief  tfade  is  in 


C  R  O 

le  coast,  are  taken  here.  It 
s  N  of  Norwich,  and  127  N 
ion.    Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  53  0 

■d,  avilkBC  in  Derbyshire,  on 
Derwent,  two  miles  N   of 

rth. 

i,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
ihopric  of  Bamberp,  with  aci- 
miles  N  E  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 
lat.  50  27  N. 

-f,  a  strong  fortress  of  Den- 
the  isle  of  Ze-Mand,  near  Elsi- 
licli  ffiiards  the  iiaasagc  of  the 
Not  far  fiom  this  is  Hamlet's 
said  to  he  the  spot  where  the 
of  his  father  was  perpetrated. 
54  E,  lat.  .^6  0  N. 
tbxirg,  a  towi  of  Germany,  in 
.rravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
n    10  miles  N  of  Francfort,  on 
";.     Lon.  8  40E,  lat.  49  55  N. 
Wf,  a  town  and  fortress  ofRus- 
the  island  of  Retusari,   in  Uie 
Finland.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
is  the   station  of  the   Russian 
md  great  magazines   of  naval 
as  well  as  docks  and  yards  for 
g  ships.    It  is  12  miles  W  of 
Lrg.    Lon.  29  56  E,  lat.  59  56 

,iad^,   a  town  of  Transylvania. 

\assau.  .  ...     . 

ten,  a  handsome  town  of  >.\iesia, 
of  a  principality  of  the  same 
at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
and  Oder,  in  a  country  abound- 
hwine  and  fruit.  The  bridge 
e  Oder  is  fortified;  and  >*  is  35 
«J  W  of  Glogaw.     Lon.  15  Vi !!.» 

L,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 

=teriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Tar^nto, 

bishop's  see,  pad  a  citadel,    15 

E  of  St.  Scv-erina.     Lon.  17  £1 

39  9  N. 

c/i,  a  river  in  Essex,   which  ri«- 

ir  Homdon,  terminates  its  course 

German  Ocean,  between  Bum- 

nd  Foulness  Island.  . 

)land,    a  town  in   Lincolnshire, 

market  on  Saturday.     It  is  seat- 

the  fens,  and  had  formerly  an  ab- 

oTcat  note.    There  is  no  com- 

it  but  by  narrow  causeways, 

will  not  admit  a  cart.    It  has 

streets,  separated  from  each  o- 

Dv   watercourses,   whose   banKs 

ipported  by  piles,  and  ft  with 

trew.    The  chief  tjrade  w  m 


CUB 

fish  and  wild  fowl,  which  are  plentiful 
in  the  adjacent  pools  and  marslies.  It 
ia  11  miles  N  of  Peterborough,  and  93 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W, 
lat.  52  41  N. 

Cravm  Point,  formerly  a  strong  fort 
of  the  British,  at  the  entrance  of  Lake 
Champ'ain,  now  a  post  town  of  Essex 
county,  New  York,  witli  about  950  in- 
liubitants,  and  distant  502  miles  from 
Washington. 

Croydon,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
source  of  the  Waiidle,  surrpunded  in  a 
m.tnner  with  hills,  and  lias  an  hospital 
and  frceschool,  founded  by  archbishop 
Whitgift.  In  the  church  are  many  fine 
monuments  of  the  archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury, who  had  here  an  ancient  pa- 
lace, which  was  alienated  from  the  see, 
by  an  act  of  parliament,  in  1780  :  the 
building,  and  adjoining  premises,  are 
now  occupied  by  some  manufactures. 
Croydon  is  nine  miles  S  of  London. 
Lon.  0  1  W,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Ouxhaven,  a  small  maritime  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  N  part  of  the  dutchy 
of  Bremen,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe,  70  miles  N  W  of  Hamburgh. 

Cuba,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
.It  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
700  miles  in  length,  and  87  in  breadth. 
On  the  E  side  it  begins  at  20  20  N  lat. 
touclies  the  tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  N, 
and  extends  from  74  to  85  15  W  lon. 
It  lies  60  miles  to  the  W  of  His- 
paniola,  25  leagues  N  of  Jamaica,  100 
miles  to  the  E  of  Jucatan,  and  as  many 
to  the  E  of  Cape  Florida.  It  commands 
tlie  entrance  of  the  gulphs  both  of  Mex- 
ico and  Florida,  as  aho  the  windward 
passages.  It  was  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus, in  1492.  The  Spaniards  are 
entirely  masters  of  it,  having  extirpa- 
ted the  natives.  The  soil  is  not  ex- 
tremely fertile  ;  but  there  are  pastures 
sufficient  to  feed  a  great  number  of 
sheep  and  hogs,  which  were  originally 
brought  hither.  There  are  several 
sorts  of  mines  in  the  mountains,  and 
forests  full  of  game.  The  produce  is 
sugar-canes,  ginger,  cassia,  wild  cin- 
namon, and  very  good  tobacco,  called 
by  the  Spani.irds  Cigarros.  The  hills 
run  through  the  middle  of  the  island 
from  £  to  W,  but  near  the  coast  the 
land  is  generally  level ;  and  many  rivu- 
lets flow  from  the  hills  to  the  N  and  S, 
The  hundredth  part  of  this  island  is 
not  yet  cleared.  The  true  plantations 
u»  all  confined  to  Um  beautiful  pUins 


C  UL 

of  the  Havannah,  and  even  those  arC 
not  what  tlicy  might  be.  This  island 
was  taken  by  tlic  EngUsh  in  1761,  but 
i-estored  by  the  peace  of  176J.  It  is 
75  miles  N  of  Jamaica,  and  Havannah 
is  the  capital. 

Cuba,  or  Alcuba,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Aleiitejo,  36  miles  S  by  E  of  Evora. 
Lon.  7  10  VV,  lat.  38  ON. 

Cubagua,  a  barren  island  of  South 
America,  between  that  of  Marg.iretta 
and  Terra  Firma,  where  the  Spaniards, 
in  1509,  established  a  fishery  of  pearls. 
Lon.  54  30  W,  lat.  10  15  N. 

Cuban,  a  large  river,  formed  by  th« 
junction  of  many  streams  that  rise  in 
the  coimtries  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  Caspian.  It  divides  the  Abk- 
has  and  Circassians  from  part  of  Tau" 
rica,  and  falls  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Cuban,  or  Cuban  Tartary,  a  country 
of  Asia,  in  the  Russian  province  of 
Tauricf  '.,  junded  on  the  \V  by  the 
sea  of  Asoph ;  on  the  N  by  the  river 
Don,  whiclk  separates  it  from  Europe ; 
on  the  E  by  the  desert  of  Astracan; 
and  on  the  S  by  the  river  Cuban, 
which  divides  it  from  Circassia  and 
the  country  of  the  Abkhas. 

Cuckfield,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Sussex,  with  a  market  on  Friday,  13 
miles  N  W  of  Lewes,  and  40  S  by  W 
of  London.     Lon.  0  12  W,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Cuddalore,  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandcl,  belon,^ing  to  the  English, 
very  near  tlie  place  where  Fort  St.  Da- 
vid once  stood.  It  is  naturally  a  strong 
situation.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1781 ;  and,  in  1783,  it  stood  a  severe 
siege  against  the  English,  which  waa 
ended  by  the  intelligence  received  of 
the  peace.  It  is  80  miles  S  of  Madras. 
Lon.  79  45  E,  lat.  11  41  N, 

Cuddapa,  a  tow^  of  the  peninsida  of 
Hindoostan,  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan  to 
the  nizain  of  the  Deccan.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Pennar,  95  miles  W  by  N  of  ita 
entrance  at  Gangapatiam,  into  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  and  140  N  W  of  Mad. 
ras.    Lon.  78  47  E,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Cuenza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  with  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  ri- 
ver Xucar,  74  miles  E  by  S  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  40  7  N.  " 

Culemhach,  a  town  of  Franconia,  ca- 
pital of  a  margravate  of  the  same  nar  .e, 
with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Maine,  25  miles  N  E  of  Bamberg. 
Lon.  11  33  E,  lat  50  11  N. 

Cuh-nburg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Quel- 
derUui,  on  th*.m«c  Leek,  13inilea. 


CUM 


CUR 


S  E  of  Utrecht.     Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  51 

58  N. 

CuUacan,  a  town  of  North  America, 
in  Mexico,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  oppo.site  the  S  end 
of  California.  Lon.  10S5  W,  hit.  24  0  N. 

CuUen,  a  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Banffshire,  40  miles  N  VV  of  Aberdeen. 
Near  it  are  seen  three  lofty  spiring 
rocks,  formed  of  flintv  n\asses,  called 
the  Three  Kings  of  Cullen.  Lon.  2  40 
W,  lat.  57  40  N. 

CulUton,  a  town  in  Devonsliirc,  with 
a  market  on  Thvn-sday,  seated  on  tiie 
Cully,  17  miles  S  E  of  Exeter,  and  154 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat. 
50  46  N. 

Cullihkn,  a  viUfige  in  Scotland,  three 
miles  E  of  Inverness,  where  the  duke 
f,i  Cumberland  gained  a  decisive  victo- 
ry over  the  rebels,  in  1746. 

Collumpton.     See  Cobmibton. 

CuLin,  a  '  )wn  of  Western  Prussia, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Vistula,  60  miles  S  of  Dantzic. 
Lon.  18  30  E,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Cithiwie,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Londonderry,  seated  on  the 
coast  of  Loiiglifoyle,  five  miles  N  of 
Londonderry.  Lon.  7  3  W,  lat.  55  8N. 

Cw.'/ie/ie.*-,  aposttown,  and  tlie  capital 
of  Culpeper  county,  Virginia,  20  miles 
N  of  Orange  Court-house,  45  N  VV  of 
Fredericksbur,  -^  the  Rappahannoc, 
and  76  from  f  'on. 

Cuirass,  a   u  on  the   frith  of 

Forth,  in  a  tn  ,.  c  antry  between 
Clackmananshirr  ai..»  . .  nrosshire, 
wljicli  is  reckoned  a!  appendage  of  t'lc 
county  of  Pertli.  Hcie  is  a  magnificent 
palace  with  13  windows  in  front,  built 
about  the  year  1590,  bv  Edward  lord 
Kinloss.     Lon.  3  34  W",  lat.  564  N. 

Cumana.     See  Coinana. 

Cumhcilaml,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Scotland  ;  on  tlic 
E  bv  Norlluimberland,  Uiu-ham,  and 
We'stmoi-elaud ;  on  the  S  by  Lanca- 
shire, and  on  the  W  by  the  Irish  Sea 
and  Sol  way  Frith.  Tii-?  length  from 
north  to  south  may  amount  to  55  miles, 
but  the  breadth  "does  not  exceed  40. 
It  is  well  watered  with  rivers,  lakes, 
and  fountains  ;  but  none  of  its  streams 
are  navigable.  In  some  places  there 
are  very  high  mountains.  The  air  is 
keen  and  piercing  on  these  mountains 
towards  the  north  ;  and  the  climate  is 
moist,  as  in  all  hilly  countries.  The 
soil  varies  with  the  face  of  the  country  j 
being  barren  on  tbe  moors  and  moun- 


tains, but  fertile  in  the  valleys  and  level 
ground  bordering  on  the  sea.  In  gene- 
ral the  eastern  parts  of  the  shire  arc 
barren  and  desolate ;  yet  even  the 
least  fertile  parts  are  rich  in  metals  and 
minerals.  The  mountains  of  Copland 
abound  with  copper :  veins  of  the  same 
metal,  witn  a  mixture  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver, were  found  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  among  the  fens  ot  Derwent ; 
and  royal  mines  were  formerly  wrought 
at  Keswick.  The  county  produces 
great  quantities  of  coal,  some  lead, 
abiuidauce  of  the  mineral  earth  called 
black  lead,  several  mines  of  lapis  cala- 
niinaris;  and  an  inconsiderable  pearl- 
hshery  on  the  coast  near  Ravenglass. 
The  Skiddaw  is  tlie  principal  moun- 
tain J  and  the  chief  rivers  are  the  Eden 
and  Derwent,  Tills  county  and  the 
adjoining  one  ofWcstmoreluud,  ai-e  ce- 
lebrated for  their  lakes,  which  have 
been  repeatedly  described  by  the  pen 
and  pencd.  Tlie  lakes  in  Cumberland 
are  the  Derwent-water,  Bassentli- 
walte-water,  Buttermere-water,  Cro- 
mack-water,  Lowes-water,  Uls-water, 
West-water,  Ennerdale-water,  Elder- 
water,  Broad-water,  &c.  Carlisle  is 
the  capital. 

Cumberland,  the  principal  town  of 
Alleghany  county,  Mj^ryland  ;  situat- 
ed at  the  junction  of  Wills  creek  with 
tl;e  Potowmac  river,  148  miles  from 
Washiiij-ton.  Hither  retreated  the  re- 
mains of  Braddock's  army,  after  tlxeir 
defeat  near  Foit  Pitt  in  ir55. 

Cumberland,  a  county  of  Pennsjlva- 
nia,  37  miles  long,  and  28  broad.  The 
inliabitants  were  reckoned  in  1790,  at 
18,243.     Carlise  is  tlie  capital. 

Cumiray,  t  ■  :at  and  Little,  two 
islands  in  the  frith  of  Clyde,  to  the  E 
ofthe  isle  of  Buie.  The  former  is  re- 
markable for  its  excellent  freestone 
<iuarries,  and  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  ca- 
thedral dedicated  to  St.  Coliunba. 

Cunnhgham,  the  most  nortlierly  divi- 
sion of  Ayrsnire.  Tne  N  W  angle  of 
this  district,though  mountainous  affords 
rich  pasturage.    Its  chief  town  is  Irvin. 

Cupar,  a  royal  borough  of  Fileshire, 
and  the  county-town.  It  is  seated  in 
a  rich  valley  on  the  N  side  of  the  Eden, 
eight  miles  W  S  W  of  St.  Andrew's. 
Lcn.  2  55  W,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Cupar  in  Angut,  a  small  towm  in  Fop- 
faishire,  Scotland,  wholly  employed  in 
Ihe  manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  Fair, 
Thurs.  before  Easter. 

Curatao,  an  iilaud  of  South  Am«ri!:a> 


:  y  R 

le  in  the  valleys  and  level 
•iiig  on  the  sea.  In  gene- 
i  parts  of  the  shire  are 
desolate;  yet  even  the 
Arts  are  rich  in  metals  and 
le  moimtains  of  Cophmd 
;opper  :  veins  of  the  same 
mixture  of  jjold  and  sil- 
and  in  the  reiijn  of  queen 
me  the  fens  of  Ucrweiit ; 
BS  were  formerly  wrought 
The  county  produces 
ies  of  coal,   some   lead, 

the  mineral  earth  called 
2veral  mines  of  lapis  caU- 

an  inconsiderable  pearl- 
;  coast  near  Kavcnglass. 
V  is  the  principal  moun- 
;  chief  rivers  are  the  Eden 
t.  Tills  county  and  the 
!  ofWestinoreluud,  ai-e  ce- 

tlicir  lakes,  wliich  have 
dly  described  by  the  pen 
The  lakes  in  Cumberland 
ervvent-water,    Bassentli- 

Buttermere-water,    Cro- 

Lowcs-water,  Uls-water, 
,  Ennerdale-vTOter,  Elder- 
d-water,  &c.      Carlisle  is 

J,  the  principal  town  of 
•ountv,  Miicyl'^nd;  sltuat- 
ictioii  of  Wills  creek  with 

lac   river,    148  miles  fniin 
Hither  retreated  the  re- 

Kd<iock's  army,  after  Uieir 

Foit  I'ltt  in  IT55. 

ut,  a  county  of  Penn8)lva- 
long,  and  2»  broad.    The 

.ere  reckoned  in  1790,  at 

■lise  is  tlie  capital. 
L:at   and     LUtlf,     two 

|e  iiilli  of  Clyde,  to  the   E 
Bute.    The  former  is  re- 

jr   its  excellent  freestone 

.1  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  ca- 

cated  to  St.  Cohiinba. 

L,  the  most  nortlierly  divi- 

Inire.  Tne  N  W  angle  of 
;houglr  mountainous  aftbrds 
ye.  Us  chief  town  is  Irvin. 
'oyal  borough  of  Fifeshire, 
ity-town.  It  is  seated  in 
on  tlie  N  side  of  the  Eden, 

|W   S  W  of  St.  Andrew's. 

,  lat.  56  15  N. 
ingui,  a  small  town  m  For- 
jtland,  wholly  employed  in 
[ture  of  linen  cloth.    Fair, 
Ire  Easter, 
island  of  South  Amerif*. 


CUT 

to  the  N  of  Terra  Firma,  subject  to 
the  Dutch.  It  is  25  miles  in  lengtli, 
and  12  in  bre:'.dth,  and  its  trade  con- 
sists in  sugiu"  and  skins.  The  princi- 
pal town  is  St.  Peter,  at  the  N  E  c.\- 
trcrnitv  of  the  island,  Lon.  69  X5  \V, 
hit.  12  22  N. 

Curdistan,  a  country  of  Asia,  seated 
between  tlie  Turkish  empire  and  Per- 
sia, lying  along  tlie  eastern  coast  of  the 
river  Tigris,  and  comprcliending  great 
jiart  of  ancient  Assyria.  Some  of  the 
inhabitants  live  in  towns  and  villages, 
and  others  rove  from  place  to  place, 
having  tents  like  the  wild  Arabs,  and 
being  robbers  like  them.  Their  reli- 
gion is  partly  Christianity  and  pai'tly 
Mahometanism ;  but  tliey  ;tfe  very 
loose  in  regard  to  either 

Curia-Maria,  an  island  on  the  coast 
of  Arabia  Felix,  opposite  tiie  mouth  of 
the  river  Prim.  Lon.  55  25  E,  lat.  17  0 
N. 

Cursoiiera,  a  small  island  of  Livadia, 
in  the  gulf  of  Patras,  formerly  called 
Echaiiiules. 

Curzola,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  coast  of  Oalmatia,  about 
20  miles  long.  It  belongs  to  the  Ve- 
netians, and  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Lon.  17  15 
E,  lat.  36  N. 

Cushai,  a  river  of  Nortli  Carolina, 
which  falls  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Cutset,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Allier,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vinee  of  Bourbonnois,  17  miles  N  of 
Roanne.     Lon.  4  5  E,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Cuitrin,  the  capital  of  the  new 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  castle, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  tlie  Oder 
and  Warta.  In  1760,  it  was  bombard- 
ed and  reduced  to  ashes  by  the  Rus- 
sians. Custrin  is  46  miles  E  by  N  of 
Berlin.     Lon.  14  40  £,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Cutait,  a  town  of  Turkey,  the  capital 
of  Imeritia,  and  the  residence  of  its 
sovereign.  The  remains  of  its  cathe- 
dral seem  to  prove  tliat  it  was  once  a 
considerable  place,  but  it  now  scarcely 
deserves  the  name  of  a  village.  Lon. 
43  0  E,  Kt.  43  35  N. 

Cutch,  a  territory  in  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, governed  bv  a  rajah,  and  situate 
on  the  S  E  of  Sindy  :  the  E  branch  of 
the  Indus  separating  the  two  coimtries. 
It  extends  along'  the  N  coast  of  the 
K"lf  of  Cutch,  and  is  separated  from 
Guzeratbythe  river  Puddar.  It  abounds 
with  hills,  woods,  and  sandy  wilds.  Its 
<  spital  is  Boodj^-boodge. 


C  Z  E 

Cuzco,  a  town  of  Porn,  formerly  tha 
residence  of  tlie  Incas,  It  is  .se;ai.'d  .it 
the  fooi  of  a  mountain,  and  is  bmlt  in 
a  square  form,  in  tiie  miiUlle  of  svliicli 
is  tlie  best  market  in  all  America;  four 
large  streets  tcniiinute  in  the  square, 
wliicii  are  itll  as  straigiit  as  a  line,  and 
regard  the  four  quarters  of  the  wnld. 
It  contains  eigiit  large  parishes,  and 
five  religious  houses,  and  tlic  number 
of  the  inhabitants  is  about  5(;,UU0,  of 
which  three-fourllis  are  the  orifjmal 
Americans.  Stieaiiis  of  water  run 
through  the  town,  wiiicii  are  u  great 
convenience  in  so  liot  a  coiiiitr\  wncre 
it  seldom  rains.  It  is  32u  miles  S  of 
Lima.     Lon.  73  47  W,  lat.  12  0  S. 

Cpnis,  an  island  In  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  the  coast  of  Syria.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Tiu-ks  tiom  the  Vciietiuna 
in  1570.  The  soil  is  iui  excellent  fer. 
tile  clay ;  and,  if  tlie  natl\e3  were  in- 
dustrious, tliey  might  make  it  a  para- 
dise. ^  There  is  one  archbishop  and 
three'  bishops.  The  priests  are  ex- 
tremely ignorant,  and  they  submit  to 
the  most  servile  employment  to  get 
money.  The  people  are  very  lascivious, 
and  agree  perfectly  with  the  character 
given  them  by  antiquity.  The  exports 
of  the  island  arc  silk,  wool  and  wine, 
Nicosia  is  the  capital. 

Cyr,  St.  a  village  of  France,  two  miles 
from  Versailles,  celebr.ited  for  a  nun- 
nery, founded  by  Lewis  XIV.  under 
the  patronage  of  madame  de  Mainten- 
on,  who  was  herself  the  abbess  till  her 
death  in  1719.  This  nunnery  has  been 
abolished  since  the  French  revolution, 

Czackthum,  a  strong  place  of  Aus- 
tria, between  the  rivers  Drave  ancl 
Muiiir,  100  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon, 
17  10  E,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Czaslau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital 
oi  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  Here  is 
the  highest  tower  in  Bohemia,  and 
near  this  place  the  king  of  Prussii^ 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Austrians  in 
1742.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Cru- 
denka,  40  miles  S  E  of  Prague.  Lon, 
15  33  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Czetutotovi,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Cra« 
covia,  with  a  fort,  in  which  is  kept  a 
rich  treasure,  called  the  Treasiu-e  of 
the  Virgin  Mary.  The  pilgrims  flock 
hither  so  much  for  the  sake  of  a  con- 
vent near  it,  that  it  is  called  the  Lo- 
retto  of  Poland.  This  place  was  add- 
ed by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  his  domir 
nions  in  1793,  by  a  second  partition  of 
Poland.  It  is  seM«d  on  the  river  Wattq^ 
Z 


J 


D  A  C 


KO  miles  N  by  W  of  Cracow.     Lon.  19 1 
15  E,  lat.  50  48N.  .      .      .     ' 

Czercaasi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
Ukraine,  with  a  custle.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Dnieper,  B5  miles  SEof  Kiow. 
Lon.  32  5  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Czernic,  a  tow\  of  Carniola,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  lake,  wliich  is  15  miles  in  lenjiftli, 
«n<l  hve  in  breadth,  and  produces  hsli 
and  cora  every  year  ;  for  wlien  the  wa- 
ters fall  from  the  mountains,  it  becomes 
full,  and  abounds  with  fish  ;  and,  after 
some  time  it  sinks  into  the  earth,  and 
then  it  is  cultivated,  and  produces  grass 
and  corn.     Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Czernikou,  a  town  of  Russia,  cai)ital 
of  adutchv  ofthe  same  name,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dczna,  70 
miles  N  by  E  of  Kiow.  Lon.  31  53  E, 
lat.  51  29  N. 

Czersko,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the 
Vistula,  20  miles  N  W  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  21  31  E,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Czongnxit,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  at 
tlie  confluence  of  the  Teisse  and  Ke- 
res,  13  miles  N  of  Sagedin.  Lon.  20 
64  E,  lat  46  36  N. 


D 


r\ABVL,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
^-^  Hindoostan,  on  tlie  coast  of  Con- 
can,  75  miles  S  by  W  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
72  50  E,  lat.  18  0  N. 

Dacca,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  1  roper, 

on  theE  quarter  of  Bengal,  beyond  tlie 

principal  stream  of  tlie  Ganges,  altho' 

a  very  capital  branch  runs  near  it.  Few 

situations  are  better  calculated  for  an 

inland  emporium  of  trade  as  the  Dacca 

river  communicates  witli  all  the  other 

inland  navigations.     It  is  the  provincial 

eapital  of  this  quai-ter,  and  is  the  third 

city  in  Bengal  in  point  of  extent  and 

population.  Indeed,  within  the  present 

century  it  has  been  the  capital  of  all 

Bengal.    It  has  avast  trade  in  muslins, 

and  manufactures  the    most  delicate 

ones    among   those    which  are  most 

sought  after  in  Europe  ;  the  cotton  is 

produced  witliin  the  province.     Dacca 

IS  situated  100  miles  above  the  mouth 

of  the  Ganges,  and  180  by  the  road 

from  Calcutta.     The  country  round  it 

lies  low,  and  is  always  covered  with 

yer<^e  during  the  dry  moatlui.    It  ii 


D  AH 

160  miles  N  E  of  Calcutta.   Lon.  90  23 
E,  lat.  23  55  N. 

Dachavi,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where 
the  elector  has  a  jialace,  witli  fine  gar- 
dens. It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near 
the  river  Amber,  10  miles  N  W  of  Mu- 
nich.    Lon.  11  30  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Dachttvin,  a  town  of  France,  in  th» 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsuce,  with  a  palace  that 
belonged  to  the  bishop  of  Strasbiu'g. 
Lo'i.  7  45  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

D(tfar,  or  Dnfat;  a  town  of  Arabia 
Felix,  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  samo 
name,  on  the  S  E  coast.  Lon.  53  25  E, 
lat.  16  30  N. 

Dagenham,  a  village  in  Essex,  nine 
miles  E  by  N  of  London.  A  great 
breach  was  made  here  by  the  Thames, 
in  1703. 

Daghettan,  a  province  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  the  K  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  or  the 
W  by  the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  on 
the  N  by  Circassia,  and  on  the  S  by 
Schlrvan.  It  is  inhabited  by  Tartars, 
and  is  subject  to  Russia. 

Dagno,  a  town  of  Albania,  capital  or 
the  district  of  Ducagni,  with  a  bishop'a 
see  ;  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Drino  and  Nero,  13  miles  S  E  of  Scuta- 
ri.     Lon.  19  39  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Dago,  or  Diigao,  an  island  in  the 
Baltic,  on  the  coast  of  Livonia,  be- 
tween  the  gulfs  of  Finland  and  Riga.  It 
is  of  a  triangular  figure,  and  is  20  milea 
in  circumference,  and  has  two  castles, 
called  Dagerwort  and  Paden.  Lon.  23 
56  E,  lat.  58  44  N. 

Diigsborough,  a  town  in  Sussex  coun- 
ty,  Delaware,  lying  on  Pepper  Creek« 
a  stream  that  runs  into  Rehoboth  Bay, 
and  about  18  miles  S  of  Lewistown.  It 
has  a  post  office  and  about  1400  inha- 
bitants. 

Dahl,  the  finest  river  of  Sweden, 
which  flows  through  Dalecarlia  and 
Gestricia,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia,  to  the  E  of  Gesle.  Near  Es- 
carlcby,  it  forms  a  celebrated  cataract, 
scarce  inferior  to  tlie  fall  of  the  Rhine 
at  Lauflisn. 

Dahimiy,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  to  the  N  of  Whi- 
dah.  It  is  supposed  to  reach  from  the 
sea  coast  about  500,  or  200  miles  inland, 
though  no  European  has  penetrated 
above  half  tlie  disUnce ;  the  capital, 
Abomay,  lies  about  99  50  N  lat.  j  and 
between  the  3d  pnd  4th  deg.  E  lon. 
reckoned  from  themeridian  of  Green- 
wich.   Th«  soil  14  »  deep,  rich  clay, 


m 


J'liUU-t    ■■_  ■■■g^JMWi-'- 


3  AH 

;  of  Calcutta.   Lon.  90  25 

i. 

town  of  Bavaria,  wlicro 

s  a  jjulace,  with  fine  gar- 

;ate(l  on  a  mountain  near 

ber,  10  miles  NW  of  Mu- 

1  30  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

a  town  of  France,   in  th» 

)f  Lower  Rhine  and  late 

tUace,  with  a  palace  that 

the  bisliop   of  Strasbiu-g. 

lat,  48  35  N. 

J)(fai;  a  town  of  Arabia 

1  on   a  bay  of  the  samo 

S  E  coast.     Lon.  53  25  E, 

,  a  village  in  Essex,  nine 
N  of  London.  A  great 
made  here  by  the  I'hames, 

,  a  province  of  Asia,  bound- 
by  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the 
lo'untains  of  Caucasus,  on 
ircassia,  and  on  the  S  by 
It  is  inhabited  by  Tartars, 
ct  to  Russia. 

town  of  Albania,  capital  of 
of  Ducagni,  with  a  bishop'* 
I  near  the  confluence  of  tho 
■lero,  13  miles  S  E  of  Scuta- 
)  39  E,  lat.  42  .30  N. 

Diigao,  an  island  in  the 
the  coast  of  Livonia,  be- 
■ulfs  of  Finland  and  Riga.  It 
gular  figxirc,  and  is20mllei 
rence,  and  lias  two  castles, 
srwort  and  Paden.  Lon.  23 
8  44N. 

ugh,  a  town  in  Sussex  coun- 
rc,  lying  on  Pepper  Creek, 
at  runs  into  Rehoboth  Bay, 
,8  miles  S  of  Lewistown.  It 
office  and  about  1400  inha- 

e  finest  river  of  Sweden, 
ITS  through  Dalecarlia  and 
and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
,  the  E  of  Gesle.  Near  Es- 
forms  a  celebrated  cataract, 
rior  to  Uie  fall  of  the  Rhine 

j  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on 
(f  Guinea,  to  the  N  of  Whi- 
supposed  to  reach  from  the 
bout  500j  or  200  miles  inland, 
)  European  has  penetrated 
•  tlie  distance ;  the  capital, 
lies  about  99  50  N  lat.  j  and 
he  3d  pnd  4th  deg.  E  lon. 
i-om  the  jneridian  of  Green- 
lb  goil  i«  K  deept  rich  clay, 


D  A  H 

with  a  little  sand  on  the  surface.  But 
there  is  not  to  be  found  a  stone  so  large 
as  an  egg  in  the  whole  country,  so  far 
as  it  Inu  been  visited  by  the  Europeans, 
fio  that  a  ]>air  of  stones,  winch  they  use 
for  gr.nding  corn,  weighing  together 
about  12  or  14  pounds,  are  sold  for  five 
dliillings.  The  country  abounds  with 
buttUlocs,  deer,  sheep,  goats,  hogs, 
poultry  of  various  kinds,  particulai'ly 
Guinea  hens,  and  Muscovy  ducks  ;  and 
the  lakes  are  plentifully  stored  with 
fish.  Their  religion  consists  of  a  jum- 
ble of  superstitious  nonsense,  of  wliich 
it  is  impossible  to  convey  any  idea  to 
the  reader.  Tlieir  government  is  the 
most  perfect  despotism  that  exists  per- 
haps on  the  face  of  the  earth.  There 
is  no  intermediate  degree  of  subordin- 
ation between  the  king  and  the  slave, 
at  least  in  the  royal  presence,  where 
the  prime  minister  is  obliged  to  pros- 
trate hiiQself  with  as  much  object  sub- 
mission as  the  meanest  subject.  On 
hia  entrance  into  the  palace,  he  crawls 
towards  the  apartment  of  audience,  cm 
his  hands  and  knees,  till  he  arrives  in 
the  royal  presence,  where  he  lays  him- 
self flat  upon  his  belly,  rubbing  his  head 
in  the  dust,  and  uttering  the  most  hu- 
miliating expressions.  White  visitors 
are  honoiu:ed  with  a  glass  of  some  cor- 
dial liquor,  filled  by  the  king's  own 
hand  ;  which,  if  refused,  is  apt  to  give 
offence.  Favours  of  this  kind  are  re- 
ceived with  avidity  by  his  own  subjects, 
on  account  of  the  honour  conferred  up- 
on them.  The  subject  lies  on  his  back 
while  the  king  holds  the  bottle  to  his 
mouth.  He  must  drink  till  the  royal 
hand  be  withdrawn,  which  sometimes 
does  not  happen  till  the  whole  contents 
be  emptied,  especially  when  he  has  a 
m;nd  to  sport  with  the  drinkef.  A 
considerable  standing  army  is  main- 
tained, wllo  must  hold  tlieinselves  in 
readiness  to  take  the  field  at  the  com- 
mand of  the  sovereign.  Within  the 
diflerent  palaces,  like\Yise,  a^e  immur- 
ed no  less  than  3000  women,  of  whom 
several  hundreds  are  trained  to  the  use 
of  arms.  These  warriors  are  regularly 
exercised,  and  go  through  their  evolu- 
tions with  as  much  expertness  as  the 
male  soldiers.  The  king's  palace  is 
surrounded  with  a  clay  wall  of  a  quad- 
rangidar  forin,  and  about  20  feet  nigh. 
In  the  middle  of  each  side  is  a  guard 
house,  with  two  centinels  at  the  gate, 
and  a  guard  of  armed  women  and  cu- 
fiuchs  wiUiin.    Ou  the  tf^atcbed  roofo 


DA  L 

of  these  guard  houses  are  ranged,  on 
small  woo<len  stakes,  many  human 
skulls.  Such  of  the  inner  a])artment9 
as  the  Europeans  have  an  opjiortunity 
of  seeing,  consist  of  large  courts,  com* 
municating  with  each  other,  generally 
square  or  oblong,  encompassed  by  clay 
walls.  In  each  of  tliem  is  a  sort  of  pi- 
azza, or  shed,  formed  of  posts  about 
seven  feet,  planted  in  the  ground,  at 
the  distance  of  about  12  or  14  feet  from 
the  wall.  The  whole  has  somewhat 
tlie  resemblance  of  an  assemblage  of 
farm  yards,  with  long  thatched  barns, 
hovels  for  cattle  and  carts,  and  low  mud 
walls  to  seijarate  them  from  each  other. 

Dalaca,  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea, 
opposite  the  coast  of  Abex,  72  miles 
in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It  is  fer- 
tile, populous,  and  remarkable  for  a 
pearl  fishery.  The  inhabitants  are  Ne- 
groes, and  great  enemies  to  the  Ma- 
hometans. 

Daleburg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  Ualia,  seated  on  the  Lake  Wenner, 
50  miles  N  of  Gottenburg.  Lon.  11 
59  E,  lat.  58  32  N. 

Dalecarlia,  a  province  of  Sweden, 
near  Norway,  ll^S  miles  in  length  and 
100  in  breadth.  It  is  full  of  mountains, 
abounding  in  mines  of  copper  and 
iron,  some  of  which  are  of  a  prodi- 
gious depth.  I'he  towns  are  small; 
and  the  inhabitants  are  rough,  robust, 
and  warlike. 

Delia,  a  province  of  Sweden,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Dalecarlia,  on  the  £ 
by  Wermeland  and  Lake  Wenner,  on 
the  S  by  Gothland,  and  on  the  N  by 
Norway  and  the  sea.  j| 

Dalkeith,  a  town  in  Edinburglnire, 
with  a  great  weekly  market  for  coni 
and  oatmeal.  The  palace  of  Dalkeith 
is  a  magnificent  structure,  the  seat  of 
the  duke  of  Buccleugh.  It  is  six  miles 
S  E  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  55 
54  N. 

Dalmatia,  a  country  of  Europe,  for* 
merly  a  kingdom.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S  by  the  ndf 
of  Venice,  on  the  E  by  Servia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Croatia.  It  is  divided  into 
Venetian,  Turkish,  Ragtisan,  and  Hun- 
garian Dalmatia.  Spalatro  is  the  capi- 
tal of  Venetian,  and  Herzegovina  of 
Turkish  Dalmatia :  Ragusa  is  capital 
of  the  republic  of  Ragusen  :  the  Hun- 
garian part  contains  five  districts,  and 
Segna  is  the  capital.  The  air  is  whole- 
some and  the  loil  fruitftd.  S«e  ^ort 
lochia. 


DAM 


DAN 


Halfon,  atnwn  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
inaikct  on  Satnid.iy.  It  is  seated  ut 
the  source  of  a  river,  in  a  cltanipaif^n 
country,  not  far  from  the  sea;  and  the 
ancient  ca.stle  is  n^ade  nse  of  to  keep 
tlie  rci  (/rds  and  prisoners  f  r  debt  in  tlie 
Lbcrty  of  Fiane.ss.  It  is  16  miles  N  VV 
of  Lancaster,  and  273  N  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  3  18  VV,  lat.  54  U  N. 

Duvi,  a  town  of  tlie  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Groninjfcn,  seated  on  the  Dain- 
ster,  three  miles  fi-oni  the  sea,  and  15 
S  W  of  Enibden.  Lon.  6  48  E,  lat.  53 
22  N. 

Dam,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  1  ,iiles  S  E  of  Stc- 
tin.     Lon.  14  jO  li,  i;a.  53  31  N. 

Dimiai;  a  famous  town  of  Arabia 
Felix.     Lon.  49  25  E,  lat.  160  N. 

Damascus,  now  called  Sham,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Syria,  tlie  form  of  which 
js  an  exact  square,  each  sit'e  beinjy  a 
mile  and  a  half  long-.  It  had  three 
•walls,  now  almost  entirely  ruined  ;  and 
ofthe  sever.il  suburbs  which  it  former- 
ly had,  there  remains  only  one,  which 
extends  three  miles  in  "length.  The 
extraordinary  beauty  of  this  place  is 
owinp  to  several  streams  which  run 
across  the  fertile  jjlain  of  Damascus, 
and  water  all  the  gardens,  su])ply  the 
public  fountains,  and  run  into  every 
house.  Tiic  most  remarkable  things 
are  the  caravansaries,  which  consist  of 
long  galleries,  sujiported  by  marble 
pillars,  and  surrounding  a  large  square 
court.  The  houses  are  built  of  wood, 
villi  their  fronts  backward,  and  with- 
in is  a  court :  in  the  streets  there  is 
roUupg  to  be  seen  but  walls  without 
•winnows,  and  yet  the  insides  arc  rich- 
ly adorned.  The  castle  is  like  a  little 
town  having  its  own  streets  and  houses, 
and  the  famous  Damascus  steel  was 
kept  here  in  a  magazine.  The  mosques 
are  the  handsomest  buildings,  of 
•which  there  arc  about  2000  the  most 
stately  of  which  was  a  Christian 
church.  Here  is  a  street  which  runs 
across  the  city  and  suburbs  in  a  direct 
line,  on  each  side  of  which  are  shops, 
■where  all  sorts  of  rich  merchandise 
are  sold ;  and  they  ha\  e  several  manu- 
factures among  which  that  of  sabi-es 
and  knives  has  been  most  famous.  It 
is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  contains 
great  numbers  of  Christians  and  Jews. 
It  stands  on  tlic  river  Barida,  112  miles 
S  of  Antioch,  and  112  N  E  of  Jerusa- 
lem.    Lon.  37  0  E,  lat.  33  45  N. 

Damaun,  a  seaport  of  tlie  Deccan  of 


Hindoostan,  at  the  entrance  ofthe  Ridf 
ofCambay.  It  is  subject  to  the  Por- 
tuguese, and  is  50  miles  S  of  Surat. 
Lon.  72  25  E,  lat.  20  20  N. 

Damganin,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pnmc- 
rania,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  thr 
Recknils,  18  miles  W  of  Stralsund. 
Lon.  12  57  E,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Damietta,  an  ancient  and  rich  town 
of  Egypt,  seated  at  one  of  the  eastern 
mouths  of  the  Nile,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  rounded  in  a  semicircle, 
two  leagues  and  a  half  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Nile.  It  has  several  squares, 
the  most  considerable  of  which  still 
retains  the  mime  of  Menchie.  The 
bazars  are  filled  with  merchants.  Spa- 
cious khans,  collecting  under  their 
porticos  the  stuffs  of  India,  the  silks 
of  mount  Leban(m,  sal-ammoniac,  and 
pyramids  of  rice  proclaim  that  it  is  a 
commercial  town,  The  houses,  parti- 
cularly those  on  the  banks  ofthe  river, 
arc  lofty.  They  have  in  general  hand- 
some saloons,  built  on  the  top  of  their 
terraces,  which  arc  open  to  every  wind, 
where  the  Turks  pass  their  life  in 
smoking.  Several  large  mosques  a- 
dorncd  with  lofty  minarets  arc  dispers- 
ed over  the  town.  The  port  of  Dami- 
etta is  constantly  filled  with  a  multi- 
tude of  small  boats  and  vessels.  It 
carried  on  a  great  trade  with  Syria, 
Cyprus,  and  Marseilles.  They  export 
great  quantities  of  rice,  which  is  culti- 
vated in  the  neighbouring  plains.  The 
tongue  of  land  on  which  Damietta  is 
situated,  straitened  on  one  side  by  thfe 
river,  and  on  the  other  by  the  W  ex- 
tremity of  lake  MenzaU,  is  only  from 
two  to  six  miles  wide  from  E  to  W. 
It  is  intersected  by  innumerable  rivu- 
lets in  every  direction,  which  render 
it  the  most  fertile  spot  in  Egypt.  It  is 
there  that  nature  lavishing  profusely 
her  pomp  and  riches,  presents  flowers, 
fruits  and  harvests  at  every  season  of 
the  year.  Damietta  was  taken  by  tlie 
French  in  their  expedition  to  Egypt, 
1799. 

Damiano,  St.  a  town  of  Italy  in 
Montscrrat,  18  miles  W  by  N  of  Ver- 
celli.     Lon.  8  0  E,  lat.  45  33  N. 

Damme,  a  strong  town  of  Flanders, 
seated  on  the  ciuial  between  Sluys  and 
Bniges. 

Danbiiry,  a  village  in  Essex,  situate 
on  a  hill,  five  miles  E  of  Chelmsford, 
and  16  W  of  tlie  sea.  The  spire  of 
the  cliurcli  was  burnt,  by  lightning  in 


I 


DAN 

t  the  entrance  of  the  Riilf 
It  is  subject  to  tlic  Por- 
13  50  miles  S  of  Surut. 
,  lat.  20  20  N. 
a  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
»  castle,  seated  on  tho 
miles  W  of  Stralsund, 
lat.  54  16  N. 

an  ancient  and  rich  town 
;ed  at  one  of  the  eastern 
e  Nile,  with  a  good  har- 
ronnded  in  a  semicircle, 
[id  a  half  from  the  mouth 
It  has  several  smiarcs, 
isiderable  of  which  still 
uime  of  Menchie.  The 
ed  with  merchants.  Spa- 
collecting'  under  their 
itutts  of  India,  the  silks 
)anon,  sal-ammoniac,  and 
•ice  proclaim  that  it  is  a 
nwn.  The  houses,  parti- 
on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
ley  have  in  general  hand- 
,  built  011  the  top  of  their 
:h  are  open  to  every  wind, 
"urka  pass  their  life  in 
evcral  large  mosques  a- 
lofty  minarets  are  dispers- 
own.  The  port  of  Dami- 
iintly  filled  with  a  multi- 
11  boats  and  vessels.  It 
great  trade  with  Syria, 
Marseilles.  They  export 
ies  of  rice,  which  is  culti- 
leighbouring  pla-ns.  The 
d  on  which  Damietta  is 
itened  on  one  side  by  thfe 
I  the  otlier  by  the  W  ex- 
:e  MenzaU,  is  only  from 
iles  wide  from  £  to  W. 
ted  by  innumerable  rivu- 
dlrection,  which  render 
rtile  spot  in  Egj  pt.  It  is 
iture  lavishing  profusely 
riches,  presents  flowers, 
rvests  at  every  season  of 
imietta  was  taken  by  the 
eir  expedition  to  Egypt, 

St.    a   town  of   Italy  in 
18  miles  W  by  N  of  Ver- 
i  0  E,  lat.  45  33  N. 
,  strong  town  of  Flanders, 
e  ciuial  between  Sluys  and 

I  village  in  Essex,  situate 
miles  E  of  Chelmsford, 
'  the   sea.     The  spire  of 

ras  burnt  by  lightning  in 


C  H  I 

1  TiO,  but  was  soon  after  rebuilt,  and 
Curms  a  seamark. 

Danbury,  a  post  town  of  Fairfield 
<  ounty,  Connecticut,  ten  miles  N  of 
Ridgcfield,  and  about  33  N  VV  of  New 
Haven.  This  town  and  ii  larn'c  quan- 
tity of  military  stores  lodgid  there 
wtTC  burnt  by  the  British  tr(M)i)s  in  1777. 

Uanby,  a  town  in  Rutland  county, 
Vermont,  21  miles  S  of  Rutland.  It 
has  a  post  ofiice,  and  about  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Dancala.     See  Dongala. 

Danger,  Isles  of,  three  islands  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean,  seen  by  commodore 
Byron  in  1765.  They  appeared  crowd- 
ed witli  people,  but  were  so  surround- 
ed by  rocks  and  breakers,  that  it  was 
unsafe  to  attempt  to  land.  The  com- 
modore supposed  them  to  be  the 
islands  seen  by  Qiiirus,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century,  and  named 
Solomon's  Islands.  Lon.  169  28  W, 
lat.  10  15  S. 

Danneberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on 
the  Tetze,  near  the  Elbe,  40  miles  S 
E  of  Lunenburg.  Lcn.  11  29  E,  lat. 
53  4  N. 

Dantzic,  the  capital  of  Western 
Prtissia,  standing  on  a  branch  of  the 
Vi.stula,  about  four  miles  above  where 
It  falls  into  the  Baltic;  in  lon.  16  36  E, 
lat.  54  20  N.  This  city  is  famous  in 
liistory  on  many  accoimts,  particularly 
tliat  of  its  being  formerly  at  the 
licad  of  the  Hanseatic  association, 
commonly  called  the  Hansctowns.  It 
is  large,  beautiful,  populous,  and  rich  j 
its  houses  generally  are  five  stories 
high  ;  and  many  of  its  streets  arc  plant- 
ed with  Chesnut  trees.  The  houses 
are  well  built  of  stone  or  brick,  six  or 
seven  stories  high  ;  and  the  granaries 
are  still  higher,  to  which  the  ships 
lie  close,  and  take  in  their  lading. 
I'he  arsenal  is  well  stored,  the  ex- 
change is  a  handsome  structure,  and 
the  college  is  provided  with  very  learn- 
ed professors.  The  established  reli- 
pon  is  the  Lutheran;  but  Papists, 
Calvinists,  and  Anabaptists  are  tolerat- 
ed. The  inhabitants  have  been  com- 
juited  at  200,000,  but  other  computa- 
tions  have  made  them  considerably 
less.  Though  strongly  fortified,  and 
possessed  of  150  large  brass  cannon, 
it  could  not  stand  a  regfular  siege,  be- 
iiij?  surrounded  with  eminences.  In 
irOO,  upwards  of  30,000  persons  died 
oftlie  plague.     The  jm-isdiction   of 


D  A  R 

this  town  extends  about  50  mllea 
round  :  and  it  maintains  u  garrison  at 
its  own  expence.  It  b:>s  now  lost  its  indc- 
pendcnci',  being  forced  to  submit  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  who  forcibly  usurped 
the  sovereignty,  in  a  second  partition 
ofthc  Polisii  dominions.  Besides  <'orn, 
of  which  sreat  quantities  are  exported, 
they  trade  in  naval  sti  res,  and  a  great 
variety  of  other  articles.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Vistula,  ne.ar  the  gulf  of  Angil, 
in  the  Baltic,  30  miles  i  E  of  Marien- 
burg,  and  160  N  VV  of  Warsaw. 

Danube,  the  largest  river  in  Europe, 
called  the  Ister  by  the  ancients.  It 
rises  at  Donesi  liiiigen,  in  Siiabia,  and 
flows  N  E  by  Ulm ;  then  E  through  Ba- 
varia and  AusU'ia,  bv  Kutisboii,  Pas- 
sau.  Ens,  and  Vienna  :  it  then  enters 
Hungary,  and  runs  S  E  by  Presburg, 
Buda,  and  Belgrade  :  after  which  it 
divides  Bulgaria,  from  Morlachia  and 
Moldavia,  discharging  itself  by  several 
chiinnels  into  the  Black  Sea.  It  be- 
gins to  be  navigable  for  bo.its  at  Ulm, 
and  receives  several  large  rivers  as  it 
passes  along,  it  is  so  deep  between 
Buda  and  Belgrade,  that  the  lurks 
and  Germans  have  had  men  of  war  up- 
on it ;  yet  it  is  not  navigable  to  the 
Black  Sea,  on  account  of  the  cataracts. 
See  Doneschingen. 

Danville,  a  smalltown  of  Pittsylvania 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Dan 
river,  a  branch  of  the  Roanoke:  here 
is  a  post  oflice  302  miles  S  W  from 
Washington. 

Danville,  a  post  town  in  Northum- 
berland county,  Pennsyl  a,  on  the 
N  side  of  Susquehannah  r. .  u' ,  13  miles 
N  W  of  Nortliumberl.ind. 

Danville,  a  town  of  Mercer  county, 
Kentucky,  once  the  cajiital  of  the 
state  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Dicks 
river,  a  branch  of  the  Kentucky,  40 
miles  S  by  E  of  Frankfort :  here  is  a 
post  office,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

Danville,  a  post  town  of  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont,  seven  miles  W  of 
South  Johnsbury,  containing  1544  in- 
habitants, mostly  emigrants  from  Scot- 
land. 

Darda,  a  town  and  fort  of  Lower 
Hungary,  built  by  the  Tm-ks  in  1686, 
and  taken  by  the  Austrians  the  next 
year.  It  is  seated  on  the  Drave,  at  the 
end  of  the  bridge  of  Esseck,  eight 
miles  S  of  Baranwhar,  and  80  N  W  of 
Belgrade.     Lon.  19  56  E,  lat.  45  45  N. 

Dardanelles,  two  c.Hstlcs  of  Turkey ; 
on  cAch  side  the  ancient  Hellespont 


D  A  R 


D  A  R 


now  the  strait  of  G.illipoli,  the  S  W 
ent:aj!cc  1)1"  w!ii-h  tt.ev  c  iinmiiiid;  the 
one  IS  cilic'l  St  .it  is,  seated  in  Roniu- 
niu;  the  otlier  Al). (los,  in  Nat<)lin.  At 
the  latter,  t  le  ri<rpics  of  all  sli.ps  sail- 
ing fi'Dtn  Constantinople  .ive  searched. 
Lon.  26  3w  K,  lat.  46  0  N. 

D.tiH-Hitmara,  a  town  ')f  the  kinj^- 
doin  ol'  Ke/,  biult  l)v  the  Romans.  Its 
tra<le  consists  in  oil  and  corn  j  ;ind  it 
is  seated  on  a.  mountain.  Lon.  6  J5  W, 
lat.  34  JO  N. 

Darien,  or  Terra  Finna  Proper,  a 
province  of  Terra  Firmi,  in  South  A- 
jncrica.  It  lies  ulonjj  tlie  coast  of  the 
Atiunti';  luul  Pacilic  Occins,  ami  is  par- 
ticularly (iisiinffiiislicd  by  the  name  of 
the  Istliin'i.s  of  Daricn,  and,  hy  some 
writers,  tlie  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  is 
bounded  on  Uie  N  by  liie  ^ilf  of  Mex- 
ico, o".  the  E  by  the  river  and  jjiilf  of 
Uuricn,  on  the  S  hy  Popayau  und  the 
Pariiic  Otean,  and  on  the  \V  b'  the 
Bai.ie  o(  er.u  and  Vcrapfua.  ll  extends 
in  t.ie  form  of  a  crescent,  round  the  h.iy 
of  P.in.ima  It  is  JOO  miles  in  icngtii, 
but  not  above  60  broad ;  but  this 
isthmus  w'lich  binds  toj^ether  the 
contlncnt.i  of  N  and  S  America,  is 
strei'j^thened  by  a  chain  of  lofty  moun- 
tains, stretchinj^  tlirough  its  whole  ex- 
tent, winch  render  it  a  barrier  of  soli- 
dity suflicient  to  resist  tlie  impulse  of 
two  opposite  oceans.  The  mountains 
are  covered  witli  forests  almost  inac- 
cessible. The  country  is  mountainous 
and  barren,  and  the  lowlands  arc  over- 
flowed with  |)er;)etual  rain,  so  that  the 
inhabitants,  in  many  pl.iccs  build  their 
houses  upon  trees,  to  be  elevated  from 
the  damp  soil,  and  the  otlious  reptiles 
engendered  in  the  putrid  waters.  The 
natives  go  naked ;  and  the  men  have 
a  silver  plate  fastened  to  their  nose, 
•which  hangs  over  their  mouths,  in  the 
shape  of  a  half-moon  ;  the  women  have 
a  ring  hanging  down  in  the  same  man- 
ner; and  tliey  have  also  several  chains 
of  teeth,  shells,  beads,  and  the  like, 
hanging  down  from  the  neck  to  the 
pit  of  the  stomach.  The  men  clear  the 
plantations,  and  the  women  citltivate 
them.  The  girls  arc  employed  in  pick- 
ing and  spinning  cotton,  which  the 
•women  weave,  and  the  cloths  are 
chiefly  used  for  hammocks.  Each  man 
has  several  wives,  who  live  together  in 
great  harmony.  They  have  no  distinc- 
tion of  days  or  weeks,  but  reckon  their 
time  by  the  course  of  the  moon.  The 
animau  are  the  some  as  in  other  coun- 


tries of  the  same  climate.  The  princi- 
pal towns  are  Panama  und  Porto  Bi  llo. 

Darien,  a  river  and  gulf  of  South  A- 
merica,  in  Terra  Firma,  which  divide 
the  provinces  of  Darien  and  Cai'tliajfc- 
na.  In  1695,  the  Scotch  obtained  a 
charter  from  king  William,  empower- 
inj^  them  to  form  a  settlement  on  the 
N  \V  i>aint  of  this  gulf,  b  it  met  with 
such  discourageme'U  from  the  jealousy 
of  the  niaritimc  powers  '.f  I'/irope,  and 
particularly  of  the  D^ii^'U  East  India 
Company,  that  they  were  obliged  to 
hba'idon  their  design. 

Darien,  a  post  town  in  M'Intosh 
county,  Georgia,  lying  on  the  N  side 
of  Alatamaha  river,  near  its  mouth ; 
6,?  m.le.s  b  of  Savannah,  and  709  from 
IVashingtoii,  in  the  lat.  of  31"  23'  N. 
andloi,.of80»lu'  W. 

Djrtiiig,  or  Dori^//i^,  atown  in  Surry, 
witli  a  market  «m  Thursday,  noted  for 
corn  and  [xxiltry.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
river  Mole,  23  miles  S  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  14  W,  lat.  51  17'  N. 

D  irlntton,  a  village  near  Stone,  in 
Staflbrdshire,  where  are  the  remains 
of  a  castle,  on  a  hill. 

Duriington,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Monday, 
seated  in  a  flat,  on  the  river  Skeme, 
wiiich  falls  into  tlie  Tees.  It  has  a 
spacious  market-place,  and  a  long 
stone  bridge  over  the  river.  A  curious 
water  machine  for  grinding  optical 
ghisses,  and  spinning  linen  yarn  has 
been  erected  here,  the  invention  of  a 
native  of  the  tow.i.  Darlington  is  19 
miles  S  of  Durham,  and  239  N  by  W 
of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  54  32 
N. 

Danrutadt,  the  capital  of  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  with  a 
castle,  where  its  own  prince  generally 
resides.  It  has  handsome  suburbs  and 
a  good  college.  It  is  seated  on  u  river 
of  tile  same  name,  30  miles  N  W  of 
Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  49  43  N. 

Dan,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  which  ri- 
ses at  the  fo<rt  of  Dartmoor  Hills,  cros- 
ses Dartmoijr  to  Ashburton,  and  fiUI« 
into  tlie  Erp;lish  Channel,  at  Dartmouth. 

Dur{ford,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  Da- 
rent,  not  far  from  its  influx  int»  thf 
Thames.  Here  are  the  remains  of  t 
fine  nunnery,  founded  by  Edward  Ili 
The  tovtm  is  finely  watered  by  two  or 
three  very  good  springs,  ami  is  full  of 
inns,  by  reason  of  its  being  a  great  Uio- 
roughrare  frono  London  V3  Dover,  it  is 


)<MmaHNMM>;IM>MmMI>M«MM«MMMM| 


L 


D  A  R 

umc  climate.  The  princl- 
e  I'unatnM  and  Pi>rto  Billo. 
river  unci  gult  <>f  !^'>»tl>  A- 
eri-a  Firma,  wliicli  divide 
s  of  Daiien  and  Caitliajrc. 
5  tl>e  Scotcli  obtained  a 
11 'king  WiUiiim,  empower- 
form  a  settlement  on  the 
ofth»h-ilf,  b.t  met  with 
rafjeme'it  from  the  .ieal<pusy 
imci)()wcrs'.flv.iropc,and 

of  the  U  il-i>  £««*  I'"l'» 
hat  they    were   obliged  to 

1  post  town  in  M'lntosli 
orgia,  lyini?  on  the  N  m.Ic 
»ha  river,  near  't*  ^"J''"^'^; 
of  Savannali.  and  709j^-om 
.  i„  the   lat,  of  31»  23'  N. 

hO'lu'  W.  .    ^ 

,ori>or><rt^,atownmS.irry, 

rket  (m  Thursday,  noted  tor 
K>.dtry.  It  is  seated  on  U.e 
.  23  miles  S  W  of  London. 
'W,  lat.  51  ir  N. 
».,  a  village  near  Stone,  in 
,ire.  where  are  the  remains 
.   on  a  hill.  ^       - 

;„,  a  town  in  the   county  of 

with  a  market  on  M°"«;^>' 
a  flat,  on  the  river  Skerne, 
Is  into  tlie  Tees.  It  has  » 
n..irlcet-place,  and  a  long 
Ipe  over  the  river.  A  curious 
uchine  for  grinding  opt.c^ 
lind  spinning  linen  yarn  hM 
:ted  here,  the  invention  of  a 
the  town.  Darlington  IS  !» 
fDurha.,T..and239Nby  W 
Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  54  33 

tadt,  the  capital  of  the  land- 
,f  Hesje  Darmstadt,  with  a 
here  its  own  prince  generally 
It  has  handsome  suburbs  and 
allege.  It  is  seated  on  f.  river 
me  name,  30  miles  N  W  of 
•rg.  Lon.8  40E,lat.4S43N. 
I  riv.;r  in  Devonshire,  which  n- 
efm.t  of  Dartmoor  HilU.  cros- 
mo.jr  to  Ashburton,  and  fidl. 
irelish Channel,  at  Dartmouth. 

mrl:  a  town  in  Ke"«./.th  a 
,n  Saturday,  seated  on  the  Da- 
far  from  its  influx  into.  th«. 
Here  are  the  remams  ot  » 

».erv,  founded  by  Edward  IIL 
^  is  finely  watered  by  tvro  or 

ry  good  springs,  and  is  full  of 
^afonofits  being  a  great  iJio. 

re  from  London  Vj  Dover  ttw 


D  A  U 

16  miles  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0 
16  E,  lat.  51  25  N.      _ 

D.trtinoor,  an  extensive  moorish  traci, 
in  Uevousliire,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
bleak  lulls,  and  extending  soutliward 
quite  through  the  centre  of  the  county 
to  tiie  sea.  it  is  watered  by  the  river 
Dart. 

Darttnouth,  a  borough  of  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  The  town 
wliicli  is  a  mile  long,  stands  on  the  side 
of  a  craggy  hill,  with  very  irregular 
streets.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Dart,  near  its  fall  into  the  sea,  and 
has  a  spacious  harbour  defended  by  a 
fort.  It  has  a  considerable  tra<]f^  to 
tJie  S  of  Europe  and  to  Newfoundland, 
as  well  as  a  share  in  the  coasting  traf- 
fic. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
sciids  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
contains  three  churches,  and  is  30 
miles  S  S  W  of  Exeter,  and  204  W  by 
S  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  50  22 
N. 

Dcuien-Eyland,  or  Isle  of  Deer,  one 
of  the  three  small  islands  to  the  N  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  so  called,  on 
account  of  the  great  number  of  deer 
which  were  first  carried  thither  in 
1601.  Here  are  also  sheep  whose 
tails  weigh  19  pounds.  Lon.  18  7  E, 
lat.  33  25  S. 

Daventry,  a  corporate  tovm  in  North- 
amptonshire, with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  seated  on  tlie  side  of  a  hill,  10  miles 
W  of  Northampton  a-id  72  N  \V  of 
London.     Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  52  15  N 

David't,  St.  a  city  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  ;  seated 
ill  a  barren  soil,  on  the  river  Hen, 
scarcely  a  mile  from  the  sea-shore.  It 
was  once  a  considerable  place,  and 
the  cathedral  is  said  to  have  the  high- 
it  s^t  roof  of  any  in  England.  It  is  24 
miles  N  W  of  Pembroke,  and  255  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  5  15  W,  lat. 
51  56  N. 

David,  Fort  St.  an  English  fort,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromundel.  It  was  ta- 
ken and  destroyed  by  the  French  in 
1758,  and  has  not  yet  been  rebuilt.  It 
is  80  miles  S  of  Fort  St.  George.  Lon. 
79  45  E,  lat.  11  30  N. 

Davit'  Straitt,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  be- 
tween Greenland  and  North  America, 
discovered  by  captain  Davis,  in  1585, 
when  he  endeavoured  to  find  out  a  N 
W  passage. 

Daun,  a  to'wn  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  «f  Treves,  >uate4onthe  Le- 


D  E  A 

7,ef ,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  which 
is  a  castle.  It  is  12  miles  N  of  Mont 
Hoxttl. 

Dauphin,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
45  miles  long,  and  25  broad.  In  1790, 
the  inliabitunts  were  computed  at 
18,177.     HtUTisburg  is  the  ca|>,ital. 

Dauphin,  Fort,  a  fort  built  by  the 
French,  i)ii  the  K  coast  of  Madagascar. 
Lon.  45  10  E,  lut.  24  55  S. 

Dauphin^,  a  late  province  of  France, 
extending  40  leagues  from  N  to  S,  and 
36  from  E  to  W  ;  bounded  on  the  W 
by  the  Rhone,  on  the  N  by  the  Klione 
and  Savoy,  on  the  S  by  Provence,  and 
on  the  E  by  the  A  j.  Two  thirds  of 
Dauphiny  arc  intersected  by  mountains, 
which  anbrd  good  pasturage  ;  plentjr 
of  timber,  fir-trees  in  particular,  for 
the  building  of  ships  ;  and  very  scarce, 
simples.  In  these  mountains,  which  are 
branches  oftlie  Alps,are  bears,chamois, 
marmonts,  eagles,  hawks,  &c.  The 
vallies  aflord  wlicat,  and  the  hills,  in  the 
vicinity  oftlie  Rhone,  excellent  wines, 
olives,  and  silk.  Mines  of  iron,  copper, 
and  lead,  have  been  worked  here  to 
great  advantage.  The  principal  rivera 
are  the  Rhone,  Durance,  Isere,  and 
Drome.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ments of  Drome,  Isere,  and  upper 
Alps. 

Dax,  or  Acqs,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,,  in  the  department  of  Landea 
and  late  province  of  Gascony,  witli  a 
bishop's  see,  and  some  famous  hot 
baths.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adour,  24 
miles  N  E  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1  0  W, 
lat.  43  42  N. 

DeadmanU-Head,  a  cape  in  Cornwall, 
between.  St.  Maw's  and  Fowey. 

Dead  Sea,  a  lake  of  Palestine,  into 
which  the  river  Jordan  rims.  It  is  70 
miles  long,  and  20  broad,  inclosed  on 
the  E  and  W  by  high  mountains.  It 
abounds  in  bitumen.  It  is  supposed  'to 
be  the  site  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha. 

Deal,  a  seaport  in  Kent  with  a  m.w- 
ket  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
strait  of  Dover,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Cinque  Port  of  Sandwich,  governed 
by  a  mayor.  It  has  about  lOOO  houses, 
which  are  mostly  built  of  brick.  The 
inhabitants  amount  to  4500,  and,  as  no 
manufacture  is  carried  on  here,  they 
chiefly  depend  on  the  seafarine  men 
who  resort  hither.  The  port  is  demnded 
by  two  castles ;  Deal  or  Walmer  caa< 
tie  to  the  S,  and  Sandown  castle  to  the 
N.  Between  this  place  and  the  God- 
vria  Sands,  are  tbe  Downs,  where  the 


-m 


D  E  D 


DEL 


thipi  ustmlly  ride  iit  tlifir  kaving  or 
coitiintf  iiilii  till!  rivur  TlmmL's.  It  is 
seven  miles  S  l>v  K  of  Saiutwicli,  luul 
72  E  bv  S  1)1'  l.oiuloii.  Loll.  1  -"J  li, 
lat.5113N. 

Dean,  it  tmvn  in  Gloiicestcrsliirc, 
witli  :i  n;.irki't  on  Monday.  It  liiid  its 
name  (i-oiii  tliu  foi'e«tol'l)eiin,  in  whicli 
it  is  sr;itcd,  11  niilesi  \V  of  Gloucfster 
and  112  W  S  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  ;il  W,  lat.  .51  50  N. 

Dean,  ii  forest  in  Gtonccstersliirc, 
includinjf  that  part  of  tlie  coiintj  whieli 
lies  between  tlie  Severn  and  the  shires 
of  Monmouth  and  Hereford. 

Deben,  a  river  in  Snilolk,  whicii  rises 
near  Deheiihani,  and  e.xpands  into  a 
lon)^  narrow  arm  of  tlie  German  Ocean, 
a  little  to  tlic  N  of  Harwich. 

Debenham,  a  town  in  Sutlblk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  near  the  head 
oftiic  Doben,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24 
miles  E  of  Burv  St.  Edmund's,  and  84 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  17  E,  lat  52  22 
N. 

Debrecen,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  lOr  miles  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  11 
E,  hit.  47  32  N. 

Deccan,  an  extensive  tviict  of  co\intry 
in  Asia,  which,  in  its  most  extensive 
signification,  the  South,  includes  the 
vdiole  peninsula  South  of  HindoosUui 
Proper.  However,  in  its  ordinary  ac- 
ceptation, it  means  oidy  the  countries 
situated  between  Hindoostan  Proper, 
tlie  Carnatic,  and  Orissa,  that  is  the 
provinces  of  Candeish,  Dowlatabad, 
Visiaponr,  Golconda,  and  the  VV  part 
of  Berar.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  river  Nerbudda.  by  Bengal,  and  by 
Bahar ;  and  the  river  Kistna  forms  its 
separation  on  the  S.  from  the  peninsu- 
la of  Hindoostan.  All  this  vast  coun- 
try was  once  a  province  of  the  Mogul 
•empire.  Candeish,  Visiapour,  and  a 
part  of  Dowlatabad,  are  subject  to  the 
Malirattas  ;  the  remainder,  to  the  ni- 
zam  of  the  Deccan. 

Deche,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  dcijartment  of  Nievre  and  late 
province  of  Nivernois,  seated  in  an 
island  formed  by  tlie  Loire,  16  miles 
S  E  of  Nevers.  Lon.  4  31  E,  lat.  46  50 
N. 

Dtkkendorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Bava- 
ria, seated  near  the  Danube,  37  miles 
S  E  of  Ratisbon.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Swedes  in  1641.  Lon.  12  55  £,  lat.  48 
42  N. 

Dtddington,  a  town    in  Oxfordshire, 


with    a  market   "ti  Tuesday.     It  is  Ifi  | 
mill's  N  of  Oxford,  and  70'W  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Dc.i/iam,  a  village  in  Essex,  iDtcil 
for  an  ancient  large  church,  which  has 
a  tine  Gothic  steeple.  It  is  six  mih's 
N   of  Colchester. 

DcUliam,  a  town  of  Norfolk  county, 
Mussachusetts  ;  situated  on  the  S  siili- 
of  Charles  river,  about  11  miles  from 
Uost.jn.  It  has  a  post  ollicc  and  IDr.l 
inhabitants. 

Dee,  a  river  of  N  Wales,  which 
rises  in  Merionethshire,  in  N  Wales,  ] 
and  runs  V.  to  the  borders  of  l)<'nl)i);h- 
shire,  where  turning  N  it  washes  thi' 
walls  of  Chester,  and  then  with  a  broad 
channel  fulls  into  the  Irish  Sea. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotlanil,  which  rises  1 
in  Ahei'dcenshirc,  amid  the  mountuin* 
of  Mar   Forest,    and  Hows   through  a  I 
wild    country  till  it  readies  the  fertile 
vale   of  Brae-mar,  whence  it  proceeds 
in   an  easterly   direction  to  Aberdeen, 
below    which   it   falls  into  the  British  I 
Ocean.     Over  it  there  is   a  bridge  of 
seven  arches.     It  abounds  with  salmon, 
so  as  to  form  one  of  the  greatest  salmon 
fisheries  in  Scotland. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rise*  I 
in  the  N  W  part  of  Kircudbrightshire,  | 
and  joining  the  Ken,  below  New  Gal- 
Iowa)-,  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  at  Kirk- 
cudbright. 

Deeping,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  witll  I 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated! 
on  the  Welland,  in  a  fenny  country,  f 
six  miles  E  of  Stamford,  and  90  N  of  | 
London.     Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  5242  N. 

Deerfield,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire  I 
county,    Massachusetts  ;    lying  on  tlie 
W  side  of  Connecticut  river  5  miles  S 
of  Greenfield,  and  about  90   westward  | 
from  Boston. 

Deerhunt,  a  village  three  miles  SI 
of  Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  I 
subject,  by  its  low  situation,  to  frc-j 
quent  inundations  from  the  Severn. 

Deinse,   or  Deynte,  a  town  of  Austri- 
an Flanders,  seated   on  the  Lis,  eight  I 
miles  S  W  of  Ghent.   Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  f 
5059  N. 

Delcntiart,  one  of  the  United  States! 
of  America,  bounded  on  the  N  byl 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  E  by  Delaware  I 
river  and  bay,  and  on  the  S  and  W  byl 
Maryland,  "it  is  90  miles  long  and  16| 
broad.  The  climate  in  many  parts  isl 
unhealthy.  The  land  is  generallyl 
low  and  flat,  which  occasions  the  wa-l 
ters  to  stagnate,  and  tlie  inhabitantar 


DEL 


nfkct  '111  Tuesday.     It  U  10  | 
OxfoM,  ami  70 'W  N  W  of 
Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  52  2  N. 
,    a    villajfK  in  Essex,  ii'itcd 
cut  lai'iyc  churcli,  wliicli  lias  j 
Ihlc  sti^uplc.     It  in  six  miles 
iicstcr. 

,   a  town  of  Norfolk  count) ,  | 
letts  ;  situiitcd  on  the  S  siiii- 
s  river,   about  11  miles  from 
t  has  a  post  office  and  1973 
i, 

river    of  N   Wales,    which 
lerioncthshirc,    in  N  Wah's, 
1  to  the  borders  of  Di-nhinh- 
!re  tuming  N    il  wiishcs  tlic 
hester,  and  then  with  abroad  j 
dls  into  the  Irisli  Sea. 
•iver  of  Scotland,  which  rises  I 
eiishire,  amid  the  mountains 
'orest,   and  ilows  through  a  I 
itry  till  it  reaches  the  fertile  ' 
rae-mar,  whence  it  proceeds  I 
iterly  direction  to  Aberdeen, 
liich   it   falls  into  the  British  I 
3ver  it  there  is  a  bridge  of 
hes.     It  aboimds  with  salmon, 
rm  one  of  the  greatest  salmon  | 
in  Scotland, 
river  of  Scotland,  which  rise* 
\V  part  of  Kircudbrightshire, 
ig  the  Ken,  below  New  Gal- 
lls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  at  Kirk. 
t. 

f,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  witli  I 
■  on  Thursday.     It  is  seated 
kVelland,  in  a  fenny  country,  I 
I  E  of  Stamford,  and  90  N  of  | 

Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 
W,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire  I 
Massachusetts  ;    lying  on  tlie 
f  Connecticut  river  5  miles  S 
leld,  and  about  90  westward  | 
iton. 

rat,  a  village  three  miles  SI 
[eshury,  in  Gloucestershire,  I 
by  its  low  situation,  to  fre>| 
undations  from  the  Severn. 
,  or  Deynte,  a  town  of  Austri- j 
ers,  seated  on  the  Lis,  eight  I 
W  of  Ghent.   Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  | 

are,  one  of  the  United  States  I 
ica,  bounded  on  the  N  byj 
■ania,  on  the  E  by  Delaware  j 
I  bay,  and  on  the  S  and  W  byj 
d.  It  is  90  miles  long  and  161 
The  climate  in  many  parts  isl 
y.  The  land  is  generally| 
flat,  which  occasions  the  wa.| 
stagnate,  and  tlie  inhabitant* 


f^fm 


mmm 


DEL 


DEL 


are  consequently  Hiibjcrt  to  intermit- 
tin;;  fcvcrit.  It  Is  dUided  liitii  lliric 
coiiiitits,  Ncwi-iiHth',  Kiint,  und  Siisut-x  i 
und  in  tliu  convL-ntion  held  iit  l*liiliidcl- 
pliiuin  178^1  the  IniiabitiintH  wore  coni- 
I.iitfd  at  .17,000. 

Delaviart,  u  county  of  Pennsylv.iniu, 
00  miles  \tm^  und  11  broad.  In  17'J0, 
it  contuined  'J,4y.)  inhubitunt<i.  Chcstor 
is  the  capital. 

Dclatuare,  a  river  of  N  America, 
which  rixinif  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
in  Lake  Ustuyuntho,  divides  New  York 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  pannes  throuj^^h 
Delaware  Bay  to  the  Athmtic,  having 
New  Jersey  on  the  £  side,  and  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  state  of  ijelawnrc  on 
the  W.  From  the  mouth  of  this  bay, 
at  Cape  Henlopcn,  to  Philadelphia,  it 
U  118  miles,  with  a  .sufRcient  depth  of 
water  for  a  74  p^un  ship  ;  above  Phila- 
delphia it  is  navi){able  for  sloops  up  to 
the  great  falls  at  Trenton  ;  and  lor  boats 
that  carry  eight  or  ten  tons,  40  miles 
higher. 

Ueiaviare  Bay,  a  bay  of  N  America, 
which  is  60  miles  long,  from  Cape 
Henlopen  to  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Delaware  at  Bombay-hook.  It  is  so 
wide  in  some  parts,  tJiat  a  ship,  in  tlie 
middle  of  it,  cannot  be  seen  from  the 
l.ind.  It  opens  into  the  Atlantic,  be- 
tween Cape  Henlopen  on  the  S,  ami 
Cape  May  on  the  N.  These  capes  are 
13  miles  apart. 

Delfi,  A  city  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland.  It  is  clean  and  well-built, 
witit  can:ds  in  the  streets,  planted  on 
each  side  with  trees.  The  public  buil- 
dings arc  very  magnificent.  Here  are 
two  churches,  in  one  of  which  is  the 
tomb  of  William  I,  Printe  of  Orange, 
who  was  assassinated.  It  is  abAut  two 
miles  in  circ\imferencc  ;  and  has  a  line 
ariienal  well  furnished.  It  is  noted  for  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  earthen 
ware  known  by  the  name  of  Delft 
ware.  It  is  seated  on  the  Schic, 
eight  miles  N  W  of  Rotterdam,  and  30 
S  VV  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  24  E, 
hit.  52  4  N. 

Defftshaven,  a  fortified  town  of  Hol- 
land, on  the  N  aide  of  the  Maese,  with 
a  canal  to  Delrt,  &c.  It  is  between 
Rotterdam  and  Schiedam,  not  three 
miles  from  each. 

De.fsy,  a  fortress  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Groningen.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Damster,  13  miles  N  E  of 
Groningen. 

Jicihi,  a  province  of  HindoQstan  Pro- 


per, bounded  on  the  N  W  by  Lahori?, 
on  the  N  E  by  Serniaivur,  on  the  E  by 
the  Rohilla  country,  on  xUr  S  bv  Agra, 
and  on  on  the  W  by  Muultiin.  Having 
been  the  sent  of  ciintinuiil  wars  lor 
above  50  years,  it  is  almost  depopvda- 
ti:d  :  and  a  tract  of  country  that  pos. 
sesses  evtsry  advantage  ihat  can  bts 
derived  from  nature,  contains  the  most 
miserable  of  inliuhitants.  It  is  now  all 
titut  remains  to  the  Great  Mogul  of 
his  once   extensive  empire. 

Delhi,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  in  Hindoostan  Proper, 
seated  on  the  river  Jumna.  It  is  this 
nominal  capital  of  uU  lilndoosian,  and 
was  the  actual  capital  during  tlie  great- 
est part  of  the  time  since  the  Maliom* 
etan  conquest.  In  1738,  when  Nmlir 
Shah  invaded  Hindoostan,  he  entered 
Delhi,  and  dreadful  were  the  niassucics 
and  famine  that  followed  ;  100,000  of 
the  ii.habitants  perished  by  llie  swoidi 
and  pttmdcr,  to  the  amount  of 
62,000,000/.  sterling,  was  said  to  be 
collected.  The  same  calamities  they 
endured  on  the  subsequent  invasion* 
of  Ahdalla,  king  of  Candahar.  Delhi 
is  880  miles  N  N  E  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
77  40  E,  lat.  23  37  N. 

Delichi,  a  river  of  Albania,  tbo 
Acheron  of  the  ancient  poets,  who 
feigned  it  to  be  in  hell. 

Detmenhont,  a  town  of  VVettpholiot 
in  tb.c  county  of  Delmcnhorst,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark.     It  is  seated  on  the  . 
Delm,  near  the  Weser,   eight  miles  S 
W  of  Bremen. 

Debt,  an  island  nf^e  Archipelago, 
now  called  BUi.  There  arc  abi'ndance 
of  Knc  ruins  supposed  Vtt^  of  the  tem- 
ples of  Diana  and  Apollo,  whose  birth.< 
place  it  is  said  to  be. '  It  is  six  miles 
in  circumference,  but  now  destitute  of 
inhabitants.     Lon.  25  59  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Delphi,  or  Dclphot,  a  town  of  Liva- 
dia,  seated  in  a  valley,  near  mount 
Parnassus.  It  was  famous  for  the 
oracle  of  Apollo,  w'lich  people  came 
from  all  parts  to  consult. 

Deltperg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Basle,  10  miles  N  W 
of  Soleure.     Lon.  T  23  E,  lat.  47  \7  N. 

Delta,  a  part  of  lower  Egjpt,  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  Nile  and  the 
Mediterranean.  The  ancients  called  it 
the  isle  of  Delta,  because  it  is  in  the 
shape  of  a  triangle,  tike  the  Greek  let- 
ter of  that  name.  It  is  130  miles  along 
the  coast  from  Damiettato  Alexandria, 
and  70  on  th$  tides,  from  the  placo 

A   A. 


L 


i 


[ 


u- 


'.;■* 


D  EN 

'.vhflrc  Ihc  Nile  bcpins  to  divide;  itself. 
It  is  the  most  ])lciitifiil  country  of  all 
Egypt,  iind  it  i"ii'.is  more  licre  than  in 
oIIk  !■  pnrts  ;  l)'.!t  its  fertility  is  chiefly 
owing'  to  tlio  iMiimhilions  of  tlie  Nile. 
The  prirrcipnl  towns  on  the  coast  are 
Uamietiri,  Rosctta,  and  Alexandria. 

Dciiiir,  a  river  which  ri.-ies  in  the 
bishopric  of  Lieg-e,  waters  Hassclt, 
Dicst,  Sicheni,  Arschot,  and  Mechlin, 
i)ilow  M'liich  it  joins  the  Scjine,  and 
t:ikc.s  tlic  name  of  Knpd. 

Devtciary,  j.  settlement  formerly  be- 
lonyiniif  to  the  Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a 
Vivcr  of  the  saine  name,  three  leagues 
W  of  Paraniarilio.  It  siu'rendered  to 
the  Eni;lisli  in  1~81  ;  but  was  taken  by 
the  French  soon  nfter,  and  by  the  trea- 
ty of  peace  in  1703  was  restored  to  the 
ilutch.  It  was  again  taken  by  the 
English  in  April  1796. 

JOcmmin,  an  ancient  town  ofSwc- 
dish  Pomerania,  in  the  dutchy  of  Stetin, 
seated  on  the  river  Peen.  Lon.  13  22 
E,  hit.  .53  52  N. 

Dtmona,  a  fort  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
river  Sture,  10  miles  S  W  of  Coni. 
Lon.  7  28  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Deiiain,  a  village  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Hainault.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scheld 
eight  miles  W  of  Valenciennes. 

Denbigh,  the  coimty-town  of  Denbigh, 
shire,  situate  on  the  side  of  a  rocky  hill, 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Clwyde.  Its 
ruined  castle,  with  its  vast  inclosure 
frowning  the  top  of  the  hill,  forma  a 
striking  object.  Denbigh  has  a  ccisid- 
crable  manufacture  of  ghnes  and  slioes, 
which  are  sent  to  London  for  exporta- 
tion. It  has  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
sen'ls  one  memljcr  to  parliament,  and 
is  27  miles  W  of  Chester  and  208  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  53 
11  N. 

Dciwii;hshi<-e,  a  cotuity  of  Wales, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  Merioneth  and 
Montgomery  shires,  on  the  N  by  Flint- 
shire and  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W  by 
Caernarvon  and  part  of  Merionetli- 
shire.  It  is  about  40  miles  long  and  21 
broad.  The  air  is  wholesome,  but 
sharp;  the  county  being  jM'etty  hilly, 
and  the  snow  lying  long  on  the  tops  of 
the  mountains.  The  soil  in  general  is 
barren  ;  but  tlie  v.ile  of  Clwyde,  so  call- 
ed from  it.s  being  watered  by  that  riv- 
rr,  is  a  very  fertile  ])lcasant  spot,  of 
!;-reat  extent,  and  well  inhabited.  "I'he 
chief  commodities  are  black  cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  rye,  and  lead  ore.    The 


DEN 

county  sends  two  members  to  parlla- 
ment 

IJeiider,  a  river  of  Austrian  Hainault., 
which  waters  Leuze,  Ath,  Lessines, 
Grammont,  Ninove,  and  Alost,  and 
joins  the  Scheld  at  Dendermonde. 

Dciidermowie,  a  city  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  was  ta. 
ken  by  tlic  French  in  1794,  when  they 
overran  Holland.  It  is  surrounded  by 
marshes  and  fine  meadows,  which  can 
be  covered  with  water,  and  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  tlie  Dender  and 
Scheld,  16  miles  W  of  Mechlin.     Lon. 

4  10  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Deiria,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Spain, 
in  Valencia.  It  is  seated  at  tlie  foot  of 
a  moimtain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  52 
miles  E  of  Alieant.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat. 
38  44  N. 

Deninart,  ft  kingdom  of  Europe, 
boimded  on  the  E  by  tlie  Baltic  Sea,  on 
the  AV  and  N  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the 

5  by  Germany.  The  country  is  gener- 
ally  flat,  and  the  soil  sandy.  The  air 
is  rendered  foggy  by  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  seas  and  lakes,  of  which  it 
is  full,  but  it  has  nc  considerable  river. 
Denmark,  properly  so  called,  consists 
of  Jutland  and  the  islands  of  Zealand 
and  Funen,  with  the  little  isles  about 
them  ;  but  the  king  of  Denmark's  do- 
minions contain  also  Norway,  and  the 
dutchies  of  Holstein,  Oldenburg,  and 
Delmenhorst.  Denmark  was  once  a 
limited  and  elective  monarchy  ;  but,  in 
1660,  it  was  made  absolute  and  hered- 
itary, by  a  revolution  .dmost  unparall- 
eled in  history  ;  a  free  people  volunta- 
rily resigning  their  liberties  into  the 
hands  of  their  sovereign.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Protestants  since  the  year 
1522,  when  they  embraced  the  confes- 
sion of  Augsburg.  By  an  actual  num- 
eration in  1759  the  inhabitants  were 
said  to  amount  to  2,444,000  souls. 
Their  whole  re\enue,  including  wh.it 
it  received  .it  Elsineur,  amounts  to  a- 
bout  1,002,300/.  sterling  yearly.  The 
military  force  consists  of  70,000  men, 
cavalry  and  hifantry,  the  g^reatest  part 
of  which  consists  of  a  militia  which  re- 
ceive no  pay,  but  are  exercised  every 
Sunday.  The  fleet  consists  of  about  36 
ships  of  the  line,  and  18  frigates  ;  but 
many  of  the  ships  being  old,  and  want- 
ing repairs,  if  they  can  send  out  25 
ahii)s  upon  the  greatest  emergency, 
this  is  supposed  to  be  the  most  they 
can  do.  They  have  26,000  registered 
seamen,  who  cannot  quit  the  ^gdom 


DEN 


D  E  R 


D  E  R 


:nds  two  members  to  parlia. 

■,  a  river  of  Austrian  HainauU, 
•atcvs  Leuze,  Ath,  Lcssines, 
lit,  Ninove,  and  Alost,  and 
Sclield  at  Dcndermonde. 
-moivie,  a  city  of  Austrian  Flan- 
th  a  strong  c'itadel.  It  was  ta- 
lie  French  in  1794,  when  they 
Holland.  It  is  surrounded  by 
and  fine  meadows,  which  can 
:ed  with  water,  and  is  seated  at 
ifluence  of  tlic  Dender  and 
1 6  miles  W  of  Mechlin.  Lon. 
lat.  51  3  N. 

,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Spain, 

icia.     It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 

:ain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  52 

of  Alicant.     Lon.  0  36  E,  lat. 

lari,    a    kingdom    of  Europe, 
1  on  the  E  by  tlie  Baltic  Sea,  on 
and  N  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the 
srmany.'  The  country  is  gener- 
,  and  the  soil  sandy.    The  air 
lered  foggy  by  the  neighbour- 
'the  seas  and  lakes,  of  which  it 
but  it  has  no  considerable  river, 
rk,  properly  so  called,  consists 
luul  and  the  islands  of  Zealand 
nen,  with  the  little  isles  about 
but  the  king  of  Denmark's  do- 
s  contain  also  Norway,  and  the 
fs  nf  Holstein,   Oldenburg,  and 
Cihorst.     Denmark  was  once   a 
and  elective  monarchy  ;  but,  in 
t  was  made  absolute  and  hered- 
jy  a  revolution  .dmost  unparall- 
'  history  ;  a  free  people  volunta- 
signing  their  liberties  into  the 
af  their  sovereign.    The  inhabi- 
ire   Protestants  since  the  yeai- 
,vhen  they  embraced  the  confes- 
Augsburg.     By  an  actual  num- 

in  1759  the  inhabitants  were 
.  amount  to  2,444,000  souls, 
whole  revenue,  incl'iding  what 
ived  .at  Elsineur,  amounts  to  a- 
,002,000/.  sterling  yearly.  The 
y  force  consists  of  70,000  men, 
f  and  hifantry,  the  greatest  part 
ch  consists  of  a  militia  which  re- 
10  pav,  but  are  exercised  every 
y.  The  fleet  consists  of  about  36 
)f  the  line,  and  18  frigates  j  but 
-,{ tiie  ships  being  old,  and  want- 
;p;nrs,  if  they  can  send  out  25 
upon  the   greatest  emergency, 

supposed  to  be  the  most  they 
,,.  They  have  26,000  registered 
n,  who  cannot  quit  the  kingdom 


without  leave.  The  produce  of  Den- 
mark consists  inpitch,  t.nr,  iis!i,oil,  and 
deals.     Copenhagen  is  the  capital. 

Dennis,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
counlv,  Massachusetts,  about  eight 
miles  fi-om  Barnstable  the  shire  town, 
containing  1400  inhabitants. 

Benton,  the  capital  of  Caroline  coun- 
ty, Mary  land;  standing  on  the  E  side 
of  Choptank  river,  about  seven  miles  E 
nf  HiUsborough  and  eight  S  of  Greens- 
horougii.  Here  is  a  post  oliice,  court 
liou.se,  &,c. 

Denys,  St.  a  famous  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Paris.  Here  is  an 
ancient  and  magnificent  church,  in 
which  were  the  tombs  of  many  of  the 
French  kings  j  and  in  the  treasury,  a- 
mong  other  curiosities,  the  swords  of 
St.  Lewis  and  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and 
the  sceptre  of  Charlemagne.  The  ab- 
bey of  the  late  Benedictines,  was  a 
magnificent  piece  of  modem  architec- 
ture, but  was  destroyed  bjj^ie  mad- 
ness and  fury  of  the  revolutiSists,  and 
the  name  of  the  town  was  ".hanged  to 
Franciade.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Crould,  near  the  Seine,  five  miles  N  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  26  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Deptford,  a  town  of  Kent,  four  miles 
E  of  London.  It  has  a  bridge  over  the 
river  at  Ravensbourn,  near  Its  inilux 
into  the  Thames,  where  it  once  h^d  a 
deep  ford  from  whence  it  had  its  name. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  docks  and 
for  the  king's  yard  and  storehouses.  It 
was  anciently  called  West  Greenwich. 
It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Deptford,  and  has  two  parish  chui-ches. 
Here  is  an  hospital,  incorporated  by 
Henry  VIll.  called  Trinity  House  of 
Deptford  Strond.  It  contains  21  hous 
es :  a  more  modem  structure,  and  a 
finer  one,  called  Trinity  Hospital,  con- 
tains 38.  Both  these  are  for  decay- 
ed pilots,  or  masters  of  ships,  or  their 
widows,  who  have  a  handsome  month- 
Iv  allowarice.  Deptford  is  four  miles 
E  of  London.    Lon.  0  4  E,  lat.  51  3ft  N. 

Derbent,  a  seaport  and  fortress  of 
Persia,  in  the  province  of  Schirvan,  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  The 
town  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Persians, 
Tartars,  and  a  few  Armenians.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  is  surrounded  by  high 
brick  walls.  The  fortress  surrendered 
to  the  Russians,  in  May  1796,  after  a 
siege  of  ten  days.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Csiucasu?,  Lon.  50  0  E, 
lat.  42  8  N. 


Derby,  the  county  town  of  Derby- 
siiirc,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dcrwcnt,  over  which  is 
a  handsome  stone  bridge  :  and  a  brook 
runs  through  the  town,  under  several 
stone  bridges.  It  has  five  churches,  of 
which  All  .Saints  is  the  chief,  noted  for 
its  beautifiJ  tower.  In  1734,  anuichine 
was  crectedhere  by  sir  Thomas  Lombe, 
for  the  manufacturing  of  silk,  the  mo- 
del of  which  was  brought  from  Italy. 
Derby  possesses  also  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  silk,  cotton,  and  fine 
worsted  stocking.s  j  and  has  a  fabric  of 
porcelain,  equal,  if  not  superior  inquaU 
ity,  to  any  in  the  kingdom.  Several 
hands  are  employed  in  the  laj.idai-y  and 
jewellery  branches  ;  and  Derbyshire 
marbles,  spars  and  crystals  are  wrought 
into  a  variety  of  ornamental  articles. 
They  likewise  carry  on  a  great  trade  in 
wool,  com,  malt,  and  ale,  of  which 
considerable  quantities  arc  sent  to  Lon« 
don.  Derby  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  governed  by  a  may- 
or. It  is  36  miles  N  of  Coventry,  and 
126  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  '25  W, 
lat.  52  58  N. 

Derby,  a  town  in  New  Haven  coun< 
ty,  Connecticut,  witli  a  post  office ; 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Stratford  river, 
eight  miles  W  of  New  Haven. 

Derby,  a  pleasant  village  in  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  a  creek  of  tlie 
same  name,  seven  miles  S  by  W  of 
Philadelphia. 

Derbyshire,  an  English  county,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Yorkshire,  on  the  E  by 
Nottinghamshire,  on  the  S  by  Leices- 
tershire and  Warwickshire,  on  the  W 
by  Staffordshire,  and  on  the  N  W  by 
Cheshire.  It  lies  in  the  diocese  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  sends  four 
members  to  parliantent,  and  contains 
six  hundreds,  11  market  towns,  and  lOQ 
parishes.  It  is  near  59  miles  in  length, 
from  south  to  north ;  about  34  in  breadth 
on  the  north  side,  but  on  the  S  no  more; 
than  six.  The  air  is  pleasant  and 
healthful,  especially  on  the  eaat  side ; 
but  on  the  west,  about  the  peak,  it  19 
sharper  and  more  subject  to  wind  and 
rain.  The  soil  is  very  diffierent  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  coimty  j  in  the  E 
and  S  parts  it  is  v^ry  fruitful  in  all 
kinds  of  grain ;  but  in  the  west,  beyond 
the  Derwent,  it  ia  barren  and  moun- 
tainQUB,  producing  nothing  but  i.  little 
oats.  There  is,  however,  plenty  of 
grass  in  the  valleys,  which  afford  pas- 
ture %o  » |pr«»t  i\ui»>>er  9(  vheep'  TUia 


D  E  S 


D  E  V 


U 


part  of  the  county  is  called  the  peak, 
i'roiii  a  Siixon  word  signifying  nn  emi- 
nence. Its  mountains  are  very  bleak, 
liigh  and  barren;  h'n  extremely  profit- 
able to  the  in1'.il)itants.  Tliey  yield 
grent  qnnntitics  of  the  best  lead,  anti- 
mony, iron,  sc_\  thc-stones,  grind-stones, 
marble,  alabaster,  a  coarse  sort  >  f  cry- 
stal, azure,  spar,  and  pit-coul.  In  tiiese 
mountains  ai-e  two  remarkable  caverns, 
named  Pool's  Hole,  and  Elden-Hole. 
The  prmcipal  rivers  are  the  Dcrwcnt, 
Dove,  Erwash,  and  Trent. 

Dereham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  The  market  is  no- 
ted for  wool  and  yarn.  It  is  14  miles 
W  of  Norwich,  and  100  N  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Deienhurg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Hulberstadt. 

Dereote,  or  Deiroute,  a  town  of  Egypt, 
in  the  isle  formed  by  the  canal  from 
Cairo  to  Rosetta.  Here  is  a  magnifi- 
cent temple.  Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30 
40.  N. 

Derne,  a  town  of  Barbary.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  district  in  Tripoli  near  the 
coast.     Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Derp,  a  town  of  Ilnssia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Riga,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  imiversity.  It  lies  rear  tiie  river 
Ambec,  50  miles  N  W  of  Pskof.  Lon. 
26  15  E,  lat.  58  30  N. 

Deruyter,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county,  New  York,  with  about  320  in- 
habitants, 466  miles  from  Washington. 

Dervient,  a  river  in  Devonshire, 
-which  rises  in  the  high  Peak,  passes 
Derby,  and  empties  itself  into  the 
Trent  on  the  borders  of  Leicester- 
shire. 

DenxenU  a  river  of  Yorkshire,  which 
rising  in  the  N  riding,  flows  into  the 
Ouse,  below  York. 

Dervient,  a  river  of  Durham,  which 
flowing  for  some  time  between  Durham 
and  Northumberland,  falls  into  the 
Tyne,  above  Newcastle. 

Denvent,  a  river  of  Cumberland, 
-which  Tiowing  through  the  lakes  of 
Dcrwcnt-water  and  Bassenthwaite-wa- 
ter  to  Cockermouth,  enters  the  Irish 
Sea,  neai'  Workington. 

Denxent-viater,  a  lake  of  Cumberland, 
in  the  vale  of  Keswick.  It  is  tlirce 
miles  in  length,  and  a  mile  and  a  half 
wide.  Five  islands  rise  out  of  this  lake, 
-which  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
appearance.  On  one  of  tliem  is  an  ele- 
gant modern-built  house. 

Descada,  one  of  the  PfWDch  Carib- 


bcc  I.tlands,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  i« 
10  miles  long  and  five  broad,  aiul  is  gi- 
nerally  tlie  lir.;t  land  that  is  made  in 
.sailing  to  the  West  Indies.  Lon.  61 20 
W,  lut.  16  40  N. 

Dcseada,  or  Capt  Detire,  the  southern 
jwintcifthe  straits  of  Magellan,  in  S 
America,  at  the  entrance  of  the  South 
Sea.     Lon.  74  18  W,  lat  53  4  S. 

Destaiu,  a  strong  town  of  German}', 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  pro- 
vince of  Hanhalt.  It  belongs  to  its  own 
prince,  and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  37 
miles  N  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  22  E,  kt. 
51  53  N. 

Dethmold,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  on 
the  river  Wehera,  15  miles  N  of  Pa- 
derborn.     Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Detroit,  a  post  town  of  Indiana  Ter- 
ritory,  situated  on  the  W  side  of  a 
strait  of  the  same  name,  which  connects 
lake  St.  Clair  with  lake  Erie,  in  the 
lat.  of  42°  22'  N,  and  lon.  of  83"  W. 
This  is  1^  principal  staple  of  the  fur 
trade  bmireen  the  United  States  and 
the  Indians  ;  it  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  contains  2000  inhabitants,  mostly 
Canadians. 

Dettin^.-'ti,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  teiTitory  of  Hanau.  The  French 
were  defeated  in  1743  by  George  II. 
It  lies  between  Hanau  and  Aschafien- 
biu-g,  four  miles  from  each. 

Deva,  a  seiqiort  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  in  the  province  of  Guipuscoa, 
15  miles  S  E  of  Biiboa.  Lon.  2  40  W, 
lat.  43  24  N. 

Dtrcento,  a  to-wn  of  Bidgaria,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  sec,  seated  on  the 
river  Paniza,  65  miles  NE  of  Adriano- 
pie.     Lon.  37  33  E,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Deventer,  a  city  of  tlie  United  Pro- 
vinces, the  capital  of  Overyssel,  -with  a 
university.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
walls,  and  seated  on  the  river  Yssel, 
50  miles  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  56 
E,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Deeetto,  or  Zagorta,  a  town  in  Bui- 
garia,  not  far  from  the  see  of  a  Greek 
archbishop.  It  is  situated  near  tlie 
Black  Sea,  106  miles  N  of  Constanti- 
nople.   Lon.  27  22  E,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Devizes,  a  borough  in  Wilts  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  serges  and  other  woollen  stuff's.  It 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  24  miles  N  W  of 
Salisburv,  and  89  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  2  W,  iat.  51  20  N. 

Devon,  a  river  of  Perthshirie,  over 
which,  in  the  beautiful  vole  of  Glende- 


the 
of  I 
of  I 


9Sf" 


D  E  V 

I  the  WcBt  Indies.  It  i* 
Mid  five  broad,  luul  is  ge- 
it  land  til  at  is  niude  in 
Went  Indies.    Lon.  61 20 

N. 

Cape  De*i>e,  the  southern 

traits  of  Magellan,   in  S 

the  entrance  oi'  the  South 

4  18  W,  lut  53  4  S. 

jtrong  town  of  Germany, 

)f  Upper  Saxony,  and  pro. 

lalt.  It  belongs  to  its  own 

is  seated  on  the  Elbe,   37 

eipsic.     Lon.  12  22  E,  lat. 

a  town  of  Westphalia,  on 
ihcra,  15  miles  N  of  Pa- 
nn.  8  55  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 
post  town  of  Indiana  Ter- 
tcd  on  the   W   side  of  a 
same  name,  which  connects 
M  with  lake  Eric,  m  the 
>2'  N,  and  lon.  of  83°  W, 
jrincipa)   staple  of  the  fur 
•en  the  United   States  and 
";    it  is  strongly  fortified, 
J  2000  inhabitants,  mostly 

a  village  of  Germany,  in 
y  of  Hanau.  The  French 
ted  in  1743  by  George  II. 
f/een  Hanau  and  Aschatten- 
miles  from  each. 
Bciiport  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
nthe  province  of  Guipuscoa, 
EofBilboa.    Lon.  2  40  W, 

k  town  of  Bulgaria,  with  a 

.bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 

a.  eSroilesNEof  Adrjanc 

'37  33  E,  lat.  42  33  N. 

a  city  of  tlie  United  Pro- 

capital  of  Ovei-yssel,  with  a 

It  is  surrounded  by  strong 

seated  on  the  river  Yssel, 

,  of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  5  50 

or  Zagorta,  a  town  in  Bui. 
far  from  the  see  of  a  Gre« 
U  is  situated  near  the 
-.  106  miles  N  ofConsUnU- 
m.  27  22  E,  lat.  42  25  N. 
a  borough  in  Wilts  with  a 
Thursday,  and  a  manuf»ct\u« 
and  other  woollen  stufls.    U 
ma  hill,  sends  two  members 
lent,  and  is  24  miles  N  W  of 
and  89  W  of  London.    Lon. 
t.  51  20  N. 

ft  rver  of  Perthshire,  over 
tlie  beautiful  vole  of  GUntU- 


D  E  V 

TOO,  is  a  great  curiosity,  called  the 
Uiinibling  bridge.  In  consists  of  one 
arch,  tlirown  over  a  horrible  cliusm, 
worn  by  tlie  river,  about  80  feet  deep, 
jind  veiy  narrow.  In  other  jjlaccs,  the 
river  has  forced  its  way,  in  a  surprising 
manner,  throiigli  tlic  rocks.  At  the 
Caldron-lin,  it  has  worn  away  the 
softer  parts  of  tlie  stone,  and  formed  • 
immense  pits,  into  which  tlie  water 
falls  Willi  a  tremendous  noise.  Be- 
low this,  the  whole  river  is  precipita- 
ted in  one  sheet,  from  a  height  of  40 
feet. 

Devonshire,  an  English  county,  69 
miles  long,  and  64  broad.  It  is  287 
miles  in  circumference,  of  which  its 
maritime  coast  is  nearly  150  miles.  In 
its  figure  it  represents  a  parallelogram, 
and  is  bounded  on  the  N  and  N  W  by 
the  Bristol  Channel,  on  the  E  by  Som- 
ersetshire aiul  Dorsetshire,  on  tlic  S 
and  S  E  by  the  English  Channel,  and 
on  tlie  W  by  Cornwall.  Though  there 
.ire  some  unwholesome  situations,  yet 
upon  the  whole  this  county  enjoys  a 
remarkable  salubrity  of  mr,  imd  mild- 
ness of  seasons.  The  tops  of  the  moun- 
tains are  cold  and  bleak,  but  the  air  in 
the  vallies  is  mild  and  warm.  The 
country  is  very  beautifully  interspersed 
with  hills  and  vales,  and  tlie  climate  is 
no  less  various  ;  the  vallies  being  fruit- 
fid  and  the  hills  barren.  In  the  east- 
ern parts  there  is  plenty  not  only  of 
good  corn,  but  of  fine  pasturage  for 
ilieep,  where  the  grounds  are  dry  and 
chalky.  The  soutliem  part  of  the 
county  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  is  as 
justly  called  the  Garden  of  Devonshire 
as  Italy  is  the  Garden  of  the  World. 
Fruit-trees  are  plentiful,  especially  sip- 
ples,  with  which  a  great  quantity  of  ci- 
der is  made.  The  western  parts  a- 
bou.'<d  wi^ii  game,  especially  hares, 
pheasurils,  and  woodcocks,  which  are 
ill  such  abundance,  as  to  render  ihcm 
very  cheap  1  and  here  is  a  bird  so  very 
small,  that  it  is  rc]nitcd  a  humming- 
bird, and  like  that,  constructs  its  nest 
on  the  extreme  branches  of  trees.  For 
a  considerable  extent  to  the  S  and  W 
of  Dartmoor,  there  are  vast  rocks  of 
fine  variegated  marble,  and  in  many 
places  marble  rocks  are  found  to  be 
the  basis  of  the  high  road.  In  the  N 
of  the  county  there  is  a  famous  breed 
of  bullocks,  remarkable  for  their  beau- 
ty. Numbers  of  these  are  bought  at  a 
high  price,  and  sent  even  to  Jamaica. 
The  principKl  rivers  arc  tbe  Tamac, 


D  I  A 

Ex,  Tcigne,  and  Dart.  Exeter  is  the 
capital. 

Deux  Pouts,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Hhiiie,  capitul  of 
a  diitciiy  of  the  same  ii;;inc,  seatiil  on 
the  river  Erbach,  49  ir.lles  N  by  \V  of 
Strasburg,  and  50  S  W  of  Menlz.  Lon. 
7  26  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Deynse.     See  Dcinse. 

Diurbeck,  or  Diarbekar,  a  jirovince  of 
Turkey  in  A.sia,  which  extends  idong 
the  banks  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates 
fnmi  N  N  W  to  S  E,  that  is,  from 
Mount  Taurus,  which  divifles  it  I'rom 
Turcomania  on  the  N,  to  the  inmost  re- 
ress  of  the  Persian  gulf  on  the  S,  about 
oUO  miles  ;  and  from  E  to  W,  that  is, 
from  Persia  on  the  E  to  Syria  ami  Ara- 
bia Desfi-ta  on  the  W,  in  some  places 
200,  and  in  others  about  300  miles,  but 
in  the  southern  or  lower  parts  ii;  t  above 
150.  Being  a  consideruhlL-  frontier 
towards  the  kingdom  of  Persia,  it  is 
very  well  guarded  and  (brtlfied  ;  but  as 
ibr  those  many  cities  once  so  renowned 
for  tlieir  greatness  and  opulence,  they 
are  at  ])resent  almost  dwiiK.led  into 
heaps  of  ruins.  Bagdad,  Mossul,  Ca> 
ralimed,  and  a  few  more  indeed  con- 
tinue to  be  i>o])ulous  and  wcullliy ;  but 
the  rest  can  sc:  ;e  be  called  by  any  o- 
ther  name  than  that  of  sorry  places. 
The  rivers  Euphrates  aiul  l'igi-is  have 
almost  their  wliole  course  through  this 
country. 

Diarbekir,  the  capital  of  the  above 
province,  is  situated  in  a  delightfiil 
plain,  on  the  banks  and  ne:u'  the  head 
of  the  I'igTis,  about  155  miles  or  15ca' 
ravan  da>.  ioiirnev,  N  E  from  Alcp{>o, 
in  lon.  40  50,  lat.  37  35  E.  The  bridge 
of  10  arches  over  the  said  river  is  said 
to  have  been  built  by  the  order  of  Alex- 
ander the  Gi'eut.  Ills  one  of  the  ricliest 
and  most  mercantile  cities  in  all  Asiatic 
Turkey!  and  is  w<  11  fortified,  being 
encompassed  with  u  double  wall,  the 
outermost  of  which  is  fiunked  with  72 
towers,  said  to  have  been  raised  in  me- 
mory of  our  Saviour's  72  (Usciiiles.  It 
has  several  stately  ])iazza8  or  market- 
places, well  stored  witli  all  kinds  of 
rich  merchandise,  and  12  magnificent 
rnosques,  said  to  have  been  formerly 
Christian  churches.  Its  chief  manu- 
facture is  the  dressing,  tanning,  and 
dying  of  g^at-skino,  commonly  culled 
Turkey-leather,  of  which  tlie  vent  is 
almost  incredible  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.  The  city  is  under  the 
gurcmmentof  a  baahaw,  who  has  great 


II 


i 


'i  <fl 


!»■*, 


D  I  G 


D  I  N 


power  anil  very  liivg-f  dominions.  He 
has  commonly  a  l)oJ\  of  20,000  horse 
inulcr  liim,  lor  ri.|/tUing'  tiic  frequent 
incursions  of  liic  Ciirdecs  and  Tartars, 
who  always  go  on  liorscback  to  rob 
tile  caravans.  TIic  adjacent  territory 
is  very  rich  iind  bt dutiful ;  tlie  l^rcad, 
•wine,  and  ficsli  excellent  j  the  fruits 
exquisite,  and  the  pipeons  better  and 
larjfer  than  any  in  Kuro])c. 

Die,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome  and  late  province  of 
Daii])hiny.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal 
see,  and  is  seated  on  the  Urone,  24 
miles  S  E  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  23  E, 
lat.  41  42  N. 

Diefjliott,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  sitm(;  name,  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  of  Hanover.  It  is 
sealed  on  tlie  Dtimmcr  Lake,  30  miles 
N  W  of  Minden.  Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  52 
36  N. 

Dieppe,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Norniaitdy,  with  a  pfood  har- 
bour, i'ormcd  by  the  mouth  of  the  river 
ArqiiCK,  an  old  castle,  and  two  piers. 
Packet-boats  pass  between  this  port 
and  BriglithelmstoMC,  in  the  time  of 
peace.  '1  he  prirci])al  trade  consists  in 
herrings,  wliithi^cs,  niackrcl,  ivory 
toys,  and  latcs.  It  is  not  now  so  con- 
siderable as  formerly.  It  is  30  miles 
N  of  Rouen,  and  132  N  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  9  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Diessenhifeen,  a  considerable  town  of 
Swiisserland,  in  'I'liurgaiis,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  five  miles  S  of  Schafi  hausen. 
Lon.  8  42  E,  lat  47  35  N. 

Diest,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
on  the  river  Dtmtr,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Louvain.     Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Dietz,  a  town  ol'  Wetaravia,  c.ipital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  subject  to  the 
prince  of  Nassau-Dillemberg,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Lohn,  16  miles  Eof  Cob- 
lentz.     Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Dieuse,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe  lately  in  tlie 
province  of  Lorrain,  remarkable  for 
-wells  of  salt  water,  which  produce 
much  salt.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scille, 
22  miles  N  £  of  Nsinci.  Lon.  6  45  £, 
lat.  48  53  N. 

Diez,  St.  a.town  of  France,  In  the 
department  of  tlie  Vosffes  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lonaln.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Meurthe,  30  miles  S  E  of  Luneville. 
Lon.  7  4  E,  lat.  4S  20  N. 
Bighton,  a  town  in  the  county  of 


Bristol,  Massachusetts  ;  lying  on  the 
W  side  of  '1  aiinton  river,  about  seven 
miles  below  Taunton  town.  It  has  a 
post  ofllce,  and  about  1666  inhabi- 
tants. 

Dif;nan,  a  town  of  Venetian  Istria, 
three  miles  from  the  ffulf  of  Venice. 
Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Digue,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  famohs  for  its  hot  baths,  and 
is  seated  30  miles  S  by  VV  of  Embrun. 
Lon.  6  12  E,  hit.  44  10  N. 

Dijon,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late 
])rovince  of  Burgundy.  It  has  an  aca- 
demy of  sciences  and  belles-lettres. 
The  public  structures,  and  particularly 
the  churches,  are  very  fine,  and  in  one 
of  tiie  squares  was  a  statue  of  Lewis 
XIV.  which  has  beon  destroyed  since 
the  French  revolution.  In  front  of  the 
Palace  Royale,  is  the  ancient  palace  of 
the  dukes  of  Burgundy ;  and  at  the 
gates  of  Dijon  is  a  late  chartreuse,  in 
which  some  of  those  princes  are  inter- 
red. J  ion  is  seated  in  a  pleasant 
plain.  Which  produces  excellent  wine, 
between  two  small  rivers,  48  miles  N 
E  of  Autun.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted at  20,000.  Lon.  5  7  E,  lat.  47 19  N. 
Di/i.     See  Dclos.  < 

Ditla,  Mount,  a  remarkable  promon- 
torv  on  the  Malabar  coast,  20  miles  N 
bv'VV  of  Tellicherry.  Lon.  75  2  E, 
lat.  12  1  N. 

Dillenburg,  a  town  of  Weteravia,  cap- 
Ital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  sub- 
ject to  the  prince  of  Nassau  Dillenburg. 
It  is  22  miles  N  W  of  Marpurg.  Lon. 
8  27  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Dillengen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
university.  Here  the  bishop  of  Augs- 
burg resides.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Danube,  17  miles  N  E  ok"  Augsburg. 
Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Dimotuc,  a  town  of  Romania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mow  Lain,  sui-rounded  by  the  Me- 
riza,  12  miles  S  W  of  Adrianople.  Lon. 
26  15  E,  lat  41  35  N. 

Dinant,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  the  North  Coast, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Bretagne.  It 
is  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  at  the 
foot  of  which  is  the  river  Ranee,  20 
miles  S  of  St.  Male.  Lon.  1  58  W,  lat 
48  20  N. 

Dinant,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  a  castle.   It  is 


D  I  N 

ssachusetts  ;   Ivinff  on  the 

I  aiiiUon  river,  about  seven 

I  Tiiimton  town.     It  has  a 

and    about   1666    inhabi- 

\  town  of  Venetian  Istria, 
from  the  f^iilf  of  Venice. 

i,  lat.  45  10  V. 

town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

"tlie  Lower  Alps  and  late 
Provence,   with  a  bislxip's 

anions  for  its  hot  baths,  and 

0  miles  S  by  W  of  Embrun. 
i,  I'll.  44  10  N. 

1  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
ncnt  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late 
■  Burgundy.  It  has  an  uca- 
cienccs  and  belles-lettres, 
structures,  and  particularly 

es,  are  very  tine,  and  in  one 
jrcs  was  a  statue  of  Lewis 
;ii  has  been  destroyed  since 
I  revolution.  In  front  of  the 
lale,  is  the  ancient  palace  of 
of  Burpindy ;  and  at  the 
tijon  is  a  late  chartreuse,  in 
le  of  those  princes  are  inter- 
on  is  seated  in  a  pleasant 
:h  produces  excellent  wine, 
wo  small  rivers,  48  miles  N 
n.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
1,000.  Lon.  5  7  E,  lat.  47 19  N. 
oe  Dclos.  ' 

'fount,  a  remarkable  promon- 
;  Malabar  coast,  20  miles  N 
Tellicherry.     Lon.  75  2  E, 

r. 

rg,  atownof  Weteravia,cap- 
untyof  the  same  name,  sub- 
irince  of  Nassau  Dillenburp. 
es  N  W  of  Mai-purg.  Lon. 
t.  50  48  N. 

a  tovm  of  Suabia,  with  a 
Here  the  bishop  of  Augs- 
des.  It  is  seated  near  the 
ir  miles  N  E  oi"  Augsburg. 
)  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

a  town  of  Romania,  with  a 

hbishop's  see.     It  is  seated 

ain,  sujTounded  by  the  Me- 

iles  S  W  of  Adrianople.  Lon. 

at.  41  35  N. 

a  town  of  France,  now  in 
tmcnt  of  the  North  Coast, 
lie  province  of  Bretagne.  It 
•m  a  craggy  mountain,  at  the 
ich  is  the  river  Uance,  20 
■St.Malo.     Lon.  158  W,  lat 

a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
of  Liege,  with  a  castle.  It  i» 


D  I  U 

seated  near  the  Meusc,  12  miles  S  of 
Namur.     Lon.  4  58  E,  lat.  50  17  N. 

JJinatmondy,  a  town  in  A^erioneth- 
bhiro,  with  a  market  on  Friday,  18 
miles  S  uf  Bala,  and  196  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  3  40  W,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Dinchureh,  a  village  in  Kent,  in 
Romney  Marsh.  It  is  three  miles  N  £ 
uf  Komney. 

DinekeUpil,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
.Suabia,  seated  on  the  river  Wemitz. 
It  has  a  g^'eat  and  a  little  council ;  the 
former  is  a  mixture  of  Papists  and  Lu- 
tlicrans :  hut  the  little  one  is  all  Pa- 
pists. It  carries  on  a  trade  in  cloth 
and  reaping-hooks,  and  is  37  miles  S 
\V  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat. 
49  ON. 

Dingelfing,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Iser,  20 
miles  N  E  of  Landschut.  Lon.  12  36 
£,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Dingle,  a  seaport  of  Ireland  in  the 
county  of  Derry,  seated  on  Dingle  Bay, 
lou"  miles  W  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  40 
■\V,  lilt.  52  42  N. 

Dingviall,  a  royal  borough  in  Ross- 
sliirc,  seated  at  the  head  of  the  frith  of 
Cromarty,  15  miles  W  of  the  town 
of  Cromarty.  Near  it  sins  the  river 
Conel,  famous  for  producing  pearls. 
Some  linen  yarn  is  manufactured  here, 
and  there  is  a  lint-mill  in  the  neighbour- 
hood.    Lon.  4  23  W,  lat  57  45  N. 

Diiapfioinhnent,  Cape,  a  cape  of  the 
island  of  Southern  Georgia,  in  tha 
South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  36  15  W, 
lat.  54  58  S. 

Dismal  Sviamp,  a  marshy  tract,  on 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  50  miles 
long  and  30  broad.  It  occupies  the 
whole  country  between  Albemarle 
Sound  and  Pamlico  Sound. 

Diu,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
vor  Waveney,  on  the  side  of  a  hill  -, 
and  at  the  W  end  of  the  to^vn  is  a  larg^ 
muddy  lake,  abounding  with  eels. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  sail-cloth, 
hnen,  cloth,  hose,  and  stays.  It  is  19 
miles  S  of  Norwich,  and  92  N  N  E  of 
London.     Lon.  1  9  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Diu,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
;.iulf  of  Cambay,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  three  miles  long'  and  one 
broad.  On  it  is  a  large  fortified  town 
cf  the  same  name,  built  of  freestone 
and  marble ;  and  it  contains  some  fine 
churches,  erected  by  the  Portuguese, 
."iljout  the  time  they  took  posscs$i(<n  of 
rhc  i>>laud  in  1515.     It  i»  pretty  Iwrge, 


D  N  I 

and  fortified  by  a  high  stone  wall,  well 
furnished  with  cannon.  The  trade  of 
the  town,  once  so  important,  is  ulniust 
entirely  removed  to  Sural.  It  is  180 
miles  W  by  S  of  Surat,  and  200  N  VV 
of  Bombay.  Lon.  69  52  E,  lat.  20  43  N. 
Dixan,  I  he  first  tovm  in  Abyssinia, 
on  the  side  of  Taranta.  It  is  built  on 
the  top  a  hill,  exactly  in  the  form  of  a 
sugar-loaf,  a  deep  valley  surrounds 
it  like  a  trench,  ajul  tiie  road  windu 
spirally  up  the  hill  till  it  ends  amonr 
the  houses.  The  town  is  well  peopled 
by  Moors  and  Christians,  wiiose  only 
trade  is  the  selling  of  children.  The 
Christians  bring  such  as  they  have  sto- 
len in  Abyssinia  to  Dixan,  where  the. 
Moors  receive  them,  and  carry  them 
to  a  market  at  M.isuah,  whence  they 
are  sent  to  Arabia  or  India.  The 
priests  uf  the  province  of  Tigre,  are 
openly  concerned  in  this  infamous  traf- 
fie.     Lon.  40  7  E,  lat.  14  57  N. 

Dix-niude,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, which  has  been  often  taken.  It 
was  forced  to  surrender  to  the  French 
in  1794.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  ex- 
cellent butter  ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Yperlcc,  10  miles  N  W  of  Ypres. 
Lon.. 2  57  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Dizier,  St.  a  considerable  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Mame  and  late  province  of  Champagne, 
seated  on  the  Marnc,  where  it  begins 
to  be  navigable  for  boats,  15  miles  S  E 
of  Vitri  le-Fnuicois.  Lon.  4  54  E,  lat. 
48  35  N. 

Dnieper,  anciently  the  Boristhenes, 
a  large  river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in 
the  government  of  Smolensko,  and 
flowing  in  a  southerly  direction,  enters 
the  Black  sea,  between  Chcrson  and 
Ocziikow.  From  its  source  to  its 
mouth,  it  now  flows  entirely  through 
the  Russian  dominions ;  and  tlu'ough 
this  whole  course  of  above  800  miles, 
its  navigation  is  only  once  interrupted 
by  a  series  of  cataracts,  which  begin 
below  tlie  mouth  of  the  Samara,  and 
continue  for  above  40  miles ;  but  these 
may  be  passed  in  spring,  without  muck 
hazard,  even  by  loaded  barks. 

Dnietter,  a  fine  river  which  rises  fn 
Galicia,  in  Austrian  Poland,  and  taking 
a  S  E  direction  visits  Choczim,  divid- 
ing Podolia  from  Moldavia ;  it  tlien  se- 
parates Bessarabia  from  tlie  Russian 
^vemment  of  CHtharinens]af,and  hav- 
ing watered  Bender,  falls  into  the 
Black  Sea,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
Dnieper  and  the  Daitube. 


DOM 


DOM 


i 


Dobelin,  a  town  of  Courland,  20 
miles  S  W  of  Mittau.  Lon.  23  35  E, 
Int.  56  28  N. 

Dobrzin,  a  to\vn  of  Poland,  in  Ma- 
•ovia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  a  rock  near  the  Vis- 
tula, 14  miles  N  W  of  Plucksko,    Lon. 

19  5  E,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Docttmt,  a  to^vn  of  the  Unite<l  Pro- 
vinces, in  W  Friesland,  at  the  mouth 
of  tlie  river  Ee,  10  miles  N  E  of  Le- 
warden.     Lon.  5  41  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Doel,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  on 
the  river  Scheld,  opposite  Lillo,  nine 
miles  N  W  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  15  E, 
lat.  51irN. 

Doeslmrg,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zutphcn.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Issi'l,  10  miles  S  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  5 
36  E,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Dogado,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  S  by  Po- 
lesino,  on  the  W  by  Paduano,  and  on 
the  N  by  Trevisano.  It  comprehends 
many  small  islands  near  it,  called  tlie 
Lagunet  of  Venice. 

Dol,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  is  situate  in  a 
mo>-ass,  five  miles  from  the  sea,  and  21 
S  E  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  41  VV,  lat.  48 
33  N. 

Dolce- Aqita,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  ca- 
pital of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name, 
Tvith  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ner- 
via,  five  miles  H  of  Vintimiglia.  Lon. 
7  42  E,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Dokigno,  a  strong  to\vn  of  Albania, 
witli  a  bishop's  see,  a  good  harbour, 
und  u  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dri- 
?io,  10  miles  S  E  of  Antivari.   Lon.  19 

20  £,  lat.  42  12  N. 

Dole,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Jura,  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte,  seated  on  the  river 
Doiibs,  25  miles  S  \V  of  Besancon. 
Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Dolegelly,  a  town  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Avon,  in  a  vale  so  cal- 
led, and  at  the  foot  of  the  great  rock 
Cader-Idris  which  is  extremely  high. 
It  has  a  good  manufacture  of  Welsh 
cotton,  and  is  31  miles  N  W  of  Mont- 
gomery and  205  of  London.  Lon.  9  48 
W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Dollart  Bay,  a  largo,  gtilf,  separating 
East  Friesland,  in  Germany,  from  Gro- 
ningen,  one  of  the  United  Provinces. 

homazliz^,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in 


the  circle  of  Pilsen.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Swedes  in  1541.  It  is  seated  on 
tlic  rivulet  Cadbuzz,  17  miles  S  of  PiU 
3en. 

Domfront,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Orne,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  a  steep 
mountain,  which  has  a  large  cleil  from 
the  summit  to  the  base,  through  which 
flows  the  little  river  Varenne.  It  is  35 
miles  N  W  of  Alencon.  Lon.  0  43  W, 
lat.  48  38  N. 

Domingo,  St.  one  of  the  richest  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  400  mrles  in  lengtli, 
and  75  in  breadth.  It  was  disco\'ered 
by  Columbus,  in  1492,  and  is  surroimd- 
ed  by  craggy  rocks  and  dangerous 
siioals.  The  heat  to  the  N  and  S  E 
would  be  insupportable  for  six  months 
of  the  year,  if  not  qualified  by  the  eas- 
terly winds,  and  frequent  rains ;  but 
the  latter  soon  spoil  tlie  flesh,  bread, 
and  fruits.  It  has  a  great  many  rivers, 
and  mines  of  gold,  talc,  and  crystal. 
The  Spanish  name  »f  it,  originally  giv- 
en by  Columbus,  is  Hispaniola.  Since 
the  French  revolution  this  island  has 
been  desolated  by  the  most  dreadful 
calamities.  In  1791,  a  most  alarming 
insurrection  of  tlie  negroes  began  in 
the  French  plantations,  A  scene  of 
the  most  horrid  cruelties  ensued.  In 
a  little  time  no  less  than  100,000  ne- 
groes were  in  rebellion,  and  all  the 
manufactories  and  plantations  of  more 
than  half  the  northern  provinces  ap- 
peared as  one  general  conflagration. 
The  plains  and  mountains  were  filled 
with  carnage,  and  deluged  with  blood. 
In  1793,  the  royalists  of  fort  St.  Jerc- 
mie  invited  the  English  to  take  pos- 
session of  that  part  of  the  island.  They 
were  obliged,  however,  partly  on  ac- 
count of  the  disorders  which  desolated 
the  island,  and  partly  on  account  of 
that  dreadful  scourge  the  yellow  fever, 
to  abandon  this  island  altogether.  By 
the  peace  concluded  between  France 
and  Spain,  the  whole  of  this  island  has 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  French. 

Domingo,  St.  tlie  capital  of  the  Span- 
ish part  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  whose  ca- 
thedral is  a  superb  structure.  It  i< 
seated  on  a  large  navigable  river,  diiB- 
cult  of  access,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbour.  The  town  is  built  in  the 
Spanish  manner,  with  a  great  square  i« 
tlie  middle  of  it,  about  which  are  the 
cathedral  and  other  public  buildings. 
From   this  sqiure  run  the  principal 


bri 


^1 


I 


O  M 


•ilsen.    It  was  taken  by 
I  1541.     It  is  seated  on 
idbuzz,  17mile8SofPi^ 
a  town  of  France,  now  in 
nt  of  Orne,  lately  in  Uio 
>rmandy ,  seated  on  a  steep 
lich  has  a  large  cleR  from 
r)thc  base,  through  which 
le  river  Varenne.  It  is  35 
fAlencon.     Lon.  0  43W, 

St.  one  of  the  richest  islands 
Indies,  400  mHes  in  lengUi, 
eadth.     It  was  discovered 
8,inl492,andis8urroimd. 
ev  rocks    and   dangerous 
e  heat  to  the   N   and  S  E 
gupportablc  for  six  months 
if  not  qualified  by  the  e»». 
,,   and  frequent  rains ;  b^ 
oon  spoil  tlie  flesh,  bread. 
It  has  a  great  many  rivers, 

of  gold,  talc,  and  crystal. 
,h  name  of  it,  originally  giv. 
imbus,  is  Hispaniola.   Since 
.revolution  this  island  has 
lated  by  the  most  dreadtul 
in  1791.  a  w"*^  alamung 
m  of  tlie  negroes  began  in 
,h  plantations.     A  scene  ol 
horrid  cruelties  ensued.    In 
'e  no  less  than  100.000  ne. 
t-e  in  rebellion,  and  all  the 
ries  and  planUtions  of  more 

the  northern  provinces  ap- 
,  one  general  conflagration. 
9  and  mountains  were  taUea 
age,  and  deluged  with  blood. 

l^e  royalists  olfort  St    Jcre. 

Vd  the  English  to  take  pos- 
thatpartofthe  island.  1  hey 

KKed.  however,  partly  on  ac- 
he disorders  which  desolated 
d.  and  partly  on  ffcount  of 
dfulscourge  the  yellow  fever. 

m  this  island  altogether.    OJ 
■^  concluded  between  France 
,  the  whole  of  this  island  hat 
|o' the  hands  of  the  French.^     , 
L,5f.  tlie  capital  of  the  Span- 1 
Tf  the  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
archbishop's  see,  whose  ca- 
iB  a  superb  structure.     It  " 
„  a  large  navigable  river,  diffi- 
„,cess,%nd  has  an  esceU^n  I 

The  town  is  buiK  m  tnc 
manner,  with  a  great  square^^ 
lie  of  it,  about  which  are  tne 
landotiier  public  buildings^, 
hi»  square  run  the  princip»l 


I 


DON 

streets  in  »  direct  line,  they  being  cros- 
sed by  others  at  right  angleti,  so  tliat 
tlie  form  of  tlie  town  is  ahnost  square. 
Lon.  70  10  W,  lat.  18  20  N. 

Dominica,  one  of  tlie  windward  Ca- 
ribbce  islands  in  the  West  Indies.  It 
lies  about  hulf-way  between  Guada- 
loupe  and  Mui-tinico,  and  is  near  28 
miles  in  length,  and  13  in  breadth.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1761,  and 
confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of  1763. 
The  French  took  it  in  1778.  but  resto- 
red it  in  1783  ;  and  in  1795  they  made 
ail  unsuccessful  attempt,  fur  all  the 
Frenchmen  Uiat  landed  were  either 
killed  or  taken  prisoners.  The  soil  is 
tliin.  and  better  adapted  to  the  rearhig 
of  coflee  than  sugar ;  but  the  sides  of 
the  hills  bear  the  finest  trees  in  the 
West  Indies^  and  tlie  island  is  well 
supplied  with  rivulets.  The  capital  is 
Charlotte  Town,  formerly  Roseau. 

Dmninica,  one  of  tlie  islands  of  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Mar- 
quesas.   Lon.  139  2  W,  lat.  9  41  S. 

Domino,  St.  one  of  the  Tremiti 
Islands,  in  tlie  gulf  of  Venice,  15  mUea 
from  the  coast  of  Naples. 

Domitz,  a  town  of  Mecklenburg 
Schwcrin,  with  a  fort,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Elbe  and  Elve,  25 
miles  SofSchwerin.  Lon.  11  41  £, 
lat.  53  15  N. 

Dommel,  a  river  of  Brabant,  which 
receives  the  Aa.  below  Boia-le-Duc, 
and  tlien  falls  into  tlie  Meuse. 

Dmno-d'Ostola,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Milan,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  small  river  Tosa,  at  the 
footof  the  Alps,  16miles  N  of  Varallo. 
Domrtmy'la-Pucelle,  a  village  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Meuse 
and  late  province  of  Barrois,  remarka- 
ble for  the  blrtli  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the 
Maid  of  Orleans.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Meuse,  five  miles  from  Neufchateau. 

Don,  a  large  river  that  separates  Eu- 
rope from  Asia.  It  issues  from  lake  St. 
John,  in  the  government  of  Moscow, 
.•md  divides,  near  Tcherkasle,  into 
tiir^e  streams  which  fall  into  the  sea 
uf  Asoph.  This  river  has  so  many 
windings,  is  in  many  pai-ts  so  shallow, 
and  abounds  with  such  numerous 
shoals,  as  to  be  scarcely  navigable,  ex- 
cept in  the  spring,  on  the  melting  of 
the  snows  ;  and  its  mouths  also  ai-e  so 
clioaked  up  with  land,  that  only  flat> 
bottom  boats,  except  in  the  same  sea- 
sun,  can  pass  into  the  sea  of  Asoph. 

Don,  a  river'of  Scotland,  which  rises 


DON 

in  Aberdeenshire,  joins  the  Urie  Water 
at  Inveracy,  and  passing  by  Kintore, 
fulls  into  tlie  German  Ocean  at  .\ber- 
dccn,  within  two  miles  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Dee.  Upon  both  of  these  rivcra 
is  ail  excellent  salmon  fishery. 

Don,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which 
waters  Sheftield.  Rotherhr.in,  and  Uon- 
castcr.  and  joins  the  Aire,  near  its  ter- 
min.ition  with  the  Ousc. 

Donivaert,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
on  tiic  frontiers  of  Suahia,  subject  to 
the  duke  of  Bavaria.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Danube,  25  m-les  N 
of  Augsburg.  Lon.  11  5  E.  lat.  48  52  N. 

Doncaster,  a  corporate  town  in  the 
West  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Don,  and  has  a  castle  now  in  ru- 
ins. It  is  large  and  well  built,  and  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  It  was  noted  Tor 
knitting  worsted  stockings,  but  that 
article  of  trade  is  now  on  tiie  decline. 
It  is  37  miles  S  of  York,  Und  160- N  by 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  53 
33  N. 

Doncherry,  a  handsome  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Arden- 
nes and  late  province  of  Champacpie, 
seated  on  the  Meuse,  three  miles  m>in 
Sedan.     Lon.  5  2  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Donegal,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  68  miles  in  length, 
and  44  in  breadth ;  bounded  on  the  £ 
by  Londonderry  and  Tyrone,  on  the 
W  and  N  by  the  ocean,  and  on  tlie  S 
by  Fermanagh  and  the  bay  of  Donegal. 
It  contains  40  parishes,  and  before  the 
Irish  Union  sent  12  members  to  the 
Irish  parliament.  It  is  in  general,  a 
champaign  country,  and  aboundu  with 
harbours. 

Donegal,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  tlie  bay  of  Donegal,  10  miles  N  of 
Ballyshannon.  Lon.  7  47  W,  lat.  54  42 
N. 

Donetc/iingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in 
the  principality  of  Furstenburgh.  It  is 
the  chief  residence  of  the  prince  of 
Furstenburgh,  in  the  court-yard  of 
whose  palace  tlie  Danube  takes  its 
rise.  Some  small  springs  bubbling 
from  the  ground,  form  a  bason  of  clear 
water,  about  30  feet  square.  From 
this  issues  the  Danube,  which  is  here 
only  a  little  brook;  and  though  the 
small  rivers  Bribacb  and  Breg«,  unit- 
ing below  the  town,  are  far  more  con- 
siderable tlian  this  stream,  which 
flows  into  them  soon  after  their  junc- 
B  B 


DOR 


DOR 


lion,  yet  has  tliis  alone  the  lionour  of 
liclnnf  called  the  8oiivcc  ol'thc  Danub';. 

Dongala,  or  Dancala,  a  town  of  Nu- 
bia, With  a  cattle  seated  on  the  Nile, 
among'  mountains,  150  miles  N  of  8cn- 
nur.     Lon.  SO  35  E,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Donzy,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
portment of  Nicvre,  and  late  territory 
of  Nivcrnois,  22  miles  N  of  Never*. 
Lon.  3  14  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Dooal),  or  Doabah,  a  tract  of  land  in 
Hindoostan  Proper,  occupying  all  the 
flat  country  between  the  Ganges  and 
the  N  mountains,  as  well  us  the  princi- 
pal part  of  that  tract  lying  between  the 
Gardes  and  Jumnah.  It  is  so  named 
by  way  of  eminence ;  the  word  signi- 
fying a  tract  of  lend  formed  by  the  ap- 
proximation of  two  rivers.  The  prin- 
cipal part  of  it  is  subject  to  the  nabob 
of  Oude. 

Doon,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Ayrshire,  in 
the  S  E  pan  of  Kyle,  six  miles  in 
Icngtli,  iuid  of  considerable  breadth. 
On  on  island  in  this  lake  stands  Bal- 
loch  Castle. 

Doon,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  is- 
sning  from  Loch  Doon,  runs  N  W,  di- 
vides the  district  of  Kyle  from  Carrick, 
the  southern  division  of  Ayrshire,  and 
falls  into  the  frith  of  Clyde. 

Dorat,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  Limosin,  seated  on  the 
Abrax,  near  its  confluence  witli  the 
Sevrc,  25  miles  N  of  Limoges.  Lon. 
1  24  E.  lat.  46  12  N. 

Dorcheiter,  the  county -town  of  Dor- 
setshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  a  town  of  great 
antiquity,  was  formerly  a  city,  and  much 
larger,  the  ruins  of  the  walls  being  still 
to  be  seen  in  some  places.  It  has  three 
churches,  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  govcrnrd  by  a  mayor. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  paved,  and 
n  fine  terrace-walk,  planted  with  trees, 
almost  surrounds  the  town.  It  has  no 
manufactures,  but  is  famous  for  excel- 
lent ale.  At  a  mile's  distance  stands 
Miuden  Castle,  with  intrenchments 
thrown  up  in  the  time  of  the  Romans. 
It  nves  the  title  of  earl  to  the  family 
of  Darner,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Frome,  on  a  Roman  road,  eight  miles 
N  of  Weymouth,  and  120  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  2  45  W,  kt.  50  42  W. 

Dorchester,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
which  was  a  station  of  the  Romans, 
and  ruined  in  the  wars  with  the  Danes. 
It  was  the  see  of  a  bishop  500  years 


till  10R6,  when  William  the  conqueror 
translated  it  to  Lincoln.  It  gives  the 
title  of  baron  to  the  family  of  Carleton, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Tume,  10  mile» 
S  E  of  Oxford,  and  49  W  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Dordogne,  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  tlie  late  province  of  Pe- 
rigord. 

Dorn,  a  village  in  a  detached  part  of 
Worcestershire,  three  miles  S  E  of 
Cumpdcn  in  Gloucestershire,  where 
have  been  found  abundance  of  Roman 
and  British  coins. 

Dornoch,  a  royal  borough,  the  coun- 
ty-town of  Sutlierlandshire,  at  the  en- 
trance of  a  frith  of  the  same  name, 
over  which  it  has  a  ferry  to  Tain.  Part 
of  the  cathedral  serves  for  a  parish 
church  ;  the  other  part  is  in  ruins.  IC 
is  a  small  place,  and  half  in  ruins,  but 
was  the  residence  of  the  bishops  of 
Caithness.  It  is  40  miles  N  £  of  In- 
vem«iss.    Lon.  3  48  W,  lat.  5/  52  N. 

Dorpt,  or  Dorpat,  a  town  of  Livonia, 
on  the  Ember,  between  the  lakes  Wo- 
sero  and  Pepas,  60  miles  S  of  Narva. 
Lon.  27  52  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Dortetthirt,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  the  English  chan- 
nel, on  tlie  N  by  Somersetshire  and 
Wiltshire,  (m  the  £  by  Hanipshire,  and 
on  the  W  by  Devonshire,  and  some 
part  of  Somersetshire.  It  is  between 
40  and  50  miles  long  from  E  to  W,  and 
34  broad  from  S  to  N,  and  contains  34 
hundreds,  22  market'towns,  and  248 
parishes.  This  county  enjoys  a  mild, 
pleasant,  and  wholesome  air,  and  a 
deep,  rich,  and  fertile  soil,  finely  diver- 
sified. Towards  the  N  it  is  level,  un- 
der the  high  lands  that  divide  it  from 
Somersetshire,  where  there  are  fine 
arable  grounds  that  will  yield  large 
crops  of  difierent  kinds  of  grain.  But 
on  the  S  from  the  borders  of  Hamp- 
shire by  the  sea-coast,  for  an  extent  of 
almost  20  miles  in  length,  and  in  some 
places  four  or  five  in  breadth,  is  an 
heatliy  common,  which  renders  this 
country  less  populous  than  it  otherwise 
would  be.  From  E  to  W  run  a  viAfge 
of  hills  called  tlie  Downs,  abounding 
witli  sweet  and  short  herbage,  whieh 
nourishes  a  vast  number  of  sheep 
equally  esteemed  for  their  flesh  and 
fleece.  The  country  is  also  very  plen» 
tifully  watered ;  and  in  all  respects  so 
well  suited  both  for  pleasure  and  profit,, 
tliat  it  was  distinguished  by  the  Ro- 
mans above  all  others.     llUa  county 


)  O  R 

n  William  the  conqueror 
[)  Lincoln.  It  gives  the 
to  the  family  of  Carleton, 
I  on  the  Tame,  10  mile* 
1,  and  49  W  N  W  of  Lon- 

0  W,  lat.  51  39  N. 

,  department  of  France, 
:s  tlic  late  province  of  Pa- 
ige in  a  detached  part  of 
re,  three    miles  S  E  of 

Gloucestershire,  where 
nd  abundance  of  Roman 
lins. 

royal  borough,  the  coun- 
tlierlandshire,  at  the  en- 
rith  of  the  same  name, 

has  a  ferry  to  Tain.  Part 
Iral  serves  for  a  parish 
ather  part  is  in  ruins.  IS 
ce,  and  half  in  ruins,  but 
idence  of  the  bishops  of 
It  is  40  miles  N  E  of  In- 
n.  3  48  W,  lat  5/  52  N. 
Oorpat,  a  town  of  Livonia, 
r,  between  the  lakes  Wo- 
as,  60  miles  S  of  Narva. 
,  lat.  58  18  N. 
,  a  county  of  England, 
he  S  by  the  English  chan- 
N  by  Somersetshire  and 

1  the  E  by  Hampshire,  and 
t  Devonshire,  and  some 
irsetshire.  It  is  between 
les  long  from  E  to  W,  and 
(»  S  to  N,  and  contuns  3* 
!  market-towns,  and  248 
his  county  enjoys  a  mild, 
d  wholesome  wr,  and  a 
nd  fertile  soil,finely  diver- 
ards  the  N  it  is  level,  un- 
I  lands  that  divide  it  irom 
re,  where  there  are  fine 
^ds  that  will  yield  large 
;rent  kinds  of  grain.  But 
m  the  borders  of  Hamp- 
sea-coast,  for  an  extent  of 
iles  in  length,  and  in  some 

or  five  in  br-adth,  is  an 
mon,   which  renders  this 

populous  than  it  othervrise 
From  E  to  W  run  a  ridger 
:d  tlie  Downs,  abounding 
and  short  herbage,  whim 
I  vast  number  of  sheep 
icmed  for  their  flesh  and 
E  country  is  also  very  plen- 
red ;  and  in  all  respects  so 
)0th  for  pleasure  and  profit,. 

distinguished  by  the  Ro- 

all  others,     llii*  county 


D  O  U 

yiclil.1  many  and  very  v-iliiable  com- 
modities. The  quBri'ies  in  Purbeck  and 
Portland  supply  stones  of  different 
qunlitics  suited  to  various  uses,  and  in 
prodigious  quantities,  together  with 
.some  very  rich  and  beautiful  marble. 
The  best  tobacco-pipe  clay  in  England 
is  also  found  in  this  county.  Madder, 
iiemp,  and  flas,  also  thrive  in  many 
places,  also  grain  of  all  sorts.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Stour  and 
Frome.  Here  is  plenty  of  poultry  of 
all  sorts,  swans,  woodcocks,  pheasants, 
partridges,  (icldiiires,  &c.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  woollen  manufac- 
tures, and  its  fine  ale  and  beer.  Dor- 
chester is  tlie  capital.  See  Portland 
and  Purbeei. 

Don  or  Dordrecht,  a  city  in  Holland, 
famous  for  a  protestant  synod  held  in 
1618,  which  condemned  the  tenets  of 
Arminius.  It  is  seated  on  an  island 
of  the  Meuse,  opposite  that  of  Yssel- 
mond.  It  was  detached  from  the 
mainland  in  1421  by  a  flood  occasioned 
by  the  breaking  down  of  tlie  dyke, 
which  overwhelmed  70  villages  and 
nbout  100,000  persons.  In  1457,  this 
city  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by 
fire.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
January-  1795.  It  is  10  miles  S  E  of 
Kottei-dam.     Lon.  4  48  E,  lat  51  50  N. 

Dortmund,  a  strong  imperial  town 
of  Westphalia,  in  tlie  county  of  Marck, 
seated  on  tlie  Emstor,  35  mUes  N  E  of 
Cologne.      Lon.  735  £,  lat  51  26  N. 

Douay,  a  city  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  French 
Flanders.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Scarpe  in  a  very  pleasant  and  fertile 
country.  The  town  is  large  and  popu- 
lous, and  exceedingly  well  fortified. 
You  enter  it  by  six  gates,  and  the 
streets,  from  each  of  these  gates,  lead 
to  the  market  place.  It  has  a  fine  ar- 
senal, a  foundery  for  cannon,  a  milita- 
ry school,  a  citadel,  and  three  famous 
colleges.  The  great  square  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city,  and  tlic  principal  church, 
are  wortliy  of  notice.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1712,  after  the  suspen- 
sion of  arms  between  Great  Britain 
and  France.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Scarpe,  whence  tliere  is  a  canal  to  the 
Deule,  15  miles  N  W  of  Cambray. 
Lon.  3  10  E,  lat  50  22  N. 

Doubt,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of 
Franche  Comt^. 

Doue,  a  small  tovm  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  I<wre  uid 


D  O  U 


late  province  of  Anjou.  It  has  one  of 
the  finest  fountains  in  France  >  and 
near  it  is  a  vast  Roman  amphitheatre, 
cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  is  nine 
miles  S  W  of  Saumur. 

Dove,  a  river  in  Derbyshire,  which 
rises  in  the  Peak  parts,  the  county 
from  Stafliirdshirc,  and  falls  into  the 
Trent,  four  miles  N  of  Burton.  The 
Staflbrdshire  canal  is  carried  over  this 
river  in  an  aqueduct  of  23  arches. 

Dovedale,  one  of  the  most  romantic 
spots  in  Derbyshire,  in  tlic  neighbour- 
hood of  Ashbom.  Here  the  r'ver 
Dove  runs  in  a  chasm  between  ptti- 
cipitous  rocks. 

Dover,  a  seaport  of  England  in  the 
county  of  Kent,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  who  are  styled 
Barons  of  the  cinque  ports  of  which  Do- 
ver Is  the  chief  It  is  situate  between 
two  high  clifls,  on  one  of  which  is  an 
ancient  castle,  £  from  the  town.  It  was 
repaired  in  1756,  and  there  are  bar- 
racks in  it  for  3000  men.  The  town  was 
once  walled  round,  and  had  ten  gates, 
but  there  now  remain  only  three,  and 
those  much  out  of  repair ;  also  seven 
churches,  which  are  now  reduced  to 
two  in  the  town  and  one  in  the  castle ; 
and  it  was  formerly  deemed  the  key 
of  the  island.  It  is  tlie  station  of  the 
packet  boats  that,  in  time  of  peace, 
pass  between  Dover  and  Calais,  from 
which  it  is  distant  only  21  miles.  The 
harbour  is  made  by  a  gap  in  tlie  clifiii, 
whose  height  is  truly  sublime.  Hence, 
in  fine  weather,  is  a  prospect  of  tlie 
coast  of  France.  Dover  is  15  miles  S 
E  of  Canterbury  and  72  of  London, 
Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Dover,  a  post  town  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  lying  on  the  river 
Cochocho,  12  miles  N  by  W  of  PorU- 
moutli. 

Doner,  the  principal  town  of  Kent 
county,  Delaware,  as  well  as  the  seat 
of  state  Government;  situated  on 
Jones'  creek,  near  its  junction  with  the 
river  Delaware,  about  36  m.  S  of  New 
Castle.  Here  is  a  pest  office,  and 
about  800  inhabitants.  This  small 
town  is  neatly  built ;  the  houses  being 
mostly  of  bricks,  and  the  streets  dis- 
posed with  regularity  In  the  centre 
18  a  handsome  square,  on  which  the 
state  house  ana  public  ofllicea  are 
erected.  It  lies  in  the  lat  of  39  10 
N.  and  Ion.  7530  W. 

Doutro,  or  JDswv,  »  river  In  Spain, 


DOW 


D  R  A 


#. 


which   rise*    in  OM   Castile,    in 
muuntains   of  Urhiitn.     It   runs  W  by 
Mrvf^ral  towiiH,  and  crnRsini)^  P(>i'tii|rii|, 
lulls     into  tliu    Atlantic   Occun,   near 
Oporto. 

Douglas,  a  to^vn  in  L«norknliirp,  on 
a  river  of  the  aanie  name  tliut  I'alU 
into  the  Clvfic  ;  alwve  Lancrk.  Hiic 
ii  Doug'la.i  CaNtIc,  for  many  (ircs  the 
resiclcMcc  of  the  second  hmii'y  in  Scot- 
land. A  modern  hiiildin};  Iiuh  hocn 
erected  on  the  same  site,  in  imitation 
of  the  ancient  caHtle.  It  is  37  miles  S 
WofEdinbiirpli. 

Dou^lai,  a  seaport  of  the  lile  of 
Man,  nearly  at  the  same  distance  from 
the  Kn^lish,  Scotch,  and  Irish  shores, 
and  the  host  harbotir  in  the  island.  It 
is  <lcfeiidcd  bv  nn  impregrnahle  fort. 
Lon.  4  20  W,  tat.  54  12  N. 

Douglas,  Cape,  a  lofty  promontory 
on  the  W  coast  of  Ami'rica,  within 
the  entrance  of  Cook's  River.  It  was 
discovered  liy  Captain  Cook  in  irrH. 
Its  summit  aj'pcars  above  the  clouds, 
forminptwovcrvhigh  mountains.  Loii. 
153  30  W,  lat.  58  56  N. 

Dourac,  a  town  of  Persia  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Eluphrates  and  Tigris, 
remarkable  for  the  reed  of  which 
thev  make  pens.  Lon.  56  57  E,  lat. 
32  15  N. 

Dnurdan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
«rovince  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
inanuf  icture  of  silk  and  worsted  stock- 
ings. It  is  seated  en  the  Or{fc,  25 
miles  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  10  E, 
lat.  48  .15  X. 

Dourltich,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital 
of  Baden-Dourlach.  The  inl..ibitants 
are  protestants.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Gicusen,  12  miles  S  of  Philipsburg. 
Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Dmdcnt,  or  Dnurlent,  a  town  of 
France,  now  in  the  department  of 
Somnie  lately  in  tlie  province  of  Picar- 
tly,  with  two  citadels.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Aiitie,  15  miles  N  of  Amiens. 
Lon.  2  23  E,  lat.  50  ION. 

Dcnvlatiibatl,  formerly  called  Amcd- 
miriu',  ii  |M-ovince  of  "the  Dcd'an  of 
HiiiddOHtan.  It  is  boiinrled  on  the  N 
liy  Candeish  and  Malw.i,  on  the  W  hx 
the  G;i'ls,  on  the  S  hv  Visiajwur  and 
Golci.nda.  and  on  the  E  by  Berar.  Au. 
ruii);f;ib;ul  is  the  capital. 

Dnr.vftitiihaH,  a  fortress  in  thf.  Deccan 
of  Hindoost.in,  15  miles  N  W  of  Au- 
runpfrthid  Near  it  are  the  Pagodas 
of  E^ora,  most  of  wliich  are  cut  o»it  jf 


Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  19 


'  the  county  of 
is    n    borough 


the  I  the  natural  rock 
55  N. 

Dmvn,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  L'lster,  43  miles  in  Icnjftli, 
and  34  in  breadth  ;  boimded  on  the  K 
by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W  by  Armapli, 
on  the  N  W  by  Antrim,  and  on  the 
S  by  Carlinpford  Hay  and  the  ocean. 
It  contains  72  parisiies,  an.l  before  the 
Irish  union  sent  14  members  to  the 
Irish  parliament.  This  county  is 
rouph  and  full  of  hills,  and  yet  the  air 
is  temperate  and  healthy.  The  soil 
nataral!>  produces  w<Kirl,  unless  con- 
stantly kept  open  and  plou^fhed  ;  and 
the  low  p-ounds  dep^encnite  into  bops 
and  moss,  wliere  the  drains  are  nc- 
pleeted.  B'lt  by  tiic  industry  of  the 
iiihahit.ints  it  produces  good  crops  of 
corn,  ij'.rticularly  oats;  and,  where 
niai'l  is  found,  barley. 

Do-.un,  the  capital  n 
Down,   in  Ireland.     It 
and  market-town,    seated  on  the  river 
Newry,   seven  miles  W   of  Stranford 
Bay.     Lon.  5  42  W,  lat.  54  29  N. 

i>wnj,  a  road  on  the  E  coast  of 
Kent,  between  the  N  and  S  Foreland. 
It  is  a  famous  rendezvous  tor  shipping. 
See  Gottwin  Sandt. 

Dmmham,  u  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ouse,  on  which  there  is  a  bridge, 
and  noted  for  the  prodigiotis  quantity  of 
butter  that  is  brought  hither  and  sent  to 
L(mdon,  and  known  there  by  the  name 
of  Cambridge  butter.  It  is  35  miles 
N  E  of  Cambridge,  and  86  K  by  E  of 
London.     Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  52  4(1  N. 

Dmmungtawn,  a  pleasant  village  in 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  32  miles 
W  of  Philadelphia,  and  about  the  same 
distance  E  of  Lancaster.  Here  is  a 
|)ost  office. 

Dotvnton,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  sends  two  members  to 
]>arliament,  and  is  seated  on  the  Avon, 
six  miles  S  E  f.f  Salisburv,  and  84  W 
S  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  36  VV,  lat  51 
0.  N. 

Doylvs-unvn,  a  post  town  in  Bucks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  26  miles 
N  of  Philadelphia. 

Dracut,  «  town  of  Middlesex  county, 
Mass.ichusetts  ;  situated  on  the  N  side 
ofthe  river  Merrimack,  about  35  miles 
N  W  of  Boston.  Here  is  a  post  oifice 
51 1  miles  from  Wathingtem. 

Draguignan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  lato  prontice 


)  R  A 

>ck.     Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  19 

niinty  of  Irplanil,  in  tlio 
Istcr,  43  milcR  in  liniftli, 
u<ltli ;  lioiinilcd  on  tlic  K 
ic:i,ontlic  W  by  Arniapli, 

by  Antrim,  niul  on  tlie 
B^fi'rd  Hay  and  tlic  ocean. 
I  p!ii'i»iir»,  aii.l  before  ibc 
scT.t  14  Tncmbcrs  to  the 
fniht.  This  county  i» 
I  of  iiills,  and  yet  the  air 

and  healthy.  Tlic  noil 
iiirca  wiKid,  unless  con- 
ipen  and  plouglied ;  and 
mkU  degenerate  into  b«)f;s 
;!ierc  the  drains  arc  nc- 
t  by  tiic  industry  of  the 
;  produces  good  crops  of 
ilarly  oats  ;  and,  where 
,  barU-y. 

capital  of  tlic  county  of 
eland.  It  is  n  borough 
)wn,  seated  on  tlie  river 
n  miles  W  of  Stranford 
4'2  VV,  lat.  54  29  N. 
road  on  the  E  coast  of 
en  the  N  and  S  Forelaml. 
I  rendezvous  for  shipping. 
Jaitdt. 

n  to\vii  in  Norfolk,  with 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
I  which  there  is  a  bridge, 
the  prodiffious  quantity  of 
brought  hither  and  sent  to 
known  there  by  the  name 
e  butter.  It  is  35  miles 
bridge,  and  86  N  by  E  of 
n.  0  20  E,  lat.  52  4(1  N. 
a  pleasant  village  in 
I  Pennsylvania,  32  miles 
Iphia,  and  about  the  same 
Lancaster.    Here  is  a 


tv 


boi-ough  in  Wilts,  with 
"riday.     It  is  governed  by 

d.s  "  two  members  to 
1(1  is  seated  on  the  Avon, 

r.f  Salisburv,  and  84  W 
Dn.    Lon.  136  VV,  lat  51 

a  post  town  in  Bucks 
ivlvania,  about  26  miles 
phia. 
wn  of  Middlesex  county, 

;  situated  on  the  N  side 
errimack,  about  35  miles 

1.     Here  is  a  post  ottire 

Washhgtrm. 

a  town  of  France,  in  the 

Var  and  late  prorioce 


D  R  E 

of  Provence,  10  miles  N  W  of  Frejus. 
Lon.0;15E,  lut.  43.11  N. 

Drave,  a  considcriil>le  river  of  Ger- 
many, wliicli  rises  in  the  Tirol,  niiis 
M-ross  Carintliin,  ami  entering  Stiriit 
« ontinucs  its  rourse  bj  Marpurg :  then 
it  runs  along  the  contines  of  Srlavonia 
iitul  Lower  Hungary,  passes  by  Esseck, 
ami  a  little  after  falls  into  the  Uunuhe. 

Drayton,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with 
u  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the 
river  T()rn,  which  separates  this  coun- 
IV  from  Staflbrdshire,  It  is  17  miles 
N  E  of  8hrcwslniry,  and  154  N  W  of 
London.    Lon.  2  22  W,  lat  52  54  N. 

Drentelburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  principality  of  Hesse.  Lon.  857  E, 
lat.  51  23  N. 

Dretden,  the  capital  city  of  the  elec- 
torate of  Saxony  in  Germany.  It  is 
Heated  on  the  river  Elbe,  which  divides 
it  into  two  parts.  One  part  is  called 
Old  Dresden,  and  the  other  the  New 
Town,  in  the  German  language  New 
Stadt  They  are  joined  together  by  a 
stone  bridge,  supported  by  19  piers, 
630  paces  m  length.  It  has  a  castle, 
a  university  and  a  magnificent  church 
fur  the  Koman  catholics,  and  the  prin- 
cipal church  for  the  protestants ;  that 
of  the  Holy  Cross,  is  also  a  noble 
structure.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
and  handsome  fortifications  ;  and  con- 
tains according  to  the  latest  accounts 
1 10,000  inhabitants.  AU  the  buildings 
of  this  city  are  constrticted  with  square 
free  stone,  and  are  almost  all  of  the  same 
height.  They  have  stone  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Pima,  about  ten 
miles  from  this  city,  which  is  readily 
hroiight  down  the  Elbe.  In  general  the 
liouses  are  high  and  strong;  the  streets 
kvidc,  straight,  well  paved,  clean,  and 
well  illuminated  in  the  night;  and 
tlicrc  are  large  squares,  disposed  in 
such  a  manner,  that  Dresden  may  pass 
for  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  the 
world.  The  elector's  palace  is  a  mag- 
nificent structure,  and  abounds  in  ma- 
ny valuable  curiosities  both  of  nature 
and  art.  The  coljection  of  pictures  is 
reckoned  one  of  the  finest  tliat  exists, 
and  is  valued  at  500,000/.  This  city 
was  taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia  in 
1 745,  but  was  soon  restored :  and  a- 
gain  taken  by  him  in  1756,  but  retaken 
in  1759.  It  is  75  miles  N  W  of 
Prague.     Lon.  13  50  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Dretden,  a  town  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  Ijing  on  the  Kenebec  river, 
about  50' miles  N  E  of  Portland. 


D  R  O 

Dreux,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  departnu'iit  <if  Eure  and  Loire  and 
l.-ite  |irovince  of  bv.-auce.  It  has  a  con- 
NiileiMble  iTiHniif.>cturc  in  cloth  for  the 
uriiiy,  and  is  8eatc<l  on  the  river  Ulaise. 
:it  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  48  miles  W 
of  Paris.     Lon.  1  25  E,   lat.  48  44  N. 

Driesnen,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  new  inarclic  of  Brandenburg, 
with  a  strong  fort,  on  the  river  War- 
ta,  20  iiiilcH  E  of  Landsperg.  Lon. 
15  4j  E,  VaS^  53  N. 

DriitaiDurJ,  a  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  ill  Servia.  It  stands  on  a 
small  island  formed  by  the  Drino,  en 
the  comincs  of  Bosnia, 

Drino,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
which  has  its  smirce  in  the  frontiers 
of  Albania,  and  fidls  into  a  bay  of  the 
same  name  in  the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Drino,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  a  buy  uf  the  same  name,  in 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  50  miles  S  E  of 
Ragusa.    Lon.  10  19  E,  Int.  43  4R  N. 

Drogheda,  a  seaport  and  borough  of 
IrrUnd,  in  the  county  of  Louth.  It  is 
a  strong  place,  and  well  inhabited, 
having  nn  excellent  harbour.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Bovnc,  five  miles  W  of 
the  Irish  Sea,  and  23  N  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  6  1  W,  lat.  51  53  N 

Droitviicli,  a  borough  in  Worcester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday,  noted 
for  excellent  white  salt  made  from 
the  salt  springs  in  its  neighbourhood. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Salwarp,  six  miles 
E  N  K  of  Worcester,  and  118  W  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  48  W,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Drome,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of 
Dauphiny. 

Dromore,  a  town  of  Irelind,  in  tlie 
county  of  Do^vn.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
town  and  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The 
cathedral  is  small,  but  the  episcopal 
palace  is  handsome  and  convenient. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Laggan,  15  miles  S 
W  of  lelfast.  Lon.  6  8  E,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Droitero,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seated 
at  the  foot  ot  the  Alps  on  the  river 
Macra,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  pro- 
digious height 

Dronjield,  a  town  in  Derbyshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thtirsday,  and  airee- 
school.  It.  is  so  resorted  to,  on  account 
of  its  wholesome  air,  that  it  abounds 
with  gentry  and  handsome  buildings. 
It  is  28  miles  N  of  Derby,  and  155 
N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.'  1  25  W, 
lat.  53 18  N. 

Drontheim,  a  province  of  N.wway, 


DUB 


DUB 


bounded  on  the  W  by  the  ocean,  on 
the  N  by  the  (government  of  Warilxhu)  s, 
on  the  S  by  thut  of  lierg^n,  and  on 
tlic  L  by  Sweden,  tVorn  which  it  i»  hc- 
patutcd  by  liigh  mountains.  It  i»  but 
tJtiii  of  people. 

■JJnmt/irivi,  a  city  of  Norway,  capital  of 
ngoveiiimeiitot'theiianir  nuiiit',  with  un 
•rchbishr)p'M  Nt-c,  and  :i  L'ood  harbour. 
It  cuiricR  on  u  j^rcat  trade  ;  is  almost 
■nrrounded  by  ib<-  Kt'.i  and  the  river 
i'iddct;  and  is  '.TO  inih-s  N  W  of 
StocWholm.     I.on.  11  9  K,  Lit.  63  26  N. 

Drmuncd  LaiuU,  a  valiiiihlo  tr.itt  of 
about  ju,lHJO  iicrm,  in  tlie  Htate  of  New 
York,  un  the  N  Bide  oftlic  nxnintnins, 
in  Orang''"  county.  '1  he  waters,  wliich 
descend  from  the  surroundini^  liills, 
Lcinif  slowly  disch.'trgcd  by  the  river 
Wulkili,  cover  these  vast  meadows 
every  winter,  »nd  render  them  ex- 
tremely fertile. 

Dninibote,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Mon.ighan,  cijjht  miles  W 
of  O'undulk.  Lon.  6  31  W,  lat.  54 
10  N. 

Drumlanrig,  a  town  in  Dumfrics- 
•hirr  in  the  district  of  Nithsdale  ;  re- 
mai'kkblc  for  a  wood  of  oak  six  miles 
in  length.  Here  is  a  noble  seat  of  the 
duke  of  Qjieensbcrry,  skreened  by 
'woody  hills,  and  adorned  with  beauti 
ftil  jfardcn.s.  Driindunri)^  is  seated  on 
the  river  Nilli,  13  miles  N  of  Dumfries. 
Lon.  3  31  W,lat.  55  25  N. 

Dnisciiheim,  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace.  It 
IS  seated  on  the  river  Motcr,  near  the 
Rhine,  five  miles  S  E  of  Hai^uenau. 

Druses,  a  jicople  of  Syria,  on  the 
motmtains  Libanus  and  Antilibamis. 
They  are  warlike,  inured  to  labour, 
arc  jjreat  enemies  of  the  Turks,  and 
Jiave  tlieir  particular  princes,  called 
Emirs. 

Duaneshtirg,  a  post  town  of  Albany 
county.  New  York,  standing  on  the  E 
side  of  Schoharrie  river,  30  miles  W 
of  Albany.  The  tow-ishi])  contained 
2800  inhabitants  at  the  last  census  in 
1800. 

Dublin,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  27  milesin  lengtli, 
and  17  in  breadth  ;  i>ounded  on  the  E 
by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  N  by  East 
Meath  and  tlie  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W 
by  East  Mcatlt  and  KiUhtre,  and  on 
the  S  by  Wicklow.  Before  the  Union 
it  sent  ten  members  to  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment. 


Dublin,  the  capital  of  Ireland,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a.  bi- 
shop's see  i  Ncatedon  the  Litfcy,  in  v'wyi 
oftlic  Irish  sea  on  the  E.  Its  form  it 
thut  of  a  square,  two  miles  and  a  half 
ill  extent  on  each  side,  and  it  contain* 
about  22,000  houses,  whose  inhabitanti 
are  cslimnted  nt  156,000.  With  re 
spect  to  its  streets,  Dublin  bears  a 
Mi^ar  resemblance  to  London  t  some  oC 
the  ohl  streets  were  formerly  narrow, 
but  great  improvements  have  been 
lately  maile,  in  regard  both  to  conve- 
nience and  embrliishment,  and  tlio 
new  streets  are  wide  and  commodi- 
ous, the  houses  lofty,  uniform,  and 
elegant.  Among  these,  un  the  N  side 
of  the  river,  are  Gardiner's  row,  north 
Great  George's  street,  -Cranby-row, 
Cavendish-row,  and  Palace-row ;  the 
List  three  form  a  superb  square,  havinj; 
t!)c  garden  of  the  lying-in- hospital  in 
the  centre  ;  the  old  wall  that  encom- 
passed the  garden  has  been  lately  ta- 
ken down ;  there  is  now  a  full  view 
of  this  delightful  spot,  surrounded  with 
iron  palisades,  and  upwards  of  100 
glulies  with  double  burners  disposed 
at  equal  distances,  which,  added  to 
the  globes  from  the  surroimdinghnuacr, 
have  a  most  brilliant  cfl'ect.  Among 
new  the  streets  and  buildings  on  tlie 
S  side  of  the  river,  tliose  wherein  per- 
sons of  distinction  reside,  lie  chiefly 
to  the  eastward  of  the  college  and 
Stephen's  green;  which  last,  though 
it  does  not  rank  with  the  newbuildinga, 
possesses  much  grandeur  and  ele- 
gance, being  one  of  the  largest  squares 
in  F'lrope  ■.  it  is  an  English  mile  in  cir- 
cui.  .  ncc,  surrounded  by  a  gravel 
w  Ok  planted  on  each  side  witli  treea ; 
within  this  walk  is  a  smooth  level  mea- 
dow, having  in  the  centro  an  eqiiei- 
trL-m  statue  of  the  late  king  :  there  ate 
several  fine  edifices,  though  almost  all 
diflering  in  the  style  of  their  architec* 
ture.  There  are  several  magnificent 
squares,  some  of  which  are  newly 
built.  Among  the  principal  public 
buildings  arc  tlie  Castle  (the  residence 
of  the  viceroy)  the  Parliament  Hotue, 
Trinity  College,  the  Royal  Exchan^, 
the  Customhouse,  the  Royal  Hospital  | 
of  Kilmainham  for  invalids,  and  Essex 
bridge,  one  of  the  five  bridges  over  the 
Lifley,  which  bein^ banked  inthroup;h  I 
the  whole  length  of  the  town,  exhibits 
spacious  and  beautiful  quays,  where  | 
vessels  below  the  bridge  load  and  un- 
load before  the.  tnercSants  door?  and  I 


DUB 


c   capital  of  IreUml,  i»  u 
c   Biinii;  name,   with  a  hi- 
..alca.miUel/iiUy.inviiw 
.caouthcE.     Its   Jornn, 
nun-,  two  milcH  uml  a  li»» 
cad.  side,  ami  it  cotUuini 
(houneH,  wl.oic  ■»ih»l"tw»» 
cd   at  156,000.     With  re 
,  Btre.  tH,  Dublin    bcM.  » 
,\ancc  to  London  t  lomc  o* 
cts  were  formerly  narrow, 
improvemcntH    have   been 
in  vtirard  both  to  conve. 

'  eml)*UiHl""«"».    »"«!   "'» 
,  are   wide  and  conimodi- 
,„««*  lofty,  iinilorm,    and 
\nioni?  these,  on  the  N  swlc 
..   are  Gardiner'ii  row,  north 
;rire'»   street,    Cranby-row, 
.TOW,   and   Palarcrow  s  the 
form  a  miiKrb  square,  havinj 
.  of  t\ic  lying-inhospital  m 
, .  the  old  wall  that  encom. 
.garden  lias  been  lately  ta- 
;''tliere   la  now  a  fv"/'-.T 

ightful  spot.  »"'•'«""  I  "^iS 
udca,  an^l  upwards  of  100 
ilh  double  burners  disposed 
Stances.  -I'icK/'lJ-d  t.. 
i  from  the  surroimdinghoustf, 
n„,t  brilliant  efiect.  Ai«ong 
.trccts  and  buildings  on  the 
the  river,  those  wherein  per. 

fiistinction  reside,  lie  chiefly 
astwai-d  of  the  college  and 
rjreen,  which  last,  though 
rt  rank  with  the  newbuddin«, 
,  much  grandeur  and  eJe- 
^.ngone  of  thelargest  square. 
.,  itlsanEnfflishTn.lemcir. 

[cc,  surrounded  by  a  gravel 
J,vea  on  each  side  wiU..-ee.i 
L  walk  is  a  smooth  level  mea- 

ving  in  the  centra  an  eque.- 
^,0  of  the  late  king -.there  we 

,„c  edifices,  though  almost  aU 
■  in  the  style  of  their  arehiuc- 
here  are  several  magnificent 
/'some  of  which  are  new^y 
Among  the  principal  public 
peL  Castle  (the  resuknc* 
ccrov)the  Parhament  House, 
College,  the  Royal  Exchange, 

'Souse,  the  Roy»V»-P;S 
ainham  for  invalids,  and  Essex 
loLofthe  five  bridges  over  the 

Lhicli  being  banked  inthl^T, 
K  length  o?theto«ii,exhbi^ 
t  and^eautiful  quays,  where 
[below  the  bridgeVda^dun. 

Iforc  the  merchants  door?  wo 


DUB 

wnreluHiscs  :  it  i^t  navigable  as  fur  as 
Ksscvbi'i'lgc,  This  bridge  was  first 
l)iiilt  in  1()81,  and  took  ItH  name  from 
tilt'  iinfoi'tuiute  eai'l  of  Essex,  then 
viceroy  of  Ircluiul.  It  w:is  taken  dovn 
in  iri.i,  and  rebuilt  in  un  elegant  fnnn, 
ut'tcr  the  model  of  Wcstniiiislcr  bridge, 
but  much  better  pitiportioned,  and  un 
a  more  nccui-c  foundation.  It  has  live 
arrlies,  the  buttresses  between  which 
siipiiort  scmicirculur  niches  that  pro- 
ject from  the  parapet  i  there  arc  bal- 
liistrudes  between  these  niches,  and 
continued  to  the  ends  of  the  bridge 
wliich  is  commodiuusly  flagged  tor 
I'liot  passages  t  the  whole  constructed 
with  hewn  stone  in  a  very  fine  taste. 
There  are  four  bridges  besides  this 
<jver  the  river.  This  city  has  two  ca- 
tlicdrals,  18  parish  churches,  two 
clia|>cls  of  case,  15  Roman-catholic 
ciiupels,  »\x  meeting-houses  for  Pres- 
livterians,  one  Anabaptists,  four  for 
Methodists,  two  for  Quakers,  a  church 
tiir  French  Calvinists,  a  Danish  and  a 
Dutch  church,  and  n  Jewish  syna- 
1,'oviie.  Christ-rhurch,  or  tlic  Holy 
Trinity,  built  in  1038  by  Donat  bishop 
uf  Dublin,  is  a  venerable  Gothic  pile  i 
and  its  present  appearance  evinces  its 
antiquity. '  St.  Patrick's  cathedral  is 
also  a  fine  Gothic  structure  t  it  stands 
on  the  east  »ide  of  Patrick  street ;  the 
monuments  here  arc  more  numerous 
thun  ill  Christ-church  ;  and  tlic  stce- 
|)le  is  the  liighest  in  the  city.  St. 
Werburg'h's  church  was  originally 
built  in  a  very  early  age.  In  1301, 
when  a  great  part  of  tlie  city  was  con- 
sumed by  an  accidental  fire,  tJiis  church 
sutt'cred  in  the  conflagration :  it  was 
burnt  a  second  time  in  1754,  and  re- 
paired in  its  present  beautiful  form  in 
1759.  The  front  and  steeple  are  ad- 
mired for  tlieir  elegance,  lightness,  and 
symmetry :  the  spire  is  a.  fine  octagon 
supported  by  eight  pillars  ;  and  a  gilt 
bail  terminates  tlie  whole,  being  160 
feet  from  the  ground.  The  House  of 
Commons  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1792,  but  is  now  rebuilt.  The  har- 
bour is  choked  up  by  two  banks  of 
sand,  upon  wliich  at  high  water  there 
is  not  above  17  feet ;  which  prevents 
vessels  of  large  burden  from  going 
over  the  bar ;  a  defect  which  will  be 
remedied,  no  doubt,  by  some  fine  pro- 
jected improvement  .  A  canal  has 
been  made  from  the  Lifiey,  which 
communicates  with  the  Shannon  near 
Cloiiicrt.    Dublin  is    60  miles  W  of 


D  U  L 

Holyhead,  in  Wales,  and  330  N  \V  of 
Loiidon.     Lon.  6  6  VV,  hit.  53  21  N. 

Dticit  Cri-vi,  sometimes  called  Salet- 
Ai/rr,  a  thriving  town  of  Kent  county, 
Delaware,  12  niiles  N  by  VV  uf  Dover, 
and  :28  S  of  New  Castle.  It  has  a  post 
ofiicc,  and  about  (JUO  inhuhituiits. 

Dudly,  a  town  in  WontHterihirc, 
with  u  market  on  Saturday,  uihI  » 
great  manufactiiie  of  nuils  and  otiier 
iron-wares,  'i'here  is  a  church  at 
each  end  of  the  longi.-st  street.  It  ia 
ten  mileH  N  W  of  Uirminghain  and  1:20 
r  Lundon.  Lon.  2  0  VV,  lat  53  ^U 
N. 

Dueritatie.     Sec  Wici-Je-Duertlailf. 

Duiiu,  or  Doiiio,  a  seaport  of  Ger., 
mHiiy,  in  the  dutcliy  of  Camiola,  eight 
miles  N  VV  of  'i'ricat  Lon.  13  46  K, 
lat.  45  55  N. 

Duiiburg,  a  toMm  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  dutcliy  of  Clcves,  witli  a  university, 
seated  on  the  Roer,  near  the  Rhine,  12 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorf.  Lou.  j  50  K, 
lat.  51  2i  N. 

Duitz,  or  Duytz,  a.  town  of  West- 
phalia, un  the  E  side  of  the  Rhine,  op- 
ijositc  Cologne.  It  is  chiefly  inhabited 
by  Jews. 

JJuie  ofTori't  Itland,  an  island  in  the 
Soiitli  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
commodore  Byron  in  1765,  lying  N  of 
the  Friendly  Islands.  The  ground  was 
covered  by  land  crabs,  but  no  other 
animal  was  seen.  Lon.  172  30  W,  Ut. 
SOS. 

Duie  (fTorft  Itlaiui,  an  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  10  miles 
long,  lying  between  lord  Howe's 
Group  and  the  S  £  point  of  New  Ire- 
land. The  natives  go  entirely  naked  ; 
arc  stout,  well  made,  and  of  a  light 
copper  colour.  This  island  is  a  perfect 
garden,  and  produces,  betle-nut,  m.in- 
goes,  bread-fruit,  and  guavas.  Here 
are  also  dogs,  hogs,  poultry,  and  some 
spices.  The  nutmeg  was  seen  by  cap- 
tain Hunter,  who  anchored  in  Port 
Hunter  Bay,  in  this  island,  in  Mar, 
1731.     Lon  152  42  E,  lat.  4  7  S. 

Dulat,  a  village  on  tlie  N  £  side  of 
the  isle  of  Anglesey,  much  frequented 
on  account  of  the  com  and  butter  trade, 
and  for  fern  ashes. 

Dulderttadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Brunswick.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Whipper,  1:5  miles  E  of 
Gottingcn,  and  130  N  E  of  Mentz.  Lon. 
10  14  E,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Dulmen,  a  toMm  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Munster,  ISmilesS  W 


\.\ 


.■  :ii 


D  U  M 

of  Munster.    Lon.  7  4  W,  lat.  51  47 
N. 

Dulvtrton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on 
a  branch  of  the  Ex,  24  miles  E  of  Barn- 
staple,  and  164  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  30  W,  lat  51  3  N. 

Dulwich,  avillage  in  Surry,  five  miles 
S  of  Lonkon. 

Dumbarton,  a  borough,  the  capitid  ot 
Dumbartonshire,  seated  at  tlie  conHu- 
enceofthe  Leven  and  Clyde,  witli  a 
stone  bridge  over  the  former.  Its  prin- 
cipal manufacture  is  glass ;  but  many 
ofthe  young  women  are  employed  in 
the  print-fields  on  the  banks  ofthe  Le- 
ven. Dumbarton  Castle,  in  whicli  a 
garrison  is  still  kept,  is  a  strong  place, 
and  in  ancient  times  was  deemed  im- 
pregnable ;  it  is  a  vast  rock,  steep  on 
every  side,  rising  out  of  a  plain  to  the 
height  of  500  feet,  and  unconnected 
with  any  high  ground  for  the  space  of 
a  mile.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the 
Leven  and  Uie  Clyde.  Dumbarton  is 
15  miles  W  N  W  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4 
SO  W,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Dumbartomhire,  or  Lenox,  runs  far 
N  among  a  cluster  of  hills,  and  is 
bounded  on  tlie  S  by  the  Firtli  and  riv- 
er of  CJyde  j  on  the  E  by  Lanerkshire 
and  Stirlingshire  ;  on  the  N  E  by  Perth- 
shire and  tlie  Giampian-hills  ;  and  on 
the  W  by  Argylesliire  and  Loch  Long. 
It  is  above  20  miles  broad  from  E  to 
W,  and  about  40  long  from  N  to  S. 
That  part  which  lies  to  the  E  is  very 
fruitful  in  corn,  the  other  parts  being 
hilly,  feed  vast  flocks  of  sheep. 

Du7nblane,  a  villaire  in  Perthshire, 
remarkable  for  a  battle,  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Sheritt'-mulr,  between  the  duke 
of  Argyle  jvihI  the  rebel  eiu-l  of  Mar,  in 
1715.  At  the  upper  end  ofthe  village 
IS  a  ruinous  cathedral.  It  is  30  miles 
N  W  of  Edinburgh. 

Dumfirmline,  a  borough  m  Fife- 
shire,  which  is  a  considerable  manu- 
facturing town,  and  has  fi  good  trade 
in  linen  goods,  particularly  diapers. 
Here  was  a  magnificent  abbey  and  pa- 
lace, where  the  princess  Elizabeth, 
from  whom  the  present  royal  family 
are  descended,  was  born.  Adjoining 
to  this  was  a  magnificent  abbey,  part 
of  tlie  remains  of  which  now  serve  for 
a  church.  In  this  place  were  buried 
Malcolm  and  his  queen,  and  several 
kings  of  Scotland.  It  is  1 5  miles  N  W 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  27  W,  lat.  56 
5N. 


DUN 

Dumfriet,  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  ;h« 
river  Potomac. 

Dumfries,  a  royal  borough  of  Scot- 
land,  capital  of  Dumfriesshire,  plea- 
santly  seated  between  two  hills,  on  the 
river  Nith.  It  is  a  regular  well-built 
town,  eight  miles  N  of  Solway  Frith, 
and  30  VV  N  W  of  Carlisle.  Lon.  3  29 
VV,  lat.  55  12  N. 

Duni/riss,  a  county  of  Scotland,  which 
includes  Annandale  and  Niddisdiilc  ;  it 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  part  of  Ayrsliirc, 
T.anerkshire,   Peeblesshire,   and  Sel- 
kirkshire ;  on  die  VV  by  Selkirkshu-c 
and  Roxburghshire  ;  on  the   S  by  the 
Solwav  Firtli ;   and  on  tho  W  by  the 
counties  of  Ayr  and  Kircudbright ;  ex- 
tending about  SO  miles  in  Icngtii  and 
30  in  breadth.    Eusdale  is  the  most 
eastern  division,  and  divided  from  An- 
nandalc  bv  Eskdale.   Annandale  lies  on 
the  banks'  of  the   river   Annan  which 
runs  through  the  middle  ofthe  county 
and  falls  into  the  Solway  Firth,  after  a 
course  of  27  miles.    Ibis  division  is  a 
stewarty,  abounding  with  pastvre  and 
pleasant  woods,  is  about  27  miles  long 
and  14  broad.    Niddisdale  or  Nithdale 
receives  its  name  from  the  river  Nid, 
that  passes  tlirough  it  and  runs  into  the 
Solway  Firth ;  this  is  the  western  di- 
vision,  abounds  in  pastures  and  arable 
lands,    produces  abundance  of  corn, 
and  some  woods  and  forests  ;  gold  has 
been  found  in  some  of  its  brooks  after 
great  rains.     Its  chief  rivers  are,  the 
Esk,  Annan,  and  Nid.     Its  chief  towns 
are,  Annan  and  Dumfries. 

Dumfries,  a  post  tOMWi  and  port  of 
entry,  in  Prince  William  county,  Vir- 
ginia ;  situated  en  Qjiantico  Creek, 
which  communicates  with  Potomac, 
about  25  miles  below  Alexandria,  and 
36  from  Washington. 

Dunainond,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Riga.  It  is  situated 
near  the  mouth  ofthe  Dwina,  15  mdes 
N  W  of  Riga. 

Dunbar,  a  royal  borough  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, seated  near  tiie  German  O- 
cean.  It  bas  a  good  hai-bour,  formerly 
defended  by  a  castle.  Under  the  i-ock, 
on  which  the  castle  stands,  are  two  na- 
tural arches  tlirough  which  -Uie  tide 
flows :  and  between  the  harbour  and 
tiie  castle  is  a  stratum  of  vast  basaltic 
columns.  Dunbar  is  remarkable  for 
the  defeat  of  John  TJaliol's  ai-mybyearl 
Warenne,  in  1290,  and  for  a  victory 
gained  by  Cromwell  over  the  Scots,  m 


DUN 

friet,  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  Ihc 
'otoinac. 

ifriea,  a  voyal  borougli  of  Scot- 
lapital  of  Dumfriesshire,  plea- 
ieated  between  two  hills,  on  tlio 
Nitl).  It  is  a  regular  well-built 
eight  miles  N  of  Solway  Frith, 
VV  N  W  of  Carlisle.  Lon.  3  29 
:.  55  12  N. 

ifrku  a  county  of  Scotland,  which 
Ls  Annandale  and  Niddisdalc  ;  it 
iried  on  tlie  N  by  part  of  Ayrshire, 
kshire,   Peeblesshire,   and  Scl- 
ii-e  ;  on  Uie  VV  by  Selkirkshue 
oxburghshire  ;  on  the   S  by  the 
V  Fivth ;   and  on  the  W  by  the 
es  of  Ayr  and  Kircudbright ;  ex- 
,ff  about  50  miles  in  length  and 
breadth.    Eusdale  is  the  most 
n  division,  and  divided  from  An- 
le  bv  Eskdale.   Annuudalc  lies  on 
anks  of  the  river   Annan  which 
hroughthe  middle  of  the  county 
dls  into  the  Solway  Firth,  after  a 
e  of  2r  miles.    I'his  division  is  a 
irty,  abounding  with  pasture  and 
ant  woods,  is  about  27  miles  long 
i.  broad.    Niddisdale  or  Nithdale 
ves  its  name  from  the  river  Nid, 
)asses  through  it  and  runs  mtothe 
ay  Firth;  this  is  the  western  di- 
,,   abounds  in  pastures  and  arable 
I     produces  abundance  of  corn, 
omc  woods  and  forests  j  gold  has 
found  in  some  of  its  brooks  after 

rains.     Its  chief  rivers  are,  the 
Annan,  and  Nid.     Its  chief  towns 
Annan  and  Dumfries. 
nnfrici,  a  post  town  and  port  of 

in  Prince  William  county,  Vir- 

situated  en  Qiiantico   Creek, 

n   communicatee  with   Potomac, 

;  25  miles  below  Alexandria,  and 

om  Washington. 

ma')nond,  a  town  of  Russia,  m  the 
rnmcnt  of  Riga.  It  is  situated 
the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  15  miles 

of  Riga. 
mbar,  a  royal  borough  m  Hadding- 
lire,  seated  near  the  German  O- 

It  has  a  good  haibour,  formerly 
ided  by  a  castle.  Under  the  rock, 
hich  the  castle  sUnds,  are  two  na- 

ai-ches  tlirough  which  .Uie  tide 
1 :  and  between  the  harbour  and 
•astle  is  a  stratum  of  vast  basaltic 
tnns.  Dunbar  is  remarkable  for 
lefeat  of  John  Tialiol's  ai-my  byearl 
enne,  in  1290,  and  for  a  victory 

d  by  Cromwell  over  the  Scots,  m 


DUN 

1650.  It  is  25  miles  E  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  2  34  W,  hit.  56  12  N. 

JJuncannon,  a  forti'csa  and  town  of 
Ireland,  in  tlie  county  of  Wexford, 
seated  on  tlie  river  Ross,  six  miles  E 
of  VVaterford.  Lon.  6  46  W,  lat.  54 
12  N. 

Diuidalt,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Louth,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  20  miles  N  N  W  of  Droglitda. 
Lon.  6  17  W.  lilt.  52  16  N. 

Dundee,  a  royal  borough  in  Angus- 
shire,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  Its 
situation  for  commerce  is  very  advan- 
tageous. Trading  vessels  of  the  largest 
biu'den  can  get  into  the  harboui-  ;  and 
(in  tlie  quay  there  are  three  very  con- 
venient and  handsome  warehouses, 
built  in  1756,  as  well  as  good  room  for 
HJup-buildiiig,  wliich  i.s  cai'ried  on  to  a 
large  extent.  The  houses  are  built  of 
stone,  generally  tlirce  or  four  stories 
high.  Tlie  market-place  or  high  street 
in  the  middle  of  tlie  town  is  a  very  spa- 
cious oblong  square,  360  feet  long  and 
100  feetbroatl ;  from  wlience  brancli  out 
the  four  principal  streets,  whicli  with  ;i 
number  of  lesserones  are  all  paved  m  the 
best  manner.  On  tlie  south  side  of  the 
market-place  stands  tlie  town-house,  an 
elegant  structure,  with  a  v^ry  hand- 
some front,  piazzas  below,  and  a  neat 
spire  over  it  140  feet  high.  This  build- 
ing was  finished  in  the  year  1734,  and 
contains  the  guild-hall,  t!ie  courtroom, 
a  very  neat  mason  lodge,  tiie  bank, 
vaulted  repositories  fur  the  records, 
and  the  common  prison,  which  is  in  the 
upper  .story,  and  docs  honour  to  tlie 
taste  and  humanity  of  tlie  magistrates, 
under  whose  auspices  it  was  construct- 
ed, being  well  aired  commodious  rooms 
at  the  same  time  .very  strong  and  s'.*- 
cure.  Each  prison  is  20  feet  by  12,  and 
7  feet  and  a  half  high,  well  arched  a- 
bove  and  below.  Dundee,  besides  St. 
Andrew's  church,ba8  4other  churches, 
and  five  ministers  on  the  legal  esta- 
blishment. I'he  old  church,  in  which 
ware  orginally  four  places  of  worship 
when  entire,  had  been  a  very  magnifi- 
cent building,  with  a  Large  square  Go- 
thic tower  or  steeple  186  feet  high,  on 
tlie  west  end  of  the  church.  This 
building  .was  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
erected  by  David  .Earl  of  Huntingdon, 
brother  to  William  I.  of  ScoUand. 
'I'his  he  did  on  his  return  from  the 
third  crusade,  anno  1189,  in  gratitude 
f(jr  his  deliverance  from  several  immi- 
nent dangers,    and  particularly  from 


DUN 

shipwreck,  by  wliirii  he  had  nearly 
perished  when  in  sight  of  iJiis  town. 
I'lic  principal  and  sta|ih-  ni:tniit'actiiics 
ai'e  osnaburglis,  sail-cl;)tli,  of  wiiicli  in 
1788  were  uiaiuifacturiHl  to  the  value 
')f  112,587/.;  tliis  iii;iiu.factiirc  has 
since  the  comincnccineiitol'llie  present 
war  incrt-ased  to  an  enormous  e.xteiit. 
A  manufacture  of  cotton  lias  likewise 
been  establisijcd,  which  has  been  car- 
ried on  with  considerable  success  for 
some  yeiu-s  past.  The  Dundee  colour- 
ed tlii-tjads  have  been  justly  esteemed; 
indeed  it  was  here  that  coloured  thrci.da 
tii'st  in.ide  a  figure  among  tlie  articles 
of  trade  in  Scotland.  A  sugar-house 
was  also  erecteil  liere,  but  has  been 
given  up,  as  likewise  a  large  glass- 
house, which  was  carried  on  for  some 
years.  The  salmon-fishing  in  Tay  is  of 
much  consequence,  and  the  town  is 
generally  well  supplied  with  fish  off 
various  kinds.  The  population  in  1788 
amounted  to  nearly  20,000,  but  the  in- 
habitants have  increased  to  23  or  24000. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the  Frith 
of  Tav,  12  miles  from  its  mouth,  40  N 
E  of  Edinburgh,  22  E  of  Perth,  and  14 
N  W  of  St.  Andi-ews.  Lon.  2  55  W, 
lat.  56  30  N. 

Duneburg,  a  town  of  Livonia,  on  the 
Dwina,  90  miles  S  E  of  Riga.  Lon.  27 
OE,  lat.  568  N. 

Dungannon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  th» 
county  of  T^Tone,  11  miles  N  N  W  of 
Armagh.     Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Duiigarmon,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Waterford,  seated  on 
Dungarvon  Bav,  22  miles  S  W  of  Wa- 
terforil.     Lon.' 7  29  W,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Dungeness,  a  cape  on  the  coast  of 
Kent,  eight  miles  S  bv  W  of  Romney. 
Lon.  0  59  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Dunield,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
shire  of  Perth,  seated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  river  Tay,  in  a  aitu.ition  truly  ro- 
mantic, under  and  among  very  high» 
and  almost  inaccessible  crags,  part  na- 
ked, and  part  wooded.  Its  romantic 
situation,  and  the  benefit  of  drinking 
goats  whey,  render  tliis  place  the  re- 
sort of  much  genteel  company  in  sum- 
mer. It  is  the  market  town  of  tlie 
Highlands  on  that  side,  and  carries  on 
a  manufacture  of  linen.  The  duke  of 
Athol  has  a  line  seat  here,  skreened 
by  the  Grampian  mountains.  Hitt 
Gr.ice's  seat  is  a  modern  building,  and 
not  large,  with  pleasant  walks  and  ter- 
races, and  neai'  it  is  a  fine  cascade  on 
the  water  of  £ran,  which  in  its  way 
C  c 


■'  \  ■ 


I' 


D  UN 


D  U  R 


^!*l 


from  the  western  hills  forms  an  aslon- 
isliingfaU  of  150  feci,  called  the  Rum- 
bling Brig,  from  a  nurrow  bridge  made 
by  the  fall  of  two  rocks  across  the 
stream.  Here  are  also  the  ruins  of  a 
cathedral,  part  of  wliich  ancient  struc- 
ture is  now  the  parish  church.  Dun- 
kekl  is  12  miles  N  of  Perth.  Lon.  3 
36  W,  lut.  56  35  N. 

Dur.tiri,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  tiie  North 
and  hite  French  Flanders.  It  was  ta- 
ken from  the  Spaniards  by  the  English 
fcnd  ifrciicli  in  1653,  and  put  into  the 
hinls  of  tlie  Eiiiflisli,  but  sold  to  the 
Frciicli,  by  Chai-ies  II.  in  1662.  Lew- 
is XIV.  made  it  one  of  the  best  forti- 
fied prrts  in  the  kingdom  ;  but  all  the 
Aast  and  expensive  w<irks  were  demo- 
lislicd,  and  the  b:isins  filled  up,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  treaty  of  Utrcclit,  in 
1713.  The  French  afterward  resumed 
tile  works  i  but  they  were  ordered  to 
be  demolished  by  the  peace  of  1763. 
By  the  peace  of  1783,  tiie  commissary 
was  witlulrawn,  and  the  Frencli  were 
left  to  resume  the  wo:'  This  place 
was  besicfjed  by  the  English  in  1793, 
but  they  were  forced  to  retire  with 
loss.  It  is  22  miles  S  W  of  Ostend. 
Lon.  2  28  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Dunkirk,  a  post  town  in  King  and 
Qjieen  county,  Virginia,  116  miles  from 
Washingtun. 


Dun-le-roi,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Ciier,  and  late  province 
of  Berrv,  20  miles  S  of  Bourges.  Lon. 
2  29  E)  lat.  46  45  N. 

Dunlop,  a  village  in  Ayrshire,  in  the 
district  of  Cunningham,  celebrated  for 
rich  and  delicate  cheese. 

Dunmovi,  Great,  a  town  of  Essex, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  ma- 
mifacture  of  bays.  It  is  13  miles  N  of 
Chelmsford,  and  46  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  24  E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

D'.minovi,  Little,  a  village  in  Essex, 
adjoining  to  Great  Dunmow. 

Dunnington,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market,  on  Satunlay,  27  miles 
S  E  of  Lincoln,  and  111  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  7  VV,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Dimiiose,  a  cape,  on  the  S  side  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  Lon.  1  16  VV,  lat.  50  33 
N. 

Dtmoter,  a  magnificent  castle  of  Scot- 
land, in  tlie  county  of  Mevns,  seated  on 
a  high  rock  which  advances  into  the  sea. 
It  is  strong  both  by  nature  and  art, 
and  defended  by  thick  walls  and  towers. 
Hwo  have  been  <i\\g  up,  some  Homan 


inscriptions  which  ha^•e  been  since 
placed  in  the  castle  or  palace  by  the 
earl  marshal  Keith,  to  whom  the  cas- 
tle beloni»ed.  It  is  12  miles  S  of  Ab- 
erdeen. 'Lon.  1  4/  W,  lat.  56  57  N. 

Dunse.,  a  town  in  Berwickshire,  si- 
tuate between  the  forks  of  the  rivers 
Blackadder  and  Whitcadder,  in  a  rich 
and  fertile  country,  12  miles  W  of  Ber- 
wick upon  Tweed.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat. 
55  46  N. 

Dunstable,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
with  a  'Market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
seated  on  a  dry  chalky  hill,  and  has 
four  streets  which  regard  the  four  car- 
dinal points.  The  church  is  tlie  re- 
inalnder  of  a  priory,  and  opposite  to  it  ^ 
is  a  farm-iiouue,  once  a  royal  palace. 
Dunstable  is  famous  for  alegant  bas- 
kets, &1-.  made  of  straw,  wh'.'-h  are 
even  an  article  of  cxpcrtation.  It  is  34 
miles  N  W  of  London.  Lor,  0  29  W, 
lat.  51  59  N. 

Dunstable,  a  town  in  Hillsborough 
county.  New  Hampshire,  lying  on  the 
river  Merrimack,  about  40  miles  N  W 
of  Boston.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Dumtnffnage,  a  venerable  castle,  nerr 
Loch  Evive,  in  Argyleshire,  formerly  a 
royal  palace,  and  afierM'ard  the  seat  of 
the  lord  of  the  isles. ' 

Dunster,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
witli  a  market  on  Friday,  and  a  har- 
bour on  the  Bristol  Channel.  It  is  20 
miles  N  W  of  Taunton,  and  158  W  of 
London.   Lon.  3  41  W,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Dunwicli,  s.  borough  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  at 
the  top  of  a  loose  cliff,  and  was  former- 
ly a  bishop's  see,  but  it  ia  now  only  the 
remains  of  a  town,  all  but  two  parishes 
being  swallowed  up  by  -le  sea.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  24  miles  S  of  Yarmouth,  and  99  N 
of  London.  Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  52  21  N. 
Duquela,  a  province  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco  about  75  miles  in 
length,  and  85  in  breadth.  It  abounds 
in  corn  and  cattle. 

Durampour,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan  in  the  province  of  Guzarat, 
46  Tiiles  N  N  E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73 
14  E,  lat.  20  32  N. 

Durance,  a  river  of  France,  which 
rises  n.!ar  Briancon,  and  watering  Em- 
brun.Tallard,  Sisteron,  Monosque,  and 
Cavaillon,  falls  into  tlie  Rhone,  below 
Avignon. 

Durango,  a  populous  town  of  Spain, 
in  Biscay,  14  miles  S  E  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
2  5uW.  Ut.43  18  N. 


JL 


U  R 


D  U  R 


DU  S 


■liich  have  been  since 
castle  or  palace  by  the 
leith,  to  whom  tlie  cas- 
It  is  12  miles  S  of  Ab- 
1  ir  W,  lat.  56  57  N. 
m  in  Berwickshire,  si- 
the  forks  of  the  rivers 
d  Whitcadilei-,  in  a  rich 
ntry,  13  miles  W  of  Bcr- 
eetl.     Lon.  2  5  W,  lat. 

,  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
on  Wednesday.  It  is 
Iry  chalky  hill,  and  has 
hich  regard  the  four  car- 
The  church  is  tlie  re- 
iriory,  and  opiwsite  to  it  ^ 
e,  once  a  royal  palace, 
famous  for  alegant  bas- 
ic of  straw,  wh'.'h  are 
s  of  cxpcrtation.  It  is  34 
r  London.     Lor.  0  29  W, 

a  town  in  Hillsborough 
Hampshire,  lying  on  the 
ick,  about  40  miles  N  W 
lere  is  a  post  office, 
r,  a  venerable  castle,  nerr 
n  Argyleshirc,  formerly  a 
and  afterward  the  seat  of 
e  isles. ' 

town  in   Somersetshire, 
t  on  Friday,  and   a  har- 
Iristol  Channel.     It   is  20 
f  Taunton,  and  158   W  of 
1.  3  41  W,  lat.  51  13  N. 
.  borough  in  Suffolk,  with 
Saturday.    It  is  seated  at 
jose  clifl',  and  was  former- 
see,  but  it  is  now  only  the 
Lown,  all  but  two  parishes 
wed  up  by  je  sea.     It 
imbers  to  parliament,  and 
of  Yarmouth,  and  99  N 
Lon.  1  55  E,  lat  52  21  N. 
province  of  Africa,  in  the 
•lorocpo  about  75  miles  in 
15  in  breadth.    It  abounds 
;attle. 

-,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
n  the  province  of  Guzarat, 
<  E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73 
'  32  N. 

a  river  of  France,  which 
■iancon,  and  watering  Em- 
l,  Sisteron,  Monosque,  and 
ills  into  tlie  Rhone,  below 

populous  town  of  Spain, 
i  miles  SE  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 

43  18  N. 


Durmgo,  a  town  of  New   Spain,  in  i 
New  Bi:tcay,  with  a  bishop's   see,  and  | 
good  salt  works,  in  a  fertile   coimtrv. 
Lon.  105  0  VV,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Durazzo,  a  village  of  Albania,  witli 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  ru- 
incJ  fortress,  and  a  gi)od  harbour,  on 
the  g'llf  of  Venice,  50  miles  N  ofValo- 
na.     Lon.  19  19  E,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Durbi,  a  town  of  French  Luxem- 
burg, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
nami!,  seated  on  the  Outre,  20  miles  S 
of  Liege.     Lon.  5  28  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Durciaim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  12  miles  N  E 
of  Neustadt.  Lon.  8  21  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Duren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Juliers,  on  the  river  Roer, 
12  miles  S  of  Juliers.  Lon.  6  40  E,  bt. 
50  44  N. 

Durham,  a  county  of  England,  called 
the  bishopric  of  Durh.'im,  bounded  "^'i 
the  N  by  Northumberland,  un  the  E 
by  the  German  Ocean,  on  tlie  S  and  S 
"W  by  Yorkshire,  and  on  the  W  by 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland.  It 
extends  37  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  47 
from  E  to  W  ;  contains  one  city,  seven 
market-towns,  and  113  parishes  ;  and 
sends  four  members  to  parliament. 
The  air  is  wholesome,  and  tliough  very 
sharp  in  the  western  parts,  is  milder 
towards  the  sea,  w^hose  warm  vapo'irs 
mitigate  the  severity  of  the  winter  sea- 
sons. Its  rivers  are  the  Tees,  Tine, 
Were,  Tame,  Lune,  Darwent,  Gaunt- 
less,  Skern,  &c.  Its  principal  pro- 
ducts are  lead,  coals,  iron,  corn,  mus- 
tard, salt,  glass,  fine  ale,  with  excel- 
lent butter  and  salmon.  Tlie  sail  is 
various  j  the  south  is  rich,  but  the 
western  parts  rocky  and  mootish. 

Durham,  a  post  to\vn  in  Strafford 
county,  New-Hampshire,  12  n^iles  W 
by  N  of  Portsmoutii. 

Durham,  an  ancient  town  in  New- 
Haven  county,  Connecticut,  17  miles 
N  £  of  New  Haven.  It  has  a  post-of- 
fice, and  a  few  more  than  1000  inl<abi- 
tants  agreeably  to  the  census  of  1800. 

Durham,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  compactly 
built  on  a  hill,  on  a  beautiful  winding 
of  the  Wear  over  which  are  two  s'")ic 
briclt,es.  Durham  is  about  a  mile  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth,  resem- 
bling the  figure  of  a  crab.  The  streets 
.ire  dark  and  narrow ;  and  some  of 
them  lying  on  tlie  acclivity  of  a  steep 
iiill,  are  very  difficult  and  dangerous  (,o 


wheel -carriages.  The  houses  are  in 
general  strong  built,  but  neither  light 
nor  elegant.  The  most  remarkable 
edifices  are  tlic  cathedral  w^th  six  other 
churches,  three  standing  in  the  city, 
and  as  many  in  the  suburbs  ;  the  col- 
lege ;  the  castle,  or  bishop's  palace  ; 
the  toolboth  uea.-  St.  Nicholas's  church: 
tlie  cross  and  conduit  in  the  market- 
place ;  with  two  bridges  over  the  Elvet. 
I'he  cathedral  was  begun  by  BIsliop 
Carilepho  in  the  iLih  century.  It  is  a 
large,  magnificent,  Gothic  structure, 
411  feet  long,  and  80  in  breadth,  hav- 
ing a  cross  aile  in  the  middle  170  feet 
in  length,  and  two  smaller  ailcs  at 
each  end,  Durli.->m  has  a  manufacture 
(f  shalloons,  tammies,  and  calaman- 
coes ;  and  around  it  arc  grown  larg^ 
quantities  of  the  best  mustard.  Ne- 
vil's  Cross,  near  the  city,  was  erected 
in  memor"  if  tlie  victory  obtained  by 
queen  Fhii.ppa,  in  1346,  over  David 
Bruce,  king  of  Scotland,  who  was  ta- 
ken prisoner  in  this  battle.  Dur- 
ham sends  two  members  to  parliament ; 
is  14  miles  S  of  Newcastle,  and  257  N 
by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  27  W,  lat, 
54  50  N. 

Durloct,  in  Schoharrie  county,  New-. 
York.  Here  is  a  post-office  449  nniles 
from  Washington. 

Dursley,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  and  a  cas- 
tle, now  in  ruins.  It  is  inhabited  by 
clothiers,  and  seated  near  the  Severn, 
13  miles  S  W  .!'  Gloucester,  and  107 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  51 
40  N. 

Durtal,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  hito 
province  of  Anjou,  whose  chief  trade 
consists  in  tanning, 

Duiiy  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  Island  of 
New  Zealand,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  166  18  E,  lat.  45  47  S. 

DiuselJorf,  a  strong  city,  capital  of 
the  dutchy  of  Berg.  It  contains  about 
18,000  inhabitar^ts,  including  the  gar- 
rison. Dusseldorf  derives  an  air  of  dig., 
nity  from  its  palace  and  gre^t  church. 
The  palace  is  now  desar-ted  and  a  soli, 
tary  guard  or  two  suggests  the  idea  of 
departed  magnificence.  U  contains 
however  the  invaluable  collection  of 
pictures,  which  is  celebrated  for  its 
unrividled  assemblage  of  Flemish  proi 
ductions.  A  new  town  called  Carl« 
stadt,  is  nearly  completed.  Itisdivi^* 
ed  into  six  regular  quarters  that'epeQ 
into  an  exteiuiv«  aquare  ;  «nd,  fr«g» 


■«?» 


EAR 


E  A  U 


the  unifonnity  of  the  biiildings  forms  ft , 
beautiful  addition  to  tlie  old  city.  Diis- 
seldorf  was  surrendered  to  the  French  i 
in  1795.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  D«s-  j 
sel,  near  thc.Rhine,  22  miles  N  W  of 
Colotnie.     Lon.  6  52  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Duttitigen,  a  tt)wn  of  Suabia,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Danube  over  wliirh  it  lias 
a  bndije.  It  belon|»s  to  the  duke  of 
Wirtcniburg,  and  is  33  miles  N  W  of 
Constance.  Lon.  9  2  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Duxbury,  a  sca])ol't  town  in  Ply- 
mouth county,  Ma.ssachusetts  j  situat- 
ed on  Cape  Cod  Bar,  about  nine  miles 
K  <jf  PlMuouth,  anil  38  S  E  of  Boston 
Here  are  a  post  office,  and  according 
to  the  last  census  1664  inhabitants. 

Du-.vetatul,  one  of  the  islands  of  Zea- 
land, in  the  United  Provinces,  E  of 
Scfuiwen,  from  which  it  is  sepatated 
by  a  narrow  channel. 

B-xiiHt,  a  riverof  Russia,  which  runs 
from  S  to  N  an<l  falls  into  the  White 
Sea,  at  Archangel. 

Dwina,  a  river  of  Lithuinia  which 
divides  Livonia  from  Coiirland,  and 
falls  into  the  Baltic,  below  ttigft. 

Dysart,  a  borough  in  Fifeshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  frith  of  Forth,  11  miles  N  of 
Edinburgh.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
in  coal.    Lon.  3  6  VV,  lat.  56  9  N. 


"PAOOWE,  onfe  of  the  Friendly  Is- 
•*-"  lands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
discovered  by  Tasmaii,  in  1643,  and  by 
linn  named  Middleburg.  Lon.  174  30 
W,  lat.  21  24  S. 

Earlstof,  or  Earsilton,  a  town  in  Ber- 
wickshire, seated  on  the  <'iver  Lead- 
er, 35  miles  S  E  of  Edinburgh.  It  is 
the  birthplace  of  the  celebrated  Tho- 
mas the  Rhymer.  A  little  below  Earl- 
ston,  on  a  rocky  baiik  overlooking  the 
Leader,  stands  Cowdenknows,  and  on 
the  adjacent  knolls,  may  be  seen  the 
remains  of  its  brouin,  so  renowned  iii 
Scottish  song. 

Earn,  a  river,  which  issues  from  the 
lake  of  Earn,  in  Perthshire.  It  mean- 
ders for  above  20  miles  throiigh  the 
valley  of  Strathcaa'n,  and  joins  the  Tay 
below  Perth. 

Earne,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun 
|y  of  Fermanagh,  30  miles  in  length.  It 


is  nritrow  in  the  middle  ;  and  in  this 
part  is  an  island  on  which  stands  Inni., 
skilling. 

Eastbouni,  a  town  in  S»issex,  nottd 
for  plenty  of  the  birds  called  wheat- 
ears  and  is  a  place  of  rcSort  for  bath- 
ing. It  is  seated  near  the  English 
Channel,  15miled  ESE  of  Lewes,  and 
65  S  S  E  of  London. 

Easter  Island,  an  island  in  the  Soath 
Pacific  Ocean,  12  leagues  in  circuit.  li 
has  a  hilly  and  stony  surface,  an  iron- 
bound  shore,  and  aftbrds  neither  safe 
anclioragfe,  fresh  water,  nor  wood  for 
fuel.  It  bears  evident  marks  not  only 
of  a  volcanic  origin,  but  of  having  been 
not  very  long  ago  ruined  by  an  ernp- 
tion.  It  is  the  same  that  was  seen  by 
Davis  in  1686 :  it  was  next  visited  by 
Roggewcin  in  1722,  and  again  by  cap- 
tain Cook  in  1744.  Lon.  109  46  W, 
lat.  27  5  S, 

East  Greenmch,  a  seaport  and  post 
town  in  Kent  county,  Rliodie  Island,  15 
miles  S  of  Providence,  and  14  K  of 
South  Kingston. 

£ast  liaddam,  a  post  town  of  Middle- 
sex county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Connecticut  tiver,  10  miles 
SbyEof  Middleton,  and 24  of  Hartford. 

Eastham,  atown  in  Barnstable  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Cape 
Cod  Peninsula,  10  miles  S  of  Wellfleet, 
and  about  28  miles  by  water  from  Ply- 
mouth. It  has  a  fjost-office,  and  ac- 
cording to  last  census  700  inhabitants. 

East  Ldoe.  See  Looe,  East,  and  so 
with  other  words  tliat  have  the  samci 
name  of  position. 

Easton,  the  capital  of  Northamptort 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  12  miles 
N  E  of  Bethlehem,  and  35  N  of  Phila- 
delphia. Here  are  a  post  office,  a  court 
house,  gaol,  and  according  to  last  c«l- 
sui  1046  inhabitants. 

Easton,  the  principal  town  of  Talbol 
county,  Maryland,  standing  on  a  branch 
of  Clioptank  river,  near  Chesapeak 
Bay,  and  20  miles  S  of  Cintreville. 

Easton,  a  post  town  in  Eristol  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  aboht  12  miles  from 
Boston,  southard. 

Eaatonness,  the  most  easterly  cape  on 
the  CO,'  St  of  Suflidk,  and  the  N  point  bf 
South  wold  Biiy. 

Eastport,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maine,  897  miles  from  Wash- 
i.^ton. 

Eaiise,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gers  and  late  ipw>» 


K'^™*'" 


A  U 

he  middle  ;  and  in  this 
1  on  which  Btands  Inni- 

town  in  Sussex,  noted 
ihe  birds  called  wlieat- 
pluce  of  resort  for  bttli- 
ated  near  the  English 
les  E  S  £  of  Lewes,  and 
ndon. 

/,  an  island  in  the  Sotith 

n  leagues  in  circuit.  K 

stony  surface,   an  iron- 

ind  affords  neither  safe 

esh  water,  nor  wood  for 

,  evident  marks  not  only 

rigin,  but  of  having  been 

ago  ruined  by  an  er«p- 

E  same  that  was  seen  by 

i :  it  was  next  visited  by 

1  1722,  and  again  by  cap- 

1744.    Lon.  109  46  W , 

ttieh,  a  seaport  and  post 
county,  Rhode  Island,  15 
rovidence,  and  14  K  of 
on. 

im,  a  post  town  of  MidiUe- 
Connecticut ;  situated  ott 
Connecticut  river,  10  niiles 
dleton,  and24  of  Hartford. 
I  town  in  Barnstable  coun- 
usetts,  situated  on  Cape 
la,  10  miles  S  of  Wellfleet, 
miles  by  water  from  Ply- 
las  a  Tjost-office,  and  ac- 
st  ccnsiis  700  inhabitants. 
See  Loot,  Eaet,  and  so 
ords  tiiat  have  the  same 
:ion. 

;  capital  of  Northamptort 
isylvania,  situated  on  the 
;  river  Delaware,  12  miles 
Ichem,  and  55  N  of  Phila- 
e  are  a  post  office,  a  court 
and  according  to  last  ce«- 
ibitants. 

e  principal  town  of  Talbot 
^land,  standing  on  abranch 
river,  near  Chesapeak 
mileSSof  Cintreville. 
post  town  in  Urifttol  coun- 
isetts,  aboiit  12  tailes  fi-om 
lii*rard. 
B,  the  most  easterly  cape  on 
Sufl<)lk,  and  the  N  point  bf 

ay. 

post  town  in  Washmgtoh 
lie,  897  miles  from  Wa»h' 

ancient  town  of  France,  in 
ent  of  Gcrs  and  late  ?«>* 


£  D  D 

yince  of  Armagnac,  IFMies  f?  W  of 
Condom.     Lon.  0  10  E,  hx.  43  51  N. 

Eberbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  tn  the 
palatinate  of  tlic  Rhine,  remarkable  for 
its  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nockar, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Heidelberg  Lon.  8 
36  E,  lot.  49  26  N. 

Eherberg,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Nahe  and  Alscn,  8 
miles  S  W  of  Creutznach.  Lon.  7  52 
E,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Eberttein,  a  district  and  castle  of 
Suabia,  subject  to  the  margrave  of  Ba- 
den. The  castle  is  the  chief  place,  six 
miles  S  E  of  Baden.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat. 
4il46N. 

Eberttein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Al- 
Kace,  ciprht  miles  S  W  of  Sti-asburg. 
Lon.  7  46  E,  lat.  48  29  N. 

Ebemille,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puy-de-Dome  and  late 
province  of  Anvergne.  It  lately  had  a 
Benedictine  abbey,  which  was  very 
rich.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scioidc,  eiglit 
miles  NE  of  Riom.  Lon.  3  15  E,  lat. 
■15  59  N. 

Ettro,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Santillane,  in  Old 
Castile,  and  watering  Saragossa  and 
Tortossa,  falls  into  the  MediteiTaiiean. 

Kcaterrintnilaf.     See  Catharhetistaf. 

Ecdefechan,  a  village  in  DumfVics- 
shire,  noted  for  its  great  monthly  mar- 
iict  for  cattle.  It  is  10  miles  S  E  of 
Dumfries. 

Ecckthal,  a  town  in  StafTordstiire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Sow,  ahd  the 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry  has 
a  castle  here.  It  is  six  miles  N  W  of 
Stattbrd  and  143  "f  \  ondon.  Lon.  2  9 
W,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Eehternach,  a  town  of  Austrian  Lux- 
emburg, on  the  rivet  SoUt,  in  a  valley 
surrounded  by  mountains,  18  miles  N 
E  oI'Luxembttrg.  Lon  6  33  E,  lat.  49 
50  N. 

Ecya,  or  Ezij a,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  on  the 
Zenil,  28  miles  S  W  of  Cordova.  Lon. 
4  27  W,  tat.  37  39  N. 

Edam,  a  tow^  of  New  Holland,  fa- 
mous for  its  red  rind  cheeses,  and  seat- 
ed ou  the  Zuider-Zee,  20  miles  N  by* 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  52 
32  N. 

Eddystone,  the  name  of  some  rocks  in 
tile  English  Channel,  which  cause  va- 
riety of  contrary  sets  of  the  tide  or  cur- 
fpnt  in  tiieir  vicinity.    Tfcey  are  nttiate 


E  D  £ 

S  S  W  from  the  middle  of  Plymouth 
Sound,  at  the  distance  of  14'  mile». 
They  are  almost  in  the  line  %vhirh  joins 
i  the  Start  and  the  Lizard  Points,  and 
I  their  situation  with  regard  to  the  Bay 
of  Biscay  and  the  Atlantic  is  such,  that 
they  lie  open  to  the  swells  of  the  bay 
and  ocean  from  all  the  S  W  points,  so 
i  that  all  the  heavy  seas  from  the  S  W 
break  upon  Eddystone  with  the  utmost 
fiifv.  On  the  principal  rock,  (for  the 
rest  are  unilcr  wiitcr)  Mr.  Winstanley 
in  1696,  undertook  to  buiki  a  light- 
house I  and  he  completed  it  in  1700. 
Thig  ingenious  mechanic  was  so  cer- 
tain of  the  stability  of  this  structure, 
tliat  he  declared  it  was  his  wisl»  to  be 
in  it  during  the  most  tremendous 
storm.  Unfortunately,  lie  had  iiis  wish, 
it  was  clestroyerl  in  the  dreadful  storm, 
November  27,  1703,  wlien  he  perished 
in  it.  In  1709,  another  built  of  wood, 
but  on  a  different  consti  uction,  w.ta 
erected  by  Mr.  Rudyar<l,  which  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1755.  Another,  of 
stone,  was  begtm  by  the  celebrated  Mr. 
Smeuton,  on  April  2, 1757,  and  finished 
August  24,  1759.  The  rock,  which 
slopes  towards  the  S  W,  is  ciit  intohn- 
ri/.ontal  steps,  into  which  are  dovetail- 
ed, and  utiited  by  a  strong  cement, 
Portland  stone,  and  granite.  The 
wtiiilc,  to  the  heigiit  of  35  feet  from 
the  l>)undat!on,  is  a  solid  bed  of  stones, 
engrafted  into  each  other,  and  united 
by  every  means  of  additional  strength. 
The  building  h.is  four  rooms,  one  over 
the  otlier,  and  at  the  top  a  gallery  and 
lantern.  The  stone  floors  are  flat  above 
but  concave  beneath,  and  arc  kcptfV-om 
pressing  against  vhc  sides  of  the  build- 
ing by  a  f  liainj  let  into  the  ^valls.  It  is 
nearly  HUfeet  high,  and  has  been  staiiil- 
ing  36  years,  during  which  time  it  ha& 
been  assaulted  by  the  faxy  of  the  ele- 
ments,  without  suffisring  the  smallest 
injury  ;  and,  in  all  probability,  nothing 
but  an  earthquake  can  dcstt«y  it.  Its 
distance  fVom  the  Ram  Head,  the  near- 
est point  of  land,  is  12  miles.  Lon.  4 
24  W,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Eden,  a  river  which  rises  in  West- 
moreland, on  the  confines  of  Yorlishire, 
arfd  running  N  by  Appleby  and  Car- 
lisle, fails  into  Sol  way  frith. 

Eiknton,  a  post  town,  port  of  cnttTT, 
and  the  capital  of  Chowan  count;',  N 
CaroUna ;  situated  near  the  head  df 
Albemarle  Sound,  18  miles  N  by  E  of 
Plymouth,  on  the  opposite  shore,  22  E 
of  Windsor,  and  aooat  die  wum 


^«i'r*  ' 


E  D  I 

ttnce  S  by  W  of  Hcrtfonl.    It  contitins 

a.ljo;it  ISOJ  i;ili'il)it.in:  s,  mkI  lies  in  tlij 
l:4t.  ol  35"  5:V  N,  it:iu  Jt)n.  of  77"^  jJ'  W. 

JC.l^MtuV'ii,  a  ii.'sl  town  <)f  Ditl.e's 
county,  Mu»H.i(ii.i;iOLi*  ;  It  is  a  poil  ot 
entry,  llic  cuict  L'lwn  ol'ilic  county,  and 
tlif  iaj)it:(iol  i>la.-lli.t'a  Vjiic\  ul'd  :  silu- 
ati  1  i:i  tiie  Im.  of  41  iii  N,  !;:k1  Lu.  ot 
70  ,;u  .V. 

L  t^liiU,  a  vllla;^e  in  VVarwicksliive, 
■whtjic  ..10  first  b:ialo  was  foiijflit  be- 
Iwceii  diaries  I.  and  llie  parliament, 
in  164'2-     It  is  li  inilfs  S  of  Warwick. 

KlgeWiiic,  a  town  in  MiildlesL-x,\vitli 


E  D  I 


the  parliamciilBi^oiisc,  now  occupied h/ 
till-  courts  of  session  uiul  cxclicfiner. 
i  he  Idfiy  roof  of  the  great  ludl,  12'Jfcct 
by  49,  wiiicli  lias  been  lately  repaired 
and  eiiibeihslicd,  is  much  admired.  In 
the  Bqiiure  iidjoimn)^,  is  a  huiulsome 
eiiiK-strian  statue  of  Cnarles  II.  The 
rtijVul  Excimngp,  on  tlie  opposite  side 
of  t;ie  street,  is  an  extensive  building', 
foimded  in  liij;  but  not  occupied  as 
an  Exchainfe  ;  ..ppositc  to  wliicli  atoad 
tlie  cross,  i  lie  i'roii-CliiKCi,  t'omidcd 
in  Ibj/',  has  been  lately  i.i'K'.Lmizcd, 
ind  bus   a  neat  appearance.     Tbe  pa- 


;'t  o;i  Tlisiraday,   eight  miles  N    lace  v)f   Holyroodiiousc  forms  a  grand 

quadrangle,  with  a  court  ut  the  <;entre 
surriiunded  by  piazzas  :  t!ic  N  W  tow- 
ers were  built  by  James  V.   and  the 
wiiolc   was  completed  in  the  reign  of 
Cliarles  II.    A  spacious  gallery  here  il 
!ivi:ig  with  the  pictures  of  HI   mon- 
arciis,  from  Fergus  I.  to  James  VI.  tlie 
greatest  part  of  them   im.iginary.    In 
the  N  \V  tower  is  shown  the  chamber 
wiiere  queen  Mary  sat  at  supper,  when 
Hizzto  was  dragged  from  her  side  and 
murdered,  and  tiie  ])rivatc  staircase  by 
wliich  Kuthven  entered  with  the  assas- 
sins to  perpetrate  the  ruthless  deed. 
Adjoining  are  the  magnificent  ruins  of 
an  abbey,  founded  by  Uavid  I.  in  H28, 
and  converted  by  Charles  II.  into  a  roy- 
al chapel.    TbeNew  Town  is  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  tiic  Old,  on  a.i  elevated 
plain,  from  which  the  ground  descends 
to  the  S  and  N  with  a  gentle  declivity. 
It  forms  an  assemblage  of  very  elegant 
and  uniform  streets  and  squares  ;  the 
most  remarkable  of  which  are  Prince's 
street,  George  street,   Qiieen's  street, 
St.   Andrew's   square,   and   Charlotte 
square.     The  public  buildings  are  the 
Register  Office,  a  vast  pile  of  modern 
architecture,  uniting  elegance  and  sta- 
bility; St.  Andrew's  Church,  with  an 
elegant  slender  spire  i  the  Physician's 
Hall ;  the  Excise  Office  j  and  the  Nevr 
Assembly  Rooms.     The   communica- 
tion between  the  N  and  S  parts  of  the 
city  is  facilitated  by  two  noble  bridges, 
the  N  bridge  founded  by  Provost  Drum- 
mond  in  1763;  and  tlie  S  bridge,  by 
provost  Htinter  Blair,  in   1785.    iJe- 
twcen  the  Old  and  New  Town,  consid- 
erably to  the  westward  of  the  N  bridge 
there'  is   also  a  commimication  called 
the  Earthen  Mound,   an  immense  pile 
of  earth  formed  from  the  rubbish  dug 
out  of  the  foundations  of  the  new  hous- 
es.     There  are  a  number  of  public 


•  Hi  ..!' 

W  ot  i^.iiidon.     Loll.  (J  14  W,  lat.  51 
37  N- 

KMtijfen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
palatinate  of  tlie  ithiiie.  A  bloody  bat- 
tle was  fought  iiere  between  the  Prus- 
sians iind  t.ie  Frcncli  i'l  1794,  which 
terminated  io  favo'ir  oi'i'ie  French. 

Ediiiuur^h,  tlic   liicirjpolis   of  Scot- 
laii'!.  situaii-d  In  a  county  of  the   same 
nam^.    It  may  proj.erly  be  divided  into 
the  Old   and   Now  Towns.     The  Old 
Town  is  situated  on  a  narrow  steep 
hill,  about  a  mile  in  length,  terminated 
abruptly  on   the  W  side  by  the   cas- 
.tle,  from  which  there  is  a  gradual  de- 
clivity to  the  palace  of  Holyrood-house, 
•which  is  placed  in  a  beautif  d  plain  cal- 
led  St.  Ann's  Y.ird.s.     From  the   level 
tif  this  plain,  unA  on  each  side   of  the 
ridge  or  hill  on  which  tiie  Old  Town 
stands,  riui  two  narrow  vallies,  nearly 
parallel  to  each   other  ;  the  southern 
one  forms  a  street  called  the  Cowgate, 
the  northern  continued  a  marsh  till  ve- 
ry lately,   which  was  called  the  North 
Loch,  but  is  now  drained.    'I'he  high- 
street  whicli  runs  between   the  castle 
and  Uolyroodiiousc,   is  long  and  spa- 
cious,  and  the  houses  arc  very  high. 
From  this  street  ni.iny  narrow  lanes  or 
closes  run  oil"  at  right  angles,   towards 
the  N  and  S.     The  castle  is  seated  on 
a  vast  perpendicuhu"  rock,  accessible 
only  by  a  drawbridge  on  one  side,  and 
in  ancient  times  was  considered  ns   al- 
most  impregnable.     The  apartment  is 
still  shewn  to  strangers  where  the  un- 
fortunate  Mary  bro.igiit  fjrth   James 
VI.    who    afterwards     inherited    the 
crowns  of  England  and  Scotland.    The 
regalia  of  Scotland  are  kept  here,  in 
what  is  called  the  crown-room.     The 
church  of  St.  Giles,  on  the  high  street, 
is  very   ancient.     It  is  a  fine    Gothic 
structtire,  and  is  at  present  divided  in 


IP  four  churches.    Near  to  this  stands '  buildings  in  Edinburgh,  beside?  tho&e 


E  D  I 

BMHidusc,  now  occupied  by 
of  session  uiul  cxclief|uer. 
ofoftlic  great  hull,  122  feet 
ih  lius  l>cen  ktely  repaired 
slicd,  la  inucli  iidinired.   In 

iidjiiining',  is  a  lutidsome 
statue  ofCiiiirlcs  II.  The 
innpfo,  on  the  opposite  side 
t,  IS  ail  extensive  building', 
1,'5J;  but  not  occupied  us 
fe  i  •.i)j)i)sitc  to  whlcli  stood 

ihc  'rron-Chiirc.!,  t'ouiidcd 
\a  been  lately  iiiut'LHilzed, 
neiit  appearance.  The  pa- 
ilyroodiiousc  forms  a  gr;uid 
,  with  a  court  \\\  the  <:entre 
,  by  piazzas  :  t!ie  N  W  tow- 
)ullt  by  J  Ames  V.  and  the 
I  completed  in  tlie  reign  of 

A  spacious  gallery  here  ii 

the  pictures  of  111  mon- 
r»  Fergus  I.  to  James  VI.  tlie 
irt  of  them  ini.iginary.  In 
Dwer  is  shown  tlic  clianibcr 
en  Mary  sat  at  supper,  when 
1  dragged  from  her  side  and 
and  the  iirivatc  staircase  by 
liven  entered  with  the  assas- 
rpetrate  the  ruthless  deed, 
are  the  magnificent  ruins  of 
founded  by  Uavid  I.  in  1128, 
■te<l  by  Ciiarles  II.  into  a  roy- 

TbeNew  Town  is  situated 
ide  of  tiic  Old,  on  an  elevated 

which  the  ground  descends 
id  N  witli  a  gentle  declivity. 
1  assemblage  of  very  elegant 
in  streets  and  squares  ;  the 
rkable  of  which  are  Prince's 
orge  street,  Qiicen's  street, 
w's  square,  aiid  Charlotte 
The  public  buildings  are  the 
Jffice,  a  vast  pile  of  modern 
re,  uniting  elegance  andsta- 

Andrew's  Church,  with  an 
ender  spire  ;  the  Physician's 
Excise  Office  ;  and  the  New 

Rooms.  The  communica- 
:en  the  N  and  S  parts  of  the 
litated  by  two  noble  bridges, 
ge  founded  by  Provost  Drum- 
1763;  and  the  S  bridge,  by 
lunter   Blair,  in   1785.     fle- 

Old  and  New  Town,  consid- 
the  westward  of  the  N  bridge 
dso  a  commimication  called 
en  Mound,  an  immense  pile 
irmed  from  the  rubbish  dug 

foundations  of  the  new  hous- 

re   are   a  number  of  public 

in  Edinburgh,  beside?  tho&e 


E  F  F 

mentioned,  viz.  Heriot's  hospital,  found- 
ed in  1(528,  an  elegant  Gotliio  pile  ;  t!ie 
Royal  Infirmary  i  Watson's,  Merchants, 
Trades,  Trinity,  and  Orphan  Hospital ; 
Public    Dispensary,    Merchants    Hull, 
&c.    The  places  of  public  amusement 
we  the  Theatre  Royal,  Concert  Hall, 
Assembly  Rooms,  and  Equestrian  Cir- 
cus.    On  the  summit  of  tlie  Caltonhill, 
Las  lately  been  erected  a  Bridewell,  a 
very  extensive   building,   on  a  plan  e- 
quully  elegant  and  commodious.     At 
Jock's  Lodge,  to  the  eastward  of  the 
city,  an  elegant  set  of  barracks,  for  400 
cavalry,  have  lately  been  erected.    Ed- 
inburgh, with  its  dependences,  is  sup- 
posed to  contaiii   100,000  inhabitants. 
It  is  supplied  with  water,  conveyed  in 
iron  pipes,  from  Comiston,   four  miles 
to  the  W.     It  is  governed  by  a  lord 
provost,  four  bailiffs,   and  a  common 
council,  and  sends  one  member  to  par- 
liament.    It  is  two  miles  S  of  Leith, 
54  \V  N  W  of  Berwick  upon   Tweed, 
and  389  N  by  W  of  London.     Lon.  3  7 
W.lat.  55  58N.     See  Leith. 

Edinburgluhire,  the  principal  county 
ill  Nortli  Britain,  both  on  account  of  its 
fertility,  and  containing  the  capital. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Hadding- 
tonshire, on  the  .S  E  by  Berwickshire, 
on  the  S  by  Selkirkshire  and  Peebles- 
shire, and  part  of  Lanerkshire ;  on  the 
W  by  Linlitligowshire,  and  on  the  N 
by  the  Frith  of  Forth;  extending 
about  21  miles  in  length  ;  and  in  some 
places  16  or  17  broad,  but  in  otliers 
not  above  six  or  seven.  It  yields  corn 
of  all  sorts,  with  plenty  of  pasture ; 
and  is  abundantly  furnished  with  all 
necessai'ies,  particularly  coal,  stone, 
limestone,  and  a  sort  of  black  marble  ; 
and  not  far  from  Edinburgh  is  a  cop- 
per mine  and  stone  quan-ies.  Us 
chief  rivers  are,  the  Almond,  Leith- 
water,  the  Esk,  Tjne,  and  Gallawater, 
which  receive  a  great  variety  of  other 
lesser  streams,  so  tliat  few  spots  are 
better  watered. 

Edhto,  a  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty.  South  Carolina :  577  miles  from 
U^ashington. 

Ednam,  a  village  near  Kelso,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, seated  on  the  Tweed, 
wiiere  Thomson,  the  author  of  the 
licasons,  was  born. 

Efferding,  a  town  of  Up'  cr   Austria, 

defended  by  two  castles,' eiglit  miles 

W  of  Lintz.  Lon.  13  52 E,  lat.48  18  N. 

Effingham,  a  village  in  Surry,  once, 

according  to  tradition,  a  populous  town, 


E  G  Y 

containing  Ifi  churches.  It  is  13  milw 
N  E  of  Guildford,  and  17  S  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Egg,  a  fertile  little  island,  one  of  the 
Hcbrules  of  Scotland,  to  tlic  S  of  Skyc. 
Egham,  a  village  in  Surry,  which 
has  two  neat  almshouses  for  sis  men 
and  six  women,  with  a  s..hool  for  the 
education  of  20  boys.  Egliam  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Thames,  18  miles  W  by  S 
of  London. 

Egiisau,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Ziiric,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  13  miles  N  of  Zuric.  Lon, 
8  30  E,  lat.  47  ii  N. 

Egra,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  formerly 
imperial.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1742,  but  they  were  forced  to  eva- 
cuate it  the  next  year.  Its  mineral 
waters  are  famous.  "  It  is  seated  on  the 
Eger,  90  miles  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  12 
40  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Egremont,    a  town  in   Ciinr.berland, 
with    a  market    on    Saturday.     It  is 
seated  near  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  river 
Ebcn,   over   which   are  two  bridges; 
and  on  the  peak  of  a  hill  is  a  castle. 
It  sent   members  to  parliament  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  and  is    14  miles  S 
W  of  Cockermouth,  and  299  N  VV  of 
London.     Urn.  3  35  W,   lat  54  32  N. 
^Syptt  a  country  of  Africa,  600  miles 
in   length,   and  250  where   broadest; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the   Mediterra- 
nean,  on  the  S  by  Nubia,  on  the  E  by 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  istlimus  of  Suez, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  deserts  to  the  E 
of  Fezzan.     The  broadest  part  is  from 
Alexandria  to  ^^Damietta,   and  thence 
it  gradually  grows  narrower,  till  it  ap- 
proaches  Nubia.      It  is  divided  into 
the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  j  which 
last   comprehends     the    Delta;    and 
though  the  air   is  naturallv  hot,    and 
not  very  wholesome,  it  enjoys  so  ma- 
ny other  advantages,   that  it  has  been 
always    extremely    populous.      Egypt 
carried  on  a  considerable  trade  in  East 
India  commodities,  till  the  Portuguese 
found  the  way  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.      However    the    merchants    of 
Europe  visit  the  harbours  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  import  and  export  seve- 
ral  sorts   of  merciiandise  ;    and  from 
other  parts  the  natives  get  elephants 
.  teetli,  ebony,  gold  dust,  musk,  civet, 
ambergris,  and  coffee.     The  gold  dust 
is  brought  from   Negroland,  to  Fez, 
and  Morocco,  and    Uience  to    Cairo, 
over  immense  deserts.     The  principal 
commodities  which  the  merchants  pur- 


E  G  Y 


E  G  Y 


chnte  are  coRce,  mcihib,  r^sua,  rhu- 
barb, sul  animoniuc,  m)rrli,  s.ifiniii, 
nalliictii;,  ali.e.i,  i«|;iuiii,  imlig-o,  sn^ftu; 
samlul  wood,  dales,  coUon,  do'li,  ifce. 
Tlic  coii»i>Kxiiin  of  the  Ej^yptiaiis  is 
tawny,  ;ind  llic  fiirtlicr  S  llie  darker, 
■(>  tliat  tliohe  nc»r  Nubia  arc  aliiiost 
black.  'I'liey  arc  gcucriilly  indolent 
Kiid  cowardly :  tlic  riciiti-  suvt  do 
notltiiiif  all  day  but  drink  col, of,  smoke 
tobacoo  and  sleep;  and  tiicy  are  igno- 
rant, i)roud,  hauj^bty,  and  ridiculously 
viiin.  From  Marcii  to  November,  the 
heat,  to  an  European,  is  almost  insiip- 
[jortablei  but  tlie  otbcr  months  arc 
more  temperate.  1  be  S  winds  ai-c  by 
the  natives  called  poisonous  winds,  or 
Ibe  hot  winds,  of  the  deserts  •  they 
«re  of  such  extreme  heat  and  aridity, 
that  no  animated  body  exposed  to  it 
can  withstand  its  fatal  influeDce.  Diir- 
in-j  the  three  days  that  it  gci^.i-ally 
lasts,  the  streets  are  deserted ;  and 
woe  to  the  traveller  whom  this  wind 
BuriM'ises  remote  from  shelter.  It  rains 
Ten-  seldom  in  Egypt  i  but  that  want 
is  fully  supplied  by  the  annual  inunda- 
tion of  the  Nile.  When  the  waters 
retire,  all  the  ground  is  covered  with 
mud  ;  then  they  only  harrow  their  com 
into  it,  and,  in  tbe  following  March, 
they  have  us<ially  a  plentiful  harvest : 
their  rice  fields  are  supi-lled  with 
water  from  canals  and  reservoirs. 
There  is  no  place  in  the  world  bet- 
ter furnished  with  com,  flesli,  fish, 
sugar,  fruits,  and  all  sorts  of  garden- 
•tuff;  and  in  Lower  Egypt  arc  oranges, 
lemons,  figs,  dates,  ajniomls,  cassia, 
and  phintitins,  in  great  plenty.  The 
sands  are  so  subtile  that  they  peneti  ate 
into  the  closets,  chests,  and  cabinets, 
which,  witli  the  hot  winds,  are  pro- 
bably the  CMisc  of  sore  eyes  being  so 
very  common  here.  Tlie  animals  of 
Egypt  are  tigers,  hyenas,  antelopes, 
•pes,  black-cattle,  fine  horses,  large 
asses  crocodiles,  the  hippopotamun, 
the  cami  Icon,  and  a  kind  of  rat  called 
ichneumon  ;  ostriches,  eagles,  hawks, 
pelicans,  water  fowls  of  all  kinds, 
and  the  ibis  wiiic'i  resembles  a  duck, 
and  was  deified  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tian'!, on  ac'iount  of  its  destroying 
serpents  and  no:.ious  insects.  Here 
is  a  serpent  called  the  cerastes,  or 
horned  viper,  whose  bite  is  fatal  to 
those  who  have  not  the  secret  of 
gu.irdjng  against  it;  for  some  of  the 
natives  can  play  with  tlie  cerastes,  and 
it  will  not  attempt  to  bite  them ;  but 


wh..n  applied  to  a  hen,  or  any  oUkc;' anki 
nial,  it  iias  instantly  bit  and  killed 
ihein.  'I'iiu  pyramids  of  E^ypt  are 
noticed  by  all  travcUcrs  ;  the  liirgesi; 
takes  up  ten  ac'.vs  of  ground,  ar.d  is, 
ar'  well  us  the  rest,  biult  upon  a  rock. 
Hei-e  ai-c  also  caverns,  out  of  which 
they  get  the  mummies,  or  embalmed 
dead  bodies,  which  arc  fuiuid  in  cof- 
Hm,  set  uprigiit  in  niches  of  the  walls, 
and  have  continued  there  at  least  400(> 
vcars  i  many  uf  these  have  been 
brought  to  England,  :ind  were  former- 
ly deemed  of  grc:a  use  in  niedicinc. 
'i'hc  principal  city  i»  Cairo.  The  an- 
cient kings  governed  Egypt,  till  Cam- 
byses  became  master  of  it,  5:J5  years 
li.  C.  anil  in  tucir  time  all  those  won- 
derfid  structures  were  raised,  which 
wa  cannot  behold  without  astonish- 
ment. 1  hese  urc  the  pyramids,  the 
lab^rintlis,  the  iinnicnse  grottos  of  tlie 
I'hebais ;  the  obelisks,  temples,  and 
pompous  palaces  ;  tlkc  lake  Moiris,  and 
tJic  vast  canals,  which  served  both  for 
trade  and  to  render  the  land  fruitful. 
Afler  this  conquest  Cambysea  demol- 
ished the  temples  and  persecuted  the 
priests.  After  his  dcatli,  this  country 
continued  under  the  Persian  yoke  till 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
who  having  conquered  Persia,  built 
the  famous  city  of  Alexandria.  He 
was  succeedetl  by  Ptolemy,  the  son  of 
Lagos,  324  years  B.  C.  Ten  kings  of 
that  name  succeeded  each  otlier,  till 
Cleopatra,  the  sister  of  tlie  last  Ptole- 
my, ascended  the  tlwone  s  when  E^pt 
became  a  Roman  province,  and  cootinu- 
ed  so  till  the  reign  of  Omar,  the  se- 
cond calif  of  the  successors  of  MfthoB- 
ct,  who  drove  away  tlie  Romans,  after 
it  had  been  in  their  bands  700  years. 
When  the  powerof  the  califs  declined, 
Saladine  set  up  the  empire  of  the  Main- 
louks,  which  became  so  fiowcrful  in 
time,  that  tluy  extended  their  domin- 
ions over  a  great  part  of  Africa,  Syria, 
and  Arabia.  Egypt  was  then  con- 
quered by  Sellm,  a  Turkish  emperor, 
and  g^eat  mimlicrs  of  its  ancient  in- 
habitants withdrew  into  tlie  plains. 
An  attempt  was  then  made  to  tlcprive 
the  Ottoman  I'orteaf  its  authority  over 
Egyjit  by  Ali  Bey,  who  having  been 
for  some  time  extren>ely  rortin>ate, 
was  at  last  defeated  and  killed  in  1773. 
Egypt  has  been  since  torn  by  civil  wars 
between  the  adherents  of  Ali,  awl 
other  beys  or  princes,  wlio  rose  on  hij* 
ruins.     Alternately  expelled  from  Cai- 


E  G  Y 

to  a  hen,  or  any  oUie;- ank, 
instantlv   bit    ami  luUcA 
pxraiiiids  of  EK.vpt.    me 
I  trRVcliers  ;  the    lurgesi; 
ac;v»  of  grouiKl,   ar.d  is. 
e  rc»t,  biult  upon  a  rock 
lo  caverns,  out  of  wliicU 
niumnucs,  or  cmbalniea 
wliicli  are  foimil  i"  >;<>t- 
,rtii  in  niclics  of  the  wiUls, 
itnuicd  tlicrc  at  least  400(> 
,v    of   these    have    been 
;;>iflanil,  unci  were  former- 
ii  OTcia  use  in  Ti\cdiciiic. 
a  citv  r»  Cairo.     The  an- 
rovcvncd  Egypt,  fiU  Cam- 
nc  ni!.«U-r  of  it,  525  vear» 
,  t'ui  ir  time  all  those  won- 
•tu'/es  were  raised,   which 
»;clio\d  witliout    astomsli- 
se   ure   tlie  p>Tamids.  the 
il,e  ln.mcn.ic  K''"""*  "'  ^^, 
he   obelisks,  temples,  and 
ilticesi  tlw  lake  Mains,  and 
nals,  which  aerved  both  for 
„  render  the   land  fru.tftt . 
conquest  Cambyaea  dcmol- 
emples   ami  persecuted  the 
,fler  his  dcaUi,  this  country 
under  the  Persian  yoke  tiU 
of   Alexander    the    Great. 
,p  conq«ere<l   Persia,  built 
,8  city   of  Alexandria.    He 
eded  by  Ptolemy,  the  son  ot 
tl  years  B.C.     Ten  kings  of 
succeeded  each  other,  tiU 
the  sister  of  tlie  last  Ptole- 
ied  the  tlirone ;  when  Egypt 
Ionian  province,  and  cooUnu- 
he  rciirn  of  Omar,  the  «e- 
of  the  succesaors  of  MahMi- 
ove  away  tlie  Romans,  atler 
,1  in  their  bands  JOO  years, 
power  of  tlic  calijs  dechned, 
ct  up  the  empire  of  the  Mun- 
ich became    so  powerful  m 
tlKV  extended  their  dondn- 
ereat  part  of  Africa,  Syria, 
a       Egvpt    was   then  con- 
SeV.m,   a  TurkVsli  emperor, 
numbers  of  its  ancient  m- 
wllluUew    into   tlie  plams. 
5t  was  then  made  to  tlcprive 
inn  I'orteaf  iu  authority  ovW 
All  Bev,  who  having  been 
time    exU-emely    l"'!^*"'^^' 
defeated  and  killed  m  177J- 
been  since  torn  by  civil  wars 
the    adherents   of  Ah,    ariA 
5  or  princes,   who  rose  on  hi-» 
Itevnately  expelled  from  Cai- 


£  I  M 

IT,  till  y  fiuftlly  agreed  to  a  compromise 
in  17Hy.  From  this  period  nothing  of 
importance  occurs  till  1799,  when  this 
loiintrv  was  invaded  l)y  the  Frencli 
iiml<  riion:i|)arte  j  they  landed  at  Alex- 
iiiuh'in,  wliirh  surrenik-red  to  lliein 
!,ftcr  a  fl-cble  resistance.  Tliey  tlien 
]>i'<)i-ecdc(l  toKosetta  and  Cairo,  whlcli 
tlu-y  took  without  much  diHiculty. 
'Jlity  would  probably  imve  subdued 
tlie  whole  country,  anil  Hnally  over- 
luriied  the  'I'urkish  enii)ire,  had  not 
their  proffresi  been  arrested  at  Sit. 
John  d'Acre,  by  the  gallant  Sir  Sidney 
Smith,  who  detondcd  that  inconsidera- 
ble place  with  such  ijivincilile  courage 
jind  skill,  that  the  enemy  were  com- 
pelled after  innumerable  desperate  at- 
tacks to  abandon  the  attempt.  They 
were  shortly  afterwards  deserted  by 
tlieir  commander,  who  has  returned  to 
I'rancc.  A  treaty  lias  since  been  en- 
tfivd  into  by  Sir  Sidney  Smitli,  which 
has  not  met  with,  the  approbation  of 
the  British  govc  nment. 

Es}ften,  a  ^own  of  Poland  in  the 
dutchy  of  Couriand,  100  miles  S  E  of 
Mittau.  Lon.  2640  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Ehigen,  the  name  of  two  small  towns 
of  Suuoia,  the  one  near  the  Danube, 
and  the  other  on  the  Neckar.  They 
Ik-Ioii};  to  the  house  of  Austria.  The 
Jormer  is  in  lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 
xnd  the  latter  in  lon.  8  45  E,  litt.  48  25  N. 

Ehrenbreitttein,  a  very  ancient  castle, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  on  the  E 
liankofthc  Rhine,  opposite  Coblentz. 
It  stands  on  the  summit  of  a  stupen- 
dous rock,  not  less  than  800  feet  above 
tile  level  of  the  river,  and  is  thought, 
when  supported  by  a  competent  gar- 
rison, to  be  impregnable.  It  has  a 
rouimunication  with  Coblentz,  by  sub- 
terraneous passages,  cut  out  of  tlie  so- 
lid rock;  and  is  plentiflilly  supplied 
'uajth  water  from  a  well  280  feet  deep, 
'rae  prospect  from  this  castle  is  ma- 
jestic, extensive,  and  variegated  ;  and 
liie  stream  at  its  foot  is  decorated  with 
two  small  islands,  on  each  of  which 
is  a  convent.  In  the  vale  of  Ehrenhreit- 
stein,  is  the  old  palace  of  the  elector. 
'I'his  forti'ess  was  besieged  by  the 
French,  in  1796,  above  three  months  ; 
Imt  on  the  17th  of  September,  tlie 
Austrians  comjielled  them  to  retreat. 

Eimeo,  one  of  the  Society  Isles,  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  near  Ota- 
'nite,  and  visited  by  Captain  Cook  in 
Wis  last  voyage. 

luinb'd-.  a  town  of  Germam,  in  the 


E  L  B 

territory  of  Grubephapcn,  25  mites  S  of 
Hihlesiitini.   Lon    10  0  E,  lat.  51  46  N' 

AV/niW/M,  n  town  of  Swit/ciland,  ia 
the  canton  of  Si hwitz.  It  it  situated 
on  the  river  Siiil,  between  the  lol'ty 
nioiMitains,  whose  distant  scniniits  are. 
covered  with  snow. 

ELlet'cii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Mansteld,  famous  as  the 
birth-jilure  ofl.utlier.  It  is  {i\e  niilps  Br 
of  Mani-leld.  Lon.  l;i  16  L,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Eimuich,  a  town  of  Tliurinfjria,  cu|iital 
of  a  district  cf  tiie  same  name,  with  a 
celebrated  college,  36  miles  \V  of  Er- 
furt.    Lon.  10  ^5  t,  lat.  30  59  N. 

Eiilitn,  or  Ythan,  a.  river  in  Aber- 
deenshire, which  crosses  that  county 
in  a  S  E  direction,  and  falls  into  the 
British  Ocem  at  Ncwbnr(fh. 

Ekerefo'i,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in 
the  uutcny  of  Sleswirk,  seated  on  th» 
Eahic,  12  miles  S  E  of  Sleswick.  Lon. 
10  30  E,  lat.  54  5ti  N. 

Elba,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany,  remarkable  for  mines  of  iron  and 
loadstone,  and  quarries  of  marble. 

£/^iiMa'io,  a  town  of  Albania,  45  mile» 
SE  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  9E,  lat.  41 34  N. 

£/Ac,  alai-ge  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  mountain  of  the'  Giants, 
on  tlie  confines  of  Bohemia  and  Silesia ; 
flows  to  Koningsgratz,  Leutzmcritz, 
Dresden,  Dessaw,  Meissen,  Wittem- 
berjj,  Magdcberg,  Hamburg,  and 
Gluckstadt,  and  enters  the  German 
Ocean,  at  Cruxhaven.  It  is  navigable 
for  large  ships  to  Hamburg,  which  \» 
70  miles  from  the  sea. 

Etberton,  the  principal  town  and  seat 
of  justice,  in  Elbert  county,  Georgia, 
23  miles  N  W  of  Petersburg  on  the  Sa- 
vanna river,  and  30  S  E  of  CarnesviUc. 
It  has  a  post-office,  court-house,  gaol, 
&c. 

Elbeuf,  a  tovm  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Seine, 
10  mile*  S  of  Uoucn,  and  65  N  W  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  1  8  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Etbing,  a  strmg  town  of  Western 
Prussia,  in  the  lalatinate  of  Marien 
burg.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade,  and  is  si  ated  near  tlie  Baltic 
Sea,  30  miles  S  xi  of  Dantzic,  and  lOO 
N  by  VV  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  35  E, 
lat.  54  9  N. 

Elbogcn,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  eapttal" 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ci- 
tadel,  on  the  river  Eger,  16  milies  N  E 
ofEgra.    Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  5a  16  N 
\i  u 


Ulburg,  a  town  of  Uiu  United  Provin- 
ces, in  GiiclderlitncI,  on  tlie  L  coast  of 
the  Ziiidcr-Zec.  ten  niiku  N  £  of  Har- 
derwick.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Klcatif,  :i  bC'U|M)i't  of  Arabia  I'clix, 
on  tlie  W  coast  of  the  gulf  of  I'crsia, 
;>U0  miles  S  of  Basiioru.  Lon.  Si  5  £, 
!at.  26  0  N. 

A'/c/k-,  .» town  of  Spain,  in  Vulcncia, 
20  miles  S  W  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0  2J 
W,  hit.  38  7  N. 

Eltphauta,  an  island  on  the  W  coast 
of  the  Dcccan  of  HindiNistan,  five 
miles  from  the  castle  of  Bonil)ay.  It 
contains  one  of  the  ini..,i  incxplicitblc 
utitiquitics  in  the  worid.  It  in  about 
three  miles  in  compass,  and  consists  of 
iilinost  all  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  as 
you  land  yon  see  the  figure  of  an  ele- 
phant, of  tlie  nutural  size,  cut  coarjely 
in  stone.  An  easy  slope  then  ler-ds  to 
the  portal  of  a  magnificent  temple, 
hewn  out  of  tiic  solid  rock.  It  is  an 
nblon)j^  square,  80  feet  long,  luid  40 
broad.  'I'hc  roof  which  is  about  10 
feet  high,  is  cut  flat,  and  is  supported 
by  regular  rows  of  pillars,  with  capi- 
tals  resembling  round  cushions,  as  if 
pressed  by  tlie  incumbent  mountain. 
At  the  further  end  are  three  gigantic 
figures,  which  were  mutilated  by  the 
absurd  zeal  of  the  Poi-tuguese,  when 
this  island  was  in  their  possession. 
Elephanta  was  ceded  to  the  English  by 
the  Mahrattas. 

Eleuthtt,  a  kingdom  of  Tartary,  ly- 
ing to  the  N  W  of  Chinese  Tartary.  It 
was  c<.mquered  in  1759,  by  the  empe- 
ror of  China.     Sec  Kalviuci*. 

Elgin,  the  county-town  of  Murray- 
iiUire,  pleasantly  seated  on  the  river 
Lossi.  Hei-e  are  many  larg^  old  build- 
ings erected  over  piazzas.  Its  cathed- 
ral, founded  in  1224,  was  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  Gothic  structures  in 
Scotland.  Its  magnificent  ruins  ^auffi- 
ccjfitly  prove  its  former  grandeur.  It  is 
I've  miles  S  of  Murray  Frith,  and  37  E 
oflnvemess.  Lon.  3  15  W,  lat.  5737  N. 

Elghinhirt.     See  Murraythire. 

EUzabeth'i  Itlmd,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Massachusett'a  Bay,  having 
Cape  Cod  to  the  N,  and  the  island  of 
Nantucket  to  the  E.  The  natives  are 
chiefly  employed  in  the  fisheries.  Lon. 
69  3  W,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Elizabethtcmn,  a  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  six  miles  S  of  New- 
ark, lONof  Amboy,  and  16  by  land 
W  of  New  York.  It  is  a  post  town  and 
the  «cat  «{*>  respectable  coUcge. 


ELM 

EUzahtthtovin,  a  post  town  of  Kit. 
sex  rounty,  New-York  \  situated  on 
the  ^V  siili-  of  lake  Champhiine,  alxnit 
l.lU  miles  N  o**  Albony,  aiul  containinj; 
about  900  inhabitants. 

Elizabethtauin,  a  |>«)st  town  of  Lan. 
raster  ciiunly,  Pennsylvania  i  seatett  at 
the  moutli  of  Conew.igo  creek,  aboulT 
18  miles  N  W  of  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster, containing  600  inhabitants. 

Elizabetlitovin,  a  post  town  in  Wash- 
in^'lon  cotuity,  Peimsylvania,  situated 
on  the  E  aide  of  Monongahela  river, 
about  12  miles  abovu  its  junction  with 
the  Ohio,  and  tliC  same  distance  S  by  £ 
of  Pittsburg. 

Etizabethtmun,  the  principal  town  ot 
Washington  county,  Maryland  (some- 
times called  Hagerstuwn)  seated  on 
Antietam  cr'-ck,  26  miles  N  W  of  Fred- 
ericktown,  and  14  N  of  Sharpsburg; 
having  a  post  ofi)<'C  osid  containing 
about  2000  inhabitants. 

Elkhohu,  a  seaport  af  Sweden  in 
Blckingcn,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  24 
miles  \V  of  Carlcscroon.  Lon.  14  50 
E,  lat.  56  20  N. 

Elkton,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Cecil  county,  Maryland ;  seated  on 
Elk  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
at  tlie  distance  of  10  miles  E  by  N  from 
Charleston,  and  45  S  W  from  Phila- 
de1))liia.  It  is  the  cntreportof  a  conai- 
ilerable  trade  between  Baltimore  and 
Philadelphia,  being  the  general  ren- 
dezvous of  the  regular  stages  that  tra- 
vel between  the  two  cities. 

EUerena,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estramadura,  54  miles  N  of  Seville. 
Lon.  5  20  W,  lat.  38  26  N. 

EUertntre,  a  town  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tueaday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  large  mere,  in  a  small  but  ftr^ 
tile  district  of  the  same  name,  16  milea 
N  N  W  of  Shrewsbury,  and  176  N  W 
of  London.   Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  52  53  ^ 

EUichpour,  the  capital  of  the  W 
part  of  Bt^rar,  in  the  Decern  of  Hin- 
doostan.  It  i»  a  fine  city  subject  to  the 
nizam  of  the  Deccan ;  and  is  395  miles 
N£  of  Bombay.  Lon.77  46£,Ut.  21 13  N. 

Ellinille,  a  small  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Pennsylvania,  \SA 
miles  from  Waihington. 

Ehnadia,  or  Makadia,  a  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  aeated  on  the  gulf 
of  Capes.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  sea, 
is  well  fortified,  and  has  a  good  har- 
bour. It  was  taken  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  but  retaken  aooD  after. 
Lon.  8  47  W,  lat.  35  4  N. 


;  L  M 

M,  a  post  town  of  Ei- 
Jew-York  I  »ituatcd  on 
ittkc  Ch»mpliui»e,  hImhU 
♦•  Albuii) ,  aiul  eoiitaininif 
ibitunu. 

vn,  a  post  tovm  of  I.an- 
Pennsylvania  i  aeatetl  at 
Conewftgo  cn-ck,  abouC 
■  of  the  bmoviuli  of  Lan- 
ning  600  inhabitants, 
un,  a  post  town  in  Wash- 
Pennsylvania,  situated 
■'  of  Mo'nongahcla  river, 
E»  abova  its  junction  with 
I  Uic  same  Uistajwe  S  by  E 

iwn,  the  principal  town  ol 
county,  Maryland  (some- 
Hajterstown)  seated  on 
-ck.26milesNWofFrcd. 
iind  14  N  of  Sharpsburg  i 
ist  offi'C  a:id  containuig 
inhabitants. 

a  seaport  of  Sweden  in 
inated  on  the  Baltic,  24 
Carlcscroon.    Lon.  14  50 

post  town,  and  tlic  capital 
nty,  Maryland;  seated  on 
t  the  head  of  navigation, 
ice  of  10  miles  E  by  N  from 
and  45  SW   from   Phila- 
t  is  the  entreportof  a  conai- 
ie  between  Baltimore  and 
a,  being  the   general  ren- 
the  regular  sUges  that  tra- 
1  the  two  cities, 
an  episcopal  town  of  Spwn, 
iura,  54  miles  K  of  Sevdle. 
W,  lat.  38  26  N. 
t     a   town    in  Shropshire, 
ket  on  Tuesday,    ."t***"*- 
re  mere,  in  a  small  but  ftr, 
of  the  same  name,  16  miles 
Shrewsbury,  and  176  N  W 
Lon.  2  52  W,  lav.  52  53* 
the  capital  of   the  W 
:«r,  in  the  Decctn  of  Hm- 
it  is  a  fine  city  subject  to  the 
,e  Deccan  j  and  is  395  miles 
bay.Lon.7r46E,Ut.2112N. 
r,  a  small  post  town  in  Cu^ 
'ounty,    Pennsylvama,     IW 
1  Wathington. 

i,  or  Mahar^ia,  a  town  oft** 
f  Tunis,  acaUd  on  the  guU 
It  is  surrounded  by  the  sea, 
tified,  and  has  a  good  har- 
vaa  taken  by  the  emperor 
'  but  retaken  soon  »««•■• 
W,  lat.  35  4  N. 


par. 


E  L  T 

]:lme,  St.  a  castle  of  the  i*ile  of  Mai 
t a,  seated  on   a   rock   near  the  city  of 
Vuletta,   at   the   mouth   of  a  very  tine 
harbour. 

Elmo,  Fnrt,  St.  a  fortress  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  tlie  Eastern  Py- 
renees. It  surrendered  to  the  Spani- 
ards in  1793,  but  wa.s  retaken  in  i7i)4. 
It  iii  seated  on  the  river  Tct,  five  miles 
N  of  Colioih'e. 

Elora,     See  DoviLitabad. 

Elfthin,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
rounty  of  Roscommon,  and  the  see  of 
a  bishop. 

Elrich,  atradingtown  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, formerly  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Klettenburg. 

Ehimburg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Gothland,  seven  miles 
E  of  Elsinore.  Lon.  13  20  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

EUinore,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  sea- 
ted on  the  Sound,  in  the  isle  of  Zeiiland. 
It  is  the  most  commercial  place  in 
Denmark,  next  to  Copenhagen;  and 
contains  5000  inhabitants,  among  whom 
are  a  considerable  number  of  foreign 
merchants,  and  the  consuls  of  the  prm- 
cipal  nations  trading  to  the  Bultic. 
The  passage  of  the  Sound  is  guarded 
hy  the  castle  of  Cronborg,  situate  on 
the  edge  of  a  peninsular  promontory, 
the  nearest  point  of  land  fVom  the  oppo- 
site coast  of  Sweden.  Every  vessel, 
US  it  passes,  lowers  her  top-sails  arid 
pays  a  toll  at  Elsinore.  The  constant 
ilischar{;«  of  the  toll,  is  not  so  much 
owing  to  the  strength  of  the  fortress 
as  to  compliance  withthe  public  law  of 
Europe.  All  vessels,  beside  a  small 
duty  are  rated  at  one  and  one  fourth 
/wrcMt.  of  their  cargoes,  except  iheEn^'- 
lish,  French  Dutch,  and  Swedish,  which 
pay  only  one  per  cent,  and,  in  return,  the 
crown  takes  the  charge  of  construct- 
ing lighthouses,  and  etacting  signals 
t*  marii  the  shoals  and  rocks,  from 
the  Categate  to  the  entrance  into  the 
Baltic.  The  tolls  of  the  Sound,  and 
of  the  two  Belts,  produce  an  annual  re- 
venue of  above  100,000/.  Lon.  13  23  E, 
lat.  !!6  0  N.    See  Crmborg, 

Ehtirutn  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wortsburg,  on  the  river 
Maine.    Lon.  10  Si  E,  kt,  50  8  N. 

Elfham,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday,  eight  miles  S  cf  Lon- 
don. Hei%  aM  to  be  seen,  tlie  ruins  of 
a  pidace,  iA  trhieh  Ed^rurd  II.  often  re- 
sided, and  his  son,  John  of  Eltham  was 
born.  Its  sutely  hall,  (till  entire  is 
converted  into  *  btfn. 


E  M  B 


Ti 

HI' 


Elt/yr.     See   Tor. 

Eltz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Hildeshcim,  scutcd  on  the 
LeiMu,  10  miles  S  \V  of  KiUlcshcim. 
Lnn.  10  5  E,  Int.  52  5  N. 

Etvai,  a  strong  frontier  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Alcntejo,  with  a  eustle  and 
bishop's  see.  The  streets  are  hand- 
some, and  the  houses  weH-built.  Hert; 
is  a  cistern  so  large,  that  it  will  hold 
water  enough  for  the  town  for  six 
months.  It  is  brought  by  a  magnificent 
aqueduct,  three  miles  in  length,  which, 
in  some  places,  is  supported  by  four  or 
five  arches,  one  upon  another.  On  the 
side  of  it  is  a  forest  of  olive-trees,  three 
miles  in  length,  among  which  are  widks 
and  fine  fountains.  Elvaa  was  bombar- 
ded by  the  French  in  1706,  to  no  pur- 
pose. A  royal  academy,  for  young  gen- 
tlemen, wr>s  founded  here  in  1733.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Giia- 
diana,  50  miles  N  E  of  Evora,  and  100 
E  of  Lisbon.     Lon.  7  3  W,  lat.  58  43  K. 

Elviangen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  k 
chapter,  wliose  provost  is  a  ]>rinoe  of 
the  empire  and  lord  of  the  town.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Jaxt,  17  miles  S  E  of 
Halle,  and  25  S  W  of  Anspach.  Lon. 
10  28  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Ely,  a  city  in  Cambridgeshire,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  market  on  Satur< 
day.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse  (which 
is  navigable  hence  to  Ljun)  irt  the  fen- 
ny tract  called  the  isle  of  Ely.  The 
assizes  are  held  here  once  a  year  only. 
It  is  a  county  of  itself  including  the  ter- 
ritory ai-ound  it,  and  has  a  distinct  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction,  of  which  the 
bishop  is  the  head,  in  the  same  nmnnei^ 
as  the  bishop  of  Durham  is  of  that 
county.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral,  but  is 
otherwise  a  mean  place.  It  is  17  miles 
N  of  Cambridge,  and  68  N  by  E  of 
Londo.v     Lon.  0  9  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Ely,  Itle  of.     See  CambridgeMre. 

Embden,  a  strong  town  of^Westpha* 
lis,  capital  of  E  Friesland,  with  a  good 
harbour.  It  belongs  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  is  seated  at  tlie  mouth  of 
the  Embs,  opposite  Dollart  Bay,  23 
miles  N  E  of  Groning^n.  Leu.  7  5  E, 
lat.  53  26  N. 

Embo,  a  village  near  Brora,  on  th<k 
E  coast  of  Sutherlandshire. 

Embo/y,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see  seated  on  thA 
Stromoiia,  40  miles  N  E  of  Salonichl. 
Lon.  23  55  E,  lat  40  59  N. 

Embrutt,  an  ancient  and  strong  city 
of  France,  iA  the  department  ci  the 


# 


END 


H  N  G 


UpiUT  Aljs  imd  la(n  provinrp  of  Dnii- 
})l;iii\.  U  i»  iiei  ted  oil  :i  crag-^'V  rock, 
iicur  tlie  rhcP  Diirunre,  17  iihIch  K 
of  Ch|>.     I,<ni.  (>  M  K,    lat.  41  .>  I  N. 

Kmha,  u  liM'l- (if  Wt'htjiliulia,  vvliirli 
rises  ill  llif  county  of  I, ip|)i',  und  falls 
into  the  Dollart,  it  buy  of  tilt- Gcriniiii 
Ofouii,  near  Enilxlrn. 

Kmttui,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  the  po- 
vcrnniiiil  of  Dami.sciis.  'Micic  arc 
Btill  noble  niins,  t'lat  sliow  it  was 
nn'-icntly  a  niajfiiilicciit  city. 

Kminrrkt,  a  lai-jvc  city  if  Germany, 
in  tlic  I)..liliy  of  Clc\c>i.  It  carries  on 
a  c,on«iili  rablc  trade  witli  Holland,  and 
is  seated  ne;.r  the  Uliinc,  cii',!it  niiii?a 
E  of  C!evcs.     Lon.  6  4  K,  lat.  .'Jl  4.5  N. 

£iiiiiii:t.:iiwf;,  a  po,st  town  of  Freder- 
ick county,  Maryland,  about  li!  miles 
N  W  from  Taiie_\to\vn,  wid  ubout  50 
inllics;ine   direction   from  Baltimore. 

EiiKixr,  or  Jliinneii,  an  isluiul  of  Chi- 
na, Iv  iiig' oil' the  coast  of  the  province 
of  Fo'kien.  It  is  celebrated  lor  its  port, 
which  is  inclosed,  on  one  .side,  by  tlie 
ishind,  i.nd  on  the  other  by  the  main 
land,  anil  in  so  extensive,  thai  it  can 
contain  innny  thousands  of  vessels  j  and 
60  deep,  that  the  largest  ships  may  lie 
close  to  the  id. ore  without  danger. 
This  island  is  i)arliciilarly  celebrated 
{in  account  of  tin-  magnificence  of  its 
principal  paijod,  dedicated  to  their  god 
To.     I.on.  lUiLV  E,  li>«.  24  3  N. 

Kvipnti,  a  tov.'ii  of  '1  U3cany,  with  a 
hisliop's  see,  seated  on  the  Arno,  1" 
■miles  S  W  of  Florence.  Lon.  \\  6  E, 
lat.  43  42  N. 

Eiichuu.scn,  fi  seaport  of  N  Holland, 
nil  the  ;<uider-Zee.  It  was  once  a  llniir- 
jshing  piace  i  but  its  harbour  being 
obstructed  by  sand  it  has  lost  its  for- 
mer consequence.  It  is  25  inile.s  N  E 
of  Anistcrdajn.  Loti.  5  4  E,  }at.  5:^  45 
N. 

Kndearour  Strait,  lies  in  the  S  I».ici- 
fic  Ocean,  and  separates  New  Guinea 
from  New  Holland.  Us  lentftli  is  1.0 
leagues,  and  its  breadth  about  live,  ex- 
cept at  the  N  E  entrance,  where  it  is 
contracted  to  less  than  two  miles,  by 
the  islands  called  Prince  of  Wales' 
Islands.  It  was' explored  by  Captain 
Cook  in  17"0,  from  whom  it  received 
its   'ame. 

Jinding,  a  town  of  Snabia,  in  Austri- 
an Brisgaw,  formerly  free  and  imperi- 
al. It  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  10 
miles  below  Brisach. 

Endtioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Upland,  situate  on  a  river,  close  to  aji 


inlft  of  Lake  Maelar.  It  eon.<isti? 
cliietl)  of  wooden  house!!,  which  arc 
red.  It  is  40  miles  W  of  Stockholm. 
l,oii.  16  59 "E,  lat.  52  45  N 

EnfeUI,  II  town  in  Middlesex,  with  \ 
market  on  Sutiinlay,  It  was  once  fa- 
mous for  an  extensive  rojal  chase,  dis- 
forested in  17ry.  Here  was  a  ro\:d 
pahiee,  wiierre  Edward  VI.  went  in 
procession  to  tl.e  'lower,  <m  his  aocrt- 
sloii  to  the  throne,  winrli  in  ii'iw  taken 
down.  It  i.i  10  niiics  N  of  London 
Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  51  41   N. 

Eii^'.hiiim,  a  coHiilry  oi'  the  Grison.H, 
in  the  mountains  of  the  AlpM.  It  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lov*'er,  extend, 
iiig  along  the  banks  of  the  ri>er  Inn, 
from  its  source  to  the  Tirohrse.  Upj"  r 
Engadina  is  a  beautiful  valley  i  jet,  on 
account  of  its  elevation,  produces  noth- 
ing but  rye  and  hailcy.  The  winter 
sets  ill  early,  and  even  in  suinnier,  the 
air  is  cold"  and  piercing,  uml  the  corn 
occasionally  much  damaged  by  the 
hoar-frost. 

Eiigen;  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  ntinic.  It  is  seated  on 
tiie  Rhine,  11  miles  N  of  Coblciitz. 
Lon.  7  32  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Enghien,  a  town  of  Austrian  Ilain- 
ault,  near  which  was  Itiught  the  famous 
battle  of  Stccnkirk.  It  is  15  miles  S  W 
of  Brussels.     Lon.  4  5  E,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Eii^'ia,  on  Ei'giiia,  an  island  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  a  gidf  of  the  same 
name,  betweei,  Livadiaund  the  Morea. 
There  is  a  town  upon  it  of  the  same 
name,  22  miles  S  of  Atlicns.  Lon.  23 
59  E,  lat.  37  45  N. 

Eiig/and,  the  south  and  most  consi- 
derable part  of  the  island'  of  Great 
Britain,  hounded  on  the  N  by  Scotland, 
on  the  N  E  and  E  by  tbS»  German 
Ocean,  on  tlie  S  by  the  English  channel, 
and  on  the  West  by  St.  George's  cUoq- 
nel,  the  principality  of  Wales  and  tlie 
Irish  Sea.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form. 
From  the  South  Foreland  in  Kent, 
which  may  be  termed  the  E  point  of 
the  triangle,  to  Berwick  upon  Tweed, 
which  is  the  N.  its  Ipngth  in  a  straight 
line,  is  345  miles;  fi-om  that  point  to 
the  Land's  End,  in  Cornwall,  which  is 
the  V/.  it  is  435!  ,tnd  the  breadth 
thence  Xp  the  South  Foreland  is  340. 
The  face  of  the  country  in  England, 
afibrds  all  tbcit  beautiflil  variety  which 
can  be  fo»md  in  the  most  extensive 
tracts  of  tlie  globe.  In  some  parts, 
verdant  plains  extend  as  far  as  thf  ey§ 


■•:  fu^vtm. 


»|IPV  ' 


K  N  G 


E  N  G 


E  N  G 


kr  M.ii'lar.  It  con^tUlf 
K.dcii  lioiiMCR,  wliirli  uvr 
0  mik-H    W    ot'Stocklioliii. 

Lit.  52  45  N 
own  ill  MidillcNrx,  with  .i 
>utiir«lny.  It  wtiK  (iiKc  fi4. 
fxtfii.sivf  rojal  ciiiisc,  dis- 
1779.  Mere  whs  h  i'on.iI 
rev  E(l\v.4nl  VI.  wint  in 
>  tl.c  '|i>wi'i',  (III  liis  imcTH. 
irone,  wmrli  i:t  inw  t;iki'u 
1(>  miles  N  of  London 
IM.  31  n   iN'. 

roiiiiiry  oC  tlio  Gri.ion.H, 
!iiMs  oi'tlic  Alps.  It  is  di- 
L'ppi'P  ami  LoMci',  ixtciul- 
hunks  of  the  ii^cr  Inn, 
cc  to  the  Tirohrsc.  U|>|)i  r 
a  heuiitifvil  vuHey  ;  }et,  on 
s  elevation,  pro(hiccii  notli- 
and  l)arley.  'rlic  winttu' 
,  and  even  in  sninnier,  the 
and  ])icrcin(r,  mi, I  tlio  corn 
liiiich    duniu^ed    hy    the 

town  of  Germany,  in  the 
■  Treves,  eupital  of  a  coiin- 
ne  name.     It  is  seated  on 

11  miles   N  of  Coblciitz. 

lat.  50  35  N. 

a  town  of  Anntrian  Ilnin- 
hich  was  tbu)(ht  the  famous 
cnkirk.  It  is  15  miles  S  \V 
Lon.  4  5  E,  lat.  50  4'J  N. 
I  l''.»gina,  an  island  of  Tur- 
opc,  in  a  gulf  of  t)ie  same 
L-ei,  Livadiaund  the  Morea. 
town  upon  it  of  the  same 
liks  S  of  Athens.  Lon.  23 
7  45  N. 

the  south  and  most  consi- 
t  of  the  island'  of  Great 
nded  on  the  N  by  Scotland, 
E  and  £  by  the  German 
le  S  by  the  English  channel, 
kVest  by  St.  George's  cboQ- 
ncipality  of  Wales  and  tlic 

It  is  of  a  triangular  form. 
Soutli  Foreland    in  Kent, 

be  termed  the  E  point  of 
,  to  Berwick  upon  Tweed, 
:  N.  its  Ipngtii  in  a  straight 

miles  ;  fram  that  point  to 
Snd,  in  Cornwall,  which  is 
is  435;  ;ind  the  breadth 
he  South  Foreland  is  340. 
if  the  country  in  England, 
l}cit  beautiful  variety  which 
fid  in  the  most  extensive 
le  globe.  In  some  parts, 
ns  extend  as  far  as  tb^  eyQ 


r»nre«<;h,  watcrcil  by  copious  streams, 
nnd  lovcred  hy  innumerable  cattle.  In 
otliiTit,  the  plcaHing  viciNHitiulcs  of 
pntly-risiiig  lulls  and  bending' valc^, 
ii'i'lile  in  corn,  waving  with  wikhI,  and 
iiit<Ts|ierHed  witli  meadow.s,  oilci'  the 
niKxt  dcliglitf'id  landscape*  of  I'^.irul  op- 
ulence and  beauty.  Some  tracts  abound 
with  pros|)tcl»  of  a  ninrc  romantic 
kind  I  lofty  niountains,  na^'-gy  rocks, 
deep  narrow  dells,  and  tuntbliiig  tor- 
rents. Nor  are  there  wanting,  as  ii 
contrast  to  so  many  agi-eeablc  scenes, 
the  gloomy  features  of  black  barren 
mnors  and  wi<le  uncultivated  heaths. 
On  the  whole,  however,  few  countries 
have  a  smaller  propurtian  of  land  abso- 
Intely  steril  and  incapable  of  culture. 
The  richest  parts  arc  in  general  the 
midland  and  southern.  Toward  the 
N.  it  partakes  of  the  barrenness  of  the 
neighbouring  Scotland.  I'hc  E.  coast 
is  in  many  parts  sandy  and  marshy.  A 
range  of  rude  and  elevated  land,  some- 
times rising  into  lolly  mountains,  ex- 
tends from  tlie  borders  of  Scotland  to 
the  very  heart  of  England,  running  from 
N.  to  S.  and  forming  a  natural  division 
between  the  E.  and  W.  aides  of  the 
kingdom.  Cornwall  is  also  a  rough 
hilly  tract;  and  a  similar  character 
prevails  in  part  of  the  adjacent  counties. 
These  mountainous  tracts  abound  with 
various  mineral  treasures.  The  rivers 
arc  numerous  ;  but  the  comparatively 
umull  extent  of  England  will  not  permit 
them  to  vie,  in  lengtli  of  course,  with 
the  great  rivers  on  tlic  continent.  The 
most  considerable  of  them  are  the 
Thames,  Severn,  Medway,Ti'ent,  Ouse. 
Tyne,  Tees,  Eden,  Avon,  Derwcnt, 
Uce,  Mersey,  &.c.  The  lakes  are  nei- 
ther numerous  nor  extensive.  They  are 
chiefly  in  tiie  N  W  counties  ;  and  those 
of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  in 
particular,  exhibit  such  varieties  of 
beautifully  romantic  and  picturesque 
scenery,  as  to  have  become,  for  some 
years  past,  the  fashionable  object  of 
summer  excursions  from  the  metropo- 
lis, and  every  part  of  tlte  cotmtry. 
With  respect  to  climate,  England  is 
-situated  on  the  N  part  of  the  temperate 
zone,  so  that  it  enjoys  kut  a  scanty 
shai-e  of  the  gfenial  influence  of  the  sun. 
Tts  atmosphere  is  inclined  to  chilncss 
and  moisture,  sitbjectto  frequent  and 
sudden  changes  and  is  more  favourable 
to  the  g^wtA,  tlip  to  the  ripening,  of 
the  products  of  the  earth.  No  coimtry 
vs>  clo;thcd  with  so  beautiful  and  lasting 


a  verdure  :  but  the  harvests,  <*s|)eciany 
in  the  northern  parts,  frequrnily  huIIct 
IVoni  unseHSonable  rams;  and  tlie  fruits 
often  fall  short  of  their  perfect  maturi- 
ty. The  rigours  of  wintci-,  however, 
as  well  as  the  parching  heats  of  sum- 
mer, ar<>  felt  here  in  a  much  less  de- 
gree than  in  parallel  climates  on  the 
continent ;  a  circumstance  common  tn 
all  islands.  While  the  seaports  of  Hol- 
land and  Germany  are  every  winter 
liu'kcrl  up  with  ire,  those  of  England, 
and  even  of  Scotland,  are  never  known 
to  sutler  this  inconvenience.  The  wes- 
tern side  of  the  kingdom,  receiving  first 
the  great  clouds  from  tlic  Aii-.ntic 
Ocean,  which  arc  afterward  irterci'jjt- 
cd  in  their  passagi-.  by  the  miildle 
ridge  of  hills,  is  considerably  more  ex- 

{losed  to  ruin  than  the  eastern  ;  but  the 
atter  is  more  frequently  involved  in 
fogs  and  mists.  'I'hc  whole  country, 
some  particidar  spots  excepted,  is  suf- 
ficiently healthy  ;  and  tlie  natural  long- 
evity of  its  inhabitants  is  equal  to  that 
of  almost  any  region.  All  the  most  va- 
luable productions,  both  animal  and 
vegetable,  of  liis  country,  have  been 
imported  fnni  the  continent,  and  have 
been  kept  u|)iind  improved  by  constant 
attention.  Originally,  this  great  island 
seems  to  have  been,  like  the  wilds  of 
America,  overrun  with  wood,  and  peo- 
pled only  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  for- 
est. Here  formerly  roamed  the  bear, 
the  wolf,  and  the  wild  boar,  now  to- 
tally extirpated.  Large  herds  of  stags 
ranged  through  the  woods,  roebucks 
bounded  over  the  hills,  and  wild  biUla 
grazed  in  the  marshy  pastures.  By  de- 
grees the  woods  were  destroyed,  in  or- 
der to  make  way  for  cultivation  ;  the 
marshes  were  drained ;  and  the  wild 
animals,  invaded  in  their  retreats,  gra- 
dually disappeared,  and  their  places 
were  supplied  by  the  domestic  kinds. 
England  now  possesses  no  other  wild 
quadrupeds  than  some  of  the  smaller 
kinds  ;  such  as  the  fox,  the  vvild  cat, 
the  badger,  the  marmot,  and  others  of 
the  weasel  kind ;  the  otter,  the  hedge- 
hog, the  hare  and  rabbit;  the  squirrel, 
dormouse,  mole,  and  several  species  of 
the  rat  and  mouse.  On  the  other  hand, 
every  kind  of  domestic  animal,  import- 
ed from  abroad,  has  been  reared  to  the 
greatest  degree  of  perfection.  The 
horses  are  to  be  foimd  in  England  of 
all  sorts  and  fit  for  all  kinds  of  sygrice. 
for  the  saddle,  the  race,  and  the  car- 
riage, all  equally  good  thoug'li  of  yen 


"W 


^v^. 


E  N  G 

different  natures,  some  small  and  har- 
•ly,  others  large  and  strong;  so  that 
4sses  are  but  little  and  mules  still  less 
Mscd.  The  horned  cattle  have  been 
iirougljt  to  the  largest  size  and  the 
greatest  justness  of  shape.  The  differ- 
ent; races  of  sheep  in  England  are  vari- 
ously distinguialied,  either  for  uncom- 
hion  size,  goodness  of  flesh,  and  plenty 
or  fineness  of  wool.  The  deer  of  our 
parks,  which  are  originally  a  foreign 
breed,  are  superior  in  beauty  v,f  skin, 
ihe  delicacy  of  flesh,  to  those  of  most 
countries.  Even  the  several  kinds  of 
dogs  have  been  trained  to  degrees  of 
courage,  strength,  and  sagacity  rarely 
to  be  met  with  elsewhere.  The  im- 
provement ill  the  vegetable  products  of 
this  island  is  not  less  striking  than  in 
the  animals.  Nuts,  acorns,  crabs,  and 
a  few  wild  berries,  were  almost  all  the 
variety  of  vegetable  food  which  our 
woods  could  boast.  To  foreign  coun- 
tries, iind  to  the  efforts  of  culture,  we 
are  indebted  for  our  bread,  the  roots 
and  greens  of  our  tables,  and  all  our 
garden  fruits.  The  barley  and  hops  for 
our  malt  liq»iors,  and  apples  for  our  ci- 
der, are  equally  the  gifts  of  other  lands. 
The  meanest  labourer  is  now  fed  with 
more  wholesome  and  delicate  aliments 
than  the  pettj'  kings  of  the.  country 
tould  obtain  in  its  savage  and  unculti- 
vated state.  The  rivers  and  seas  of 
England  are  stocked  with  a  great  va- 
riety offish,  which  yield  a  plentiful  ar- 
ticle of  provision  to  all  ranks  of  people. 
The  river  fish  are  in  many  parts  dimin- 
ished. But  the  sea  is  an  inexhaustible 
source  ;  and  every  exertion  of  industry 
to  procure  food  from  thence,  is  amply 
repaic.  The  fisheries,  at  present,  are 
A  SjTeat  object  of  attention ;  and  the 
wlioie  sea-coast  is  enlivened  by  numer- 
ous inhabitants,  who  gain  their  chief 
■ubsistence  from  the  deep.  The  man- 
ufactures and  commerce  of  this  coun- 
try are  so  vast,  extensive,  and  various, 
tliat  a  particular  account  of  them  would 
lead  us  beyond  our  limits.  In  the 
woollen,  cotton,  and  hardware  manu- 
factures, in  particular,  it  has  long  main- 
tained a  pre-eminence  ;  and,  though 
nat\ire  has  denied  it  the  rich  fruits  of 
other  countries,  yet  the  manufacture, 
if  it  may  be  so  called,  of  home-made 
wines,  in  imitation  of  all  the  varieties 
of  the  foreign,  has  been  brougitt  to  an 
wicommon  degree  of  perfection.  Th,e 
government  of  England  is  a  limited  mo- 
luirchy ;  the  legistotive  power  residing 


E  N  G 

in  the  king,  lords,  and  commons ;  and 
the  executive  in  the  king,  the  great  of- 
ficers of  state,  the  judges,  and  all  the 
inferior  gradations  of  magistracy.  The 
civil  division  of  the  country  is  into  cir- 
cuits, and  shires,  or  counties ;  these 
last  are  subdivided  into  wapentakes, 
or  hundreds,  and  parishes.  The  cir- 
cuits are  six  in  number,  and  in  each  of 
them,  for  the  most  part,  two  of  the 
judges  administer  justice  twice  a  year. 
They  are,  1.  The  Home  Circuit,  con- 
taining  the  counties  of  Kent,  Surry  and 
Sussex.  2.  The  Norfolk  Circuit,  con- 
taining  the  counties  of  Bucks,  Bedford, 
Huntingdon,  Cambridge,  Suffolk,  and 
Norfolk.  3.  The  Oxford  Circuit,  con- 
taining the  counties  of  Oxford,  Berks, 
Gloucester,  Worcester,  Monmouth, 
Hereford,  Salop,  and  Stafford.  4.  The 
Midland  Circuit,  containing  the  shires 
of  Warwick,  Leicester,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham, Lincoln,  Rutland',  and  North- 
ampton. 5.  The  Northern  Circuit,  con- 
taining the  counties  of  York,  Durham, 
Northumberland,  Lancaster,  West- 
moreland, and  Cumberland.  6.  The 
Western  Circuit,  containing  Hants, 
Wilts,  Dorset,  Somerset,  Devon,  and 
Cornwall.  Two  other  counties,  Mid- 
dlesex, and  Cheshure,  are  not  included 
in  any  circuit.  The  established  reli- 
gion, as  contained  in  the  39  articles  of 
the  Church  of  England,  is  Calvinism; 
but  these  articles  are  interpreted,  by 
the  clergy  in  general,  according  to  the 
more  liberal  principles  of  Arminius; 
and  all  other  religions  are  tolerated. 
I'he  ecclesiastical  division  of  England 
is  into  two  archbishoprics,  called  the 
provinces  of  Canterbury  and  York. 
That  of  Canterbury  contains  the  dio- 
ceses  of  London,  Winchester,  Bath  and 
Wells,  Bristol,  Chichester,  Ely,  Exe- 
ter, Gloucester,  Hereford,  Lichfield, 
and  Coventry,  Lincoln,  Norwich,  Ox- 
ford,  PeterbormJgh,  Rochester,  Salis- 
bury, and  Worcester,  besitle  the  four 
Welsh  bishoprics  of  St.  David,  Bartgor, 
Landaff,  and  St.  Asaph.  The  proviiM« 
of  York  contuns  the  dioceses  of  Dvf- 
bam,  Chester,  and  Carlisle,  and  that  of 
SodorandMan.  Every  prelate  of  tfie 
sees  enumerated,  that  of  Sodor  and 
Man  excepted,  has  k  seat  in  the  home 
of  lords.  London  is'  the  Capital,  nai 
the  metropolis  also  of  ttf  i«1iofe  British 
empire.  #*■ 

;  England,  JVmv,  H^ltUMty  of  Notth 
America,  bounded  oil  the  N  by  Canada, 
on  the  £  by  N«w  Btmnwhcki  and  flit 


E  N  G 

ijf,  lords,  and  commons ;  and 
itive  in  the  Sling,  the  jfreat  of- 
state,  the  judges,  and  all  the 
radations  of  magistracy.  The 
lion  of  the  country  is  into  cir. 
i  shires,  or  counties ;  these 
subdivided  into  wapentakes, 
eds,  and  parishes.    The  cir- 
six  in  number,  and  in  each  of 
r  the  most  part,  two  of  the 
iminister  justice  twice  a  year. 
,  1.  The  Home  Circuit,  con- 
le  counties  of  Kent,  Surry  and 
2.  The  Norfolk  Circuit,  con- 
le  counties  of  Bucks,  Bedford, 
ion,  Cambridge,  Sufl'olk,  and 
3.  The  Oxford  Circuit,  con- 
he  counties  of  Oxford,  Berks, 
er,    Worcester,    Monmouth, 
1,  Salop,  and  Stafford.    4.  The 
Circuit,  containing  the  shires 
irick,   Leicester,  Derby,  Not- 
,  Lincoln,  Rutland",  and  North- 
5.  The  Northern  Circuit,  con- 
;he  counties  of  York,  Durham, 
nberland,    Lancaster,    West- 
d,  and  Cumberlamd.     6.  The 
\  Circuit,    containing  Hants, 
Dorset,  Somerset,  Devon,  and 
U.    Two  othe*  counties,   Mid- 
and  Cheshire,  are  not  included 
:ircuit.    The  established  reli- 
contained  in  the  39  articles  of 
rch  of  England,  is  Calvinism; 
le   articles  are  interpreted,  by 
gy  in  general,  according  to  the 
Serai  principles  of  Arminius; 
other  religions  are  tolerated, 
clesiastica)  division  of  England 
wo  archbishoprics,   called  the 
I    of  Canterbury   and    York. 
.  Canterbury  contaiYis  the  dio- 
London,  Winchester,  Batli  and 
Bristol,  Chichester,  Ely,  Exe- 
)uce8ter,  Hereford,   Lichfleld, 
'entry,  Lincoln,  Norwich,  Ox- 
-terborwigh,  Rochester,  Salis- 
nd  Worcester,  besitle  the  four 
jishoprics  of  St.  David,  Batifer, 
,  and  St.  Asaph.    The  pronnCe 
contuns  the  dioceses  of  D«»- 
M-ster,  and  Carfisle,  and  that  of 
nd  Man.    Every  pteltte  of  the 
umcratcd,  that  of  Sodor  and 
cepted,  has  a  seat  in  the  house 
.     London  is  the  capital,  atta 
ropolis  also  of  )*»  yAwU:  British 

md,  Wmi,   l»#W*ty  of  NotA 
a,  bounded  o«  the  N  by  Caita*, 


E  P  E 

Atlantic,  on  the  S  by  tltut  ocean  and 
.Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  W  by 
New  York.  New  England  is  a  high, 
hilly,  and  in  some  parts  a  mountainous 
country,  formed  by  nature  to  be  inha- 
bited by  a  hardy  race  of  free,  indepen- 
dent republicans.  The  mountains  are 
comparatively  small,  running  nearly 
nortli  and  south  in  ridges  parallel  to 
each  other.  Between  these  ridges  flow 
the  great  rivers  in  majestic  meanders, 
receiving  the  innumerable  rivulets  and 
larger  streams  which  proceed  from  the 
mountains  on  each  side.  It  contains 
the  states  of  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut 
and  Vermont ;  which  see. 

Engtlberg,  a  valley  of  Swisserland, 
10  miles  long,  entirely  surrounded  by 
very  lofty  and  barren  mountains,  and 
bounded  by  tiie  cantons  of  Bern,  Uri, 
and  Uaderwalden.  It  was  forn.crly 
subject  to  the  abbot  of  a  Be<'.:dictine 
monagt^ry  of  the  same  name,  who  was 
under. the  protection  of  the  cantons  of 
Lucem,  Uri,  Scbweitz,  aid  Under- 
walden.  The  romantic  scjnery  of  this 
country  1ms  always  deligiited  the  tra- 
veller, and  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
naturalist.  Glaciers,  of  a  very  great 
extent,  and  extremely  diversified,  are 
found  on  the  side  of  very  fertile  moun- 
tiuns,  and  exhibit  singular  C/oints  of 
view.  There  is  abundance  of  tine  blark 
marble,  white  veined ;  a  vitriolic  earth, 
slat«  impregnated  with  vitriol  i  small 
crystals,  called  Swiss  diamonds;  sil- 
ver, and  vitriol.  The  abbey  is  13 
miles  S  W  of  Altdorf.      See  fitlitberg. 

£no,  or  £tiot,  a  town  of  Romania, 
near  tJie  gulf  of  Eno,  with  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see,  125  miles  W  of  Con- 
stantinoplie.    Lou.  26  IS  E,  lat.  ,40  46 

Em,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  S  E 
of  Lintz,  and  90  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14 
22  E,  lat.  4S.13  N. 

Enaithtim,  « town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  tht  \Jppt.r  Rhine  and 
Ut«  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the 
in,  10  nults  S  W  of  Btisaoh.  Lon.  7 
30  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Etukiritn,  ft  tovB  of  Germany,  in 
tii«  dutichy  of  Juliers,  15  miles  S  W  of 
Cologne.    Lon.  6  29  £,  lat.  31  0  N. 

EHtM'Dout^^,Minko,  »  province  of 
Portug^  45  m.  in  length,  and  braadth. 
Braga  is  the  capital. 

Efitriet,  %  tftwn  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Saros,  reuurk*. 


E  P  P 

able  for  its  mines  of  salt.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Tat/.u,  20  miles  N  of  Cussovia. 
Lon.  21  13  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Epernay,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Marne  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  The  wines 
produced  in  its  neighbourhood,  are 
very  exquisite.  It  is  17  miles  N  W  of 
Chalons.     Lon.  4  0  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Ephesus,  an  ancient  and  celebrated 
city  of  Natolia,  in  that  part  anciently 
called  Ionia.  It  is  now  called  Ajasa- 
louc,  by  the  Turks ;  but  of  its  former 
splendour  there  is  nothing  to  be  seen 
but  heaps  of  marble,  ...  a  turned  walls, 
columns,  capitals,  and  pieces  of  sta- 
tues. Tlie  fortress,  which  is  upon  an 
eminence,  seems  to  be  the  work  of  the 
Greek  emperors.  The  eastern  gata 
has  three  basso-relievos,  taken  irom 
some  ancient  monuments  ;  that  in  the 
middle  was  constructed  by  the  Ro- 
mans. The  most  remarkable  structure 
of  all,  was  the  Temple  of  Diana,  deem- 
ed one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world,  and  'Rlucb  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians had  converted  into  a  church ;  but 
it  is  now  so  entirely  ruined,  that  it  is 
no  easy  matter  to  find  tlte  place  whera 
it  stood :  however,  there  are  some  ruins 
of  the  walls,  and  of  five  or  six  marble 
columns,  all  of  ri  piece,  40  feet  m  length 
and  seven  in  diameter.  Ephesus  is 
seated  near  a  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
and  has  still  a  good  haibour,  40  miles 
S  of  Symma.  Lon.  27  33  £,  lat.  37 
48  N. 

Ephrata,  or  Tunkes-stavin,  a  town  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  county  of  Lancas- 
tc.  It  is  the  principal  settlement  of  a 
sect,  who  are  professionally  baptists, 
of  German  exti-action,  and -first  ap- 
peared in  America  in  1719.  It  is  60 
miles  W  of  Philadelphia. 

Epinal,  a  town  of  France,  In  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle^ 
near  the  mountains  of  the  Vosges,  and 
is  35  miles  S  £  of  Nancl  Lon.  6  0  £, 
lat.  48  9  N. 

Epping,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday.  Its  butter  is  highly  es- 
teemed in  London.  Epping  is  seated 
at  the  N  end  of  a  forest  of  the  same 
name,  17  miles  NNE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  9  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Epbittg  Forest,  a  fine  forest  in  the  S 
W  or  Essex,  formerly  a  much  more  ex- 
tensive district,  that  contained  a  great 
part  of  tlte  county. 

Epping,  a  post  towH  of  Rookini^ara 


HIJOIIW 


■«%!»— I*  MKjf.—- 


litj 


tl 


£  R  I 

county,  New  Hampshire,  about  20  mil';'; 
W  of  Portsmouth,  and  cig'lit  S  of  Not- 
tlng'liaui,  with  1120  inhabitants. 

Kppingen,  a.  town  of  Gei  many,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rh'ne,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Elfats,  20  miles  N  E  of 
Philipshurg.     Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  49  24  N 


E  R  N 

festcd  '.vilh  rattlesnakes,  as  to  reiidei 
it  dangerous  to  land  on  tliem.  The  lake 
is  covered  ncarthe  banks  of  the  islands 
with  a  large  pond  lily;  the  weaves  .f 
which  are  thickly  spread  on  the  surface 
of  the  water  to  an  extent  of  many 
acres  j  on  these,  hi  the  sumnier,   lie 


Epsom,  a  town  in  Surry,  tiiat  has, '  myriads  of  watersnakes  basking  in  the 


from  the  number  of  opulent  people  re 
siding  in  and  near  it,  a  daily  market. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters 
and  salts.     It  is   15  miles   S  S  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Epsom,  a  town  of  New  Hampshire, 
in  the  county  of  Kockingham,  34  miles 
W  by  N  of  Portsnumth,  and  14  S  E  of 
Concord.  Here  is  a  post  oiHce  556 
milcj  from  AVashington.  Tiic  inliabi- 
tants  at  tlie  last  enumeration  amoimtcd 
to  1034. 

Epviorth,  a  village  of  the  isle  of  Ax- 
holm,  in  Lincolnshire,  nine  miles  N  of 
Gainsborough.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
John  Wesley,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  sect  of  the  methodists. 

Erfurt,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  Upper  Thuringia,  with  a  university. 
It  was  formerly  imperial,  but  is  now 
subject  to  the  elector  of  Mentz,  and  i.a 
defended  by  two  strong  forts.  The 
principal  magistrate  is  sometimes  a 
protestant  and  sometimes  a  papist ;  but 
the  greatest  part  of  the  burghjrs  are 
protestants.  It  has  three  fine  libraries, 
one  of  which  belongs  to  the  papists, 
another  to  the  universit)',  and  a  third  to 
tlie  protestant  ministers.  A  fire  hap- 
pened liere  in  1736,  wiiich  burnt  down 
180  houses,  and  several  churches.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Gere,  30  miles  E 
S  E  of  Malhausen.  Lon.  11  23  E,  lat. 
51  ON. 

Eriboi,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on 
the  N  coast  of  Sutherlandshire,  capable 
of  afibrding  a  safe  retreat  to  the  largest 
vessels.  It  receives  several  streams  ; 
particularly  that  which  flows  from  i 
lake  called  Loch  Hope. 

Ericht,  Loch,  a  large  lake  in  Perth- 
shire, which  extends  several  miies  iuto 
Inveniess-shire.  Near  this  place  the 
unfortunate  Prince  Charles  wandcved, 
after  the  battle  of  Culloden,  in  1746, 
lurking  in  caves,  and  among  rocks. 
The  waters  of  this  lake  descend  into 
iiuothcr,  called  Loch  Rannoch. 

Erie,  Lake,  in  North  America,  lies 
l)ctween  41  and  43°  N  lat.  and  79  wid 
ii4°  W  lon.  It  is  290  miles  long,  and 
40  in  its  broadest  part.  The  islands 
(tnd  banks  towards  its  W  end  arc  do  in- 


sun.  It  is  also  infested  by  the  hissinij 
snake,  witich  is  IB  inches  long,  small, 
and  speckled ;  when  approached  it  flat- 
tens itself  in  a  moment,  and  its  spots, 
wliich  arc  of  various  colours,  become 
visibly  brighter  through  rage.  Tliis 
lake,  at  its  N  £  end,  communicates 
with  lake  Ontario  bvthe  river  Niagara. 

Erisno,  a  town  of"  Macedonia,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  ut  the  bottom  of  the  gulf 
of  Monte  Sancto. 

Erith,  a  village  in  Huntingdonshire, 
on  the  Ouse,  five  miles  E  N  E  of  St. 
Ives.  Near  this  place  is  a  piece  of  an- 
tiquity r  '.ied  Bclfar's  Hill,  an  artificial 
mount,  ^-enerally  supposed  to  be  the 
|)l.ice  where  the  people  took  up  arms 
aj.;ainst  William  the  Norman,  in  1066^ 
after  he  had  defeated  Harold  at  the 
battle  of  Hastings. 

Erhan,  a  city  of  Asia,  in  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  and  capital  of  Per- 
sian Armenia,  witii  an  Armenian  pa- 
triarch. It  is  defended  by  a  fortress, 
in  which  is  the  governor's  palace,  and 
by  a  castle,  on  the  river  Zuengui,  near 
a  hike  of  its  own  name,  wiiich  is  very 
deep,  and  60  miles  in  circumference. 
The  Meidan  is  an  open  square,  400  pa- 
ces over,  wherein  are  very  fine  trees. 
The  baths  and  caravanserics  have  like- 
wise their  iieauties,  but  tiie  churches 
of  the  Christians  arc  small,  and  half 
under  ground.  It  is  10^  miles  N  W 
of  Astrabad.  Lon.  44  10  E,  lat.  40 
20  N. 

Erkelens,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Juliers,  with  a  castle 
seated  on  the  Roer,  10  miles  N  W  of 
Juliers.     Lon.  6  35  E,  lat  51  4  N. 

Erlang,  a  town  of  Germiny,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia  and  marquisate  of 
Cuiembach,  se.ited  on  tlie  Regnitz,  12 
miles  N  W  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  5 
E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Emieland,  n  country,  now  become  a 
province  of  Prussia,  by  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded. 

Ernee,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie  late 
province,   now  in  the  department  of 
Maycnne,  situate  on  the  Mavenne,  15  - 
miles  N  N  W  of  Laval    Loii.  0  40  W, 
lat.  48  19  N. 


JU 


R  N 

:tlesnakes,  as  to  rc-ndei 
I  i:ind  on  them.  Tlic  lake 
•the  banks  of  «.he  islands 
pond  lily;  the  itaves   .f 
kly  spread  on  the  surface 
to  an   extent  of  many 
se,  in  the  summer,   lie 
tersnakes  basking  in  the 
0  infested  by  the  hissinij 
s  18  inches  long,  small, 
wlicn  approached  it  Ual- 
a  moment,  and  its  spots, 
rarious  colours,  become 
er  through   rage.     This 
K  E   end,  communicates 
ario  bv  the  river  Niagara. 
wn  oi  Macedonia,  Avilh  a 
■.it  tiie  bottom  of  the  gulf 
cto. 

lagc  in  Huntingdonshire, 
five  miles  E  N  E  of  St. 
his  place  is  a  piece  of  an- 
Belfar's  Hill,  an  artificial 
rally  supposed  to  be  the 
the  people  took  up  arms 
am  the  Norman,  in  1066^ 
defeated  Hai-old  at  the 
tings. 

city  of  Asia,  in  a  province 
name,  and  capital  of  Pcr- 
ia,  with  an  Armenian  pa- 
is defended  by  a  fortress, 
he  governor's  palace,  and 
>n  tlie  river  Zuengui,  near 
own  name,  wliich  is  very 
>0  miles  in  circumference, 
is  iin  ojjen  square,  400  pa- 
herein  are  very  line  trees, 
id  caravanseries  have  like- 
eauties,  but  the  churches 
stians  are  small,  and  half 
It  is  10^;  miles  N  W 
Lon.  44   10  E,   lat.  40 

n  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
of  Juliers,  with  a  castle 
le  Roer,  10  miles  N  W  of 
,n.  6  35  E,  lat  51  4  N. 

town  of  Germ!  ny,  in  the 
anconia  and  marquisate  of 

seated  on  tlie  RegTiitz,  12 
ofNuremburg.    Lon.  11  5 

^  a  country,  now  become  a 
Fnissia,  by  which  it  i»  »ur- 

own  of  France,  in  the  late 
ow  in  the  department  of 
ituate  on  the  Mayenne,  IS 
■"ofLavuL    Lon.  0  48  W, 


ESC 

Erpach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  30  miles  SE  of 
Francfort.     Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  40  32  N. 

Erpach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
,1  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle, eight  miles  S  E  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10 
19  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Erquino,  a  seaport  of  the  Red  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Abex,  subject  to  Tur. 
key.  It  is  320  miles  S  W  of  Mecca. 
Lon.  39  5  E,  lat.  17  30  N. 

Erzerum,  a  city  of  Turkish  Arme- 
nia, with  Armenian  and  Greek  episco- 
pal sees.  It  is  situate  between  tlie 
two  sources  of  the  Euphrates,  in  a 
hcautifid  plain,  at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of 
mountains,  fruitful  in  all  sorts  of  com. 
Wood  is  very  scarce,  for  which  reason 
tlieir  fuel  is  only  cow  dung.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  double  walls,  defended  by 
square  towers.  The  Turks,  who  arc 
all  janizaries,  arc  about  12,000  in  num- 
ber ;  but  most  of  thiim  are  tradesmen 
and  receive  no  pay.  The  Armenians 
have  two  churches,  the  Greeks  but 
one ;  the  latter  arc  mostly  brasiers, 
and  live  in  tlie  suburbs.  They  drive  a 
great  trade  here  in  furs,  Persian  silks, 
cottons,  calicoes,  and  di'igs.  This 
town  is  a  thoroughfare,  and  a  resting 
place,  for  the  caravans  to  the  East  In- 
dies. It  is  104  miles  S  by  E  of  Trebi- 
sond.     Lon.  40  35  E,  lat.  39  56  N. 

Escaiona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  14  miles  N  N  E  of  Segovia. 

Escaiona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  surrounded  with  walls.  It  is 
situate  on  an  eminence,  in  a  fertile 
country,  near  the  Albreche,  20  miles 
N  W  of  Toledo,  and  32  S  W  of  Ma- 
drid. 

Eschellcs,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Dauphiny,  10  miles  S  W  of 
Cliaraberry.  Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  45  30 
N. 

Eichwegen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  landgravate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  seat- 
ed on  the  Werra,  22  miles  S  E  of  Hes- 
sc-Cassel.     Lon.  10  6  E,  lat.  51  9  N. 

ffcurto/,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  on  the  Guadai-a,  15 
"lilps  N  W  of  Madrid.  Here  Philip 
II.  built  a  famous  structure,  in  1563,  in 
memory  of  the  victory  gained  over  tlie 
I'rcnch  near  St.  Quintin.  It  is  c;ilfid 
liV  the  Spaniards  the  eighth  wonder  of 
the  world.  It  consists  of  a  royal  pa- 
hice,  a  church,  a  monastery,  a  college, 
a  library,  shops  of  JiOerent  artists, 
apartments  for  a  great  number  of  peo- 
]'U\  hesutiful  walks,  large  alleys,   an 


E  S  K 

extensive  park,  .ind  fine  gardens,  li 
stands  in  a  «lry  barren  couutr)',  sur- 
rounded by  rugged  mountains  ;  and  !•< 
built  of  gray  stones,  found  in  the  nc'ii;Ii 
bourhood,  which  was  the  principal 
reason  of  its  being  erected  on  such  :i 
disagreeable  spot.  Thty  worked  :<t 
this  structure  22  ye.irs,  and  it  cost 
6,000,000  of  crowns.  It  is  a  Uwg 
square  of  280  feet,  and  four  storit-s 
high;  they  reckon  800  pillars,  11,0C<0 
square  windows,  and  14,000  doors. 
The  most  remarkable  part  is  the  arch- 
ed chapel ;  :,n  which  is  a  magnificrnl 
sepulchre,  culled  the  Pantheon,  being 
built  in  imitation  of  that  church  al 
Rome  ;  it  is  the  burying-j/n.ce  of  the 
kings  and  queens  of  Spain  ;  and  i>i 
♦.bought  by  some  to  be  the  r.iost  curious 
piece  of  architecture  in  the  woild. 
The  fatlicrs  belonging  to  the  monaste- 
ry arc  200  in  number,  and  have  an  in- 
come of  40,000  ducats  a  year.  The 
church  is  built  after  the  model  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat. 
40  35  N. 

Etaens,  a  town  of  E  Friesland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  20  miles  NofEmbdcn. 
Lon.  17  14  E,  lat.  53  47  N. 

Esfarain,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  tliu 
province  of  Korean,  famous  for  the 
great  number  of  writers  it  ban  produc- 
ed. It  is  90  miles  E  of  Astrabad. 
Lon.  41  23  E,  lat.  36  48  N. 

Liher,  a  village  in  S'irry,  on  the  rl\- 
er  Mole,  five  miles  S  W  of  Kingston. 
It  is  distinguished  by  a  noble  Gotliic 
mansion,  the  two  towers  of  which  ui-e 
as  they  were  originally  built  by  car- 
dinal Wolsey. 

Esi,  a  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  whicL 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
England  and  Scotland,  and  falls  into 
Solway  Frith. 

Esk,  a  river  in  Edinburghshire, 
formed  by  tlie  jut.ctifln  of  two  streams 
called  N  and  S  Esk.  They  seem  to 
encircle  the  to^vn  of  Dalkeith,  ijaasing 
on  each  side  of  the  eminence  on  which 
it  stands ;  and  uniting  %  little  below 
the  town,  this  river  enters  t!ic  Frith 
of  Forth,  at  Musselburgh, 

Esk,  Njrth  and  South,  two  rivers 
in  the  shire  of  Angus,  which  rise  in 
the  Grampian  hills.  The  former  divides 
the  county  from  Kincardineshire  for 
several  miles,  and  falls  into  tha  German 
Oce.nn  about  four  miles  N  of  Montrose. 
The  latter  after  traversing  tlu?  wliole 
breadth  of  the  county,  falls  i.ito  tliv> 
bason  on  the  \!  of  the'  same  tow.v.. 

E    E 


1:1] 


m'tsS^lii -" '.' 


ESQ 

Etidale,  the  most  easterly  division  of 
Dumf..  .jssliire,  so  named  from  the  riv- 
er £sk  which  flows  tlirough  it. 

Estingen,  a  large  imperial  city  of 
Suabia,  in  the  dutchy  of  Wii-temburg. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  ciglit  miles 
S  E  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  48 
47  N. 

Esne,  Asne,  or  Estenay,  a  large  town 
of  Upper  Egjpt,  on  the  Nile,  supposed 
to  be  the  ancient  Syena,  but  Nordcn 
thinks  it  was  Latopolis.  It  is  situated 
on  the  edge  of  a  rich  country,  and 
shaded  by  groves  of  orange  trees  load- 
ed wiUi  fruits  and  Howers.  In  the 
middle  of  it  is  an  ancient  temple,  with 
%valls  on  three  sides,  and  in  the  front 
24  colunnis,  very  well  preserved ; 
Avithin  it  are  three  stories  of  hiero- 
glj'phics,  of  men  about  three  feet  high  ; 
tipdtlie  ceiling  is  adorned  with  all  sorts 
of  animals,  painted  in  beautiful  colours . 
On  the  N  side  of  the  town  is  another 
temple,  with  pillars  somewhat  of  the 
Corinthian  order  i  the  whole  building 
IS  richly  carved  with  liieroglyphics, 
particularly  with  crocodiles  heads, 
and  whole  crocodiles,  that  probably 
this  animal  was  worshipped  here.  A 
mile  to  the  S  is  the  monastery  of  St. 
Helen,  by  whom  some  say  it  was  found- 
ed: it  now  appears  to  have  been  a 
large  burying- ground,  and  there  (...•e 
many  magnificent  tombs  in  it.  Esn 
lies  near  the  grand  cataract  of  the  Nile. 
I^on.  31  40  E,  lat.  24  46  N. 

Etperie,  a  town  of  Hungary,  near 
which  are  some  famous  salt  mines.  It 
is  22  miles  N  of  Caschaw.  Lon.  21 
S8  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Esperiion,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Beauce,  seated  on  the 
Guesle,  12  miles  N  E  of  Chartres.  Lon. 
1  44  E,  lat.  48  36  N. 
•  Eapiers,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, where  ari^er  of  the  same  name, 
falls  into  the  Scheld,  eight  miles  N  of 
Tournay.     Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Esquimaux,  a  people  of  North  Amer- 
ica, chiefly  inhabiting  Labrador.  They 
have  no  fixed  abode,  but  rove  from 
place  to  place,  and  sometimes  come  as 
far  S  as  Newfoundland.  They  are  of 
a  different  race  from  the  other  native 
Americans ;  for,  as  they  have  no  bea,  ds, 
these  have  them  so  thick  and  large, 
that  it  is  difficult  to  disrover  any  fea- 
ture of  their  faces.  They  are  idways 
well  clothed,  for  there  is  nothing  to  be 
seen  but  part  of  their  faces  »nd  theii- 


ESS 

hands.  They  have  a  sort  of  shi't, 
made  of  the  guts  offish,  with  a  coat 
of  bear  or  birds  skins,  and  a  cap  on 
their  head.  They  have  likewise  bree- 
ches made  of  skins,  witli  the  hair  with- 
in, and  covered  with  furs  without. 
They  have  also  two  pair  of  boots,  one 
over  another,  of  the  same  sort  of  skins. 
In  summer,  they  have  nothing  to  cover 
tli^m  in  the  night ;  and  in  winter  they 
lodge  tngetlier  promiscuously  in  caves. 
The  dress  of  the  women  is  neaily  the 
same  as  tliat  of  the  men.  As  for  mur- 
der which  is  so  common  among  all 
the  tribes  of  southern  Indians,  it  is 
seldom  heard  of  among  them.  A  mur- 
derer is  shunned  and  detested  by  all 
the  tribe,  and  is  forsaken  even  by  his 
relations  and  former  friends.  The 
women  perform  the  most  laborious 
oflices  ;  they  pitch  the  tents,  carry  or 
haul  burdens,  make  or  mend  clothes, 
and  cook  the  victuals.  AVhen  any 
thing  is  prepared  for  eating,  the  wives 
and  daughters  of  the  greatest  captain 
in  the  country  are  never  served,  till  all 
the  males,  even  those  in  the  capacity 
of  servants  have  eaten  what  they  think 
proper. 

Esseck,  a  trading  town  of  Sclavonia, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  a  bridg« 
over  the  marshes,  8865  geometrical 
paces  in  length  and  15  m  breadth, 
with  towers  at  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
distant  from  eacli  other,  and  hand- 
somely railed  on  each  side.  It  is  a 
difficult  pass,  and  there  have  been  sev- 
eral battles  fought  here  between  (he 
Turks  ^nd  Germans.  There  are  trees 
in  all  the  streets  of  the  town,  which 
was  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1687, 
since  which  time  it  has  continued  in 
the  hands  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Drave,  80 
miles  W  bv  N  of  Belgrade,  and  175  S 
bvE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  19  58  E,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Essen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  former- 
ly iuiperial,  but  now  subject  to  the  ab- 
bess of  Essen.  It  is  eight  mileu  £  of 
Duisburg.     Lon.  7  4  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Etsequ;/io.     See  Isteipiibo. 

Esstx,  a  co^inty  of  Englimd,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Stour,  which  se- 
parates it  from  "Suflblk  and  Cambridge- 
shire ;  on  the  E  by  tlie  German  sea; 
on  the  W  l>y  Hertfordshire  and  Mid- 
ditsex ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  nver 
Thames.  It  e^tend846milesinJength 
from  K  to  W ,  and  about  42  in  breadth, 
fi-om  N  to  S,  atid  200  in  circuit.    This 


ESS 


EST 


EST 


ley  have  a  sort  of  slii't, 
;  gutsoffi»lii  with  a  coat 
birds   skins,  and  a  cap  on 

They  have  likewise  bree- 
nf  skins,  wiUi  the  hair  with- 
vered  with  furs  without, 
idso  two  pair  of  boots,  one 
r,  of  the  same  sort  of  skins. 
,  they  ha\  e  notliing  to  cover 
:  night ;  and  in  winter  they 
]ier  promiscuously  in  caves 
of  the  women  is  nearly  the 
It  of  the  men.     As  for  mur- 

is  so  common  amon^  all 
of  southern  Indians,  it  it 
rd  of  among  them.  A  mur- 
umned  and  detested  by  all 
.nd  is  forsaken  even  by  hi» 
nd  former  friends.  The 
rform  the  most  laborious 
icy  pitch  the  tents,  carry  or 
ns,  make  or  mend  clothes, 

the  victuals.  When  any 
spared  for  eating,  the  wives 
ters  of  the  greatest  captain 
itry  are  never  served,  till  all 
even  those  in  the  capacity 
;  have  eaten  what  they  think 

i  trading  town  of  Sclavonia, 

jng  castle.     It  has  a  bridge 

marshes,   8865  geometrical 

length   and   15  m  breadth, 

ers   at  a  quarter  of  a  mile 

om  each  other,   and    hand- 

iled  on   each   side.     It  is  a 

iss,  and  there  have  been  sev- 

s  fought  here  between  the 

Germans.     There  are  trees 

streets  of  the  town,  which 

from  the  Turks  in  1687, 
ch   time  it  has  continued  in 

of  the  house  of  Austria, 
cd  on  the  river  Drave,  80 
ly  N  of  Belgrade,  and  175  S 
enna.     Lon.  19  58  E,  lat.  45 

town  of  Wcstjihalia,  former- 

J,  but  now  subject  to  the  ab- 

ssen.    It  is  eight  mileu  E  of 

Lon.  7  4   E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

See  htetptibo. 

rovinty  of  England,  bound- 

N  bv  the   Stour,  which  se- 

from  Sufi'olk  and  Cambridge- 

thc  E  by  tlie  German  sea ; 

Hertfordshire  and  Mid- 

jiul   on  the   S   by  the  nvcr 

It  exU-nds  46  miles  in  length 

I  W ,  and  abo\it  42  in  breadth, 

S.  and  200  in  circuit.    This 


county  is  in  the  diocese  of  London,  and 
gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  tlie  family  of 
Cuiiel.  It  is  divided  into  19  hundreds, 
and  contains  27  market  towns,  and 
.100  villages,  witli  .ihout  34,800  houses, 
and  208,1.00  inliabitants.  Its  S  W 
part  is  occupic;d  principally  by  the  two 
forests  of  Epping  and  Hainault :  and 
is  noted  for  its  butter,  which  is  sold  at 
:i  high  price  in  London,  under  the 
n:\me  of  Epping-butter.  About  Saf- 
fron Walden,  tiie  earth,  after  bearing 
satfron  three  years,  it  is  said,  w'U  pro- 
duce good  barley  for  18  years  sicces- 
sively  without  any  manure.  Its  produce, 
which  is  very  plentiful,  consists  of 
corn,  most  exrullent  saffron,  cattle, 
fowl,  fish,  and  particularly  oysters. 
The  chief  manufactures  of  this  county 
^e  cloth,  stuffs,  and  particularly  baize. 
The  middle  part  is  a  fine  corn  country, 
varied  with  gentle  inequalities  of  sur- 
face, and  sprinkled  with  woods.  The  air 
in  the  inland  part  is  healthy ;  but  in  the 
marshes  near  the  sea  it  produces 
agues,  particularly  in  the  part  called 
the  Hundreds,  However  their  fertili- 
ty is  very  great,  and  even  the  higher 
}.;rounds  in  this  county  are  very  fruit- 
fiil.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Thames,  Blackwater,  Coin,  Chelmer, 
Stour,  Crouch,  and  Roding.  Beside 
vast  quantities  of  com  of  all  kinds, 
abundance  of  calves  are  sent  to  the 
London  market ;  also  wild  fowls,  and 
oysters.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
b.iy8,  but  that  is  not  so  flourishing  as 
formerly.  Chelmsford  is  the  county- 
town. 

Estaplct,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
iind  late  provinr  of  Boulonnois,  seated 
.'tt  the  tlie  mouth  of  the  Canches, 
12  miles  S  of  Boulogne.  Lon.  1  56 
E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Estapo,  a  strong  town  of  New  Spain, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Tlaluc.     Lon.  103  5  W,   Lit.  17  30  N. 

hste,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  the  Paduan, 
15  miles  S  W  of  Padua.  Lon.  12  44 
E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Eitella,  an  Episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ega,  15  miles  W  of  Pumpeiuna.  Lon. 
2  0  W,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Eatepa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, with  an  ancient  castle,  on  a  moun- 
tain, 62  miles  N  by  W  of  Malaga. 
Lon.  4  19  W,  hit.  3716  N. 

Ettlionia,  or  Revd,   a  government  of 


tlie  Russian  empire,  bounded  on  the 
VV  by  the  Baltic,  on  the  N  by  the  gulf 
of  Finland,  on  the  E  by  Iiigria,  ana  on 
the  S  by  Livonia.  After  having  been 
long  an  object  of  bloody  contention  bc- 
tweenthe  Russians,  Poles,  and  Swedes, 
it  w.as  confirmed  to  the  latter  by  the 
peace  of  Oliva  in  1660 ;  but  it  was 
subdued  by  Peter  the  Great,  in  1710, 
and  finally  ceded  to  Russia  in  1721. 

Esihwaite  Water,  a  lake  in  Lanca- 
shire, between  Uawkshead  and  Win- 
dermere Water.  It  is  two  miles  and 
a  half  in  length,  and  half  a  mile  broad, 
intersected  by  a  peninsida  from  each 
side,  jutting  far  into  the  lake.  Its 
banks  are  adorned  with  villages  and 
scattered  houses,  and  clotlied  with  de- 
lightful verdure. 

Eitramadura,  a  province  of  Spain, 
175  miles  in  length,  and  100  in 
breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Leon 
and  Old  Castile,  on  the  E  by  New  Cas- 
tile, on  the  S  by  Andalusia,  and  on  the  W 
by  Portugal.  It  abounds  with  com, 
wine,  and  fruits  ;  but  the  air  is  bad  for 
foreigners,  on  account  of  the  excessive 
heat.  It  now  makes  a  part  of  New 
Castile. 

Estramadura,  a  province  of  Portugal^ 
lying  about  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Beira,  on  the 
E  and  S  by  Alentejo,  and  and  on  the 
W  by  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  abounds 
with  wine,  excellent  oil,  honey,  and 
oranges.  Here  the  oranges  were  first 
planted  that  were  brought  from  China, 
and  which  are  known  oy  the  name  of 
China  oranges.     Lisbon  is  the  capital. 

Eiiravayer,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  fine 
castle,  seated  on  the  lake  of  NeuchateU 
Lon.  6  56  E,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Ettremos,  a  town  of  Portugal  in 
Alentejo,  divided  into  the  upper  town 
and  tlie  lower.  The  upper  is  com- 
manded by  a  citadel,  on  the  top  of  a 
hill,  strongly  fortified  and  surrounded 
by  a  large  ditch.  The  houses  are 
white,  and  the  principal  are  adorned 
with  fine  marble  pillars  :  here  is  also  a 
tower  of  marble,  finely  polished.  The 
lower  town  is  the  newest,  and  has  a 
a  large  square,  in  the  middle  of  which 
is  a  basin.  An  earthen  ware  is  made 
here,  greatly  esteemed  for  its  beauty 
and  fine  smell.  The  Portuguese  gained 
a  complete  victory  over  don  John  of 
Austria,  near  tliis  place,  in  1663.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Terra,  which 
falfs  into  the  Tajo,  M  quIcs  W  gf  Bft- 


.-..■(r 


m 


■m^^ 


r/*w^i^' 


E  T  N 


E  T  N 


'•ifa't 


tlili 


iliijiiz,  and  75  E  of  Lisbon.     Lon.  7  16 
NV,l:it.  38  44N. 

iu-tieciii,  a  town  of  Gfi-many,  in  the 
Wiiul^ijfavate  of  Hcssc-Cassel,  25  miles 
S  E  of  Casscl.  Lon.  10  9  E,  lat.  51  11 
N. 

Etain,  :i  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
jjartinciit  of  Mouse  and  late  dntcliy  of 
Har,  15  miles  N  E  of  Verdun.  Lon.  5 
,i5  K,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Kmvipes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dei)artincnt  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
jirovince  of  the  isle  of  France,  seated 
on  the  river  Loct  or  Etampes,  which 
abounds  with  crawfish.  It  is  15  miles 
I'',  of  ClKivtrcs.  Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  48  30 
N. 

Etnva,  a  townof  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  tlic])ruvince  of  Agra,  situate  on  a 
iiij;li  bank  of  the  Jumna.  It  is  a  large, 
l)ut  very  wretched  town,  having  but 
two  t'llcvable  houses.  It  is  (52  miles 
S  E  of  Agra.  Lon.  "9  25  E,  lat.  26  43 
N. 

EtlAoj^ia,  a  name  oy  which  a  vast  re- 
s^ion  of  Africa,  has  been  distinguished 
by  some  pcog'raphers,  who  have  divid- 
ed it  into  Upper  and  Lower  Ethiopia. 
Tlie  fast  includes  the  centrical  part  of 
Africa,  under  the  equinoctial  line.  The 
second  contains  what  is  now  called 
Nlpritia  orNcgroland.  Ascacli  coun- 
try will  be  described  in  its  proper 
place,  it  is  unnecessary  furtlicr  to 
k'lipiihen  this  article. 

Ktknne,  St.  a  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and 
Lite  i)iovince  of  Forez,  remarkable  for 
its  iii.''.nufactures  in  iron  and  steel,  for 
tlic  tcmwring  of  which,  the  water  of 
the  brock  Eurens,  on  which  it  is  seat- 
ed is  extremely  good.  It  carries  on 
likewise  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
ribands.  Coal  is  found  in  its  neigh- 
l)C)tulu)od,  and  also  a  soft  stone  fit  for 
j.','rindstoncs.  Its  merchandise  is  con- 
veyctl  to  Paris,  Nantes,  aiid  Dunkvrk, 
bv  the  Loire,  which  begitis  to  be  navi- 
giible  i'or  sntall  barges  at  St.  Lambero. 
^t.  Etiennc  Is  22  miles  S  E  of  Fucrs, 
and  260  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  30  E, 
Lit.  45  22  N. 

Etlin^en,  ux\  ancient  town  of  Suabia, 
in  the  margravate  of  Badcn-Dourlach, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wirim, 
and  F-nt'/,  three  miles  S  of  Ddbrlach. 
L(;n.  9  30  E,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Etna,  Mount,  a  volcano  of  Sicily, 
iKiw  called  Giljcl  by  the  inhabitants.  It 
is  G.l  miles  in  circumference  at  the 
Li,.  •,  and  10,954  feet  in  height.     But 


travellers  vary  greatly  in  thelf  accounts 
both  of  its  height  and  circumference. 
This  mount.iins  famous  from  the  remot- 
est antiquity,  both  for  its  bulk  and  ter- 
rible eruptions,   stands  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  island,  in  a  very  extensive 
plain.     This  single    mo\intain   aflords 
an  epitome   of  the   diflerent  climates 
throughout  the  whole  world  :  towards 
the   foot  it  is  very  hot ;   fartJier  up, 
more  temperate  ;  and  grows  gradually 
more  and  more  cold  the  higher  we  as- 
cend.    At  the  very  top,  it  is  perpetual- 
ly covered  with  snow  ;  from  thence  tlte 
whole  island  is  supplied  with  that  ar- 
ticle   so  necessary   in  a  hot  climate. 
Great  quantities  of  snow  and   ice  arc 
likewise  exported  to  Malta  and  Italy, 
making  a  considerable  branch  of  com- 
merce.    In  the   middle  of  the  snowy 
regions    stands    the    great    crater,  or 
mouth  of  Etna.     It  is  a  little  mountain 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile   perpendicu- 
lar,  and  very  steep,  situated  in  tl»e 
middle  of  a  gently  inclining  plain,  6f 
about  nine  miles  in  circumference.    It 
is  entirely  formed  of  stones  and  ashes; 
which  as  Mr.  Hamilton  was  informed 
by  several  people  of  Catania,  had  been 
thrown  uj)  25  or  30  years  before  the 
time  (1769)   he   visited   Moimt  Etna. 
In  the  middle  oftlie  little  mountain  is  a 
hollow,  about  20  miles  and  a  half  in 
circumference.  It  goes  shelvhig  down, 
from  the  top,  like  an  inverted  cone.  In 
the  middle  of  this  fimncl   is   the   tre- 
mendous and  unfathomable  g^lph,  so 
much  celebrated   in  all   ages.     From 
tliis  gulph  continually  issue  terrible  and 
confused  noises,   which   in   eruption* 
are  increased  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
be  heard  at  a  prodigious  distance.  The 
first  cniption  of  Etna,  on  record,  is 
that  mentioned  by  Diodorus   Siculus, 
without  fixing  tlie  period  when  it  hap- 
pened ;  but  tne   second,  recorded  by 
Thucydides,  was  in  the  year  734  B  C. 
From  this  period  to  the  year   1447, 
there  were  18  more  eruptions.    After 
this  it  ceased  to  emit  fire  near  90  years. 
The  next  was  in  1536 ;  others  followed 
in  1537,  1567,  1603  (which  continued 
till,  1636),  1664  (which  continued  14 
years)  1682,  1686,  1693,  1755,   1763, 
1764,  1766,  1780,  1787,  and  1794.    Of 
all  its  eruptions,  that  of  1663  was  the 
most  terrible  ;  it  was  attended  with  an 
earthquake  that  overturned  the  town 
of  Catania,  and  buried  18,000  persons 
in  its  ruins.    It  is  10  miles  W  of  Cata- 
nia, 


E  T  N 


E  U  G 


£  V  R 


ry  greatly  in  thcif  accounts 
ifi(;lit  and  circumference, 
ins  famous  from  the  rcmot- 
,  botli  for  its  bulk  and  ter- 
iins,  stands  in  the  eastern 
slund,  in  a  very  extensive 
single  mmmtain  aflords 
of  the  dificrent  climates 
the  whole  world :  towards 
is  very   hot ;    fartJier  up 


;r  up, 
diiallv 


rate  ;  and  grows  gradually 
ore  cold  the  higher  we  as- 
he  very  top,  it  is  perpetual- 
fith  snow  i  from  thence  tl)e 
d  is  supplied  with  that  ar- 
cessary  in  a  hot  climate, 
titles  of  snow  and  ice  are 
[ported  to  Malta  and  Italy, 
maiderable  branch  of  com- 

the  middle  of  the  snowy 
mds  the  gi-eat  crater,  or 
tna.  It  is  a  little  mountain 
irter  of  a  mile  perpendicu- 
iry  steep,  situated  in  tlte 
a  gently  inclining  plain,  of 
miles  in  circumference.  It 
formed  of  stones  and  ashes: 
[r.  Hamilton  was  informed 
people  of  Catania,  had  been 
25  or  30  years  before  the 
)  he  visited  Mount  Etna, 
lie  of  tlie  little  mountain  is  a 
lUt  20  miles  and  a  half  in 
nee.  It  goes  shelving  down, 
ip,  like  an  inverted  cone.  In 
of  this  funnel  is  the  tre- 
md  unfathomable  gnlph,  so 
l)rated  in  all  ages.  From 
continually  issue  terrible  and 
loises,  which  in  eruptioni 
ed  to  such  a  degree   as  to 

a  prodigious  distamie.  The 
ion  of  Etna,  on  record,  is 
)ned  by  Diodorus  Sicuhts, 
ing  the  period  when  it  h»p- 
t  the  second,  recorded  by 
s,  was  in  the  year  734  B  C^ 

period  to  the  year  1447, 
•  18  more  eruptions.  After 
led  to  emit  fire  near  90  years, 
vas  in  1536 ;  others  followed 
iC7,  1603  (which  continued 

1664  (which  continued  14 

2,  1686,  1693,  1755,   1763, 

17*0,  1787,  and  1794.    Of 

litions,  that  of  1663  was  the 

)le  ;  it  was  attended  with  an 

s  that  overturned  the   town 

and  buried  18,000  persons 

It  isi  10  miles  W  of  Cata- 


Eton,  a  town  of  Bucks  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to 
Windsor.  It  is  famous  tor  a  school  and 
college  i  founded  by  Henry  VI  ;  and 
King's  college  in  Cambridge  admits 
no  other  students  for  fellows  but  what 
have  been  brought  up  here.  It  is  20 
miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  VV , 
lat.  50  30  N. 

Jitrtiria,  a  village  in  Staffordshire, 
near  Newcastle.  It  is  the  principal 
scat  of  the  potteries  in  this  county,  and 
here  the  most  elegant  vases  of  every 
u'je  and  form  arc  made. 

Ettrict,  a  river  in  Selkirkshire,  which 
rises  from  the  mountainous  region  in 
the  S  W,  and  having  formed  a  June 
tion  with  the  Yarrow,  their  united 
streams  meet  the  Tweed,'  where  that 
river  enters  Roxburghshire.  From  the 
woods,  formerly  on  the  banks  of  this 
river,  the  county  obtained  tlie  name  of 
Ettrick  Forest.  Ettrick  Banks  are  the 
subject  of  a  pastoral  Scotch  ditty. 

Eu,  a  seaport  of  France,  ix\  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, and  a  handsome  square.  The  prin- 
cipal trade  is  in  serges  and  lace.  It  is 
seated  in  a  valley,  on  the  river  Brele, 
15  miles  N  £  of  Dieppe.  Lon.  1  30  E, 
lat.  50  3  N. 

Evmx,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Crcuse  and  late  province 
of  Marche,  20  miles  from  Mount  La- 
con.    Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  46  13  N. 

Everding,  a  town  of  Germany,  Li  the 
circle  of  Austria,  seated  on  the  Dan- 
ube, 12  miles  W  of  Lintz.  Lon.  13 
46  E,  lat.  48  19  N. 

Everthot,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
v/ith  a  market  on  Friday,  12  miles  N 
W  of  Dorchester,  and  129  W  by  S  of 
London.    Lon.  2  55  W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Evethavi,  a.  borough  in  Worcester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
hag  a  manufacture  of  stocking^,  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  seated 
on  a  gradual  ascent  from  the  Avon, 
which  almost  surrounds  it,  and  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  wa>  for- 
merly noted  for  its  abbey,  and  still 
contains  three  parish  churches.  It 
B^ves  name  to  an  adjacent  vale,  re- 
markable for  producing  plenty  of  com. 
It  is  14  miles  S  E  of  Worcester,  and 
95  N  W  of  London  Lon.  1  45  W, 
Jat.  52  4  N. 

Engublo,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 


in  the  dutchy  of  Urbino,  35  miles  S  of 
Urbino,  and  87  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  1.5 
37  E,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Evian,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  ChahlaLs, 
on  the  S  side  of  the  lake  ofGeniva,  22 
miles  N  E  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  50  E,  hit. 
46  21  N. 

Evoii,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citeriore,  12  miles  E  of  Sa- 
lerno.    Lon.  15  16  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Evora,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal, 
capital  of  Alentcjo,  with  .<tn  archbish- 
op's see,  and  a  university.  It  is  seated 
in  a  country,  which,  though  a  little  un- 
equal, is  very  pleasant,  surrounded  on 
all  sides  by  mountains,  and  planted 
with  large  trees  of  divers  sorts.  It  is 
65  miles  E  by  S  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  SO 
W,  lat.  38  28  N. 

Eup/ietnia,  :i  seaport  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  on  a  bay,  50 
miles  N  E  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  32  E, 
lat.  38  44  N. 

Euphrates,  one  of  the  most  celebra- 
ted rivers  in  the  world,  and  the  princi- 
pal of  Turkey  in  Asia.  It  has  its  rise 
near  Erzerum,  in  Armenia,  from  two 
sources  that  lie  to  the  eastward,  on 
hii^h  mountains  covered  with  snow  al- 
most the  year  round.  The  plain  of  Er- 
zerum is  inclosed  between  these  two 
fine  streams,  which,  when  united,  are 
called  tlie  Euphrates,  or  the  Frat.  Af- 
ter this  junction  it  begins  to  be  navi- 
gable  for  boats  ;  but  Uie  channel  is  so 
rocky,  that  the  navigation  is  not  safe. 
It  first  divides  Armenia  from  Natolia, 
then  Syria  from  Diarbeck ;  after  which 
it  runs  through  Irac-Arabia,  and  re- 
ceives the  Tigris  on  the  confines  of  the 
Persian  province  of  Kusistan :  it  then 
waters  Bussarah,  and  40  miles  S  E  of 
it  enters  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  is  also 
the  N  E  boundary  of  the  great  desert 
of  Arabia. 

Eure,  a  department  of  France,  which 
includes  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Normandy. 

Eur.  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  so  called  from  the  rivers  of 
that  name.  It  contains  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Beauce,  and-  its  capital  is 
Chartres. 

Evreux,  an  ancient  town  oS  France, 
seated  in  the  department  of  Eure.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  department,  and  its 
cathedral  is  a  handsome  structure. 
The  trade  consists  in  corn,  linen,  and 
woollen  cloth  ;  and  it  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  velvets,  and  another 
of  tick.    It  is  .seated  on  the  river  Iton, 


E  U  P 


EXE 


of 


n- 


'Si' 


'j  J  miles  S  of  Rouen,  and   55  N  W 
I'aris.     Lim.  1  U  li,  lat.  4!)  1  N. 

Euuipr,  one  oftlic  four  (rem  lal  parts 
of  tile  world,  limmik'd  on  tlic  N  bv  the 
Frozen  Occsiii,  on  tlic  S  In  llic  Medi- 
tei'riincun,ou  tlie  W  liy  the  Allaiilic  and 
Nortliern  Ocean,  and  on  tin-  li  by  A- 
sia.  From  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  the 
mouUi  of  tlic  Oby,  it  is  near  .1,600  milc.» 
in  li'iit,tli  i  and  from  Cape  Matapan  in 
the  Morca,  to  the  North  capi^  in  Lap- 
land, ubuut  2,200  in  breadth,  It  is 
niiicli  less  thiiji  either  Asia  or  Africa, 
but  surpasses  tiiem  in  many  particu- 
lars. It  is  entirely  wilhln  the  tempe- 
r^lc  zone,  LT.C'pt  ;;  Siuall  part  of  Nor- 
way and  Russia  ;  .so  tliat  there  is  nei- 
tlier  tiic  excessive  lieat,  noi-  the  insup- 
poi'.able  cold,  of  .I.c  otlier  parts  of  the 
eonlinenl.  It  is  much  more  pop'-loi's, 
and  better  cultivalt  !,  th.i.T  eith»;r  Avia, 
or  Africa  i  is  fuller  of  villagcb,  towns, 
.-<iid  cities,  and  the  buildin£;s  are  strong- 
er, more  elegant  and  commodious. 
'I'iie  inhabitants  are  a'l  whites,  and, 
for  the  most  part,  much  better  made 
tliantlie  Africans,  ov  even  the  Asiatics. 
With  regard  to  arts  and  sciences, 
there  is  no  manner  of  comparison ; 
nor  yet  in  trade,  navigation,  and  war. 
Europe  contains  Norway,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Great  Britain,  Ireland, 
France,  Germany,  Prussia,  Poland, 
hpiiin,  Italy,  Portugal,  Himgary,  Swis- 
serland,  and  part  of  Ru&si.t  and  Tur- 
key, ';eside  sever:d  islands  in  the  Me- 
diterranean, Ui.d  elsewhere.  The  lan- 
guages are  the  Italian,  French,  Spa- 
nish, and  Portuguese,  which  are  dia- 
lects of  the  Latin:  the  German  Flem- 
ish, Dutch,  Swedish,  Danish,  and  Eng- 
lish, which  proceed  from  thi;  'lento- 
nic :  the  Sclavonian,  which  reigns 
(though  in  disguise)  in  Poland,  Russia, 
Bohemia,  and  a  great  part  of  Turkey 
in  Europe  :  the  Celtic,  of  which  tliere 
uic  dialects  in  Wales,  the  Highlands 
of  Scotln.nd,  Ireland,  Bretagne  in 
France,  and  Lapland :  the  modern 
Greek,  and  sevei-al  others.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Danube,  Dniester, 
Dnieper,  Vistula,  Volga,  Dwina,  Bog, 
Oby,  Don,  Sclu'ld,  Rhine,  Rhone, 
Seine,  Loire,  Garonne,  Groyne,  'lajr,, 
Thames,  and  Severn.  The  principal 
laWes  ai-e  those  of  Constance.,  Geneva, 
Lausanne,  Wenner,  Ladoga,  and  One- 
p;t.  The  chi-."f  mountuhisari;  tht  Alps, 
Appcnnines,  and  Pyi-eneeo.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  tiie  Cliiistiaji,  diviil- 
ed  into  the  Greek,  H>.in'.!.:i,  and   Pro- 


Jikm.- 


tcstant  churches.  There  are  also  Jews 
in  every  country,  and  Maliometanism  is 
the  established  religion  of  the  Tarks. 

Eustatia,  St.  one  of  the  smallest  of 
tlie  Leeward  Islands  in  the  West  In- 
dies. It  is  a  mountain  in  tlie  form  of  a 
sugaj'-loaf,  whose  top  is  hoilow.'and 
lies  to  the  N  W  of  St.  Christopher.  It. 
was  taken  from  the  Dutch  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1781 ;  but  was  afterwards  taken 
bv  the  Frencli  and  restored  to  the 
Dutch  in  1783.  Lon.  63  10  W,  lat.  17 
'29  N. 

Euthn,  a  town  of  Holstein,  with  a 
castle,  where  the  bishop  of  Lnbec  re- 
sides.    It  is  seven  miles  from  Lubec. 

ICw^i,  a  town  in  Surry,  w'»li  •• 
marke*  on  Tbursi  a; ,  seated  on  a  rivu- 
let which  empties  itself  into  tho 
Th.'imcs,  ai  Kingston.  It  is  10  miles' 
N  N  E  of  Darking,  and  13  y,  S  E  of 
London.     Lon.  0  15  W,  Int.  51  26  N. 

F.x,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the  forest 
of  Exinoor,  in  Somersetshire,  and  after 
being  joined  by  several  little  streams 
leaves  tliat  couniy,  below  Dulverton, 
and  runs  to  Tiverton,  Exeter,  aud Top- 
sham,  from  wheni.?it  forms  an  estuary, 
.vh'ch  terminates  m  thf  I'nglish  Chan- 
nel, at  Exmouth,  after  a  course  of  40 
miles. 

Exeter,  the  capital  city  of  Devon- 
shire, situated  on  tlie  river  Ex,  10 
.nilesNofthe  British  channel.  It  is 
large,  populous,  and  wealthy,  witli 
gates,  walls,  and  slurbs  ;  the  circum- 
ference of  the  whole  is  about  tliree 
mil  s.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  trans- 
ferred hither  from  Crcditon,  by  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor ;  and  is  one  of 
the  principal  cities  in  the  kingdom  for 
its  buildings,  wealth,  aod  number  of 
its  inhabitants.  It  had  six  gates,  be- 
sides many  turret*,  several  of  which 
are  now  pnlled  down.  Besides  cha- 
pels and  five  large  meeting-houses, 
there  are  now  15  churchei  within  the 
walJ-,  and  four  without.  St.  Peter's, 
the  cathedral,  is  a  magnificent  pile ; 
though  little  now  remains  of  the  an- 
cient f'lbjic  of  the  churoh,  except 
that  part  which  is  called  Our  Lady's 
Chapel.  A  most  I  .autiail  modern  pain- 
ted  glass  window  has  beeti  latt.v 
erected  at  .In.:  w.^stern  end  of  tlic  ca- 
thedi  A,  the  eastern  end  having  before 
H  remarkable  fine  antique::  otre.  In  the 
othci-  windows  there  is  much  fine  an- 
cient tainted  glass.  Th.'  altsj*  is  re- 
markable tor  its  beautifil  design  and 
execution,    liie  grand  western   end 


'^i 


/ 


t     .. 


K  Y  E 


F  A  I 


of  the  church  is  nnst  maK"nificcntly 
adorned  with  the  statiici  ofthe  putri- 
anlis,  Jic.  Tlie  Chiiptcr-liou.sc  whs 
built  ill  14:39.  The  beautil'ul  tlirone 
for  the  bishop  was  comtructeil  aboiil 
14/6,  and  is  si>id  to  be  the  grandest 
of  the  kind  in  Britain.  Ships  of  bur- 
den formerly  came  up  to  this  city  i  but 
the  navif^ation  was  almost  destroyed 
by  Henry  Courtney,  earl  of  Devon,  and 
though  repaired,  coidd  not  be  rcBlored 
to  its  former  state.  Its  port,  therefore, 
is  at  Topsham,  five  miles  below.  It  has 
13  companies  of  tradesmen,  a  manu- 
facture of  serges  and  oilier  woollen 
goods,  an  e.vtensivc  foreign  and  domes- 
tic commerce,  and  a  share  in  the  fish- 
eries of  Newfoundland  and  Oreenlaiid. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  68 
miles  S  W  of  Bristol,  uiid  173  VV  by  S 
of  London.  Lon.  3  33  VV,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Exeter,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  (m 
the  N  E  branch  of  Cape  Fear  River,  30 
miles  N  of  Wilmington. 

Exeter,  an  ancient  town  in  Rocking- 
ham county,  New  Hampshire,  settled 
as  early  as  1637.  It  is  a  post  town, 
and  seaport,  next  in  importance  to 
Portsmouth,  and  lies  in  the  lat.  of  43° 
N  and  lon.  of  71  W. — This  town  is  fa. 
mous  in  the  annals  of  New  England, 
as  the  assylumofthc  Rev.  John  Wheel- 
wright, whenh«  was  disfranchised  and 
banished  by  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts for  his  religious  opinions. 

Exillet,  a  strong  fort  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  the  Upper  Alps, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Dauphiny.  It 
was  taken  by  the  duke  of  Savoy  in 
1708,  but  restored  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht.  It  is  an  important  passage, 
six  miles  W  of  Suza,  and  40  N  E  of 
Embrun. 

Exttwor,  a  forest  in  Somersetsliire, 
in  the  N  W  corner  of  that  county,  ex- 
tending thence  into  Devonshire. 

Exmouth,  a  village  in  Devon.shire, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  bay  wliich  forms 
the  moutli  of  the  river  Ex,  10  miles  S 
by  E  of  Exeter.  It  is  much  frequented 
for  the  benefit  of  sea-bathing. 

Eye,  a  borough  in  Suflblk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  and  a  Benedictine  ab- 
t)ey.  It  is  a  mean  built  place,  with 
narrow  streets  ;  the  chief  manufacture 
is  bonelace  and  spinnrng.  It  is  20  miles 
N  of  Ipswich,  and  91  N  F,  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  E,  lat,  52  20  N. 


7?r,  »  river,  which  rises  in  the  N  W 
of  Berwickshire,  and  falls  into  the  Bri> 
tisli  Uccuii  at  E)einouth. 

Eyeuwuth,  a  seaport  in  Berwick* 
shire  at  the  nuiutli  of  the  Eye,  former- 
ly fortified  to  curb  the  garrison  of  Her- 
wick  from  which  it  is  distant  nine 
miles.     Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  35  51  N. 

Eyetdale,  a  small  island  on  tli>;  coast 
of  Argyleshire,  to  the  S  E  of  Mull.  It 
is  noted  for  its  slate  quarries. 

Eyndhoven,  a  town  of  Dutch  Bra- 
bant, in  the  district  of  Bois-le-Uuc,  at 
the  continence  of  the  Eyiuls  and  Dom- 
nicl,  13  miles  SEof  Boit-le-Duc.  Lon. 
3  26  E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Eysoch,  a  river  of  the  bishopric  of 
nri.\en,  which  waters  the  town  of  that 
name,  and  f;dls  into  tlie  Adigc  below 
Meran. 


p.lABORG,  a  seaport  of  Denmark, 
■*•  on  the  S  coast  of  the  island  of  Fu- 
nen.     Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  53  12  N. 

Fabriano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  famous  for  its  good 
paper.  It  is  23  miles  N  £  of  Foligni. 
Lon.  12  32  E,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Faenza,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
Roniagna,  with  a  bishop's  sec.  It  is 
famous  for  fine  eai-then  ware,  invented 
here  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Amo- 
na,  12  miles  S  W  of  Ravenna. 

Fahlun,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
Dalecarlia,  situate  in  the  midst  of  rocka 
and  hills,  between  the  lakes  of  Run 
and  Warpen.  It  contains  two  church- 
es, and  (including  tin;  miners)  7000 
inhabitants,  whose  houses  are  general- 
ly of  wood,  two  stories  high.  It  is  chief- 
ly celebrated  for  its  copper  mine,  which 
is  on  the  E  side  of  the  town.  It  is  39 
miles  N  W  of  Hedemora.  Lou.  16  42 
E,  lat.  60  34  N. 

Fairfax,  a  post  town  of-  Franklin 
coimty,  Vermont  ;  situated  about  nine 
miles  eastward  from  lake  Champlain, 
and  containing  about  800  inhabitants. 

Fairfield,  a  town  of  Connecticut, 
seated  near  the  Sea,  100  miles  S  W  of 
Boston.     Lon.  7:i  30  W,  lat.  41  l2  N. 

Fairfield,  a  town  of  Vermont,  near 
the  borders  of  Cinada;  situated  in 
Franklin  county,  about  10  miles  to  the 
E  of  lake  Champlain.  Here  i.s  a  post> 
office  575  niilef  from  WashinQtm. 


E  A  L 


F  A  L 


_  I 

I' ' 


Fitirjifld,  the  ]irinri|inl  town  of  Fnir. 
tield  county,  Connc(  tii'Ut,  lying  ul)oiit 
20  iiiilcH  S  \V  of  New  Haven,  in  the 
Ut.  of41°  10'  N  aiulZd'^  W. 

Fairford,  ;i  town  in  GloiiccRtci'shirr, 
with  II  market  on  'Ihursday.  The 
church  h.iH  2H  \\\r^  window!*,  curioiiH- 
\y  pniiited  with  scripture  hiHtories,  in 
bcautifiU  roloiirH,  und  desif^rd  by 
the  fiiinous  Albert  Diirer.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Cohi,  25  miles  S  E  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  80  VV  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  44  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Fairhuwii,  u  |>ost  town  of  Vermont, 
in  Rutland  county,  18  miles  VV  of  Rut- 
land, and  50  N  of  Ucnnington,  with 
about  450  inhabitants. 

Fair  hie,  an  island  of  the  Northern 
Ocean,  between  Shetland  and  Orkney, 
from  both  which  its  hijfh  towering^ 
rocks  are  visible.  On  the  £  side,  the 
duke  of  Medina  Sidonin,  admiral  of 
the  Spanish  armada,  was  wrecked  m 
1588. 

Fainitmh,  a  sm.'ill  village  in  Ross- 
shire,  Scotland,  the  proprietor  of  which 
had  formerly  the  privilege  of  distilling' 
malt  spirits  free  of  duty. 

Faiaani,  an  island  in  the  river  Bi- 
dassou,  which  separates  France  from 
Spain.  It  is  also  called  the  isle  of  Con- 
ference, because  Lewis  XIV.  antj  Phi- 
lip  IV.  here  swore  to  observe  the  peace 
of  the  Pyrenees,  in  1660,  after  24  con- 
ferences between  their  ministers.  Here 
also  the  hostages  of  France  and  Spain 
ai'e  received  and  delivered ;  this  being 
a  neutral  island,  the  sole  dominion  of 
which  can  be  claimed  by  neither  king- 
dom. It  is  situate  between  Andaye 
and  Fontarabia.  Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  43 
20  N. 

Fakenham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  sit\iatc  on  a 
hill,  20  miles  N  W  of  Norwich,  and 
110  N  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  E, 
lat.  52  53  N. 

Falaise,  a  town  of  Fr.incc,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  with  a  castle,  and  one 
of  the  finest  towers  in  France.  It  is 
remarkable  for  being  the  birthplace  of 
William  the  Concpjcror.  It  has  a  good 
trade  in  serges,  linen,  and  lace  ;  and 
its  fair,  which  bcgln.s  on  August  16, 
is  the  most  famous  in  France,  next  to 
that  of  Beaucairc.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Ante,  20  miles  S  E  of  C.ien,  and 
115  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Falkcnberg,  a  se.T,port  of  Sweden,  on 


the  Baltic,  17  miles  N  VV  of  Ilclmstadt, 
Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  56  52  N. 

FtiUenbtir/f,  a  strong  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  new  marchc  of  Branden- 
burg, seated  on  the  river  Trye,  fiO 
miles  E  of  Stetin.  Lon.  15  58  E,  lat. 
53  is  N. 

FiiUingham,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  mai-ket  on  Thursday,  18  miles 
VV  by  S  of  Boston,  and  104  N  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  0  20  VV,  lat.  W  48  N. 

Faltirt,  a  town  in  Stirlingshire,  re- 
markable for  a  battle  gained  by  Ed- 
ward I.  over  the  Scots  in  1298,  and 
where  the  highlanders  in  1746  defeat- 
ed the  king's  forces.  It  is  chiefly  sup- 
ported by  tlic  great  markets  for  High- 
land cattle,  called  Trysts,  which  are 
held  in  its  neighbourhood  thrice  a 
year:  15,000  head  of  cattle  are  some- 
times sold  at  one  tryst,  which  for  the 
most  part,  are  sent  to  England.  It  is 
nine  miles  S  of  Stirling.  Lon.  4  58  W, 
lat.  55  57  N. 

FatHand,  a  small  town  in  Fifeshire, 
made  a  royal  borougli  by  James  II.  in 
1458.  It  is  situated  at  th«  foot  of  one 
of  the  beautiful  green  hills  called  the 
Lomonds.  Here  is  a  royal  palace 
wliose  magnificent  ruins  evince  its  for- 
mer elegance.  Falkland  has  some 
linen  manufacture,  but  its  inhabitants 
are  chiefly  employed  in  agriculture. 
It  is  20  miles  N  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  7  VV,  lat.  56  18  N. 

Faltland  hlandt,  near  the  straits  of 
Magellan,  in  S  America,  discovered 
by  sir  Richard  Hawkins,  in  1594.  In 
1764,  commodore  Byron  was  sent  by 
lord  Egmond  to  take  possession  of 
them,  and  he  made  a  settlement  on  a 
part  which  he  called  Port  Egmont. 
Though  this  was  then  thought  to  be  a 
v^ry  valuable  possession,  yet  it  was  to- 
tally deserted  by  the  English  in  1774, 
owing  to  some  applications  by  the 
Spanish  court.  In  1770,  the  Spaniards 
forcibly  dispossessed  the  Englisli, 
which  produced  an  armament  on  the 
part  of  the  British  court ;  but  the  af- 
fair was  settled  by  a  convention,  and 
the  Englisli  regained  possession  :  how- 
ever, in  1774,  it  was  abandoned.  Lon. 
60°  W,  lat.  52°  S. 

Falmouth,  a  corporate  town  and  sea- 
port in  Cornwall,  situated  where  the 
river  Fale  runs  into  the  English  chan- 
nel. The  harbour  is  so  extensive  and 
commodious  tiiat  ships  of  the  greatest 
burden  come  up  to  tlic  quay.  It  is 
guarded  by  the  castle  of  Maircs  and 


FAN 


FAR 


N  W  of  Hclmstadl, 
i6  52  N. 

•oiiff  ti)wn  of  Gcr- 

narc-.hc  of  Braadcn- 

he   livtT  Trye,  fiO 

Lon.  15  58  E,    lal. 

iwn  in  Lincolnshire, 
rhursilay,  18  miles 
and  104  N  of  Lon- 
\  lat.  .'j2  48  N. 
in  Stirlinicshire,  rc- 
itllc  gained  by  Ed- 
Scots  in  1298,  and 
ileM  in  1746  defeat- 
s,  It  is  chiefly  »up. 
It  markets  for  Higli- 
,  Trysts,  which  are 
libourhooil    thrice   a 

I  of  cattle  are  somc- 
tryst,  which  for  the 
nt  to  EngUind.  It  is 
rling.     Lon.  4  58  W, 

II  town  in  Fifeshire, 
)Ut,'h  by  James  11.  in 
cd  ut  th«  foot  of  one 
freen  hills  called  the 
:  is  a  royal  palace 
it  ruins  evince  its  for- 

Falkland  has  some 
!,  but  its  inhabitants 
ioycd  in  agricidturc. 
nf  Edinburgli.     Lon. 

N. 

/,  near  the  straits  of 
America,  discovered 
;awkins,  in  1594.  In 
E  Byron  was  sent  by 
)  take  possession  of 
ule  a  settlement  on  a 
;;dl6d  Port  Egmont. 
then  thought  to  be  a 
session,  yet  it  was  to- 
■  the  English  in  1774, 
applications  by  the 
n  1770,  the  Spaniards 
;8scd  the  Enghsh, 
an  armament  on  the 
ih  court;  but  the  af- 
hy  a  convention,  and 
ned  possession :  how- 
vas  abandoned.    Lon. 

rporate  town  and  sea- 

,   situated  where  the 

nto  the  English  chaii- 

i-  is  30  extensive  and 

ships  of  the  greatest 

to  the  quay.     It   is 

castle  of  Maivcs  and 


^endennlt,  on  a  high  rock  at  the  en- 
truiu'c,  and  tlierc  i*  luuh  excvUeitt 
•liclur  in  tlie  many  creeks  belonging 
to  it  tJiat  tlie  whole  royal  naw  might 
rid«  Miife  here  in  any  wind.  It  is  gov- 
cnii'd  by  a  inuyur  i  and  is  a  town  of 
great  tratiic,  much  improved  by 
Its  being  tiic  station  of  the  packets  to 
Spain,  I'urtiigul,  and  America.  I(  is 
168  ifiiles  W  S  W  uf  London.  Lon,  5 
-'  W,  lal.  50  8  N. 

Falmouth,  a  seaport  town  of  Darn- 
bluble  count),  Massachusetts  I  situated 
lit  the  S  W  end  of  tlic  peninsula  uf 
Ua.iistkblc,  18  miles  S  by  W  of  Sand- 
wich, and  41  S  of  Plymouth. 

Falmouth,  a  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land couiitv,  Maine,  Kve  miles  N  \V  of 
Portland. 

Falnwuth,  a  town  StalfDrd  coun- 
ty,  Virginia  j  situated  on  the  N  side 
(if  the  river  Kappahimnock,  opposite  to 
Fredericksburg,  70  miles  N  of  llicli- 
mond,  and  60  S  by  W  of  Washinj^ton. 

FaUt  Bay,  a  bay  E  of  tlie  Caiie  of 
Good  Hope,  frequented  during  tlie  pre- 
valence of  tile  N  VV  winds  which  be- 
gin in  May.     Lon.  18  33  E,  lat.  34  10  a. 

Falte,  Cape,  E  of  tlie  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.     Lon.  18  44  E,  lat.  34  16  S. 

Falster,  a  little  island  uf  Denmark, 
Hear  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  be- 
tween the  Islands  ufZeulund,  Lapl.ind, 
hiid  M»na.  Nikojiing  is  the  capitLil. 

Fainaguitii,  a  town  in  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  wiUi  a  Greek  bishop's  see, 
and  a  harbour,  dcrcnded  by  two  forts. 
It  was  taken  by  the  '1  tirks,  in  1570, 
after  a  siege  of  six  mimths,  wlien  tiiey 
fia}'ed  the  Venetian  governor  alive  and 
murdered  the  inhabitants,  th<iugli  they 
surrendered  on  honourable  terms.  It 
is  62  miles  N  E  of  Nicusia.  Lon.  35 
55  E,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Famart,  a  town  of  France,  thi'ee 
miles  S  of  Valemiennes,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  where  the  al- 
lied forces  defeated  the  French  in  1793. 

Famint,  Port,  a  fortress  on  the  N  E 
coast  of  the  straits  of  MHgeilan.  Here 
a  Spanish  garrison  perislied  for  want  i 
since  which  it  has  lieen  neglected. 
Lon.  70  20  W,  lat.  55  44  S. 

Fanano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mo- 
deiiese,  25  miles  S  of  Modeou.  Lon. 
11  18E.  l;it.44  ION. 

Fano,  a  town  of  Itidy,  in  thii  dutchy 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Here 
are  an  ancient  triumphal  arch,  hand- 
some churches,  and  hue  palace."  It  is 
&euied  on  the  |;ulfuf  Venice,  cig^ht 


miles  S  E  of  Peiaro.  Lon.  13  5  E,  luf 
43  46  N. 

i-.inlin,  u  small  but  populous  king- 
dom of  Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast  ■  " 
Guinea,  where  the  English  and  Diitcii 
have  forts.  Its  palm-wine  is  mucb 
better  and  stronger  than  that  in  titU«t 

fiarts  of  the  coast.  The  principal  vil- 
age  has  tlie  same  name. 

Farthum,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  imirktt  on  Wednesday,  13  miles  E 
of  Southampton,  and  74  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Furtwiell,  Cupt,  the  most  Southerly 
proiiioiitory  of  Greenland,  at  the  en- 
trance  of  Uiivis'  Straits.  Lon.  42  42  W, 
lat.  59  38  N. 

Fareu'ill,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the 
island  uf  New  Zealand,  Lon.  172  41 
E,  lat.  40  37  S. 

Fargeau,  St.  an  ancient  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Yonnc, 
and  late  province  of  Uiirgundy,  with 
a  castle  10  miles  S  E  of  Briarej  and  83 
S  of  Paris.     Lon.  3  8  £,  lat.   47  4U  N. 

Fiinnington,  a  post  town  in  Kenncbeo 
county,  Niaiiie  ;  situated  on  Sandy  riv< 
er,  with  942  inhabitants. 

Fanniiigtoii,  a  town  in  Hartfoiil 
county,  Connecticut,  nine  miles  west- 
ward from  Hartford,  This  it  also  ft 
post  town,  and  has  2800  inhabitants. 

Faimville,  a  town  on  the  N  slA 
of  Appomatux  river,  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward county,  Virginia,  2u  miles  S  VV 
of  Cumberland,  and  72  W  by  S  of  Rich- 
mond the  capital  of  tiic  state.  Here  is  a 
post  oHice,  210milc:i  from  IVaJiingtun. 

Funiham,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  k 
market  on  'I'hursday,  It  has  a  castle, 
situated  on  aneniinence,  where  the  bi- 
shop  of  Winchftsler  usually  resides. 
It  is  one  of  the  greatest  wjieat  mar- 
kets in  England,  It  is  famous  for  bopH, 
of  wliich  tliere  are  many  plantations 
round  the  town.  It  is  seated  on  th« 
Wve,  12  miles  W  of  Guildford,  and 
39  VV  S  W  of  London.  Lon,  0  46  VV, 
lat,  51  16  N. 

Farnham,  a  post  town  in  Richmond, 
Virginia,  distant  159  miles  S  from  th» 
city  otWathinvton. 

Farn  Itlandt,  two  groups  of  little 
islands  and  rocks,  17  in  number,  lyinj 
opposite  to  Bamborough  castle  in  Nor- 
thumberland. At  low  water  the  points 
of  several  others  are  visible  besides 
the  17  jiut  mentbncd.  The  largest 
or  House  island  is  about  one  mile  in 
compass,  and  has  a  fort  and  lighthouse. 
It  coutaint^  al^uut  six. or  icven  acres  «f 
F  F 


^T 


-i.JI-Ujii;.L 


II 


A 


i.» 


|.^ 


!■  m. 


FAY 

i-!ch  jiasture  ;  and  tlic  shore  abounds 
wi'Ji  (food  couls  whicli  are  dug  at  the 
ebb  of  tide. 

h'aro,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
rjr.rva,  on  the  gulf  of  Cadiz,  with  a 
bishop's  ace,  20  miles  S  W  of  Tavira. 
Lon.7  48  W.  lat,  36  54  N. 

Faro  (f  Messina,  the  strait  between 
Italy  and  Sicily.  It  is  so  n.imed,  from 
the  faro,  or  lighthouse,  on  Cape  Faro, 
and  its  vicinity  to  Messina. 

Farring  on,  .a  town  in  Berks,  with  a 
mai'ket  oa  Tuesday,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  ti>e  'I'hames,  18  miles  W 
of  Oxford  ;  anil  50  \V  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  1  27  \V,  lat.  51  44  N. 

Farsistaii,  a  province  of  Persia, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Kerman,  on  the 
N  by  Irac-Agemi,  u.\  the  W  by  Kusis- 
tan,'and  on  the  ?  by  ilie  gulf  of  Persia. 
It  is  very  fertile,  and  famous  for  its  ex- 
cellent wines,  called  the  Wines  of 
iSchiras,  the  capital  of  Uiis  province. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  Persepolis,  per- 
haps the  most  migniticent  in  the  world. 

Fartaci,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felis,  at 
tlie  loot  of  a  cape  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  51  25  E,  lat.  15  55  N. 

Fattipour,  a  town  oi  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Agra,  where 
tiie  emperors  of  Hindoostan,  when  in 
tlie  zenith  of  their  power,  had  a  palace. 
It  is  25  miles  VV  of  Agra.  Lon.  77  43 
E,  lat.  27  22  N. 

Favagnana,  a  small  island,  15  miles 
in  compass,  on  the  W  side  of  Sicily, 
with  a  fort.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  38  16  N. 

Fauqueinont,  or  Valkenburg,  a  town  of 
Dutch  Limburg,  on  the  river  Geule, 
seven  miles  E  of  Maestricht.  Lon.  5 
50  E,  lat.  50  52'  N. 

Faval,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  West- 
ern Islands,  which  suflcred  greatly  by 
ah  earthquake,  in  1764.  Its  capit;d 
is  Villa  do  Horta. 

Fuyence,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  near  tlic  river  Biason,  10 
miles  W  of  Grassc.  Lon.  6  44  E  lat. 
43  r,s  N. 

F(r;ette,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  with  532  inhabitants. 
The  post  oflice  677  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Fayette,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
ed on  Ihc  N  by  the  Ohio,  on  the  E  by 
Bourbon  county,  and  on  the  S  W  by 
the  river  Kentucky.  Lexington  is 
the  capital. 

Fayette,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
37  miles  l9D(f  and  33  broad.    In  1790, 


PEL 

it  contained  13,325  inhabitants.  Union 
is  the  capital. 

FayetteviUe,  the  principal  town  of 
Cumberland  county.  North  Carolina ; 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  the  N  W 
branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  60 
miles  S  of  Raleigh,  and  80  N  W  of 
Wilmington. 

Fe,  Santa,  the  capital  of  New  Mexico 
in  North  America,  and  the  see  of  a  hi- 
shop.  It  is  a  rich  and  well  bailt  city, 
situate  on  the  N  river.  Lon.  108  48 
W,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Fe,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name  in  Terra  Firma,  in  South 
America,  situated  on  the  river  St. 
Martha,  212  miles  S  of  Carthagena, 
and  subject  to  Spain.  Lat.  7  18  N, 
lon.  76  49  W. 

Fe,  Santa,  a  small  place  of  Granada 
in  Spain,  situated  on  the  Xemil,  but 
erected  into  a  city  by  Ferdinand  the 
Catholic,  when  he  besieged  Granada, 
from  which  it  is  only  ten  miles.  Lati 
37  26  N,  lon.  3  47  W. 

Fe,  Santa-de- Bogota,  the  capital  of 
New  Granada  in  'I'erra  Firma,  in  South 
America,  situated  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Bagota,  in  a  very  fertile  country;  is 
the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  the  seat 
of  the  governor  and  the  supreme 
courts.  It  lies  218  miles  S  of  Pampe- 
luna.     Lat.  4  15  N,  lon.  73  14  W. 

Fear,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  Carolina, 
remarkable  for  a  dangirous  shoal,  cal- 
led, from  its  form,  tlie  Fryr  g  Pan. 

Fear,  Cape  River,  a  river  in  North 
Carolina,  which  opens  into  the  sea  at 
Cape  Fear,  in  about  lat.  33  45.  In  as- 
cending it  you  pass  Brunswick  on  the 
left,  and  Wilmington  on  the  right. 
The  river  then  divides  into  N  E  and  N 
W  branches,  and  affords  the  best  na- 
vigation in  North  Carolina. 

Fecamp,  an  ancient  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  de])artment  of  Lower  Seine  and 
late  province  of  Normandy.  It  had 
lately  a  Benedictine  abbey,  remarkable 
for  its  opulence  and  great  privileges. 
The  church  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
France.  Fecamp  is  24  miles  N  E  of  Ha- 
vre-de-Grace. Lon.  0  33  E,  lat  49  37  N. 

Feldiirche,  a  trading  town  of  Germa- 
ny, capital  of  a  county  of  tlie  same 
name,  in  Tirol.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  111,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
Rhine,  15  miles  E  of  Appenzel.  Lon. 
9  49  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

felicuda,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  W  oi' 
Lipari. 


"fWR" 


'  %.Kt  VlMtfmiW" 


"TIBei, 


?  E  L 

J,325  inhabitants.    Union 

the  principal  town  of 
lounty,  North  Carolina; 
le  W  side  of  the  N  W 
le  Fear  river,  about  60 
Laleigh,  and  80  N   W  of 

he  capital  of  New  Mcxicn 
;rica,  and  the  see  of  a  bi- 
ricli  and  well  bailt  city, 
;  N  river.  Lon.  108  48 
N. 

italof  the  province  of  the 
\  Terra  Firma,  in  South 
uated  on  the  river  St. 
miles  S  of  Carthagena, 
to  Spain.    Lat.  7  18  N, 

11  small  jilace  of  Granada 
lated  on  tiie   Xemil,  but 

a  city  by  Ferdinand  the 
en  he  besieged  Granada, 
it  is  only  ten  miles.    Lafe 
3  47  W. 

ie-Bagota,  the  capital  of 
a  in  'lerra  Firma,  in  South 
uated  at  the  foot  of  mount 
I  very  fertile  country;  is 
archbishop,  and  the  seat 
;rnor  and  the  supreme 
cs  218  miles  S  of  Pampc- 
1 15  N,  lon.  73  14  W. 
,  a  cape  of  North  Carolina, 
"or  a  dangtrous  shoal,  cal- 
form,  the  Fry)'  g  Pan. 
;  Rher,  a  river  in  North 
lich  opens  into  the  sea  at 
in  about  lat.  33  45.  In  as- 
!ii  pass  Brunswick  on  the 
rdmington  on  the  right, 
en  divides  into  N  E  and  N 

and  affords  the  best  na- 
[orth  Carolina. 
1  ancient  seaport  of  France, 
tment  of  Lower  Seine  and 
of  Normandy.  It  had 
jjdictine  abbey,  remaikable 
ence  and  great  privileges. 
1  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
^ampi8  24mile8NEof  Ma- 
E.  Lon.033E,lat49  37N. 

a  trading  town  of  Germa- 

of  a  county  of  tl»e  same 
'irol.  It  is  seated  on  the 
^ar  its  entrance  into  the 
liles  E  of  Appenzel.  Lon. 
47  10  N. 

one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
literranean,  28  miles  W  of 


F  E  R 

Felix,  St.  an  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  N  N  W  of  Juan  Femandes. 
Lon.  86°  W,  lat.  26°  S. 

Felletin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
[virtmcnt  of  Crcuse,  and  late  province 
of  Marce,  noted  for  its  manufacture  of 
tajjestry. 

Fellcn,  a  town  in  the  Rtissian  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
s:imc  name,  62  miles  S  E  of  Revel. 
Lon.  24  5  E,  lat.  58  22  N. 

Feltri,  an  ei)isc()pal  town  of  Italy,  in 
tbe  Trcvisano,  caj>ital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Asona,  40  miles  N  of  Padua.  Lon.  11 
55  E,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Femereii,  a  fertile  island  of  Den- 
mar!:,  in  the  Baltic,  tiiree  miles  from 
tiie  coast  of  Holstein. 

FfncsticUe,  a  town  and  fort  of  Pied- 
mont, in  tlie  valley  of  the  Vaudois  It 
was  taken  by  tlie  duke  of  Savoy,  from 
the  French,  in  1708,  and  ceded  to  him 
by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht.  It  is  18  miles 
VV  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  21  E,  lat„45  10 
N.  / 

Frrabad,  i  to^vn  of  Persia,  in  the 
province  of  Mazunderan,  seated  among 
the  mountains  wliich  bound  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  to  tlic  S,  and  12  miles  from 
it.  Shah  Abbas  often  spent  his  winters 
licre.  It  is  i30  miles  W  of  Astrabad. 
Lon.  53  21  E,  lat.  37  14  N. 

Fcrabail,  a  town  of  Persia,  two  miles 
^Vom  Ispahan,  and  extending  almost 
jlirce  miles  along  tlie  banks  of  tlie 
Xcndcroad.  It  was  built  by  Shall  Ab- 
b;;3,  who  broiij^'ht  the  Armenians  here 
from  the  preceding  town,  after  tlic 
liad  revolted  from  tbe  Turks. 

Fere,  a  t  )wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Alsne,  and  late  pi  ovince 
of  Picardy,  famous  for  its  powder-mill, 
and  school  of  artillery.  Near  this  town 
is  tlie  castle  of  St.  Gobin,  famous  for 
its  manufacture  of  line  plate  glas.s. 
Fere  is  seated  at  the  ccmfluence  of  the 
Serre  and  Oise,  20  miles  N  of  Soissons 
and  75  N  E  of  Pai-is.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat. 
49  29  N. 

Ferentino,  or  Fiorento,  nn  episcopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  Carapagna  di  Roma, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  44  miles  S  E  of 
Rome.     Lon.  13  27  E,  lat.  41  46  N. 

Ferettc,  a  town  of  Alsace,  in  Germa- 
ny, 49  miles  S  of  Strasburgli.  Lon.  7 
3'6  E,  lat.  41 .50  N. 

Fermanagh,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Ulster,  38  miles  in 
length,  and  23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on 
<lie  N  by  Donegal  and  TyTone,  on  tho 


F  E  R 

E  by  Tyrone  and  Monaghan,  on  the  S 
b}'  Cavan  and  Leitrim,  and  on  the  VV 
by  Leitrim.  It  contains  19  parishes, 
and  before  the  IriHli  Union  sent  loui- 
members  to  the  Irish  parliament.  In- 
niskilling  is  the  capital. 

Fenno,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  witli  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near  tiie 
gulf  of  Venice,  17  miles  S  E  of  Macer- 
ata.    Lon.  13  50  E,  lat.  43  7N. 

Fernando,  Noronha,  an  islantl  neai' 
the  coast  of  Brasil,  subject  to  the  Por- 
tuguese.    Lon.  32  33  W,  lat.  3  56  S. 

Fernando  Po,  an  island  of  Africa,  23 
miles  W  of  the  coast  of  Benin.  It  is 
30  miles  long,  and  20  broad.  Lon.  3  3 
E,  lat.  3  6  N. 

Ferrara,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
dutchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
in  an  agreeable  and  fertile  pluin,  wa- 
tered by  the  river  Po,  which  is  a  de- 
fence on  one  side  ;  and  on  the  other  is 
cncompasifed  by  a  strong  wall  and  deep 
broad  ditches  full  of  water,  as  well  as 
by  a  good  citadel,  tinislied  by  pope 
Paul.  In  tlie  middle  of  the  city  is  a 
magnificent  castle,  which  was  formerly 
the  palace  of  the  dukes,  and  is  not  now 
the  least  ornament  of  Ferrara.  It  is 
quite  surrounded  with  water ;  and  the 
arsenal,  which  is  near  it,  deserves  the 
observation  of  travellers.  Over  against 
the  palace  is  the  duke's  garden  ;  witli 
a  park,  called  Belvidere,  on  account  of 
its  beauty.  Behind  the  garden  there  is 
a  palace,  built  with  white  r^'^.-Ue,  call- 
ed the  Palace  of  Diamonds,  because  all 
the  stones  are  cut  diamond  fashion. 
Ferrara  had  formerly  a  considerable 
trade  ;  but  it  is  now  almost  deserted, 
being  very  poor,  insomuch  th.it  there 
is  hardly  a  person  to  be  seen  in  the 
streets.  The  country  about  it  is  so 
marshy,  that  a  shower  or  two  of  rain 
renders  the  roads  impassable.  Ferra- 
ra was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796.  It 
is  24  miles  N  E  of  Bologna,  38  N  VV  of 
Ravenna,  70  N  by  VV  of  Florence,  and 
190  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  14  E,  lat. 
44  36  N. 

Ferrara,  the  dutchy  of;  a  province 
in  the  pope's  territory,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  slate  of  Venice,  on  the  VV  by 
tlic  dutchies  of  Mantua  and  Mirando- 
la,  on  the  S  by  tlie  Bolognesc  and  by 
Romania,  of  which  it  was  formerly  a 
part,  and  on  the  E  by  the  giilf  of  Ve- 
nice. It  is  5C  miles  in  bngth,  and  43 
in  breadth  along  the  coast ;  but  g^owK 
nan*owcr  and  narrower  towards  the 


/^ 


F  E  R 


FEZ 


<^i 


m 


Msntiian.  This  country  is  almost  iwr- 
rouvlod  by  the  bninchcs  of  tlie  Po, 
vriiich  often  overflow  ttie  co'intry,  and 
fc ;i'ti>  tile  j^reat  morass  of  Comacliia, 
which  has  a  l)a(l  eriect  on  t!ie  air.  It 
is  thin  of  people,  and  imlillerently  cul- 
tivated, tlio'.igh  fit  for  com,  ptilse  and 
hemp.  The  I'o  and  the  lake  nf  Coma- 
chio  yield  a  large  quantity  offish.  Fer- 
r'lra  is  the  capital  town  ;  besides  which 
there  are  Arano,  Comachio,  Magpia- 
vacra,  Belrii^nardo,  Cento,  Biiendenoi 
•11(1  Fichcrola. 

Feirendlna,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ba- 
»ilic:ita,  near  the  river  Basianto,  25 
rnilcs  S  W  of  Matera.  Lon.  16  34  E, 
lat.  40  40  N. 

Ferro,  tlie  most  westerly  of  the  Ca- 
nary Islands,  near  tl'C  African  coast, 
wl'.cre  the  ti"st  meridian  was  lately  fix- 
ed  in  most  maps.  It  is  a  dry  and  bar- 
:n  spot,  afi'ording  no  water  except 
what  is  supplied  by  the  fountain-tree, 
wliich  distils  waters  from  lis  leaves  in 
such  plenty,  as  to  answer  all  the  pur- 
poses of  the  inhabitants.  Lon.  17  46 
\V,  lat.  27  47  N. 

feiro,  Faro,  or  Feroe  Islands,  a  clus- 
ter of  little  islands,  lyinpr  in  the  Nor- 
thern Ocean,  between  61°  and  63"  N 
Int.  and  between  5"  and   8^  W  lon. 
Tl'.ey  belonjy  to  Denir.ark.     There  are 
17  whicli  arc  hi»bitable  ;  each  of  which 
(s  a  lofty  mountain  arising'  out  of  the 
waves,    divided   from    tlie  others  by 
deep  and  rapid  currents.  Some  ot  them 
arc  deeply  Indei.ted  witii  seciu-e  har- 
bours i  idi  are  very  steep,  and  most  of 
them  faced  with  most  tremendous  pre- 
cipices.   The  surface  of  the  mountains 
consi.sts  of  a  shallow  soil  of  remarkable 
fertility  ;    for  barlev,    the   only    corn 
sowTi  here,   yields  about  20  for  one  ; 
ai\d  ihi;  grass"  afiijrds  abundant  pastur- 
nRc  for  sheep.    The  exports  are,  salt- 
ed mutton,    and   tallow,    goose-quills, 
feathers,    and  eider-down,  and  by  the 
industry  of  the  inhabitants,  knit  wool- 
len waistcoats,    caps,   and  stockings. 
No  trees  beyond  the  size  of  juniper  or 
stunted  willows  will  grow  here ;  nor 
are  anv  wiM  quadrupeds  to  be  met 
with  except  rats  or  mice,   originally 
escaped  from  the  shipping.  Vastquan. 
ties  of  sea-fowl  frequent  the   rocks  ; 
and  tiie  taking  of  them  furnishes  a  very 
perilous  employment  to   the   natives. 
Among  the   numerous  whirlpools    of 
these  seas,  that  of  Suderoc,  near  the 
island  of  the  same  name,  is  the  most 
jictcd.    It  is  occasioned  by  a  crater  61 


fathoms  in  depth  in  the  centr<^,  and 
from  50  to  55  on  the  sides.  The  water 
fonns  four  fierce  tircuingirations.  The 
danger  at  most  times,  especially  in 
storms,  is  very  great.  Ships  are  irre- 
sistibly drawn  in  ;  the  rudder  loses  its 
power  ;  and  the  waves  beat  as  high  as 
the  masts  ;  so  tliMt  an  escape  is  almost 
miraculous  ;  yet  at  the  reflux,  and  in 
ver)-  still  weather,  the  inhabitants  will 
venture  in  bouts  for  the  sake  of  fishing. 
Ferrol,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
on  a  bay  of  tlie  Atlantic.  Its  harbour 
is  one  of  the  best  in  Europe,  for  the 
vessels  lie  safe  from  all  winds;  and 
here  the  Spanish  sqiiadrons  frequently 
rendezvous  in  time  of  war.  It  is  20 
miles  N  E  of  Corunna,  and  65  W  of 
Rivadcs.     Lon.  8  4  W,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Fene-Aliiis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  ISmiles 
S  of  Paris.  I.on.  2  27  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 
Ftite- Bernard,  a  towi  oC  France,  in 
the  department  of  Sarte  and  lete  pro- 
vince of  Maine,  seated  on  the  Huisne, 
20  miles  N  E  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  39  E, 
lat.  48  8  N. 

Feversham,  a  seaport  in  Kent,  on  a 
creek  of  the  Medway,  much  frequented 
by  small  vessels.  It  is  a  member  of 
the  port  of  Dover,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor.  It  has  a  market  en  Wednesday 
and  Saturday;  and  has  several  gun- 
powder mills  in  its  reighbourl-.ood. 
The  London  markets  arc  supplied  from 
hence  with  abundance  of  a]>ples  and 
chenies,  and  the  best  oysters  for  stew- 
ing. It  is  a  populous  tlo\irishing  place, 
consisting  chietiy  of  two  long  broad 
streets,  with  a  market-house  in  the 
centre.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a 
stately  abbey,  built  by  king  Stephen  : 
and  here  James  II.  attempted  to  em- 
bark, but  was  stopped  by  the  popu- 
lace.  Feversham  is  nine  miles  W  of 
Canterbi.rv,  and  48  E  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  0  55  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Fuen,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Rhone  and  Loire 
and  late  province  of  Forez,  seated  on 
the  Loire,  23  miles  S  W  of  Lyons. 

Fez,  a  kingdom  of  Barban',  125  miles 
in  length  asid  breadth  !  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  E  by 
Algiers,  and  on  the  S  by  Morocco  and 
Tafilet.  The  air  is  temperate  and 
wholesome,  and  the  country  fidl  of 
moimtains,  partiwdarly  to  the  W  andS, 
•where  mount  Atlas  lies  i  but  it  ifl  po- 


k\^ 


I  z 

in  the  centw,  and 
he  si<lf9.   The  water 
ircuingirations.  The 
times,    especially  in 
reat.     Ships  are  irre- 
;  the  rii<kl";r  loses  its 
A'aves  beat  as  liiph  as 
it  an  escape  is  almost 
at  the  reflux,  ami  in 
',  the  inhabitants  will 
'or  the  sake  offishinp. 
rt  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
itlantic.     Its  harbour 
it  in  Europe,  for  the 
from  all  winds;   ami 
sqtiRilnins  frequently 
ne  of  w!>r.     It  is   20 
mmna,  and  65  W  of 
1  4  W,  Int.  43  30  N. 
own  of  France,  in  the 
•ine  and  Oise  and  late 
lie  of  France,  18 miles 
.  2  27  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 
a  town  of  France,  in 
nf  Sarte  and  lete  pro- 
seated  on  the  Huisne, 
•  Mans.    Lon.  0  39  E, 

seaport  in  Kent,  on  a 
Iwav,  much  frequented 
.     It  is  a  member  of 
er,  awl  governo.<l  by  a 
market  <m  Wednesday 
and  has   several   gun- 
in   its   reiplibourl-.ood. 
rkcts  arc  supplied  from 
ndanre  of  apples  and 
e  best  oysters  for  stew- 
olous  ilmirishing  place, 
iy  of  two  long  broad 
market-house   in  the 
we  the  remains  of  a 
uilt  by  king  Stephen  : 
II.  attempted  to  em- 
stopped  by   the  popu- 
m   is  nine  miles  W  of 
1  48  E  bv  S  of  London. 
t.  51  22  N. 

enttown  of  France,  m 
of  Rhone   and  Loire 
;e  of  Fore/.,   seated  on 
liles  S  W  of  Lyons, 
m  of  B.wbapj',  125  miles 
■eadth  ;  bounded  on  the 
itic  Ocean,  on  the  N  by 
lean  Sea,  on  the  E  by 
the  S  by  Morocco  and 
air  is    temperate    and 
id  the   country  ftdl  of 
_;ioidarly  tothe  W  andS, 
Itlas  liesi  but  itUpo- 


f  E  Z 

piilons  and  fertile,  producing  citrons,  1 
Irinons,  oranges,  dates,  almonds,  ol- 
ive.'', figs,  raisins,  sugar,  honey,  flax, 
cotton,  pitch,  and  corn,  in  abundance. 
'I"hc  inhabitants  breed  camels,  beeves, 
sheep,  and  the  finest  horses  in  Barbary. 
Fez,  the  capital  of  the  kingrlom  of 
Fez,  and  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
Africa.  It  is  composed  of  three  towns, 
called  Beleyde,  Old  Fez,  and  New 
Fez.  Old  Fez  is  Ujc  most  considera- 
ble, and  contains  about  80,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  palaces  are  magnificent, 
and  there  are  700  mosques,  50  of  which 
are  vcrj"  considerable,  a<lorned  with 
marble  pillars  and  other  omamenta. 
The  houses  are  built  of  brick  or  stone, 
and  adorned  with  mosaic  work ;  those 
of  brick  are  ornamented  with  glazing 
and  colours,  like  Dutch  tiles,  and  the 
wood-work  and  ceilings  are  carved, 
painted,  and  gilt.  The  roofs  are  flat, 
and  they  sleep  thereon  in  tiie  summer. 
There  is  a  court  to  every  !)ouse,  in 
which  are  square  marble  basons.  Here 
are  two  colleges  for  students,  finely 
built  of  marble  and  adorned  witli  paint 
inps  ;  one  of  these  has  100  rooms,  and 
tiie  sicles  are  adorned  with  marble  pil- 
lars of  various  coloiu-s,  whose  capitals 
are  gilt,  and  the  roof  glitters  with  gold, 
azure,  and  purple.  Here  arc  many 
hospitids,  and  above  100  public  batiis, 
many  of  which  are  stately  structures. 
All  the  trades  live  in  a  separate  part  of 
t.lie  city  :  and  the  exchange,  full  of  all 
sorts  officii  mercliandise,  is  as  large  as 
a  small  town.  The  gawlens  are  beauti- 
ful, and  full  of  all  kinds  of  fragrant 
flowers  and  shrubs,  so  that  the  city,  in 
general,  is  a  sort  of  terrestrial  paradise. 
'I'he  inhabitants  are  clothed  like  the 
Turks  :  the  ladies  dress  is  very  expen- 
sive in  the  winter ;  but  in  the  summer, 
they  wear  notiiing  but  a  shift.  F  -z  is 
the  centre  of  the  trade  of  tliis  empire  j 
and  hence  caravans  go  to  Mecca,  car- 
rying reiidy-made  garments.  Cordovan 
leather,  indigo,  eo-:hineaI,  and  ostrich 
feathers,  for  which  tbey  bring  in  re- 
turn silks,  muslins,  and  drugs.  Other 
caravans  go  to  Tumbuctoo,  and  the 
river  Niger:  one  of  which  consists  of 
20,000  men.  They  travel  over  such  dry 
barren  deserts,  that  every  other  camel 
carries  water.  Their  commodities  are 
nalt,  cowries,  wrought  silk,  Britis!; 
cloth,  and  the  woollen  manufactures 
of  Barbary.  Here  are  a  great  number 
of  Jews,  who  have  handsome  syna- 
gogues ;  but  th«  bulk  of  the  inhabitants 


FEZ 

arc  Moors,  of  a  ta^vny  cnmplpxloa. 
Fez  is  ItiU  miles  S  of  Gibraltar,  and 
250  N  E  of  Morocco.  Lon.  5  5  W, 
lat.  33  40  N. 

Fezzan,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bound* 
ed  on  the  N  by  Tripoli,  on  the  £  by  de- 
serts that  divide  it  from  Egj-pt,  on  tl)e 
S  by  Korno\i,  and  on  the  W  by  the  de- 
serts of  Zaiiara,  lying  lietween  35  and 
30°  N  lat.  It  is  an  extensive  plain,  en- 
compassed by  mountains,  except  to  the 
VV  ;  and  to  the  influence  of  tliese 
heights  it  may  be  owing,  that  here,  aa 
well  as  in  Upper  Egypt,  no  rain  is  ev- 
er known.  'I'hougli  the  character  of 
the  .surface  (which,  in  general,  is  a  liglit 
uand)  and  the  want  of  rain,  may  seem 
to  announce  stcrdity,  yet  the  springA 
are  so  abimdant,  that  few  of  tlic  re- 
gions in  the  N  of  Africa  exhibit  a  ricJi- 
er  vegetation.  From  wells  of  eight  or 
10  feet  deep,  with  several  of  which 
every  garden  and  field  is  furnished,  the 
husbandman  waters  the  natural  or  arti- 
ficial productions  of  ids  land  ;  among 
which  are  the  date  tree,  the  olive, 
lime,  apricot,  pomegi-anate,  fig,  Indian 
corn,  and  barley,  wlieat,  pompions  or 
calabusii,  cniTots,  cucumbers,  onions, 
and  garlic.  Among  the  tame  animals 
are  tlie  sheep,  cow,  goat,  camel,  and  a 
species  of  the  domestic  f<<wl  of  Europe. 
I'hc  tvild  animals  are  the  ostricli,  ami 
antelopes  of  various  kinds  ;  one  «)f  which 
is  callecl  the  huaddee,  and  is  celebrated 
for  the  singidar  .■vldrrss  with  which, 
when  chased  by  the  hunters,  amid  its 
craggy  heights,  it  plunges  from  the 
precipice,  and  lighting  on  its  hams, 
witliout  danger  of  pursnit,  continues 
till  evening  in  the  vale  below.  The 
beat  of  the  climate  from  April  to  No- 
vember, is  HO  intense,  that  from  nine  in 
the  morning  to  sunset,  the  streets  arc 
frequented  by  the  labouring  people  on- 
ly ;  and,  even  in  the  houses,  rcs|)ira- 
tion  woidd  be  difficult,  but  for  the  tn- 
pedient  of  wetting  the  rooms ;  from 
May  to  the  end  of  August,  when  the 
wind  is  usually  from  the  S  £  to  tli« 
S  \V,  the  heat  is  often  sucli  as  to 
threaten  instant  suffocation ;  but  if 
it  change  to  the  W  op  N  \V,  a  reviving 
freshness  immediately  succeeds.  But 
natiu'e  and  custom  have  formed  tlieir 
constiiuti(m  to  such  high  degrees  of 
heat,  that  any  approach  to  the  common 
temperament  of  Europe  entirely  de- 
stroys their  comfort.  A  multitude  of 
noxious  animals  infest  the  country  t 
adders,  snakes,  scorpions,  and  toad», 


^-iaaf-- 


'in 


.A 

m 


V  lA 

are  the  constant  inhabitants  of  t)ie 
fitlds,  g'ardcnB,  and  liuiises  ;  the  nir  is 
crowded  with  musquitos  ;  and  persons 
of  every  rank  are  overrun  with  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  vermin  that  attack  the 
beg'^rs  of  £urope.  The  towns  are 
chietly  inhabited  by  husbandmen  and 
shf  phcrds  :  for,  though  they  also  con- 
tain tttc  merchants,  artificers,  minis- 
ters of  religion,  and  officers  of  govcrn- 
roent,  yt;t  agi-iculture  ahd  ])asturagc 
are  the  principal  occupations.  The 
houses  ai'e  built  of  clay,  with  a  flat 
roof  composed  of  boughs  of  trees,  on 
wliich  a  quantity  of  earll\  is  laid.  I'he 
natives  arc  of  a  deepswarthy  complex- 
ion ;  U>eir  hair  a  short  curly  black, 
their  lips  thick,  their  noses  flat  and 
bro.id  ;  and  their  t.kin  emitting  a  very 
fcliil  efiUlvia:  they  are  Udl,  and  well- 
siiaped  ;  l)ut  wciikly,  indolent,  and  in- 
active, 'll'.cir  dress  is  similar  to  that 
of  tilt  iVI'iors  of  Uarbary.  In  their 
com;'.i()ii  intercourse,  all  distinctions  of 
r.ir.!:  occm  forijolton;  t!ie  shorecf  (or 
{Tovcrnor)  and  t!ic  lowest  ]ilebian,  tiie 
rich,  and  the  poor,  the  master  and  the 
.servant,  converse  familiarly,  and  eat 
and  drink  togetJicr.  Generous  and 
hospitable,  lei  liis  fare  be  scanty  or 
abundant,  the  Fezzanner  is  desirous 
that  othc's  should  partake  of  it ;  and 
if  20  persons  were  unexpected'y  to  ri- 
hit  his  dv  Uing,  they  must  all  partici- 
pate as  far  as  it  will  go.  'Vhen  they 
settle  llieir  money  transactions,  tlicy 
squat  upon  the  ground,  and  having  lev- 
elled a  spot  with  their  hands,  make 
dots  as  they  reckon  ;  if  they  are  wrong, 
llicy  smootli  the  "lot  again,  and  repeat 
the  calculation,  liven  the  bystanders 
are  as  eager  ti  correct  mistiJtes  as  if 
the  affair  were  their  own.  Gold  dust 
constitutes  the  clieif  medium  of  pay- 
ment; and  value,  in  that  medium,  is 
always  e.\pressed  by  weight.  In  reli- 
jriop  they  are  rigid,  but  not  intolerant 
Maliomctans.  The  government  is  mo- 
narchical ;  but  its  povcrs  are  adminis- 
tered with  such  regard  to  the  happi- 
ness of  the  people,  tlic  rights  of  pro- 
perty are  so  revered,  tiic  taxes  so  mo- 
derate, and  justice  is  directed  by  such 
a  firm,  yet  temperate  hand,  tiiat  the 
jjcoplc  arc  ardently  attached  to  their 
sovereign.  Mourzook  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Fiaiio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Tiber, 
15  miles  N  of  Rome. 

fianona,  a  town  of  Venetian  Istria, 


FIG 

seated  on  the  gulf  of  Carnero,  17  miles 
N  of  Pola. 

Fiiucone,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  territory  of  the  church,  noted 
for  fine  muscadine  wine.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain  near  Lake  Bolsena,  12 
miles  N  W  of  Viterbo.  Lon.  12  13  E, 
lat.  42  34  N. 

Ficherulolo,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Ferraresc,  seated  on  the  Po,  12 
miles  W  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  II  31  K,lat. 
45  6  N. 

Fifranzuolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Parmesan,  10  miles  S  K  of  Placentia. 
Lon.  9  44  E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Fiezoli,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Fhn-entino,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
five  miles  N  E  of  Florence.  Lon.  11 
11  E,  lat.  43  49  N. 

Fifeahire,  a  county  of  Scotland.  It  is 
a  fine  peninsula,  inclosed  between  the 
Fortii  and  the  Tay  rivers,  boimdcd  on 
the  E  by  the  British  or  German  ocean ; 
on  the  S  by  the  Frith  of  Forth  j  on  the 
W  by  the  Orhill-hills,  Kinross  and 
Perthsliire  ;  and  on  the  N  is  divided 
from  Forfar  by  the  Tay.  It  is  about 
36  miles  long  from  N  K  to  S  Yf,  and 
about  17  wlierc  broadest.  The  eastern 
part  is  the  most  level.  The  N  and  S 
parts  are  fruitful  in  corn,  and  the  mid- 
dle fit  for  pasture.  It  has  ])lenty  of 
black  cattle  and  sheep,  whose  wool,  is 
much  esteemed.  On  the  S  are  coal 
pits,  and  much  salt  is  made ;  and  it 
produces  crvstals  of  various  colours, 
freestone  and  lead.  It  has  several  mi- 
neral waters,  viz.  Kinghorn,  BiiUgrig)', 
&c.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Le- 
ven,  and  the  Eden,  which  abound  with 
salmon,  Ecc.  The  coast  is  well  planted 
with  little  towns  that  are  nurseries  for 
seamen  :  and  the  sea  produces  great 
quantities  of  herrings,  &c.  The  num- 
ber of  towns  is  almost  unparalleled  in 
an  e(]ual  tract  of  coast  j  for  the  whole 
shore,  from  Crail  to  Cidross,  about  40 
miles,  is  one  continued  chain  of  towns 
and  villages.  Cupar  is  the  county- 
town. 

Figari,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  23 
miles  W  N  W  of  Bonifacio. 

Figeac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  .ind  late  province  of 
Qiierci,  and  Guienne,  seated  on  the 
Selle,  22  miles  E  of  Cahors,  and  270  S 
of  Paris.     Lon.  1  58  E,  lat.  4432  N. 

Figiieiro-dot-Viiihos,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Estramadura,  seated  among 
mountain?,  near  the  river  Zizerc,  and 


JC 


n  njiiii  •  X  layiiii'' 


I  G 

of  Carnero,  17  miles 

icopal  town  of  Italy, 
the  church,  noted 
wine.  It  is  seated 
:  Lake  Bolsena,  12 
>rbo.     Lon.  12  13  E, 

rtified  town  of  Italy, 
seated  on  the  Po,  12 
•a.  Lon.  11  31  E.lat. 

iwn  of  Italy,  in  the 
;8  S  E  of  Placentia. 
4  59  N. 

eiit  town  of  Italy,  in 
»ith  a  bishop's  see, 
Florence.     Lon.   11 

nty  of  ScotlaiKl.    It  is 
iic'losed  between  the 
If  rivers,  bounded  on 
sh  or  German  ocean ; 
rith  of  Forth  ;  on  the 
ll-hills,    Kinross   and 
on  the  N    is   divided 
le   Yav.     It  is  about 
n  N  K   to   S  ^V,  and 
roadcst.    Tiie  eastern 
level.     The  N  and  S 
•11  corn,  and  the  mid- 
re.     It  has   jilcnty  of 
hecp,  whose  wool,  is 
On   the   S  are  coal 
salt  is  made;  and   it 
of  various  colours, 
..     It  has  several  mi- 
Kingliorn,  Ballgrigj', 
lal  rivers  arc  tlic  Le- 
,  which  abound  with 
.  coast  is  well  planted 
that  are  nurseries  for 
sea  produces   great 
lings,  &c.    The  num- 
lost  imparalleled  in 
;oast  i    for  the  whole 
to  Culross,  about  40 
linued  chain  of  towns 
;upar  is  the  county- 

of  Corsica,  at  the 
J)f  the  same  name,  22 
I  Bonifacio. 

af  France  in  the  de- 
[vnd  late  province  of 
enne,  seated  on  the 
lof  Cahors,  and  270  S 
l58E,  lat.  4432N. 
W,  a  town  of  Portu- 
Idura,  seated  amonff 
\he  river  Zizcrc,  ana 


i««Lta*#iMlb« 


F  I  N 

remarkable  for  its  excellent  vineyards. 
It  is  2~  miles  N  of  Tomar.  Lon.  7  45 
VV,  lat.  39  49  N. 

J'igiieraa,  or  St.  Fernaiulo-de-Vigucrat, 
a  very  Strang  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Cuta- 
Iniiia,  which  was  taken  bv  the  French 
ill  1794     Lon.  2  46  E,  lat.' 42  18  N. 

yillech,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
(■(unity  of  Novigrad,  seated  on  the  Ipol, 
'Jj  miles  from  Agi'ia.  Lon.  19  8  £,  lat. 
48  24  N. 

Final,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  tlie  coast  of 
llcnua,  with  a  strong  citadel,  two  forts, 
iiiul  a  castle.  It  was  sold  to  the  Geno- 
ese, by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  in 
irij.  It  is  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  is  30  miles  S  W  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  80E,  lat.  44  14  N. 

I'ina/e,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mo- 
denese.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  French  in  Nov.  1795.  It  is  seated 
on  an  island  formed  by  tlie  river  Pvna- 
ro,  22  miles  N  £  of  Modena.  Lon.  11 
i.'5  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Fincastle,  a  post  town  of  Boutetourt 
county,  Virginia,  255  miles  distant  from 
Washington.  In  1800  tlic  inhabitants 
amounted  to   602. 

Findhorn,  a  fishing  town  in  Murray- 
sbirCi  at  the  mouth  of  a  bay  of  the 
^:lmc  name.  It  is  a  considerable  town 
and  has  a  good  harbour.  It  is  1/  miles 
W  by  N  of  Elgin.  Lon.  3  40  W,  lat. 
57  45  N. 

Findhorn,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which 
lias  its  source  in  Invemesshirc,  and 
crossing  Kaimcshire  and  the  N  W  cor- 
m-r  of  Murrayshire,  forms  the  bay  of 
imdho n,  which  opens  into  the  frith  of 
-Murray,  attltc  town  of  the  same  name. 

Finisterre,  Cape,  the  most  western 
c:ipc,  not  only  of  Spain,  but  of  Europe. 
It  was  thought,  by  the  ancients,  to 
liave  no  country  beyond  it,  and  therc- 
f'lrc  they  gave  it  a  name  which  signi- 
lios  the  end  of  the  earth.  Lon.  9  17  W, 
lat.  42  51  N. 

Finisterre,  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province 
<ir  Bretagne.  Its  name  corresponds  to 
ilie  English  expression,  the  Land's 
End,  it  being  the  most  westerly  part 
of  F::incc.    QJiimper  is  the  capital. 

Finland,  one  of  tlie  five  general  divi- 
•.!c;!s  of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  N 
liy  Bothnia  and  Lapland,  on  the  E  bv 
Wibupi^h,  on  the  S  by  the  gulfofFin- 
l:i:i(l,  and  on  the  W  by  that  of  Bothnia. 
It  is  about  200  miles  in  lengtli,  and  as 
i'luny  in  breadth.  It  has  many  lakes, 
'11  which   are  several  islanils,    which 


I'  I  u 

are  generally  rocks  or  inaccessible 
mountains.  It  contains  the  provjiu-es 
of  Finland  Proper,  the  isle  of  (Emnd, 
Ostrobothniu,  Tavastcland,  N,<l!uid, 
Savolax,  and  that  part  of  the  lielii  of 
Kymene  and  Carelia,  which  Sweden 
lias  preserved.     Abo  is  the  capital. 

Finland,  Russian.     Sec  Witiurgh. 

Finmari,  a  part  of  Danish  Lapland, 
in  the  government  of  Wardhuj's. 

Fionda,  an  ancient  town  of  Nutolia,  on 
the  gulf  of  Satalia,  witii  a  l>is)iop's  sec, 
25  miles  S  W  of  Satalia.  Lon.  31 57  E, 
lat.  36  45  N. 

Fiorento.     See  Ferentino. 

Fiorenso,  St.  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  on 
a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  seven  miles 
\V  of  Bastia.  It  surrendered  to  the 
English  and  Corsicans,  in  1794,  but 
has  since  revolted  from  England.  Lon. 
9  20  E,  lat.  42  35  N. 

Fishcr-rovo,  a  village  about  five  miles 
from  Edinburgh.  It  is  seated  on  the 
W  aide  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Esk, 
and  has  some  elegant  viUas  in  its  vicin- 
ity. 

Fiskardt,  a  corporate  town  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  market  on  Friday. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  carries 
on  a  goml  trade  in  herrings.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  a  steep  cliif,  at  the  influx  of  the 
river  Gwainc,  into  St.  George's  Channel, 
which  here  forms  a  spacious  bay.  It  is 
16  miles  N  E  of  St.  David's,  'and  242 
W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  4  52  W,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

F'ishiill,  a  post  town  in  dutchess 
county,  New  York,  61  miles  N  ofthe  ci- 
ty of  New  York,  and  about  the  same 
distance  S  of  Hudson. 

Fish  Jfirer,  Great,  a  considerable 
river  of  Africa,  wliich  rises  in  the  un- 
known interior  regions,  tiivides  Caffra- 
ria  from  the  country  of  the  Hottentots, 
and  falls  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat. 
30  30  S.  Tlie  deepest  parts  of  tliis  ri- 
ver arc  inhabited  by  the  hippopotamus, 
and  the  adjacent  woods  by  elephants, 
rhinoceroses  and  buflalocs. 

Fistella,  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco. 
The  inh.ibltants  carry  on  a  great  trade 
in  fine  garments.  It  is  135  miles  N  £  of 
Morocco.     Lon.  5  55  W,  lat.  32  27  N. 

Hvc  Churches,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Ilunjfai"-,  Sj  miles  SofBuda.  Lon. 
18  13  E",  l:.t.  40  0  N. 

Fium,  the  capital  of  .i  province  ofthe 
same  iianic  in  EgJT^t.  It  is  veiT  pop- 
ulous,  and  tlic  Cophts  have  a  bishop's 
see.  Hen  are  many  ruins  of  niagifi- 
ccnl  ancient  sUi:cturc:>;   and  it  has  a 


-^mm&£-. 


s 


F  L  E 


FL  I 


considerable  trade  in  flux,  linen,  mats, 
raisins,  and  figs.  The  province  con- 
tains a  great  number  of  cunuts  and 
brdges  built  by  the  uncicnt  Egy]>tiuns. 
The  town  is  seated  on  a  canul,  tliut 
communicates  with  the  Nile,  70  miles 
S  W  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  49  E,  lat.  29 
2N. 

Fiunie,  or  St.  Veit,  a  seaport  of  Aus- 
trian Istriu,  with  a  castle  and  a  good 
harbour  formed  by  tlie  river  Fini.'iriia, 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Carncro,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  very  populous, 
noted  for  wine,  good  figs,  and  other 
ftuits  ;  and  t!ic  tathednil  is  wortli  ob- 
servation. It  is  37  miles  E  of  Capo 
d'Istria.     Lon.  14  46  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Flaniborough  Head,  a  loity  promontory 
in  Yorkshire,  whose  snow-white  clifls 
serve  for  a  direction  to  ships.  Its  rocks 
arc  occupied  by  innumcral}le  multitudes 
of  sea-fowls,  which  fill  tiie  air  and 
ocean  all  around.  It  is  five  miles  E  of 
Burlington.     Lon.  0  4  E,  lat  54  9  N. 

Flanders,  a  couriti-y  of  the  Nether- 
lands, divided  into  Dutch,  Austri;ui, 
ant  French  Flanders  ;  the  last  now  in- 
cluded hi  the  department  of  the  Nortii. 
It  is  60  miles  in  length  and  50  in 
breadth ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  and  the  United  Provinces, 
on  the  E  by  Brabant,  on  the  S  by  Hain- 
ault  and  Artoia,  and  on  tiie  VV  by  Artois 
and  the  German  Ocean.  Flanders  is 
perfectly  champaign,  with  not  a  rising 
ground  in  it.,  and  watered  with  many 
fine  rivers  and  canals.  Its  chief  com- 
modities are  fine  lace,  linen  and  tai)es- 
try. 

Flattery,  Cape,  on  the  W  coast  of  N 
America,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook, 
who  discovered  it  in  1788,  because  he 
was  disappointed  at  not  finding  a  har- 
bour.   L'm.  124  S7  W,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Flavigiii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or,  an<l  late  pro- 
vince of  BurgiHidy.  It  had  before  tlic 
French  revolution  a  benedictine  abbey. 
It  h  seated  on  a  mountain,  12  miles  £ 
of  Semur,  and  140  E  of  Pai'is.  Lon.  4 
57  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Fkche,  a  town  of  France,  iri  the  de- 
pHrtinent  of  Sarte  and  late  jircivince  of 
Maine.  It  is  sc.atedon  the  river  Loire, 
22  miles  N  of  Angers.  Lon.  0  3  W, 
lat.  47  S:  N. 

Fleet,  a  river  in  Kircudbrightshire ; 
it  winds  through  a  beautifrd  vdlcy, 
skreened  by  woody  hills,  and  enters 
Wigton  Bay,  at  Gatehouse.  On  the 
V^  side  of  tlus  river  are  the  vestiges 


of  a  camp,  a  druidical  circle,  and  a  vit* 
rified  fort. 

2'ie-inii:gion,  a  small  town  iii  Hunter- 
don  couniy,  New  Jersey,  about  11 
Hides  from  the  river  Dehiware,  east- 
wiU'd,  and  2S  W  of  New  Brunswick. 
It  has  a  post  otiice,  and  possesses  a 
considerable  retail  trade. 

Fitndisburg,  a  pwtty  large  town  of 
Denmark,  capital  of  Sleswick,  witii  a 
strong  citadel.  It  is  situated  on  a  buy 
of  the  Bahic,  and  has  a  harbour  deep 
enough  for  large  sliipping.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  commerce,  15  miles 
N  W  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  47  E,  lat. 
64  50  N. 

Fkurua,  a  village  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  province  of  Namur, 
famous  fi)r  a  battle  fougiit  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood in  1690,  bclween  the  French 
and  tiie  allies.  Here  also  in  Jime  1794, 
tlie  Austriiuis  made  a  general  attack  un 
the  Ficnth  posts,  but  weie  repulsed. 
It  is  6  miles  N  E  of  Charleroy. 

Flcwry,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partnient  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  30  miles  N  of 
Chalons.     Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  47  13  N. 

Flie,  or  VUeland,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Holland,  at  the  middle  of  tlie 
entrance  of  the  Zuider-Zce. 

Flint,  a  town  in  Flintshire  which 
gives  name  to  the  county,  and  sends  one 
member  10  puiliament;  but  it  is  a  small 
place,  without  trade,  and  the  assizes 
are  held  at  Mold.  Here  ai-e  the  re- 
mains  of  a  casde,  in  which  Kichard  II, 
was  delivered  into  tlie  hands  of  his  ri» 
val,  afterwards  Henry  IV.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Dee,  12  miles  VV  by  N  of 
Chester,  and  193  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  2  W,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Flintshire,  a  county  of  N  WrJes,  29 
miles  in  length,  and  12  where  broadest; 
boundeu  on  tiie  N  and  N  E  by  a  bay, 
at  tile  mouth  of  tlie  Dee,  which  divides 
it  from  Cheshire ;  on  the  N  VV  by  the 
Irish  sec  ;  on  the  E  by  tlie  Dee,  which 
continues  to  d.vide  it  from  Cheshire, 
and  on  tlie  S  a  id  S  VV  from  Denbigh- 
shire. Part  of  Flintshire  extends  on 
the  E  side  of  the  Dee,  about  nioe  miles 
between  Cheshire  and  Shropshire.  It 
is  divided  into  five  hundreds ;  in  which 
are  two  market-towns  and  28  parishes, 
witli  32,400  inhabitants.  The  greatest 
|)art  of  this  county  lies  in  the  diocese  of 
St.  Asapli,  and  the  rest  belongs  to  tliat 
of  Chester.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  one  for  the  couniy  and  one 
for  Flint  i  and  pays  one  part  of  tjie  land 


"«r 


I*  L  1 

dicul  circle,  and  a  viU 

small  town  iii  Hiintcr- 
w  Jcrecy,  ubuiit  H 
■iver  Di-licwure,  east- 
V  of  New  Brunswick, 
lilicc,  and  |>o!isesses  u 
ill  trade. 

piftty  larjfc  town  of 
J  of  Slcswick,  with  it 
It  is  situiited  on  ;i  buy 
id  lius  a  harbour  dcup 
shippinj^.  It  is  a  place 
commerce,  15  mile* 
k.     Lon.  9  47  E,  lat, 

je  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
:  province  of  Namur, 
le  foufflit  in  its  ncigh- 
I,  bcLween  the  French 
Here  alsoin  Jime  1794, 
ide  a  general  attack  un 
s,  but  were  repulsed. 
i  of  Charlcroy. 
\  of  France  in  the  de- 
ne and  Loire  and  late 
pundy,  30  mileb  N  of 
♦  50  E,  lat.  47  13  N. 
iiJ,  an  island  on  the 
i,  at  the  middle  of  the 
Zuider-Zce. 
I  in  flintsliirc  which 
e  county,  and  sends  one 
anient ;  but  it  is  a  small 
Tade,  and  the  assizes 
Id.  Here  we  the  re- 
:,  in  which  Richard  II. 
ito  tlie  hands  of  his  ri- 
Henry  IV.  It  is  seated 
12  miles  W  by  N  of 
.93  N  W  of  London. 
.5316N. 

ounty  of  N  WrJcs,  29 
and  12  where  broadestj 
N  and  N  E  by  u  bay, 
tlie  Dec,  which  divides 
■e  i  on  the  N  W  by  the 
le  E  by  tlie  Dee,  which 
m\e  it  from  Cheshire, 
d  S  AV  from  Denbigh- 
Flintshire  extends  on 
cDce,  about  ni>ie  miles 
ire  and  Shropshire.    It 
ve  hundreds  j  in  which 
.towns  and  28  parishes, 
ibitants.    The  greatest 
ty  lies  in  the  diocese  of 
the  rest  bt'longs  to  tliat 
sends  two  mcinbers  to 
for  the  counu'  and  one 
ays  one  part  of  t)ie  land 


FLO 

tax.  The  air  is  cold,  but  healthful.  It 
is  full  of  hills,  intermixed  with  a  few 
valleys,  which  are  very  fruitful,  produ- 
cing' some  wheat  and  plenty  of  rye.  The 
cows,  though  small,  yield  a  great  quan- 
tity of  milk  in  proportion  to  their  size, 
and  arc  excellent  beef.  The  mountains 
arc  well  stored  with  lead,  coal,  and  mill 
stones.  This  county  also  produces 
good  butter,  cheese  and  honey. 

Fiix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
strong  both  by  art  and  nature,  tt  is 
built  on  a  peninsula  in  the  river  Ebro, 
where  it  makes  an  elbow,  which  serves 
the  town  instead  of  a  ditch,  and  may 
be  conducted  quite  round  it.  The  side 
where  the  river  does  not  pass,  is  cover- 
ed by  mountains,  and  defended  by  a 
castle  on  an  eminence  ;  and  near  it  is  a 
water-fall.  It  is  20  miles  S  of  Lerida. 
LoB.  0  26  E,  lat.  41  15  N. 

Florence,  the  capital  of  the  dutchy  of 
Tuscany,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities 
in  Italy.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides 
but  one  with  high  hilis,  which  rise 
insensibly,  and  at  last  join  the 
lofty  mountains  called  the  Appennines. 
Towards  Pisa,  there  is  a  vast  plain 
of  40  miles  in  lengtli ;  which  is  so  filled 
with  villages  and  pleasure-houses,  tliat 
tliey  seem  to  be  a  continuation  of  the 
suburbs  of.  the  city.  Independent  of 
the  churches  and  palaces  of  Florence, 
most  of  which  are  very  magnificent, 
the  architecture  of  the  houses  in  gene- 
ral is  in  a  good  taste  ;  and  the  streets 
are  remarkably  clean,  and  paved  with 
largpe  broad  ston<^'Mu$ekd  so  as  to 
prevent  the  horw;{Fpp  SCding.  The 
city  is  divided  inn  iiti  iinecj^ual  parts 
by  the  river  Amo,  over  which  there 
are  no  less  than  four  bridges  in  sight 
of  each  other.  That  called  the  Ponte 
detla  THnita,  which  is  uncommonly 
elegant,  is  built  entirely  of  white 
marble,  and  ornamented  with  four 
beautiful  statues  representing  the  Sea- 
sons. The  quays,  die  buildings  on 
each  side,  and  tlie  bridges,  render  that 
part  of  Florence  through  which  the 
river  runs  by  far  th«  finest.  Every 
comer  of  tliis  beautiful  city  ia  full  of 
Wonder's  in  tlie  arts  of  painting,  statu- 
ary, and  architecture.  The  streets, 
squares,  and  fronts  of  the  palaces  are  a- 
donied  with  a  great  number  of  statues : 
some  of  them  by  the  best  modem  mas- 
ters, Michael,  Angelo,  Brandinelli, 
Uonatello,  Giovanni  di  Bologna,  Ben- 
vtiiuto  Cellini,  and  others.  Some  of 
the    Floieiitliic    mer<;kaiita    formerly 


FLO 

were  men  of  vast  wealth,  and  lived  in 
a   most   magnificent   manner.     One  of 
them,  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
centiu-y,  built  tliut  noble  fabric,  which, 
from   the  name  of  its  founder,  is  still 
called  the  Palazzo  Pitti.     The  man  was 
ruined   by   the   prodigious  expence  of 
this  buikling,    wiiich  was  immediately 
purchased   oy  tiie  Medici  family,   and 
has  continued  ever  since  to  be  tlie  resi- 
dence of  the  sovereigns.     The  gardens 
belonging  to  tliiH  palace  are  on  the  de- 
chvity  of  an  eminence.     On  the  sum- 
mit tliere  is  a  kind  of  fort  called  Bel- 
vedere.    From  tliis  and  from  some   of 
the  higher  walks,  you  have  a  complete 
viewof  the  city   of  Florence,   and  the 
beauteous  vale  of  Amo,  in  the  middle 
of  which   it  stands,     This  palace  has 
been  enlarged  since  it  was   purchased 
from  the  ruined  family   of  Pitti.     I'h^ 
furniture  is  rich  and  curious,   particu- 
larly some  tables  of  Florentine    work, 
which  are  much  admired.      The  most 
precious  ornaments,  however,  are  the 
paintings.    The  walls  of  what  is  culled 
the  Imperial  Chamber,  are  painted  in 
fresco,   by   various  painters ;  the  sub- 
jects   are    allegorical,   and  in  honour 
of  Lorenzo  of  Medicis   distinguished 
by  the  name  of  Uie  Magnificent.     The 
famous  gallery  attracts  every  stranger. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of  it 
in  tlie  eyes  of  many,  is   tlie  series   of 
Roman  emperors,  from  Julius  Cxsar  to 
GallienuB,  with  a  considerable  number 
of  their  empresses  arranged  opposite  to 
them.     This  series  is  almost  complete  ; 
but  wherever  the  bust  of  an  emperor 
is   wanting,  the   place  is  filled  up  by 
that  of  some  otlier  distinguished  Ro- 
man.    The  celebrated  Venus  of  Medi- 
ci, is  thought  to  be  the  standard  of 
taste  irt  female  beauty  and  propordbn, 
stands  in   a  room  called  the  Tribunal. 
The  inscription  on  its  base  mentions 
its  b  eing  made  by  Cleomenes  an  Athe- 
niari,  the  son  of  ApoUodorus.    It  is  of 
white    marble,    and    surrounded    by 
other  master-pieces  of  sculpture,  some 
of  which  are  said  to  be  the  works  of 
Praxiteles  and  other  Greek  masters.  In 
the  same  room  are  many  valuable  curiosi- 
ties, besides  a  collection  of  admirable 
pictures  by  the  best  masters.    There 
.ire  various  other  rooms,  whose   con- 
tents are  indicated  by  the  names  they 
bear  ;  as,  the  Cabinet  of  Arts,  of  As- 
tronomy, of  Natural  History,  of  Me'dab, 
of  Porcelain,  of  Antiquities;  the  Sa- 
loon of  the  Hermaphrodite,  so  called 
G  G 


^W 


FLO 


F  O  C 


^1 
I 


from  a  statue  whioli  divides  the  admi- 
ration uf  the  amateurs  with  that  in  the 
Boi'i^hetie  villa)(c  at  Rome,  thuugli  tite 
excellence  of  the  execution  is  disgrac- 
ed by  the  vileness  of  the  subject;  and 
the  Gallery  of  Portraits,  v/hich  con- 
tains the  |)ortraits  of  the  mos^  em- 
inent painters  (all  exec<ited  by  them- 
selves) who  have  flourished  in  Europe 
during  the  three  last  centuries.  Our 
limits  will  not  admit  of  a  <let.  ■'  of''e 
hundredth  part  o  '  l<e  curi  ;^g  .•>  d 
buildiii, " 'if  Hor-it  ■■  V*  i;  *  r  . 
howevi;  omit  iPtn't.Ai'tiijj  t'ut  ch.ipef 
of  St,  Lorenzo,  a"  i.  o.;^  (><;'» ii.?-  the 
finest  and  most  •  xp4-;>p!4»  iwiS.ii-Ation 
that  fver  was  reared  li.  '.  j  ueai' 
is  encrusted  with  precious  li'.ones, 
adorned  by  the  workmanship  of  the  best 
modem  sculptors.  Florence  is  a  place 
of  some  strcnj^lh,  and  contains  an  arch- 
bishop's see  !Uid  a  university.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  calculated  at 
80,000.  Florence  is  45  miles  S  of  Bo- 
logna, and  125  N  \V  of  Rome.  Lon.  11 
15  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Ftorent,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  provence  <if  Anjou.  It  lately  had 
a  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Loire,  20  miles  W  S  W  of  An- 
gers.    Lon.  0  5fi  W,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Florentin,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dc])artmcnt  of  Yonne,  situated  at  tlie 
confluence  of  the  Armance  and  Ar- 
mancon,  15  miles  N  E  of  Auxerre,  and 
80  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  55  E,  lat.  48  1 N. 

Florentino,  one  of  the  tliree  provinces 
of  Tuscany,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
republic  of  Lucca  and  the  Modenese, 
on  the  N  by  the  Appcnnines,  on  the 
E  by  the  dutchy  of  Urblno,  and  on  the 
S  by  the  Sienncse.  It  is  a  well  watered 
province,  and  very  fertile.  Florence 
is  the  capital. 

Floret,  a  fertile  island,  one  of  the 
Azores,  so  called  from  the  abundance 
of  flowers  found  upon  it.  Lon.  31  0 
tV,  lat.  39  34  N. 

Florida,  a  country  of  North  America, 
600  miles  long,  and  130  broad;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Georgia,  on  the  E  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  tlie 
gulf  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  W  by  Mis- 
sissippi. It  is  divided  into  E  and  VV 
Florida :  St.  Augustine  the  capital  of 
the  former,  and  Pcnsacola  of  tlie  lat- 
ter. The  country  about  St.  Augustine 
is  the  most  uniruitful ;  yet,  even  here, 
two  crops  of  Indian  corn  are  annually 
produced:    the  banks  of   the   rivers 


which  water  the  Florida*  are  of  a  su  • 
perior  quality,  and  well  adapted  to  the 
culture  of  rice  and  corn,  wiiile  the  in- 
terior co\mtry,  which  is  high  and  plea- 
sant, abounds  with  wood  of  alm'ist 
every  kind  ;  particularly  white  and  red 
oak,  pine,  hiccory,  cypress,  red  and 
white  cedar ;  the  intervals  between 
the  hilly  parts,  produce  spontaneously 
the  fruits  common  to  Georgia  and  tiie 
Carolinas ;  and  the  whole  country  is 
valuable  i' I  a  peculiar  manner,  lor  tlif> 
extensiv  ranges  f<  cattle.  Florida 
was  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
1497.  Having  oiten  changed  masters, 
belonging  alternately  to  the  French 
and  Spaniards,  it  was  ceded  by  the 
latter  to  the  English  in  1763;  in 
vhose  hands  it  continued  till  1781, 
when  it  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  ceded  to  them  in  1783. 

Florida,  a  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty. New  York,  about  60  miles  N  W  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  on  the  post  road 
to  Albany. 

Ftotz,  a  town  of  ^alachia,  seated  on 
the  Genissa,  near  its  influx  into  the 
Danube. 

Flour,  St.  an  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Cantal  and  late 
province  of  Auvergfne.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  knives,  and  ita 
fairs  are  famous  for  the  sale  of  mule* 
and  rye.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
45  miles  S  of  Clermont,  and  350  of 
Paris.     Lon.  311  E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

Flawden,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, five  miles  N  of  Wooler,  famous 
for  a  battle  fought  here  by  the  English 
and  Scots  in  1513,  iii  which  James  IV. 
was  killed  together  with  the  flower 
of  his  nobility. 

Fluthing,  a  strong  and  congiderable 
seaport  of  Dutch  Zealand,  in  the  island 
of  Walcherin,  with  a  good  harbour, 
and  a  great  foreign  trade.  It  was  put 
into  the  hands  of  queen  Elisabeth  aa  a 
security  for  the  money  she  advanced. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  January 
1795,  and  is  four  miles  S  W  of  Middle- 
burg.  Lon.  3  35  £,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Fochabert,  a  town  in  BaniTshire, 
seated  on  a  plain,  near  the  river  Spey. 
Here  is  Gordon  Castle,  tlie  princely 
mansion  of  the  duke  of  Gordon,  now 
greatly  modernized.  It  is  surrounded 
by  ancient  trees  and  elegant  pleasure- 
grounds,  and  the  adjacent  hills  are 
crowned  witli  fir  and  other  trees.  In 
the  town,  many  girls  are  employed  in 
spinning,  and   in  the  manufacture  of 


T 


F  O  K 


F  O  N 


Floridas  are  of  a  su- 
well  adapted  to  tl\c 
corn,  wliile  tlic  in- 
ch is  high  und  ple:i- 
h  wood  of  Hlm'ist 
jlurly  white  and  red 
,  cypress,  red  and 
:  intervals  between 
iducc  gpont«neoualy 
to  Geor((ia  and  tiie 
c  whole  country  is 
li'>r  manner^  lor  tlie 
f(     cattle.      Florida 

Sebastian  Cabot  in 
en  clianged  maateri, 
lely  to   the    French 

was  ceded  by  the 
iglish  in  1763 ;  in 
continued  till  1781, 
n  by  the  Spaniards, 
1  in  1783. 

own  in  Orange  coun- 
jut  60  miles  N  W  of 
ork,  on  the  post  road 

Walachia,  seated  on 
X  its  influx  into  the 

icopal  town  of  France, 

nt  of  Cantal  and  late 

•gne.     It  carries  on  a 

le  in  knives,   and  its 

for  the  sale  of  mules 

;ated  on  a  mountain, 

lermont,  and  350  of 

E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

age  in  Northumber- 

of  Wooler,  famous 

here  by  the  English 

,  in  which  James  IV. 

ler  with  tlie  flower 

ing  and  considerable 
Zealand,  in  the  island 
ith  a  good  harbour, 
fn  trade.     It  was  put 
queen  Elisabeth  as  a 
money  she  advanced, 
he  French  in  January 
nilesS  WofMiddle- 
„lat.5129N. 
.own   in     Banffshire, 
,  near  the  river  Spey. 
Castle,  tlie  princely 
uke  of  Gordon,  nov«^ 
:d.    It  is  surrounded 
ind  elegant  pleaaure- 
»  adjacent  hills  are 
and  other  trees.    In 
;irls  are  employed  in 
the  m«nuf«cture  of 


•liorthe  palronanv  of 
1  48  miles  N  W  of 


sewing  thread,  \ 
t!ie  iliitchess. 
Alici'tlocn. 

Fo-chan,  a.  viliv,o  c  China,  in  the 
province  tf  fjjang  long.  Itis  call<-d  a 
village  because  '  los  no  walls  n  ,,  a 
presiding  govei  ■,  altlu-i:  li  it  has  a 
ffreat  trade,  ar  i  ntuins  more  houses 
.  (1  inhabitan  man  Canton.  It  is 
iv  'konc'  to  t)t  nine  miles  in  circu'ri- 
/c.eMCc,  and  to  coiiiain  1,0"'),000  -)f  .  ■• 
liabitaiUs,     It  is  1:^  mile.s  from  Canton. 

Fochia  Nofoa,  a  town  of  Nat')lia,  on 
tlie  gulf  of  Sanderly,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, and  a  castle.  The  Venetians 
heaX.  the  Turkish  flc$t,  neartliis  place, 
in  1650. 

Fodgia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
nata,  seated  near  the  Cerbcro,  10  miles 
E  of  Manfredonia. 

Foduiatj  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  opposite  Colocza.  Lon. 
19  36  E,  lat.  46  39  N. 

Fogareu,  a  town  and  castle  of  Tran- 
sylvania, on  the  river  Alauta,  30  miles 
N  E  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  25  25  E, 
lat.  46  30  N. 

Fogiia,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises 
on  the  confir  s  of  Tuscany,  crosses 
die  dutchy  of  Urbinn,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  at  Pesai-o. 

Fogo.     See  Fuego. 

Fohr,  an  island  of  Denmark,  near 
the  coast  of  Sleswick.  It  is  about  12 
miles  in  circumference. 

Foia,  !.n  ancient  town  of  Natolia  on 
tlie  gulf  of  Smyrna,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, and  a  strong  castle,  30  miles  N 
of  Smyrna. 

Foix,  H  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arrieg^  and  late  county  of 
Foix.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufacture 
of  coarse  woollen  cloths,  and  some 
copper-milts,  which  metal  is  a  conside- 
rable object  tof  commerce.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Arriege,  at  the  foot  of  the  Py- 
renees, eight  miles  S  of  Pamicrs.  Lon. 
1  52  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

Fo-kien,  a  provmce  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Tche-kiange,  on  the  W 
by  Kiang-si,  on  the  S  by  Quang-tong, 
and  on  the  E  by  the  Chinese  Sea.  It 
is  commodiously  seated  for  navigation 
and  commerce,  part  of  it  bordering  on 
the  sea,  in  which  they  catch  large 
quantities  of  fish,  which  they  send 
salted  to  other  parts  uf  the  empire.  Its 
shores  are  very  uneven,  by  reason  of 
the  number  and  variety  of  its  bays.  Its 
climate  is  warm  ;  and  yet  the  air  is  so 
*)ure,  that  no  contagious  diseases  ever 


prevail  her'-  The  mountaiis  arc  al- 
lost  cvpry  \\  ,icre  disposed  ,iito  a  kind 
of  ampin  heatres,  by  the  lahoiu  of  the 
ii  abitants,  with  lerrace.i<  p'  iced  one 
above  another.  The  fields  ui  kvatered 
with  rivulets  and  spring;s,  vvliich  issu^ 
out  of  the  mountains,  and  which  the 
husbandmen  coni'  rt  in. such  a  manner 
as  to  overfloT,v  tiie  fields  of  rice  when 
th  please,  because  it  thrives  best  in 
watery  ground.  Thcv  make  use  of 
pipes  of  bamboo  for  this  purpose.  They 
have  all  commodities  in  comn.  jn  witli 
the  rest  of  China;  but  more  particular- 
ly musk,  precious  stunes,  quicksilver, 
silk,  hempen-dotli,  calico,  iron,  ;uuJ 
all  sorts  of  utensils  wrouglrt  to  tlic 
greatest  perfection.  From  other  coun- 
tries they  have  clovea,  cinnamon,  pep- 
per, sandal- wood,  amber,  coral,  and 
many  other  things.  The  capital  city  is 
Foutcheou  Fou.  It  contains  nine  ci- 
ties of  the  first,  and  sixty  of  tlie  third 
class. 

Foligni,  an  episcopal  and  trading 
to\vn  of  Italy,  in  the  dutchy  of  Umbria, 
remarkable  for  its  sweetmeats,  paper- 
mills,  silk  manufactures,  and  fairs.  It 
is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain 
near  a  fertile  plain,  69  miles  N  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Folkttone,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  was  once  a 
flourishingplace,containingfiTc  church- 
es, which  are  now  reduced  to  one,  and 
the  inhabitants  arc  chiefly  employed  in 
fishing.  It  is  a  member  of  the  port  ot 
Dover,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  is 
seated  on  the  EnglLsh  Chaiuiel,  eight 
mUes  S  W  of  Dover,  and  72  E  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  1  14  E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Fondi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  dj  Lavora.  It  is  seated  on  a 
fertile  plain,  but  in  a  bad  air,  near  a 
lake  of  its  own  name,  42  miles  N  W  of 
Capua,  and  50  S  £  of  Rome.  Lon.  13 
24  E,  lat.  4122  N. 

Fong-uiang-foh,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Chcn-si.  Its  district 
contains  eight  cities  of  Uie  second  and 
third  class.  It  is  495  miles  S  VV  of 
Pekin. 

Fovg-yang-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kian^-nan.  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain,  which  hangs  over  the  Yel- 
low River.  It  encloses  within  its  walls 
several  fertile  little  hills,  and  its  juris- 
diction is  very  extensive,  as  it  compre- 
hends five  cities  of  the  second  and  13 
of  the  third  class.  It  is  70  miles  N  it 
of  Nanking. 


I  «ij' 


•  miP'iwiHft, 


F  O  N 

FimtalMeau,  a  town  of  Frai'vce  in  the 
dc!)uitm«:nl  of  Seine  and  Marne  and 
late  inovince  of  tlic  i>le  of  France,  re- 
murkuble  fnr  its  fine  palace,  where  the 
kin^-H  of  Fi'uJice  used  to  lodjje,  when 
hiiiiimi,''.  It  was  first  eniV)ell)!ilicd  by 
Fraiu-is  I  a'ul  each  successive  king 
added  something' to  it  j  insonmch  tliat  it 
was  one  of  the  finest  |>lea«ure-houses 
in  the  world.  It  stands  in  the  midst 
of  a  forest,  35  miles  SE  ijf  Paris.  Lon. 
2  47  E,  lat.  4«  25  N. 

Fontaine  L'£vrr/tie,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and 
late  province  of  Huinaidt,  near  the  ri- 
ver Sanibrc,  three  miles  W  of  Charle- 
roy.     Lon.  4  18  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Fontarabia,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Biscay,  seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  and  on  the  river  Bidas- 
8on.  It  is  w'ell  fortified  both  by  nature 
and  art ;  has  a  f,'ood  harbour,  though 
dry  at  low  water;  and  is  surrounded 
on  tilt  land  side  by  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
tains. It  is  a  very  important  place,  be- 
ing accounted  tlie  key  of  Sjiain  on  that 
side.  It  suiTendered  to  tlic  French 
arms  in  1794.  It  is  22  miles  S  W  of 
Bayonne,  and  6*^  E  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  1 
33  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Fontenai,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  a  bloody 
battle  fought,  in  841,  between  the  Ger- 
mans and  the  French,  in  which  the  Ger- 
mans were  defeated  with  the  loss  of 
100,000  men.  It  is  20  miles  S  E  of 
Auxerre.     Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Fontenai-le-Comte,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Vendee  and  late 
province  of  Poitou.  It  has  a  woollen 
manufacture,  and  its  fair  is  famous  for 
cattle,  particularly  for  mules.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Vendee,  near  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  35  miles  N  E  of  Rochelle,  Lon. 
0  55  W,  lat.  46  30  N. 

FiMtenoy,  a  village  of  Austrian  Hain- 
ault,  remarkable  for  a  battle  between 
the  allies  and  the  French,  in  1745,  in 
which  the  former  were  defeated.  It  is 
four  miles  S  W  of  Tournay. 

Fontevrault,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Anjou.  Here  was  a 
famous  abbey,  founded  by  Robert  d'Ar- 
brissel,  in  1100.  It  was  the  chief  of  a 
religious  order,  which,  by  a  singular 
whim  of  the  founder,  consisted  of  both 
(exes,  and  the  general  of  wiiich  was  a 
woman.  Qiieen  Bertrade,  so  famous 
in  liiatory,  was  anioni;  tlic  iirst  nuns 


FOR  * 

that  entered  tliis  abbey.  It  !i  nine 
miles  S  E  of  Saumur,  and  160  S  W  of 
Paris.     Lon  0  OE,  lat.  47  9  N. 

Forcat(/uier,  an  ancient  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  the  Lo-ver  Alps, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  seated 
on  a  hill  by  tlic  river  Laye,  20  miles 
N  E  of  Aix.  Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  43  58 
N. 

Forchain,  a  strong  town  of  Franconia, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  with  a 
fine  arsenal.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  179G,  who  were  afterwards  compel- 
led to  abandon  it.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Rednitz,  18  miles  S  by  £  of  Bamberg. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  49  44  N. 

FordingbrUge,  a  town  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Satiu'dav,  seated  on 
the  Avon,  20  miles  W  S  VV  of  Win- 
Chester,  and  87  VV  by  S  of  London. 
L(m.  1  49  W,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Forctun,  a  small  village  of  Scotland, 
in  Kincardineshire. 

ForUviich,  a  member  of  the  port  of 
Sandwich,  in  Kent,  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Stour,  ai»d  governed  by  a  mayor.  It 
is  noted  for  excellent  trouts,  and  it 
three  miles  N  E  of  Cantcrbuiy,  and 
eight  W  of  Sandwich. 

Foreland,  North,  a  promontory  which 
is  the  N  E  point  of  tlie  Isle  of  Thanet, 
in  Kent.  It  is  also  the  most  southern 
part  of  the  port  of  London,  which  is 
thence  extended  N,  in  a  right  line,  to 
the  point,  called  the  Nase,  in  Essex, 
and  forms  what  is  properly  called  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames.  Here  is  around 
brick  tower,  near  80  feet  high,  erect- 
ed by  the  Trinity  House,  for  a  sea- 
mark. 

Foreland,  South,  a  headland,  forming 
the  E  point  of  the  Kentish  coast,  and 
called  South,  in  respect  to  its  bearing 
from  tb.e  other  Foreland,  which  is  about 
six  miles  to  the  N.  Between  these  two 
capes,  is  the  noted  road,  called  the 
Downs,  to  which  they  afford  a  g^eat 
security. 

Forett-Tvmnt,  four  towns  of  Suabia, 
lying  along  the  Rhine,  and  the  confines 
of  Swisserland,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Black  Forest  Their  namen  are  Wald- 
schut,  LaufFenburg,  Scckingcn^  and 
Jtheinfelden ;  and  tliey  are  subject  to 
the  house  of  Austria. 

Forez,  a  province  of  France,  bounded 
on  the  W  by  Auvergne,  on  the  S  by 
Velay  and  the  Vivarais,  on  the  E  bytbe 
Lyoiiois,  and  on  the  N  by  Bwgundy 
and  the  Bourbonnois.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Loire,  and  several  othrr  streams. 


R  * 

bbcy.  It  is  nine 
r,  «na  160  S  W  of 
Ittt.  47  9  N. 
ieiitU)Mfiiol'Fr»ncc 
'  the  Lo-ver  Alpt, 
Provence,  Heated 
er  Laye,  20  mile* 
5  48  E,  Ul.  43  58 

town  of  Fp»nconia, 
Bunibcrf^,  with  « 
taken  by  the  French 
»fterwiir«U  compel- 
It  ii  teated  on  tlir 
)  by  E  of  BRmberg. 
19  44  N. 

own  in  Hampuhire, 
iatiirdav,  seated  on 
1  W  S  W  of  Win- 
V  bv  S  of  London. 
JO  56  N. 
village  of  Scotland, 

nber  of  the  port  of 
t,  seated  on  the  riv- 
med  by  a  mayor.  It 
;llent  trouts,  and  it 
of  Cwiterbuiy,  mid 

'ich. 

a  promontory  which 
)ftlie  Ule  ofThanet, 
JO  the  most  southern 
if  London,  which  ii 
N,  in  a  right  line,  to 

the  Nase,  in  Eisez, 

properly  called  the 
nies.  Here  is  a  round 

80  feet  high,  erect- 
ly  House,  for  a  aea- 

a  headland,  fbrminr 

Kentish  coast,  and 

■spect  to  its  bearing 

5land.  which  is  about 

Between  these  two 

ted  road,  called  the 

they  afford  a  great 

\)m  towns  of  Suabia, 
line,  and  the  confines 
k;  the  entrance  of  the 
ieir  namto  are  Wald- 
Irg,   Scckingen^    and 

tliey  are  subject  to 
jtria. 

he  of  France,  bounded 
Iivergne,  on  the  S  by 
Tarais,  ontheEbythe 

the  N  by  Burgundy 
Jmois.  It  is  watered 
Igevend  othrr  »tre»«Mi 


FOR 

Mild  l.is  several  mines  of  coal  and  iron. 
It  lit  now  included,  witii  the  Lyonois, 
in  tlic  'lipartmcnt  of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Forfiir,  a  borough  of  ScotluntI,  and 
capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  stands  on  the  valley  of  Struthmore 
that  runs  from  Perth  N  E  to  the  sea. 
It  is  an  ancient  place,  and  here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  palucc  built  b^  Malcolm 
Canmorc.  The  lake  of  Forfar,  stretch- 
ing two  miles  in  length  from  £  to  W, 
and  half  a  mile  in  breadth,  covers  the 
palace  on  the  N.  This  lake  abounds 
with  trout, .  pike,  perch,  und  eel.  Of 
late  years  it  has  JK-en  greatly  reduced 
by  draining  i  to  which  the  immense 
quantity  of  fine  murle  at  the  button  is 
the  principal  inducement.  Forfar  is  a 
fine  flourishing  place,  and  its  inhabi- 
tants arc  doubled  witliin  tlicse  30 
years  ;  the  houses  have  also  increased 
in  proportion  besides  being  greatly  im- 
proved. The  church  has  been  rebuilt 
in  an  elegant  and  extensive  plan,  calcu- 
lated to  contain  2,000  hearers.  Its 
principal  manufaeture  is  osnaburghs, 
and  it  is  20  miles  W  of  Montrose.  Lon. 
2  54  W,  lat.  56  35  N. 

Forfarthire.     See  Anguuhirt. 

Forget,  a  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  reiiiurkahle  for  its 
mineral  waters.  It  is  60  miles  N  W 
of  Paris.     Lop.  0  40  £,  lat.  49  38  X. 

Forli,  an  ancient  town  of  Uoniagnia, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
wit!)  a  bishop's  see.  The  public  struc- 
tures are  very  handsome,  and  itis  seat- 
ed in  a  fertile  and  healthy  country,  10 
miles  S  £  of  Fazena.  and  40  N  £  of 
Florence.    Lon.  1 1  44  £,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Formosa,  an  island  in  the  Chinese 
Sea,  90  miles  E  of  Canton,  lying  be- 
tween 119  and  122*  E  lon.  and  22  and 
25°  N  lat  It  is  subject  to  the  Chinese, 
wl)o,  notwithstanding  Ks  proximity, 
did  not  know  of  its  existence  till  the 
year  1430.  It  is  about  85  tetcues  in 
length,  and  25  broad ;  and  a  raain  of 
mountains  running  from  N  to  S,  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  the  E  and  W.  The 
nutch  built  the  fort  of  Zealand,  in  the 
W  part,  in  1634.  They  were  driven 
tlience,  in  1661,  by  a  Chinese  pirate, 
who  made  himself  master  of  all  tlie  W 
part,  which  in  1682,  submitted  to  the 
emperor  of  China.  This  island  presents 
extensive  and  fertile  plains,  watered  by 
a  g^at  number  of  rividets  tliat  fall 
from  the  E  mountains.  Its  air  is  ])urc 
and  wboleaoine ;  and  it  produces  ai>un- 


■^IPS'-' 


FOR 

dance  of  corn  and  rice,  und  the  greater 
part  of  otlK-r  gr  liuM.  Most  ul' the  In- 
dian fruits,  many  of  those  of  Europe, 
tobacco,  sugar,  pep|)er,  campliire,  uiid 
cinnamon,  are  fnund  here  The  inha- 
bitants rear  a  great  number  of  o.\en, 
which  tilt  «  use  for  riding,  from  a  want 
of  hordes.  1  hey  accustom  Uiem  early 
to  that  kind  of  seiMee,  and,  by  daily 
exerciac,  train  them  to  go  as  well  as 
the  best  horses.  'I'hese  oxen  arc  fur> 
nished  with  a  brdlc,  saddle,  and  crui>- 
|)er.  A  Chiiiese  looks  as  proud,  when 
mounted  in  this  manner,  as  if  he  wer« 
carried  by  ilic  finest  Barbary  courser. 
Wholesome  water  is  the  only  thing 
wk.iting  in  Formosa.  It  ii  very  extra- 
ordinary tliat  every  kiiul  of  water  in  it 
is  a  deadly  ])oisun  to  strangers,  for 
which  no  remedv  has  yet  been  found. 
On  the  22dof  May  1782,  this  fine  island 
was  overwhelmed,  and  almost  desuU- 
ted,  by  a  furious  hurricane  and  dread- 
ful inundation  of  the  sea,  supposed  to 
have  been  occasioned  by  an  earthquake. 
Tai-quang  is  the  capital. 

Forte*,  a  town  in  Murrayshire,  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  clime  to  a  rivulet, 
it  is  a  small  well  built  town  pleasantly 
situated,  two  miles  to  the  £  of  the  riv- 
er F  ndhom.  A  little  to  the  N  E  near 
the  road,  is  a  remarkable  column,  call- 
ed King  Seven's  «)r  Sweno's  Stone, 
above  20  feet  high,  and  three  broud, 
covered  on  both  sides  by  antique  sculp- 
ture. It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
erected  in  memory  of  a  victory  obtain- 
ed over  tlie  Dane  i,  in  10U8,  before  their 
final  retreat  from  Scotland.  Forres 
manufactures  sonic  linen  and  sewing 
thread,  and  is  15  miles  W  of  Elgin. 

Fort  Ann,  a  small  posttown,  of  Wash- 
ington county,  Ncw-Yoik  j  at  the  dis- 
tance of  10  miles  N  W  of  Fort  Edward, 
and  459  from  Washington. 

Forteventura,  one  of  the  Canary  Is. 
lands,  65  miles  in  length,  and  of 
a  very  irregular  breadtli,  consisting  of 
two  peninsulas  joined  by  an  isthmus  12 
miles  in  breadth.  It  produces  plMty 
of  wheat,  bai-ley,  beeves,  anil  goats. 
Lon.  14  26  W,  lat.  2a  4  N. 

Fort  Edviurd,  (formerly  a  coiisidert.- 
ble  British  fortress)  nnw  a  post  tow  i'  rf 
Washington  county,  Ncw-Vork  -,  >. 
ated  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  v; 
miles  N  of  Albany. 

Fort  George,  a  town  in    Wnshin^tiif; 
county,  Ni.'w-York ;  on  tlic  S   W  fci 
nerof  lake  Gtioge.    Here  is  a  post-oi- 
fice  465  miles  from  Washington. 


11 


I  i 


F  O  U 


FOX 


i$ 


m 


Forth,  nne  of  tlio  inoitl  noble  and 
comniddiouN  rivcrH  in  Scotland.  It  takr* 
itn  ri.si!  ni;ar  tlio  bottom  of  Lomond 
hills  J  and  iMinniii(f  from  K  to  \V,  re- 
i-eiveii  in  its  pasHUf^c  nmny  roiiiiidcra- 
ble  KtreaniH,  derivinjc  their  waters 
from  tbc  eminences  in  tlic-  midlund 
coimties  of  North  Britain,  llctwcen 
Stirling  and  Alloa,  the  Forth  winds  in 
«i  niottt  beautiful  uikI  surprising'  miinncri 
»o  that,  though  it  i»  but  four  miles  by 
land,  it  is  24  oy  water,  between  those 
two  places,  Below  Alloa  the  river  ex- 
pands itself  to  11  great  breadth  between 
the  counties  of  Lothian  and  Fife,  till  at 
Qiieen's-ferry  it  is  contracted  by  pro- 
inontorics  shouting  into  it  from  both 
coasts  ;  so  that,  from  being  four  or  five, 
there  it  is  not  above  two  miles  bmud. 
At  the  mouth  of  it,  from  North  Ber- 
wick to  Fifencss,  it  is  ftill  five  leagues 
broad  j  having  the  little  island  of  May 
in  the  middle  of  it,  and  to  the  W  of 
this  the  rnrkv  island  of  Bass;  notwith- 
standing which,  the  largest  fleet  may 
enter  and  sail  up  it  many  miles  with 
the  utmost  facility  and  in  the  greatest 
safety.  There  is  a  communication  be- 
tween this  river  and  the  Clyde,  by  a 
canal  35  miles  in  length. 

Fort  Wiliimon,  a  post  town  in  Han- 
cock coimty,  Georgia  ;  situated  on  the 
rivor  Appalachy,  30  miles  W  of  George- 
town. 

Fortrote,  a  borough  in  Hossshire,  si- 
tuate on  the  frith  of  Murray,  nearly  op- 
posite Fort  George,  and  nine  miles  W 
of  Inverness.  • 

Fos^ano,  a  strong  town  of  Piedmont, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
Sture,  10  miles  N  E  of  Coni,  and  27  S 
K  of  Pigncrol.  Lon.  7  56  E,  lat.  44  45 
N. 

Fossmnbrnne,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutcliy  of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  near  the  river  Metro,  16  miles 
S  W  of  Pesaro,  and  12  S  E  of  Urbino. 
Lon.  12  48  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Fot/ieriiigay,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, nine  miles  S  of  Stamford,  near 
the  river  Nen.  It  i.s  noted  for  the  ru- 
ins of  the  castle  where  Rich.ird  III. 
•was  born,  and  where  Mary,  queen  of 
tirotland,  was  beheaded. 

i''iwf,an  ancicnttown  of  Lower  Egypt, 
seated  on  the  Nile,  7!>  nillos  S  of  Uo- 
sctto,  and  40  E  of  Alexandria.  Lon.  31 
15  E,  hit,  31  12  N. 

Fmigere.r,  a  town  of  Fr.ince,  in  tiie 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  proiince  of  Bretagne,  with  an  an- 


cient castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ccrj- 
nom,  iS  miles  N  K  of  Krnnes,  and  15U 
W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  13  VV,lat.  48  22  N, 

Foulthnm,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  'I'nesd.iy,  16  miles  N  VV  of 
Norwich,  and  111  N  K  of  London. 
Lon.  1  7  E,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Four  Canlonn,  Late  iif  the.  See  Wald- 
ttitttcr  Sea. 

Foiirneaux  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon,  143  2  VV, 
lat.  17  lis. 

Fotirncit,  in  Loynsdale  Lancashire, 
is  a  tract,  Ixitwcen  tlie  Kent,  Leven, 
ami  Dudden-Sands  which  runs  N  pa- 
rallel with  tlic  W  sides  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmorelai  d  j  and  on  tlic  S  runs 
out  into  the  sea  as  a  promontory.  This 
whole  tract,  except  on  the  coast,  rises 
in  hills  and  vast  piles  of  rocks  called 
Forncss-Fells.  In  these  motmtainoui 
parts  are  found  quarries  of  a  fine  dura« 
ble  blue  slate  to  cover  buildings  with, 
which  are  made  use  of  in  many  other 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  low  or 
plain  part  of  Foumess,  produces  all 
sorts  of  grain,  but  principally  oats, 
whereof  the  bread  eaten  in  this  coun- 
try is  generally  made  ;  and  tliere  arc 
found  here  veins  of  a  very  rich  iron  ore. 

Fou-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
Fo-kicn  ;  one  of  the  most  considerable 
in  that  province,  on  account  of  its  trade, 
the  convenience  of  its  rivers  and  port, 
the  number  of  its  literati,  and  the  mag- 
nificence of  its  principal  bridge,  which 
has  more  than  100  arches  constructed 
of  white  stone,  and  ornamented  witli  a 
<louble  balustrade.  It  is  tlie  residetice 
of  a  viceroy,  has  under  its  jurisdiction 
nine  cities  of  the  Uiird  class,  and  is  360 
miles  N  £  of  Canton. 

Fffuiey,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  a  populous  place  extending  above 
one  mile  on  the  E  side  of  a  river  of  its 
own  name,  and  has  a  considerable 
share  in  the  pilchard  fishery.  It  sends 
tAvo  members  to  parliament  and  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  It  is  32  miles  S  W 
of  Launccster,  ami  240  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon,  4  35  W,  lat.  50  19  N. 

Fcnaev,  a  river  in  Cornwall,  which 
rises  in  the  N  E  part,  passes  by  Les't- 
withicl,  and  enters  the  English  Chan- 
nel, at  Fowey. 

Foviknens,  nn  island  on  '..he  coast  of 
E'.ssex,  formerly  subject  to  inunda- 
tions till  by  tlie  Dutch  av,  of  draining 
it  has  become  good  land. 

Fox  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 


3  X 


FOX 


F  R  A 


H  ii-Htcd  on  the  Cut' 
F.  of  Kcnncii,  ami  140 

1  13  VV.lut.  4HW  N. 
wi\  in  NoriolU,  witli  a 
.,y,  16  milcii  N  W  o»" 
11    N    K  uf  Luiulun. 

53  51  N. 
.atevftlM.    See  Wold- 

i</,  nsmaUislancrmthc 
can.     Lon.   143  2  VV, 

,oyn»<lale   Lanca»hire, 
lenllie  Kent,    Lcven, 
,(Ib  which  run»    N  pa- 
ir sides  of  Cumberland 
II  d  i  and  on  the  S  run» 
as  a  promontory.   This 
ept  on  tlie  coast,  rises 
piles  of  rocks   called 
In  these  moiuitainous 
rj\iarrie«  of  u  tine  dura- 
I  cover  buihlings  with, 
;  use  of  in  many  other 
ingdoni.     The   low  or 
oumess,  produces   all 
but  principally    oaU, 
•ad  eaten  in  this  coun. 
made;  and  tliere  are 
s  of  ft  very  rich  iron  ore. 
I,    a  city  of  China,  in 
if  the  most  considerable 
.,  on  account  of  its  trade, 
:  of  its  rivers  and  port, 
ts  literati,  an<l  the  ma(f- 
principal  bridge,  which 
100  lu-ches  constructed 
and  ornamented  witli  a 
de.     It  is  tlie  residence 
,s  under  its  jurisdiction 
[etlilrd  class,  and  is  360 
lanton. 

trough  and  seaport  m 
a  market  on  Saturday, 
place  extending  above 
E  side  of  a  river  of  its 
has    a    considerable 
hard  fishery.    It  sends 
parliament  and  is  go- 
,'or.  It  is  32  miles  S  W 
iml  240  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
W,  lat.  50  19  N. 
|r   in   Cornwall,  which 
i  part,  pusses  by  Lest- 
ters  the  English  Chan- 
island  on  ihe  coast  of 
iv    subject   to   inunda- 
T'Dutch  av,  of  drmning 
liood  land. 
I  group  of  islands  m  the 


Northern  Ariliipclago.  Thoy  arc  10 
in  immbcr,  and  are  situate  between  the 
K  I'oust  (if  Kanitscliatka  and  the  W 
rcmst  of  America,  between  51  and  55" 
N  lat.  Each  island  has  a  particular 
inline  i  but  this  general  name  is  given 
III  tliu  whole  gr(iii|>,  on  account  of  the 
jfriut  number  of  black,  gray,  and  red 
fdxcs  witii  which  they  abound.  The 
tli'i-ss  of  the  inhabitants  consist*  of  a 
rap,  and  a  fur  ccut  tliat  reaches  down 
to  the  knee  :  some  of  them  wear  com- 
mon caps  of  a  party-coloured  bird-skin, 
upon  wliicli  tlicy  leave  part  of  the 
wings  and  tail.  Un  the  forepart  of 
tiieir  hunting  and  fishing  caps,  they 
place  a  smallboaril,  like  a  tkreen,  a- 
dorned  with  the  jawbones  ofseabears, 
:uid  ornamented  with  glass  beads, 
which  they  receive  in  barter  from  the 
Kussiuns.  At  their  festivals  and  danc- 
ing parties  they  use  a  much  more 
shewy  sort  of  caps.  They  feed  upon 
the  flesh  of  all  sorts  ofsea  animals,  and 

generally  eat  it  raw  ;  but  when  tliey 
rcss  their  food,  they  place  it  in  a  hol- 
low stone,  tliey  tlicn  cover  it  witli  ano- 
ther, and  close  the  interstices  witli 
lime  or  clay ;  they  next  by  it  horizon- 
tally on  two  stones,  and  light  a  fire  under 
it.  The  provision  intended  for  keep- 
ing, is  dried  without  salt  in  the  open 
air.  Their  weapons  are  bows,  arrows, 
and  darts ;  and  for  defence,  they  use 
wooden  shields.  The  most  perfect 
equality  reigns  among  tliem  ;  they 
liuve  neither  chiefs  nor  superiors,  nei- 
ther laws  nor  punishments.  They  live 
together  infamilies,  and  societies  of  se- 
veral families  united,  which  form  what 
tliey  call,  a  race,  who,  in  case  of  attack 
or  defence,  mutually  aid  each  other.  The 
iniiabitants  of  the  same  island  always 
pretend  to  be  of  the  saine  race,  and 
each  one  looks  upon  ids  island  as  a 
possession,  the  property  of  which  is 
common  to  all  individuals  of  tlie  same 
society.  Feasts  are  very  common  a- 
inong  them,  and,  more  particularly, 
when  the  inhabitants  of  one  island  are 
visited  by  those  of  another.  The  men 
of  the  village  meet  their  guests,  beat- 
ing drums,  and  preceded  by  the  wo- 
men, who  sing  and  dance  :  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  dance,  the  hosts  serve  up 
tlieir  best  provisions,  and  invite  their 
guests  to  partake  of  tlie  feast.  They 
teed  their  children,  when  very  young, 
with  the  courscst  flesh,  and  for  the 
most  part  raw.  If  an  infant  cries,  the 
JiioiLer  immediately  carries  it  to  the 


sea-side,  and  whether  it  he  summer  or 
winter,  holds  it  naked  in  tlii'  water  till 
it  is  quiet.  This  is  so  fur  friiiii  doing 
the  i-hildren  any  harm,  tiiat  it  hardcnit 
them  against  tlic  cold:  and  they  ac- 
cordingly go  baretiioted  through  tlio 
winter,  without  the  least  inconveni- 
ence. I'liey  seldom  heat  tlieir  dwel- 
lings ;  but  when  they  would  warm 
themselves,  tiicy  light  u  bunillc  of  hay, 
and  stand  ovei'  it ;  or  they  set  fire  to 
truin-oil,  which  they  pour  into  a  hollow 
stone.  I'hey  have  a  good  share  of  plain 
natural  sense,  but  are  ratlierslow  uf  un- 
derstanding. They  seem  cold  and  in- 
dilFercnt  in  most  of  their  actions  ;  but 
let  an  injury,  or  even  a  mere  suspicion, 
rouse  ihcm  from  this  phlegmatic  state, 
and  they  become  furious  and  inflexible, 
taking  the  most  violent  revenge,  with- 
out any  regard  to  tlic  consequences. 
The  least  affliction  prompts  them  Ui 
suicide  ;  the  apprehension  of  even  an 
uncertain  event  often  leads  them  to 
despair  ;  and  they  put  an  end  to  their 
days  with  g^cat  apparent  insensibility. 
The  Russians  call  these  islanda  the 
Lyssie  Ostrova. 

Fraga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragfon, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  stroiij^  by  situa- 
tion, having  the  river  CiiK  a,  before  it, 
whose  high  banks  arc  dilticult  of  ac- 
cess, and  at  its  back  ahill,  which  cannot 
easily  be  approached  with  large  cannon. 
The  gardens  produce  herbs  and  saf- 
fron, but  the  parts  about  it  are  moun- 
tainous and  uarren.  Alphon.so  VII. 
king  of  Arragon,  was  killed  here  by 
the  Moors,  in  1134,  when  he  besieged 
this  town.  It  is  46  miles  £  of  Sara- 
gossa.     Lon.  0  28  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Framlingham,  a  town  in  Suffolk 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  head  of  a  rivulet,  and  has 
the  remains,  of  a  castle  said  to  have 
been  built  in  the  time  of  the  Saxon 
heptarchy.  To  this  castle  the  princess 
Mary  (aftcrwai'ds  Mary  I.)  retired, 
when  lady  Jane  Grey  was  proclaimed 
qt  11.  Here  is  a  stately  clwrch,  in 
wi.  'i  are  the  monuments  of  some  no- 
ble 1..  nilics.  It  is  30  miles  £  of  Burv, 
and  87  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  E, 
lat.  52  ?5  N. 

Framfjon,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  seated 
on  the  Froroe,  12  miles  N  yV  of  Wey- 
mouth, and  126  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  50  45  N.' 

France,  a  country  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  K  by  the  English  channel  and 


mi 


r;l 


F  R  A 

the  Austrian  Netherlands ;  on  the  E 
by  Germany,  and  the  Alps,  which 
separate  it  from  Swisscrland,  Savo} , 
anil  Piedmont ;  on  the  S  by  the  Mc-di- 
terruncaii  Sea  and  Spain,  from  ^vhich 
kingdom  it  is  divided  by  the  Pyrenees  ; 
and  on  the  \V  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Frc.ni  tlie  Pyrenees  in  the  S,  to 
Dunkirk  in  the  N,  its  extent  is  625 
miles ;  and  something  more  from 
the  most  easterly  part  of  Alsace 
tothe  most  western  point  of  Bretagne  ,• 
which  province,  it  must  be  observed, 
extends  above  lOO  miles  further  into 
the  ocean  than  any  other  part  of  the 
country.  France  was  lately  an  abso- 
lute monarchy,  and  divided  into  seve- 
ral militai7  governments,  or  provinces. 
These  were  Alsace,  Angtjumois,  Anjoii, 
Armagnac,  Artois,  Aunis,  Auvergne, 
Barrois,  Basques,  Beam,  Berry,  Bi- 
gorre,  Blasois,  Boulonnois,  Bourbon- 
nois,  Bresse,  Bretagne,  Burgundy,  Cam- 
bresis,  Champagne,  Couserans,  Uauphi- 
ny,  Forez,  Fois,  Franche  Comte,  French 
Flanders,  Gascony,  Gevasidan,  Gui- 
enne,  French  Hainault,  Isle  of  France, 
Languedoc,  Limosin,  Lorrain,  Lyonois, 
Marche,  Maine,  Marsan,  Navarre, 
Nivernois,  Normandy,  Orleanois,  Per- 
che,  Perigord,  Picardy,  Poitou,  Pro- 
ynce,  Qjierci,  Houerdne,  Rousillon, 
Suntongc,  Soissonnois,  'i'ouraine,  Ve- 
lay,  and  Vermandois.  .\11  these  pro- 
vinces were  divided  into  disti'icts, 
•which  had  their  particular  names.  The 
ajj'  of  France  is  said  to  be  peculiarly 
mild  and  wholesome.  The  soil  in  ma- 
ny places  is  excellent,  though  in  others 
the  heat  in  summer  entirely  consumes 
tlie  verdure ;  and  these  parched  spots 
are  scarce  found  capable  of  producing 
!•}  e  and  chcsnuts  suflicient  for  the 
maintenaT'.ce  of  the  poor  people  who 
inhabit  tjiem.  It  must  be  owneil,  how- 
ever, that  affriculture  was  never  well 
understood  in  this  country.  France  in 
general  is  not  a  mouniainoiis  country  ; 
though  its  boundaries  on  the  land  side 
itfe  the  hiijh  ridges  called  the  Alps, 
which  separate  it  from  Italy,  tlie  Py- 
renees which  divide  it  from  Spain, 
and  mount  Jura  which  sepai'ates  it 
from  Swisserland.  Besides  these, 
there  are  the  Cevennes,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  and  Mount  Dor 
in  that  of  Auvergne.  The  country 
abounds  with  many  and  fine  rivers, 
as  tlie  Loire,  whic'-.  runs  N  and  N  W  ; 
its  course  including  tlie  windings,  not 
le£s  than  500  nules.    The  Rhone  tiov/s 


F  R  A 

through  the  country  in  a  S  W  direc- 
tion,  and  then  running  due  S  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean.  The  Garonne 
rises  in  the  Pyrenean  mountaing,  and 
running  N  E  communicixtes  with  the 
Mediterranean,  by  a  canal  made  by  or- 
der of  Louis  XIV.  The  Seine,  the 
Sonie,  Somme,  Moselle,  Var  and 
Adour,  are  all  considerable  streams, 
which  are  of  great  service  to  the  in- 
land commerce  of  the  country;  and 
this  is  still  further  augmented  by  ',he 
great  number  of  artificial  canals  which 
open  a  communication  betwixt  one 
part  of  the  country  and  another.  That 
of  Languedoc  was  16  years  of  being 
completed,  and  is  carried  through  an 
extent  of  near  100  miles  over  hills  and 
vallies,  and  in  one  place  thro'  a  moun- 
tain. It  was  intended  for  a  communi- 
cation between  the  ocean  and  Medi- 
teiTanean,  to  afford  a  more  speedy  pas- 
sage for  tiie  French  fleet ;  but  did  not 
answer  the  purpose.  The  gi-eatest 
part  of  the  fuel  used  by  tlie  inhabitants 
of  tliis  kingdom  is  wo<>d ;  which  in  the 
northern  parts  is  scarce,  which  proves 
very  distressing  to  the  people.  In 
other  places,  however,  there  are  large 
forests,  particulai-ly  those  of  Orleans, 
which  cover  an  extent  of  14,000  acres. 
In  Alsace  there  are  roinesof  silvir  and 
copper,  but  too  expensive  to  be 
brought  J  but  there  are  min  is  of  vari- 
ous metals  in  other  parts,  aiid  coal  is 
likewise  met  with  in  some  orovinces  ; 
there  are  several  quarries  ot  excellent 
stone,  and  a  kind  of  a  gem  nanned  the 
Twoquoise  is  met  with  in  Languedoc. 
Salt  is  made  in  great  quantity  in  the 
island  of  Rhee,  and  at  Rochefbnl,  and 
in  the  southern  parts  of  the  kv.igdoms, 
where  they  employ  the  he.-.c  of  thesun 
successfully  for  the  purpose  of  eva- 
porating the  sea  water  j  but  in  general 
the  commodity  is  scarce  and  dear  all 
over  the  kingdom.  There  is  great 
abundance  of  wine  made  ift  this  coun- 
try ;  the  vines  being  the  greatest  care 
of  the  inhabitants,  and  next  to  these 
the  cultivation  of  garden  vegetables 
for  soups  and  sallads.  Formerly  the 
French  were  celebrated  for  their  sWU 
in  gardening,  but  they  arc  now  much 
inferior  in  this  respect  to  the  British, 
'i  he  animals  are  the  same  with  those 
of  Britain,  wolves  only  excepted,  which 
in  some  places  are  very  numerous  and 
very  dangerous.  The  Frencn  breed  of 
cattle  of  all  kinds  is  much  inferior  to 
that  of  England,  the  wool  of  the  sheep 


R  A 

untry  in  a  S  W  direc- 
running  due  S  falls  into 
aneun.      The     Garonne 
1,-reneun  mountains,  and 
Communicates   with  the 
,  by  a  canal  made  by  or- 
XiV.    The  Seine,  the 
E,     Moselle,    Var    and 
1  considerable  streams, 
^reat  service  to  the  in- 
e   of  tl>e  country!  and 
ther  augmented  by  4he 
of  artificial  canals  which 
nunication  betwixt   one 
mtry  and  another.    That 
was  16  years  of  being 
id  is  carried  through  an 
100  miles  over  hills  and 
1  one  place  thro'  a  moun- 
intended  for  a  communi- 
5n  the   ocean  and  Medi- 
ifford  a  more  speedy  p»«- 
french  fleet ;  but  did  not 
purpose.     The   greatest 
el  used  by  tlie  inhabitants 
im  is  wood ;  which  in  the. 
g  is  scarce,  which  proves 
iing  to    the    people.    In 
however,  there  are  large 
culaily  those  of  Orleans, 
an  extent  of  14,000  acres. 
:re  are  mines  of  silvsr  and 
too    expensi/e    to   be 
there  are  rain  :s  of  vari- 
other  parts,  aiidcoalis 
with  in  some  orovinces  ; 
»ral  qiiarries  oi  excellent 
ind  of  a  gem  nailed  the 
met  with  in  Lan^uedoc. 
in  great  quantity  in  the 
e,  and  at  Rochefonl,  and 
pn  parts  of  the  k-.igdoms, 
mploy  the  beet  of  the  sun 
for  the  purpose  of  eva- 
lea  water ;  but  in  general 
is  scarce  and  dear  all 
gdom.      There  is   great 
wine  made  ift  this  coun- 
bcingthe  greatest  care 
■cants,  and   next  to  these 
an  of  garden  vegetables 
i  sallads.    Formerly  the 
celebrated  for  their  sWl 
but  tliey  are   now  much 
i  respect  to  the  British, 
are  the  same  with  those 
lives  only  excepted,  which 
s  are  very  numerous  and 
The  Frencn  breed  of 
inds  is  much   inferior  to 
id,  the  wool  of  the  sheep 


F  R  A 

is  less  fino,  and  tlie  seacoiistsarcnotso 
well   supplied    with  iish.      Such    was 
tlie  situation  of  France  in  the  year  1789, 
M'licii  tlic  revolution  commenced,  since 
which  time  it  has  been  in  siic.l)   an   un- 
settled state,  as   renders  it  impossible 
to  give    a  true   representation  of   the 
state   of   that   country.     It  cannot  be 
imagined  tliat   \vc  can  here    minutely 
trace  the  progress   of  the  French  re- 
volution.    For  a  particular  liistory  of 
the  events  of  that  period,  we  must  re- 
fer to  more  co])ious   histories.     On  ac- 
count of  the    deranged    state   of  tl'j 
finances  Louis  XVI.  was  induced  to  cjii- 
voke  an  assembly  of  the  notables,  and 
.ifterwards  the  states  general,  wh  j  hud 
not  assembled  since  1G14.  These  cjnsist- 
ed  of  the  nobility,  clergy,  and  tlie  third 
estate  or  the  commons,  who    .vere  all 
mingled  in  one  assembly.   In  t  .le  mean 
time   it  was  reported  that  P  iris  was 
surrounded  by  an  arnied  force      Not- 
withstanding this,   on  the  removal  of 
tlie  popular  minister,  M.   Neckar,  in 
July  J  789,  a  dreadful  insurrection   en- 
sued in  Paris  j    the  military  refused  to 
fii'e  upon  the  peo|)lc  ;   tlie  formidable 
Bastiie  was  captured  by  the  citizens  ; 
tlie  governor,  and  some  other  obnox- 
ious persons,  were  beheaded,  and  their 
heads  carried  about  in  horrid  triumph 
on  poles  ;  in  a  word,  eight  weeks  after 
tlie  opening  of  the  states  genttral  on 
the  lifth  of  May,   a  revolution  was  ef- 
iected,  which  then   excited  astonish- 
ment, and  since  that  period  even  ter- 
ror and  alarm  in  all  Europe.     On  the 
17tli  of  July,  the  king  visited  the  Hotel 
fie  Ville   in   Paris,     and  surrendered 
himself,  as  it  were,  to  his  people.  From 
th.it  moment,  from  being  an  absolute 
monarch,  he  became  one  of  the  most 
limited  m  Europe.    The  national   as- 
sembly, now  triumphant,    pi'oceeded 
to  the  most  extraordinary  measures. 
They  abolished  nobility  and  the  whole 
feudal  system,    and,    confiscating  the 
possessions  of  the  clergy,    rendered 
tliem  dependant  for  support,  on  a  pub- 
lic allowance,  like  the  servants  of  the 
state  ;    and  all  the   monasteries   were 
.suppressed.      In   October,    in    conse- 
quence of  another  dreadful  riot  at  Ver- 
.sailles,  the  king,  the  royal  family,  and 
the  national  assembly,  wera  removed 
to  Paris.    The  king  was  now,  in  fact, 
a  state  prisoner  treated  with  the   for- 
malities    appendant    to    royidty,    but 
watched  in   all  his  motions  with  the 
utmost    circumspection.      From    this 


F  R  A 

irksome    situation    he    attempted    to 
escape  in    June  1791,  with  tiie  queen, 
his   sister,  ti;e   dauphin,   and  the  prin- 
cess  his   (lauglitcr.       He   hail   almost 
reached  the   frontiers,  when    he    was 
arrested  at  Varennes,   and   conducted 
back  to  Paris.     The  national  assembly 
completed   a   new  constitution,  which 
was  accepted  by  the  king  in  Septem- 
ber of  the  same  year,  when   a  new  na- 
tional assembly  was   elected.     But    it 
was   impossible   that   the    king  could 
long  submit   to  the   insults,   which  as 
they  were  not  punished,  seemed  to  be 
sanctioned  by  the  national   assembly. 
Some   of   their   decrees    vvliich   were 
quite  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  New 
Constitution    he  refused  tx)   sanction. 
This  refusal  concurring  with  other  cir- 
cumstances   excited  the  most  violent 
tumults  among  the  profligate  populace 
of  Paris.     Innumerable   libels  issued 
from  the  press,  full  of  tlie  most  mali- 
cious and   absurd    calumnies    against 
the  king,  queen   and  the  i-oyal  family, 
whom  the  Jacobin  faction  endeavoured 
by  the  vilest  arts  to  render  odious  to 
the  people.     At  last  in   August  1792, 
the  mayor  of  Paris,   at  the  head  of  a 
deputation  from  that  city,    appeared  at 
the  bar  of  the  national  assembly,  and 
demanded  the  dejjositioii  of  the  king. 
Before  they  could  deliberate  on  this 
demand,  a  dreadful  insurrection  ensu- 
ed !    the   Tliuilleries,  the  royal  resi- 
dence, was  attacked  ;  the  Swiss  guard.-; 
were   defeated  and   massacred ;     and 
the  king  and  the  royal  family  took  re- 
fuge in  the  national  assembly.     That 
body  instantly  decreed  the   sus]:ension 
of  the   executive  power  in  the  hands 
of  the  king,  and  the  convocation  of  a 
national    convention.      The   king  and 
his  family  wasf  conveyed  to   a  house 
in  Paris,  called  the  Temple,  and  there 
kept  in  close   confinement^    with  cir- 
cumstances of  the  most    himiiliating 
degradation.     Between  the  prison  and 
the  grave  of  a  deposed  sovereign,  the 
distance,  it  has  been  observed,   is  not 
very,    remote.      The   cqnyention    met 
on  the    2 1st  of  SejHemlier,    and  in-  # 
stantly  decreed  the  abolition  of  royalty, 
and  the  formation  of  a  republic  on  tlie 
principles  of  liberty  and  equality.     In 
December    followin}^,    they  decreed, 
that  the  king  should  be   tried  before 
them.      The    trial    accordingly    took 
place;  PMi  this  tribunal,  exercising  at 
once  tne   incompatible  characters    of 
accusers,    prgsecutors,    and    judges,      ^ 
Hh 


"•rr* 


I '4 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


•  .ij! 


fM 


condemned  the  unfortunate  monarch  ; 
who,  ill  piirsiianre  of  their  sentence, 
was  publiclj'  beheaded,  in  the  Phice 
de  la  Revolution,  lately  called  the  Place 
de  Louis  XV.  on  the  21st  of  January 
l?'-)3.  All  Eurofie  exclaimed  a(!;ainst 
the  injustice  and  cruelt_v,  not  to  gay 
tlie  impolicy,  of  this  proceedinj^.  Pow- 
ers, hitherto  neutral  in  the  war,  were 
eager  to  take  an  active  part  in  it ;  and 
the  new  republic  had  to  contend  with 
the  principal  powers  of  Europe.  After 
the  murder  of  the  king,  France  be- 
came a  prey  to  the  most  afflicting  ca- 
lamities. The  people  either  enslaved 
by  bloody  tyrants  or  oppressed  by  a 
lawless  mob,  harassed  by  proscrip- 
tions, arbitrary  imjirisonment,  massa- 
cres, confiscations,  submitted  patient- 
ly to  every  new  oppression,  the  nobility, 
clergy  and  men  of  landed  property,  be- 
ing robbed  of  their  estates,  have  been 
either  brought  to  the  scaflbld  ;  or  been 
obliged  to  seek  safety  in  poverty  and  in 
exile.  The  country  has  been  wasted 
by  the  fury  of  contending  factions ; 
its  fertile  plains  and  populous  cities 
desolated  by  civil  war  and  polluted 
with  blood.  With  respect  to  the  v/ar, 
it  may  be  sufficient  to  state,  in  general, 
that  after  four  campaigns,  in  which 
great  reverses  of  ibrUine  were  ex- 
perienced, tlie  French  nation  displayed 
again.st  tlie  combined  powers  such 
wonderful  energy  and  resources,  that, 
before  the  conclusion  of  1795,  they 
wore  in  the  entire  possession  of  Savoy, 
and  of  the  Austrian  and  Dutch  Nether- 
l.-uids,  and  the  whole  of  Holland.  In 
Spain,  Italy,  and  Germany,  they  had 
made  such  jirogress  as  to  procure  a 
jjeace  with  Prussia  and  Spain,  and 
form  an  alliance  with  the  United  Pro- 
vinces.  Their  commerce,  however, 
was  ruined ;  their  finances  were  sup- 
ported bv  a  vast  emission  of  compul- 
sive paper  c\in'ency,  and  by  plunder 
and  confiscation ;  their  armies  which 
fought  with  the  ardour  of  enthusiasm, 
were  recruited  by  despotic  requisi- 
tions. The  campaign  of  1796  was 
f^carricd  on  with  varimis  success.  In 
Se])*pmber  they  met  witli  a  reverse  of 
fortimc,  and  were  driven  from  almost 
r)\  ti!'>ir  ntv'ly  acquired  dominions. 
Th«'  ariiiv  iind'n'  Bonaparte  were  more 
succesoi'ul ;  they  defeated  the  Imperia- 
lists in  several  obstinate  engagements  ; 
took  MantiKi,  niul  t'lreaUned  the  Im- 
perial cani'.il  itself.  The  emperor 
was  Utei-etore  induced  to  cummcnce  a 


negocialion  for  peace.  Rastadt  was 
the  place  appointed  for  a  congress  of 
deputies  from  the  states  of  Germany. 
During  this  negotiation  the  French 
employed  themselves  in  executing 
other  ambitious  enterprises.  Under 
pretence  of  an  insult  'jllercd  to  their 
ambassador  at  Rome,  they  declared 
war  against  the  P<)i)e,  wiiose  capital 
they  took  and  plui.dered,  and  whose 
government  they  overturned.  They 
likewise  obtained  possession  of  Mentz, 
blockaded  Ehrenbretztein,  and  forced 
that  important  fortress  to  surrender. 
Intent  upon  plans  of  aggrandizement 
they  sent  a  formidable  lieet  and  army 
to  Eg)'pt,  who  overran  that  coimtry 
with  uninterrupted  success  till  their 
progress  was  stopped  at  St.  Jolin 
D'Acre  by  the  gallant  efforts  of  Sir 
Sidney  Smith.  I'lie  emperor  having 
now  formed  alliance  with  the  emperor 
of  Russia  determined  to  submit  no 
longer  to  the  injuries  and  insults  of  the 
French.  Hostilities  were  accordingly 
commenced,  when  the  French  gained 
some  advantages.  They  were,  howev- 
er, under  general  Jourdan  completely 
defeated  by  the  archduke  Charles,  and 
forced  to  recross  the  Rhine.  The  Aus- 
trians  in  Italy  were  afterwards  joined 
by  tJie  Russians  under  Suwarrow. 
The  French  were  vanquished  in  re- 
peated*engagements,  and  were  finally 
driven  out  of  Italy.  The  emperor  of 
Russia  has  since  withdrawn  from  the 
confederacy,  and  the  campaign  of  1800 
has  terminated  unfavourably  for  the 
allies  by  the  fatal  battle  of  Marengo. 
The  internal  government  is  at  present 
directed  by  Bonaparte,  who  rules  with 
despotic  sway.  How  long  the  tyrant 
will  remain  in  his  present  insecure 
situation  is  a  question  difficult  to  de- 
termine, and  indeed  foreigfn  to  this 
work.  The  geographical  division  of 
the  country,  however,  requiies  to  be 
noticed.  By  the  first  legislative  a«-' 
sembly  France  was  divided  into  d«- 
partments,  and  these  departments 
were  subdivided  into  districts,  cantons, 
and  municipalities.  The  names  of  the 
departments,  by  the  constitution  of 
1795,  are  Ain,  Aisne,  Allicr,  Alps 
Upper,  Al]>s  Lower,  Ardcche,  Ar- 
dennes, Arricge,  Aube,  Aude,  Avei- 
ron,  Calvados,  Cantal,  Charentc,  Char- 
ente  Lower,  Cher,  Corre7.e,C(>te  d'  Or, 
Cotes  du  Nord,  Cre-is(;,  Dcjrdog^e, 
Duubs, Drome,  Eure,  Euic  and  Loire, 
Fiiusterre,  Gard,  Garonne  Upper,  Gers, 


m- 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


;e.      Rasladt  vtm 
for   at  conprcis  of 
itates  of  Germany, 
ation   the    French 
k-es    in    executing 
terprises.      Under 
I  yllered  to  their 
ne,    they  declared 
))e,   whose  capital 
Jered,   and   whose 
)vertiirned.      They 
)S8esgion  of  Mentz, 
itztein,  and  forced 
ress   to  surrender, 
jf   aggrandizement 
able  Heet  and  army 
erran  that  country 
I   success  till  their 
^ped    at    St.     John 
Ulant  efiorts  of  Sir 
le   emperor  havingf 
e  with  the  emperor 
ined    to    submit  no 
es  and  insults  of  the 
IS   were  accordingly 
the  French  gained 
They  were,  howev- 
Jourdan  completely 
chduke  Charles,  and 
le  Rhine.   The  Aus- 
■e  afterwards  joined 
under     Suwarrow. 
vanquished  in  re- 
its,  and  were  finally 
The  emperor  of 
.ithdrawn  from  the 
lie  campaign  of  1800 
iifavourably  for  the 
battle  of  Marengo, 
•iiment  is  at  present 
irte,  who  rules  with 
ow  long  the  tyrant 
Is    present  insecure 
Ition   difficult  to  de- 
:d  foreign    to    this 
•aphical  division  of 
/er,    requiies  to  be 
first  legislative   »••' 
is  divided  into  dt- 
hese     departments 
;o  districts,  cantons, 
The  names  of  the 
Ithe    constitution  of 
isne,    Allicr,    Alps 
er,    Ardcche,    At- 
.ube,    Aude,    Avei- 
.al,  Cliarento,  Char- 
ICoire/.e.Ccte  d'Or, 
rc-ise,     Dordogjne, 
|re,  Eui'c  and  Loire, 
rftronne  Upper,  Gers, 


Gironde,  Herault,  Indre,  Indre  and 
Loire,  Iseru,  Isle  and  Vilainc,  Jura, 
Landes,  Loire  and  Cher,  Loire  Upper, 
Loire  Lower,  Loiret,  Lot,  Lot  and 
Garonne,  Lozere,  Maine,  Maine  and 
Loire,  Manche,  Marne,  Mame  Upper, 
Meurthe,  Meusc,  Morbihan,  Moselle, 
Nord,  Nievre,  Oise,  Orne,  Pas  de 
Calais,  Puy  de  Dome,  Pyrenees  Up- 
per, Pyrenees  Lower,  Pyrenees  East- 
ern, Rhine  Upper,  Rhine  Lower, 
Rhone,  Bouches  dii,  Rhone  and  Loire, 
Saoiie  Upper,  Saone  and  Loire>  Sarte, 
Seine,  Seine  and  Oise,  Seine  Lower, 
Seine  and  Marne,  Sevres  les  deux, 
Somme,  Tarn,  Var,  Vendee,  Vtenne, 
Vienne  Upper,  Vosges,  and  Yonne. 
Each  of  these  departments  has  an 
archiepiscopal  or  episcopal  town ; 
there  being  now  only  ten  archbishop- 
rics or  metropolitan  circles,  and  73 
bishop's  sees.  The  population  of  France 
was  formerly  reckoned  at  20,000,000. 
By  ai\  estimate  of  Mr.  Neckar,  which, 
has  been  very  much  questioned,  it 
amounted  to  25,000,000.  Since  tlie 
revolution,  on  a  moderate  calculation, 
no  less  thin  400,000  have  perished 
by  massacre  or  by  war,  which  occa- 
sions a  considerable  diminution  in  the 
population  of  that  country.  Paris  is 
the  metropolis. 

France,  hie  of,  a  late  province  of 
France,  so  called,  because  it  was  for- 
merly bounded  by  the  rivers  Seine, 
Marne,  Oise,  Aisne,  and  Ourque.  It 
now  Qomprebends  the  four  departments 
of  Oise,  Seine  and  Oise,  Seine  and 
Mame,  and  Paris. 

France,  hie  of,  or  Mauritius,  an  island 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  200  leagues  E  of 
Madagascar.  It  was  early  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese.  After  them,  the 
Dutch  settled  on  the  S  E  shoi-e,  and 
gave  it  the  name  of  Mauritius,  in  ho- 
nour of  prince  Maurice,  their  stadt- 
holder.  But  they  abandoned  it,  on  their 
acquisition  r>f  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
It  titen  remai.ied  uninhabited,  till  the 
French  landed  there  in  1720.  This  is- 
land  is  about  45  leagues  in  circumfer- 
ence. The  climate  is  healthy  t  but  the 
soil  not  very  fertile.  There  are  many 
mountains,  some  of  uhicli  are  so  high 
that  their  tops  are  covered  with  snow  ; 
tliey  produce  the  best  ebony  in  the 
world.  The  vallies  are  well  watered 
with  rivers,  and  are  made  very  produc- 
tive by  cultivation,  of  wliich  indigo  is 
the  principal  object.  The  town  and 
harbour  are  called  Pert  Louts,  aad  are 


strongly  fortified;  the  town  is  larga 
and  covers  a  great  deal  of  p^pouiid.  But 
in  the  hurricane  months,  the  liurhour 
cannot  aifbrd  shelter  for  more  than 
eight  vessels.  Here  are  l.irge  store- 
houses and  every  thing  necessary  for 
the  equipment  of  fleets.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  on  tlie  island  exclusive  of 
the  militarv,  is  8000  whites,  and  liOOO 
blacks.     Lon.  57  28  £,  lat.  20  9  S. 

Franckfort  on  the  Maine,  an  ancient 
and  free  imperial  city  of  Germany,  iu 
the  circle  of  Franconia.  The  chief 
structure  is  the  townhouse,  in  which  is 
preserved  the  golden  bull,  the  origin 
of  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  empire, 
and  here  is  tiie  chamber  in  which  tlie 
emperor  is  elected.  All  religions  ai'S 
tolerated  at  Franckfort  under  certain 
restrictions ;  but  Lutlieranism  is  the 
established  faith.  It  has  been  repeat- 
edly taken  and  retaken  during  the  pre- 
sent war,  the  last  time  by  the  Austri- 
ans  in  September  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Maine,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Mentz,  and  350  W  by  N  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  8  ^  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Francfort  on  the  Oder,  a  flourishing 
city  of  Germany,  in  the  middle  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  formerly  imperial,  but 
now  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It 
is  remarkable  for  three  great  fairs,  and 
its  university.  It  is  45  miles  S  E  of 
Berlin,  and  72  S  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14  39 
E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Franche  Comte,  a  late  province  of 
Friince,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Lorrain, 
oil  the  E  by  Alsace  and  Swisserland, 
on  the  W  by  Burgundy,  and  on  the  S 
by  firesse.  It  is  126  miles  in  len^h, 
Afid  80  in  breadth,  and  abounds  in  com, 
wine,  cattle,  horses,  mines  of  iron,  cop- 
per and  lead.  It  was  conquered  by 
France  in  1674,  and  ceded  to  it  by  tiie 
treaty  of  Nimegfuen  in  1678.  It  now 
comprehends  the  three  departments  of 
Doubs,  Jura,  and  Upper  Saone. 

Franchennont,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  12  miles  SE  of 
Liege, 

Franeiade.     See  Denyt,  St. 

Francistawn,  a  post  town  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county.  New  Hampshire,  15 
miles  N  W  of  Amherst,  and  about  55 
W  of  Portsmouth,  with  1400  inhabi- 
tants, 

Francois,  Cape,  a  fine  town  in  tiie  N 
part  of  the  island  of  St.  DominjfO,  be- 
longing to  the  French,  who  often  call 
it  the  Cape,  byway  of  eminence.  It 
was  almost   ruiued  by  the   dreadful 


»♦' 


V  R  A 


F  R  E 


m 


m 


commotions  wliicli  attended  (he  French 
revolQlion.  Lon.  72  18  W,  lat.  19  46 
N. 

Franconia,  a  circle  of  Germany, 
bounded  on  tlie  N  by  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  on  the  E  by  that  of  Bava- 
ria, on  tlie  S  by  that  of  Suabia,  and  on 
the  W  by^he  circles  of  the  Khine. 
The  middle  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine  and 
fruits,  but  the  borders  are  full  of  woods 
and  barren  mountains.  The  Franks, 
who  conquered  France,  came  from  ttiis 
province,  and  gave  their  name  to  that 
kii;gdom. 

Vrancker,  or  Franker,  a  town  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Friesland,  with  a 
castle  and  university.  The  public 
building's  and  palaces  are  magnificent. 
It  is  seven  miles  W  of  Lewarden.  Lon. 
5  33  E,  lat.  53  11  N. 

Franiemtal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palaiinute  of  the  Rhine.  It  has 
been  often  taken  and  retaken,  the  last 
time  by  the  allies  in  1794.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Khine,  seven  miles  S  of 
Worms.    Lon.  8  29  E,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Frankenstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  i.. 
the  palatinate  of  the  Khine,  12  miles 
N  VV  of  Landau.  Lon.  7  55  E,  lat.  49 
18  N. 

Frankfort,  a  handsome  post  town  in 
Philadelphia  coimty,  Pennsylvania,  5 
miles  N  E  of  tl  e  city.  This  has  been 
a  favorite  retreat  of  the  citizens,  when- 
ever PhiladLlphia  has  been  visited  with 
the  yellow  fever,  and  has  experienced 
n  considerable  increase  us  well  as  im- 
pro^■ement  in  its  buddings  from  this 
cause. 

Frankfort,  a  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine  ;  situate'  en  the  W  side 
of  Penobscot  river,  r  f'W  miles  above 
the  head  of  Penobsrot  iSay. 

FrarJfort,  a  town  in  Virginia,  the 
capital  of  Pendleton  county,  situated  at 
the  fof't  of  the  Allegheny  mountain, 
55  miles  N  of  Bath,  on  the  S  branch  of 
the  river  Potowmac  i  here  is  a  post  of- 
fice. 

Francfart,  the  capital  of  the  state  of 
Kentucky,  situated  in  Franklin  county, 
on  the  N  side  of  the  river  Kentucky. 
Here  is  a  post  office  ;  and  tlie  inhabi- 
tants are  estimated  at  800. 

Franklin,  a  Coimty  of  Pennsylvania, 
30  miles  Ions;  and  24  broad.  The  in- 
habitants in  1790  were  computed  at 
15,6fi5.     Chambcrsbur<y  is  the  capital. 

Frauklin,  a  post  to^vn  of  Pendleton 
county,  Virginia,  191  mi'es  \V  from 
the  city  of  Was/iirf^ton. 


Frauenfeld,  a  town  of  Swissrrland. 
capital  of  the  Thurgau.  It  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  and  was  the  pl.ice,  where 
since  1712,  tne  deputies  of  the  Swiss 
cantons  held  their  general  diet.  Lon. 
8  56E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Fraustadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  remark- 
able for  a  battle  gained  by  the  SwcBe* 
over  the  S-ixons,  in  1706.  It  is  20 
miles  N  W  of  Giogaw.  Lon.  16  3  E, 
lat.  51  43  N. 

Frazersburgh,  a  small  town  in  Aber- 
deenshire, on  the  German  Ocean,  with 
a  tolerable  harbour.  It  is  seated  close 
by  a  promontory,  called  Kinnaird's 
Head,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse,  40 
miles  N  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  1  37  W, 
lat.  57  35  N 

Fredenburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
50  miles  W  of  Casscl.  Lon.  8  16  E, 
lat.  51  10  N. 

Frederica,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  St.  Simon's  island,  on  the 
coast  of  Georgia.  Lon.  80  20  W,  lat. 
31  6  N. 

Frederica,  a  village  (with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Kent  rounty,  Delaware)  con. 
taining  250  inhabitants. 

Frederica,  a  post  town  on  St.  Simons 
island,  state  of  Georgia  ;  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  Alatamalia  river.  Here 
Gen.  Ogelthorpe  planted  a  colony  of 
Highlanders,  and  erected  a  fort  in  the 
yeai*  1736  j  for  which  purpose  the  Bri- 
tish parliament  granted  an  aid  of 
10,000/.  sterling. 

Frederiasburg,  a  castle  and  palace  of 
the  king  of  Denmark,  in  tlie  isle  of 
Zealand,  15  miles  N  W  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Fredericksburg,  a  post  town  in  Spott- 
sylvania  county,  Virginia;  seated  on 
the  S  side  of  the  river  Rappahannoc, 
66  miles  N  W  of  Richmond,  and  62  S 
W  of  Washington. 

Fredericsburg,  a  Danish  fort  on  the 
Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  near  Cape 
Three-points,  62  miles  W  S  W  of  Capo 
Coast  Castle.    Lon.  1  5W,  lat.  4  30  N. 

hrednrickshall,  or  Frederickstadt,  a  sea 
port  of  Norway,  in  tlie  province  of  Ag- 
gerhuys,  situate  on  tlie  e.xtremity  of 
the  Swinesund,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie 
river  Tist.  It  is  the  most  regular  for- 
tress in  this  partof  Norway,  containing 
an  arsenal  amply  supplied.  The  har- 
bour is  saffj  and  commodious  ;  but  the 
large  qu.anti*y  of  saw-duKt  brought 
down  the  river,  from  the  different,  saw 
mills,  occasions  an  annual  expence  to 
cleai-  it  awav.    This  town  is  51  mile* 


S 

5'^ 


S  J 
17  I 

E,! 


fc^~.iw|l<.   ijii  I  w 


R  E 


F  R  E 


F  R  I 


town  of  Swisscrland. 
inii'fi^au.  It  is  seated  on 
id  was  the  place,  where 
e  deputies  of  tlic  Swiss 
leir  general  diet.  Lon. 
35  N. 

town  of  Silesia,  remark, 
e  gained  by  the  Swcfle* 
ins,    in   1706.     It  is  20 

Glogaw.    Lon.  16  3  E, 

,  a  small  town  in  Aber- 
he  German  Ocean,  with 
buur.  It  is  seated  close 
tory,  called  Kinnsurd's 
ich  is  a  lighthouse,  40 
lerdeen.     Lon.  1  37  W, 

I  town  of  Westphalia, 
Cassel.    Lon.  8  16  £, 

town    of  the    United 

Simon's  island,   on  the 

ria.    Lon.  80  20  W,  lat. 

village  (with  a  post  of- 
ounty,  Delaware)  con. 
labitants. 

post  town  on  St.  Simons 
)f  Georgia  ;  situated  at 
Alatamalia  river.  Here 
"pe  planted  a  colony  of 
ind  erected  a  fort  in  the 
which  purpose  the  Bri- 
It    granted   an    aid  of 

a  castle  and  palace  of 
enmark,  in  tlie  isle  of 
es  N  W  of  Copenhagen, 
lat.  55  52  N. 

a  post  town  in  Spott- 
Virginia ;  seated  on 
the  river  Rappahannoe, 
jf  Richmond,  and  62  S 
on. 

II  Danish  fort  on  the 

if  Guinea,   near    Cape 

2  miles  W  S  W  of  Cape 

Lon.  15W,  lat.  4  30N. 

or  Fredeiickstadt,  a  sea 

,  in  tile  province  of  Ag- 

te  on  the  extremity  of 

at  the  mouth   of  tlie 

is  the  most  regular  for- 

±  of  Norway,  containing 

)ly  supplied.    The  har- 

commodious  j  but  the 

of  saw-duKt   brought 

from  the  different  saw 

an  annual  expence  to 

This  town  is  51  mile* 


S  E  of  Christiania.     Lon.  10  55  E,  lat. 
5'^  12  N. 

Frederkksham,  a  neatly  built  town  of 
Kii.4sia  in  Carelia,  wliose  streets  go  ofl 
like  radii  from  a  centre.  It  is  seated 
neiu'  the  gulf  Finland. 

Frederickstadt,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in 
S  Jutland,  seated  on  the  river  Eyder, 
\7  miles  S  W  of  Sleswick.  Lon."9  43 
K,  lut.  54  JO  IV. 

Frederichtein,  a  strong  fortress  of 
Norway.  It  is  situated  on  the  summit 
of  an  almost  perpendicular  rock,  which 
overhangs  the  town  of  Fredcrickshall, 
mid  has  never  been  taken.  It  was  be- 
.sioged  in  1718,  by  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden,  who  was  killed  by  a  musket- 
iihot. 

Fredtrkitovin,  the  principal  town  of 
Frederick  county,  Maryland,  situated' 
u\\  Monocasy  creek,  about  42  miles  W 
of  Baltimore,  21  E  by  N  of  Harper's 
Ferry  on  the  Potowmac,  and  44  from 
IVashington.  This  is  a  very  tliriving 
town,  and  contains  4500  inhabitants. 

Ftchel,  a  cape  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tlie  North  Coast  and  late 
l)rovince  of  Bretagne,  13  miles  W  of 
St.  Malo.    Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Freehold,  a  post  town,  and  tiie  capi- 
tal of  Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey, 
with  about  3500  inhabitants.  It  is  13 
miles  S  VV  of  Shrewsbury  and  22  N  E 
of  Allentown. 

Frceport,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  situated  near  the  head 
of  Cusco  Bay,  about  17  miles  N  £  of 
Portland. 

Friesingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria.  It  siiri-endered 
.0  the  French,  September  3,  1796.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Iser, 
20  miles  N  by  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  11 
aO  E,  lat.  48  26  N. 

Frejiis,  a  fortified  town  of  I'rovence 
in  France,  now  in  the  department  of 
Viir.  By  the  Romans,  it  was  called 
Korum  Julii ;  and  at  th.it  time  had  a 
j'Odd  port  on  tlie  Mediterranean,  which 
is  now  above  a  mile  from  it.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  Agricola  j  and  near  it, 
some  fine  remains  of  antiquity  are  still 
visible.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Arg'ens,  in  a  morass  40  miles  N  £ 
of  Toulon.     Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Frescati,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campag- 
na  di  Roma.  It  derives  its  name  from 
tlie  coolness  of  the  air,  and  fresh  ver- 
I'lUre  of  the  fields  around.  In  its  neigh- 
bourhood ave  situate  )>ome  of  the  mftst 


magnificent  villas  in  Italy.  It  is  built 
on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Tusciiluin, 
the  I'lisculan  villa  of  Cicero  is  jit  no 
icruiii  iIiilMiee.  Frcsiati,  with  i  ivcli 
uiid  Albano,  is<he  favorite  abode  of  the 
landscape  painters  who  travel  into  Ita- 
ly for  impriiveiricnt.  Nothing  can  sur- 
|ja.*s  the  admiruble  assemblage  of  hills, 
meadows,  lal.es,  cascades,  gardens, 
ruins,  groves,  and  teiraccs,  which 
charm  the  eye,  as  it  wanders  among 
the  shades  of  these  delightful  vilhiges. 
Frescati  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
hill,  12  miles  S  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  11 
42  E,  lat.  41  48  N. 

FreuUenstadt,  a  strong  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  Black  Forest,  built  in  1600, 
to  defend  the  passage  into  this  forest. 
It  is  12  miles  S  E  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
21  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Freudenthai,  a  town  of  Silesia,  cele- 
brated for  its  breed  of  horses,  ami 
manufacture  of  fine  linen.  Lon.  17  21 
E,  lat.  50  3  N. 

Freystatlt,  a  town  <>f  Hungary,  in  the 
comity  of  Neitra,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Waag,  opposite  Leo- 
poldstadt.  Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 
Freystadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Treschen,  20  miles  E  of  Trop- 
paw.     Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  50  ON. 

Frias,  a  considerable  town  of  Spain, 
in  Old  Castile,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Ebro,  35  N  W  of  Bur- 
gos.    Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  42  52  N. 

Friburg,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Swis- 
scrland, surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the 
canton  of  Bern.  It  is  fertile  in  corn, 
fruits  and  pastiu'es. 

Friburg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  a  canton  of  the  same  name. 
The  public  buildings,  especially  the 
cathedral,  are  very  handsome,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  papists.  It  is  govern- 
ed in  spirituals  by  the  bishop  of  Lau- 
sanne, who  resides  here,  and  in  tempo- 
rals by  a  coimcil,  over  which  an  avoyer 
presides.  Its  situation  is  very  extra- 
ordinary, for  only  the  W  side  is  near 
plain  ground,  and  all  the  rest  is  biult 
upon  rocks  and  precipices,  several 
parts  of  which  are  accessible  only  by 
stairs  and  ladders.  Three  miles  from 
this  town  is  a  celebrated  hermitage, 
cut  in  a  rock,  which  contains  a  church 
and  steeple,  a  vestry,  a  kitchen,  a  large 
hall,  two  rooms  on  e.ich  side,  two  pair 
of  stairs,  and  a  cellar.  The  church  is 
63  feet  long,  36  broad,  and  22  high  ; 
but  the  most  wonderful  thing  of  all  i.s 
the  steeple,  which  is  70  feel  high  above! 


m 


F  R  i 

the  rock  :  and  the  chimney  of  the 
kitchen  is  90  feet  in  heiffht.  It  is  al- 
mnHt  iiiconceivuble  how  one  man,  with 
his  servant,  could  perform  so  difticiilt 
a  w(irk,  tliutigli  they  were  .25  years 
about  it.  Friburg  is  seiited  un  the  t.v- 
er  Sau,  15  niiles  S  W  of  Bern.  Lon.  6 
55  E,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Vrib-urg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
Brisgaw  ;  remarkable  for  the  steeple 
«f  the  great  church  and  for  its  univer- 
sity. The  inhabitants  are  famous  for 
polishing  crystal  and  precious  stones. 
It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  June 
1796.  It  is  seateil  on  the  river  Triser, 
10  miles  E  of  Brisach,  and  26  S  uf 
Straslnirg.     Lon.  7  57  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Friccnti,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Frincipatu  Ulteriore,  near  the 
river  Triapalto,  20  miles  S  E  of 
fiencvento.  Lon.  15  9  E,  lat.  40  59 
N. 

Friedberg,  an  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  \Veteravia,  seated  on  a  moim- 
tain,  15  miles  N  E  of  Francfort  Lon. 
8  4b  K,  lat.  50  10  N 

Fiiedberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
vai-ia,  with  a  castle,  taken  and  plunder- 
ed by  ti.e  Swedes  in  1632.  It  is  30 
miles  N  W  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  10  E, 
lat.  40  23  K. 

Vriedberg,  n  town  of  Germany,  in 
Misnia,  remarkable  for  its  mines,  and 
for  being-  tlie  buryinjj-place  of  the  prin- 
ces of  tlie  house  of  Saxony.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Mult.1,  15  niiles  S  \V  of 
Dresden.     Lon.  li  36  \V,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Friedberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Unttrue,  ,10 
miles  W  of  Leipsick.  Lon.  11  41  £., 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Friedberg,  the  name  of  two  smuil 
towns  in  Silesia ;  the  one  in  the  dutchy 
ofJ.iver,  and  the  cthf  i  in  the  dutchy 
of  Schweidnitz.  The  last  is  remarka- 
ble for  u-  battle  gained  there  by  the 
king  of  Prussia,  over  the  Auati'ians,  in 
1745. 

FriMng,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the 
Danube,  30  miles  N  £  of  Constance. 
Lon.  9  .11  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

FrLtand,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
confines  of  Silesia,  55  miles  E  of  Dres- 
den.    Lon.  15  15  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Fridlingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  three 
miles  E  of  the  Rhine,  and  four  N  of 
Basle.     Lon.  7  36  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Friendly  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in 
tlie  South  Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by 
cap'  Cook,  in  1773,  on  account  of 
the  .    :  ndship  that  appeared  to  subsist 


F  R  I 

amongthc  iiihahitunts  -.  and  their  cotir- 
teous  beiiaviour  to  sti'iingers.  Tasman, 
a  Dutch  navigator,  first  touched  here 
in  1643,  and  gave  tiie  nameii  of  New 
Amsterdam,  Kottcrdam,  and  Middle- 
burg,  to  three  of  the  principal  islands. 
Captain  Cook  explored  tlie  whole  clus- 
ter, which  he  fiund  to  consist  of  more 
tlxan  20  islands,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Tongatal>oo,  or  Amsterdam ;  Eaoo- 
we,  or  Miildleburg  ;  Annamooka,  or 
Rotterdam  ;  Ha]>aee,  and  Lefouga. 
The  first,  whicii  is  tlie  largest,  lies  in 
174  46  W,  lon.  and  21  9  S  lat.  The 
general  appearance  of  these  islands 
convey  an  idea  of  tlte  most  exuberant 
fertility;  the  surface,  at  a  distance, 
seems  entirely  clothed  with  ti'ees  of 
various  sizes,  some  of 'which  are  very 
large,  particularly  the  tall  cocoa-palm, 
and  a  species  of  fig  with  narrow  pointed 
leaves.  On  closer  examination,  they 
are  almost  wholly  laid  out  in  planta- 
tions, in  which  are  some  of  the  richest 
productions  of  nature  ;  such  as  bread- 
fruit and  cocoa-nut  trees,  plantains, 
yams,  sugar-canes,  and  a  fruit  like  a 
nectarine.  The  stock  of  quadrupeds 
is  scanty  j  but  they  received  from  cap. 
tain  (Jook  some  valuable  ad<iitions, 
both  to  the  animal  and  vegetable  king- 
dom. Their  ilomestic  fowls  are  as 
large  p 'I  those  of  Europe.  Among  the 
birds  are  parrots  and  parroquets  of  va- 
rious sorts,  which  furnish  the  red  fea- 
thers so  much  esteemed  in  the  Society 
Isles.  The  numerous  reefs  and  shoals 
aHbrd  shelter  for  an  endless  variety  of 
shell-fish.  These  island.<i  are  all  inha- 
bited by  ft  race  of  people,  who  cultivate 
the  earth  with  great  industry  ;  and  na- 
ture, assisted  by  a  little  art,  appearsno 
where  in  greater  splendour.  Agricul- 
ture, architecture,  boat-building,  and 
fishing  are  the  etn])loynient»  of  the 
men;  to  the  women  is  confined  the 
manufacture  of  cloth. 

Fritsach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
ai'ch bishopric  of  Saltzburg,  with  a 
strong  castle,  on  a  mountain.  It  is  56 
miles  S£  of  Saltzburgh.  Lon.  14  \% 
E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Friesland,  one  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, bounded  on  the  N  by  the  German 
Ocean,  on  the  W  by  the  Zuider-Zee, 
on  the  S  by  the  same  and  Overyssel, 
which,  also,  with  Groningtn,  bounds 
it  on  the  E.     Lewarden  is  the  cajHtal. 

Friesland,  East,  a  province  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  lying 
near  the  German  Ocean.    It  is  bwind- 


R  I 


FRO 


F  U  E 


ants  ;  and  their  cour- 
stiMn^er!*.    Tasman, 
•,  first  touched  here 
;  the  names  of  New 
tcrdam,  unci  Middle- 
the  principil  island*. 
Inred  tiie  whole  clus- 
iid  to  consist  of  more 
lie  principal  of  which 
It  Amsterdam ;  Eaoo- 
rg  ;    Annamooka,  or 
l>aee,    and    Lcfou^a. 
is  tlie  largest,  lies  in 
,nd  21  9   S  lat.     The 
ice  of  these   islands 
'  tlie  most  exuberant 
•face,    at  a  distance, 
lotlied  with   ti-ees  of 
me  of 'which  are  very 
y  the  tall  cocoa-palm, 
ig  with  narrow  pointed 
er  examination,  they 
ly  laid  ovrt  in  planta- 
re  some  of  the  richest 
itiu-e  ;  such  as  bread- 
•nut  trees,   plantains, 
es,  and  a  fruit  like  a 
stock  of  quadrupeds 
ley  received  from  cap- 
;    valuable    additions, 
al  and  ve(yetablc  king- 
omestic   fowls   are  as 
I  Europe.     Among  the 
and  parroqviets  oif  va- 
fumish  the  red  fea- 
iteemed  in  the  Society 
nvis  reefs  and  shoals 
an  endless  variety  of 
Islands  are  all  inha- 
people,  who  cultivate 
peat  industry  j  and  na- 
little  ai't,  appears  n.o 
splendour.     Agricul- 
j,  boat-building,  and 
employments   of  the 
►men  is  confined  the 
loth. 

rn  of  Germany,  in  the 
Saltzbiirg,  with  » 
a  moimtain.  It  is  56 
zburgh.     Lon.   14  1* 

of  the  United  Provin- 
;he  K  by  the  German 
'  by  the  Zuider-Zee, 
same  and  Overyssel, 
^  Groningen,  bounds 
warden  is  the  cafMtal. 
a  provinc  e  of  Germa- 
of  Westphalia,  lying 
Ocean.     It  ia  bound- 


ed on  the  S  by  the  bishopric  of  Mon- 
ster, on  the  E  by  the  county  of  Olden- 
burg, on  the  W  by  the  provinre  of 
Groningen,  and  on  the  N  by  the  sea, 
being  about  50  miles  in  length,  and  30 
in  bi'cadth.  The  country  being  level 
kiid  low,  is  obliged  to  be  secured  a- 
gainst  inundations  by  expensive  dykes. 
It  is  a  very  f-.rtile  coimtry,  and  feeds  a 
great  number  of  cattle  ;  but  _  it  was 
greatly  damaged  by  an  inundation  in 
1717",  and  the  repair  of  the  dykes  cost 
an  immense  sum.  The  principal  towns 
are  Norden,  Leer,£ssenH,  Whitniunde, 
and  Aurick.  Embden  was  an  imperi- 
al city,  and  the  principal  place  in  the 
country ;  but  now  belongps  also  to  tlie 
king  of  Prussia,  who  bought  it  of  tlie 
Dutch. 

Friesland,  Wett,  another  name  for 
that  part  of  Holland,  called  North  Hol- 
land. The  states  of  Holland  hence 
take  the  title  of  the  states  uf  Holland 
and  West  Friesland. 

Frimoalt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
murgravate  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 
the  Oder,  30  miles  NE  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
W  10  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Frio,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Brasil, 
jji  the  province  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Lon.  41 
31  W,  lat.  22  54  S. 

i'rischah,  a  bay  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Vistula. 

Fritzlar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse-Cnssel,  20  miles 
S  W  of  Cassel. 

FriuU,  a  province  of  Italy,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Carinthia,  on  the  S  by  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  E  by  Camiola 
and  the  gulf  of  Triesto,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Trcvisano  and  fielluiiese.  It  'is 
iertile  in  wine  and  fruits,  and  subject 
partly  to  the  Venetians,  and  partly  to 
Austria.     Udiiia  it  the  capital. 

FrobUher'it  Siraits,  a  little  N  of  Cape 
farewell,  and  West  Greenland,  disco- 
vered by  Sir  Martin  Frobisher.  Lon. 
42  0  W,  lat.  63  0  N. 

Frodingham,  a  town  in  the  E  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
(lity,  36  miles  E  of  York,  and  194  N  of 
London.     Lon.  0  12  W,  lat.  53  56  N. 

Frodihatn,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  vith 
5  castle  at  the  W  endj  and  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Mersey,  by  Frodsham  Hills,  the  high- 
est in  the  couiitv,  11  miles  N  E  of 
Chester,  and  182  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  48  W,  lat  53  21  N. 

Frame,  or  Frooni,  a  river  in  Dorset- 
sliire,  which  comes  from  the  S  W  part 


of  tlie  county  to  Dorchester,  and  pro* 
ceedingto  Wai-eham  empties  itself  in- 
to the  bay  that  Ibrms  the  harbour  of 
Poole. 

Fiome,  a  river  in  Somersetshire, 
which  Hows  bythetownof  Frome,  and 
unites  witJi  the  Avon  at  Bristol. 

Frame,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
witli  a  niancet  on  Wednesday.  Their 
chief  manui>.cture  is  second  cloths.  It 
is  seated  uu  the  Frome,  12  miles  S  of 
Bath,  and  ltd*  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
2  16  W,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Froruac,  a  tuwn  of  France  in  the  de- 
paitinent  of  Gironde  and  late  province 
of  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Uordogne, 

23  miles  N  E  of  Beurdeaux.  Lon.  0  16 
W,  lat.  45  4  N. 

Fronteira,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  19  miles.  N  E  uf  Estremos. 

Fromigraac,  a  t«rwn  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Uerault  and  late  province 
of  Languedocji-ematrkable  for  its  ezceU 
lent  muw  adine  wmes.  It  is  seated  en 
Lakt;  Maguieone,  14  miles  S  W  of 
Montpellirtrr.  Lon.  3  48  E,  lat  43  46N. 

Front  HoyalySitovm  in  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Virgimia,  on  the  £  side  of  Sheiian- 
doali  river,  near  the  Blue-Rid^pe  moun- 
tain, 20  nuiLes  S  of  Winchester,  and  .18 
N  of  Culpepper.     Here  is  a  post-office. 

Froyen,  UD>  island  in  the  NortJi  Sea, 
about  35  miles  in  circumference,  and 
situated  nr-ar  tl;e  coast  of  Norway. 
Lon.  y  0  E,  lat.  63  46  N. 

Frutingen,  a  beautiful  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  situated  in  tlie  canton  of  Bern, 
31  miles  S  E  of  Friburg. 

Fryberg,  a  post  town  of  York  countj', 
Maine  ;  lying  on  tl»«-.  N  branch  of  Suco 
river,  .58  mile.')  N  VV  of  Portland,  and. 
648  from  Washingtoii. 

Fuego,  one  of  tht-  Cape  de  Verd  Is- 
lands, in  the  Atlantic  Or>ean.  It  is 
much  higher  tliar  .uiy  of  th«-  rest,  and 
seems  to  be  u  single  mountun  at  sea, 
but  on  the  sides  ttieri  are  deep  vallici. 
It  is  a  volcano,  whicr.  bums  continual- 
ly, and  may  be  seen  iLjgreat  may  off  at 
sea.  The  Portugueae.  who  first  inha- 
bited it,  brought  neproes  with  them, 
and  a  stock  of'  cows,  urai-ccs,  and  hogs  j 
but  now  the  chief  inhabitants  are 
blacks,  of  the  Ronusn  religion.  It  is 
300  miles  W  of  Cape  rie  Verd.     Lon. 

24  30  W,  lat.  14  54  N. 
Fven-hau-fou,  an  extensive  and  popu- 
lous city  of  China,  ill  the  province  of 
Petchcli,  celebnitea  for  the  beauty  of 
its  streets  and  triumphal  arches.  It  has 
under  its  juriadietion  two  civet  of  the 


I 


FUN 


F  U  T 


|l 


mi 


lii 


?  tn 


t, !. 
II 


DCConJ  rank,  eitfht  of  the  tliii'il,  aiul 
many  fortresses,  which  bar  the  cn- 
ti-ance  of  China  agaiiibt  tlic  Tartars.  It 
U  seated  near  the  great  wall,  amid 
mountains. 

Fuen-tclicou-fou,  a  commercial  city  of 
Cliina,  in  the  province  of  Chanpf-sii.  It 
is  noted  for  its  baths  and  sjjrin^s,  whicii 
are  almost  as  hot  as  boiliiijj  water,  and 
attract  a  great  number  of  strangers. 
Its  district  contains  one  city  of  tiie  se- 
cond, and  seven  of  the  third  class.  It 
i.s  seated  on  the  river  Fuen-ho,  250 
miles  S  \V  of  Pekin. 

Fufiite- Duenna,  a  town  of  Spain  in 
New  Castile,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  35 
mlhs  S  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  0  W,  lat. 
40  14  N. 

Fucssen,  a  town  of  Siiabia,  belonging 
to  the  bishop  of  Augsburg,  with  an  an- 
cient castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lech, 
50  miles  S  by  E  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  11 
15  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Ftiiik.itatl,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Troppaw,  seated  near  the 
Mohra,  16  miles  W  by  S  of  Troppaw. 
Fata,  ar  Thulc,  one  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  W  of  Mainland,  thoup^ht  by 
some  to  be  the  Ultimata  Thule  of  the 
uncients. 

Fuide,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  cele- 
brated abbey,  whose  abbot  is  primate 
of  the  abbies  of  the  empire,  .and  sove- 
reign of  a  small  territory  between 
Hesse,  Franconia,  and  Thuringia.  I( 
is  seated  on  tiie  Fuldc,  55  miles  S  of 
Cassel    '.on.  9  43  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Fidh  I.  ,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  four 
miles  V^  .y  S  of  London,  seated  on 
tJie  Thamos,  over  which  is  a  wooden 
bridge  to  Putney.  It  has  been  the  de- 
mesne of  the  bishops  of  London  ever 
since  the  conquest :  here  they  have  -i 
palace ;  and  in  the  churrh-yr.rd  are  the 
tombs  of  several  of  the  prelates  of  that 
see. 

Funchalf^c  capital  of  Madeira,  situ- 
ate round  a  bay,  on  the  gentle  ascent 
of  the  firsthills,  in  form  of  an  amphithea- 
tre. An  old  castle,  which  commands  the 
road,  stands  on  the  top  of  a  steep  black 
rock,  surrounded  by  the  sea,  at  high- 
water.  On  a  neighbouring  eminenre 
above  the  town  is  another,  called  St. 
John's  Castle  ;  and  on  the  seaside  are 
sf^veral  batteries.  The  streets  arc  nar- 
row, ill-paved,  and  dirty.  The  houses 
are  built  of  freestone,  or  of  brick  ;  but 
they  are  dark,  and  only  a  few  of  the 
best,  belonging  to  the  English  mer- 


chants, or  the  principal  inhabitants,  are 
provided  with  glass  windows  ;  all  the 
others  have  a  kind  of  lattice-work  in 
their  stead,  which  hangs  on  iiinges, 
and  may  be  lifted  up  occasionally.  Lon. 
17  6  W,  lat.  32  38  N. 

Fundy,  a  bay  of  North  America,  be- 
tween New  England  and  Nova  Scotia, 
rem.arkable  for  its  tides,  which  rise  to 
the  heiifht  of  50  or  60  feet,  and  tlow 
very  rapidly. 

Funen,  an  island  of  Denmark,  340 
miles  in  circumference  ;  separated  from 
Jutland  by  a  strait  called  the  Little 
Belt,  and  from  Zealand  by  the  Great 
Belt.  It  is  remarkably  fertile  in  pas- 
ture and  grain,  and  exports  to  Norway, 
barley,  o-its,  rye,  and  peas.  Odcnscc 
is  the  capit.d. 

Furness,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
seated  near  the  German  Ocean,  on  the 
canal  from  Bruges  to  Dunkirk,  whicli 
was  destroyed  by  the  English  forces  in 
1798.  It  was  one  of  the  barrier  towns; 
but,  in  1781,  the  emperor  Joseph  II. 
expelled  tlie  Dutch  garrison.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  in  1793,  and  is 
12  miles  E  of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2  43  E,. 
lat.  51  4  N. 

Furruckabad,  a  district  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  contiguous  to  the  W  bank  of 
the  Ganges,  and  surrounded  by  the  do- 
minions of  Oude.  It  is  little  more  than 
30  miles  in  extent,  and  belongs  to  a 
cluef  of  the  P.itan  Rohilla  tribe.  Its  ca- 
pital is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  79  30 
W,  lat.  27  28  N.  _ 

Furstenbiirg,  a  principality  of  Suabia, 
bounded  by  thedutchy  of  Wirtemi)urg, 
the  county  of  Hohenburg  and  other 
territories  of  the  house  of  Austria,  by 
the  Brisgaw,  the  Black  Forest,  and 
the  lake  and  bishopric  of  Constance.  In 
this  .state  the  river  Diuuibe  takes  its 
rise. 

Furstenburg.  the  capital  of  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same  name,  in  Suabia, 
with  a  cattle,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
nejir  the  D.ii'nbc,  17  miles  S  of  llot- 
weil.    Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  47  53  N. 

Fiirstenfeld,  a  town  of  Lower  Stiriii, 
with  a  castle,  on  the  river  Ausnitz,  50 
miles  S  of  Vienna,  Lon,  16  5  E,  lat. 
47  23  N. 

FurstemoaU,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburg,- 
seated  on  the  Spree,  20  railea  W  of 
Francfort  on  the  Od«r.  It  was  taken 
bvthe  Swedes  in  16M.  Lon.  14  8  E, 
lat.  52  23  N. 

F:ittypo;tr  Shri,  a  considerable  town 


■■■'""  "mm  ■ 


U  T 


F  Y  Z 


G  A  E 


iicipal  inliabltantfi,  are 
i<is  windows ;  all  the 
1(1  of  lattice-wiii'k  in 
.'h  liaiif^ii  on  iiinges, 
up  occasionallv.  Lun. 
8N. 

f  North  America,  be- 
and  and  Nova  Scotia, 
:s  tides,  wliicli  rise  to 
or   60  f'oet,  and  How 

id  of  Denmark,  340 
rcncc  i  separated  from 
iiit  called  the  Little 
ealand  by  tlie  Great 
rkably  fertile  in  pas- 
nd  exports  to  Norway, 
,  and  peas.     Odcnsce 

of  Austrian  Flanders, 
Jcrman  Ocean,  on  the 
;s  to  Dunkirk,  which 
r  the  English  forces  in 

of  the  barrier  towns; 

emperor  Joseph  II. 
;ch  garrison.  It  sur- 
French  in  1793,  and  is 
mkirk.    Lon.  2   45  E, 

district  of  Hindoostan 
us  to  the  W  bank  of 
surrounded  by  the  uo- 

It  is  little  more  than 
|it,   and   belongs  to  a 

Rohilla tribe.  Itsca- 
le  name.    Lon.  79  30 

[irincipality  of  Suabia, 
utchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
loheni)ur(^   and   other 

house  of  Austria,  by 
Black  Forest,  and 
opric  of  Constance.  In 

r  DiUHibe  tokes  its 

caoital  of  a  princi- 
ne  n.ime,  in  Suabia, 
ated  un  a  mountain, 

17  miles   S   of  Hot- 
,  lat.  47  53  N. 
)wn  of  Lower   Stiria, 
the  river  Avisnitz,  50 
Lon.  16  5   E,  lat. 

;own  of  Germany,  in 
•he  of  Brandenburg,- 
•cc,  20  railes  W  of 
Orlar.  It  was  taken 
luU.     Lon.  USE, 

a  considerable  town 


nf  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the  province 
of  A(,'ra,  seated  under  a  rixnge  of  hills, 
t'lc  Nuiithern  buinidary  of  un  immense 
plain,  in  which  for  the  greatest  part, 
not  a  shrub  is  to  be  seen,  and  the  soil 
is  light,  and  almost  as  tincashair-|)ow- 
iler  i  a  circumstance  nroductive  of  the 
most  <lisagrecable  eliccts,  when  this 
fine  dust  is  taken  up  by  the  hot  winds 
iVom  tlic  westward.  Its  situation  too 
in  unhealthy,  from  the  indiDcrcnt  wa- 
ter with  which  the  whole  country  a- 
bflunds.  However  the  country  imme- 
diately near  tlie  town  is  in  tolerable 
(Miltivation.  On  the  summit  of  the 
highest  hill  is  a  large  mosque  built  by 
the  emperor  Acbar,  in  the  fir.st  style 
iif  Moorish  architecture  ;  and  at  the 
limt  of  this  hill  are  the  ruins  of  an  im- 
jK'rial  palace,  which  occupy  a  great  ex- 
tent of  ground.  It  is  42  miles  W  of 
Agra.     Lon.  77  45  E,  lat.  27  0  N. 

I<yal,  one  of  the  A/.orcs,  or  Western 
Islands.  It  is  well  cultivated  and  hag 
^b\indance  of  chesnuts,  beeches,  myr- 
tles, and  aspen-trees.  The  most  con- 
siderable place  is  called  Villa  de  Horta. 
Lon.  28  36  W,  lat.  38  32  N. 

Fyers,  a  river  of  Inverness-shire,  in 
Scotland,  which,  descending  from  the 
S,  flows  toward  Loch  Ness.  Over  this 
river  is  built  a  stuiiendous  bridge,  on 
two  opposite  rocks  ;  the  top  of  the 
Hvch  being  above  100  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  water.  A  little  below 
the  bridge  is  the  celebrated  Fall  of  Fy- 
crs,  where  a  great  body  of  water  darts 
through  a  narrow  gap  betweerl  two 
rocks,  then  falls  over  a  vast  precipice 
into  the  bottom  of  the  chasm,  where 
the  foam  rises  and  fills  the  air  like  a 
cloud  of  smoke. 

Fyne,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic 
in  Argyleshire,  near  40  miles  in  length, 
noted  as  the  resort  of  tlie  hemngshoals, 
and  numerous  fishing  vessels.  It  re- 
ceives and  returns  a  tide  on  each  side 
of  the  isle  of  Arran,  wliich  is  directly 
opposite  its  entrance. 

Fjzabad,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  territory  of  Oude,  of 
wliich  it  was  once  the  capital.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  vast  building,  the 
palace  of  the  late  nabob  Sujahul  Dow- 
laii.  The  city  is  very  populous ;  but 
since  the  removal  of  the  court  of  Oude 
to  Lucknow,  the  people  are  of  the 
lowest  class.  It  is  seated  on  the  Go- 
gra,  a  large  riycr  fi'om  Thibet,  and  is 
HO  miles  E  of  Lucknow,  and  500  N  W 
of  Calcutta.  Lon.  82  30  E,  lat.  29  34  N. 


^ABARF.T,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
^^  department  of  Geis  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Cascony,  sealed  on  tlie  Gelia- 
so,  20  miles  VV  of  Cuiidom.  Lon.  0  6 
E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Gabet,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  45  mlle» 
N  of  Prague. 

Gabian,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
dci)artment  of  Heraidt  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lanf.;ucdoc,  famous  for  its  mi- 
neral waters. 

Gabin,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Rava,  50  miles  N  \V  of  War- 
saw. Lon.  19  45  E,  lat  52  26  N. 

Gaieta,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  fort,  a  cita- 
del, a  harbour,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  in  1707, 
and  by  the  Spaniards  in  1734.  It 
is  seated  at  the  f(K)t  of  a  mountain, 
near  the  sea,  30  miles  N  W  of  Capua. 
Lon.  13  47  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Gaillac,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Tarn,  lately  la  the 
province  of  Languedoc,  remarkable  for 
its  wines.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Tarn,  '  j 
miles  S  W  of  Albv.  Lon.  3  5  E,  lat. 
43  54  N. 

Gaillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pai'tmcnt  of  Eure  and  lat*  province  of 
Normandy,  remarkable  for  its  archic- 
piscopal  palace,  which  latel}-  belonged 
to  the  archbishop  of  Rouen.  It  is  five 
miles  from  Andcly,  and  22  from  Rou- 
en. 

Gaiiitborougli,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a,  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  near 
the  river  Trent,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some stone  bridge.  It  is  a  pretty  large 
well-built  to\vn,  its  river  being  acces- 
sible to  vessels  of  sufficient  size  to  na- 
vigate the  sea:  and  serves  as  a  place 
ofexport  and  import  for  tlie  N  part  of 
the  county,  and  for  Nottinghamshire. 
It  is  17  miles  N  W  of  Lincoln,  and  151 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  W, 
lat.  53  28  N. 

Gairloch,  a  large  bay  of  Scotland,  oit 
the  W  coast  of  Ross-shire.  In  this  bay, 
w^hich  gives  name  to  a  tract  of  land 
near  it,  the  fishing  of  cod,  and  otlter 
white  fish  is  very  considerable. 

Gaisee,  a  village  of  Switzerland  in 
Rhode  e.\tcTlor,  which  is  the  protes- 
tant  division  of  tJie  county  of  Appen- 
zel.  It  is  much  resorted  to  on  account 
of  its  goat's  whey,  which  is  brought 
fiVHi  a  neighbouring  mountain. 
I  I 


GAL 


GAL 


Calm?,  n  town  of  JIulgnrirt,  sontoil 
iiiar  the  Dantilii-,  hitwccn  the  niuiiilis 
ol'tlie  Piiith  hihI  Sin  I. 

Gtilashifl.i,  a  \  \\\u.^f  in  Selki'-kshire, 
seated  (III  the  (iulu,  iicui*  its  niiiHuciirr 
wilh  the  Tweed.  Here  is  a  (louriHhin^f 
inaiiiifaetiire  of  woollen  elotli  and  flan- 
ii(  Is,  and  superior  cloths  have  been 
tried  with  tolerable  liueee'iM.  It  \%  2!> 
miles  S  hy  E  ot'Kdinlnirifh. 

Galiiso,  a  river  c>l'  Na|)le»,  in  Otranto, 
which  rises  in  the  openiiij^  near  Oria, 
and  fulls  into  the  g-ulfof  Taranto. 

Galtita,  the  principal  suhurb  of  Con- 
slantinoi-.le,  seatt<l  o|iposite  the  serag- 
lio, on  the  other  side  of  the  harbour.  It 
l.s  inhabited  by  Christians  of  all  sorts, 
as  well  as  ji  ws,  who  exercise  their  rc- 
lif^ion  piililii:ly  ;  and  here  wine  is  sold 
in  taverns,  whiih  is  not  allowed  in  the 
city  itself 

Galfally,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
roinity  of  Tipperarv,  23  miles  S  E  of 
Limerick      Lon.8''J0  W,  lal.  52  15  N. 

Giiliciii,  a  lai-^e  coimtry  in  the  S  of 
Poland,  which  consists  of  that  part  of 
Little  Poland,  which  lies  on  the  S  aide 
of  the  Vistida,  almost  the  whole  of 
Kcd  Russia,  and  a  sli])  of  Podolia.  It 
was  forcibly  seized  by  the  Austrians 
in  17r2,  and  incorporated  into  the  Aus- 
trian dominions,  under  the  appellation 
of  the  kingdoms  of  Gnlicia  and  Lodo- 
nieria.       .  •;, 

Gitlicia,  a  province  of  .S])ain,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  and  ^V  by  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  S  by  Portn.n'al,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
Asturiasand  Leon.  The  airis  tempe- 
rate alonjj  the  coast,  Init  in  other  pla- 
ces cold  and  moist.  It  is  thin  of  peo- 
ple. The  produce  is  wine,  flax,  and 
citrons.  Here  also  are  good  pastures, 
co[)per,  and  lead  ;  and  the  forests  yield 
wood  for  building  of  shi])s.  St.  Jago 
dc  Compostella  is  the  capital. 

Galicia,  Neij.     See  Guadalajara. 

Galistio,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estrama- 
dura,  10  miles  N  W  of  Placeutia.  Loii, 
5  8  K,  lal.  40  2  N. 

Gull,  St.  or  5V.  Gallen,  a  to^vn  of 
Swisserland,  in  Tliurgau,  with  a  rich 
abbey,  whose  abbot  is  titular  i)rince  of 
the  German  empire,  and  formerly  pos- 
sessed the  sovereignty  of  the  towii  ; 
hut  the  inhabitants  shook  off  his  autho- 
rity, and  became  independent.  The 
town  is  entirely  jjrotcstant,  and  its  go- 
verninciit  aristo-dcmocratical.  The 
subjects  of  tlie  abbot,  whose  temtory 
is  diitinct,  lU'c  mostly  catholics.  It  is 
a  cheerful  nea.t  town,  situated  in  a  iiiie 


well-watered  valley  in  the  centre  of 
the  abbot's  territories,  close  to  the  ab- 
bey in  which  that  prini  i:  resides,  who 
is  reciprocally  surrounded  by  the  town. 
In  the  abbey  is  un  ancient  library  which 
omtains  se\erul  valuable  MSS  of  the 
classics  and  gosjiels.  I'he  linen  manu- 
facture has  flourished  here  for  many 
years,  and  still  preserves  its  reputation. 
Its  ellects  are  very  sensibly  ielt  in  the 
competent  wealth  which  it  has  dill'u- 
sed  through  all  ranks.  It  carries  on 
likewise  maii«ifuctures  of  muslin  and 
embroidery.  It  is  37  nnlcs  N  E  ofZu- 
ric.     Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Oalla,  a  fort  of  Ceylon,  beloi'.ging  to 
the  Dutch,  who  drove  the  Portuguese 
thence  in  1640.  Some  call  it  Punta  de 
Gallo.     Lon.  80  30  E,  lal.  6  20  N. 

Gallatin,  a  town  in  Sunmer  county, 
Tennessee,  named  in  honour  of  a  Ge- 
nevan who  presides  at  the  head  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States.  This 
town  is  3:i  miles  NE  of  Nashville,  and 
714  from  Wiiaitington,  and  has  a  punt 
oiKce. 

Gallipago  Islands,  a  number  of  island.i 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards,  to  whom  they  belong.  They 
arc  not  inhabited  ;  but  the  Spaniards 
touch  here  for  fresh  water  and  provi- 
sions, when  they  sail  from  America  to 
Asia.  Here  are  a  great  number  of 
birds,  and  excellent  tortoises.  They 
lie  under  the  equator,  the  centre  island 
in  lon.  85  30  W. 

Gallipoli,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  D'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see 
and  a  fort.  This  place  is  a  great  mart 
for  olive  oil.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock, 
surrounded  by  the  sea,  and  joined  to 
the  mainland  by  a  bridge,  23  miles  W 
of  Otranto.     Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Gallipoli,  a  seaport  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  in  Romania,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  contains  about  10,000  Turks,^ 
3500  Greeks,  beside  a  great  number  of 
Jews.  It  is  an  open  place,  and  has  no 
other  defence  than  a  sorry  square  -cas- 
tle.  The  liouses  of  the  Greeks  and 
Jews  have  doors  not  above  three  icet 
and  a  half  high,  to  prevent  the  Turks 
riding  into  their  houses.  It  is  seated 
on  a  strait  of  tlie  same  name  100  miles 
S  W  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26  59  E, 
lat.  40  26  N. 

Gallipoli,  a  strait  between  European 
and  Asiatic  Turkey.  It  is  defended  at 
the  S  W  entrance  by  the  Dardanelles, 
and  forms  the  communication  between 
the  Archipelago  and  tlie  sea  of  Matno- 


the 


li*fl 


'"'<>^-i'^a. 


:>  A  L 

iiUcy  in  tlie  centre  of 
•itorics,  close  to  the  ub- 
iiit  priiu  i:  rcNidcH,  wlio 
iuircmiulcd l)y the  town, 
uii  ancient  libniry  whicli 
1  valiiuble  MSS  of  tlie 
spciN,  I'he  linen  miinu- 
ui'isiictl  here  for  many 
preserves  its  reputation. 
vv.ry  sensibly  tell  in  the 
1th   whicli  it  hus  diHii- 

ranks.  It  carries  on 
factures  of  muslin  unil 
t  is  37  miles  N  E  of  Zu- 

E,  lat.  47  20  N. 
of  Ceylon,  bclor.ffing  to 
o  drove  tlic  Piirtujfuese 
Some  call  it  Puiita  de 

)  30  E,  bit.  6  :jo  N. 

wn  in  Sumner  county, 
lied  in  lionoiir  of  a  Ge- 
isides  at  the  liead  of  the 
;  United  States.  This 
s  NE  of  NaslivlUe,  and 
hiitgwn,  and  has  a  poNt 

mda,  a  number  of  islands 
lecan,  discovered  by  the 
diom  they  belong.  They 
cd  ;  but  the  Spaniards 
fresh  water  and  provi- 
;y  sail  from  America  to 
re  a  jjreat  number  of 
client  tortoises.  They 
juatur,  the  centre  island 

seaport  of  Naples,  in 
with  a  bishop's  see 
is  place  is  a  great  mart 
It  is  seated  on  a  rock, 
the  sea,  and  joined  to 
a  bridge,  23  miles  W 
m.  18  5  E,  lat.  40  20  N. 
seaport  of  Turkey,  in 
mania,  with  a  bishop's 
IS  about  10,000  Turks,^ 
Eside  a  great  number  of 
open  place,  and  has  no 
an  a  sorry  square  ■cas- 
es of  the  Greeks  and 
not  above  three  teet 
to  prevent  the  Turks 
houses.  It  is  seated 
e  same  name  100  miles 
tinoplc.     Lon.  26  59  E, 

rait  between  European 
■key.  It  is  defended  at 
ce  by  the  Dai-danellee, 
omm'unication  between 
and  Uie  sea  of  Matno- 


GAM 

ra  It  i"  horo  two  miles  over,  and  is 
,1,!  miles  long  It  was  anciently  called 
Ihc  Hcllenpoiit.     Sec  DtiiJanflUt. 

(iiillii,  M\  island 'if  the  P.telfii'  Oc^-.in, 
mar  the  coast  of  I'eru  ;  tin-  fn-st  place 
piinscssed  bv  the  Spaniards,  when  they 
attempted  tile  conquest  of  Peru.  It  is 
also  the  place  where  the  Bhccanncers 
used  to  romp  for  \voo<l  and  water,  and 
In  refit  their  vessels.  Lon.  8  0  VV,  lat. 
2  JO  N. 

Gitllnviay,  Nevi,  a  borough  in  Kir- 
rndbrightHhire,  situate  on  the  river 
Ken,  14  miles  N  of  Kircudbright. 

Giitltn\iay,  Upper,  or  ircst.  See  IVig- 
lonxliire. 

Galviay,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
jii-ovince  of  Connauglit,  82  miles  in 
length,  and  42  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on 
tlie  N  by  the  Atlantic,  and  the  counties 
of  Mayo  and  Koscommon ;  on  the  E  by 
Uoscommon,  West  .Me.ith,  and  King's 
•county  i  on  the  S  W  by  Tipperary  ;  on 
the  S  by  Galway  Bay  and  Clare  j  and 
on  the  W  by  the  Atlimtic.  The  river 
Shannon  washes  the  frontiers  of  the  E 
and  S  E,  and  forms  a  lake  several  miles 
in  length.  It  contains  136  parishes, 
and  formerly  sent  eight  members  to  the 
Irish  parliament. 

Galviay,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
surrovuided  by  strong  walls  j  the  streets 
arc  large  and  straight  {  and  the  houses 
arc  generally  well  built  of  stone.  Its 
harbour  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  it 
has  a  g^d  foreign  trade,  being  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  40  miles  W  S  W  of  Ath- 
iiine,  and  100  W  of  London.  Lon.  9  0 
W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Gahoay,  a  post  town  of  Saratoga 
county,  New  York  :  10  miles  N  W  of 
Balls-town,  and  436  from  Washington. 

Gambia,  a  great  river  of  Africa, 
which,  running  from  E  to  W,  falls  into 
^ilic  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  Cape 
Vcrd  on  the  N,  and  Cape  St.  Mary  on 
the  S.  It  overflown  the  country  annu- 
ally, like  the  Nile.  The  Gambia  was 
long  supposed  to  be  a  branch  of  the 
Niger  ;  but  its  source  was  determined 
by  Mr.  Park  to  be  130  geographical 
miles  W  of  that  river :  its  branches 
lire  numerous,  and  intersect  the  coun- 
try for  about  200  miles  from  E  to  W. 
Il  abounds  with  fish,  some  species  of 
which  are  excellent  food:  it  is  deep 
and  muddy,  and  the  banks  arc  covered 
with  impenetrable  tliickets  of  man- 
grove J  the  whole  of  tlie  adjacent  coun- 


G  A  N 

try,    indeed,    ajipeavH  to  be  flat  and 
swampy. 

Gamleriheim,  a  town  of  Lower  Sax- 
ony, in  the  diitchy  of  Brunswick  Wol- 
fenliuttle,  with  a  celefirated  iiumiery, 
17  m.l.  s  S  VV  of  Goslar.  Lon.  18  JO 
E,  lat.  .51  54  N. 

Caiidiii,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, with  a  siiiiill  univei'sitv,  5.)  milcH 
N  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  39  f. 
N. 

Gaiu/icotta,  a  town  of  the  peninciila 
of  Ilindoostaii,  remarkable  for  a  strong 
fortress,  ami  a  dianiond  mine  near  it. 
It  is  .-.eated  near  the  river  Pelinar,  be- 
tween Gooty  and  Cuddapa. 

Gan^ca,  or  Givija,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  the  province  ot  Erivan,  105  miles  S 
by  E  of  Tcftlls.  Lon.  45  JO  E,  lat.  4t 
ION. 

Ganges,  a  large  and  celebrated  river 
of  Asia,   which  has  its   source  in  \.\\\t 
springs,  on  the  VV  side  of  Mount  Kcn- 
taifl'e,   in  Thibet.     There  two  streams 
take  their  course  westward,   incliiring 
considerably  to  the  N,   for  a  course  of 
about   300  miles,    wlien  meeting  the 
great  ridge  of  Mount  Himmalcli,  they 
turn   to   the   S,  in  wliich  cou.se  they 
unite   their  waters,  aiul  form  what  is 
properly  called  the  Ganges.  Tliis  great 
body  of  water  now  forces   a  passage 
through  the  ridge  of  Himmalch,  at  tlie 
di.stance  of  100  miles   below  the  place 
of  its  first  approach,  and,  sapping  its 
very  foundation,  rushes  through  a  ca- 
vern, and  precipitates  itself  into  a  vast 
basin  which  it  has  worn  in  the  rock,  at 
the  higher  foot  of  the  mountains.    The 
Ganges  thus  appears,  to  incurious  spec- 
tators, to  derive  its  original   spring;* 
from  this   chain  of  mountains.     The 
mind  of  superstition  has  given  to  the 
mouth  of  the  cavern,  the  form  of  the 
head  of  a  cow  j  an  animal  held  by  tlie 
Hindoos  in  a  degree  of  veneration,  al- 
most equal  to  that  in  which  the  Egypt- 
ians held  their  god  Apis.     From  tliis 
second  source    (as  it  may  be  termed) 
of  the  Ganges,  its  course  becomes  eas- 
terly, through  the  rugged  country  of 
Siringur,   until,  at  Hurdwar,  it  finally 
escapes  from  this  mountainous  tract  in 
which    it    has   wandered  800   miles. 
From  Hurdwar,  where  it  gushes  thro* 
an  opening  in  the  mountains,  andenters 
Hindoostan,  it  flows  with  a  smooth  na- 
vigable stream  thro'  delightful  plains, 
during  the  remainder  of  its  course  to 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  which  is  about  1350 
miles,    l'-   its  course  tjirovigh   thesg 


GAR 


G  A  V 


I  , 


r\ 


n 


«h 


M 


pl»inii,  it  rcceivci  11  riviM,  iomc  of 
wliiili  ail'  niiial  ti)  tlic  Kliiiic,  ui\il 
nnno  Hinullrr  tliuii  tlic  '1  liiinirs,  iMNiik'S 
UM  iimny  of  liN'it'f  iiiitc.  In  tin-  unniiul 
inun(l;<ti(jn  ul  tliis  inuiionHr  i'Imt,  tlio 
Cdiiiiti)  i.t  o\iilli>«i'(l  to  till'  cxtini  <it' 
tixirc  tliaii  lUO  miles  in  width  ;  nothiiiK' 
A|i|K'uiiii);'  lint  villages  und  ti'L'i'ii,  ex- 
cepting' very  rarely,  the  lr|)  oi'  an  eli  - 
viite(l.s|i<it,  tiic  urtiliciul  mound  of  sonic 
deserted  villajjje,  a|)|)e:iring'  like  an  is- 
land. 'I'lif  rise  of  the  water,  ih,  on  an 
uveriijfe,  31  I'eet.  In  a  word,  it  is,  in 
every  lespcct,  one  of  the  nui.st  iKheli- 
ciul  rivers  in  the  worhl,  ditliisinn'  plcn 
ty  immediately  iiy  mejiu  of  itn  livin|' 
prill! "I'tidiis,  and  sec(>ndariiy  by  enric  h- 
iii(.r  till-  i;ii.d.i,  u(ii  iili;:)^-  an  easy  ton- 
vc  ance  liir  the  productions  o)  its  bor- 
ders, ai.d  nivinjf  employment  to  manj 
tlioiisuiid  boatmen. 

Gaiigntri,  u  town  of  Thibet,  situated 
on  the  Ganges,  Ijti  miles  N  of  Dellii. 
Lon.  76  Jj  L,  lat.  3,5  U  N. 

Gaiifipoiir,  atownoftlic  peninsula  of 
lli'diiostun,  22(J  miles  S  of  Palna.  It 
is  in  the  conntrv  of  Orissa.  Lon.  83  57 
K,  lat.  21  2a  N.' 

Giiiijam,  a.  town  of  the  peninsttla  of 
Hindoostait,  in  one  of  the  Northern 
Cireiirs,  subject  to  the  Enf^lisb.  It 
lies  on  the  bay  of  Benf;'!d,  between  a 
river  and  the  S  W  end  of  Chilka  Lake. 
Lon.  85  20  fcl,  lat.  19  22  N. 

Ganifat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Allier,  and  late  province 
of  Dourbonnois,  SO  miles  S  of  Moidins. 

Gap,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  (lep^irtHient  of  the  Upper  Alps,  and 
late  province  of  Uauplilny,  and  lately  a 
bi.sliop's  sec,  It  was  taken,  in  1692,  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  who  burnt  a  great 
part  of  it.  Gap  is  seated  on  the  small  ri- 
ver Bene,  at  the  foot  of  a  nioimtain,  in 
which  sonic  mineral  waters  are  found 
that  are  deemed  febrifuge.  It  is  27 
miles  N  of  Sistron.  Lon.  6  10  E,  lat. 
44  CA  N. 

Giiraci,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  gulf 
of  Persia,  remarkable  for  the  tine 
pearls  fished  up  on  its  coasts.  Lon.  48 
OE,  lut.  28  15  N. 

Gard,  a  dcpartmentof  France,  which 
comprehends  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Langucdoc.  Nismes  is  the  episco- 
pal town.  , 

Garda,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Vero- 
nese, seated  at  the  end  of  a  lake  of  its 
o-wii  name,  17  miles  N  W  of  Verona. 
Lon.  11  4  E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Garitckben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 


the  old  marchc  of  Brandenbiii'i^ .  It  liht 
a  trade  in  hops  uiul  exn-llent  beer,  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Ueise,  .)J  mile* 
N  In  W  of  Ma({deburjf.  Lon.  1 1  35  E, 
lat.  52  41  N. 

GiiK/iiiii;  tt   river  of  France,    which  I 
has  its  koiirce  in  the   I'Meiieaii  niouii- { 
tains,  und  taking  u  N  \V  direction,  wa- 
ters 'I'ouIoUNe   und  lloiiriieaux,  below  | 
whicli   it  is  joined   by  the   Uordogne, 
and  iheiH'C  to  its  entrance  into  the  hay 
of  Biscay,  assumes  the  name  of  the  Gi- 
rniiilc.     It  commanicates  with  the  Mo- 
iliierranean,  by  its  junction   with  the 
Royal  Canal. 

Ganmiic,  Upptr,  a  depnrtinuit  <f  I 
France,  which  comprehends  part  of  | 
l.aM;;uedoc.     Touloiise  is  the  cu])ital. 

Guniwn,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
eoMiitv  of  Fermanaiigli,  10  miles  S  E  of 
Bulhihannon.  Lou.  17  43  VV,  lat.  51 
25  N. 

Giirstzang,  a  town  in  Lancashire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on 
the  river  Wyre,  10  miles  S  of  Lancas- 
ter, unil  225' N  N  VV  of  London.  Lon 
2  53  W,  lat.  53  50N. 

Cam,   a  tow'i  of  Prussian  Pomcr«- 
nia,  seated  on  tiic  Oder,  13  miles  S  of  | 
Stelin.     Lon.  14  45  E,  lat.  .13  23  N. 

Gusconj,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  \V  by  the  bay  of  Bis- 
cay, tin  tlie  N  by  Guienne,  on  the  E  by 
Languedoc,  and  on  the  S  by  tb.e  Pyre- 
nees. This  province,  with  Arniagnac, 
is  now  included  in  tlie  department  of  { 
Gers. 

Gatthousc,  a  considerable  village  in 
Kircndbrightshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Fleet,  with  a  cotton  mill.  The 
river  is  navigable  for  sloops,  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  town.  It  is  nine 
miles  N  VV  of  Kircudbright. 

Gattoti,  a  borough  in  Surry,  which 
sends  two  members  u>  parliament,  but 
now  has  neither  mrvlcct  nor  fair.  It  ia 
19  miles  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10 
W,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Gavardo,  a  town  of.Italy,  in  the  Bres- 
ciano,  seated  on  tiie  Wcise,  seven 
miles  W  of  Lake  Gai-da.  Lon.  10  9  E, 
lat.  44  40  N. 

Guudens,  St.  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Upper  O.tromie,  and  late 
jirovince  of  Languedoc,  seated  on  tlie 
Garonne,  eight  miles  N  E  of  St.  Ber- 
tri  nd.     Lon.  0  56  E,  lat.  43  1  N. 

Gavcren,  or  IVawren,  a  town  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  seated  on  the  Scheld, 
eight  miles  S  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3  51  £, 
lat.  50  46  N. 


mp 


iOmm 


-^—  —- --. ^.^^  ,„^^.„ ^^^^ 


3  A  V 

;  orilraiMlcnburff,  It  Iiai 

iiiul  fxrcllfiit  luiT,  and 

111-  river  Ucisc,   .ij  mili.., 

Ifilfliur^.     Lull.  11  J5K, 

•iver  of  Trance,  which 
in  the  I'ui'iifHii  iiiiiun- 
iiff  It  N  W  (lircction,  wa. 
uikI  Hdurdiaiix,  holuw 
liiK-d  by  ilic  U()r(l()j.iu>, 
t*  ciitrunrc  intr)  the  hay 
lines  the  name  of  the  Gi- 
ni.inieatcii  with  the  Mc- 
•  its  junttioii   with   the 

yitr,    a    (lepnrtment    <f 
I   cuniprcheiidsi   part   of  | 
■(iiihiiise  It  tJie  cu])ital. 
own  of  Ireland,   in  the 
anan^'h,  10  inilea  SE  of 
Lou.    17  43  VV,  hit.  5* 

town   in    Luncanhire, 

in  Tliursday,  seated  on 

,  10  miles  S  of  Lanca.s- 

N  VV  u(  London.    Lon 

5GN. 

'1  of  Prussian  Pomer*- 
!e  Oder,  13  miles  S  of 
1  45  E,  lut.  .U  23  N. 
te  province  of  Frunec, 

VV  by  the  bay  of  Bis- 
y  Giiienne,  on  the  E  by 
1  on  the  .S  by  the  Pyre- 
vince,  with  Arniajyiiac, 
,  in  the  department  of 

considerable  village  in 
re,  at  tlie  mouth  of  tlie 
h  a.  cotton  mill.  The 
Ic  for  sloops,  within  a 
if  the  town.  It  is  nine 
ircudbrig'ht. 
>ugli  in  Surry,  which 
•ers  ut  parliament,  but 
mr.yljct  nor  fair.  It  is 
'  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  i 

n  of.Italy,  in  the  Bres- 
m  t'lie  Wcise,  seven 
:  Gai-da.    Lon.  10  9  E, 

town  of  France  in  the 
jper  O.iromie,  and  late 
fuedoc,  seated  on  tlie 
tiilcs  N  E  of  St.  Her- 
S  E,  lat.  43  1  N. 
m-ren,  a  town  of  Aus- 
ieated  on  the  Scheld, 
Ghent.    Lon.  3  51  E, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


.«^% 


id. 


U.x 


fA 


4' 


It 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Csnadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiquas 


wmmm 


G  E  I 

Cjv:,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  seated  on  the  Lcmo,  19  miles 
N  \V  of  Genoa.  Lon.  H  o7  E,  hit.  45 
40  N. 

Gaiits,  or   IiiMaii   Appennines,   a   stu- 
pendous wall  of  mountains,  which  ex- 
tend 13  dejfrees  of  latitude   from  Cape 
Comorin,  tiie  S  extremity  of  Hindoos- 
tun,  to   the  Tapty,   or  Siirat   river,   at 
unequal  distances  from  the  coast ;    sel- 
dom more  tlian  70  miles,  and  common- 
ly about  40  i  and  witiiiiione  short  space 
only,  it  approaches    witliin   six  miles. 
Tliey  rise  abruptly  from  the  low  coun- 
try, called  the  Conean,   supportinjy,  in 
the  nature  of  a  terrace,    avast  extent 
of  fertile  andpopul)us   plains,    which 
are  so  elevated,  as  to  render  tJie  air 
cool    and   pleasant.      This   celebrated 
rulge  does  not  terminate  in  a  pi-omon- 
tory,   when  it  approaches  the    Tapty ; 
but,    departing     from  its    meridional 
course,   it  bends  eastward,  in  a   wavy 
line,  pai-allel  with  the  i-iver ;   and  is  af- 
terward  lost  among-  the   bills,    in  the 
neig-hbourhood    of    Bin'hampour.      In 
its  course  along-  the   Taptj-,    it   forms 
several  passes  or  descents  toward  that 
river. 

Gaza,  an  ancient  and  celabrated 
town  of  Palestine,  three  miles  from 
the  Mediterranean,  with  a  harbour 
called  New  Gaza.  It  is  now  verv 
#mallj  but,  from  appearance  ot  the 
rums,  it  was  formerly  a  considerable 
place.  There  is  a  castle  near  it,  where 
a  bashaw  resides.  It  is  50  miles  S  W 
ol  J  erusalem.  Lon.  34  45  E,  lat.  3 1  28  N. 

Cearon,  or  yaron,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  Farsistan,  in  whose  territory  the  best 
dates  of  Persia  are  produced.  Lon.  51 
17  E,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Cejle,  tiie  capital  of  the  province  of 
Gestrike,  in  Sweden,  seated  on  three 
branches  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  begms  to  be  na\ig-able  here, 
and  falls,  in  a  short  distance,  into  a 
bay  of  the  Baltic.  It  is  the  most  com- 
mercial town  in  this  northern  part  of 
Sweden  j  and  \Xa  exports  ere  principally 
iron,  pitch,  tar,  and  planks.  It  is  65 
miles  N  by  W  of  StocUiolm.  Lon.  17 
0  E.  lat.  63  0  N. 

GegKnliach,  a  free  imperial  city  of 
Suabia,  and  under  the  protection  of  the 
house  of  Austria.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Kmzia,  12  miles  S  E  of  Strasburp. 
Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Geiidure,  a  town  of  Suabia,  near  the 
i-iver  Kocher,  with  a  castle,  belonffinir 
toUieloidsofLimburg.  "^ 


GEN 


Geuki!f;en,  an  imperial  town  of  Sun- 
bia,  Ir  iniks  NMV  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10 
3  £,  lat.  43  3(>  N. 

Geiituar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
in-incipalily  of  Hesse.  Lon.  b  57  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Gelhauicn,  a  small  imperial  town  of 
Weteravia,  under  the  protection  of  the 
elector  palatine,  with  a  castle,  seated 
on  the  Kintzig,  25  miles  E  of  Hanau. 
Lon.  9  15  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Geinappe,  a  vilhige  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault,  tiirec  miles  W  by  S  of  Mons. 
It  is  rem„i-kable  for  a  bloody  battle  be- 
tween the  Austrians  and  the  French, 
Nov.  5  1792,  in  which  the.  Austrians 
were  defeated  with  great  loss. 

Geinb  ours,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, with  an  ancient  abbey.  Den 
John  of  Austria  gained  a  battle  here 
over  tiie  Dutch  in  1578 ;  and  it  was 
twice  burnt  down,  in  1628  and  1712. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Orneau,  22  miles  S 
E  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  51  E,  lat.  50 
37  N. 

Ceiiiiniant,  St.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in 
the  Floreiitino,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
in  which  is  a  raine  of  V'iuiol,  25  miles 

5  S  W  of  Florence. 
Gemviingm,   a  town  of  Germahy,  in 

tJie  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  30  miles 
E  of  Philipsburg.     Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  49' 

6  N. 

Gemund,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
witli  a  manutiicture  of  chaplets  or 
beads,  which  are  sent  to  distant  coun- 
tries.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
August  1796 ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Keims,  30  miles  N  by  W  of  Ulm.  Lon 
9  48  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Gevuind,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Juliers,  seated  on  the 
Roer,  24  miles  S  W  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
6  48  R,  lat,  50  38  N. 

Gmiund,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria, 
remarkable  for  its  salt  works  ;  seated 
to  the  N  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Draun,  20  miles  S  S  W 
ofLintz. 

Genap,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  th» 
Dyle,  15  miles  S  E  of  Brussels.  Lon. 
4  40  £,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Ger.ep  or  Gcnnep,  a,  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
seated  on  the  Nears,  five  miles  S  W  of 
Cloves.     Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Geneva,  an  ancient,  large,  and  popu- 
lous  town,  capital  of  a  republic  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  confines  of  France 


GEN 


m 


and  S^isserlanJ.  It  is  .sc-itcd  on  ti.e 
)n'>:st  nii,ro\v'  part  of  the  lake  of  the 
saiiii'  nanu",  wlicro  the  Rhone  issues 
in  two  iiirg'e  naiTow  channels,  whicli 
soon  utter  unite.  This  river  divides 
the  cit.v  into  two  unequal  parts.  Gen- 
eva,   which  lies  parth  in  Die  plain  on 


GEN 

Genera  is  40  miles.  N  E  of  Ciiambcm' 
and  135  N  W  of  Turin.  Lon.  6  5  F 
l«t.  46  13N,  ' 

Gcnevii,    Lake  of,   a  niaf,niinccnt  ex- 
panse ot  water,  in  -Swisscrland,  which 
from  the  city  of  Geneva  to  V.lieneuve' 
the  borders  of~thriak;':;n;r„j;Hv'"!:    f^'•=';:^5^'^iles  in   length;    and  its' 
gently  ascent,  is   irre-nd  X' b  ,  r  It  ^  u't;,"       'V'"  ^f^''  P''"'    '''  ^-     ^^ 
is  the  most  populous  to  V    of  Sw  s^el      Q  .  "^'Tc  "^  ^  "'^^'^ent,   of  wliici, 

land,  conta'nim.  2^0^  smds  TlT;  U'''''':i'""''  '^™'  the  concave,  mul 
treaty  of  allianc^e  whch  Geneva  con  LZie  '',f  r''^!  TS  ■'''^">'  "^"''"'^ 
tractcd    with    Bern    and   Fribnir.,.'    a  "wful  boundary  of  aspirin}; 

i526.  n.av  he  co.i.side.^d  as  he  .*^  a  f  i^  '''V  "'''S^^^>'  «"''  '"^vcred  with  the 
its  liberty  and  indenem  enrn  fi  if  •  "*  "?"•  ^'■""'  Geneva  to  the  en- 
long-  aftei,    the   IK-^s  S    Sa  ov    wero  '  f"'"""  "*^  Lausanne,  the  co,u,try  slopes. 


deprived  of    the  authoritv    which  they 
posses.scd  over  this  citv;    the  bishoo 
was  expelled ;    a   republican    form   of 
S'ov^^nmient  was  cslablised,  and  the  re- 
lorni;.lion  introduced.     In  158.1,  Gene- 
va  concluded  a  treaty  of  per.)etual    al- 
liance with  Zurich  and  IJern.  by  which 
It   IS   a|l,e,I   will,   the    Swiss   cantons. 
JJiimiff   the    cpi-eatcr  part   of  the    last  I 
century,  to  the    ye.r  l?a;),   the  hi.storv 
ot   Geneva    contains  little  more  than  "a 
Ti.iiTat,ve  of  conteMs  between  the  aris- 
tocratic  and  the   popular   parties,  the 
history  of  winch   would  require  a  vol. 
iimc  to   relate.     It  n.av  suflice   to  ob- 
serve  here,  that  the  years  1768,  irSS 
and  1789,  were  distinj^-ulshcd  b*-  CTeat 
revolutions;   and  that,   bv   the  last,  the 
constitution  was  wiselv  inodelled    into 
amean  betyveen  tiie  too  popular  form 
cstabl.shcdmirGg,    «„-!  the   too  aris- 
tocratic f.u-ni  established  in  178-^      The 
hotiaes  of  Geneva  are  h.fty  ;  and  n>any, 
that  stand  m  the   trading-   part  of  Uie 
city,  have  arcades  of  wood,  which  aie 
raised    even    to    the     upper     stories: 
these    arcades,  supported  by   pillars 
g'lve  a  gloomy  appearance  to  the  street' 
but  ai-c  useful  to  tlie  inhabitants  inT)ro! 
tectmg  them   from  the   sun  and  rain 
Playing  at  cards,    or  drinking  at  pub- 
Jic  hou.ses  is  not  permitted  ;  but  thev 
exercise  their  militia,   plav  at   bowls, 
and  have  other  diversions  on    Sund-iy  • 
where,  howevei-  the  duties  of  the  dav' 
flunng  the  hours  appropriated  to  divine 
service,  are  observed  with  tlie  utmost 
decorum.     In   1794,   by   the  intrigues 
«t  tiie  French  faction,    a  revolntioV,  or 
msurrection   was   brought  about. 


of  the  lake,    and  is  enriched    with  all 
the  varieties  that  nature   can  bestow 
1  he  long  ridge  of  the  Jura,   fertile  in 
pasturage,  and  varied  with  woods,  backs 
thiji  beautiful  tract.  Near  Lausanne,  the 
:  banks    rise  considerably,    and  form    a. 
j  charnung  terrace.  A  few  miles  bevond 
,  that  town  is  a  rapid  descent.  Near  Ve- 
vay,  begins  a  plain,  which  is  continued 
far  beyond  the  end  of  the  lake,  but  con- 
tracting by  the  ai)proach  of  the  moun- 
tarns,  toward  the  water;   the  colour  of 
whicli  IS  extremely  beautiful  and  clear ; 
and  at    a  distance   seems  of  a  lovely 
blue.      '1-he    depth    is    various;    the 
greatest  yet  found  by  sounding  is   160 
fathoms.  Like  all  inland  lakes,  inclosed 
with  high  mountains,   it  is   subject   to 
sudden  storms.     Among  the  birds  that 
fi-ecpipnt  this  lake  :u-ethe  tippet  grebes 
(see  Pennant's   Urit.  Zool.  Vol.  II.  No. 
222.)  wiiich  appear  in  December,  and 
retire    in    February.     Their    skins  are 
an  elegant  article  of  luxury,    and   sell 
for  12  or  14s.  each.     These    birds  are 
oi.hged  to  breed  in   other  places,   this 
lake  being  almost   totallv  destitute   of 
reeds  and  rushes,  in  which  tliey  form 
their  floating  nests.     The  river  Rhone 
runs  through  tlie  whole  extent  of  the 
lake,  from  its  E  to  its  S  W  extremitj-. 
Geneva,  a   town   in   Ontario  county 
New  York  ;    situated  on  the  N  W  cor! 
ner  of  lake  Seneka  :  here  is  a  post   of- 
lice  42  miles  E  of  Hartford,   and  432 
from  Washington. 

Gciicvois,  a  dutchyof  Savoy,  of  which 
Geneva  and  its  territory  were  formerly 
a  part.     Annecy  is  tlie  capital. 

Geugen/Mcl;   a  town  of   Suabia,    10 
Lon.  7  53 


icincic^ot    the   msurgcnts.  land  Loire  and  liitc  province  of  Burgua, 


„>.„....^__^^ 


Piil 


E  N 

!s  N  E  of  Cliambcm', 
Turin.     Loii.  6  5  K, 

-if,  a  mapiificcnt  cs- 
I  Swisscrlrind,  wliicli, 
ieinv.i  to  V.ileneiive, 
s  in  lengtii ;  and  its 
dest  piirt,  is  12.  It 
a  crescent,  of  which 
19  tiic  concave,  and 
part.  S:.\oy  afibrds 
boundary  of  aspirinjy 
id  covered  witlj  the 
m  Geneva  to  the  en- 
e,  the  country  slopes, 
5  way,  to  the  margin 
IS   enriched    \v!tl\  all 

nature   can  bestow. 

the  Jura,  fertile  in 
ied  with  woods,  backs 
;.  Near  Lausanne,  the 
lerably,    and  form    a 

A  few  miles  beyond 
id  descent.  Near  Vc- 
1,  which  is  continued 
I  of  the  lake,  but  con - 
proach  of  tlic  moini- 
vvatcr  J  the  colour  of 
y  beautiful  and  clear ; 
e  seems  of  a  lovely 
til  is  various  j  the 
1  by  sounding;  is  160 
inland  lakes,  inclosed 
ins,  it  is  subject  to 
tmons'  tlic  birds  that 
:u'e  the  tijipet  gTe!)es 
•it.  Zool,  Vol.  II.  No. 

r  in  December,  and 
IV.     Their    skins  arc 

f  luxury,    and   sell 

These   birds  are 

other  places,  this 

totally  destitute   of 

in  wliich  tliey  form 
The  river  Rhone 

hole  e.\lent  of  the 

its  S  W  extremity. 

in  Ontario  county, 

d  on  the  N  W  cor- 
iierc  is  a  post   of- 

Hartford,   and  433 

'  of  Savoy,  of  which 
Itory  were  formerly 
Vhe  capital, 
kvn   of   Suabia,    10 
jburgh.     Lon.  7  53 

\l,  St.  a  town  of 
)artmcnt  of  Saone 
tovince  of  Burgua., 


GEN 

Jy,  remarkable  for  its  excellent  wines. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
17  miles  S  W  of  Chalons.  Lon.  4  43 
E,  lal.  46  37  N. 

Gciiies,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  24  miles  N  E 
of  Rhodes.     Lon.  3  0  E,  I  at.  44  35,  N. 

Geiiis,  a  town  of  Savoy,  seated  on 
the  Guier,  12  miles  W  of  Chamberry. 
Lon.  5  30  E,  lat.  4540  N. 

Genoa,  a  territory  and  republic  of 
Italy,  extending  along  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  called  the  gulf  of  Ge- 
noa, 152  miles  j  but  its  breadth  is  ve- 
ry unequal,  being  from  eight  to  12 
miles.  Where  it  is  not  bounded  by 
the  sea,  it  is  bordered  from  \V  to  E 
by  Piedmont,  Montscrrat,  Milan,  Pla- 
centia,  Parma,  Tuscany,  and  Lucca. 
It  is  ]iopulous,  well  cultivated,  and 
fertile  near  the  sea ;  but  the  inner 
parts  are  mountainous,  and  barren  in 
several  places,  having  neither  trees  nor 
grass  upon  them. 

Genoa,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
tal of  a  republic  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  little  gulf, 
jiarlly  on  the  flat,  and  partly  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  pleasant  hill ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  it  appears  to  great  ad- 
vantage from  the  sea.  It  is  defended 
on  the  land-side,  by  a  double  wall, 
which  in  circumference  is  about  six 
miles.  Two  of  the  streets  consist  en- 
tirely of  a  double  straight  row  of  magni- 
ficent palaces.  The  others,  though 
clean  and  well  paved,  are  crooked  and 
narrow.  The  palaces  of  the  nobility 
are  almost  all  of  marble,  and  many  of 
them  are  painted  on  the  outside.  The 
city  contains  a  vast  number  of  palaces, 
churches,  and  convents,  and  several 
hospitals.  The  palace  where  the  doge 
resides,  and  where  the  great  and  little 
council,  and  tlic  two  colleges  of  the 
procurator!  and  govematori  assemble,  is 
a  large  stone  building  in  the  centre  of 
the  city  i  but  it  contains  some  fuie  pain- 
tings in  fresco  ;  two  statues  of  An- 
ilrew  and  John  Doria  in  white  marble; 
and  an  arsenal,  in  which  are  said  to  be 
arms  for  thirty-four  thousand  men.  All 
the  inhabitants  here  except  the  princi- 
pal ladies,  who  are  carried  in  chairs, 
walk  on  foot,  on  account  of  the  narrow- 
ness or  steepness  of  the  streets.  The 
fortifications  of  the  city,  towards  the 
sea,  are  remarkably  strong.  There  are 
two  fine  stone  bridges  over  the  rivers 
Bonzevera  and  Bisagno,  the  first  where- 
of washes  the  W,  and  the  other  the  £ 


GEO 

side  of  the  city,  witliin  which  there  is 
also  a  surprising  stone -bridge  joining 
two  hills.  The  harbour,  though  large, 
is  far  from  being  safe  j  but  no  care  or 
expence  have  been  s|>arcd  to  render  it 
as  safe  and  commodious  as  possible. 
The  trade  of  Genoa  is  chiefly  in  vel- 
vets, damasks,  plush,  and  other  silks, 
brocades,  lace,  gloves,  sweatmeats, 
fruits,  oil,  Purniesan  cheese,  anchovies, 
and  medicinal  drugs  from  the  Levant  ; 
but  the  badness  oftlie  harbour,  and  the 
high  price  of  commodities,  greatly 
check  its  commerce.  Tjie  nobility  car- 
ry on  velvet,  silk,  and  cloth  manufac- 
tures. Another  \ery  profitable  article 
of  trade  carried  onbytliem  is  banking, 
and  dealing  in  bills  of  exchange.  Be- 
fore Genoa  was  taken  by  the  French, 
the  government  was  aristocratic,  and 
none  but  the  nobility  had  any  share  in 
it.  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  from 
the  Frencji  in  ISCK) ;  but  by  the  con- 
vention after  the  fatal  battle  of  Ma- 
rengo, it  was  ceded  to  the  French. 
Genoa  is  62  miles  SE  of  Tiu-in,  and  225 
N  W  of  Rome.  Lon.  8  41  E,  lat.  44 
25  N. 

George,  Fort,  a  strong  and  regular 
fortress  in  Inverness- shire,  which  has 
several  handsome  streets  of  barracks. 
It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula  running  into 
the  Murray-frith,  and  completely  com- 
mands the  entrance  into  the  lurbour  of 
Inverness. 

George,  Fort,  St.    See  Madrass. 

George,  Lake,  a  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, ill  the  state  of  New- York.  It  lie* 
S  \V  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  35 
miles  long,  but  is  narrow.  The  adja- 
cent coontry  is  mountainous  ;  the  val- 
lies  toh.rably  good. 

George,  St.  one  of  the  Azores.  The 
inhabitants  arc  employed  in  the  culti- 
vation of  wheat,  and  may  amount  to 
5000.  Lon.  28  0  W,  lat.  38  39  N. 

George,  St.  an  island  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  strait  of  St.  Mary,  that 
forms  the  communicaticn  between 
Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron. 

George  del  mina,  St.  the  best  fort  on 
the  Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  and  the  prin- 
cipal  settlement  of  the  Dutch  in  tlioge 
parts.  It  was  taken  from  the  Portu- 
gfuese  in  1630.  The  town  under  it,  cal- 
led by  the  natives  Oddena,  is  very  long, 
and  pretty  broad.  The  houses  are 
built  of  stone,  which  is  uncommon,  for 
in  other  places  they  are  composed  only 
of  clay  and  wood.  It  was  once  very 
populoi4^,    but   tbe  inhabitants   were 


:l!is 


GEO 


GEO 


greatly  reduced  by  the  small  pox  It 
Ls  30  miles  W  by  S  ol"Capc  Coast  Cas- 
tle.    Loti.  0  22  VV,  l«t.  5  .1  N. 

George's,  St.  a.  small  island  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  lyini^  to  the  S  of  Ve- 
nice, to  wliich  it  is  subject.  Hero  is  a 
Donedictine  monastery,  whose  church 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  Itnly. 

George's,  St.  the  larg-est  of  the  Ber- 
muda islands,  in  which  is  the  town  of 
St.  George,  the  capital  ofall  the  islands. 
Lon.  6,3  oO  W,  hit.  32  45  N. 

George's,  St.  an  island  in  the  gidf  ol' 
itfxico,   opposite    the    mouth    of  the 
Appalachikola.     Lon.  84  50  W,  lit.  29 
.  50  N. 

George's  A'tv,  St.  a  small  island  of 
North  America,  ofi'  the  coast  of  Hon- 
(luras.  It  is  likewise  called  Casina  or 
Cayo  Cassina.  By  a  convention  in  1786, 
the  Eng-'.ish  Lo^rwood  cutters  were 
permitted  to  occupy  this  island. 

George  Town,  the  seat  of  justice,  in 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  South 
Carolina  ;  stands  on  a  spot  of  land  near 
the  junction  of  a  nvmber  of  rivers, 
which  when  united  is  named  the  Pede e, 
anil  falls  inti-  <^he  Atlantic  Ocean,  12 
miles  below  the  town.  It  is  55  miles 
N  by  li  of  Charleston.  Lon.  79  30  VV, 
lat.  3;.;  20  N. 

Georgetov.'jj,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  lying'  on  the  Kennebec 
river,  and  1534  inhabitants  at  the  last 
census  in  1800. 

Georgetown,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  12 
miles  W  of  Lewistown  at  Cape  Heiilo- 
pcn. 

G(orgetov:n,  a  post  town  in  Scott 
county,  Kentucky,  17  miles  W  of 
Franckfort. 

Georgetmin,  a  post  town  in  V.'arren 
countv.  Gcorsria  :  situated  on  tlie 
Great  bgcechee  river,  25  miles  N  W 
of  Louisville. 

Georgetovin,  aposttown  of  Montgome- 
ry county,  Maryland,  within  the  district 
of  Columbia  ;  situated  on  the  N  E 
banli  of  Potomac  river,  four  miles  from 
tt'a.ihington,  the  seat  of  General  Go- 
vernmtnt.  Lat.  38"  50'  N,  lon.  77°  3' 
W. 

Georgia,  a  beautiful  country  of  Asia, 
called  by  the  Persians  Giirpistaii,  and 
by  the  Turks  Gurtshi.  It  is  one  of  the 
seven  Caucasi:m  nations,  in  the  coun- 
tries between  the  Black  Sea,  and  tlie 
Cas[--an,  and  comprehends  the  ancient 
Iberia  and  Colchis.  It  is  bounded  on 
tke  N  by  Clrcassl^i,  on  the  E  by  Di:g- 


liestan  and  Schirvan,  on  the  S  by  Ar- 
menia, and  on  the  W  by  the  Cuban,  or 
new  Russian  pivernment  of  Caucasus. 
Georgia  is  as  fertile  a  count)-y  as  can 
be  seen;  the  bread  is  as  good   here  as 
in  any  i)art  of  the  world  ;   the  fruit  of 
an   exquisite    flavour,  and  of  ditlerent 
sorts  ;  no  place  in  Euroj  e  yields  better 
pears  and  ajjplcs,  and  no  place  in  Asia 
better  pomegranates.    The  country  a- 
bounds  with  cattle,  venison,  and   wild 
fowl,  of  all  sorts  ;  the  river  Kur  is  well 
stocked  with  fish  ;  and  the  wuie  is  so 
rich,  that  the  king  of  Persia  has   al- 
ways some  of  it  for  his  own  table.  Th.e 
inhabitauts  are  robust,  valiant,  and  of  a 
jovial  temper  ;  great  lovers   of  wine, 
and  esteemed  very  trusty  and  faithful ; 
endowed  with  good  natural  parts,  but 
for  want  of  education  very  vicious.  The 
women  are   so   fair   and  comely,  that 
the  wives  and  concubines  of  the  king 
of  Persia  and  his  court  we  for  the  most 
part  Geoigian   women.     This    country 
formerly  abounded  with  great  cities, 
as  appears  liot  only  from   its  history, 
but  from  the   ruins   of  many  of  them 
still    visible,    which    show   that  they 
must  have    been  very  large,  opulent, 
and  mag-nificently  built.     These  were 
all    destroyed   by  the    inundations   of 
northern  barbarians  from    mount  Cau- 
casus, as  the  Alans,  Huns,  Sucvi,  and 
some  others,  so  much  noted  in  history 
for  their  strength,  courage,   and  con- 
quests.      The' latest  division  of  this 
country  is  into  ni.ie   provinces  ;  live  of 
which  form  what   is  commonly  called 
the   king  !om    of    Georgia ;    and   four 
compose  the  kingdom  or  principality 
of  Imeritia.     The    hills  arc    covered 
witli  forests  of  oak,  ash,   beech,  ches- 
nuts,    walnuts,    and    elms,   encircled 
with    vines,  growing  perfectly  wild, 
but  producing  vast  quantities  of  grapes. 
From  these  is  annually  made  as  much 
wine  as  is  necessary  for  their  yearly 
consumption ;   the  remainder  are  left 
to  rot  on  the  >  incs.  Cotton  grows  spon. 
taneously,  as  well  as  the  finest  Em-ope- 
an    fruit-trees.     Rice,    wheat,  millet, 
hemp,  and  flax,  are  raised  on  the  plain*, 
almost  without  culture.    The  vallies 
aflbrd    the    finest    pasturage    in    the 
world ;  the  rivers  are  full  of  fish  ;  the 
mountains  abound  in  minerals  j  and  the 
climate  is  delicious ;  so  that  nature  ap- 
pears to  have  lavished  on  this  country 
every  production  that  can  contribute  to 
the  happiness  of  its  inhabitants.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  rivers  of  Georgia,  b«- 


»fl^. 


i  o 

,  on  the  S  by  Ar- 
I  by  tlie  Cuban,  or 
inient  of  Cimcasiis. 
a  country  as  run 
is  as  good   bevc  as 
rorld  J   the  fruit  of 
ir,  and  of  ditiercnt 
iiM-o'i  (:  vields  better 
nd  nc  place  in  Asia 
s.    The  country  a- 
venison,  and   wild 
he  river  Kur  is  well 
and  the  wine  is  so 
;  of  Persia  has   al- 
ius own  table.  The 
list,  valiant,  and  of  a 
:at  lovers   of  wine, 
trusty  and  faithful ; 
I  natural  parts,  but 
on  very  vicious.  The 
r  and"  comely,  that 
:ubinc3  of  the  king 
ourt:u-efortbc  most 
men.     This   country 
d  with  great  cities, 
ly  from   its  history, 
s'  of  many  of  tliem 
ich    show   that  they 
very  large,  opvilent, 
built.     'Ihese  were 
the   inundations   of 
IS  from   mount  Cau- 
w,  Hims,  Sucvi,  and 
\wz\\  noted  in  history 
,  courage,   and  con- 
test division  of  this 
\e   provinces  ;  tivc  of 
is  commonly  culled 
Georgia;    and   four 
■dom  or   principality 
>    hills  are    covered 
k,  ash,  beech,  chcs- 
uid    elms,   encircled 
.vlng  perfectly  wild, 
t  (I'luntities  of  grapes, 
maliy  made  as  much 
ary  for  their  yearly 
remainder  are  left 
Cotton  grows  spon. 
.  as  tl>e  finest Euiope- 
nice,    wheat,   millet, 
e  raised  on  the  plains, 
ulturc.    The  vallies 
pasturage    in    the 
are  full  of  fish;  the 
in  minerals  ;  and  the 
as ;  so  tliat  nature  ap- 
ished  on  this  country 
that  can  contribute  to 
ts  inliabitants.  On  the 
rivers  of  Georgia,  b«- 


GEO 

ing  fell  by  mountain  torrents,  are  at  all 
seasons  either  too  rapid  or  too  shallow 
for  tlie  purposes  of  navigation ;  the 
Black  Sea,  by  which  commerce  and  ci- 
vilization might  be  introduced  from 
Europe,  has  been  till  lately  in  the  ex- 
clusive possession  of  the  Turks ;  the 
trade  of  Georgia  by  land  is  greatly  ob- 
structed by  the  high  mountains  of  Cau- 
casus ;  and  tliis  obstacle  is  still  in- 
creased, by  the  swarms  of  predatory 
nations,  by  which  those  mountains  arc 
inhabited.  I'he  Georgians  'are  Chris- 
tians of  the  Greek  communion,  and 
appear  to  have  received  their  name 
from  their  attachment  to  St.  George, 
tlie  tutelary  saint  of  these  countries. 
Their  dress  nearly  resembles  that  of 
tlie  Cossacks  ;  but  men  of  rank  (fre- 
quently wear  the  habit  of  Persia.  Tra- 
vellers accuse  the  Georgians  of  drun- 
kenness, superstition,  cruelty,  sloth, 
avarice,  and  cowardice  ;  vices  which 
are  every  where  common  to  slaves  and 
tyrants,  and  are  by  no  means  peculiar 
to  the  natives  of  this  country.  The  de- 
scendants of  the  colonists,  curried  by 
Shach  Abbas,  and  settled  at  Peria, 
near  Ispahan,  and  in  Masenderan,  have 
changed  their  character  with  tlicir  go- 
vernment ;  and  thci  Georgian  troops, 
employed  in  Persix'  agai,.3t  the  Aft- 
glians,  were  advantageously  distin- 
guished by  their  docility,  their  disci- 
pline, and  their  courage.  The  other 
iidiabitants  of  Georgia  are  Tartars, 
Ossi,  and  Armenians.  These  last  are 
foinid  all  over  Georgia,  sometimes 
mixed  with  the  natives,  and  sometimes 
in  villages  of  their  o^vn.  They  speak 
among  themselves  their  awn  language, 
but  all  understand  and  can  talk  the 
Georgian.  Their  religion  is  partly  the 
Armenian,  and  partly  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic. Tliev  are  the  most  oppressed 
of  the  inhabitants,  but  are  still  distin- 
guished by  that  instinctive  industry 
wiiich  every  where  characterizes  the 
nation.  Beside  these,  there  are  in 
Georgia  considerable  numbers  of  Jews, 
some  having  villages  of  their  own,  and 
others  mixed  with  the  Georgian,  Ar- 
menian, and  Tartar  inhabitants,  but 
never  with  tlie  Ossi ;  they  pay  a  small 
tribute  above  that  of  the  natives.  Tef. 
flis  is  the  capital.     See  Iineritia. 

Georgia,  the  most  southern  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  600  miles 
long  and  250  broad ;  bounded  on  tlie 
£  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S  by 
East  and  West  Florida,  on  tlie  W  by 


G  E  R 

the  Mississippi,  and  on  the  K  and  NE 
by  North  and  South  Carolina.  That 
part  of  Georgia  wliich  is  laid  out  in 
counties  is  divided  into  the  following; 
Chatham,  Effingham,  Burke,  Rich- 
mond, Wilkes,  Liberty,  Glyn,  Camden, 
Washington,  Green,  and  Franklin.  'I'he 
principairivers  are  the  Savannah,  Ogee- 
chee,  Alatamaha,  Turtle  river,  Little 
Sitilla,  Great  Sitilla,  Crooked  River, 
St.  Mary's,  and  Appalluchikola,  the 
Catahooche  which  springs  in  this  state, 
and  runs  the  greatest  part  of  its  course 
through  it,  and  the  Flint  River,  which 
is  a  considerable  part  of  the  same.  The 
winters  in  Georgia  are  ^ery  mild  and 
pleasant.  Snow  is  seldom  or  never 
seen.  The  soil  and  its  fertility  are  va- 
rious, according  to  situation  and  di.ler- 
ent  improvements.  By  culture  are  pro- 
duced rice,  indigo,  cotton,  siUc,  Indian 
corn,  potatoes,  oranges,  figs,  pomeg^'a- 
nates,  &c.  Rxe,  at  present,  is  the 
staple  commodity ;  but  great  attention 
begins  to  be  paid  to  the  raising  of  to- 
bacco ;  the  soil  being  suited  to  tlie  cul- 
ture of  that  plant,  "i'he  whole  coast  of 
Georgia  is  bordcre\l  with  islands,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Skidaway,  Was- 
saw,  Ossahaw,  St.  Catharine's,  Sapelo, 
Frederica,  Jekyl,  Cumberland,  and 
Amelia.  The  capital  of  this  state  is 
A.ugusta. 

Georgia,  Southern,  an  island  of  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  cap- 
tain Cook  in  1775,  and  so  named  by  him. 
It  is  31  leagues  long,  and  10  in  its  great- 
est breadth.  It  seems  to  abound  with 
bays  and  harbours,  which  the  vast  quanti- 
ties of  ice  render  inaccessible  the  great- 
est part  of  tbs  year.  The  valleys  were 
covered  with  snow ;  apdthe  only  vege- 
tation observed,  was  a  bladed  grass, 
growing  in  tufts ;  wild  bumet  i  and  a 
plant,  like  mass,  which  spFung  ffwiu  iiie 
rocks.  Not  a  stream  of  fresh  water  was 
to  be  seen  on  the  whole  coast.  This 
island  lies  between  38  13  and  35  34  W 
Ion.  and  53  57  and  54  57  S  lat. 

Gepping,  an  im]>erial  town  of  Suabia, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Wirtumburg,  sejtted 
on  the  river  Wils,  25  miles  E  of  Stut- 
gard.     Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Gera,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Misidl, 
with  a  handsome  college,  on  the  rivet 
Ehter.     Lon.  1 1  56  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Gera:w,  atown  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  capital  of  a  district  of  the. 
same  name,  10  miles  N  \\^  of  Darm- 
stadt. Lon.  8  29  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Gerberoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
K  K 


G  E  R 


G  E  R 


,/ 


department  of  Oise,  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France,  50  miles  N  \>y  W 
of  Paris.  Lon.  1  54  E,  lat.  49  S'2  N. 

Gerhet,  Gerbi,  or  Zorbi,  an  island  un  the 
coast  of  Tunis.  It  bears  no  oilier  corn 
than  barley  ;  but  has  large  quantities  of 
fijj^s,  olives  and  grapes,  which,  when 
dried,  form  the  principal  trade.  It  de- 
pends on  the  dey  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  10 
30  E,  lat.  33  56  N. 

Gerbevillert,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dc])artment  of  Menrthe  and  late  pro- 
vince of  LoiTain,  with  a  handsome  cas- 
tle. The  Church  of  the  late  Carmelites 
is  very  elegant.  It  is  seated  on  the  A- 
gen,  five  miles  from  Lunevillc. 

Gergenti,  a  town  of  Sicily,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  bishop's  sec  ;  seated  near 
the  river  St.  Blaise,  50  miles  S  of  Pa- 
lermo.    Lon.  13  24  E,  lat.  iT  24  N. 

Gerisau,  a  village  of  Swisscrland,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  lake  of  Schweitz,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rigi.  It  is  a  republic, 
the  smallest  in  Europe.  Its  territory  is 
two  leagues  in  length  and  one  in 
breadth,  composed  entirely  of  scatter- 
ed houses  and  cottages,  of  a  very  neat 
and  picturesque  appearance.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  about  1200 
and  are  much  employed  in  preparing 
silk  for  the  manufactures  at  Basle.  This 
i-epublic  is  imder  the  protection  of  the 
cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and 
Underwalden ;  and,  in  case  of  war,  fur- 
nishes its  quota  of  men.  Gerisau  is  12 
miles  S  W  of  Schweitz. 

Gennain,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
magnificent  palace,  embellished  by  se- 
veral kiiigs,  particularly  Lewis  XIV. 
Here  James  II.  found  an  asylum,  when 
he  fled  to  France.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  near  a  fine  forest,  10  miles  N  W 
of  Paris.     Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Gemiatn\  St.  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  was  once 
the  largest  town  in  the  county,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  cathedral.  The 
town  is  now  mean,  consisting  chiefly  of 
fishermen'^  cottages,  but  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  It  stands  near  the  sea,  10 
miles  W  of  Plymouth,  and  224  W  by  S 
of  London.     Lon.  4  24  W,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Germain  Laval,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Rhone  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Forez,  remarkable 
for  excellent  wine.  It  is  225  miles,  S 
E  of  Paris.     Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

German  Flatts,  a  post  town  in  Herke- 


mer  co«inty,  New  York ;  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  Mohock  river,  79  miles 
VV  N  VV  of  Albany,  with  about  1800  m. 
habitants. 

Gennania,  a  town  in  Culpeper  coun- 
ty, Virginia!  with  a  post-office,  distant 
82  miles  S  W  from  Waihington. 

Gennano,  St.  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cussano,  and  belonging  to  an  abbey  on 
tlie  top  of  that  mount.  Lon.  13  59  E, 
lat  41  13  N. 

Germantovin,  an  ancient  town  in  Phi. 
ladclphia  county,  Pennsylvania;  plea- 
santly situated  7  miles  N  by  W  of  Phi- 
ladelphia :  most  of  the  houses  arc  built 
in  one  street  which  is  near  two  miles 
long.  It  was  originally  settled  by  Ger- 
man*, and  contains  about  3500  inhabi- 
tants. 

Germantmun,  a  post  town  of  Stokei 
county.  North  Carolina,  10  miles  N 
E  of  Bethany  the  Moravian  settle- 
ment. 

Germany,  a  country  of  E\iropc,  640 
miles  in  length,  and  550,  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Hungary  and  Po- 
land, on  the  N  by  the  Baltic  Sea  and 
Denmark,  on  the  west  by  France  and 
the  Netherlands,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Alps,  Swisscrland,  and  Italy.  It  is  di- 
vided into  ten  circles,  three  of  which 
lie  on  the  N,  namely  Upper  Saxony, 
Lower  Saxony,  and  Westphalia ;  three 
on  the  S,  Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Suabia ; 
three  about  the  middle,  Franconia,  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Rhine  ;  the  tenth  and 
last  is  the  circle  of  Btirg^ndy,  or  an- 
cient Belg^ium,  which  formerly  consis- 
ted of  the  dutchyof  Burgimdy,  and  the 
17  pi-ovinces  of  the  Low  Countries,  but 
these  have  been  long  since  severed  from 
the  empire  of  Germany.  In  tliis  coun- 
try are  upwards  of  300  sovereign  prin- 
ces  and  states,  most  of  them  indepen- 
dent in  their  respective  territories:  the 
emperor,  or  head  of  the  Germanic  bo- 
dy, is  chosen  by  the  nine  electors,  spi- 
ritual and  temporal  ;  the  ecclesiastical 
princes,  consisting  of  archbishops,  bi- 
shops, abbots  and  abbesses  ;  secular 
princes,  consisting  of  dukes,  marquii- 
scs,  counts,  landgraves,  and  barons, 
with  free  cities,  either  imperial  or 
Hanse  towns ;  both  which  are  sovereign 
states,  and  send  deputies  to  the  gene- 
ral diet  or  parliament  of  the  empire. 
Germany  is  for  the  most  part  level  to- 
wards the  NandE,  being  a  barren  sand 
or  marshy  soil.  On  the  S.  it  is  encum- 
bered with  tlie  Alps ;  but  in  the  mid- 


:  R 


G  E  R 


G  E  R 


I  • 


York ;  situated  on 

3ck  river,   79  miles 

witli  abuut  1800  in> 

n  in  Culpeper  coun- 
a.  pnst-onice,  distant 
Wathington. 
town  of  Naples,  in 
t  the  foot  of  Mount 
iging  to  an  abbey  on 
lunt.     Lon.  13  59  E, 

ancient  town  in  Phi- 
Pennsylvania  i  "(jlea. 
liles  N  by  W  of  Phi. 
the  houses  are  built 
1  is  near  two  miles 
inally  settled  by  Ger- 
s  about  3500  inliabi- 

}ost  town  of  Stokei 
rolina,  10  miles  N 
e    Moravian    settle- 

ntry  of  Europe,  640 
ind  550,   in  breadth  t 
by  Hungary  and  Po- 
{  the  Baltic  Sea  and 
west  by  France  and 
and  on  the  S  by  the 
1,  and  Italy.     It  is  di- 
:les,  three  of  which 
nely  Upper  Saxony, 
d  Westphalia ;  three 
Bavaria,  and  Suabia ; 
Idle,  Franconia,  the 
Hhine  ;  the  tenth  and 
of  Burgundy,  or  an- 
ich  formerly  consis- 
r  Burgundy,  and  the 
Low  Countries,  but 
g  since  severed  from 
nany.    In  tliis  coun- 
300  sovereign  prin- 
)8t  of  them  indepen- 
itive  territories :  the 
)f  the  Germanic  bo- 
le  nine  electors,  spi- 
;   the  ecclesiastical 
of  archbishops,  bi- 
abbesses  ;    secular 
of  dukes,  marquis- 
^aves,   and  barons, 
either  imperial    or 
which  are  sovereign 
eputies  to  the  gene- 
lent  of  the  empire, 
most  part  level  to- 
being  a  barren  sand 
the  S.  it  is  encum- 
but  in  the  mid- 


dle of  the  country  is  an  intermixture  of 
hills  and  dales,  com  fields  and  mea- 
dows, especially  on  the  banks  of  its  ri- 
vers, namely,  the  Rhine,  Danube,  Sec. 
It  has  several  fine  cities,  castles,  pala- 
ces, and  seats,  and  is  more  populous 
than  France.  Charlemagne,  the  son  of 
Pepin,  and  king  of  France,  was  the 
founder  of  the  German  empire  in  the 
year  800  of  the  Christian  ara,  being 
then  sovereign  of  Italy,  great  part  of 
Spain,  and  the  S  of  Germany.  The 
em|)irc  was  divided  among  Charle- 
magne's descendants,  and  the  iiovcreigfn 
of  Italy  and  Germany  only  retained  the 
style  of  emperor,  the  princes  of  the  em- 
pire being  then  his  feodaries  or  vassals. 
The  imperial  crown  continued  heredi- 
tary for  300  years  after  Ch-irlemugne, 
when  the  Pope  of  Rome,  in  order  to 
diminish  the  emperor's  authority,  and 
increase  his  own,  stin-ed  up  the  Ger- 
man princes  to  alter  the  constitution, 
and  make  the  imperial  dignity  elective. 
So  that  duringthe  mutual  struggles  be- 
tween the  head  of  the  church  and  the 
empire,  for  superiority,  several  sove- 
reign states  were  erected  in  Italy  and 
Germany,  independent  of  either.  The 
emperors,  after  the  breaking  of  the  he- 
reditary line,  were  at  first  elected  by 
the  body  of  the  people  ;  but  the  nobili- 
ty, and  great  officers  of  state,  observing 
that  tliis  gave  occasion  to  endless  con- 
fusion, excluded  the  people  from  their 
share  in  the  election  and  assumed  the 
right  of  chusing  the  emperor  them- 
selves ;  and  at  length  the  numberof  elec- 
tors was  reduced  to  seven,  namely,  the 
archbishops  of  Meritz,  Trierit,  Cologne, 
the  king  of  BoherJia,  the  duke  of  Sax- 
ony, the  prince  palatine  of  the  Rhine, 
and  the  murquis  of  Brandenburgh  j  but 
upon  the  paisgrare  Frederick  incurring 
tlie  h«n  of  the  empire,  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia was  added  as  an  eighth  elector, 
and  the  duke  of  Hanover  since  that 
made  the  ninth.  But  though  the  im-' 
perial  crown  ivas  elective,  the  house  of 
Austria  found  means  by  the  count  of 
Hapsburg  to  continue  it  in  their  family 
upwards  of  300  years,  till  upon  the 
failure  of  the  male  issue  of  Austria,  in 
tlie  emperor  Charles  VI.  the  elector  of 
Bavaria  Wis  crowned  emperor  in  1743, 
who,  contending  with  Maria  Theresa 
queen  of  Hungary,  and  daughter  to  the 
said  Charles,  for  the  hereditary  domi- 
nions of  Austria,  he  brought  himself  in- 
to great  distress,  ruined  his  country, 
and  after  a  short  reign,  died  in  his  ct- 


pital,  January  9,  1745.  But  Francis, 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  ninrricil 
Muria  Theresa,  was  ufterwai'ds  cli  cted 
to  the  imperial  dignity,  through  the  in- 
terest of  Great  Britain  and  its  prince 
the  elector  of  Hanover;  and  his  de- 
scendants still  sway  the  Germanic  scep- 
tre. The  nine  above  mentioned  elec- 
tors now  chuse  an  emperor,  when  the 
imperial  throne  is  vacant,  unless  a  king 
of  the  Romans  hath  been  elected  in  the 
preceding  reign,  who  succeeds  of 
course.  The  emperor  is  the  fountain 
of  honour  in  Germany,  disposing  of  all 
places  and  dignities  both  civil  and  mi- 
litary, except  those  that  are  hereditary, 
as  the  great  chancellor,  treasurer, 
sword-bearer,  cup-bearer,  which  are 
only  honorary  posts  with  little  or  no  pro- 
fit. Germany  is  a  fruitful,country,  par- 
ticularly  in  the  valleys ;  and  its  moun- 
tains abound  with  mines,  from  which 
proceed  Kome  of  the  best  medicinal 
springs  and  baths  in  Europe,  as  those 
at  Pyrmont,  Baden,  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
&c.  The  inhabitants  are  excellent  me- 
chanics and  chemists,  yet  among  tlie 
latter  have  arisen  several  pretentlgrs  to 
the  grand  elixir;  as  among  the  former, 
several  projectors  have  pretended  to 
have  found  out  the  perpetual  motion. 
The  invention  of  printing  and  gunpow- 
der is  generally  a8crib;!d  to  tne  Ger- 
mans, and  they  have  also  brought  clocks, 
watches,  swords,  locks,  and  fire-arms 
to  very  greatperfection.  The  manufac- 
tures of  tin-plates  or  white  iron  they, 
have  entirely  monopolized.  They  are 
reputed  g^d  painters,  engravers,  en- 
amellers,  and  engineers.  Their  fo- 
reign trade  they  cai'ry  on  with  great  suc- 
cefis,  by  tneans  of  the  rivers  Rhine, 
Elbe,  Oder,  Weser,  and  tlie  Baltic  Sea  { 
more  particularly  from  Hamburg,  Lu- 
beck,  Bremen,  Stetin,  &c.  and  by  land 
with  Italy,  Switzerland,  France,  and 
Holland. 

Germertheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  situate 
near  the  Rhine,  five  miles  W  of  Phil- 
ipsburgh. 

Gen,  t,  department  of  France,  in 
which  are  comprehended  the  late  pro- 
vinces of  Gascony  and  Armag^ac. 

Gertrudenburg,  an  ancient  town  of 
Dutch  Brabant,  one  of  the  principal 
bulwarks  of  the  Dutch,  situated  at  the 
E  extremity  of  the  Bies  boch  lakes 
which  are  fonned  by  the  Maese,  and 
make  a  good  harbour.  It  has,  been  of. 
teai^||ken,  the  last  Ume  by  the  French 


<  ■,'■§ 


:*;•'■; 


U 


»JIBW^|iM|y- 


G  H  E 

in   1795.    It  is  10  miles  N  of  Breda. 
Lull.  4  52  E,  lilt.  52  44  N. 

Genivicnhi,  an  ancient  town  of  Por- 
tii|;al,  in  Alcntejn,  with  a  strong  can- 
tie  i  but  was  taken,  in  1662,  by  tlie 
Spaniards.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Guitdiunu,  18  miles  below  Ba- 
dajox. 

Geatri/te,  ft  provinre  of  Sweden, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Helsinjfiu,  on  the 
E  by  the  piU'of  Bothnia,  on  tlie  S  by 
Upland,  and  on  the  VV  by  Dulccarlia. 
It  is  diversified  by  forests,  rocks,  hills 
and  dales,  pasture  and  arable  land, 
lakes  and  rivers  ;  and  the  river  Dam 
nican<lcrs  thro'  the  whole  extent  ofthe 
province 

Cettislnirg,  ft  post  town  in  Adams' 
county,  Pennsylvania,  28  miles  S  W  of 
Yorklown,  the  capital  of  York  county, 
and  115  westw  .id  of  Piiiladelphia. 

GevauJwi,  a  territory  of  Langiiedoc, 
in  France,  !)oiinded  on  the  N  by  Aii- 
vergne,  on  the  W  by  Rovierg^ue,  on  tlie 
S  by  the  Covennes,  and  on  the  E  by 
Velay.  It  is  a  mountainous,  barren 
country ;  and  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Lozere. 

Gerer,  or  Gower.     See  Goar,  St. 

Gex,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  ile- 
partment  of  Aine  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St. 
Claude,  between  the  Rhone,  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  and  Swisserland.  It  produ- 
ces excellent  cheese  ;  and  is  10  miles 
K  W  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  1  E,  lat.  46 
SON. 

Gezira,  a  town  of  Diarbeck,  in  an 
island  formed  by  the  Tigris,  70  miles 
N  W  of  Mousid.  Lon.  40  50  E,  lat.  36 
36  N. 

Ghanah,  or  Ghinnah,  a  town  of  the 
empire  of  Cashna,  in  Africa.  It  is 
seated  between  a  lake  and  the  river 
Niger.  It  is  90  miles  N  E  of  the  city 
ofCashnii,  and  208  S  of  Agadez.  Lon. 
13  12  E,  hit.  15  55  N. 

Ghent,  th(  capital  of  Austrian  Fland- 
ers, and  a  Ijishop's  sec.  It  is  seated 
on  four  navigable  rivers,  tlie  Scheld, 
tlie  Lys,  the  Lieve,  and  the  Moere, 
which  run  through  the  city.  It  is  well 
situated  for  foreign  trade,  and  the  silk, 
woollen,  and  liaen  manufactures  flour- 
ish ;  it  also  deals  considerably  in  corn. 
It  contains  70,000  inhabitants  ;  but  is 
not  populous  in  proportion  to  its  ex- 
tent. The  cathedral  is  a  noble  ancient 
structure,  dedicated  to  St.  Buvon  ;  be- 
side this,  there  are  only  six  parochial 
churches.    The  Benedictine  abbey  of 


G  H  1 

St.  Peter  is  a  magnificent  edifice ;  in 
which,  as  well  as  in  the  churches,  are 
some  capital  paintings  by  the  best 
masters.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  was 
born  here,  and  here,  in  1576,  was  con- 
eluded  the  famous  treaty,  called  the 
Pacification  of  Ghent,  tlie  first  com- 
mencemcnt  of  the  separation  of  seven 
provinces  from  the  seventeen  which 
then  firt-med  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 
Ghent  has  been  often  taken  j  the  last 
time,  by  the  French,  in  1794.  The 
city  is  cut  by  many  canals,  which  divide 
it  into  26  isles,  and  over  the  canals  are 
300  bridges.  It  has  also  two  naviga. 
ble  canals  j  the  one  to  Sas  van  Ghent, 
the  other  to  Bruges  and  Ostend,  the 
last  of  which  was  destroyed  in  1798, 
by  the  British.  It  is  26  miles  N  W  of 
Brussels.     Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Ghergmg,  a  city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Assam,  It  is  seated 
on  a  river  which  runs,  in  a  short  dis- 
tance, into  the  Burrampooter,  400  miles 
N  E  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  93  15  E,  lat  25 
55  N. 

Gheriah,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  on  that  part  ofthe  W  side 
called  the  Pirate  Coast.  It  was  lately 
the  capital  and  principal  port  of  Angria. 
It  is  295  miles  S  by  E  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
73  e  E,  lat.  17  59  N. 

Gfiilan,  a  province  of  Persia,  on  the 
S  W  side  ofthe  Caspian  Seaj  supposed 
to  be  the  Hyrcania  ofthe  ancients.  It 
is  very  agreeably  situate,  having  the 
sea  on  one  side,  and  high  mountains  on 
the  otlier ;  and  there  is  no  entering  it 
but  through  narrow  passes,  which  may 
be  easily  defended  The  sides  of  the 
mountains  are  covered  witli  many  sorts 
of  fruit  ti-ees  i  and  in  the  highest  parts 
of  them  are  deer,  bears,  wolves,  leo- 
pards, and  tigers.  It  is  one  of  tlie  moSt 
fruitful  provinces  of  Persia,  and  produ- 
ces abundance  of  silk,  oil,  wine,  rice, 
tobacco,  and  excellent  fruits.  The  in- 
habitants are  brave  ;  and  the  women 
arc  accounted  extremely  handsome. 
Kesht  is  the  capital. 

Ghilan,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  ofthe  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  French  Hainault,  seated  on  the 
Haina,  five  miles  W  of  Mons.  Lon.  3 
53  i:,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Ghizni,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro^ 
per,  formerly  the  capital  of  an  exten- 
sive empire  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
termed  the  second  Medina,  owing  to  the 
great  number  of  illustrious  persons  in. 
terred  here.  Lon.  68  20  £,  lat.  16  13  N. 


'^V 


H  I 

p^ificent  edifice  ;  !ii 
in  the  chiirclicM,  are 
ritings  by  tlic  best 
leror  Charles  V.  waa 
•e,  in  1576,  wa»  con- 
IS  treaty,  culled  the 
lient,  the  first  com- 
e  separation  of  seven 
le  seventeen  which 
ustrian  Netherlands, 
ften  taken  ;  the  last 
nch,  in  1794.  The 
f  canals,  which  divide 
d  over  ti)c  canals  are 
has  also  two  naviga- 
le  to  Sas  van  Ghent, 
^cs  and  Ostcnd,  the 
s  destroved  in  1798, 
t  is  26  miles  N  ^V  of 
49  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 
y  of  Asia,  capital  of 
issam.  It  is  seated 
runs,  in  a  short  dis- 
'rampooter,  400  miles 
Lon.  93  15  E,  lat  35 

»  of  the  peninsula  of 
at  iiart  of  the  \V  side 
Coast.  It  was  lately 
ncipalport  of  Angria. 
)y  E  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
N. 

ICC  of  Persia,  on  the 

asplan  Sea ;  supposed 

a  of  the  ancients.     It 

situate,  havinjy  the 

id  high  mountains  on 

ere  is  no  entering  it 

w  passes,  which  may 

The  sides  of  the 

cred  with  many  sorts 

"  in  the  highest  ports 

bears,   wolves,  leo- 

It  is  one  of  tlie  mo*t 

^f  Persia,  and  produ- 

lilk,  oil,  wine,   rice, 

[lent  fruits.    The  in- 

ive  ;   and  the  women 

\tremcly  handsome. 

vn  of  France,  in  the 
North  and  late  pro- 
ainault,  seated  on  the 
W  of  Mons.     Lon.  3 

of  Hindoostan  ProJ 

capital  of  an  exten- 

'  same  nume.     It  is 

Medinm,  owing  to  the 

llustrious  persons  in- 

68  30  £,  lat  16  13  N. 


G  I  E 

Gibraltar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, near  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
fiirmcrly  called  Calpc,  which,  with 
Abyla,  on  the  opposite  shore  of  Africa, 
were  called  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. 
Turick,  a  general  of  the  Moors,  built  a 
fortress  here,  which  he  called  Gibel 
Torick,  that  is,  Mount  Tarick.  Since 
that  time  a  town  has  been  built  at  the 
foot  of  this  rock,  which  is  strongly  for- 
tified. It  can  be  approached  omy  by  a 
narrow  passage  between  the  mountain 
and  the  sea,  acrusri  which  tlie  Spani- 
ards have  drawn.".  Mne,  and  fortified  it, 
to  prevent  the  garrison  from  having  any 
communication  with  the  country.  It 
was  formerly  thought  to  be  inipregpia- 
ble ;  but,  in  1704,  it  was  taken  by  the 
confederate  fleet,  commanded  by  Sir 
George  Kooke.  The  Spaniards  attempt- 
ed to  retake  it  the  following  )ear,  and 
500  of  them  crept  u|>  the  rock  in  Ihe 
night-time,  but  were  driven  down 
headlong  in  "tlie  morning.  In  1727,  the 
Spaniards  besieged  it  again,  and  at- 
tempted to  blow  up  the  rock,  which 
they  found  impracticable,  and  were 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  It  was  be- 
sieged in  the  last  war,  from  the  16ih 
of  July  1779  to  the  beginning  of  Feb. 
17UJ,  when  the  siege  was  finally  rais- 
ed. But  it  may  be  considered  as  ter- 
minated on  ti)e  13th  of  Sept.  1782,  on 
tl)e  failure  of  the  g^and  attack  made  by 
the  Spaniards,  whose  dreadfuLfioating 
batteries  nvere  destroyed  by  red  hot 
shot  from  the  garrison.  The  garrison 
here  are  cooped  up  in  a  very  narrow 
compass,  and  have  no  provisions  but 
what  are  brought  from  Barbary  and 
England.  The  strait  of  Gibraltar  is  24 
miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth,  and 
a  strong  current  always  runs  .through 
it  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Gibraltar  is  25  miles  N  of  Ceu- 
ta,  and  -^5  S  E  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  5  17 
W,  lat.  36  6  N. 

Gien,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret  and  late  province  of 
Orleannois,  seated  on  the  Loire,  76 
miles  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  43  K,  lat. 
47  34  N. 

Gienzor,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Tri- 
poli, 10  miles  from  the  town  of  Tri- 
poli. 

Gierace,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Ult^riore,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  sea,  32  miles  N  E 
of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  38  13 
N. 

Gieten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 


G  I  R 

landgravate  of  Hcs8e-Cas<ic1,  with  a 
caiitle  and  a  university.  Il  belongs  to 
the  house  of  Darmstudt,  and  wits  tak- 
en by  the  French  in  1796,  but  leiakcn 
the  sume  year  by  the  Aiistriuns.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Lohn,  16  miles  VV  S  W 
of  iJarpurjj.  Lon.  8  41  £,  lat.  50  30 
N. 

Gtga,  a  small  island  on  the  W  const 
of  Scotland,  between  the  Isle  of  Skye 
and  tlie  peninsula  of  Cantyre,  in  Arg\le- 
shire,  in  which  county  it  is  incluc'ied. 
The  iniiabitants  annually  export  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  grain. 

Giglio,  n  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Tuscany,  with  a  castle.  It  makes  pai-t 
of  the  state  of  Sienna,  and  is  15  mites 
W  of  Porto  Hercole.  Lon.  11  16  E, 
lat.  42  1  N. 

Giloln,  u  large  island,  with  a  town 
of  the  Kume  name,  in  the  Archipelago 
of  the  Moluccas.  It  docs  not  produce 
any  fine  spices,  though  it  lies  near  the 
Spice  Islands  ;  but  it  bus  a  great  deal 
of  rice,  and  tlie  inhabitants  arc  fierce 
and  cruel.  It  is  seated  under  the  line, 
in  lon.  130  0  £. 

Gilmant(fv»i,  a  town  of  Stafford  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  about  52  miles  N 
by  W  of  Portsmouth.  The  township 
contained  3750  inhabitants  in  1800,  and 
has  a  post-ofiice,  584  miles  from  Wath- 
ir.gton. 

Gingen,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  16  miles  N  of  Ulni.  Lon.  10  13  E, 
lat.  48  39  N. 

Gingee,  a  large  and  populous  town  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  is  strong 
both  by  art  and  nature,  being  seated  on 
a  mountain,  whose  top  is  divided  into 
three  points,  on  each  of  which  is  a 
castle.  The  Great  Mogid,  in  1690, 
began  a  siege,  which  continued  three 
years  to  no  purpose.  It  is  S3  miles  W 
of  Pondicherry.  Lon.  79  25  E,  lat.  11 
43  N. 

Giodda,  or  Giddah,  a  seaport  on  the 
E  coast  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red  Sea.  It 
is  the  port  of  Mecca,  and  can-ies  oh  a 
great  trade.  Lon.  39  27  E,  lat.  21  30 
N. 

Giovanazzo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  sea,  10  miles  N  W  of  Bari. 
Lon.  16  50  £,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Gierit,  a  large  town  of  Persia,   in 
Kerman,  whose  trade  consists  in  wheat  . 
and  dates.     Lon.  57  55  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Gironde,  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Guienne. 


1 


G  L  A 


G  L  A 


Gironna,  nn  ancient  and  strnnp  town 
of  Spa'n,  in  Ciitaluniu,  with  u  l)ish"|)'H 
«t^<".  It  it  .si'i\ti"l  on  II  hill,  on  the  sulf 
•ifthc  river  Diihi.l,  •l.'i  miles  N  K  of  U:ir. 
cfli.na.     l.on.  2  5J  K,  Int.  Ai  0  N. 

Girim,  Si.  u  town  of  Kraiirc,  in  tiic 
<lcp:irt?ni'tit  of  Ariege,  iml  lute  jjro- 
vinceof  Cousrcanii,  gciiteilon  the  Sarat, 
three  niik'N  S  <if  St.  Liiiier.  Lon.  1  10 
E,  l;a.  42  5J  N. 

Girvan,  u  villapc  in  Ayrshire,  at  the 
moiitii  of  a  river  <i  tlie  sunie  name, 
almost  o|)))<)sitc  the  rock  of  Ailsa. 
Here  are  Noine  nianulin  lures  ;  particu- 
larly in  the  tanninn'  of  leather,  and  the 
nukin)^  of  MJiues  und  boots.  It  is  16 
miles  S  hy  \V  of  A;  r. 

CiabiU'Hi^hs  a  t'JWTi  in  the  N  ridinp 
«if  York.sliiie,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
tby.  It  is  niit'.'d  for  being  tiie  first 
place  where  alsm  was  made,  as  it 
■was  fiirniei'ly  iiir  its  abbey.  It  is  four 
miles  li-oin  the  mouth  of  the  Tees, 
22  N  VV  of  VVhitbv,  and  247  N  bv  ^V  of 
London.     Lon.  0  55  W,  lut.  54  35  N. 

Gisburn,  a  town  in  the  W  ridinff  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday. 
Lon.  2  22  W,  lat.  53  55  N. 

GUors,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  seated  on  the  Ept,  28 
miles  S  E  of  Rouen.  Lon.  1  43  E,  lat. 
49  15  N. 

Givet  a  fortified  town  in  the  bishopric 
cf  Licffc,  divided  in  two  by  the  riv- 
er Macse,  21  miles  S  W  of  Namur. 
Lon.  4  34  E,  lat.  50  13  N. 

Ghita,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
rcsc,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  eight  miles  from  Anghicrra. 

Giula,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, on  the  frontiers  of  Transylvania. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1566, 
and  retaken  in  1695.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Keicsblun,  30  iniks  S  \V  of  Great 
Waradln.     Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

GiuUana,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a 
craggy  rock,  12  miles  N  N  E  of  Zacca, 
and  30  S  S  W  of  Palermo. 

G'matandtl,  a  large  town  of  Macedo- 
nia, with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see, 
seated  near  lake  Ochrida,  60  miles  S 
E  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  36  E,  lat.  41 
40  N. 

Glaciers,  a  name  given  to  some  very 
extensive  fields  of  ice  among  the  Alps 
of  Swisserland.  These  glaciers  may 
be  divided  into  two  sorts  :  the  first, 
occupying  the  deep  vallies  situated  in 
tlie  bosom  of  the  Alps,  and  termed  by 
tlie  natives  the    Valley  of   Ice,    but 


which  Mr.  Coxe  distinguishes  by  the 
name  of  Lower  Glaciers  i  the  second, 
which  clothe  the  sunimits  and  aides  oV 
the  mountains,  he  calls  the  Upper 
Glaciers.  The  lower  Glaciers  are  by 
far  the  most  considerable  in  extent 
and  depth.  Some  stretch  several 
leagues  m  length,  that  of  dcs  Buis,  in 
particular,  is  more  than  15  miles  long, 
and  above  three  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
The  Lower  Glaciers  do  not  as  is  gene- 
rally imagined,  communicate  with  each 
other,  they  mostly  stretch  in  a  trans- 
verse dii'cclion,  and  arc  bordered  at 
the  higher  extremity  by  inaccessible 
rocks,  and  on  the  other  extends  into  the 
cultivated  vall'.es.  The  thickness  of 
the  ice  varies  in  difiierent  parts.  M. 
lie  Saussure  found  its  general  depth 
in  the  Glacier  des  Oois  from  80  to  100 
feet ;  but  questions  not  the  information 
of  those  who  assert,  that  in  some  places, 
its  thickness  exceeds  even  600  feet. 
These  immense  fields  of  Ice  usually 
rest  on  an  inclined  plane.  Being  push- 
ed  forward  by  the  pressure  of  their 
own  weight,  and  but  weakly  supported 
by  the  rugged  rocks  beneath,  they  are 
intersected  by  large  transverse  chasms  5 
and  present  the  appearance  of  walls, 
pyramids,  and  other  fantastic  shapes, 
observed  at  all  heights,  and  in  all  situ- 
ations, wherever  the  declivity  exceeds 
30  or  40  degrees.  But  in  those  parts 
where  the  plane  on  which  they  rest  is 
horizontal,  or  only  gently  inclined,  the 
surface  of  the  ice  is  nearly  uniform  : 
the  chasms  are  but  few  and  narrow, 
and  the  traveller  crosses  on  foot,  with- 
out much  difiiculty.  The  surface  of 
the  ice  is  not  so  slippery  as  tiiat  of  fro- 
zen ponds  or  rivers ;  it  is  rough  and 
granulated,  and  is  only  dangerous  to 
the  passenger  in  steep  descents  :  it  is 
nut  transparent,  is  extremely  porens 
and  full  of  small  bubbles,  which  sel- 
dom exceeds  the  size  of  a  pea,  and 
consequently  is  not  so  compact  as  com- 
mon ice.  For  the  theory  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Glaciers,  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred  to  M.  de  Saussure.  The  Upper 
Glaciers  may  be  subdivided  into  those 
which  cover  the  summits,,  and  those 
wliich  extend  along  tlie  sides  of  the ' 
Alps.  Those  which  cover  tlie  sum- 
mits of  the  Alps,  owe  their  origin  to 
tlie  snow  tliat  falls  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  and  which  remains  nearly  in  its  o- 
riginal  state,being  congealed  into  a  hard 
siibstance,  and  not  converted  into  ice. 
The  substance  which  clotlies  the  sides 


G  L  A 


G  L  A 


iifpiishci  by  the 
rK ;    itie  leronil, 
[nit»  aiul  lidc*  of 
calls   tlie   Upper 
Clliicicra  mv  by 
arable    i"  extent 
itrctch    icveral 
it  of  den  Boi«,  in 
in  15  miles  lonp, 
prcatest  biTadlli. 
Jo  not  M  is  gcne- 
imicule  with  each 
rctrh  in  a  trans- 
arc  boi'ilerecl  at 
y  by   inacceKHible 
r  cxtcmU  iiitotht 
n.c    thicknesa   of 
Tercnt  parts.     M. 
its  general  depth 
ui»  from  80  to  100 
lot  the  information 
hat  in  some  places, 
1»  even   600  feet. 
Ids   of  ice  usually 
lane.    Being  push- 
pressure   of  tl>eir 
:  wcolcly  supported 
beneath,  they  are 
transverse  chasms ; 
learance  of  walls, 
•  fantastic  shapes, 
ht»,  and  in  all  situ- 
e  declivity  exceeds 
Jut  in   those  parts 
which  they  rest  is 
•ently  inclined,  the 
IS  nearly  uniform  : 
few  and  narrow, 
>»8eB  on  foot,  with- 
.    The  surface  of 
pery  as  tiiat  of  fro- 
s  1  it  is  rough  and 
only  dangerous  to 
:ep  descents  :  it  is 
,  extremely  por«!S 
ibbles,  whicli  «el- 
tizc  of  a  pea,  and 
Igo  compact  as  com- 
lieory  of  the  forma- 
the  reader  is  re- 
|s8ure.    The  Upper 
.divided  into  those 
immits,   and  those 
Uie   sides  of  the' 
h   cover  tlie  sum- 
(we  their  origin  to 
it  all  seasons  of  the 
lains  nearly  in  iuo- 
Higealedintoahard 
;onverted  into  ice. 
;h  clotlies  the  side* 


oftlieAlpsis  neither  pure  snow  like 
thut  of  tiiu  summits,  nur  ice  which 
foriiiH  the  Lower  Glaciers,  but  i«  un 
Hsai'iMblutfc  of  both.  It  contains  Uiih 
snow  than  the  summits,  bocuusc  tlie 
!<unmicr  heat  has  more  power  to  din- 
kdIvc  it;  and  because  tiiu  liqueiicd 
biiow  descending  from  above,  the  mass 
is  pcneti-ated  with  a  larger  ijuantity  of 
water.  It  contains  more  snovs-  than 
the  Lower  Glaciers,  because  the  dis 
lulution  of  the  snow  is  comparatively 
less.  Ill  a  word,  there  is  a  regular 
gradation  from  the  snow  on  the  sum- 
mits to  the  ice  of  the  Lower  Glaciers, 
formed  by  the  intermediate  mixture 
of  snow  anil  ice,  which  becomes  more 
compact  and  less  porous  in  proportion 
as  it  approaches  the  Lower  Glaciers, 
until  it  unites  and  assimilates  with 
them. 

Gianiorganshire,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
48  miles  long  and  26  broad ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Carmarthenshire  and  Breck- 
nocksliirc,  on  the  E  by  Monmouth- 
shire, and  on  tlie  T,  and  W  by  the 
Bristol  Channel.  It  lies  in  the  diocese 
of  Landaif;  contains  10  hundreds,  one 
city,  eight  market-towns,  and  118 
parishes ;  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  The  air,  in  the  S  part, 
towards  the  sea,  is  temperate  and 
healthful ;  but  the  northern  part,  which 
is  mountainous,  is  cold  and  piercing, 
full  of  thick  woods,  extremely  barren, 
and  thin  of  inhabitants.  The  S  part  is 
so  remarkably  fertile,  pleasant  and 
populous,  that  it  is  generally  styled  the 
garden  of  Wales  ;  but  it  has  no  manu- 
facture. Its  principal  commodities  are 
lead,  coal,  iron,  ard  limestone.  Its 
cliief  rivers  are  the  Romney,  Taafee, 
Elwy,  Neath,  and  Tawy.  Cardiff  is 
the  principal  town,  and  Swansey  the 
most  rommercial  i  bat  the  itiiaizes  are 
held  at  Cowbridge.     See  Gauser. 

Glainmit,  a  vUlage  in  the  S  W  part 
of  Angusshire,  near  which  is  Glam- 
mis  castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
carl  of  Strathmore,  in  which  is  shown 
the  apartment  where  Malcolm  li.  was 
assassinated  in  1034. 

Glandfardbridge,  or  Brigg,  a  town  in 
Lincolnshire,  with  a  maiket  on  Thurs- 
day ;  seated  on  the  Ankam,  which  is 
famous  for  its  fine  eels,  and  has  been 
lately  made  navigable  for  sloops  to  the 
number.  It  is  23  miles  N  of  Lincoln, 
and  156  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
23  W,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Glitrut,  a  catitoa    of    Swisserland, 


bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Crissons  i  oa 
th(!  S  by  the  sanie,  tlr;  ranloii  of  Uri, 
and  that  ol  Schwcit/.  i  and  on  the  H 
by  till-  i'i\<'r  Liiith.  It  is  a  inoitiitiiin. 
oiiH  rouiil.y  I  and  the  I'liicf  trade  in  in 
cattle,  rlitcne,  and  buttt- r.  Glarus  is 
suri-Dumled  by  the  .•Vlps,  except  to- 
wards the  N  ;  and  there  is  no  other 
entrance  but  through  this  opening, 
which  liesbetv  eenthe  lake  of  VVallcn* 
stadt  and  the  mountains  separatin|p 
this  canton  from  that  of  Sch  wcitz. 

Glarua,  a  large  town  of  Swisserland, 
capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name, 
and  seated  on  the  rivar  Linth,  32  mites 
S  E  of  Zurlc.  The  streets  are  large, 
and  the  houses  kept  in  good  rcjiair. 
Lon.  9  1  E,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Giatgovi,  a  city  in  Lanerkshire,  which 
in  point  of  si/e  and  importance  may 
be  esteemed  the  second  city  in  Scot- 
land. It  is  seated  on  the  N  aide 
of  the  Clyde,  over  which  are  two 
stone  bridges  t  one  of  them  an  elegant 
modern  structure  of  seven  arches,  500 
feet  hjng,  and  32  wide ;  it  was  complet- 
ed in  1772.  The  streets  arc  clean 
and  well  paved  ;  and  several  of  them 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles, 
produce  a  very  ag;recable  effect.  The 
four  principal  streets,  which  intersect 
each  other  at  right  angles,  divide  the 
city  nearly  into  four  equal  parts  ;  and 
the  different  views  of  them  from  the 
cross,  or  centi'e  of  intersection  have  an 
air  of  magnificence.  Glasgow  was  once 
an  archiepiscopal  see.  There  arc  11 
churches  in  Glasgow,  three  of  which 
are  contained  in  tl;e  ancient  cathedral, 
which  is  considered  one  of  the  most 
entire  pieces  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  Scotland.  St.  Andrew's  is  the  fin- 
est piece  of  mordern  architecture  in  the 
city.  It  was  begun  in  1739  and  finish- 
ed in  J756.  The  Tron  Church,  with 
the  session  house  at  the  W  end  of  it, 
which  had  been  for  some  time,  occupi- 
ed as  a  guard-house  by  tlie  town-guard, 
wag  destroyed  by  fire  in  1793.  There 
are  several  charitable  establishments  i 
particularly  the  merchant's  Hospital, 
and  that  of  the  town.  Here  is  a  cele- 
brr.ted  university ;  the  single  college 
belonging  to  which  is  an  elegant  build- 
ing. The  Tontine  tavern,  coffee-house, 
and  hotel,  for  extent  and  accommoda- 
tion is  perhaps  equal  to  any  in  Europe. 
The  American  and  West  Indian  trade 
laid  the  foundation  of  tlie  opulence  of 
Glasgow ;  but  the  former  having  de- 
clined, tUc  merchants,  possessed  of 


G  L  A 


G  L  E 


' 


} 


great  capitals  and  an  adequate  spirit  of 
industry,  turned  tlicir  view  to  manu- 
factures, which  in  many  instances  they 
have  carried  to  tlie  Iiighest  perfection. 
The  cotton  manufacture  in  particular 
is  carried  cm  in  a  most  extensive  scale, 
and  rivals  that  of  Manchester  in  cheap- 
ness and  elegance.  A  pottery  has  like- 
wise been  established  which  emulates 
in  beauty  the  Stafi'ordsiiire  ware.  The 
printing  types  cast  here,  liave  been 
long  distinguished  for  their  neatness 
and  regularity ;  and  the  glass  manu- 
facture has  been  very  successful.  The 
inhabitants  i.re  computed  at  upwards 
of  "0,000.  It  has  the  advantage  of 
two  canals,  besides  the  Great  Canal 
tli;it  joins  tlie  Clyde  to  the  Forth  ;  and 
is  15  miles  E  SE  of  Dumbarton,  and 
45  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4  2  W.lat. 
55  52  N. 

Glasgow,  Port,  a  town  in  Renfrew- 
•hire  on  the  S  side  of  the  Clyde,  erect- 
ed, in  1710,  to  ser>-e  as  the  seaport  of 
the  city  of  Glasgow,  whose  magistrates 
appoint  a  ballitt  for  the  government  of 
it.  It  has  an  excellent  harbour  with 
a  noble  pier  ;  but  still  moat  of  the  ships 
that  trade  to  the  West  Indies,  sail 
from  Greenock,  and  return  ~  to  that 
port.  The  herring  fisheries,  in  the 
frith  of  Clyde,  form  a  considerable  part 
of  its  fradc.  This  port  is  situate  21 
miles  W  by  N  of  Glasgow. 

Glastonbury,  a  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
seated  near  a  high  hill,  called  tlie  Tor, 
and  is  famous  for  an  abbey,  some  ru- 
ins of  which  still  remain  ;  particularly 
tlie  curious  structure,  called  the  ab- 
bot's kitchen,  which  is  entire,  and  of 
a  very  untisual  contrivance.  The  last 
abbot  of  this  place  was  hanged  on  the 
top  of  the  Tor.byorderof  Henry  VIII. 
for  not  acknowledging  his  supremacy ; 
this  hill,  so  called  from  the  tower 
•which  stands  on  it,  commands  an  ex- 
tensive prospect,  and  is  an  excellent 
seamark.  Glastonbury  has  two  church- 
es, and  a  manufacture  of  stockings.  It 
is  six  miles  S  W  of  Wells,  and  129  W 
I)V  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  51 
8N. 

Glatz,  a  county  of  Germany,  seated 
between  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Mora- 
via ;  and  surrounded  by  mountains, 
.  which  render  it  very  difficult  of  access. 
It  is  38  miles  long,  and  23  broad.  It 
lias  mines  of  coal,  copper,  and  iron, 
good  quarries  of  mnrble  and  stone,  iind 
iine  springs  of  mineral  waters.  In  1724, 


it  was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  by 
the  queen  of  Hungary. 

Glatz,  a  city  of  Bohemia,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains 
whicli  divide  that  kingdom  from  Sile- 
sia, near  the  river  Neisse.  On  the  top 
of  the  hill  is  an  ancient  castle ;  and  the 
Prussians  have  not  only  greatly  aug- 
mented and  improved  it,  but  have  built 
a  new  citadel.  It  has  been  frequently 
besieged  and  taken.  It  is  48  miles 
S  S  £  of  Breslaw,  and  82  E  N  E  of 
Prague.     Lon.  16  50  E,  lat,  50  25  N. 

Glencoe,  Vale  of,  a  valley  in  Scotland, 
near  the  head  of  Loch  Etive,  in  Ar- 
gylesliire,  noted  for  the  cruel  massacre 
of  its  unsuspecting  inhabitants  in  1691. 
King  W  illiam  had  published  a  procla- 
mation, inviting  the  Highlanders,  who 
had  been  in  arms  for  Kiiig  James  II.  to 
accept  a  generid  amnesty  before  tiie 
1st  of  January,  on  pain  of  military  exe- 
cution after  that  period.  Alexander 
Macdonald,  laird  of  Glencoe, on  the  last 
day  of  December,  went  to  Fort  Wil- 
Ijiim,  tlie  governor  of  which  referred 
him  to  a  c\v\\  officer.  This  made  it  the 
first  of  January  before  he  could  r-  .>ch 
Inverary,  where  he  surrendered  to  the 
sheriff',  who,  however,  accepted  his 
submission,  in  consideration  of  hisc'. 
fer  to  surrender  the  day  before.  The 
laird  having  taken  the  oatJis,  returned 
to  Glencoe,  in  full  assurance  of  safety ; 
notwithstanding  which,  he,  and  his 
whole  clan,  were  butchered,  on  the 
15th  of  February,  and  the  whole  of 
that  beautiful  valley  rendered  a  scene 
of  massacre  and  desolation. 

Glencroy,  Vale  (if,  a  wild  and  roman- 
tic tract,  near  the  N  E  extremity  of 
Loch  Loung,  in  Argyleshii-e.  The  two 
ranges  of  mountains^  which  overhang 
this  valley,  approa>;h  each  other,  aiid 
between  these  the  traveller  is  immur- 
ed. Their  stupendous  heiir^ht,  and  the 
roaring  of  numerous  cataracts,  tliat 
])our  over  their  broken  surface,  pro- 
duce an  eflect  awfully  sublime. 

Glcnluce,  a  town  in  Wigtonshire, 
"eated  on  tlie  river  Luce,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  bay  of  that  name,  16 
miles  W  by  S  of  Wigton. 

Glemhee,  Spitalof,a.nottii  pass  of  the 
Grampian  mountains  in  Scotland,  a  lit- 
tle S  of  the  point  where  the  counties 
of  Perth,  Angus,  and  Aberdeen  meet. 
In  1718,  a  small  body  of  Highlanders, 
with  300  S  aniards,  took  possession  of 
this  pass :  but  at  the  approach  of  the 


ii 


"'.  '.^    ' 


L  E 


G  L  O 


G  N  E 


he  king  of  Prussia,  by 
iigary. 

)f  Bu'hemia,  and  capi- 
'  the  same  name.     It  is 
foot  of  the  mountiiins* 
It  kingdom  from  Sile- 
;r  Neisse.     On  the  top 
ancient  castle;  and  the 
not  only   greatly  aug- 
iroved  it,  but  have  built 
It  has  been  frequently 
aken.    It  is   48  miles 
aw,  and  82   E  N  E  of 
16  50  E,  lat,  50  25  N. 
of,  a  valley  in  Scotland, 
)t   Loch  Etive,  in  Ar- 
1  for  the  cruel  massacre 
Ling  inhabiunts  in  1691. 
Ijad  published  a  procla- 
T  the  Highlanilers,  who 
ns  for  Kli.g  James  II.  to 
pal  amnesty  before  the 
on  pain  of  militaiy  exe- 
hat  period.     Alexander 
I'd  of  Glencoe ,  on  the  last 
)er,  went  to   Fort  Wil- 
mor  of  v/hich  referred 
)fficer.  This  made  it  the 
f  before  he  could  r  .-ch 
re  he  surrendered  to  the 
however,  accepted   his 
consideration  of  his  c  • 
er  the  day  before.    The 
»ken  the  oaths,  returned 
full  assurance  of  safety ; 
(-    which,  he,  and   his 
ere  butchered,  on  the 
iry,   and  the   whole  of 
alley  rendered  a  scene 
,.d  desolation. 
hie  of,  a  wild  and  roman- 
the   N  E  ertremity  of 
in  Argjleshii-e.  The  two 
mtains>  wliich  overhand 
ipro»v;li  each  other,  aiid 
;  the  traveller  is  immur- 
iipendous  heiitt'^t,  and  the 
limerous    cataracts,   tlut 
ir  broken  swface,  pro* 
awfully  sublime, 
town    in    Wigtonshire, 
river  Luce,  near  its  en- 
bay  of  that  name,  16 
,  of  Wigton. 
{italoj,  a  noted  pass  of  the 
luntains  in  Scotland,  a  lit- 
lint  where  the  counUes 
,  and  Aberdeen  meet. 
»,i  body  of  Highlanders, 
fiiards,  took  possession  of 
t  at  the  -ipproach  of  the 


kintj's  forces,  they  retired  to  the  pass 
al  Strachell.  They  were  driven  from 
one  eminence  to  another  till  night, 
wlicn  the  Highlanders  dispersed;  and 
the  next  day  the  Spaniards  surrender- 
ed themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

Glogavi,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  principality  of  the  same  name,  and 
well  fortified  on  the  side  of  Poland.  It 
has  a  castle,  with  a  tower,  in  which  se- 
veral counsellors  were  condemned  by 
duke  John,  in  1498,  to  perish  with 
hunger.  Besides  the  Papists,  there  is 
a  great  numberof  Protestants  and  Jews. 
It  was  taken  by  assault  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  in  1741.  After  the  peace,  in 
1742,  that  king  settled  the  supreme 
couit  of  justice  here,  it  being  next  to 
Breslaw,  tlie  most  populous  place  in 
Silesia.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Oder, 
50  miles  N  W  of  Breslaw,  and  115  N 
E  of  Prague.  Lon.  16  13  E,  lat.  51  40 
N. 

Glomme,  the  longest  river  of  the 
province  of  Aggerhuys,  in  South  Nor- 
way, which  flows  uito  the  North  Sea, 
at  Fredericstadt.  It  receives  the  river 
Worme  which  issues  from  Lake  Mioss. 
It  is  not  navigable  in  any  part  of  its  course 
from  this  lake  to  Fredcricstadt,  its 
stream  being  intercepted  by  such  fre- 
quent cataracts  and  shoals,  as,  in  some 
places,  to  render  it  necessary  to  drag 
the  trees,  whii,.i  are  floated  down,  over 
the  ground.  At  least  50,000  trees  are 
annually  floated  by  this  river  to  Fredc- 
ricstadt. 

Gloucester,  a  city  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  seated  on  the  E  side  of 
the  Severn,  where,  by  two  streams,  it 
makes  the  isle  of  Alney.  From  the 
middle  of  the  city,  where  the  four  prin- 
cipal streets  meet,  there  is  a  descent 
every  way,  which  makes  it  not  only 
clean  and  healthy,  but  adds  to  the 
beauty  of  the  place.  It  once  contained 
11  churches,  but  now  has  only  five,  be- 
side the  cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  which 
is  an  ancient  but  magnificent  fabric, 
and  has  a  tower,  reckoned  one  of  the 
neatest  and  most  curious  pieces  of  ar- 
chitecture in  England.  In  wliich  ca- 
thedral are  the  tombs  of  Robert  duke 
of  Normandy,  8(m  to  William  the  Con- 
queror, and  of  Edward  II.  and  there  is 
a  whispering  palace  like  to  that  of  St. 
Paul's  at  London.  It  has  five  hospi- 
tals, two  free-schools,  and  a  new  coun- 
ty gaol ;  and  was  fortified  with  a  wall 
which  Charles  II,  after  the  restoration, 


ordered  to  be  demolished.  Gloucesi 
tcr  is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  pju*- 
liament.  Great  quantities  of  pins  avc 
made  here  ;  and  there  arc  12  incorpo- 
rated trading  companies.  Here  is  a 
good  stone  bridge  over  the  river  Sev- 
ern, with  a  quay,  wharfs  and  custom- 
house, but  most  of  its  business  is  en- 
grossed by  Bristol.  It  is  24  miles  N  E 
of  Bristol,  and  106  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51  50"n. 

Gloucester,  a  maritime  and  post  town 
in  Essex  county,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated near  Cape  Ann,  14  miles  N  E  of 
Beverly,  and  about  18  from  Salem,  and 
Marblehead,  in  the  Lit.  of  42°  40'  N. 
and  loM.  of  68°  45'  W. 

Gloucester,  a  nost  town  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Gl(  ,  ^Mter  county,  Virginia, 
seated  on  the  N  side  of  York  river,  12 
miles  N  E  of  Williamsburg,  and  45  E 
by  S  of  Richmond. 

Gloucester,  a  small  town  in  Glouces- 
ter county.  New  Jersey,  on  the  E  bank 
of  the  river  Delaware,  four  miles  below 
Philadelphia. 

Gloucestershire,  a  county  of  England, 
63  miles  in  length,  and  47  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Herefordshire 
and  Monmouthshire,  on  the  N  by  Wor- 
cestershire, on  the  E  by  Warwick- 
shire and  Oxfordshire,  and  on  the  S  by 
Wiltshire  and  Somersetshire.  It  con- 
tains 13  hundreds,  one  city,  27  market, 
towns,  and  218  parishes ;  and  scndj 
eight  members  to  parliament.  The 
air  is  generally  healthy  ;  sharp  in  the 
E,  or  hilly  part,  which  contains  the 
Coteswold  Hills ;  but,  as  mild  in  the 
rich  vale  of  Severn,  which  occupies 
the  centre.  The  W  part,  which  is  by 
much  the  smallest  district,  is  varied  by 
hill  and  dale,  and  is  chiefly  occupied 
by  the  forest  of  Dean.  The  staple 
commodities  of  the  county  arc  its 
woolle.i  cloth  and  cheese.  Its  principal 
rivers,  are  the  Severn,  which  is  joined 
to  the  Thames  by  a  navigable  canal  the 
Warwickshire,  Avon,  the  Lower  Av- 
on, the  Wye,  Thames,  Coin,  and  "Lech. 
See  Cotesviold I  Dean,  Forest  of;  Jive- 
shew.  Vale  of,-  and  Severn,  Vale  of. 

Gluckstadt,  p.  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchyof  Holsteip,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Elbe,  near 
its  mout'r,  30  miles  N  W  of  Hamburg, 
and  55  N  «f  Bremen.  Lon.  9  15  E,  lat. 
53  5,   NT. 

G '",,      a  city  of  Great  Poland,  of 
which  it  1.  ♦.he  capital,  with  an  arch- 
L    I, 


.--*. 


l;:i:'" 


G  O  A 


G  O  E 


\i 


bishop's  «ee,  whose  prelate  is  primiite 
of  Pjhiiid,  and  viccrov  (luring  the  v;i- 
caucj  of  the  throne.  It  was  tlie  first 
town  built  in  the  kingdorn,  and  former- 
ly more  considerable  tlian  at  present. 
It  is  yo  miles  N  bv  E  of  Breslavy,  and 
125  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  17  40  E,  lat. 
52  28  N. 

Gnu,  a.  considerable  city,  of  the  Hi- 
ther India  with  an  harbour  to  tlu;  coast 
of  Malabar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Deccan, 
in  Visiapour.  It  is  the  capital  oi  the 
Portuguese  setilenients  in  India,  and 
the  seat  of  a  viLCioy.  It  stands  in  an 
Island,  22  miles  in  lengtli,  and  si.x  in 
brcadlii  ;  and  the  city  built  on  tlie  N 
side  of  it,  having  the  conveniency  of  a 
fine  river,  capable  of  receiving  shipi.  of 
the  greatest  biu'dcn,  where  tliey  lie 
wiiliin  a  mile  of  tlie  town.  The  banks 
of  the  river  arc  biaulilied  with  a  great 
number  of  chiirc.es,  castles,  and  gen- 
tlemen's houses.  The  viceroy'^  pa- 
lace is  a  noble  building,  and  stands  at 
a  small  distance  from  tlie  river,  over 
one  of  the  gates  of  the  city,  wliich 
leads  to  a  spacious  street,  terminated 
by  a  bea>itif;;l  church.  This  city  con- 
tains a  great  number  of  handsome 
churclies  and  convents,  and  a,  stately 
hospital,  the  market-place  takes  up  an 
acre  of  ground  ;  and  hi  the  shops  about 
it  may  be  had  the  p.  "  e  of  Europe, 
China,   Bengal,   :  \-  countries. 

The  houses  arc  larj  •  ni'ikc  a  fine 

appearance,  but  are  jor'  :"-""  "jhed. 
Tiic  inhabitants  fn  contented  with 
preens,  fruits,  and  roots,  \.'^ich,  with  a 
little  bread,  rice,  and  fiih.iithei"  prin- 
cipal diet,  thougii  they  have  hogs  and 
fowls  in  plenty.  Theif  religion  is  .he 
Roman  catholic,  and  they  have  a  se- 
vere inquisition.  The  ckrgy  are  nu- 
merous and  illuerate ;  the  cliurchcs 
are  finely  eml)elllshed,  and  have  a  great 
number  of  images.  It  is  remarkable, 
that  only  one  of  the  churclies  has  glass 
windows;  for  they  make  use  of  clear 
oyster-shells  instead  of  glass,  and  all 
their  fine  houses  have  the  same.  Goa 
has  few  manufacturps  or  productions, 
their  best  trade  being  in  arrack,  which 
they  distil  from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa 
nut-tree.  The  harbour  is  defended  by 
several  forts  and  batteries.  It  is  292 
miles  S  by  E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  7  45  E, 
lat.  15  28  N. 

Goar,  St.  or  Gmvcr,  a.  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  subject  to  tlie  landgrave  of 
Hesse  Cassel.    It  stands  immediately 


under  the  stupendous  rock  of  Rheiii- 
fel.-',  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
irU4.  It  has  a  considerable  commerce 
in  wines  and  hides,  and  is  15  miles  SE 
of  Coblentz. 

Gobcein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  18  nides  b  E 
of  Philipsburg.  Lon.  8  56  K,  lat.  49  6  N. 

GoOi/i,  St.     See  Fere. 

Goc/i,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tli(? 
diitchy  of  Cleves,  seated  on  the  Neers. 
six  miles  S  of  Clevcs.  Lon.  5  52  E, 
lat.  51  3'J  N. 

Ci)v((/Ho,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle,  .seated  on  the  Thurso,  25  miles 
E  of  Alghcr. 

GoiicUming,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a 
market  on  Satuiday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Wcy,  where  it  divides  into  several 
streams,  four  miles  S  W  of  Guildford 
and  54  of  London.  Lon.  0  34  W,  lat. 
51  13  N. 

Godavcry,  or  Gonga  Godo%iiry,  n  river 
of  the  IJecc.in  of  Hindoostan,  which 
has  its  source  90  miles  to  the  N  E  of 
Bombay.  After  crossing  Dowlatabad 
and  Golconda,  from  W  to  E,  it  turns 
to  the  S  E,  ft»(l  receiving  the  Bain 
Gonga,  about  90  ipiles  abov:  the  sen, 
besides  many  smaller  rivers  separates 
into  two  principal  channels  at  Rajamun- 
dry;  andtliese  subdividing  again,  form 
altogether  several  tide  harbours,  for 
vessels  of  moderate  burden.  Ingcram, 
Coringa,  YiUam,  Bandarmalanka,  and 
Narsujjour,  arc  among  the  places  situ- 
ate at  the  mouths  of  this  liver,  which 
appear  to  be  the  most  considerable  one 
between  the  Ganger  md  Cape  Comor- 
in.  E.\ten»ive  fbresvs  of  teek  timber 
border  on  its  banks,  within  tlie  moun- 
tains, and  supply  ship-timber  for  the 
use  of  the  ports  above  mentioned. 

Gfxhnancliester,  a  large  village  in 
Huntingdonshire,  parked  fi'om  Hunt- 
ingdon by  the  river  Ouse.  It  is  seated 
in  a  rich  and  fertile  soil,  which  yields 
great  plenty  of  corn  ;  and  is  inhabited 
by  a  great  number  of  )  eomen  and  far- 
mers. Here  is  a  school  called  the 
Free  Grammar  School  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth. 

Cinitvin  Sanda,  famoio  sandbanks  off 
the  coast  of  Kent,  lying  between  the 
N  and  S  Foreland,  and  as  they  run  pa- 
rallel with  the  coast  for  three  leagues 
together,  at  about  two  Uagucs  and  s 
half  distant  from  it  they  give  addition- 
al security  to  the  Downs. 

Goei,  or  Ttr  Goes,  a  strong  towo  of 


E 

18  rock  of  Rlieiii- 

by  the  Frencli  in 

lei'iible  commerce 

nd  i»  1^  niilcii  SE 

Germany,  ii)  the 
nc,  Iti  nitlcii  S  E 
a56E,  lat.49  6N. 
re. 

Gcimany,  in  th^ 
itcd  on  tlic  Neera. 
cs.    Lon.  5  52  E, 

'  Sardinia,  capital 
iRie  name,  with  u 
i  Thurso,  25  niiles 

n  in  Surry,  with  a 
.  It  is  seated  on 
livide*  into  several 
S  W  of  Guildford 
Lon.  0  34\V,  lat. 

ra  Godmnry,  a  riyer 
Hindoostan,  which 
iles  to  the  N  E  of 
ussinjj  Uowlatubad 
I  W  to  E,  it  turns 
eceiving  the   Bain 
iles  ahov:  the  8e«, 
ler  rivers  separates 
lannels  at  Hajamiui- 
lividing  again,  form 
tide  harbours,  for 
burden.    Ingcram, 
andarmalanka,  and 
mg  the  places  situ- 
f  this  liver,  which 
)gt  considerable  one 
md  Cape  Comor- 
svs  of  teek  timber 
,  within  the  moun- 
ihip-timber  for  the 
ive  ment;«:ned. 
a  large  villege    in 
pared  fi'om  Ifimt- 
Ouse.     It  is  seated 
soil,   wliich  yields 
and  is  inhH^itod 
uf  )  eomcn  and  far- 
school  called  the 
ool  of  queen  Eliza- 
nous  sandbanks  off 
lying  between  the 
and  as  they  run  p«- 
t  for  three  leagues 
two  If'agucs  and  • 
thty  giv«  addition- 
lowns. 
a  strong  town  o| 


G  O  L 

the  United  Provinces,  in  Zealand,  and 
rajiit.il  of  the  island  of  South  Beveland. 
It  communicates  with  the  Scheld  by  a 
vm:A,  and  is  21)  miles  £  of  Middleburg. 
Lon.  3  50  E,  lat.  51  33  N. 

Gngmngng  Mills,  three  miles  from 
Cambridge,  remarkable  for  the  in- 
trenchmcnts  and  other  works  cast  up 
here  ;  whence  some  suppose  it  was  a 
Roman  camp ;  and  others,  that  it  was 
the  work  of  the  Danes.  They  are  co- 
vered with  afme  dry  carpet  of  turf;  and 
tiie  peopl*;,  near  these  hills,  tell  strange 
stories  about  them. 

Gngra,  or  Soorjevs  River,  a  large  river 
which  rises  in  Lake  Lankee  Dhe,  in 
Thibet,  in  lat.  33  17  N,  and  forcing  its 
way  tlirough  Mount  Ilimmaleli,  takes 
a  SE  direction,  and  unites  with  the 
Ganges,  above  Chuprah,  intlie  province 
of  Bahar. 

Gohttd,  a  territory  of  I-tindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Agra  j  Sub- 
Ject  to  a  rajah,  who  is  tributary  to  tlie 
Poonah  Mahrattas.  Gwalior  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Goochland  Court  Mouse,  the  principal 
scat  of  justice  in  Goochland  county, 
Virginia.  It  is  situated  on  the  M  side 
of  James  River,  30  miles  W  by  N  of 
Richmond,  and  has  a  post  office,  court 
house,  gaol,  &c. 

Guito,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tnan,  seated  on  the  river  Mincio,  be- 
tween the  lakft  of  Mantua  and  that  of 
Garda,  15  rtiiles  N  W  of  Mantua,  Lon. 
'0  40  E,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Golconda,  a  country  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  between  the  lower  parts 
of  the  courses  of  Kistna  and  Oodavery 
rivers  and  the  principal  part  of  Dowla- 
tubad.  It  Was  formerly  called  Telling- 
ana,  or  Tiffing,  and  is  subject  to  thfe 
nizam  of  the  Oeccan,  It  is  most  re- 
markable fot  its  diamond  mines,  the 
most  considerable  in  the  world,  rtcrc 
are  also  mines  of  salt,  fine  iron  f6r 
sword-blades,  and  curious  calicoes' and 
cliintzcs.  Mydrabad  or  Bagnagur  is 
tlie  capital. 

Golconda,  a  celebrated  fortress,  in  a 
country  of  tlie  same  name,  six  ftiilcs 
W  N  w  of  Hydrabad,  and  joined  to 
th.1t  city  by  a  Wall  of  communication. 
It  occupies  the  summit  of  a  hill  of  a  co- 
nical form  and  is  deemed  impregnable. 
VVlien  Aurengzehe  conquered  the 
kingdom  of  Golconda,  in  1687,  this 
fortress  was  taken  possession  of  by 
treachery. 
Goldberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 


G  O  M 

Idutchy  of  Lignitz,  36  miles  W  of  Bres- 
law.  Lon.  16  23  E,  lat.  31  3  N. 
Gold  Const,  a  maritime  country  of 
Guinea,  where  the  Europeans  liave  s6- 
vcral  forts  and  settlements.  It  rcf.ch- 
es  from  the  Gold  River,  12  miles  W  of 
Assine,  and  ends  at  the  village  of  Port- 
ni,  eight  miles  E  of  Acraw.  It  includes 
several  districts,  in  which  are  two  or 
three  to^frns  or  villages,  lying  on  tlie 
seashore.  Seven  of  these  districts  arfe 
dignified  with  the  title  of  kingdoms, 
though  tliey  contain  but  a  smaU  tract 
of  land  i  for  tiie  whole  Gold  Coast  is 
not  above  180  miles  in  length.  Thfc 
negro  inliabitants  are  generally  very 
rich,  as  tliey  carry  on  a  great  tradfe 
witli  the  Europeans  for  gold  ;  and  ma- 
ny of  them  arc  employed  in  fishing, 
and  cultivating  their  rice.  Which  grow* 
in  incredible  quantities.  This  they 
exchange  with  others  for  Indian  col-n, 
yams,  fiotatoes,  and  palm  oil.  Most 
of  the  inhabitants  go  naked ;  and  thos6 
who  are  best  clothed  have  only  som6 
yards  of  stuff'  wrapped  about  tlieir  raid- 
die. 

Golden  Island,  a  barren  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  or  gulf  of  Darien, 
where  the  Scots  attempted  to  make  i. 
settlement  in  1698.  Lon.  77  10  W, 
lat.  9  0  N. 

Goldingeh,  a  town  of  Courland,  witli 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Wela,  60  miles 
W  of  Mittau.  Lon.  22  21  E,  lat.  5^ 
48  N. 

Goldsborough,  apoSttown  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Frenchman's  b.iy,  about  50  miles  of 
Eastine,  in  the  lat.  of  44°  22' N,  and 
ton.  of  67"  52'  W. 

iSoleita,  an  island  of  Africa,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  of  Tunis  j  taken  by 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  when  he  at- 
tempted the  Siege  of  Tunis,  and  kept 
by  the  ChHstians  several  years,  tt  is 
29  miles  N  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  20  E, 
lat.  37  10  N. 

Golnam,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Una,  18  miles  N  £ 
of  Stetin.    Lort.  14  59  t,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Gombroon,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
Per8ia,*in  Farsistan,  called  by  the  na- 
tives Bandar  Abassi.  The  best  houses 
are  built  of  brick,  flat  at  the  top,  witlL 
a  square  turret,  having  holes  on  each 
side  for  the  free  passage  of  the  air  : 
upon  these  roofs  tliey  sleep  in  the  sum- 
mer season.  The  common  people  have 
wretched  huts,  made  with  the  boughs 
of  palm-trees,  and  covered  ^ith  leaves. 


.,:':';i:ttp 


G  O  N 

The  streets  are  narrow  and  iiTegular. 
The  English  and  Dutch  have  factories 


GOO 


here,  which  is  a  great  advantage  to  the 
trade  of  the  place.  The  soil  is  bai-i-eii,  but 
provisions  brought  from  other  countries 
are  very  plentiful.  The  weather  is  so 
hot  in  June,  July  and  August,  that  this 
place  is  extremely  unhealthy;  and  there- 
fore  tiie  English  retire  to  Asseen  dur- 
ing those  months.  It  is  frequented  by 
people  of  several  nations,  as  well  Eu- 
ropeans as  others;  and  the  Banyans 
are  so  numerou.s,  that  they  bribe  the 
tovernor  not  to  permit  any  cows  to  be 
Killed  in  tlie  town.  It  is  seated  in  a 
bay  of  the  strait  of  Ormus,  120  miles 
S  S  E  of  Kerman.  Lon.  56  30  E.  lat. 
27  28  N. 

Gu^nera,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
between  Ferro  and  Tenerift".  It  has  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  witli  an  excel- 
lent harbour,  wliere  the  Spanish  ships 
often  take  in  rcl'reslimcnts.  Here  in 
corn  sufficient  to  .support  the  inhabi- 
tants, and  one  sugar- work,  witli  gieat 
plenty  of  wine  and  fruits.  Lon.  IT  3  W, 
lat.::8  6N. 

Gondiir,  the  metropolis  of  Alnssinia, 
iituatc  on  a  hill  of  considerable  height, 
and  containing  about  10,000  families  in 
time  of  peace.  It  is  about  10  miles  in 
circumference,  and  the  houses  consist 
only  of  one  story,  av.d  most  of  them  re- 
semble a  funnel,  with  the  narrow  end 
upwards.  They  have  no  shops;  but 
carry  on  their  trade  in  a  large  square, 
where  tlicy  expose  their  merchandise 
to  sale,  laid  upon  mats  ;  and  gold  and 
rock  salt  are  the  only  money  made  use 
of  Each  bar  of  sult'is  a  foot  in  length, 
and  they  break  ott'  as  much  as  they 
agree  for  in  the  purchase  of  small 
wares.  There  ai-e  about  100  churches 
and  their  patriarch  depends  on  that  of 
Alexandria.  The  habit  of  the  better 
BQits  is  made  of  silk  and  cottons  ;  but 
the  common  people  have  only  drawers 
to  hide  their  nakedness.  It  is  180 
miles  S  E  of  Sennar.  I.on.  37  33  E. 
lat.  12  34  N. 

Gondegama,  or  Gondlacomma,  a  river 
of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  which 
rises  near  Combam,  forms  the  nominal 
boundary  of  the  Carnatic  on  the  N, 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  at 
Mootapilly. 

Gondiecourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 

department  of  Meuse  and  late   dutchy 

of  Bar,  seated  oa  the  Orney,  20  miles  S 

of  St.  Michel.  Lon.  5  37  E,  lat.  4830  N. 

Gondrevilie,  »  town  of  France,  in  the 


department  of  Mcurthe  and  late  pro- 
vincc  of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle  and  a, 
magnificent  hospital.  It  stands  on  a 
hill,  on  the  river  Moselle,  eight  miles, 
from  Nanci.  Lon.  6  9  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 
Cimesse,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late 
province  of  tlie  Isle  of  France,  remark- 
able for  the  goodness  of  its  bread,' 
which  is  broujfht  twice  a  week  to  Pa. 
ris.  It  is  the  birthjilacc  of  king  Philip 
Augustus  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Crould, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  30  E, 
lat.  48  58  N. 

Gonga,  an  ancient  town  of  Romania, 
seated  near  the  sea  of  Marmora,  37 
miles  N  E  of  Galipoli.  Lon.  37  31  E, 
lilt.  40  53  N. 

Gonjah,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  be- 
tween tlic  coast  of  Guinea  on  the  S, 
and  Tombuctou  on  the  N,  supposed  by 
major  Rcnnel  to  be  the  Conche  of  M. 
d'AnviUe.  Gonjah,  the  capital,  is  870 
miles  W  by  S  of  Cashna.  Lon.  6  10  W, 
lat.  13  20  N. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  in  18  23  E  lon.  and 
34  29  S  lat.  discovered  by  the   Portu- 
guese in  1493.    The  Dutch  have   here 
built  a  neat  town  and  fort,  which  rises 
in  the  midst  of  a  desert,  surrounded  by 
black  and  dreary  mountains.  From  the 
shipping,  the  town  appears  pleasantly 
situated,  but  at  the   same  time   small. 
On  landing,  however,  yoti  are  surpri- 
sed, and  agreeably  disappointed,  to  find 
it  not  only  extensive,  but  wel". built, 
and  in  a  good  style  ;  the  streets  spa- 
cious, and  intersecting  each  other  at 
right  angles  with  great  precision.  The 
only  landing  place  is  at  the  E  end  of 
the  town,  where  there   is  a  wooden 
quay  running  some  paces  into  tlie  sea. 
To  this  place  excellent  water  is   con- 
veyed by  pipes,  which  makes  the  wa- 
tering of  ships  both  easy  and  expedi- 
tious.    Close  to  the  quay,  on  the  lefl 
hand,  stands  the  castle   and  principal 
fortress  :  a  strong  extensive  work,  hav- 
ing excellent  accommodations  for  tlie 
troops,  and  for  many  of  the  civil  offi- 
cers belonging  to  the  company.    With- 
in the  gates,  the  company  hare  their 
principal  stores  ;  which  are  spacious 
as  well  as  convenient.    This  fort  cov- 
ers and  defends  the  Epart  of  the  town 
and  hai-botir,  as  Amsterdam  fort  does 
the  west  part.  There  are  two  churches 

iin  tlie  town  and  one  plain  and  unadorn- 
ed for  the  Calvinists,  and  a  smaller 
one  for  the  Lutherans.    The  religion 


o  o 

Mcurthe  and  late  pro- 
in,  witii  a  castle  and  a 
>pital.  It  stands  on  a 
r  Moselle,  eight  miles, 
on.  6  9  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 
vn  of  France  in  the  du- 
ne  and  Oise,  and  late 
Isle  of  France,  remark- 
oodness  of  its  bread,' 
ht  twice  a  week  to  Pa- 
irtliplacc  of  king  Philip 
Is  seated  on  tlie  Crould, 
f  Paris.     Lon.  2  30  E, 

;ient  town  of  Romania, 
e  sea  of  Marmora,  37 
alipoli.     Lon.  57  31  E, 

ngdom  of  Africa,  be- 
;  of  Guinea  on  the  S, 
on  the  N,  supposed  by 
Lo  be  the  Conche  of  M. 
ijah,  the  capital,  is  870 
f  Cashna.  Lon.  6  10  W, 

ape  of,  the  southern  ex- 

;ii,  in  18  23  E  lon.  and 

covered  by  the    Portu- 

Thc  Dutch  have  here 

vn  and  fort,  which  rises 

a  desert,  surrounded  by 

•y  mountains.  From  the 

)wn  appears  pleasantly 

the   same  time   small. 

wever,  you  are  s\irpri- 

bly  disappointed,  to  find 

ensive,  but  wel' -built, 

tyle  J  the  streets   spa- 

cting  each  other  at 

great  precision.  The 

ice  is  at  the  £  end  of 

there   is  a  wooden 

)me  paces  into  tlie  sea. 

(cellcnt  water  is   con- 

which  makes  the  wa- 

both  easy   and  expedi- 

the  quay,  on  the  leil 

castle   and  principal 

[)g  extensive  work,  hav- 

commodations  for  tlie 

nany  of  the  civil  offi- 

the  company.   With- 

company  have  their 

which   are   spacious 

nient.    This  fort  cov- 

the  E  part  of  the  town 

Amsterdam  fort  does 

here  are  two  churches 

one  plain  and  unadom- 

inists,   and  a  smaller 

heriuui.    The  religion 


th 


GOO 

nf  did  slaves  is  as  little  regarded  here 
as  ill  the  colonies  of  otiicr  European 
states  :  in  otlicr  respects,  they  arc 
trettt':d  with  humanity,  and  are  lodged 
and  boarded  in  a  spacious  house, 
wiiere  they  are  likewise  kept  at  work. 
Another  great  building  serves  as  an 
liospital  fur  tlie  sailors  belonging  to  the 
Dutch  East  India  ships  which  touch 
liere.  It  is  situate  close  to  the  Com- 
pany's gardens,  and  is  an  honour  to 
that  commercial  body,  and  an  oma- 
ment  to  the  town.  The  convales- 
cents have  free  access  to  these  gar- 
dens, where  they  enjoy  the  benefit  of 
a  wholesome  air,  perfumed  by  the  fra- 
grance of  a  number  of  rich  fruit-trees, 
and  odoriferous  shrubs,  plants,  and 
flowers.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Cape, 
tliougii  in  tlieir  jiersons  large,  stout, 
and  atiiletic,  have  not  all  that  phlegm 
about  them  which  is  the  characteristic 
of  Dutchmen  in  general.  The  ladies  are 
lively,  good-natured,  familiar,  and  gay. 
The  heavy  draught  work  about  the 
Cape,  is  chiefly  performed  by  oxen, 
which  are  here  brought  to  an  uncom- 
mon degi-ee  of  doeility  and  usefulness. 
It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  16  and  some- 
times 18  in  one  of  their  teams,  which 
the  slaves  have  in  the  most  perfect 
subjection.  One  of  them  places  him- 
.self  on  tlie  top  of  the  load,  and  with  a 
tremendous  long  whip,  which  he  is  o- 
bliged  to  hold  with  both  his  hands,  ma- 
nages, those  creatures  with  inexpressi- 
ble address.  The  inhabitants,  in  gene- 
ral, travel  in  a  kind  of  covered  wag- 
gon, drawn  by  oxen,  which  better  ?uit 
the  roughness  of  the  country  than  more 
elegant  vehicles ;  but  the  governor, 
and  some  of  the  principal  people,  keep 
I'oaches,  which  are  much  in  the  Eng- 
lish style,  and  are  drawn  by  six  hors- 
es. The  mountains  behind  Cape  Town 
are,  the  Table  Mountain,  which  is  the 
highest;  the  Sugar-loaf,  so  named 
from  its  form  j  the  Lion's  Head,  Charles 
Mount,  and  James  Mount,  or  the  Li- 
on's Rump.  From  these  mountains  de- 
.scend  severaln-ivulets  which  fall  into 
(IKTerent  bays,  as  Table  Bay,  False 
Bay,  &c.  The  view  from  the  Table 
Mountain  is  very  extensive  ;  and  all 
along  the  valleys  and  rivulets  among 
these  mountains,  is  a  great  number  of 
plantations,  this  fine  colony  surrender- 
ed to  General  Clai-ke  and  admiral  Sir 
George  Keith  Elphinstone,  September 
16,  1795,     See    Hutttntofi,    Country  of 


G  O  R 


Goompty,  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, which  rises  in  the  Kohilla  Coun- 
try, and  flowing  S  E  by  Lucknow  and 
JioHpour,  falls  into  the  Ganges,  a  little 
below  Benares. 

Guoty,  or  Gutti,  a  strong  fortress  in 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  formerly 
the  seat  of  government  of  a  Maliratta 
prince,  and  now  subject  to  the  British. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Pennar,  25  miles  S 
by  E  of  Adoni.  Lon.  77  35  E,  lat.  15 
15  N. 

Goraim,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  which  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  cheese  and  but- 
ter. It  is  seated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Linghc  with  the  Wahal,  12  miles  E  of 
Dort,  and  32  S  of  Amsterdam.     Lon. 

4  51  E,  lat.  51  51  N. 

Goree,  a  small  island  of  Africa,  near 
Cape  de  Verd,  subject  to  the  French. 
It  is  barren,  but  of  great  iin])ortaiice  on 
account  of  its  good  trade.  Lon.  17  25 
W,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Goree,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  the 
same   name,  in    Holland,  eiglit  miles 

5  S  W  of  Bricl.     Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51 
44  N. 

Gores  Island,  a  barren  and  uninhabi- 
ted island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean, 
so  named  by  cajitain  Cook,  who  disco- 
vered it  in  1778.  Cape  Upright,  the 
S  E  extremity,  is  in  lon.  172  50  W,  lat. 
60  30  N. 

Gorgona,  a  small  island  of  Italy,  in 
the  sea  of  Tuscany,  eight  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, remarkable  for  the  large 
quartity  of  anchovies  taken  near  it. 
Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  43  22  N. 

Gorgona,  an  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ccean,  12  miles  W  of  the  coast  of 
Peru.  It  is  high  land,  very  woody, 
and  some  of  the  trees  are  proper  for 
masts.  It  is  10  miles  in  circumference,, 
and  has  several  rivulets  of  excellent 
water.    Lon.  77  50  W,  Lit.  3  20  S. 

Gorkain,  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  11  miles  W  of  Portland 
and  contained  2500  inhabitants  in  the 
year  1800. 

Goritz,  the  capitalof  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  dutchy  of  Carniola, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Lisonzo, 
16  miles  N  E  of  Aquileia.  Lon.  13  30 
E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Gorlitx,  a  sti-ong  town  of  German  v, 
in  Upper  Lusatia,  on  the  river  Neisse, 
55  miles  E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15  40  E. 
lat.  51  10  N. 

Gorze,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle  and  late  province 


n 


jr;  ■■;!■ 


m 


m 


^' 


\ 


GOT 

orLorraln.  It  had  a  rich  abbey,  pre- 
vious to  the  revolution,  and  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  ciglit  miles  S  W  of  Metz. 

Goshen,  a  town  in  Oranfjn  county. 
New  York,  famous  for  excellent  cheese, 
•listant  60  miles  N  W  from  the  city  of 
New  York.  It  has  a  post  office  and 
about  500  inhabitants. 

Goslar,  an  ancient,  free,  and  imperial 
city  of  Lower  Sa.tony,  in  the  territory 
of  Brunswick,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Gosc.  It  de- 
rives its  principal  subsistence  from  the 
ncighbourinpj  iron-mine  ;  and  it  is  fa- 
mous for  breweries  o'  •ccellent  beer. 
Here  the  art  of  makiiv^-  gunpowder  is 
said  to  have  been  discovered  by  a  monk. 
It  is  28  miles  S  of  Brunswick.  Lon. 
10  4J  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Gospnrt,  a  fortified  to\vn  in  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  W  side  of  the  harbour  of 
Portsmouth,  over  which  is  a  ferry.  It 
lias  a  market  on  Saturday  ;  is  a  large 
town  and  of  great  trade,  especially  in 
time  of  war.  Here  is  a  noble  hospital, 
built  for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  sailors.  It  is  78  mites  S  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  3  W,  hit.  50  49  N. 

Goityiieii,  or  Gostavin,  a  town  of  Po- 
land, in  the  palatinate  of  Rava,  36  miles 
N  E  of  Hava.  Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  51 
54  N. 

Gotha,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  ca- 
pital of  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name,  18 
miles  W  of  Erfort.  Lon.  10  52  E,  lat. 
51  ON. 

Gotha,  a  river  of  Sweden  which  is- 
srues  from  Lake  Wenner,  and  falls  into 
the  North  Sea,  at  Gotheborg. 

Gothard,  5t.  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  Swisserland,  being  9075  feet, 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  eight 
miles  from  Altorf. 

Gothland,  the  most  soutbern  province 
of  Sweden,  being  a  peninsula  encom- 
passed on  three  sides  by  the  Baltic  sea. 
It  contains  the  provinces  of  Ostrogo- 
thia  or  Esist  Gothland,  Smoland,  Wes- 
trogothia  or  West  Gothland,  the  isles 
of  Gothland  and  CEIand,  Wermland, 
Daha,  Halland,  Blekingen,  and  Scania 
or  Schf  lien. 

Gothland,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on 
the  E  coKst  of  Sweden.  Wisby  is  its 
only  town.  Lon.  19  45  E,  lat.  57  0  N. 

Gotheborg,  or  Gottenbuig,  a  flourishing 
town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland, 
seatad  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gotha, 
which  forms  ancxcellent  h.<irbour  :  the 
btst  situate  for  forei|.ni  trade  of  any  in 
the  king-dum,   as   it  lies   without  the 


G  O  U 

Sound.  The  inhnbttants  hare  increased 
considerably  within  these  30  years, 
and  are  now  computed  to  be  "about 
30,000.  This  flourishing  state  is  attri- 
buted  to  the  extension  of  its  commerce, 
particularly  its  East  India  Compan5', 
and  the  success  of  the  herring  fishery 
It  was  besieged  by  the  1  Janes  in  1788, 
who  must  have  taken  it,  but  for  the  in- 
terference of  the  British  minister. 
Gotheborg  is  188  miles  S  W  of  Stock- 
holm.    Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  57  42  N. 

Gottingen,  a  city  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  of  Brunswi.'k,  fnrmer- 
ly  free  and  imperial,  but  now  subject 
to  the  elector  of  Hanover.  Here 
George  II.  founded  a  university.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Leine,  25  miles  N  E  of 
Cassel.     Lon.  9  53  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Gottorp,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Sleswick,  cajjital  of  the 
dutchy  of  Holstein  Gottorp,  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  an  arm  of  the  sea,  called 
the  Sley,  four  miles  W  S  W  of  Sles- 
wick.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  54  36  N. 

Gottslwrg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Schweidnitz,  remarkable  for 
its  silver  mines. 

Gouda,  or  Turgffa,  a  Strong  town  of 
the  United  Provinces,  in  Holland,  cele- 
brated for  its  noble  church,  and  painted 
glass  windows,  supposed  to  be  the 
finest  in  Europe.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Isscl,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Rotterdaif). 
Lon.  4  41  E,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Goudhunt,  a  town  in  Rent,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  S  W 
of  Maidstone,  and  44  S  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  31  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Goveniolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  seated  on  the  Mincib,  13 
miles  S  E  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  56  £, 
lat.  45  4  N. 

Goura,  or  Gura,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Masovia,  belonging 
to  the  bishop  of  Posnania.  Lon.  21  50 
E,  lat.  52  1  N. 

Gordon,  a  town  of  Fr.r.ice,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  and  late  pTOvince 
of  Qiierci,  18  miles  N  W  of  Cahors. 
Lon.  1  24  E,  lat.  45  43  N. 

Gournay,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Seine  lately 
in  the  province  of  Normandy,  remark- 
able for  its  fine  butter.  It  is  seated  oii 
the  Epte,  52  miles  N  W  of  Paris.  Lofi. 
0  36  W,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Gourod,  a  town  in  Renfrewshire,  on 
a  bay  of  the  frith  of  Civde,  with  a  cop- 
per rrtiiic  in  its  neighbourhood,  lately 
shut  up. 


» 


)  u 

"rtonts  liare  increased 
fiiii  these  30  years, 
nputed  to  be  "about 
rishin^  state  is  attri- 
iion  of  its  commerce, 
ast  India  Company, 
^the  herring  fishery 
y  tlie  IJaiics  in  1788, 
ken  it,  but  for  the  in- 
e  British  minister, 
miles  S  VV  of  Stock- 
t  E,  lat.  57  42  N. 
/  of  Lower  Saxonj', 
rnrunswirk,  fiMMncr- 
ial,  but  now  subject 
)f  Hanover.  Here 
d  a  university.  It  is 
le,  25  miles  N  E  of 
3  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 
of  Denmark,  in  the 
ick,  caiTital  of  the 
in  Gottofp,  seated  at 
rm  of  the  sea,  called 
:s  W  S  W  of  Sles. 
,  lat.  54  36  N. 
n  of  Silesia,  in  the 
Initz,  remarkable  for 

nv,  a  strong  to-wn  of 
ces,  in  Holland,  cele- 
;  church,  and  painted 
iiipposed  to  be  the 
It  is  seated  on  the 
N  E  of  Rotterdarti. 
2  2  N. 

m  in  Kent,  with  a 
;sday,  12  miles  S  W 
44  S  E  of  London. 
1  8N. 

yn  of  Italy,  in  the 
on  the  Mincib,  13 
ua.     Lon.  10  56  E, 

a  town  of  Poland,  in 
Masovia,  belonging 
}sn&nia.    Lon.  21  SO 

of  France,  in  the  de- 

and  late  province 
Ics  N  W  ofCahors. 
5  43  N. 

of  France,  now  in 
Lower  Seine  lately 
Normandy,  remark- 
iter.     It  is  seated  on 

N  W  of  Paris.  Loti. 

N. 

in  Renfrewshire,  on 
f  Clyde,  witli  a  cop- 
liglibourhood,  lately 


G  R  A 

Gomer,  the  peniiigulated  ejtrcmiu-  of 
Glamorganshire,   to   llic  VV  of  the  bay 
of  .Swaiisey.    It   has  very  lofty  lime- 
stone cliffs  next  the  sea,  whence  large 
quantities  of  lime  are   exported  to  the 
English   counties  across    the    Bristol 
Channel.   The  coast  aboimds  with  ovs- 
fers.    The  land  is  n  fci tile  tract  of  al-a- 
bis  and  pasture. 
Gower,  or  Gever.     See  Goifr,  St. 
Goviraa,  a  borough  and  port  town  of 
Ireland,    in  the   county  of  Kilkenny 
Lon.  r  0  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Govirie,  Carse  of,  a  fertile  tract  of 
country  in  Perthshire,  remarkable  for 
the  fine  crops  produced  there. 

Gozzie,  or  Gozes,  an  island  of  the 
Mcditcrianean,  to  the  S  of  the  isle  of 
Candia,  12  miles  from  fort  Selino. 

6o2so,  a  fortified  island  of  the  ftfedj- 
terranean,  five  miles  N  W  of  Malta, 
and  belonging  to  the  knights  of  that 
island. 

GraboK,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  dutchyof  Mecklenburg,  18  miles 
SofSchwerin.  Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  53 
26  N. 

Graciosa,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Wes- 
tern   Islands.      It  contains  about  300 
inhabitants,  and  produces  wheat,  wine, 
butter,  and  cheese.     Lon.  2T  58  W 
lat.  39  2  N. 

Graciaia,  a  rocky,  barren,  uninhabi- 
ted island,  one  of  the  Canaries,  to  tlie 
N  of  Lancerota.  It  is  three  miles  lon?, 
and  two  broad. 

Gradiita,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on 
tlie  frontiers  of  Croatia,  taken  \yy  the 
Turks  in  1691.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save, 
30  miles  S  VV  of  Posega.  Lon.  18  39 
E,  lat.  45  21  N. 

Graditka,  a  strong  town  of  Germany 
in  the  county  of  Goritz,  seated  on  the 
Lisonzo,  15  miles  S  E  of  Udina.  Lon 
13  14  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Grai/o,  •a»town  of  Italy,  in  a  small 
island  of  tlie  same  name,  on  the  coast 
'f  Venetian  Friuli,  50  miles  E  bv  N  of 
Venice.     Lon.  13  10  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 
Grafton,  a  village   in   Northampton- 


G  R  A 


,  sliire,  between  Stony  Stratford  and 
Northampton,  where  there  is  a  nianor- 
liouso  and  pai-k,  given  by  Charles  II.  to 
t  le  duke  of  Grafton,  whence  the  title  is 
derived. 

Grafton,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  c.oun- 
'V,  New  Hampshire,  30  miles  S  E  of 
Oartmouth  college,  and  29  N  VV  of  S*- 
''sbury,  with  700  inhabitants. 

Gramnwnt,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
Ueis,  seated  on  the  Dcndcr,  18  miles 


MF,  of  Tom-nay.    Lon.  3  59  E.  lat.  £9 
47  N. 

Grammnnt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upi)er  Vjene  an<l  late 
province  of  Limosin.  It  is  15  miles  N 
E  of  Limoges.     Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  46  I 

Grampian  Hill,,  a  chain  of  high 
mouiitams  m  Scotland,  running  frotB  E 
to  VV,  neurly  the  whole  breadth  of  the 
kingdom.  They  take  their  nanie  from 
tlic  Moni  Grampiut  of  Tacitus,  whenc* 
Galgucus  waited  the  approach  ol"  Agri. 
cola,  ai,d  where  the  battle  waa  fought 
so  fatal  to  tii«  biave  Caledonian*. 

Grampound,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  gloves  it 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  twi» 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Valles,  40  miles  S  W  of  Launce- 

f^n',t?'^.^**  ^^  '')■  S  of  Loiulon.  Lon. 

4  49  VV,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Gran,  a.  town  of  Lower  Hunffarr. 
with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  has  been 
several  times  taken  and  retaken,  but 
last  of  all  by  the  Austrians,  in  1683.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Djuiube,  87  miles  E  by 

5  of  Vienna.     Lon.  18  6  £,  lat.  47  46 
N. 

Granada,  a  province  (formerly  a 
kingdom)  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N 
aiid  VV  by  Andalusia,  on  the  E  bvMur- 
c.a,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean 
bea.  It  IS  175  miles  in  length,  and  75 
m  breadth.  Though  a  mountainous 
country,  the  soil  is  good ;  but  it  i.  s  not 
been  well  culUvated  since  tl.  oors 
were  expeUed  in  1492.  How.ver,  it 
produces  corn,  wine,  oil,  sugar,  flai. 
hemp,  excellent  fruits,  honey,  wax,  and 
mulberry  trees,  which  feed  a  ereat 
number  of  silk-worms.      The  forests 

oaks  ''"'  ^  ""**•  P"^*"  *'"^^*'  '»"'* 
Granada,  a  large  and  handsome  city 
of  Spam,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Granada,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
a  university.  It  i,  built  on  four  hills, 
and  divided  into  four  parts,  in  one  of 
which  IS  the  large  church,  containing 
t  T^^.Z^  Ferdinand  and  Isabell.i, 
7^^  ^"^^  *•"*  P''^*  fr»"i  til.  Moors  in 
1492.     In  another  is  the  palace  of  the 

♦i!"*?,'**^^'',''?!  ""*  *"  ancient  palace  of 
the  Moorish  kings,  with  so  m.iny  rooms 
that  It  IS  like  a  kbyrinth.  In  the  third 
w  the  university,  the  fourth  has  no- 
thing  considerable;  but  all  tlie  public 
buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  die  Oro  with  the 


,1 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


Xonil,  12.^  milrs  S  W  of  Miircia,  and 
225  S  of  Madiid.  Loii.  3  30  W,  hit. 
37  8  N. 

Granada,  an  island  in  the  West  In- 
dies,  the  juincljial  «>f  tiie  (Jrenadines, 
•itiiate  in  Ol  4U  W  Ion.  and  between 
11  5J  and  12  V^  N  lat.  It  is  the  luatof 
the  Windward  Caribbccs,  and  30  lea- 
gue.s  N  W  (if  T<)bHg'<).  'I'lic  chief  port 
Called  l.cvis,  is  on  the  weMt  side,  in 
the  middle  of  a  large  hay,  wilil  a  saiidv 
bottom,  a.id  IS  very  spaeious.  The  is- 
land abounds  with  wiUi  g'ame  and  fish, 
and  prudiRis  very  Hne  tinilicr,  siiprar, 
tohaeco,  ami  inilig'o.  It  has  been  ofteji 
taken  and  I'etakeri.  In  1*95,  tiie  French 
landed  some  tronps  a;,(l  raised  an  iii- 
surrectiuu  in  t;iis  i.sland,  which  was 
not  finally  queiied  till  Jine  l;'96. 

Grami.ia,  a  ti.wn  of  North  America, 
in  the  pro-  ince  of  Nicara,t;iia,  seated 
on  the  lake  Kicin.-.pua.  It  was  tak- 
en twice  i)y  the  1-rencli  buccaneers, 
and  pdlancfl.  I'l.e  inhabitants  carrj 
on  a  ^;rcat  trade  by  means  of  tlie  lake, 
whicii  conimunicatcH  witl\  tlie  Atlantic 
Ocean.  It  i.s  .•■j4  miles  S  E  of  Leon. 
Lor..  87  0  W,  iat.  l'^  5  N. 

G'a:iaiia,  Nero,  an  extensive  inland 
country  in  South  America,  denominated 
fcy  the  Spaniariia  the  new  kingdom  of 
Granada.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by 
I'opayan;  on  the  N  liy  other  provinces 
of  Terra  Firnia,  namely  .Santa  Martha, 
Rio  de  la  Hacha,  and  Venezuela;  on 
the  S  by  Peru ;  and  on  the  E  by  a 
country  which  stretches  alonj^the  banks 
of  the  Oi'onoko,  and  is  little  known, 
.■md  im])prrect!y  cccu]iied  by  the  Span- 
iards, New  Granad.i  was  conquered 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1JT)6.  It  is  so  far 
flcvated  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  that 
thoui^h  it  approaches  almost  to  the 
equator,  the  climate  is  remarkably  tem- 
perate. The  i'ertility  of  its  vallics  is 
not  inferior  to  that  of  the  richest  dis- 
tricts in  America  ;  and  its  hip;lier 
grounds  vield  gold  and  precious  stones 
of  various  kinds.  Its  towns  are  popu- 
lous and  flourishing  ;  and  the  capital  is 
Santa-Fede-Bag^ola. 

Grantk-Pre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  seated  on  the 
Ayrc,  32  miles  E  of  Rheims.  Lon.4  55 
E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Granic,  or  Granieus,  a  small  river  of 
Natolia,  which  has  its  source  in  Mount 
Ida,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Troy,  and 
f.dls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora,  to  the  E 
oi'  Lumpfacu.     On  its  bimks  was  fought 


the  celebrated  battle,  in  which  Alcv. 
ander  the  Great,  obtained  his  first  vic- 
tory over  the  Persians. 

Grunson,  a  town  of  SwisserlanJ,  in 
the  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
Charles  the  Bold,  duke  uf  Burgundy, 
t<K)k  it  by  storm  ;  but  in  a  battle  near 
it,  in  1476,  he  was  totally  defeated. 
Lon.  6  30  E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Crfl«f/iam,  a  borouph  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  it  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  has  a 
church,  famous  tor  its  high  spire,  which 
seems  to  lean  on  one  side.  It  is  seated 
on  the  \V  itham,  20  miles  S  by  W  ot 
Lincoln,  and  110  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  52  59  N. 

Gramsere  Water,  a  small  lake  of 
Westmoreland,  to  the  W  of  Amble- 
side. Its  margin  is  hollowed  into  small 
ba)  s,  with  bold  eminences  ;  some  of 
rock,  some  of  turf,  that  half  conceal 
and  half  vary  the  figure  of  the  little 
lake  they  command.  From  I  lie  shore, 
A  low  promontory  projects  far  into  the 
water ;  aiul  on  it  stands  a  white  village, 
with  the  parish  church  rising  in  the 
midst  of  it. 

Granvilli;  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channel  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  partly  seated 
(m  a  rock,  and  partly  on  a  plain.  It  is 
15  miles  S  by  E  of  Coutances,  and  185 
W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  32  W,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Grasse,  a  town  of  Fi  ance,  now  in  the 
department  of  Var,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Provence.  It  was  lately  a 
bishop's  sec  ;  and  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 15  miles  W  of  Nice.  Lon.  6  56 
E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Grasse,  a  town  of  France,  In  tlie  de- 
partment of  A\ide  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  on  the  river  Othica, 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Coitt- 
biere,  18  miles  S  £  of  Carcassonne. 

Gratetey,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  on 
the  S  E  side  of  Qiiarley  Hill,  in  the 
road  from  Andoverto  Salisbury,  where, 
in  926,  king  Athelstan  held  a  grand 
council  of  the  nobility.  Near  it  is  » 
great  Roman  camp,  and  on  Quarleyhill 
is  a  large  British  camp. 

Gratz,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  Stiria,  with  a  castle,  and  a  university. 
Here  are  many  palaces,  and  a  fine  arse- 
nal. I'hc  castle  stands  on  a  rock,  and 
communicates  with  the  river  by  means 
of  a  deep  well.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Muehr,  85  miles  S  W  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
1 15  30  E,  lat.  47  4  N. 


e,  in  which  Alcv- 

tainetl  his  first  vic- 

iis. 

of  Swisserland,  in 

■apital  of  a  bailiwic 

e,  witli  a  castle, 
lukc  of  Burgundy, 
ut  in  a  battle  near 
8  totally  defeated. 
i50N. 

ugh  in  I/incolnshirc, 
Saturday.  It  sends 
rliiiment,  and  has  a 
iuhigh  spire,  which 
le  sidf .  It  is  seated 
)  miles  S  by  W  ot 
i  by  W  of  London. 
52  59  N. 

,  a  small  lake  of 
(  the  W  of  Amble- 

hollowed  into  small 
miiiences  ;   some  of 

f,  that  half  conceal 
e  figure  of  the  littlo 
d.  From  iliu  shore, 
projects  far  into  the 
lands  a  white  village, 
church  rising  in  the 

[lort  of  France,  in  the 
le  Channel  and  late 
mandy,  |)artly  seated 
rtly  o!i  a  plain.  It  is 
(f  Coutances,  and  185 
132  W.lat.  48S0N. 
of  Fi  ance,  now  in  the 
r,  lately  in  the  pro- 
re.  It  was  lately  a 
1  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
,V  of  Nice.    Lon.  6  56 

of  France,  In  tlie  de- 
;  and  late  province  of 
;d  on  the  river  Othicu, 
motmtains  of  Coiir- 
,  E  of  Carcassonne, 
igc  in  Hampsinre,  on 
f  Qjiarley  Hill,  in  the 
ev  to  Salisbury,  where, 
lelstan  held  a  grand 
ibilitv.  Near  it  is  » 
np,  and  onQuarleyhill 

I  camp, 
of  Germany,  capital 

pstle,  and  a  university. 

alaces,  and  a  fine  arse- 
stands  on  a  rock,  and 

■ith  the  river  by  means 
It  \s  seated  on  the 
S  W  of  Vienna.  Lon 
N. 


G  R  A 

GrauJentz,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Culm,  with  u  castle  ;  seat- 
ed on  tile  Vistula,  30  miles  N  of  Thorn, 
and  110  N\V  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  52 
E,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Grave,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Bra- 
bant, seated  on  tlie  river  Maesc,  beyond 
which  there  is  a  fort.  It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken,  the  lust  time  by  the 
French  i|kl794.  It  is  eight  miles  S  of 
Nimeguen.    Lon.  5  45  K,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Gravelines,  n  strong  seaport  of  France, 
now  in  tlie  dcpurtment  of  the  North, 
lately  in  French  Flanders.  It  was 
ceded  to  France,  by  the  treaty  of  the 
Pyrenees,  and  is  seated  on  the  A.-^.,  12 
miles  E  of  Calais.  Lon.  2  13  E,  lat. 
50  59  N. 

Gravenac,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  30  miles 
Vf  of  Ulni.  Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  48  22 
N. 

Graven  Macheren,  a  town  of  Lux- 
emburg, on  the  Moselle,  taken  in  1552, 
l>y  the  Marquis  of  Brandenburgh,  who 
burnt  it. 

Gravetatide,  a  town  of  Holland,  the 
residence  of  the  ancient  counts  of  Hol- 
l.ind.     It  is  seven  miles  W  of  Delft. 

Gravesend,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
uiai'ket  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames,  and  is  a  place  of  great  resort, 
being  tlic  common  landing-place  for 
seamen  and  strangers  in  their  passage 
to  London.  It  has  a  blockhouse  well 
mounted  witli  cannon  opposite  Tilbury 
tort.  A  g^-eat  part  of  the  town  was 
Imnit  down  in  1727;  and  5000/.  was 
|,'ranled  by  paj-liament  for  rebuilding 
its  church.  It  is  called  the  cor|)oration 
of  Gravesend  and  Milton,  these  two 
places  being  united  under  the  govern- 
ment of  a  mayor.  They  were  incorpo- 
rated by  queen  Elizabeth  j  but,  long 
before,  Richard  II.  had  granted  them 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  conveying 
passengers  to  London  in  boats  at  two- 
pence a  head.  They  still  enjoy  this 
privilege ;  but  the  fare  is  now  nine- 
))ence  a  head.  Gravesend  is  famous 
for  asparagus ;  which  is  preferred  to 
that  of  Battersea;  and  tlie  chief  em- 
iiloyment  of  tlie  labouring  people  is 
spinning  of  hemp,  to  make  nets  for 
iishing,  and  ropes.  It  is  22  miles  S  E 
•if  London.  Lon.  0  27  E,  lat.  51  25 
N. 

Gravina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
<li  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  32  miles 
S  W  of  Bari. 


-•P" 


G  R  E 

Grauthtt,  a  town  of  France  in  th* 
department  of  Turn,  12  miles  N  W  of 
Cast  res. 

Gray,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
partntent  of  Upper  Saonc  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franciie  Conile.  It  carric*  on 
a  trade  in  iron  ;  and  it  is  seated  on  the 
Saonc,  25  miles  N  E  of  Dijon.  Lon.  5 
41E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Grayaon  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  the  courts,  in  Grayson  county, 
Virginia,  20  miles  from  Aiistinville,  and 
140  from  Washington.  Here  is  u  post 
oflice. 

Grays  Thurrock,  a  town  in  Essex, 
with  a  market  on  Tin  day,  seated  on 
the  Thames,  24  mile;  E  of  London. 
Lon,  0  24  E,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Great  Barrington,  a  post  town  in 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts, about; 
23  miles  W  of  Springfield  on  the  river 
Connecticut. 

Greece,  the  ancient  name  of  that  part 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  which  contains 
Macedonia,  Albania,  Livadia,  the  Mo- 
rea,  the  Archipelago,  and  Candiu. 

Green,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situ.ited  on  the  E  side 
of  the  river  Aiidrascoggin,  about  25 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Ken- 
nebec. 

Greenbrier  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  the  courts  in  Greenbrier  county, 
Virginia ;  it  has  a  post  oitice,  and  dis- 
tant from  tlie  city  of  Washington  300 
miles. 

Greenfield,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire, 
county,  Massachusetts;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  about  55 
miles  N  W  of  Worcester. 

Greenfield,  a  post  town  of  Saratoga 
county,  New  York,  8  miles  W  by  N  of 
Saratoga  springs. 

Green  Castle,  a  post  towm  in  Franklin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles  S  of 
Chambersburg,  and  the  same  distance 
N  of  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  with  a- 
bout  1000  inhabitants. 

Greensboro*,  a  post  town  in  Caroline 
county,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  £ 
branch  of  Choptank  river,  8  miles  N  of 
Denton,  and  10  miles  E  of  Centreville. 

Gregnsboro',  a  town  in  Green  county, 
Georgia,  28  miles  W  by  S  of  Washing- 
ton, and  67  N  W  of  Louisville.  Here 
is  a  post  office. 

Greenland,  a  general  name  by  which 
are  denoted  the  most  easterly  parts  of 
America,  stretching  towards  the  north 
pole,  and  likewise  some  islands  to  the 
northward  of  the  continent  of  Europe, 
Mm 


a  R  E 


G  R  E 


Uinif  in  vpry  liijyii  h'itiides.  'I'his 
•  ountiT  is  divided  into  \V  and  K  C.rpcii- 
liind.  W  Gret'iilaiul  in  now  dctcrmin- 
<'d  by  our  latest  nuips  to  be  a  ])artoftbc; 
continent  of  America,  tlu)ii({li  upon 
what  autlinrity  is  not  very  clear,  'rhal 
part  of  it  which  the  Kiiroptans  have 
any  knn\vh'dp;e  of  is  bounded  on  the  W 
by  H:. Hill's  Uay,  on  the  S  by  Ilavis's 
Straits,  and  on  tiie  E  i)y  llic  northern 
j)art  of  the  Athmtic  Ocean.  It  is  a 
very  inoiintainoii.s  country,  and  son\c 
l)arls.  of  it  so  high  that  they  may  be 
discerned  oO  k:ag'ucs  ofi'  at  sea.  Tlie 
inland  mountains,  hiihi,  and  rocks,  arc 
covered  witii  perpetual  snow ;  but  the 
low  lands  on  the  sea-side  arc  clothed 
^vi^!l  vci'diirc  in  the  s\imnier  season. 
'I'lu!  coast  abounds  witl\  inlets,  bays, 
.•iiul  larfje  rivers ;  and  is  surrounded 
witli  a  vast  number  of  islands  of  diW'er- 
t-nt  vliniensions.  In  a  jjreat  many 
jjlarcs,  however,  on  the  eastern  coast 
csi)eci;illy,  the  shore  is  inaccessible  by 
reason  of  the  Hoatinp  mo\intains  of  ice. 
The  prinoip.ll  river,  called  Baal,  falls 
into  the  St  .1  in  the  (i4tli  degree  of  lati- 
tude, where  the  iirst  IJanish  lodije  was 
bxiilt  in  1721  ;  and  has  been  navip^atcd 
aboVe  40  miles  up  the  country.  East 
Greenland  was  for  a  lonff  time  con- 
sidered as  a  part  of  the  continent  of 
AVrst  Greenland,  but  is  now  discover- 
ed to  be  an  assemblage  of  islands  Ivini;' 
between  76"  4G'  and  80°  ;>0'  of  north 
latitude,  and  between  <f  and  20°  of 
cast  longitude.  It  '.vas  discovered  by 
Sir  Hugh  Willonghby  in  1553,  who 
called  it  Grocnland  ;  supposing  it  to  be 
h  part  of  the  western  continent.  In 
1595,  it  w:>s  again  visited  by  William 
Barciitz  and  John  Cornfliiis,  tv.ro 
Dutchmen,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
orig'tnal  disco\ercrs,  and  called  the 
comitry  Spitzbergen,  or  Sharp  Moun- 
tains, from  the  many  sharp-pointed  and 
rocky  mountains  with  which  it  abounds. 
The  only  quadrupeds  of  either  W  or  E 
Greenland,  arc  deer,  white  bears,  an<l 
foxes.  To  its  frozen  seas,  the  English 
and  other  nations  repair  annually,  in 
the  proper  season,  to  lish  for  whales. 
Sec  Spilzhergen. 

Greenlniv,  the  county-town  of  Ber- 
wickshire, seated  on  a  river  that  joins 
the  Tweed,  helbre  it  reaches  Berwick. 
It  is  18  miles  AV  by  .S  of  tiiat  town. 
Lon.  2  10  W,  lut.  55  43  N. 

Ciei^nock,  u  considerable  sea])ort  in 
Renfrewshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Gi^de,  which  here  expands}  into  u  ba- 


son four  miles  wide.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  resort  for  shipping,  '  ut  its  trade 
chieily  depends  on  Glasguw.  It  has  n 
great  share  in  the  lierring  iishcry. 
Here  is  a  sugar-house,  a  rope  and  sail 
manufactiu'c,  and  a  small  furt  for  thr 
delt-ncc  of  the  harbour.  It  is  22  milet* 
\V  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  29  W,  Ut.  5$ 
54  N. 

GiccnsburK,  a  |)osl  town  nn(lV>c  capi- 
tal of  Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 31  miles  E  by  S  of  Pittsburg,  and 
264  W  of  Philadelphia :  it  has  a  court 
ho\isc,  gaol,  and  abcut  800  inhabitants. 
Grceitsbwg,  a  post  town  in  Green 
county,  Kentucky  j  situated  on  the  N 
side  of  Green  river,  about  56  miles  9 
W  of  Springfield. 

Greensttd,  a  village  in  Essex,  one  mile 
W  of  Chipping  Ongar,  remarkable  for 
its  little  church,  the  walls  of  which  are 
formed  of  the  solid  trunks  of  trees  pl«- 
ccd  in  rows,  and  arc  entire  tho'  built 
before  the  conquest. 

Grceimil/e,  a  post  town  of  Mecklen- 
hvirg  county,  licnfuckj,  on  the  W  side 
of  Green  river,  14  miles  S  W  of  Har- 
ford. 

Gieenville,  a  post  town  in  Pitt  coun- 
ty, North  Cai'olina,  on  the  S  bank  of 
Pamptico  livcr,  23  miles  above  IVaab' 
ington,  on  the  same  stream. 

Greenville,  a  post  town  in  Green 
county,  Tennessee,  82  miles  N  W  of 
Knoxville. 

Greeimillc,  a  post  town  in  Greenville 
county,  So\ith  Carolinr. ,  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Great  Pedee  river,  20 
miles  N  E  of  Camden. 

Greeirwich,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  famous  for  a  magnificent  hospital 
for  decayed  seamen,  and  a  royal  obser- 
vatory in  a  delightful  park.  The  hos- 
pital is  thought  to  be  the  finest  struc- 
ture of  the  kind  in  the  world ;  the 
front  to  the  Thames  consists  of  two 
ranges  of  stone  buildings.  These 
buildings  perfectly  correspond  with 
each  other,  and  have  their  tops  crown- 
ed with  a  stone  balustrade.  Under  one 
pf  these  is  the  hall,  which  is  finely 
painted  by  Sir  James  Thomhill,  and 
contains  many  royal  portraits  ;  and  un- 
der the  other  the  chapel,  which  by  ac- 
cident was  destroyed  by  fire.  This  fire 
broke  out  in  the  hospital  on  the  second 
of  January  1779,  and  totally  consumed 
tlie  dome  at  the  S  E  quarter  of  the 
building,  with  the  chapel,  which  was 
liie  most  elegant  in  the  world,  thp. 


E 


^ 


ORE 


G  R  I 


It  i»  a  place  of 

iiff,  '  lit  its  tr«ilo 

UB^uW.  It  lius  H 
lien-in^r  iighcry. 
:,  a  rope  ami  sail 
null  fort  for  the 
r.  It  in  23  milcH 
,  4  29  W,  Ut.  55 

iwnanclViccapi- 
mnt) ,  Pennsylva- 
)f  Pittsburg,  and 
a :  it  Itas  a  court 
t  800  inhabitants, 
town  in  Green 
tuated  on  tiie  N 
ibout  56  miles  9 

n  Essex,  one  mile 
•,  remarkable  for 
vails  of  which  are 
unks  of  trees  pU« 
entire  tho'  built 

own  of  Mecklen- 
:\,  on  the  W  side 
I'Ues  S  W  of  Har- 

Bwn  in  Pitt  coun- 
on  the  S  bank  of 
nilcs  above  Watb' 
ream, 
town  in  Green 
12  miles  N  W  of 

)wn  in  Greenville 
,  situated  on  the 
Pedee  river,  20 
I. 

in  Kent,  with  a 
lay  and  Saturday, 
ignificent  hospital 
and  a  royal  obser- 
park.     The  hos- 
tile finest  struc- 
the  world;    the 
consists  of  two 
luildings.      These 
correspond   with 
their  tops  crown- 
trade.    Under  one 
which  is  finely 
IS  Thomhill,  and 
portraits ;  and  un- 
ipel,  which  by  ac- 
byfire.     This  fire 
)ital  on  the  second 
.  totally  consumed 
E  quarter  of  the 
lapcl,  which  was 
the   world,  th? 


frrratdinin^-lMll,  and  eight  wards  con- 
taining the  lodgings  of  near  600  pcn- 
.siiiners,  the  wliolc  has  been  since  rc- 
liiiiit.  The  dome  was  rebuil*  about 
tlie  year  1785  j  but  the  reparation  of 
the  whole  damage  is  not  yet  completed. 
'  The  observatory  was  built  by  Charles 
II.  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  called  Flam- 
stead  Hill,  from  the  great  astronomer 
of  that  name,  wiio  was  here  the  first 
astronomer  royal.  The  English  com- 
pute the  longitude  from  the  meridian 
of  this  place.  Here  was  once  a  royal 
palace,  in  wiiich  Edward  VI.  died,  and 
queen  Mary  and  queen  Elizabeth  were 
born.  It  has  been  long  pulled  down, 
and  on  part  of  the  site  of  it  now  stands 
the  house  belonging  to  the  rang«r  of 
tlie  park.  Here  is  a  college,  called  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk's  College  (though 
founded  by  Henry  earl  of  Northampton, 
father  of  the  celebrated  earl  of  Surry) 
for  the  maintenance  of  20  decayed 
housekeepers ;  and  an  hospital,  called 
Queen  Elizabetli's  College,  founded  by 
Mr.  Lambard,  the  first  erected  by  an 
English  protestant  subject.  Green- 
wich is  seated  on  tlic  Thames,  5  miles 
E  of  London. 

Greenwich,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
rounty,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  Long 
Island  sound,  about  half  way  between 
New  York  and  New  Haven :  the  town- 
8liip  contains  3147  inhabitants. 

Greemiiich,  a  village  in  Ciunberland 
county.  New  Jersey,  on  Cohansy  creek, 
about  20  miles  S  E  of  Salem,  and  10 
S  W  of  Bridgetown. 

Grenoble,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Isere  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny.  It  contained  a 
^■sat  number  of  handsome  structures 
jiarticulai-ly  churches,  and  convents, 
wiiich  were  destroyed  by  the  French 
revolutionists.  Tlie  catlicdral  was  a 
line  ancient  building  in  tlie  Gothic 
taste ;  and  St  Andrew's  church  is 
adonied  with  a  curious  spire.  The 
leather  and  gloves  that  are  made  here 
are  highly  esteemed.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Isere,  over  which  iire  two  bridges 
to  pass  into  that  part  called  Perreire,  a 
large  street  on  the  side  of  the  river. 
It  is  27  miles  S  of  Chamber}-,  and  105 
W  by  N  of  Tiurin.  Lon.  5  49  E,  lat. 
45  12  N. 

Gretna,  a  village  in  Dumfriesshire, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  and  on  the 
borders  of  Cumberland,  nine  miles  N 
W  of  Carlisle.  It  has  been  long  noted 
u!>  tlie  resort  of  tlie  young  persons  in 


England,  who  arc  licrc  united  without 
incurring  tiic  penalties  of  the  m:u-riBgc 
act,  nutwiliistuuding  the  pi-oltibitiuns 
of  their  parents  and  guardians.  Thu 
ceremony  is  performed  by  a  blacksmith. 

Griffenliaien,  a  town  of  Prussian  Po- 
mcrania,  in  the  dutchy  of  Stctln,  seated 
on  the  Oder  opposite  Gurtz.  Lon.  14 
42  E,  lat.  33  25  N. 

Grinibergan,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, with  an  abbey  and  a  castle,  six 
miles  N  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  27  E, 
lat.  50  57  N. 

Grimm,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the 
Muldaw,  10  miles  S  £  of  Leipsick. 
Lon.  1^  ^5  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Grimmen,a  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania,  five  miles  S  of  Stralsund.  Lon. 
13  27  E,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Grimperg,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  with  a  bishop's  see,  17  miles 
S  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  59  E,  lat.  49  :iS 
N. 

Grimsby,  Great,  a  seaport  and  bo- 
rough in  Lincohisliire,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  ha.s. 
now  only  one  churcii,  a  large  stnicture, 
like  n  catlicdral.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  governed  by 
a  mayor.  The  harbour,  ot  the  moiifhcf 
the  Huniber,  is  almost  choakcd  up.  It 
is  35  miles  N  E  of  Lincoln,  and  170  N 
of  London.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  Si  34  N. 

GrindonSig,  a  river  in  Northumberr 
land,  near  Berwick,  famous  for  the 
victory  gainsd  over  the  Scots,  in  1558, 
by  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  and 
his  brother,  when  many  of  the  Scots 
were  drowned  in  this  river.  On  a  ri- 
sing gi-ound  near  Grindon,  arc  four  up- 
right stone  pillars,  funeral  monuments 
of  the  chieftains  slain  in  that  action. 

Grinttead,  East,  a  borough  in  Sussex, 
witli  a  market  on  Thursday.  The  as- 
sizes are  sometimes  held  here,  and'  it 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  20  miles  N  of  Lewes,  and  29  S  of 
London.    Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Gripiviald,  a  strong  town  of  Swedish 
Pomerania,  formerly  imperial,  with  a 
gootl  harbour,  and  a  university.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Baltic  Sea,  15  miles  S 
E  of  Stralsund,  and  55  N  W  of  Stetin. 
Lon.  13  44  £,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Orisons,  a  people  inhabiting  the  Alps, 
and  in  alliance  with  Swisserland.  They 
are  divided  into  tlirce  parts  called  the 
Leagues,  which  form  one  republic  ; 
namely,  the  Grey  League  ;  the  League 
Qf  tlic  House  of  Qod  i  and  that  of  \h% 


G  R  O 


G  R  U 


T«'n  Jurisdictions.  Throujflioiit  tlic 
three  Icui^iic.i  llic  Hor.iaii  law  prt'vails, 
inoilillcil  by  the  iiiiiniriiial  custoinx. 
Tlif  courtH  ofjiKitiee  in  caeh  ciinimii- 
nity  are  e(iin|jiisc(l  oi'thc  chief  inaifis- 
trttte,  wh(i  |ire»ii<les,Biul  a  certain  num- 
ber of  jurynun,  chosen  i>y  tlie  people  : 
tliey  have  no  rcg'iilar  Halarien,  hut  re- 
ceive fur  their  attendance  a  small  Hum, 
urisin);  in  some  comnninitics  from  the 
expenecs  of  the  process,  wHiich  are  de- 
frayed by  the  criminals ;  in  others  from 
n  share  of  the  liiics.  'I'lie  country  of 
the  (irisons  is  about  87miles  inlenfflh, 
and  very  pujjulous  i  bounded  on  the  .' 
by  the  dutchy  of  Milan  and  the  terri- 
torics  of  the  Venetians,  by  Tyrol  on 
the  E  and  N,  and  by  the  Swiss  cantons 
on  the  W.  'I'hey  are  |)artly  l'a])istsand 
partly  Protestants.  'I'hey  possess  the 
Vultelinc,  and  the  counties  of  Bormio 
And  Chiavcnna. 

Grodno,  a  pretty  larpe  city  of  Lith- 
uania, in  Poland,  and  next  to  Wilmu, 
the  best  in  that  dutchy.  It  is  situated 
on  the  river  Nicmen,  partly  on  a  idain, 
iind  partly  on  a  mountain.  It  is  u  larpe 
and  strapplinp  place,  but  contains  no 
more  than  ;]{I00  Christians,  exclusive 
of  the  persons  employed  in  the  manu- 
factures, and  1000  Jews.  It  h.ia  the 
appearance  of  a  decayed  town  \  con- 
taining' a  mixture  of  wretehe  i  hovels, 
falling'  houses,  and  ruined  palaces,  with 
Tnagnificent  g^atcways,  remains  of  its 
ancient  splcuitovir.  A  few  habitations 
in  ffood  repair  make  the  contrast 
more  striking'.  Here  is  a  cnllcffc  and 
physic  garden  ;  the  king  of  Poland  hav- 
ing established  a  royal  academy  of  phy- 
sic for  Lithuania.  In  the  new  palace, 
built  by  Augtistus  111.  are  the  apart- 
ments, where  the  last  diet  was  held  in 
1793,  which  was  compelled,  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet,  to  consent  to  the 
second  ])artilion  of  Poland  :  and  here, 
in  17S5,  the  unfortunate  Stanislaus  III 
formally  resigned  his  crown.  Grodno 
is  125  miles  N  F.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  24 
15  E,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Groll,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
in  the  county  of  Ziitphen.  The  French 
took  it  in  1672,  and  demolished  the  for- 
tifications. It  is  seated  on  the  Sling'he, 
15  miles  S  E  of  Zutphen. 

Groiiingeii,  a  populous  city  of  the  Uni- 
ted Pi-ovinccs,  capital  of  a  lordship  ot 
the  same  name,  with  a  citadel  and  i. 
university.  It  is  seated  on  tiie  rivers 
Hunes  and  Aa  i  at  10  miles  distance 
ibom  the  sea,  with  which  it  has  a  com- 


munication by  a  canal.  It  is  85  milef 
N  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  6  31  E,  lat. 
5J  10  N. 

Groningrn,  one  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, bounded  oti  the  F,  by  East  Fries- 
land,  on  the  W  by  Friesland,  on  the  N  , 
l)y  the  German  Ocean,  and  on  the  S 
by  Overyssel.  It  is  divided  into  two 
parts,  of  which  the  town  of  Groningcn 
and  its  district  arc  one,  and  the  Om- 
merlands  the  other.  The  excellency 
of  this  cotmtry  consists  in  pastures, 
which  feed  a  great  number  of  large 
horses,   tit  for  the  coach. 

Grnssd,  an  island  of  Dalmntia,  in  the 
gtdf  of  Venice,  near  the  coast  of  the 
county  of  Zara.  It  is  50  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  belongs  to  the  Vene- 
tians. 

Grossctio,  a  to^vn  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
castle  and  a  bishop's  see  i  situate  near 
the  sea,  30  miles  S  W  of  Sienna.  Lon. 
11  1  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Grntskavi,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  30 
miles  N  E  of  Glatz.    Lon.  17  25  E,  lat. 

50  27  N. 

Grotskcrui,  a  town  of  Servia,  where 
the  Turks  defeated  the  Germans  in 
1739.  Lon.  21  10  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Groton,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachtisctts,  35  miles  N  W 
of  Boston,  which  contained  1800  inha- 
bitants at  the  last  census  in  1800. 

Groyne,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Gnlicia, 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  at  Co- 
runna. 

Gniben/ia;;en,  a  town  and  castle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  and  the  chief  plat-e  of 
a  principality  of  the  same  name,  be- 
longing to  the  house  of  Hanover.  In 
the  mountains  near  it  are  mines  of  sil- 
ver, iron,  copper,  and  lead.  It  is  45 
miles  S  of  Hanover.     Lon.  10  3  E,  lat. 

51  31  N. 

Gnickfeltit,  a  town  of  Carinthia,  with 
a  castle  on  the  river  Save.  Lon.  15  45 
E,  lat.  46  7  N. 

Gninberg,  a  to^vn  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Hesse.  Here  Charlemagne  and 
the  kings  of  the  Merovingian  race  held 
their  court. 

Grunberg,  a  town  of  Silesia  in  the 
principality  of  Glogan  ;  it  is  surroimd- 
ed  with  vineyards,  and  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  cloth. 

Grumie,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchv  of  Brunswick,  and  in  the  moun- 
lains  of  H«rtz.  Lon.  13  35  E,  lat.  53 
ION. 

Gruningen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saaony, 


G  U  A 


G  U  A 


il.     It  U  85  milei 
Lon.  6  31  E,  l:it. 

10  UnitPil  Prnvin- 
F.  bv  Eiidt  Fricn- 
ricMland,  on  tlie  N  , 
n,  and  on  tlie  S 
(livldrd  into  two 
own  of  GroninRcn 
ic,  and  the  Om- 
The  excellency 
sistH  in  pasturcH, 
number  of  large 
ncli. 

P  Dalmntia,  in  the 

the  coast  of  the 

i  50  miles  in  cir- 

ing»  to  the  Vcnc- 

f  Tuscany,  with  a 

see  i  situftte  near 

V  of  Sienna.    Lon. 

of  Silesia,  capital 
e  same  name,  30 
Lon.  17  25  E,  lat. 

of  Servia,  where 
the    Germans  in 
lat.  45  10  N. 
wn   in    Middlesex 
t»,  35  miles  N  W 
,l!iincd  1800  inha- 
nsns  in  1800. 
S])ain,  in  Galiria, 
'  of  Biscay,  at  Go- 
wn and  castle  of 
the  cliief  place   of 
same  name,  be- 
of  Hanover.    In 
t  are  mines  of  sil- 
lead.     It  is  45 
Lon.  10  3  E,  lat. 

of  Carinthia,  with 
Save.    Lon.  15  45 

f  Germany,  in  Up- 
Charlemagne  ana 
ovingian  race  held 

of  Silesia  in  the 
I ;  it  is  surround- 
nd  has  a  manufac- 

Germany,  in  the 
,  and  in  the  moun- 
m.  13  35  E,  lat.  52 

of  Lower  Saaon;)?, 


tn  the  principality  of  HalJM'rHiadt,  on 
the  river  Fclkc.  Lon.  11  41  E.  lat.  5'.' 
4  N 

Gnir.ingen,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  canton  of  ZiiriCtCipital  of  a  bail- 
iwic  of  the  samv.*  mime.  The  castle 
stands  on  a  lofty  rf.?k,  an<l  commands 
itn  extensive  prospect.  LrMi.  H  43  E, 
lat.  47  UN. 

Gniyiren,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Friburn',  witii  a  caittic, 
where  the  liailiU'residcs.  It  is  famous 
for  cheese,  and  is  1.5  miles  S  VV  of 
Friburjf.     L(m.  6  43  E,  Int.  46  .}5  N. 

Giiacnckingn,  a  town  of  New  Spain, 
30  miles  S  E  c)f  Mexico.  Lon.  99  45 
W,  Lit.  19  36  N, 

Guadalajara,  or  Nrv)  Galicia,  one  of 
the  three  audiences  of  New  .Spain,  ex- 
tcndinfT'  800  miles  in  length,  and  500 
in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
New  Mexico,  on  the  E  and  S  by  the 
audience  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  VV  by 
the  gulf  of  California  and  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  divided  into  the 
))rovinccs  of  Guadalajara  Proper,  Zaca- 
tecas.  New  Biscay,  Ciiudoa,  Culiacan, 
Chamctian,  and  Xalisco.  It  is  celebra- 
ted for  its  fertility,  and  the  richness  of 
its  silver  mines. 

Guadalajara,  or  Guadalaxara,  the  ca- 
pital of  the  province  and  audience  of 
Guadalajara,  in  New  Spain.  It  is  a  bi- 
sliop's  see,  and  situated  on  the  Bareinja, 
'217  miles  VV  of  Mexico.  Lon.  10449 
VV,  lat.  20  50  N. 

Guadalajara,  or  Guadalaxara,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  seat- 
id  on  '.he  Herares,  30  miles  N  E  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  2  47  VV,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Guadalaviar,  a  river  of  Spain,  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Aragon,  cros- 
ses the  jirovince  of  Valencia,  and  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean,  below  Valen- 
cia. 

Guadaloupe,  a  handsome  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estramadura,  with  a  rich  con- 
vent. It  is  seated  on  a  rivulet  of  the 
s.ime  name,  34  miles  E  bv  N  of  Trux- 
illo.     Lon.  4  45  W,  hit.  39  12  N. 

Guadaloupe,  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca- 
ribbee  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  be- 
tween Antigua  and  Dominica,  in  lon. 
C2  0  W,  and  lat.  16  2C  N.  The  island, 
which  is  of  an  irregular  figure,  may  be 
about  80  leagues  in  circumference.  It 
is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  small  arm 
of  the  sea,  which  is  not  above  two 
leagues  long,  and  fi-om  15  to  40  fath- 
oms broad.  This  canal,  known  by  tlie 
name  of  the  Salt  River,  is  navigable, 


but  will  only  curry  vcsmcIs  of  50«nnrf 
burden,  'ilu'  soil  is  cxcfcdin^fly  n'ooil, 
anil  well  wat<  ri'd  near  the  hcu,  \i\  ri- 
vulets which  full  from  the  mount  tins. 
The  island  toward  the  centrv,  is  lull 
of  craj^gy  rocks,  where  the  cold  is  sf> 
inteiiHc,  that  nothing'  will  grow  upon 
them  but  fern,  and  some  iis'"lL"!>i  shriibn 
covered  with  moss.  t>ii  'In-  lop  of 
these  rorks,  a  nmuntain  rises  to  an  im- 
mense height.  It  exhales  through  va- 
rious ()|>rnings,  a  thick  black  sinokr, 
intermixed  with  sparks  that  are  visible 
by  night.  The  French  settled  in  this 
island,  in  16,!.?.  Il  has  been  often  ta- 
ken and  retaken  the  last  time  by  the 
French  in  1794,  in  whose  possession  it 
still  remuini'  Basseterre  is  tlic  capi- 
tal. 

Guadttli/iiiver,a  river  of  Spain,  wliicli 
rises  in  tlve  S  part  of  New  Castile, 
flows  through  .\iidalusiii,  and  falls  into 
the  bay  of  Cadi/. 

Guadarnma,  a  tnwn  of  Spain  in  Old 
Castile,  remarkable  for  its  great  trade 
in  cheese.  It  is  seated  on  the  Guada- 
ram,  25  milct'  N  VV  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
3  48  VV,  lat.  41  45  N. 

Guadiaiia,  a  river  of  Spain,  which 
having  its  source  in  New  Castile, 
crosses  Estramadura  into  Portugal, 
.ind  separating  Algarva  from  Andalu- 
sia, fulls  into  the  buy  of  Cadiz. 

Gaudix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gi^nada, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  E  of  Gra- 
nada.  Lon.  2  47  VV,  lat.  iT  4  N. 

Gualdo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona, 
eight  miles  N  VV  of  Nocera.  In  1751, 
it  was  almost  destroyed  bv  an  earth- 
quake.    Lon.  12  43  E,  lat.  43  6  N. 

Guam,  the  chief  of  the  Ladrone  Is-  ' 
lands,  in  tho  North  Pacific  Ocean,  100 
miles  in  circumference.  It  tlcpenda 
upon  the  Spaniards  who  have  a  garri- 
son here,  but  the  inhabitants  arc  almo.st 
all  natives  of  the  country,  and  reputed  to 
be  very  skilful  in  building  boats.  It  a- 
bounds  with  e.icellent  fruit,  and  the  air 
is  wholesome ;  notwith.st.indirg  which 
the  natives  are  subject  to  a  kind  of  le- 
prosy.    Lon.  145  15  E,  lat.  13  5  N. 

Guainanga,  a.  town  of  Peru,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name  with  a 
bishop's  sec.  It  is  remarkable  for 
sweetmeats ;  and  near  it  arc  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  loadstone,  and  quicksilver. 
It  is  200  miles  S  E  of  Lima.  Lon.  74 
15  VV,  lat.  13  20  S. 

Guannhanii,  or  Cat  Island,  one  of  tixe 
Bahama  Islands,  tlie  first  land  of  Amer- 
ica, discovered  by  Columbus,  in  1491, 


i 


G  U  A 


G  U  I 


»nd  named  by  him  St.  Salvador.    Lon. 
7S  5  W,  lat.  24  20  N. 

Guaiiugo,  »  town  of  Peru,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  that  a- 
bounds  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  It 
is  172  miles  N  N£  of  Lima.  Lon.  75 
15  W,  lat.  9  55  S. 

Guamaveka,  a  rich  town  of  Peru, 
whose  neighbourhood  abounds  with 
mines  of  qU'.<;luilvcr.  It  is  159  miles 
E  N  E  of  Pisca.  Lon.  74  39  VV,  lat.  12 
36  S. 

Guardqfui,  a.  cape  of  Africa,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  strait  of  Babelmandel. 
Lon.  52  5  E,  lat.  11  46  N. 

Gtiardia,  or  Guarda,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Beira,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  fortiiicd  both  by  art  and  nature,  and 
has  a  stately  cathedral.  It  is  138  miles 
E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  40 
22  N. 

Guardia-Atferez,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  Molise,  with  a  bishop's  see,  sev- 
en miles  N  \V  of  Larino.  Lon.  14  56 
E,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Giiartna,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  120  miles 
N  W  of  Lima.  Lon.  77  49  W,  lat.  10 
10  S. 

Guaetalla,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  ceded  to  the  duke  of  Parma, 
in  1748.  It  is  noted  for  a  battle  between 
tlie  Austrions  and  the  French,  in  which 
the  former  were  defeated  with  the  loss 
ef  5000  men.  It  is  seated  near  the  ri- 
ver Po,  15  miles  N  of  Reggie.  Lon. 
10  38  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Guaito,  or  Vasto,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  on  the  gtdf  of 
Venice,  15  miles  SE  of  Lanciano.  Lon. 
15  6  E,  lat.  42  15  N. 

Guatimala,  an  audience  of  Ne  w  Spain 
•bout  750  miles  long,  and  450  broad, 
bounded  on  tlie  N  W  by  the  audience 
pf  Mexico,  on  the  N  E  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  on  the  S  E  by  the  Isthmus  of 
Parien,  and  on  tlie  S  W  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  subdivided  into  the  pro- 
vinces of  Guatimala  Proper,  Vera  Paz, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and 
Veragua.  The  indigo  of  this  country 
is  superior  in  quality  to  that  of  any  oth- 
er in  America,  and  is  cultivated  to  a 
considerable  extent. 

Guatimala,  Neiti,  the  capital  of  the 
audience  and  province  of  Guatimala,  in 
New  Spain,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a 
university.  It  is  situate  not  far  frfMn 
the  site  of  the  former  town  of  th^t 
name,  whicli  was  destroyed,  June  7t)i, 
1773,  by  a  dreadful  ea-.lhquake,  at- 
tcoded  by  an  eruption  from  the  neigh- 


bearing  volcano.  Nevr  Guatimala  i< 
600  miles  S  W  of  Mexico,  ^^on.  90  30 
W,  lat.  13  40  N. 

Guatimala,  a  burning  mountain  in 
New  Spain,  which  tlirows  out  fire  and 
smoke.  It  has  twice  destroyed  St.  J»> 
go  de  Guatimala. 

Guaxaca,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  on  the 
N,  and  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  S. 
It  is  fertile  in  wheat,  Indian  com,  coch- 
ineal, and  cassia ;  and  contains  minea 
of  gold,  silver,  and  cryf^l. 

Guaxaca,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  Uie  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  noted  for 
fine  sweetmeats  and  chocolate  ;  and  has 
several  rich  convents.  It  is  160  miles 
E  of  Acapulco.  Lon.  100  0  W,  lat.  17 
25  N. 

Guben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Lusatia,  seated  on  the  Neisse,  62 
miles  N  E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14  39  £. 
lat.  51  58  N. 

Guhia,  or  Eugubio,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Urbii\o,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  82  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  39 
E,  lat.  43  16  N. 

Guelderland,  or  Gueldret,  a  territory 
of  the  Netlierlands,  which  was  over- 
run by  the  French  in  1794. 

Guddres,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  the  same  name,  which 
has  been  often  taken  and  retaken.  It  was 
ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia  by  \h<6 
])eace  of  Utrecht,  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  10  miles  N  £  of 
Velno.    Lon.  6  0  E,lat.  51  26  N. 

Gueranda,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Loire  and  lat^ 
province  of  Bretagne.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  white  salt,  and  is 
three  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  250 
W  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  20  W,lat  '7  ION. 

Gucret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gieuse  and  late  province 
of  Marrhe,  seated  on  the  Gdrtampe,  35 
miles  N  E  of  Limoges,  and  170  S  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Guernsey,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Normandy,  subject  to  Great  Britain, 
but  governed  by  its  own  laws.  It  is 
naturally  strong,  being  surrounded  by 
high  rocks,  and  of  a,  round  form,  30 
miles  in  circumference.  The  natives 
speak  French,  it  having  been  a  part  of 
Normandy.    Lon.  2  37  W,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Gueta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 60  miles- E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  56 
W,  lat.  40  22  W. 

Guinna,  a  large  counti^  of  South 


G  U  I 


G  U  I 


GUI 


mo.  New  Cuatimalft  is 
J  of  Mexico.     ;^on.  90  30 

N. 

a  burning^  mountain  in 
ivhich  tliraws  out  fire  and 
18  twice  destroyed  St.  Ja- 
lala. 

province  of  New  Spain, 
le  gulf  of  Mexico  on  the 
i  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  S. 

wheat,  Indian  corn,  coch- 
isia;  and  contains  mines 
r,  and  crystal. 

town  of  New  Spain,  ca- 
rince  of  tlie  same  name, 
}p's  see.  It  is  noted  for 
ats  and  chocolate ;  and  has 
convents.  It  is  160  miles 
0.    Lon.  100  0  W,  lat.  17 

>wn  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
leated  on  the  Neisse,  62 
Dresden.     Lon.  14  39  £, 

Eugubio,  a  town  of  Italy, 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's 
N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  39 
N. 

',  or  Gueldret,  a  territory 
rlands,  which  was  over- 
rench  in  1794. 
town  of  the  Netherlands, 
ryofthe  same  name, which 
1  taken  and  retaken.  It  was 
king  of  Prussia  by  tb<t 
icht,  and  was  taken  by  the 
94.  It  is  10  miles  N  £  of 
.  6  0  E,lat.  51  26  N. 

town  of  France,  in  the 
)f  Lower  Loire  and  lat^ 
Jrctagne.  It  carries  on  a 
trade  in  white  salt,  and  is 
pom  the  Atlantic,  and  250 
Lon.  2  20W,lat  -riON. 
3wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
reuse  and  late  pravince 
ated  on  the  Gartampe,  35 
Limoges,  and  170  S  of 
1  56  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

island  on  the  coast  of 

ubject  to  Great  Britain, 

by  its  own  laws.     It  is 

mg,  being  surrounded  by 

and  of  a  round  form,  30 

umference.    The  natives 

it  having  been  a  part  of 

on.  2  37  W,  lat.  49  32  N. 

wn  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 

E  of  Madrid.     Lon.  1  56 

large  counti^  of  SovtfU 


America,  is  bounded  on  the  E  and  N  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  river  Oroo- 
noko ;  on  tile  S  by  the  river  of  the  Ama- 
zons ;  and  on  the  W  by  the  provinces 
of  Grenada  and  New  Andalusia,  in 
Terra  Firma,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed both  on  the  W  and  N  by  the  river 
Oroonoko.  It  extends  above  1200  miles 
from  N  E  to  S  W,  that  is,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Oroonoko  to  the 
moutli  of  the  river  Amazons,  and  near 
600  in  tlie  contrary  direction.  The 
Portuguese,  French,  and  Dutch,  have 
all  settlements  along  tlie  coast.  What 
lies  S  of  Cape  North  belongs  to  the  first 
of  these  nations  ;  the  coast  between 
Cape  North  and  Cape  Orange  is  pos- 
sessed by  the  natives  ;  French  Guiana, 
Old  Cayenne,  or  Equinoctial  France, 
extends  from  Cape  Orjinge,  about  240 
miles  along  the  coast,  to  the  river  Ma- 
rani  J  where  the  Dutch  territory  be- 
gins, and  extends  to  the  mouih  of  the 
Oroonoko.  The  greatest  heat  takes 
place  in  October,  and  continues  to 
March  i  this  is  succeeded  by  violent 
uninterrupted  rain  till  June,  when 
parching  heat  a^ain  takes  place  till  Ju- 
ly, which  is  agam  followed  by  incessant 
rain  till  October.  The  land  of  Dutch 
Guiana,  for  50  miles  up  tlie  country 
from  the  sea-coast  is  flat ;  and  during 
the  rainy  seasons  covered  two  feet  high 
with  water.  This  renders  it  incon- 
ceivably fertile,  the  earth,  for  12  inches 
deep,  being  a  stratum  of  such  perfect 
manure  ;  that  an  attempt  was  once 
made  to  carry  some  of  it  to  Barbadoes. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Issequibo,  30  crops 
ofratan  canes  have  been  raised  suc- 
cessively ;  whereas  in  the  West  India 
Islands,  not  more  than  two  are  ever 
expected  from  the  richest  land.  The 
interior  parts  of  the  country  are  inha- 
bited  by  savages,  who  have  different 
languages  and  customs ;  and  some  of 
tliem  build  their  houses  on  trees,  to  be 
secure  fromthelnundations  of  the  rivers. 

Guiaauil,  one  of  the  nine  jurisdic- 
tions of  the  province  of  Ouito,  in  Peru. 
Chocolate  is  one  of  its  principal  pro- 
ducts. 

Guiaquil,  a  commercial  city  of  Peru, 
capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  the  same 
name.  It  stands  partly  on  the  side  and 
partly  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  which  de. 
scends  gently  toward  the  river  Guia- 
quil, on  which  the  town  stands.  It  is 
large  and  populous,  v»d  is  140  miles  N 
h  E  of  Paita.    Lon.  81  11  W,  lat.  2 

as. 


Guira,  a  seaport  of  Terra  Firma,  on 
the  coast  of  Caracca.  Lon.  66  5  W, 
lat.  10  35  N. 

Guienne,  a,  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  makes  the  department  of 
Gironde  und  that  of  Lot  and  Garonne. 

Guilford,  a  borough  in  Surry,  witli  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  scate<l  on 
the  Wcy,  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill, 
near  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  cas- 
tle. The  summer  assizes  are  alter- 
nately held  here  and  at  Croydon  ;  but 
tlie  election  of  members  for  the  county 
is  always  held  here,  and  it  sends  two 
for  the  borough.  The  Wcy  is  naviga- 
ble to  the  Thames,  and  much  timber 
and  corn  are  carried  upon  it.  It  is  a 
well  buiit  town,  with  two  churches, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  23 
miles  W  S  W  of  Ci-oydon,  and  30  S  W 
of  London.     Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Guildford,  a  post  town  in  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  18  miles  £  by  S 
of  New  Haven,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 

Guildford^  the  cupitid  of  Guildford 
county,  North  Cai-olina,  48  miles  N  W 
of  Hillsborough  ;  the  scene  of  a  hard 
fought  battle,  the  Americans  under 
Gen.  Greene,  and  the  British  under 
Lord  Comwallis,  March  1781 — Here 
is  a  post-olRce. 

Guillain,  St.  a  town  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault,  seated  in  marshy  land,  on  the 
river  Haisne,  six  miles  W  of  Mons. 
Lon.  3  53  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Guillettree,  a  town  and  castle  in  tlie 
Alps,  once  belonging  to  Dauphiny,  in 
France.  It  was  taken  by  prince  Eu- 
gene in  1692,  and  is  nine  miles  N  £  of 
Embrum.     Lon.  6  36  E,  lat.  44  41  N. 

Guimaraeru,  an  ancient  and  conside- 
rable town  of  Portugal,  in  tlie  province 
of  Entre-Douero-e-Minho.  It  has  for- 
merly been  the  residence  of  their  kings 
and  is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New. 
The  public  buildings  are  magnificent. 
It  is  165  miles  N  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8 
21  W,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Guinea,  a  country  of  Africa,  of  which 
little  is  known  except  the  coast.  It  lies 
within  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  between 
12°  W,  and  80<>  E  lon.  and  is  divided 
into  the  Lower  and  Upper.  This  last 
comprehends  the  Gram  Coast,  the 
Tooth  Coast,  the  Gold  Coast,  the  Slave 
Coast,  (which  includes  Whidah  and 
Ardrah)  and  Benin.  The  lower  part 
is  commonly  called  Congfo.  It  is  very 
unhealthy  for  Europeans,  though  the 
negroes  live  a  considerable  time.  The 
natives  in  general  go  almost  naked,  ui^ 


GUN 


G  W  A 


tliere  seems  to  be  litUe  religion  or  ho- 
nesty uiiiong  tliem.  'i'^.c  commodities 
pm-c'lKisecl  liere,  iiic  j;iini-seneca,  at  Se- 
negiil;  grain,  ui)im  tlic  Gniiii  Coast  ; 
elephants"  teetli,  upon  tlic  Tooth  Coast ; 
the  greiilcst  plenty  of  golJ,  upon  tlic 
Gold  Coast  i  and  all  in  general,  furnish 
slaves.  The  English,  Dutch,  French, 
Danes,  and  other  nations,  have  facto- 
ries upon  this  coast,  and  purchase  slaves 
and  other  commodities.  There  are 
many  little  states,  whose  chiefs  the 
Bailors  dignily  with  the  name  of  king  ; 
but  very  few  desen-e  that  title.  They 
are  often  at  war  with  each  other,  when 
the  ))eople  taken,  on  both  sides,  are 
sold  for  slaves  ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon 
for  the  neaiest  of  kin  to  bcll  each  o- 
tlier. 

Guinea,  Nevi,  an  island  of  tlie  South 
Pacific  Ooean,  to  the  N  of  New  Hoi- 
land  This  island,  which  is  long  and 
narrow,  extends  S  E  fro;n  the  equator 
to  12°  S  lat.  and  from  131  to  155°  E 
Ion.  It  was  supposed  to  be  connecte»l 
with  New  Holland,  till  Captain  Cook 
discovered  the  strait  which  separates 
them.  The  land  in  general  is  low,  but 
is  covered  with  such  luxuriance  of 
wood  and  herbage,  as  can  scarcely  be 
conceived.  The  cocoa-nut,  bread-fruit, 
and  jjlantain  tree,  flourish  in  the  great- 
est perfection.  'I'he  inhabitants  make 
much  the  same  appearance  as  the  New 
Hollanders. 

Gui'.CLimp,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
depurtnientof  the  North  Coast  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the 
Trieu,  13  miles  S  of  Tregiiier.  Lon.  3 
8  W,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Guiptmcoa,  the  NE  division  ef  the 
province  of  Biscay,  bounded  on  tlie  N 
by  the  bay  of  that  name,  on  the  E  by 
Navarre,  on  the  W  by  Biscay  Proper, 
and  on  the  S  by  Alava.  Tolosa  is  the 
capital. 

Guise,  asn.i'.Hown  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Picardy,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Oise,  25  miles  E  of  St. 
Qiiintin,  and  95  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
42  E,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Guntoor,  one  of  the  Northern  Circars, 
in  tlie  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It  is 
also  called  Mortinazagur  and  Condavir, 
and  occupies  the  space  between  Cond- 
apill.v,  the  southmost  of  the  four  En- 
glish Circars,  and  the  N  part  of  the  Car- 
natic  ;  extending  Along  iIr-  sea-coastof 
tlie  bay  of  Bengal  more  than  30  miles. 
Tlie  maritime  parts  of  thia  circar  are 


flat  and  open,  but  the  interior  part* 
contain  some  very  strong  fortresses 
and  posts.  It  was  subject  to  the  nizam 


of  the  Deccan,  but  has  been  ceded  to 
the  English. 

Guntzberg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
margravate  of  Burgaw,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Danube,  16  miles  N  E  of 
Ulm.     Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Guntzenhausen,  a  town  of  Franconia, 
five  niilcs  from  VVcissembcrg.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Altmul,  near  a  forest,  and 
subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Gurk,  a  town  of  Carinthia,  witli  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  river  Gurk, 
55  miles  E  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  14  18 
E,  lat.  4r  12  N. 

Gustruw,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  and 
capital  of  the  circle  of  Wenden.  The 
chief  courts  of  judicature  for  the  dut- 
chy are  held  here  ;  and  it  has  an  ele- 
gant  palace,  in  which  the  dukes  some- 
times reside.  It  is  35  miles  NE  of 
Schsverin.  Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  57  N. 
Gutta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on 
the  E  side  of  the  Danube,  opposite 
the  island  of  Schut,  29  miles  E  by  S 
of  Presburg.  Lon.  17  47  E,  lat  48  10 
N. 

Gutstmo,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name .  It  is  seated  on  the  Peene,  14 
miles  W  of  Wolgast.  Lon.  13  39  E, 
lat.  54  0  N. 

Guzcrat,  a  peninsula  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  about  200  miles  long,  and  140 
broad,  formed  by  the  Arabian  Sea  and 
the  gulfs  of  Cauibay  and  Cutch,  The 
W  part  is  mountainous  and  woody,  and 
inhabited  by  a  wild  liai-dy  race,  gov- 
erned  by  rajahs  of  their  own.  But  the 
largest  as  well  as  the  finest  part  is 
subject  to  the  Mahrattat;.  Amedabad 
is  the  capital. 

Gvialior,  an  ahcient  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  the  province  of  Go- 
hud.  It  stands  on  a  vast  rock,  about 
four  miles  in  length,  but  narrow  and 
of  unequal  breadth,  and  nearly  fiat  on 
the  top.  The  sides  are  so  steep  as  to 
appear  almost  perpendicular  in  every 
part ;  for  where  it  was  not  naturally  so 
it  has  been  scarped  away ;  and  the 
height  from  the  plain  below,  is  from 
200  to  300  feet.  The  rampart  conforms 
to  the  edge  of  the  precipice  all  aroupd; 
and  tlie  only  entrance  to  it  is  by  steps 
running  upthe  side  of  the  rock,  which 
are  defended  on  the  side  next  the  coun- 
try bv  a  wall  and  baslioiiSj  and  further 


mmtm 


he  interior  parts 

strong  fortresses 
jject  to  tlie  nizani 
las  been  ceded  to 

of  Siiabia,  in  the 
w,  wilii  a  castle, 
e,  16  miles  N  £  of 
lat.  48  35  N. 
)\vn  of  Frauconia, 
issembcrg.  It  is 
,  near  a  forest,  and 
f  Prussia. 
^arintUia,  wltli  a 
on  the  rivev  Gurk, 
jurg.     Lon.  14  18 

'  Germany,  in  the 
iirg  Schwerin,  and 
i>f  Wcnden.  The 
cature  for  the  dut- 
and  it  has  an  ele- 
h  the  dukes  some- 
35  miles  NE  of 
13  E,  lat.  53  57  N. 
Hungary,  seated  on 
Danube,  opposite 
,  29  miles  E  by  S 
ir47E,  lat  48  10 

)f  Swedish  Pome- 
junty  of  tlie  same 
on  tlie  Peene,  14 
St.     Lon.  13  39  E, 

Ilia  of  Hindoostan 
liles  long,  and  140 
c  Arabian  Sea  and 
y  and  Cutch,  The 
)U8  and  woody,  and 
1  hardy  race,  gov- 
leir  own.  But  the 
the  finest  part  is 
rattat..     Amedabad 

:nt  fortress  of  Hin- 
the  province  of  Go- 

a  vast  rock,  about 
h,  hut  narrow  and 

and  nearly  Wat  on 
5  are  so  steep  as  to 
lendicular  in  every 
ivaa  not  naturally  »o 
2d  away ;  and  the 
lain  below,  is  from 
,e  rampart  conforms 
rccipice  all  aroujid ; 
ce  to  it  is  by  steps 
:  of  the  rock,  which 
;  side  next  the  coun- 
islionsj  and  further 


HAD 

pnardcd  by  even  strong  gateways,  at 
rertain  distances  from  each  otjicr.  Tlie 
are.i  witliin  is  full  of  noble  buildings, 
rcsci'\()irs  of  water,  wells,  and  culti- 
vated land  ;  so  tiiat  it  is  a  little  district 
within  itself  At  the  N  W  foot  of  the 
mountain  is  the  town,  |)rctty  large,  and 
well  built,  the  iiouses  all  of  stone.  This 
place  is  considered  as  the  Gibraltar  of 
the  East  J  but,  in  1780,  major  Popliam 
took  it  by  an  unexpected  nocturnal  es- 
calade. It  is  80  miles  S  of  Agi'a.  Lon. 
78  30  E,  lat.  26  9  N. 

Gjjhorn,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated  on 
the  rivers  AUer  and  Iscr,  25  miles  N 
of  Brunswick.  Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  52 
49  N. 


H 


TTAAG,  or  Hag,  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
■^  *■  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Inn, 
30  miles  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  15  E, 
lat.  48  18  N. 

Hatha.     See  Rio-de-la- Hacha. 

Hactetstoviii,  a  post  town  in  Sussex 
county.  New  Jersey,  12  miles  E  of  the 
river  Delaware,  and  22  W  of  Morris- 
town. 

Haciiitsact,  a  town  in  Bergen  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  an^  the  principal  seat 
of  justice;  it  has  a  post  office,  and  is 
distant  from  the  city  of  New  York  about 
15  miles  N  W. 

Hackney,  a  populous  village  to  the 
N  E  of  London  ;  the  first  that  was  ac- 
commodated v.'ith  carriages  for  occa- 
.sional  ,ias!i"';,'ers  ;  from  hence  the 
hackney  coaches  of  London  derive  their 
name. 

Hadamar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Wetaravia,  with  a  castle,  seated  near 
tlie  Elss,  22  miles  N  VVof  Mentz.  Lon. 
8  0  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Haddam,  a  post  town  of  Middlesex 
roOnty,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  tlie 
W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  17  miles 
NE  of  New  Haven.  In  1800  it  con- 
tallied  2307  inhabitants. 

Haddington,  a  borough  of  Scotland, 
in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
market  on  Friday  for  grain.  Part  of  a 
Franciscan  monastery  here  is  occupied 
as  a  parish  church  ;  and  at  a  small  dis- 
tance are  tlie  ruins  of  a  nunnery,  found- 
ed in  1179-    Uaddin^oii  is  seated  on 


HAG 

the  T\-np,   18  miles  £   of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  39  W,  lat.  55  58  N. 

Haddiiigtomltire,  or  Kast  Lothian,  a 
county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  tlic  N 
an('  E'  by  the  Frith  of  Forth  \  S  by  Ber- 
wickshire, and  W  by  Edinburghshire. 
It  is  about  27  miles  long  from  E  to  W, 
and  about  17  from  N  to  S.  It  produces 
corn  of  all  sorts,  andhas  plenty  of  grass, 
coals,  limestone,  and  some  considerable 
woods.  It  feeds  great  flocks  of  sheep, 
especially  near  the  hills  of  Lammer- 
moor  and  VV  Lammerlow  ;  and  abounds 
with  rabbits.  A  great  deal  of  salt  is 
made  here,  and  the  herring  fishery  is 
carried  on  with  success  at  Dunbar, 
both  for  home  consumption  and  expor- 
tation. Here  are  several  convenient 
harbours,  with  the  advantage  of  some 
fishing  towns.  This  county  may  be 
reckoned  as  fruitful,  rich,  and  pleasant 
as  any  in  Scotland  ;  or  indeed  as  most 
in  England.  The  chief  towns  are, 
Dunbar,  Haddington,  and  North  Ber- 
Vvick  J  and  its  principal  river  the  Tjtio, 
which  receives  several  small  streamy. 

Haddottfield,  a  town  in  Gloucester 
county.  New  Jcvsr  ,  8  miles  E  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, and  six  from  Gloucester, 
where  there  is  arpost  office. 

Hadenleben,  a  maritime  town  of 
Denmark,  in  Sleswick,  with  a  strong 
citadel,  on  a  small  island,  in  a  bay  of 
the  Baltic,  25  miles  E  of  Ripen.  Lon. 
9  50  E,  hit.  55  18  N. 

Hadlty,  a  corporate  town  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  m,""''et  on  Monday.  It  is  a 
pretty  large  town,  and  has  a  very 
liandsome  church.  Large  quantities  of 
yarn  are  spun  here  for  the  Norwiclx 
manufacture  ;  and  it  had  a  considerably 
woollen  manufacture,  which  is  now  de' 
cave  I.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bret,  20 
mi'les  S  E  of  Burj-,  and  64  N  E  of  Lou- 
don.    Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Hadley,  a  village  in  Essex,  five  miles 
S  W  of  Roehford.  Here  are  to  be  seen 
the  ruinous  remains  of  r.  castle,  on  a 
channel  of  the  Thames  betvi'cen  Can- 
vcy  Island  and  the  shore. 

Hadley,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  43  miles 
W  of  Worcester  and  97  of  Boston 

Ifagarstovm,  a  flourishing  inland  town 
of  Maryland,  in  the  fertile  and  well 
cultivated  valley  of  Conegocheague.  It 
car  -ies  on  a  considerable  trade  with  tli? 
western  country. 

Hague,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  wliich  may  compare 


i  I 


mm 


H  A  I 


HAL 


■with  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe, 
in  extent,  the  beauty  of  its  palaces,  its 
streets,  its  agreeable  walks,  and  its 
great  trade.  It  is  seated  two  miles  fron. 
the  sea,  and  there  is  a  pavement  across 
the  8an<l  hills,  with  trees  on  each  side, 
which  leads  to  Schcvelin^f,  near  tlie 
8ea-shore.  The  ancient  counts  of  Hol- 
land resided  here  ;  and  it  is  the  court 
though  not  the  capital  of  the  United 
Provinces.  As  it  is  not  walled,  and 
sends  no  deptities  to  the  states,  it  is 
called  a  village  only.  It  surrenderetl 
to  the  French  in  1795.  It  is  10  miles 
K  W  of  Rotterdam,  and  30  S  VV  of 
Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  23  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 
Haguenau,  a  "town  of  France,  in  tiic 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace.  It  was  several 
times  taken  and  retaken  ;  tlie  last  time 
by  the  French  in  1796.  It  was  an  im- 
perial city  till  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  French,  in  1673.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mottcr,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts, 
12  miles  N  of  Strasburg,  and  255  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  7  53  E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

HMbron,  a  free  imiierial  town  of 
Stiabia,  in  the  dntrhy  of  Wirtemberg. 
The  inhabitants,  who  aie  protestants, 
derive  a  great  advantage  from  the  baths 
near  it,  whence  the  town  has  its  name, 
•which  signifies  the  fountain  of  health. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge,  25  miles  N  E  of  Stut- 
gard.     Lon.  9  25  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Jfaimburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
on  the  Danube,  10  miles  W  of  Pres- 
burg,  and  25  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58 
E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Hain,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Rhedar,  12  miles 
N  W  of  Dresden. 

Hai-nan,  a  considerable  island  of  the 
Chinese  Sea,  to  the  N  of  the  gulf  of 
Cochin-China,  and  to  the  S  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Qjiang-tong  from  which  it  is 
12  miles  distant.  It  is  400  miles  in 
circumference.  The  soil  of  the  N  part 
is  level  ;  but  in  the  S  and  E  arc  moun- 
tains, among  which  are  vallies  tliat 
produce  two  crops  of  rice  every  year. 
There  are  mines  of  p^ld  and  lapis  la- 
zuli, which  last  is  carried  to  Canton, 
to  paint  the  porcelain.  It  produces  the 
same  fruits  as  China,  beside  sugar,  to- 
bacco, cotton,  and  indigo.  Among  the 
animals  is  a  great  black  ape,  with  fea- 
tures resembling  those  of  the  human 
face  ;  but  the  common  sort  of  apes  are 
gr;»y,  and  very  ugly.    The  inliabitants 


are  mostly  a  wild  sort  of  people,  short 
iind  deformed,  and  of  a  copper  colour  j 
they  are  clothed  from  the  waist  down- 
ward only,  and  paint  their  faces  like 
other  savages.  Hiun-tcheou-fou  is  the 
capital. 

Hainault,  a  province  of  the  Netlier- 
lands  ;  bo'jnded  on  the  N  by  Brabant, 
on  the  N  W  by  Flanders,  on  the  W  by 
Artois,  on  the  S  by  Cambresis,  Picar- 
dy,  and  Champagne,  and  on  the  E  by 
the  territories  of  Liege  and  Namur.  It 
is  divided  into  Austrian  Hainault,  of 
which  the  capital  is  Mons  s  and  French 
Hainault,  which  is  comprehended  in 
the  department  of  the  North. 

Hainault,  a  forest  in  Essex,  S  E  of 
Epping  Forest,  supposed  to  be  so  cal- 
led  from  some  of  the  deer,  with  which 
it  was  stocked,  having  been  brought 
from  the  province  of  the  same  name  in 
the  Netherlands. 

Hamburg,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Damibe,  35  miles  E  of  Vienna."  Lon. 
17  18  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Halbem  ^t,  a  town,  of  Lower  Saxo- 
ny, capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  formerl)  capital  (>f  the 
bishopric  of  Halbcrstadt,  now  secular- 
ized. The  cathedral  is  a  superb  struc- 
ture ;  and  hefe  are  three  regular  ab- 
bies,  and  two  niumeries.  The  Jew* 
are  tolerated,  and  carry  on  a  great 
trade  ;  and  the  inhabitants  brew  excel- 
lent beer.  It  is  subject  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  seated  on  the  Hothiem, 
32  miles  S  E  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  H 
24  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Haldenstein,  a  free  and  independent 
barony  ofthe  country  of  the  Grisons.  It 
consists  of  a  semicircular  plain,  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  foot  of  Mount 
Calendar,  about  five  miles  in  length, 
and  scarcely  one  in  breadth. 

Halen,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
on  the  river  Gect,  24  miles  W  of 
Maestricht.     Lon.  5  4  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Ha/es-OtvPi,  a  town  in  Shropshire, 
inclosed  by  Worcestershire,  six  miles  E 
of  Stourbridge.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Shenstone,  and  near  it  is  the  celebra- 
ted  seat  of  Leasowes. 

Halemiiorth,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  trade 
in  linen,  yarn,  and  sailcloth,  and  about 
the  town  is  raised  agreat  deal  of  hemp. 
Ic  is  seated  on  a  neck  of  land,  between 
two  branches  of  the  river  Blyth,  28 
miles  N  E  of  Ipswich,  and  101  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Halibut  Island,  an  island  in  the  North 


ifm*- 


A  L 

il  sort  of  people,  short 
nd  of  a  copper  colour  j 
i  from  the  waist  down- 
paint  their  faces  like 
Hiun-tcheou-fou  is  tlie 

ovince  of  the  Netlier- 
on  the  N  by  Brabant, 
Flanders,  on  the  W  by 
s  by  Cambresis,  Picar- 
ague,  and  on  the  E  by 
f  Liege  and  Namtn-.  It 
Austrian  Hainaiilt,  of 
d  is  Mons  ;  and  French 
1  is  comprehended  in 
of  the  North, 
rest  in  Essex,  S  E  of 
supposed  to  be  so  cal- 
)f  the  deer,  with  which 
having  been  brought 
::e  of  the  same  name  in 

9. 

)wn  of  Austria,  on  the 
cs  E  of  Vienna. '  Lon. 
UN. 

,  town,  of  Lower  Saxo- 
principality  of  the  same 
formerl)  capital  of  the 
ilberstadt,  now  secular- 
ledral  is  a  superb  struc- 
!  are  three  regular  ab- 
nunneries.  The  Jew» 
and  carry  on  a  great 
inhabitants  brew  excel- 
s  subject  to  the  king  of 
ated  on  the  Hothiem, 
f  Brunswick.  Lon.  11 
N. 

I  free  and  independent 
juntry  of  the  Grisons.  It 
semicircular  plain,  be- 
le  and  the  foot  of  Mount 
t  five  miles  in  length, 
le  in  breadth, 
n  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
Sect,  24  miles  W  of 
.on.  5  4  E,  lat.  50  58  N, 
a  town  in  Shropshire, 
rcestcrshire,  six  miles  E 
.  It  is  the  birtliplace  of 
1  near  it  is  the  celebra- 
isowes. 

I  town  in  Suffolk,  with 
Liesdny.  It  has  a  trade 
and  sailcloth,  and  about 
sed  a  great  deal  of  hemp, 
a  neck  of  land,  between 
of  the  river  Blyth,  28 
pswich,  and  101  of  Lon- 
I E,  lat.  52  25  N. 
id,  an  island  in  the  North 


H  A§ 


Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by  Ciptain 
Cook  on  account  of  the  number  of  fish 
of  tli.1t  name  they  caught  here.  It  is 
seven  leagues  in  circumference,  and 
except  the  heatl  very  low  and  barren. 
Lon .  164  15  \V,  Jat.  54  48  N. 

Halifax,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  be- 
gun to  be  built  by  the  English  planters 
in  1749.  It  is  delightfully  seated  in 
Chebucto  harbour,  which  is  large  e- 
ivough  to  shelter  a  squadron  of  men  of 
war  through  the  winter.  It  is  789 
niles  N  E  of  New  York.  Lon.  63  30 
W,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Halifax,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
seated  in  a  hilly  country  near  a  branch 
of  tlie  Caldcr.  It  is  a  very  large  pa- 
rish, containing  12  chapels  of  ease,  and 
upwards  of  12,000  inhabitants,  who 
are  principally  employed  in  the  wool- 
len manufacture.  It  is  the  great  mart 
for  sballoons,  calamancoes,  everlast- 
ings, and  has  a  large  market  house, 
called  the  New  Piece  Hall,  and  vari- 
ous otiiers  for  particulai-  goods.  It 
is  40  miles  W  S  W  of  York,  and  197 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  45  W, 
lat.  53  45  N. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  in  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  standing  on  the 
E  side  of  the  river  Susquehaimah,  19 
miles  N  of  Harrisburg. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  in  Halifax  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  67  miles  W  N  W 
of  Edenton,  and  on  the  S  Ifenk  of  the 
river  Roanoke. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Halifax  county,  Virginia;  situated 
on  the  W  side  of  Staunton  river,  20 
miles  abavc  its  junction  with  the  river 
Dan. 

Halitz,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name,  in  Red 
Russia,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Dniester,  46  miles  S  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  25  19  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Halland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Gothland.  It  is  60 
miles  along  the  coast,  but  not  above  12 
k  breadth.     Halmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hallaton,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tluirsday,  12  miles 
SE  of  Leicester,  and  90  N  by  E  of 
London.  Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Halle,  a  dismantled  town  of  Austrian 
Hainault.  The  church  contains  an  im- 
age (if  the  Virgin,  held  in  great  vene- 
ration. It  is  seated  on  the  Senne, 
eight  miles  S  S  W  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4 
20  E,  lat.  50  4§  N. 


HAM 

Halle,  a  considerable  city  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Magdeburg, 
seated  on  the  Sale,  40  miles  E  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  is  famous  for  its  university, 
and  salt  works.  Lon.  12  8  £,  lat.  51  36 
N. 

Halle,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Suabia, 
famous  for  its  salt  pits.  It  is  seated  oa 
the  Kocher,  among  rocks  and  moun- 
tains, 37  miles  N  E  of  Stutgard.  Lon. 
9  52  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Halle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tirol, 
six  miles  N  E  of  Inspruck.  Lon.  11  33 
E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Hallein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
arclibiahopric  of  Saltzburg  ;  seated  on 
the  Saltza,  among  mountains  that  a- 
bound  in  mines  of  salt,  which  are  the 
chief  riches  of  the  town  and  country. 
It  is  seven  miles  S  E  of  Saltzburg. 
Lon  13  12  E,  Ut.  47  33  N. 

Hallov:ell,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
cotmty,  Maine  j  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Kennebec,  nbout  25 
miles  above  the  junction  of  this  river 
with  the  Andrascoggin. 

Halmttadt,  a  strong  seaport  of  Swe- 
den, capital  of  Halland,  situate  on  a 
buy  of  the  North  Sea,  80  miles  S  S  E 
of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  12  48  E,  lat.  56 
39  N. 

HaUtead,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  bays,  says,  and  callamancoes.  It  is 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  which  runs  the  Coin,  16  miles 
N  of  Chelmsford  and  47  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  45  E,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Halteren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  seated  on  the 
Lippe,  25  miles  S  W  of  Munster.  Lon. 
7  27  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Halton,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  \rith  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  near  the 
Mersey,  13  miles  N  E  of  Chester,  and 
184  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  47 
W,  lat.  S^  23  N. 

Halva,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  seated  on  the'  Cebu,  eight  miles 
S  of  Fez.    Lon.  5  5  W,  lat.  33  32  N. 

Ham,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Marck,  seated 
on  the  Lippe,  24  miles  S  of  Munster. 
Lon.  7  50  E,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Ham,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
paitraent  of  Somme  and  late  province 
of  Picardy,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Somme,  48  miles  N  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  6  E,  lat.  49  45  N.  • 

Ham,  a  village  in  Surry,  one  mile 
Arom  KingnoB.  Near  itis  Uftin  Walks, 


-■^p 


M 


HAM 


A  M 


cdobratcd  by  Thomson  and  otlier  po- 
ets. 

Hani,  West,  a.  vWUgc  In  Essex,  where 
are  the  remains  of  an  opulent  abbey, 
founded  in  1135,  This  village  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Lea,  four  miles  E  by  N 
of  London. 

Mdiii,  JCciat,  a  village  in  Essex,  .id- 
joining  to  West  Ham.  In  this  parish 
is  a  spring  called  Miller's  Well,  the 
excellent  water  of  which  has  never 
been  known  to  freeze,  or  to  vary  in  its 
heiglit. 

Hiimah,  a  large  town  of  Syria,  seat- 
ed among  tlie  hills.  The  best  houses, 
the  mosques,  and  the  castle,  are  built 
of  black  and  wiiite  stones.  The  river 
Assi,  formerly  called  Orontes,  runs 
close  by  the  castle,  and  fills  its  ditches, 
which  arc  cut  deep  into  tlic  soliil  rock. 
The  inhabitants  have  a  trade  for  linen 
of  their  own  m.inufacturc.  It  is  78 
miles  S  W  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  34  55  E, 
lat.  36  15  N. 

Jlamamet,  a  town  of  Barbary,  on  a 
g\df  of  the  same  name,  45  miles  S  of 
Tunis.     Lon.  10  15  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

ILiinar,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the 
government  of  Aggerhuys,  60  miles  N 
E  of  Christiania.  Lon.  11  5  E,lat.  60  33 
N. 

Hameledon  Hill,  near  Sturminster, 
in  Dorsetshire.  Here  was  a  Roman 
camp,  and  many  Roman  coins  have 
been  dug  up. 

Hamiiurg,  a  free  imperial  city  of 
German)',  in  the  dutchy  of  Hulstein, 
consisting  of  the  Old  Town  and  the 
New  Town  ;  both  nearly  of  an  equal 
size.  It  stands  on  the  N  side  of  the  ri- 
ver Elbe,  which  is  not  less  than  four 
miles  broad  opjjosite  the  city.  Most  of 
tlie  houses  are  built  after  tlie  mamier 
of  the  Dutch,  and  richly  furnished 
within.  The  principal  streets  of  the 
Old  Town  have  long  and  broad  canals, 
which  are  filled  by  the  tide.  It  is  ve- 
ry populous  in  proportion  to  its  size 
and  contains  about  100,000  inhabitants. 
Hamburg  is  well  fortified,  and  on  the 
ramparts  are  handsome  walks.  The 
brnj^hcrs  mount  guard  tliemselves,  and 
ai'e  "divided  into  several  companies. 
The  senate  of  this,  town  is  composed 
of  four  burgomasters,  of  whom  one 
only  is  a  tradesman  j  four  syndics  ;  24 
senators,  of  whom  11  are  men  of  let- 
ters, and  tlie  rest  tradesmen  j  four  se- 
cretaries one  of  whom  is  a  prothonota- 
ry,  and  another  belongs  to  the  ai-- 
t;^i\  e$  i  so  that  the  whole  senate  con- 


sists  of  36  persons.  The  town  is  divi. 
ded  into  five  parishes  ;  and  out  of  each 
are  formed  several  colleges,  or  compa- 
nies, who  take  care  of  public  affairs, 
unless  there  is  any  thing  too  bigih  for 
tlieir  determination,  and  then  it  is  jud- 
ged by  a  sort  of  general  assembly. 
Hamburg,  from  its  situation,  has  all 
possible  advantages  for  foreign  and  do- 
mestic trade  ;  particularly  from  its  com- 
munication, by  the  Elbe,  with  some  of 
the  principal  navigable  rivers  of  Ger- 
many ;  and  hence  it  is  one  of  the  most 
commercial  places  in  tlie  world.  There 
are  not  less  than  200  ships  at  a  time, 
belonging  to  foreign  merchants,  at  an. 
chor  before  the  city ;  and  there  is  a 
handsome  exchange.  The  inhabitants 
have  the  liberty  of  performing  divine 
service  in  a  chapel  of  their  own.  Other 
religions  are  tolerated  at  Altcna,  a 
lai'ge  town  neai*  the  harbour  of  Hanir 
burg ;  except  the  Jews  who  have  no 
synagogue.  Besides  the  five  principal 
churches,  there  are  11  smaller  onei 
for  particular  occasions,  some  of  which 
belong  to  hospitals.  The  cathedral  of 
Our  Lady  is  a  very  fine  structure, 
Hamburg  is  55  miles  S  E  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Elbe  in  the  German  Ocean,  and 
55  N  E  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9  5S  E,  lat. 
53  34  N. 

Hamburg,  a  thriving  inland  town  in 
Berks  county,  Pennsylvania ;  about  IS 
miles  N  of  Reading  on  the  post  road  to 
Northumberland  :  has  a  post  office  and 
about  400  inhabitants. 

Hamelburgh,  a  to\^  of  Franconia,  in 
the  territory  of  tlie  abbey  of  Fulde, 
seated  on  the  Saab,  28  miles  S  £  of 
Fulde.     Lon.  10  12  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Hamelin,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Calenberg,  at  the  ex- 
ti'emity  of  the  dutchy  of  Berwick,  of 
wliicii  it  is  the  key.  It  is  situate  at  the 
confluence  of  th<t  Hamel  and  Weser, 
25  miles  S  W  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9  36 
E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

H^imersttin,  a  castle  and  village  of 
Germany,  belonging  to  the  elector  of 
Treves.  The  castle  is  seated  on  a  lof- 
ty mountain,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
Rhine,  two  miles  N  by  W  of  Ander- 
nach. 

Ha-tni,  a  country  situate  to  the  N  E 
of  China.  The  country  of  Hami, 
though  surrounded  by  deserts,  is  ac- 
counted one  of  tlie  most  delightful  in 
the  world.  The  soil  produces  abun- 
dance of  grain,  fruits,  leguminous, 
plants,  and  pft^ture  of  every  luud.  The 


^sEWS'S 


.  M 

I.    The  town  is  divi. 
lies  ;  and  out  of  eacli 
1  colleges,  or  compa- 
:are  of  public  aHuirs, 
y  thing  too  high  for 
n,  and  then  it  is  jud- 
f   general    assembly. 
Its   situation,  has   all 
cs  for  forcigfii  and  do- 
tic  ularly  from  its  com- 
c  Elbe,  with  some  of 
igable  rivers  of  Ger- 
it  is  one  of  the  most 
i  in  tlie  world.  There 
200  ships  at  a  time, 
gn  merchants,  at  an. 
city  ;  and  there  is  a 
ge.    The  inhabitants 
)f  performing  divine 
I  of  their  own.     Other 
erated  at  Altcna,   a 
;he  harbour  of  Harar 
s  Jews  who  have  no 
des  the  five  principal 
ai'e   11  smaller  ones 
asions,  some  of  which 
lis.    The  cathedral  of 
very  fine    structure, 
liles  S  E  of  the  mouth 
;  German  Ocean,  and 
len.     Lon.  9  55  E,  lat 

iriving  inland  town  in 
innsylvania ;  about  IS 
ng  on  the  post  road  to 
:  has  a  post  office  and 
ants. 

tovm  of  Franconia,  in 
the  abbey  of  Fulde, 
>anb,  28  miles  S  E  of 
12  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 
)ng  town  of  Germany, 
Cidenberg,  at  the  ex- 
utchy  of  Berwick,  of 
iy.  It  is  situate  at  the 
Hamel  and  Weser, 
Hanover.    Lon.  9  36 

castle  and  village  of 
^ing  to  the  elector  of 
stle  is  seated  on  a  lof- 
the  E  side  of  the 
18  N  by  W  of  Ander- 

itry  situate  to  the  N  E 
country  of  Hami, 
led  by  deserts,  is  ac- 
tlie  moat  delightful  in 
:  soil  produces  abun- 
fruits,  leguminous, 
ire  of  every  kiud.  The 


H  A|| 

rice  which  grows  here  is  particularly 
(esteemed  in  China;  and  pomegranates, 
orunj,res,  peaches,  raisins  and  ])nincs, 
have  a  must  ex(|ulsite  taste.  It  is  u 
kingdom,  tributary  to  that  country ; 
and  its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Hamilton,  u  town  in  Lanei-kshire, 
fieated  in  a  very  agreeable  plain.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  u  collegiate  church 
founded  in  1451.  Near  it  is  Hamilton 
House,  the  magnificent  scat  of  the 
duke  of  Hamilton.  The  town  is  situ- 
ate on  the  Clyde,  10  miles  S  E  of  Glas- 
gow.    Lon.  4  16  W,  lat.  55  58  N. 

ffamiiton,  a  post  town  of  Essex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  10  miles  N  VV  of 
Sideni,  witii  800  inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  a  post  town  in  Albany 
county,  New  York,  at  the  distance  of 
10  miles  from  tlie  city  of  Albai-y,  fa- 
mous for  its  glass  works. 

Hainilton,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county.  New  York;  27  miles  N  W 
of  Cooper's-town.  In  1800  the  town- 
ship contained  2673  inhabitants. 

Ifaminersmitk,  a  large  village  in 
Middlesex,  seated  on  the  Thames, 
foiu-  miles  W  of  London.  Here  is 
Brandenburg  House,  the  magnificent 
seat  of  the  margrave  of  Anspach. 

Hamont,  a,  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
bishopric  of  Liege,  17  miles  W  of 
Huremonde.    Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  41 17  N. 

Hampthire,  Hantshire,  or  Hants,  a 
county  of  England,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Berks,  on  the  E  by  Surry  and  Sus- 
sex, on  the  S  by  the  English  Channel, 
and  on  the  W  by  Dorsetshire  and 
Wilts.  It  extends,  exclusive  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  42  miles  from  N  to  S,  and 
38  fi'om  E  W.  The  air  is  very  pure 
and  pleasant,  especially  upon  the 
downs,  on  which  vast  flocks  of  sheep 
ar«  kept  and  bred.  In  tlie  champaign 
part  of  the  county,  where  it  is  free  of 
wood,  tlie  soil  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
ducing all  kinds  of  grain.  The  country 
is  extremely  well  wooded  and  water- 
ed ;  for  besides  many  woods  on  private 
estates,  in  which  there  are  vast  quan- 
tities of  well  grown  timber,  there  is 
the  new  forest  of  great  extent,  belong- 
ing to  the  crown,  well  stored  wiUi  ve- 
nerable oaks.  In  tliese  woods  and  fo- 
rests, great  numbers  of  hogs  run  at 
large,  and  feed  on  the  acorns  i  and 
hence  it  is  tliat  tlie  Hampshire  bacon 
so  far  excels  that  of  most  other  coun- 
tries. The  rivers  are  the  Avon,  An- 
ton.  Ark',  Test,  Stowre,  and  Itchin ; 
Icjides  several  smaller  streams,   uU 


HAM 

abounding  in  fish,  especially  trout.  A> 
its  sea-coast  is  of  a  considerable  extent,  ' 
it  pos.sesses  many  good  port.s  and  har- 
bours, and  is  well  supplied  with  salt- 
water fish.  Mncli  honey  is  produced 
in  the  coiuitry.  Here  is  also  plenty  of 
game,  and  on  tlu:  downs  is  most  de- 
lightful hunting. 

Hampaliire,  Nn^  one  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Canada, 
on  the  N  E  by  the  district  of  Maiji,  on 
on  the  S  E  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  S 
by  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  W  and 
N  W  by  t'.ie  river  Connecticut,  which 
separates  it  from  Veinioiit.  It  is  divi- 
ded into  the  five  counties  of  Hocljng- 
ham,  Stafibrd,  Hiilshorough,  Cheshire, 
and  Grafton.  The  land  neoi'  tlie  sea. 
is  generally  low,  ]fyA,  advancing  into 
tlie  country,  it  rises  into  hills.  The 
air  is  serene  and  healthful;  the  wea- 
ther not  so  subject  to  variation  as  in 
the  more  southern  dimes.  From  the 
vicinity  of  some  mountains,  whosu 
summits  arc  covered  with  snow  most 
of  the  year,  this  country,  is  intensely 
cold  in  winter.  In  summer  the  heat  is 
great,  but  of  short  duration.  The  ca- 
pital is  Poi-tsmouth. 

Hampstead,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
four  miles  N  N  W  of  London,  former- 
4y  famous  for  its  medicinal  waters.  It 
is  seated  on  tlic  declivity  of  a  hiU,  on 
the  top  of  which  is  a  fine  heath  that 
commands  a  delightful  prospect. 

Hampttead,  a  town  in  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  30  miles  W 
by  Sof  Portsmoutli,  with  790  inhabi- 
tants. 

Hampton,  or  Minching  Hampton,  a 
town  in  Gloucestershire,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Cotes- 
woid  Hills,  14  miles  S  of  Gloucester, 
and  90  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  15  W, 
lat.  51  36  N. 

Ham.pton,  a  seaport  town  in  EHza- 
betli-city county,  Virginia;  situated  on 
Hapipton  road,  about  20  miles  N  W 
of  Cape  Henry,  and  10  miles  E  of  York, 
on  York  river,  in  the  lat.  of  o7°  N  and 
lon.  of  76°  28'  W. 

Hampton,  a  small  maritime  town,  in 
Rockingham  county.  New  Hampshire, 
about  6  miles  E  of  Exeter,  between 
Rye  and  Newtown. 

Hampton,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
famous  for  a  royal  palace,  called  Hamp- 
ton Court,  built  by  cardinal  Wolsey, 
who  gave  it  to  Henry  VII.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  N  side  of  the  Thames,  14 
miles  S  W  of  London. 


0 


HAN 

Hanau,  a  co\mty  of  Germany,  in  llip 
circle  of  the  Lower  llliinp,  which  b.- 
lonj^.s  to  its  own  prince.  It  is  45  miU  ■ 
in  leiii^tli,  Ixit  tlie  breadth  is  sm:i'.i ; 
buiindcd  on  t!ie  E  by  the  cwinty  oi 
Riiciiiec  and  the  territory  of  Fuldc,  on 
tlic  W  l)y  the  counties  of  Weissemhurg 
and  Solinn  and  on  the  N  and  S  by  tlic 
territories  of  MenV,  and  Franefort. 
Its  soil  is  very  fruitful,  in  corn,  wine 
and  fruits  ;  yieldi%  salt  sprin^rs,   will 


1%A  P 


copper,  silver,   and  cobalt  i    its 
and  nianuf.irl'.ircs  are  also  in  a 


•oinc 
trade 
ttoiirishing'  condition. 

H.mitu,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
rnpital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  divided  into  two  towns,  the  Old 
and  the  New,  and  is  seated  near  the 
Maine,  18  miles  N  E  of  Darmstadt. 
Hire  is  an  university  with  several  ma- 
nufaeturcs,  and  a  very  considerable 
traffic.     Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Hung-Tclieoti-Fou,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Tihe-kianjc,  in  China.  It 
is  four  leagues  in  circumference,  ex- 
clusive of  its  suburb!;,  and  contains 
more  than  a  million  of  inhabitants.  It 
is  seated  on  a  small  lake,  called  Si-hou; 
has  tinder  its  jurisdiction,  seven  cities 
of  the  second  and  third  class;  and  is 
225  miles  S  E  of  Nan-king^.  Lon.  110 
aO  E,  lat.  30  21  N. 

Hancock,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  standinjf  on  the  N 
side  of  the  River  Potomac,  35  miles 
W  of  Hagerstown. 

Hanover,  an  electorate  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  It  com- 
prehended at  first  only  the  county  of 
I..aweiiroad ;  but  now  it  contains  the 
dutchics  of  Zcll,  Saxc-Lawcnburg',  Bre- 
men, Lunenburg',  and  tlie  principali- 
ties  of  Verdcn,  Grubengen,  an»l  Over- 
wald.  The  soil  produces  abundance  of 
corn,  fruits,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  mad. 
dcr,  and  some  wine.  There  are  scve^ 
val  large  salt  works.  A  good  deal  of 
tattle  arc  reared,  and  a  great  number 
of  excellent  horses.  The  forests  fur- 
nish timber,  and  quantities  of  pitch  and 
tar.  Most  metals  and  minerals  arc  also 
found  here. 

HanoTfr,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  king  of  Great  Britain's  German 
dominions  The  electors  resided  here 
before  George  1.  ascended  the  British 
♦isrone  j  and  the  regency  is  now  ad- 
iniiiistcrcd  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the 
sf)vereig«  was  present.  It  is  a  well 
built  town,  ami  well  fortified.  The 
e>ubli5l-C''  'Tlij-ic;  is  "  •.  I.-  -)r.'r=ai 


biit  the  Roman  catholics  arc  tolerated, 
'id  have  a  handsome  church,  It  i.s 
.')tcd  for  a  particular  kind  of  beer, 
;cckoned  excellent  in  these  parts.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Lcina,  which  divides 
it  in  two,  25  miles  W  of  Brunswick. 
Lon..  10  5  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Hano-otr,  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  York 
River. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  distinguished  as 
the  seat  of  Dartmouth  college,  in  tha 
lat.  of  43  43  N,  and  loil.  of  72  14  W. 

Hanover,  a  )K)st  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  28  miles  SEof 
Boston,  containing  958  inhabitants. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  in  York  coun-  i 
ty,     Pennsylvania,    sometimes    called 
M'Callister's-town,  at  tlic  distance  of 
18  miles  SW  from  York. 

Hanover,  Nevi,  a  large  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  opposite  the  N  W    ' 
extremity  of  New  Ireland.     It  is  high 
and  covered  with  trees,  among  which 
are  many  beautiful  plantations. 

Hanibach,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with 
manufactures  of  paper,  thread,  aiid  cot- 
ton. 

Han-tchong-fou,  a  large  and  populows 
city  of  China,  in  the  prorince  of  Chen- 
si.  It  has  16  cities  of  the  second  and 
third  class  under  its  jurisdiction,  and  is 
settte<l  on  the  river  Han,  845  miles  S  W 
of  Pcfcin.    Lon.  106  55  E,  lat.  32  45  N. 

Hants.     See  Hamtuhire. 

Hanuye,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
20  miles  S  E  of  Louvain.  Lon.  5  16 
E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Han-yang-foii,  a  populous  and  com- 
mercial city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Hou-quang.  It  has  one  city  under 
its  jurisdiction. 

Hapaee,  the  name  of  four  of  the 
Friendly  Islands  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.  They  are  of  similar  height  and 
apj;earance,  and  connected  by  a  reef  of 
coral  rocks,  <lry  at  low  water.  The 
plantations  arc  numeroiis  andext.  isirc, 
and  some  of  them  are  inclosed  in  such 
a  manner,  that  the  fences,  runningpa- 
rallel  to  each  other,  form  spacious  pub- 
lic roads,  that  would  appear  ornament- 
al in  coinrtries,  where  niral  convenieni' 
'.•es  have  been  carried  to  the  greatest 
perfection.  Tliese  islands  extend  about 
'i9  miles. 

Hapnal,  a  seaport  of  Li^-onla  in  Rus- 
sia in  the  governtnent  of  Revel,  seated 
on  tht'  Baltic,  five  miles  S  \V  of  Revel 
fippositc  the  island  of  Dago.  Lon.  22 
■tr  C,  liitt.  57  4JN. 


H  A  R 


H  A  R 


ics  arc  tolerated, 
e  church.  It  is 
ar  kind  of  beer, 
these  parts.  It 
a,  wliieh  divides 
V  of  Brunswick. 
5N. 
Virginia,  on  York 

n  in  Grafton  coun- 
distinguished  as 
:h  college,   in  the) 
)i1.of72  14  W. 
\vn  in    Plymouth 
8,  28  miles  SEof 
i8  inhabitants, 
vn  in  York  coun-  i 
onietimes    called 
it  tlic  distance  of 
)rk. 

rge  Island  in  the 
apposite  the  N  W  '^ 
;land.  It  is  high 
es,  among  which 
antations. 
)f  Bohemia,  with 
r,  thread,  and  cot- 

irge  and  pop»iloii» 
])rovince  of  Chen- 
rf  the  second  and 
urisdiction,  and  is 
an,  845  miles  S  W 
;5E,  lat.  324SN. 
shire. 

\ustrian  Brabant, 
iivain.    Lon.  5  16 

piilous  and  com- 
,  in  the  province 
ts  one  city  under 

5  of  four  of  the 
he  South  Pacific 
limilar  height  and 
lected  by  a  reef  of 
lo%T  water.  The 
misandext,  ^s\ve, 
'.  inclosed  in  such 
inces,  running  pa- 
grm  spacious  pub* 
appear  omament- 
e  rural  convenieni> 
1  to  the  greatest 
tnds  extend  about 

sf  Li>-onia  in  Rus- 
t  of  Revel,  seated 
ilcs  S  W  of  Revel 
f  Dago.     Lon.  22 


ttiiptburg,  an  ancient  costlc,  now  in 
ruins,  on  a  lofty  eminence,  ncai*  Srhint/- 
nach,  in  Swisserland,  famous  for  bc-ing 
the   pati-imony  of  Uodolph    Count  of 
Hapsburg,   who  In  Ills  bravery  and  a- 
bilitics  raised   himself  to  the  imperial 
throne  of  Germany.     The  remains  of  it 
are   inhabited  by  the  family  of  a  pea- 
sant.    There  is  nnothcr  castle  of  the 
Name  name,  nr      the  lake  of  Lucern, 
which  some  ..utiiors   have  erroneously 
asserted  to  be   that  from  which   the 
counts  derived   their  title.     See  Ger- 
many. 

Harborough,  a  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesdav,  seat- 
ed  on  the  Welland,  14  miles  S  of  Lei- 
cester, and  83  N  by  W  of  London.  It 
is  observed  of  this  town,  that  there  are 
no  lands  belonging  to  it.  Lon.  0  52  W, 
lat  52  28  N. 

Uarburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  ihe  dutchy  of  Lunenburg,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe, 
opposite  Hamburg,  equally  well  situa- 
ted for  trade  as  that  citv,  and  is  37 
miles  N  W  of  Lunenburg' 

Harcourt,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Calvados  lately  in 
the  province  of  Normandy.  It  is  12 
miles  S  of  Caen. 

Hardeberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  52 
miles  S  of  Vienna  ;  it  is  situated  in  the 
dutchy  of  Stiria.  Lon.  16  12  E.  lat.  47 
22  N. 

Hardegien,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Calenberg,  10 
miles  NW  of  Gottingen.  It  haj  a  con- 
siderable  manufacture  of  leather. 

Hardtnberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Berg,  it  is  13  miles  E  N 
E  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  6  43  E.  lat.  51 
19  N. 

Hardenburg,  a  town  of  Overyssel,  sit- 
uate on  the  Vecht,  10  miles  S  W  of 
Covoerden. 

ffarderviiei,  a  town  of  Dutch  Gueld- 
eiland,  with  a  university.  It  was  often 
taken  and  retaken  in  the  civil  wars  of 
tlie  16th  century ;  tl)e  French  did  it  a 
great  deal  of  damage  in  1672,  since 
whicli  time  it  has  been  upon  the  de- 
cline.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuider-Zee, 
32  miles  F.  of  Amsterdam.  Lou.  5  40 
E,  hit.  52  23  N. 

Harfleur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late 
province  of  Normandy.  Its  fortifica- 
tions have  been  long  demolished,  and 
its  harbour  choked  on.  Tlic  Engli.sh 
took  it  by  assault  in  1415.     It  stands  at 


the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  .10  miles  N  W 
of  Rouen.     Lon.  0  19  E,  hit.  49  30  N. 

//artjjird,  a  city  in  Connecticut,  plea- 
sanlly  situated  on  the  W  bank  of  the 
river  Connecticut,  37  miles  N  bv  E  of 
New  Hfven,  in  the  lat.  of  41'  44'  N 
and  lon.  72°  50*  W — This  is  intcr- 
cliangeably  with  New  Haven,  the  seat 
of  state  government;  it  has  a  bank,  and 
post  office,  and  in  the  year  1800  con- 
tained  5347  inhabitant*. 

Harford,  a  post  town  in  HarforA 
county,  Maryland,  at  the  head  of  Bush 
river,  on  the  post  road  from  PhiladcU 
phia  to  Bahimore,  and  at  the  distance 
of  25  miles  NE  from  the  latter. 

Harlebeci,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan, 
ders,  on  tlie  river  Lis,  three  miles  If 
E  of  Courtray.  Lon.  3  29  E.  lat.  50 
52  N. 

Harlech,  a  town  in  Merionnthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  rock,  on  Cardigan  Bay,  and  but 
a  poor  place,  though  the  coiintv  town, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  had  for- 
merly a  strong  castle,  "which  was  a  gar- 
rison for  Charles  I.  in  the  civil  wart, 
for  which  it  was  demolished  bv  the 
parli.iment.  It  is  28  miles  SSE  of 
Carnarvon,  and  213  N  N  W  of  London, 
Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  54  57  N. 

Harlem,  a  populous  citv  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces  in  Holland,  menibrable 
for  the  siege  it  held  out  against  tiie 
Spaniards  in  1573,  for  ten  months  ; 
the  townsmen,  before  they  capitulated, 
being  reduced  to  cut  the  vilest  animals 
and  even  leather  and  grass.  The  church, 
which  is  the  largest  m  Holland,  is  a- 
dorned  jvith  the  finest  organ  in  Eu- 
rope.  It  consists  of  8000  pipes;  the 
largest  38  feet  long,  and  16  inches  in 
diameter ;  and  there  are  68  stops,  of 
which  tlie  most  wonderful  is  the  vox 
humana.  Harlem  is  seated  near  a  lake 
of  the  same  name  ;  and  to  the  S  of  the 
town  is  3  wood,  cut  into  delightful 
walks  and  vistas.  This  place  claims 
the  invention  of  printing ;  the  first  at- 
tempts In  the  art  being  attributed  to 
Laurentius  Costa,  a  magistrate  of  the 
city.  It  is  situate  10  ni'.es  W  of  Am- 
sterdam.     Lon.  4  38  E,  lat,  52  24  N. 

Harlem,  Mere,  a  lake  of  H'.lhmd, 
near  Harlem,  14  miles  long  ari.l  the 
same  broad.  It  lit-.s  between  Leyilrn, 
Harlem,  and  Amsterdam;  thouglt  it 
It  is  navigable,  it  is  subject  to  danger- 
o.is  storms ;  o-i  which  account,  the 
riii.ils  from  I,.-yden  to  Amsterdam 
were  miule,  wliich  are  a  safer  passage. 


H  A  R 


H  A  R 


Itd'inti-m,  a  ♦own  in  Korfulk,  with  a  1  and  lOlT  V!  by  N  of  Pliilailelpliin,  intlin 
iirk.t  on  Wo.ln.s,i.,v,  scidcl   on  tlic  \  lat.  of  40"  10'  N.  and  Ion.  of  76°  40'  W. 

It  rontains  1500  inlialiitanta,  lias  u  post 
ofTice,  and  iii  conveniently  situated  for 


m 

\Viivciiey,<>vir  wIih  ii  there  ia  al>i-iilffe, 
Jf)  milca  S  ol  N'orwlcli,  and  100  N  K  of 
London.     L<.n.  1  20  VV,  lat.  Si  2fi  N. 

Har  ing,  a  town  in  Norl'olk,  \yitli  a 
mnikel  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  a  riridct 
between  Thctford  and  linckcnliam.  It 
manufuctureb  a  little  lineM-clolli,  and 
i.s  24  miles  S  W  of  Norwirli,  iind  HK 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  E,  lat.  52 
27  N. 

JIarlingen,  a  seaport  of  til c  United 
Provinces,  in  West  Kricsland.  It  is 
now  very  well  f  irtilied,  and  is  natu- 
pallv  stronp.  'rl<e  admiralty C(>llc}fe  of 
Frii'sland  has  its  seat  here.  The  ma- 
mif:irtiires  are  salt,  bricks,  tiles,  and 
all  sorts  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  13  miles 
W  of  Lc  warder,.  Lon.  5  14  E,  lat.  53 
9N. 

Iliirlov,  a  town  in  Esse  x,  seven  miles 
N  W!  (if  Cliii)l)inp  Onj^ar.  On  a  com- 
Tiion,  two  miles  froui  the  town  is  a  fa- 
mous annual  fair  on  the  9th  of  Septem- 
ber, e.illcd  Hnrlo'.v  Push  Fair,  muci; 
frequented  by  tho  neighbouriug  gen- 
try. 

' l{armim'.tiin;nrth\'\W\!i^c  in  Middle- 
sex, two  miles  E  by  N  of  Colnbrook. 
It  is  reiTinrkaWe  for  one  of  the  larfjest 
barns  in  En},^uMd,  whose  supportinp 
piilars  are  of  wtone,  and  supposed  to 
be  of  (freal  antiquity. 

'uro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  the  Ebro,  and  the  chief 
place  of  a  county.  Lon.  2  23  \V,  lat. 
42  32  N. 

Harfter's-feny,  is  on  the  river  Potow- 
niac,  in  Derkl'cv  eountv,  Virfyiniaj  30 
miles  E  by  N  of  Wincliester,  21  W  by 
S  of  Fredcricktown,  Maryland,  and  65 
from  Washington.  Here  is  a  jjost  office 
and  a  public  armoury. 

Harpersfeld,  a  jiost  towi  in  Delaware 
eountv,  New  York,  65  miles  W  of  the 
city  of  HiuLson,  with  1008  inhabitants. 
Jfarponelly,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  152  miles  N  N  W  of 
Serinpapatam,  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Mysore  country. 
Lon.  75  28  E,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Harria,  or  Jfarelinlantl,  a  province  of 
Livonia,  Iving  on  the  N  VV  part  of  the 
pnlf  of  FinLiiid.  Kcvcl  is  the  only 
towr. 

Harrh.     Sec  Lewis. 

Hanhburg,  the    capitrd  of  Datipliin 

county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  E 

bank  of  the    Susquehanuah   river,   25 

miks  W  of  Lebanon,   18  E  of  Carlisle 


the  reception  of  prain  and  lumhcr 
brou);'ht  down  the  river  ;  in  both  which 
articles  it  supports  a  considerable  trade. 
HanoJshurg,  a  post  town  in  Mercer 
county,  Kentucky,  lyinjf  <m  the  E  side 
of  Salt  River,  30  miles  S  of  Frankfort, 
the  cajiital  of  the  state. 

Nurnigate,  a  villajfc  in  the  W  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  in  the  pariah  of  Knarcs- 
borouifh,  noted  for  medicinal  8]jring»  ; 
one  of  which  is  the  stronfi^est  sulphtir 
water  in  Great  Britain.  Bathing  is  the 
most  pencral  mode  of  using  it  j  and  it 
is  successful  in  dropsical,  scorbutic, 
and  ffouty  cases.  The  season  is  from 
May  to  Michaelmas  {  and  the  company 
asscmi)lc'  and  lodge  in  five  or  six  large 
inns,  each  house  having  a  long  room 
and  an  ordinary.  It  is  206  miles  N  by 
W  of  London. 

Htrrmv,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  highest  hill  in  the  county  :  on  tlie 
summit  of  which  is  the  church,  with  a 
lofty  spire.  Here  is  a  celebrated  froe- 
'school,  founded  by  Mr.  John  Lyons,  in 
the  reign  of  tiuecn  Elizabeth.  It  is  10 
miles  \\  N  W  of  London. 

Jlarlenstcii:,  a  town  gf  Upper  Saxony, 
situated  in  the  lordship  of  Schonberg, 
six  miles  SE  of  Zwickau. 

Hariford,  or  Hertford,  the  county 
town  of  Hertfordshire,  seated  on  the 
river  Lea.  It  sends  two  members  to 
])arliament :  and  its  market  is  on  Satur- 
day, the  chief  commmlities  of  which 
are,  wlieat,  malt  and  wool ;  and  it  sends  ' 
5000  quarters  of  malt  to  London  week- 
ly by  the  river  Lea. 

Hartland,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  near  a  promontorj' 
called  Hartlandpoint,  28  miles  W  of 
Barnstaple,  and  213  VV  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  4  31  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Hartland,  a  post  town  in  Windsor 
county,  Vermont,  lying  on  the  W  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  about  nine  miles 
N  of  Windsor.  The  township  has  1960 
inhabitants. 

Hartlepool,  a  seaport  in  the  cotmtyof 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  commodiously  seated  on  the  German 
Ocean,  and  lias  a  good  harbour  where 
the  Newcastle  colliers  generally  take 
shelter  in  stress  of  weather.  It  is  IS 
miles  S  E  of  Durham,  and  254  N  by  W 
of  London.    Lon.  1  4  W,  lat  54  47  H- 


R 

I'liiliulolpliia,  in  the 
<ll<.n.of76°40' W. 
:il)itaiits,  lias  n  poHt 
iiit-ntly  situated  for 
jrain  uiid  lumlicp 
ivcr  J  in  botli  which 
considerable  tnvdc. 
St  town  in  Mercer 
ivin)ip  on  the  E  side 
lies  S  of  Frankfort, 
ate. 

jfe  in  the  W  riding 
:  pariah  of  Knarcs- 
medicinal  springs ; 
;  strongest  sulphur 
ain.  Bathnig  is  the 
;  of  vising  it ;  and  it 
ropsical,  scorbutic, 
riie  Reason  is  from 
i  j  and  the  company 
:  in  five  or  six  large 
laving  a  long  room 
t  is  206  miles  N  by 

!  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  county  :  on  tlic 
I  the  church,  with  a 
is  a  celebrated  free- 
Mr.  John  Lyons,  in 
Elizabeth.  It  is  10 
ondon. 

m  qf  Upper  Saxony, 
Iship  ofSchonbcrg, 
trick  uu. 

trijord,  the  county 
lire,  seated  on  the 
[Is  two  members  to 
I  market  is  on  Satur- 
■nmo<lities  of  which 
id  wool ;  and  it  sends  ' 
alt  to  London  wcek- 

in  Devonshire,  with 
lay.  It  is  seated  on 
I,  near  a  promontory 
lint,  28  miles  W  of 
13  VV  by  S  of  Lon- 
lat.  51  12  N. 
town  in  Windsor 
lying  on  the  W  side 
;r,  about  nine  miles 
e  township  has  I960 

iport  inthe  cotmtyof 
arket  on  Monday.  It 
:ated  on  the  German 
good  harbour  where 
Uiers  generally  take 
if  weather.  It  is  16 
am,  and  254  N  by  W 

14W,  lat.54  47N- 


HAS 

HartH,  a  town  in  Northumh.^rland, 
N  W  ol'Tinmouth,  wher«  lord  Uehval 
iiaii  constructed  a  haven,  whence  coal 
i»  iliipped  to  Lond^m.  Here  are  large 
salt,  cop|>erus,  and  glass  works  ;  and 
■ji  catiul  h:u  been  cut  through  u  solid 
rock  to  the  harbour. 

Hintzgcro.lc,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, situate  near  the  Hart/,  mountains, 
in  the  principality  of  Aiilialt  Bernburg. 
Lon.  11  2  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Uarvey't  It/and,  an  island  in  the  S 
Sea.     LoM.  158  48  \V,  lat.  li)  17  S. 

Harviich,  a  seaport  and  borough  in 
Essex,  with  u  market  on  Tuesday  and 
Friday.  Here  the  packet-boats  are 
stationed  that  go  to  Germany  and  Hol- 
lantl.  It  has  a  capacious  harbour,  and 
the  bay  is  so  spacious  that  100  sail  of 
men  of  war  with  their  tenders,  besides 
.'300  or  400  sail  of  colliers  have  been 
seen  here  at  one  time,  and  u  dock  for 
the  building  of  men  of  w.ir.  The  en- 
trance into  the  harbour  is  defended  by 
A  strong  fortress,  called  Londp^iard 
Fort,  built  on  a  s?ndy  point  on  the  Suf- 
folk side  of  the  water.  Harwich  is 
42  miles  E  by  N  of  Chelmsford,  72  E 
NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  52 
ON. 

Harviich,  a  town  with  a  post  office, 
in  Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts, 
.situated  on  Barnstable  Bay,  nine  miles 
from  Chatham,  and  eight  from  Yar- 
mouth, containing  2857  inhabitants. 

Harviington,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
coiMitv,  Connecticut,  eight  miles  E  of 
Litchfield,  and  24  W  of  Hartford,  con- 
taining  at  lust  census  1430  inhabitants. 

Ilatbat,  a  province  of  Africa,  in  Bar- 
liary,  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Ilatelfetde,  an  ancient  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Lower  Saxony. 

IJaslem,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in 
tin-  Categat,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Haltic,  N  of  Zealand.  Lon.  11  51  E, 
lat.  56  21  N. 

Jfdsle'mere,  a  borough  in  Surry,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  12  miles 
S  W  of  Guildford,  and  43  of  London. 
Lon.  0  38  W,  lat  51  6  N. 

Haslingden,  a  town  in  Lancashire, 
vith  a  market  on  Wednesday,  16  miles 
N  by  W  of  Manchester,  and  196  N  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51 
40  N. 

Hutelt,  a  handsome  town  of  the  U- 
nited  Provinces,  in  Overvssel,  seated 
"n  tlie  Vecht,  five  miles  N  of  Zwoll. 

Hasselt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tUc 


H  A  V 

territory  of  Lii^,'e,  seated  on  the  De- 
mer,  20  miles  N  W  of  Mucstricht. 

Hattli,  a  small  territory  uf  Switz- 
ci'laiul,  in  the  county  of  Bern. 

HjttenLeck,  a  town  in  the  principal, 
ity  of  Calenberg,  In  Lower  Saxony,  5 
miles  SE  of  Hanitlin.  Here  the  duke 
of  Cuniberlund  was  defeated  by  tho 
French  under  Miu-shal  D'Estrei. 

//listing!,  a  b.mmp-h  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliunu>nt.  Here 
William  the  Conqueror  landed,  in  1U66, 
and  Harold  II.  was  slain  in  battle.  It 
is  24  miles  E  of  Lewes,  and  64  S  E  of 
London.     Lon.  0  46  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Hatfitld,  a  town  in  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  see  of  Ely,  but  was  ulien- 
utt'd  to  the  crown  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabeth. Sir  Uobert  Cecil,  afterward 
earl  of  SaKsbury,  built  the  p-esent 
magfnificcnt  seat  called  Hatfield  House. 
It  IS  seated  on  the  river  Lea,  20  miles 
N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 
5148N. 

Mitfield-Broad-Oat,  or  Hatfeld  Re- 
git,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  30  miles  N  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  20  E,  lat,  51  48  N. 

Hatherly,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  on 
a  branch  of  the  river  Towridge,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  26  miles  N  W  of 
Exeter,  and  301 'W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  9  W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Hattem,  a  town  of  Dutch  Gueldcr- 
land,  se»ted  on  the  Vessel,  five  miles 
S  W  of  Zwoll. 

_  Hattengen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  in  tlin  county  of 
Marck,  seated  on  the  Roer,  17  miles 
E  N  E  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  7  14  £,  lat. 
51  17  N. 

Hjtuan,  a  town  and  fort  of  Upper 
Hungary,  seated  on  a  mountain,  28 
miles  N  E  of  Buda.  In  1596  the  im- 
perialists took  it  and  dismantled  it. 
Lon.  19  ^  E,  lat.  47  53  N. 

Havannah,  a  seaport  on  the  N  W 
part  of  Cuba,  opposite  Florida.  It  ig 
two  miles  in  circumference,  and  fa- 
mous for  its  large  harbour,  that  will 
hold  1000  vessels,  and  yet  has  a  mouth 
80  narrow,  that  only  one  ship  can  en< 
ter  at  a  time,  which  entrance  is  ^ell 
defended  by  forts.  This  is  the  plh|Mp 
where  all  tlie  ships  that  come  from  the 
Spanish  settlements  rendezvous  to  their 
retwn  to  Spatn.  It  is  near  two  miles 
in  circumference,  and  contains  about 
Oo 


H  A  V 


HAW 


'.'000  itihabitanlK.  Tlic  buildinifa  «re 
rlei^ant,  built  of  Htonc,  nml  hiiiiic  of 
thvni  iiipcrbly  i'lirniitbed  i  uml  the 
rluirchcs  are  ric!i  and  ninipii(irei>t.  It 
is  the  capitui  of  thi-  island,  where  tlic 
govrrnoi'  and  citptuin-genrral  rc^idcx, 
and  iiUo  un  a.snessor  fi)r  the  aftHiMtunre 
of  tlie  governor  and  ea])t!iiii-jfencral  of 
the  W  Indies  It  v/im  taken  by  the 
l!'.ii)rli!th  in  1762,  with  an  iinmenHc 
quantity  of  plunder  and  u  licet  of  ships 
of  war  and  tnerehantnien,  but  restored 
to  tiie  Spaniards  in  1763.  It  is  seated 
nn  the  W  side  of  the  liurbour,  and  wa- 
tered bv  two  hramhes  of  the  river  La- 
gida.     Lon.  82  13  W,  lat.  23  12  N. 

Havnnt,  a  town  in  Humpsliirc,  be- 
tween Fnrehain  and  Chichester,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seven  miles  N  E 
of  Portsmouth,  and  64  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  58  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Have/,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Bran- 
denburg, which  empties  itself  into  the 
Elbe. 

Havelhcrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Brandenburg,  with  a 
secularized  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Havel,  37  miles  N  W  of  Bran- 
denburg.    Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Havenatein,  a  small  village  in  Suabin, 
where  are  tlie  ruins  of  a  castle,  which 
was  thrown  down  by  an  Earthquake  in 
1356.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  Khine, 
13  miles  NW  of  Baden. 

Haverfnrdviest,  a  borough  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  mai-ket  on  Tuesdiiy 
and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  cre>:k 
of  Milford  Haven,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge.  It  is  a  large,  handsome  place, 
inhabited  by  many  genteel  families, 
and  contains  three  parish  churches.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade,  with  several 
vessels  belonging  to  it,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  The  assizes 
are  kept  here.  It  is  15  miles  S  by  E 
of  St  David's,  ami  329  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Haverhili,  a  considerable  town  in 
Essex  county,  Massachusetts,  lying  on 
the  N  W  side  of  the  river  Merrimack, 
fct  the  distance  of  15  miles  W  from 
Newburyport,  and  32  N  from  Boston ; 
it  has  a  post  office,  and  ca.  ries  on  a 
brisk  trade,  foreign  and  domestic. 

Haverhill,  a  post  town  in  Grafton 
county.  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  35  miles  N  W 
by  N  of  Dartmouth  college. 

Haverilt,  a  town  in  Sunblk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  checks,  cottons  and  fustians.  It 


nj^ears  by  the  .'itins  of  a  church  and 
castlr,  'o  have  been  of  more  conse- 
(pience  formerly  than  now.  It  is  16 
hmIcs  S  W  of  Bury,  and  59  N  E  of 
London.     Lon.  0  2H  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Havering  Rtnuer,  a  villace  in  Ekiex, 
three  miles  N  E  of  Kumford.  It  was 
onee  the  scat  of  a  royal  palace,  in  which 
died  Joan,  queen  of  Henry  IV. 

Havre-de-Grace,  a  considerable  sei- 
port  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, on  the  English  Channel,  in  a 
large  plain  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Seine.  It  is  a  small  fortified  town,  di- 
vi<led  into  two  parts  bv  the  harbour, 
surrounded  with  a  wall,  and  other 
works,  and  defended  by  a  strong  cita- 
del, which,  togfether  with  its  foreign 
trade  mokes  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant places  In  France.  It  is  45  milei 
W  of  Rouen,  and  112  N  W  of  Parii. 
Lon.  0  11  E,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Havre-de-Graee,  a  considerable  lea- 
port  town,  in  Harford  county,  Mary- 
land ;  situated  at  th«  head  of  Chest- 
peak  bay,  in  the  lat.  of  39"  35'  N,  and 
long,  oi  76°  8'  W.  It  is  a  principal 
entre  pot  of  the  lumber  and  grain 
brought  down  the  river  Susquehonnah, 
it  has  a  post  office,  and  is  37  miles  N 
E  from  Baltimore. 

Haute-rive,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Garonne  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the 
Arriege.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  43  26 
N. 

HautviUieri,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
deportment  of  Mame  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  where  the  best  cham- 
paigne  is  made.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Mame,  20  miles  S  by  E  of  Rheims. 

Hcmiik  pleasantly  situated  town 
in  Koshurghshire,  seated  on  the  Tiviut 
amid  wooded  rocks,  cataracts,  and 
bridgr.s,  15  miles  SW  of  Kelso. 

Hawkin't  Court  Houte,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Hawkin's  county, 
Tennessee.  Here  is  a  post  office,  67 
miles  N£  of  Knoxville,  and  477  iVom 
Wiuhington. 

Haviihurtt,  a  village  in  Kent,  noted 
for  smugglers. 

Haviishead,  a  toMrn  in  Lancashire, 
situated  in  Foumess,  24  miles  N  N  tV 
of  Lrjicaster,  and  273  of  London.  Lon. 
3  6  W,  lat.  54  24  N. 

Havis-viater,  a  lake  in  Westmore- 
land, S  of  Penrith,  three  miles  long, 
and  half  a  mile  over  in  some  places.  It 
is  almost  divided  in  the  middle  by  s 


w 

lint  of  a  church  and 
cen  of  more  coimc- 
tlian  now.  It  iit  15 
iiry,  and  59  N  E  of 
28  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 
,  avilUce  in  £»iex, 
>f  Rumwrd.  It  was 
rovnl  palace, in  which 
of  Henry  IV. 

a  considerable  lea- 
i\  the  deportment  of 
I  late  province  of  Nor- 
nglivh  Channel,   in  a 

mouth  of  the  river 
tall  fortified  town,  di- 
parta  by  the  harbour, 

a  wall,  and  other 
ided  by  a  itrong  cita- 
ther  with  it»  foreign 
le  of  the  moat  imijor- 
ance.  It  U  45  miles 
id  112  N  W  ofParii. 
49  29  N. 

',  a  considerable  tet- 
arford  county,  Mary- 
i  th«  head  of  Cheaa- 
lat.of39»35'N,  and 
W.  It  ia  a  principal 
ie  lumber  and  grain 
le  river  Suaquehannab, 
ce,  and  ia  37  miles  N 
•e. 

town  of  France,  in  the 
pper  Garonne  and  late 
guedoc,  seated  on  the 

1  36  E,    lat.  43  26 

town  of  France  in  the 
;ame  and  late  province 
where  the  best  cham- 
It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Sby  £  of  Rheims. 
asaiitly  situated  town 
seated  on  the  Tiviot 
rocks,  cataracts,  and 
;sSW  of  Kelso. 
ffoute,  the  principal 
in  Hawkin's  county, 
_re  is  a  port  office,  67 
loxville,  and  477  fi^m 

village  in  Kent,  noted 

town  in   Lancashire, 
ness,  24  miles  N  N  W 
■d  273  of  London.  Lon. 
4N. 

_  lake  in  Westmore- 
ith,  three  miles  long, 
over  in  some  places.  It 
"  in  the  middle  by  » 


H  £  B 

prnmnntory  of  incloHurcn,   so  tliat   it 
cu..ii)ti  of  two  shectH  of  water, 

/luvithornJen,  an  ancient  building,  a 
few  miles  to  tlie  S  E  of  Edinburgh,  fa- 
niiius  fur  some  artificial  caves  cut  out 
of  the  Holid  rook  i  it  was  tiie  scat  of 
Drummond  the  poet  and  historian. 

/fay,  a  town  in  Brccknotkiihirc.with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  between 
the  Wyll  and  Dulas,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Brecknock,  and  151  \V  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  4  VV,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Hiiyt,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Tourainc.  It  is  me- 
morable for  being  the  birtltplnce  of  Dca 
Cortes,  and  seated  on  the  Creuse,  25 
miles  S  of  Tours,  and  135  S  W  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  0  46  E,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Hayhham,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Sussex,  with  a  morket  on  Saturday,  \2 
miles  E  of  Lewis,  and  58  S  E  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  20  £.  lat.  5Q  55  N. 

Uayrtiarht,  a  pMt  town  in  Prince 
William  county,  Virg^inia ;  at  the  dis- 
tance of  38  miles  W  from  Wathington. 
Meadford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Gal^ay,  and  province  of  Cou- 
naught,  X2  miles  N  of  Galway.  Lon. 
0  3W,  Ut.  23  12N. 

Head  of  EU,  a  town  Oif  the  United 
States,  in  Maryland,  situate  near  the 
head  of  the  boy  of  Chesapeok,  on  a 
small  river  of  its  own  name.  It  enjoys 
great  advantages  fVom  the  carrying 
trade  bctvreen  Baltimore  and  Plkila- 
delpliia,  being  about  50  miles  from 
each. 

Hcbriiiet,  or  Wtttern  hlandi,  numer- 
ous islands  on  the  W  coast  of  Scotland, 
the  principal  of  which  ore  SIcye,  St. 
Kildo,  Lewis  and  Harris,  Uist,  Can- 
nay,  StailU,  MuU,  J[ura,  and  Islay.  The 
tiituation  of  these  islands  in  the  great 
Atlantic  Occa^  renders  the  air  cold 
and  moist  in  the  most  of  them.  In  the 
most  northerly  isles  the  sua,  at  the 
summer  solstice,  is  not  above  on  hour 
under  the  horizon  at  midiiight,  and  not 
longer  above  it  at  mid-day  in  tlic  depth 
of  winter.  The  soil  of  the  Hebrides 
varies  also  in  cliiTerent  isles,  and  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  sonie  island ;  some 
are  mountainous  and  barren,  producing 
little  else  than  heatli,  wild  myrtle, 
fern,  and  a  little  grass ;  while  others, 
beine  cultivated  and  manured  with  sea 
weed,  yield  plentiful  crops  of  oats  and 
barley. 

Hebridtt-i  Nea,  a  ^^uster  of  islands, 
lying  in  the  Soutk  Pacific  Ocean,  dis- 


H  £  D 

emercd  by  Qiiiros  in  1606,  and  con* 
sidcred  as  port  of  a  great  southern  con- 
tinent, under  the  name  of  Tici-ra  Aus- 
tralia <Iel  Espiritu  Santo.     They  were 
next   visited   by  Boiigaiiivillo  in  1768, 
who  did  no   more   than  discover  that 
the  loitd  was  not  connected,  but  com- 
|K>scd  of  islands,  which   lie  called  tlie 
Great    Cyclades.     Captain    Cock,    in 
1774,  akcrrtained  the  extent  and  situ- 
ation of  the    whole   group,  and  gave 
them  the  name  they  now  bear.    They 
lie  between  14  25  and  20  4  S  lat.  and 
166  41  and   170  21   E  lon.   extending 
1 25  leagues.  The  principal  islands  are 
Tierra  del  Espiritu  Santo  and  Malicol- 
hi,  besides  several  uflcss  note,  some  of 
which  are  from   18  tu  25  leagues   in 
circuit.    In  general,  tliey  are  higti  and 
mountainous,    nl>oiiiiding   with   wood, 
water,  and  the    usual   productions  of 
the  tropical  islands.     The  bread  fruit, 
cocoa  nr.ta,  and  plantain*  are  ncitliur 
so  goo'l  nor  so  plentiful  as  at  Otaheite  t 
on  the   other  hand,  sugar  canes,  and 
yams,  arc  not  only  Ln  greater  plenty, 
but  of  superior    quality,   and    mucb 
larger,  some   of  the  latter   weighing' 
56    pounds.      The   inhabitants   are  of 
very  difierent  a|ipearaiice8  at  diflfereiik 
islands,  but  arc '  chiefly  of  a  slender 
make,  and  dark   colour,   and  most  of 
tliem  have  frizzled  hair.     Their  canoes 
and  houses  are  small,  and  poorly  con- 
structed ;  and  except  their  arms,  they 
have  scarcely  any  manufacture,  not  ev- 
en for  clothing.    They  pre,  however, 
hospitable  and  good  natured,  when  not 
prompted  to  a  contrary  conduct  by  tba 
jealousy,  which  the  unusual  appear- 
ance of  European  visitors,  may  natural- 
ly  be  supposed  to  excite. 

Hebron,  a  town  of  Palestine,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  an  eminence  on  whiclk 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle. 
The  sepulchre  of  Abraham  is  shovnt 
here  which  is  visited  by  Christians  and 
Mahometans.  It  is  35  miles  S  W  of 
Jerusalem. 

Nebran,  a  post  town  in  Tolland  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  18  miles  S  E  of  Hart- 
lord,  with  2266  inhabitants. 

Hebron,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  New-York  situated  about  naif 
v{ay  between  Fort  Miller,  and  Fort 
£d«(ard,  and  containing  2528  inhabi- 
tants. 

Keda,  Mount.     %tt  Iceland, 

Hedamora,  a  town  of  Dalecarlia  ia 
Sweden,  seated  on  the  lake  Hafran,  fa- 
mous for  the  gunpowder  otMe  h^rC'^ 


H  EL 


H  E  L  ' 


H  is  5.7  miles  N  W  of  Upsal.  Lon.  17  7 
E,  lat.  6-  i-i  N. 

J/^i'itiiii<:m,  iilown  of  Suabia,  and  in 
the  iia.tiiiy  of  Brentzhall,  with  a 
han  s.iiiitjiuh.cibelfiin^ingtolhi  house 
of  W'li'tcnibuig-.  It  \v;ii;  t:il;cii  by  the 
Fn  iiih  n  Aajjj-.ist  17*'6,  uiul  is  22inilts 
N  <,(  Ulin.     Lon.  IJ  0  K,  Int.  4847  N. 

Hi  i.e. lag,  a  I'itv  of  Gen.iany,  cap  ■ 
tal  of  the  |).ilatii)ate  tif  ti.c  Khiiic,  with 
a  ccli;biatc(i  imiversity.  It  is  noted  for 
its  fficul  ti.i.,  wliic-b  iiolds  800  liogs- 
hc:i(ls,  generally  kept  full  of  good  Hlic- 
nisii  wiire.  It  .st..n<is  in  a  pleasant  rich 
co',i,ar),:.n.l  \v;.s  a  famous  seat  of  Icarn- 
injv;  l)ut  ilhua  iii:de)j^one  so  maiiycala- 
mitios,  that  it  is  iKithin;^  now  to  what  it 
■wu'i  fornif-rl}'.  Htidelbcrg;  is  seated 
on  t!if  Neckar,  over  wii.cli  is  a  bridge, 
12  miles  N  E  of  Spire.  Lon.  8  48  E, 
lat.  40  20  N. 

Hiiut,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia  in 
Pohird,  at  the  moiitli  of  the  Vistula,  on 
the  Baltic  Sea,  12  miles  N  of  Dantzic. 
Lor.  19  25  E,  lat.  54  53  N. 

Heilegen-Have,  a  seaport  of  Holstein 
in  Gcrniany,  pestled  on  the  Baltic,  op- 
posite tlie  island  of  Femercn.  Lon.  10 
57  E,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Heiligeland,  an  island  of  the  Gernr.an 
Ocean,  belonging  to  the  King  of  Den- 
mark ;  it  is  seated  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Eyder  and  the  Elbe.  Lon.  8  20 
E,  lat.  54  21  N. 

Heiligcnstadt,  a  towp  of  Germany, 
belonging  to  the  elector  of  Mcntz,  ca- 
pital of  the  territory  of  Etchsct.  It  is 
seated  at  tiie  confluence  of  the  Geis- 
land  and  Leina,  30  miles  N  W  of  Eis- 
nach.     Lon.  10  14  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Hdma,  St.  {>n  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  20  miles  in  circumference,  be- 
longing to  the  English  East  India 
Company.  It  has  some  high  mountains, 
particularly  one  called  Diana's  Peak, 
■which  is  covered  witli  wood  to  the  ve- 
ry  top.  It  is  in  general  rocky  and 
mountainous,  but  far  from  being  bar- 
ren, the  interior  vallies  and  even  moun- 
tains being  •  leasant  and  fertile.  Mr. 
Forstcr  tells  us,  that  "  having  travel- 
led about  half  a  mile  from  the  town  in- 
to the  coiiiitry,  he  was  transported 
witli  one  of  tlie  finest  ])rospects  he 
had  ever  seen,  consisting  of  several 
little  hills,  covered  with  rich  verdure, 
and  interspwsed  with  fertile  vallies, 
which  containc  i  gardens,  orchards, 
and  various  phiiitiitions ;  that  many 
pastures  surrounded  b'  '  inclosures  of 
6lohe,  were  filled    ^•,i\X\  a    small  but 


fine  breed  of  cattle,  and  with  Engli.sh 
sheep;  that  everv  valley  was  watered 
by  a  little  rivulet  J  that  the  mountains 
in  tlie  centre  of  the  island  were  hung 
with  woods;  that  the  soil,  which  cov- 
ered the  rocks  and  mountains,  was  in 
general  a  rich  mould,  from  six  to  ten  in- 
ches deep,  clothed  with  a  variety  of 
plants  and  slirubs,  among  which  was  a 
tree,  which  the  inhabitants  call  a  cab- 
bage tree,  though  only  used  for  fuel, 
gum-trees,  and  red  wood  ;  that  in  the 
governor's  garden,  about  three  miles 
from  the  town,  he  saw  several  plants 
of  Europe,  Africa,  and  America,  and 
particularly  a  ]5rofnsion  of  roses  and 
lilies,  interspersed  with  myrtle  and 
laurel;  that  several  walks  of  peach- 
trees  were  loaded  with  fruit,  which 
had  a  peculiar  rich  flavour,  dlllcrcnt 
from  that  of  our  peaches;  but  that  the 
other  European  fruit-trees  throve  but 
indifiercntly,  and  never  bore  fruit ; 
that  vines  had  been  planted  several 
times,  but  had  not  succeeded,  on  ac- 
coiuit  of  the  climate ;  that  cabbage* 
and  other  greens  thrive  extremely 
*ell,  but  are  devoured  by  caterpillars; 
that  barley,  and  other  kinds  of  corn, 
are  generally  devoured  by  rats,  which 
are  immensely  numerous ;  that  the 
ground,  for  that  reason,  was  laid  out 
chiefly  in  pastures,  the  verdure  of 
which  was  surprising ;  that  the  whole 
island  co\ild  support  3000  head  of  their 
small  cattle  ;  that  the  beef  is  juicy,  de- 
liciotis,  and  very  fat ;  that  the  island, 
besides  cattle,  abo.nuls  with  goats, 
rabbits,  a  small  breed  of  horses,  ring- 
pheasants,  red-legged  partridges,  rice- 
birds,  pigeons,  &c.  of  some  of  which 
the  breed  is  indigenous,  but  others 
have  been  brought  from  Africa,  Eu- 
rope, or  the  East  Indies ;  that  the 
number  of  inhabitants  on  the  island 
does  not  exceed  2000,  including  near 
500  soldiers  and  600  slaves,  who  are 
supplied  with  all  sorts  of  manufactures 
and  other  necessaries  by  the  compa. 
ny's  ships,  in  return  for  refreshments  ; 
and  that  many  of  the  slaves  were  cm- 
ployed  in  catching  fish,  which  are  very 
plentiful."  It  lies  between  the  conti- 
nents of  Africa  and  South  America, 
about  1200  miles  W  o.  the  former,  and 
1800  E  of  the  latter.  Lon.  5  49  W, 
lat.  15  55  S. 

I/eien's,  St.  a  town  in  East  Medina  in 
the  isle  of  Wight.  li  has  a  large  bay, 
and,  in  a  war  with  France,  is  often  tin; 
station  of  the  ro^  al  navy. 


H  E  L  ' 


H  E  L 


HEM 


r  cattle,  and  with   English 
oen  vuUey  was  watered 
iiilet;  that  the   mountain* 
;  of  tlie   island  were  hung 
;  that  the  soil,  wliichcov- 
ks  and  rriountuins,  was  in 
h  mould,  from  six  to  ten  in- 
clothcd  with   a   variety  of 
lirubs,  among  which  was  a 
the  inhabitants  call  a   cab- 
hough  only   used  for  fuel, 
and  red  wood  j  that  in  the 
garden,  about  three  miles 
ivn,  he  saw  several  plants 
A.frica,  and   America,  and 
a  profusion  of  roses   and 
s])ersed  with   myrtle    and 
I  sc\cral   walks  of  peach- 
loaded    witli    fruit,    which 
liar  rich   flavour,  dift'crent 
our  peaches;  but  that  the 
lean  fruit-trees  throve  but 
,    and    never  bore   fruit ; 
had  been  planted  several 
lad  not  succeeded,  on   ac- 
le   climate  ;   that  cabbages 
greens    thrive    extremely 
e  devoured  by  caterpillars; 
and  other  kinds  of  corn, 
ly  devoured  by  rats,  which 
sely   numeious ;    that    the 
that  reason,  was  laid  out 
pastures,    the  verdure   of 
surprising ;  that  the  whole 
support  3000  head  of  their 
that  the  beef  is  juicy,  de- 
.  very  fat ;  that  the  island, 
:tle,"  aboands    with   goats, 
nail  breed  of  horses,  ring- 
-d-lcgged  partridges,  ricc- 
ns,  &c.   of  some  of  which 
is  indigenous,  but  others 
)rought   from   Africa,  Eu- 
e   East    Indies ;    that   the 
inhabitants   on   the  island 
:i^(l  2000,   including  near 
[ind   600  slaves,  who  are 
all  sorts  of  manufactures 
icessaries    by   the   compa- 
return  for  refreshments  j 
of  the  slaves   were  cm- 
ching  fish,  which  are  very 
It  lies  between  the  conti- 
ica  and   South   America, 
ilcs  W  o.  the  former,  and 
latter.     Lon.   5  49  W, 

a  town  in  East  Medina  in 
'ight.     Ii  has  alurpe  buy, 
with  France,  is  often  tlit; 
roval  navy. 


ffe/ier,  St.  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Jersey,  in  the  English  Chr.nncl, 
seated  in  tlie  bay  of  St.  Aubin,  wiierc 
it  has  a  iiarbour  and  a  stone  pier.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  to  be  2000. 
At  the  top  of  the  market-place,  is  the 
statue  of  George  II.  in  bronze,  gilt.  In 
the  church,  where  prayers  are  read  al- 
ternately in  English  and  French,  is  a 
monument  to  t)ie  memory  of  Major 
Pierson,  who  fell  here  in  the  moment 
of  victory.  Lon.  2  10  W,  lat.  49  UN. 
See  yersey. 

Helier,  St.  a  little  island,  near  the 
town  of  the  sarne  name,  in  the  bay  of 
St.  Aubin,  on  ihe  S  side  of  Jersey.  It 
took  its  name  from  Elerius  or  Helier, 
a  holy  man  who  lived  in  this  island  ma- 
ny centuries  ago,  and  was  slain  by  the 
f  agan  Normans  at  their  coming  here. 
His  cell,  with  the  stone  bed,  is  still 
shown  among  the  rocks  j  and  in  me- 
mory of  him,  a  noble  abbey  was  found- 
ed on  this  island.  On  the  site  of  this 
abbey  now  stands  Elizabeth  Castle,  a 
very  large  and  strong  fortification,  it  is 
the  residence  of  the  governor  and  gar- 
rison of  Jersey,  and  occupies  the  whole 
island,  whicii  is  near  a  mile  in  circuit, 
and  is  surrounded  by  the  sea  at  every 
half  flood  ;  and  hence,  at  low  water,  is 
a  passage  to  the  town  of  St.  Helier, 
called  the  Bridge,  half  a  mile  iong,  and 
formed  of  sand  and  stones. 

Hell-Gate,  a  celebrated  strait  of  N 
America,  near  the  W  end  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  eight  miles  E  of  New 
York.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  whirl- 
pools ;  but,  at  proper  times  of  the  tide, 
a  skilful  pilot  may  conduct  a  ship  of  a- 
ny  burden  through  this  strait. 

Helmsdale,  a  river  in  Sutherlandshirc, 
which  descends  from  the  mountains 
bordering  on  Caithness-shire,  and 
empties  itself  into  the  German  Ocean, 
where  tliere  is  a  good  salmon  fishe- 
ry. 

Hellespont,  a  strait,  dividing  Asia 
from  Europe,  now  called  the  Darda- 
nelles. 

Hdinont,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
in  the  low  countries  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Aa,  17  miles  S  E  of 
Bois-le-Duc,  and  20  VV  of  Venlo.  Lon. 
5  3- E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Helmslcy,  or  Helmsley-Blactmore,  a 
town  in  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  in 
Rhidalvule,  witi\a  marketonSaturdiiy. 
It  had  formerly  a  castle,  fi)r  the  de- 
fence of  thi.s  part  against  the  Scotch 
invaders,  and  is  seated  on  tlie  Rye,  20 


niiles  N  of  York,  and  220  N  by  W  of 
London.  Lon.  1  0  \V,  lat.  o4  19  N. 

H'.'iiiJtaJt,  a  town  of  Brunswick  and 
'.ower  Saxony  in  Germany,  with  a 
universitv,  20  miles  S  E  of  Brunswick. 
Lon.  11  16  i;   'if  52  16  N. 

Hclnistaat,  ..  str.ir.g-  r.;.-iritime  town 
of  Sweden,  and  capital  of  a  province  of 
Holland. 

Helsiiighiirg,  or  Ekingburg,  a  seaport 
of  Sweden  in  the  province  of  Gothland 
and  territory  of  Schonen,  seated  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Sound,  seven  milr.<j 
E  of  Elsinore,  and  37  S  of  Halmstadt. 
Lon.  13  2  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

HcUingfon,  a  town  of  Swedish  Fin- 
land, with  a  harbour  reckoned  almost 
the  best  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  150 
miles.  E  of  Abo.  Lon.  25  0  E,  lat.  60  20 
N. 

Helsingia,  a  province  of  Sweden, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Jempterland  luid 
Madelpadi.a,  on  the  E  by  the  gtdf  of 
Bothnia,  and  on  the  S  antl  W  by  Dale- 
carlia  iuid  Au.stricia.  It  is  full  of 
mount.iiiis  and  forests,  and  the  employ- 
ment of  the  inhabitants  is  hunting  and 
fishing. 

Helston,  a  towii  in  the  county  of 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  on  Monday, 
Gcatcd  on  the  Cober,  near  its  influ.x  in- 
to Mountsbay.  It  is  one  of  the  towns 
appointed  for  the  coinage  of  the  tin, 
and  the  place  of  assembly  for  the  VV 
division  of  the  shire.  It  is  governed 
by  a  mayor  sends  two  members  to  p.'u-- 
liament  and  has  the  largest  market- 
house  in  the  coimty.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Low,  and  is  11  miles  S  W  of 
Falmouth,  and  274  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  5  15  E,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Helvoetsluys,  a  seaport  of  Holland,  on 
the  island  of  Vooi-n,  where  the  English 
packet  bo.1t  always  goes.  It  is  but  a 
small  place,  consisting  only  of  a  hand- 
sonie  quay,  and  two  or  three  little 
streets.  Herr.'some  of  the  Dutch  men 
of  war  are  laid  up  in  ordinary;  it  w.i« 
taken  by  the  French  in  January  1795: 
and  is  five  miles  S  of  the  Briel.  Lon. 
4  23  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Hempsted,  or  Hemel  Hempsied,  a  cor- 
porate town  in  Herts,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday;  seated  among  the  hills, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Coin,  18  miles  S  W 
of  Hertford,  and  23  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Hempstead,  a  post  town  on  Long 
Island,  in  <^ieen  Ann's  county,  New- 
York,  23  miles  E  of  tl.e  city.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  edge  of  an  extensive 


1 


J 


-*f  • -»!«;-«  \v:i-   ■ 


lUlUHNURBif:' 


HEN 


HER 


plain,  sixteen  miles  long',  by  eight  broad. 

J{fjnb»ry,  ;i  villuirc  i"  Gloucestershire, 
neir  Uristol,  two  miles  from  St.  Vin- 
cent's Uock.  In  this  ])arisli  is  n  camp, 
■with  three  vampires  and  trcnrlus,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  Britisli.  In  dijf- 
glng  up  tliis  liill  in  1707,  great  num- 
bers of  Roman  eoins  were  found. 

Jlcmtersonville,  a  post  town  in  Notto- 
•way  c'linty,  Virginia,  204  miles  from 
Washington. 

'Icndersonville,  a  post  town  in  Sum- 
ner county,  'I'ennessee,  on  the  N  side 
of  Cumberland,  20  miles  N  of  Nash- 
yille,  the  capital. 

Hen!t</,  a  corporate  town  in  Oxford- 
shire, with  markets  on  Wednesday, 
Friday  and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on 
tiie  Thames,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
Rtone  bridge,  nnd  sends  malt,  corn, 
■wood,  ?tc.  to  London,  by  barges.  It  is 
•24  miles  S  E  of  Oxford,  and  35  W  of 
London.    Lon.  0  46  W,  '■  \  51  35  N. 

Hfidey,  a  town  iii  Warwickshire, 
where  was  once  a  castle,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tucsdav,  seated  on  the  Alne,  10 
miles  N  W  of  Warwick,  and  202  N  N 
\V  of  L..)i  don.    Lon  1  50  W,  lat.  52  23 

HenncUrg,  a  county  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia  ;  it  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Thuringia,  on  the  W  by 
Hesse,  on  the  S  by  the  bishopric  of 
Wurtzburg,  and  on  the  E  by  that  of 
Bamberg.  It  abounds  in  mountains 
and  woods ;  and  it  is  populous  and 
fertile.  It  is  divided  among  seven  dif- 
ferent sovereigns.  Mainungen  is  the 
capita!. 

Heiiv.eberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  a 
eounty  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle, 34  miles  N  W  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 
10  38  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

ffctwebon,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on 
the  river  Blavet,  22  miles  N  VV  of  Van- 
nes  and  260  miles  W  by  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Henricheinmt,  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  tlie  dejiartment  of  Ciier  and  late 
province  of  Berry.  It  was  the  capital 
of  a  district  which  Henry  IV.  gave  to 
his  minister  tlie  duke  of  Sully.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Saudre,  15  miles  N  N  E 
«f  Bourges. 

Henrico,  a  county  of  Virginia  in  North 
America. 

Henry,  Citjit,  the  S  cape  of  Virginia, 
at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeak  Bay.  Lon. 
76  5  VV,  lat.  36  56  N. 


Heppenlteim,  a  town  in  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  with  a  ca.stlc 
and  an  abbey.  Lon.  8  41  E.lat.  49  29 
N. 

Heracitn,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Ro- 
mania, with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see. 
It  was  very  famous  in  ancient  times  ; 
and  there  arc  still  considerable  remans 
of  its  former  splendour.  It  is  50  miles 
VV  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  27  58  E, 
lat.  40  59  N. 

Herat,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan, 
160  miles  S  £  of  Mcscked  Lon.  61  0 
E,  lat.  34  30  N. 

Herault,  one  of  the  departments  of 
France,  so  named  from  a  river  which 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Lyons.  It  in- 
cludes part  of  the  late  pr'>vince  of 
Languedoc ,  and  tlie  capital  is  Mont- 
pellier. 

Herbemont,  a  town  of  Austrian  Lux- 
emburg,  with  a  castle  on  »  mountain, 
near  the  river  Semoy,  tltree  miles  N 
VV  of  Chiney. 

Herbtm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  ot'the  Upper  Rhine  and  territo- 
ry of  Nassau,  witli  a  famous  university 
and  woollen  manufacture,  eight  miles 
S  W  of  DUlenburg.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
50  40  N. 

Hereford,  the  capital  of  Hereford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
Friday,  and  Saturday,  and  a  biahcp's 
see.  It  is  almost  encompassed  by  the 
river  Wye  and  two  other  rivers.  The 
city  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  com- 
pass, but  not  very  populous.  The 
houses,  are  old,  and  by  r  ason  of  ita 
low  situation  the  streets  ai-e  dirty.  It 
had  six  parish  churches,  but  two  of 
them  were  demolished  in  the  civil 
wars.  In  1786,  the  W  lower  of  the 
cathedral,  fell  down,  and  destroyed 
part  of  the  church.  But  it  has  been 
since  rebuilt.  The  chief  manufacture 
of  Hereford  is  gloves.  It  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  34  miles  W  S  W 
of  Worcester,  and  130  W  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Herefordshire,  a  county  of  England, 
nearly  of  a  circular  form,  bounded  on 
the  E  by  Worcester  and  Gloucester, 
on  the  S  by  Monmouthshire,  on  the  W 
by  Radnorshire,  and  Brecknockshire, 
and  on  tlie  N  by  Shropshire.  Its  length 
from  N  to  S  is  46  mdes,  its  breadth 
from  E  to  W  40,  antl  its  circumfer- 
ence 220.  The  air  of  this  county  is 
allowed  to  be  as  pleasant,  sweet,  and 
wholesome,  as  Uiat  of  any  other  in 


HER 


H  E  S 


9wn  in  Germany,  m 
lentz,  with  a  castle 
a.  8  41E,lat.  49  29 

icnt  seaport  of  Ro- 
ck archbishop's  sec. 
g  in  ancient  times  ; 
considerable  remuins 
ulour.  It  is  50  miles 
pie.    Lon.  37  58  E, 

f  Persia,  in  Korasan, 
Mcsched     Lon.  61  0 

;  the  departments  of 
I  from  a  river  vrhich 
[f  of  Lyons.  It  m- 
Lhe  late  p^^vince  of 
tlie  capital  is  Mont- 

ovm  of  Austrian  L»ix- 
castle  on  »  mountwn, 
eraoy,  tl»ree  miles  N 

m  of  Germany,  in  the 
per  Rhine  and  temto- 
itli  a  famous  university 
nufacture,  eight  milea 
arg.    Lon.  8  20  E,  Ut. 

:  capital  of  Hereford- 
narket  on  Wednesday, 
lurday,  and  a  bisiittp's 
8t  encompassed  by  the 
two  other  rivers.     The 
nile  and  a  half  in  corn- 
very  popiUous.     The 
.  and  by  r  ason  of  its 
e  streeU  arc  dirty.    It 
churches,  but  two  oi 
raolishcd   in  the    civii 
the  W  tovrer  of  the 
dovm,   and  destroyed 
rch.     But  it  has  been 
The  chief  manufacture 
ttloves.     It  is  governed 
■  sends   two  members 
It  is  24  miles  W  S  W 
and  130  W   N   W  of 
2  35  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 
,  a  county  of  England, 
ular  form,  bounded  on 
ester   and   Gloucester, 
.nmouthshire,ontheW 
and   Brecknockshire, 
;  Shropshire.  Its  length 
46  miles,  its  breadth 
i    and   its  circurafev- 
ali  of  this   county  is 
pleasant,   sweet,  iu"l 
Uiat  of  any  oUicr  ui 


1 


England,  there  being  nothing  either  in 
the  soil  or  situation  to  render  it  other- 
wise. The  soil  throughout  is  excel- 
lent, ind  inferior  to  none,  cither  for 
grain,  <ruit,  or  pasture,  supplying  tlie 
inhabitaits  plentifully  with  all  the  ne- 
ccssarie  I  of  life  :  but  tliat  by  which  it 
is  distir.guishedfroni  most  others,  is  its 
fruit,  especially  apples,  of  which  it 
produces  such  quantities,  that  the  cy- 
der made  of  them  is  not  only  sufficient 
for  their  own  consumption,  though  it 
is  their  ordinary  drink,  but  also  in  a 
great  measure  for  that  of  London  and 
other  parts.  The  county  is  well  sup- 
plied with  wood  and  water ;  for,  be- 
sides lesser  streams,  there  are  the  ri- 
vers Frome,  Loden,  Lug,  Wye,  Wa- 
del.  Arrow,  Dare,  wid  Mnnow,  the 
last  of  which  is  large,  and  all  of  them 
are  well  stored  with  fish,  parucrJarly 
the  Wye,  which  breeds  salmon. 

Hertiakalt,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, seated  on  the  Nethe,  ^3  miles  N 
E  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Hetford,  or  Ilervorden,  a.  free  imperi- 
al town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Ravensberg,  with  a  famous 
nunn«ry  belonging  to  the  protestants 
of  the  confession  of  Augsburg,  whose 
abbess  is  a  princess  of  the  empire.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Aa,  17  miles  S  W  of 
Minden.     Lon.  8  4,7  E,  lat.  52  9  N. 

Hergrundt,  a  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, remarkable  for  its  mines  of  vitriol, 
which  are  extremely  rich.  The  mi- 
nors, who  are  numerous,  h.ive  built  a 
subterranrous  t..«m.  It  is  65  miles  N 
of  Buda.     Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Heri,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
two  miies  N  N  W  of  Ternate.  It  is 
pretty  high  and  not  more  than  two 
miles  in  circumference,  and  appears  to 
be  in  a  perfect  state  of  cultivation,  and 
well  inhabited. 

Heritau,  a  considerable  commercial 
town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Appenzel.  It  is  famous  for  its  manu- 
factures of  very  fine  linen  and  muslin. 
It  is  seven  miles  S  W  of  St.  Gall. 

Heri,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  seated  on  a  river  ot 
the  same  name,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Deraer,  two  miles  W  of 
Maestricht.  Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

HerTtiatutadt,  a  large  and  strong 
town  of  Hungary  the  capital  of  Tran- 
sylvania, with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Cebcn,  25  niilc»  E  of 
Wci.'sse.Tiburg,  and  205  SE  of  Buda. 
Lon  24  40  E,  lat.  46  25  N.  " 


Heme,  a  town  of  Kent,  sir  miles 
from  Canterbury,  with  a  conimodioui 
bay  frequented  by  Colliers. 

Hernhut,  a  lamous  place  in  Upj)cr 
Lusatia,  in  the  territory  of  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  between  Zittaw  and  Locbau. 
Here  in  ir22,  some  persecuted  Muru- 
vian  brethren,  settlci.!  in  the  fields  of 
the  village  of  Bertiiel.-iclorf,  belonginj; 
to  count  Zinzindorf,  and  began  to  build 
another  village. 

Hernosand,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  ^ulf  of  Bothnia, 
lo-...  ir  58E,  lat.  62o8N. 

Herttal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  an  ancient 
castle,  seated  on  the  Macse,  tlu-ee 
miles  N  of  L'-ige.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  5« 
40  N. 

Uertfordthire ,  a  county  in  England, 
deriving  its  name  from  Hartford,  or 
Hertford,  tlie  county  town,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Cambridgeshire, 
on  tlie  £  by  Essex,  on  the  W  by  Bed- 
fordshire and  Bucki.^.gbamshire,  and 
on  the  S  by  Middlesex.  It  is  35  miles 
in  length,  27  in  breadth,  and  about  190 
in  circumference.  Though  the  eoil  is 
in  general,  especially  in  the  Chiltem 
and  southern  pails,  is  but  very  indif- 
ferent, and  much  inferior  to  ^-^at  of  the 
neighbouring  counties  ;  yet  the  air  is 
so  much  superior  that  lands  in  this 
shire  generally  sell  at  three  or  four- 
years  purchase  more  than  in  many  o- 
thers  on  Chat  account.  There  are  few 
or  no  manufactures  in  the  county ;  but 
its  markets  ai'e  much  frequented,  in 
consequence  of  its  being  near  London, 
for  malt  and  all  sor's  of  groin,  which, 
with  the  many  thorough  .fares  through 
it,  make  ample  amends. 

Hertford,  a  post  town  in  Perquim- 
mons  county,  North  Carolhia,  situated 
on  the  river  Perquimmons,  about  15 
miles  N  E  of  Edenton,  in  tlie  lat.  of  J6° 
12'  N,  and  lon.  of  76°  40'  W. 

Herkimer,  the  capital  of  Herkimer 
co'inty.  New- York,  lying  on  the  S  side 
of  Mohock  siver.  Here  is  a  post  of- 
fice 75  miles  N  W  of  Albany,  and  475 
from  Waahington. 

Hertzberg,  a  considerable  to%vD  of 
Germany,  m  the  electorate  of  Saxon  v', 
35  miles  N  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  17 
E,  l.^t.  51  41  N. 

Herzegovina,  a.  \.ovmo(Twi\i\i\i  Dal- 
matia,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name. 

Hetdin,  a  strong  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  the  straits  of  Ca- 


i\ 


H  I  A 

iiii;i  anil  lately  in  the  county  of  Artols  ; 
it  is  a  reg'iiliir  licNa|,''iiii  and  surroiinded 
witli  niorassos  seated  on  tlie  Canehe, 
25  miles  S  S  W  of  St.  Oiiiei',  :inil  165 
N  of  I'aris.     Loii.  2  6  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Jlessc,  a  couiiti-y  of  Germany,  in  the 
cinlf  of  the  lJ|)per  Rhine;  honndcd 
on  the  N  hy  tlie  hisliopi-ic  of  Padevborn 
anil  dutrliy  of  Brunswick,  on  tlic  R  by 
Thuring'ia,  on  llic  S  by  the  territory 
of  [''ul'.le  and  Weteraviu,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  counties  of  Nassau,  Witgen- 
stcin,  Hatzfeldt,  and  Waldeek.  Ti»e 
lioiise  of  Hesse  is  divided  into  four 
branches  ;  namely,  Hessc-CasscI, 
lloinburph,  Darmstadt,  and  Rhenfeld, 
each  of  which  has  the  title  of  landfjrave, 
:ind  takes  its  name  from  one  of  the  four 
pvinclpal  towns.  They  likewise  culti- 
vate a  great  quantity  of  hops,  which 
serve  to  make  excellent  beer,  and 
birch-trees  are  very  common,  from  the 
saj)  of  wliicli  a  deal  of  wine  is  made. 

HfiiLi'liim,  or  Hotkehm,  a  town  i  f  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Holland,  seated 
on  the  Linghe,  five  miles  N  E  of  Gor- 
cnm.     Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

//i'K.v(/t;i,  a  strong  town  of  tlie  United 
Provinces,  in  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Macse,  with  a  castle.  It  surrendered 
to  the  French  in  179-5;  and  is  eight 
miles  N  W  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Lon.  5  3 
E,  lat.  51  44  N. 

Hexham,  a  town  in  Northumbei-land, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Tync,  and  was  ftivnierly 
famous  I'or  an  abbej.  A  battle  was 
fouglit  in  146.3,  near  tliis  place  be- 
tween the  houses  of  York  and  Lancas- 
ter;  in  which  the  latter  was  defeated. 
Hexham  has  a  manufacture  of  tanned 
lc:-.thcr,  shoes,  and  gloves  ;  and  is  22 
miles  W  of  Newcastle,  and  284  NN  W 
of  London.     Lon.  2  1  W,  lat.  55  3  N. 

Hevdon,  a  borough  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorksliire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls 
into  the  Ilumber ;  and  was  formerly  a 
considerable  town,  but  is  now  mucli 
decayed.  It  is  six  miles  W  of  Hull, 
and  181  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
W,  la(.  53  45  N. 

Heylesem,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, 14  miles  S  E  of  Louvain.  Lon, 
5  7  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

IL-iienbiirv,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  thnt 
sends  two  nicmbcrs  to  iiarli.iment,  but 
h.-is  now  no  market.  It  is  20  miles  N 
Vv'  of  Salvsburv,  and  03  W  bv  S  oi' 
London.     Lon.'  2  8  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Jllaineti.     See  Eniouy. 


H  I  L 


Uteres,  a  to\vn  of  France  in  the  dc. 
partnient  of  %'ar  and  late  province  of 
Piovcnce,  seutcil  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean bea;  but  its  harbour  being  choak- 
ed  up,  it  is  considerable  only  for  its 
salt  works.  It  is  a  ])retty  little  town 
situated  in  a  beautiful  country.  This 
town  is  the  birth-place  of  Massillon, 
the  celebrated  French  preacher.  It  io 
12  miles  E  of  Toulon,  and  350  S  by  E 
of  Paris.     Lon.  6  20  E,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Hieres,  four  islands  of  France,  on  the 
coast  of  Provence,  and  opposite  to  the 
town  of  the  same  name.  Their  names 
are  PoripieroUos,  Poiterous,  Bagiieau, 
and  Titan,  wiiich  last  is  the  laijit'St. 
Between  those  islands  and  the  conti- 
nent, is  the  road  of  Hieres,  which  is 
so  capacious  and  excellent,  that  it  ha.i 
aftbrded  shelter  for  the  largest  squa- 
drons.    It  is  defended  by  three  forts. 

Ilkro.     See  Ferro. 

Hmsmes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Orne  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  a  barren 
mountain,  10  miles  from  Seez,  and  90 
W  of  Paris. 

Higham  Ferrers,  a  borough  in  North- 
amptonshire, with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  had  formerly  a  castle,  now  in 
ruins  ;  is  governed  by  a  ma)or,  and 
sends  one  member  to  parliament.  It 
is  seated  on  an  ascent,  on  tlie  E  bank 
of  the  river  Nen,  25  miles  E  S  E  of  Co- 
ventry,  and  66  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  40  W  lat.  52  19  N. 

Ilighgate,  a  village  <n  Middlesex', 
seated  on  a  hill,  E  of  that  of  Hamp- 
■steail,  .ind  four  miles  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don. On  the  side  next  London  the 
fineness  of  the  prosnect  occasioned 
several  handsome  edifices  to  be  built. 
Here  lord  chief  baron  Cholmondely 
bir't  a  free  school  in  1562. 

High'Mirtli,  a  town  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on 
a  hill,  which  stands  in  a  rich  plain,  36 
miles  N  of  Salisburv,  aid  77  W  of 
Lonilf.n.     Lon.  1  40  W,  !^it.  3\  36  N. 

Iltldeshelm,  a  free  imperial  city  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  a  bishopric  of  the 
same  name.  In  the  cathedral  is  a  sta- 
tue of  Herman,  the  celebrated  German, 
chief  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and 
new  towis,  each  of  which  has  its  sepa- 
nite  council;  and  its  inhabitants  are 
T  :thcran8  and  Papists.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Irncste,  17  miles  S  S  .E  of  Hano- 
ver.    Lon.  10  lOE,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Jlil'.l/mrg.'iatiser,  a  town  of  Franconia, 
in  a  dutch V  of  the  same  name,   and 


T 


tmm 


I  L 

if  France  in  the  dc 
nd  lute  iJioviiicc  of 
ncui'  tlic  McilUerrtt- 
Ii!ii-b()uvl)eingclwak- 
idciublc  only  for  its 
I  a  in-ftty  lilllc  town 
tiful  co'untvy.  This 
.place  of  Mussillon, 
.*nch  preacher.  It  is 
don,  and  350  S  by  E 

20  E,  lat.  43  5  N. 
nds  of  France,  on  the 
;,  and  opposite  to  the 
niimc.     Their  nunies 

Poitcrous,  Bapvit-aii, 
\  last  is  the  largest, 
dands  and  the  coiiti- 
l  of  Hiercs,  which  is 

excellent,  that  it  ha.: 
for  the  largest  squa- 
nded  by  three  forts. 
;rro. 

in  of  France,  in  the 
rne  and  late  province 
seated    on    a 
Ics  from  Secz, 


barren 
and  90 


■»•,  a  borough  in  North- 
th  a  maiket  on  Satur- 
ncrly  a  castle,  now  in 
led  by  a  mayor,  and 
iber  to  parliament.  It 
ascent,  on  the  E  bunk 
L  25  mik-8  E  S  E  of  C')- 
N  N  W  of  London. 
.  52  19  N. 

village  Ml  Middlesex, 
E  of  that  of  Hamp- 
milcs  N  by  W  of  Loji- 
de  next  London  the 
prosnect  occasioned 
e  ediiiccs  to  be  built, 
f  baron  Cholmondely 
1  in  1562. 

town  in  Wilts,  wita  a 
lesday.    It  is  seated  on 
Imds  in  a  rich  plain,  36 
snurv,  aid   77   W    of 
,1  -W'W,  l^t.  .n  36  N. 
free  imperial  city  ot 
in  a  bisliopric   of  the 
tlie  cathedral  is  a  sta- 
he  celebrated  German, 
ided  into  the  old   and 
>  of  wliich  has  its  sepa- 
lul  its  inhabitants   are 
'apists.    It  is  seated  on 
miles  S  S  .E  of  Hano- 
E,  Ut.  52  10  N. 
,  a  town  of  Francomii, 
the  same  iiauic,   an?l 


H  I  N 

principality  of  Colbourg.  It  is  subject 
to  the  duke  of  Saxe-Hildburghausen, 
who  has  fc  palace  here.  It  is  seated  on 
tlie  river  Werra,  and  is  22  miles  N  by 
W  of  Cobourg.  I.on.  11  5  E,  lat.  50 
53  N. 

Hitlsboro',  a  post  town  in  Loudon 
co\uity,  Virginia,  33  miles  N  W  of 
Washington. 

Hitlsboro',  a  j)ost  town  in  Orange 
county,  North  Carolina,  lying  on  the 
N  side  of  the  Kivcr  Eno,  about  30 
miles  N  W  of  Kulcigh,  the  capital  of 
the  state. 

HilUboro',  a  post  town  in  Hillsboro' 
county.  New  Hampshire,  about  24 
miles  W  of  Concord,  and  about  the 
same  distance  S  E  of  Charleston  on 
the  river  Connecticut. 

Hillsdale,  a  j)ost  town  in  Columbia 
county.  New  York ;  18  miles  S  E  of 
the  city  of  Hudson.  In  1800  the  town- 
ship contained  4702  inhabitants. 

Himmalch,  Mount,  a.  vast  chain  of 
mountains  in  Asia ;  which  extends 
from  Cnbul  along  the  N  of  Hindoostan, 
and  is  tlie  general  boundary  of  Thibet, 
through  the  whole  extent  from  the 
Ganges  to  tlie  river  Teesta  j  inclosing 
between  it  and  Hindoostan,  a  tract  of 
country,  from  100  to  180  miles  in 
breadth,  divided  into  a  number  of  small 
states,  none  of  which  are  understood 
to  be  either  tributaries  or  feudatories 
of  Thibet ;  such  as  Sirinagur,  Napaul, 
tiC.  This  vidgfe  is  precisely  that  de- 
signed by  the  ancients,  under  tlie 
names  of  Imaus  and  the  Indian  Cf-.uca- 
siis.  The  natives  now  call  it  Hindoo- 
ko  (the  Indian  monniains)  as  well  as 
Himmaleh ;  which  last  is  a  Sanscrit 
word,  sig^iifying  tncmy ;  its  summit  be- 
ing covered  with  snow.  j. 

Hinchinbrook  Island,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  168  33  £,  lat.  17  35  S. 

Hinckley,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  has  a 
large  church  with  a  lofly  spire,  and  a 
considerable  stockingmanufacture.  It 
is  12  miles  S  W  of  Leicester,  and  91 
N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  20  W, 
lat.  52  34  N. 

Hindelopen,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Friesland,  seated  on  the 
Zuider-Zee,  20  miles  S  W  of  Lewar- 
den.     Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Hinetburg,  i\  post  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  about  12  miles  S  E 
<)f  Burlington  on  lake  Champlaine. 

Hinlopen,  Cape,  ft  cape  of  N  /^werica, 


H  I  N 

on  the  S  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  De- 
laware, Lon.  75  2  W,  lat.  3(i  47  N. 

Hindon,  a  borough  in  Wills,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ;  and  is  2J 
miles  W  of  Salisbury,  and  97  W  bv  S 
of  London.     Lon.  2  9  W,  lat.  51  6'N. 

Himloo-ko.     See  Himmaleh,  Mount. 

Hindoostan,  or  India,  a  celebrated 
country  of  Asia,  which  in  its  most  ex- 
tensive signification,  cora|>rehends  the 
tract  situated  between  the  Thibetian 
and  Tartarian  mountains  on  tiie  N,  the 
Indian  Ocean  on  the  S,  the  Burrunipo'j- 
ter  and  the  bay  of  Bengal  on  the  E, 
and  the  Indian  ocean  and  Persia  on  the 
W.  But  this  country  must  be  consi- 
dered under  the  three  grand  divisions 
of  Hindoostan  Proper,  the  Dccean, 
and  the  Peninsula.  Hindoostan  Pi-o« 
per  includes  all  the  countries  on  the  N 
of  the  River  Nerbuddah,  which  bounds 
it  on  the  S  .ts  far  as  it  goes  ;  Bengal 
and  Bahar  compose  the  remainder  of 
its  southern  boundary.  It  is  divided 
into  eleven  soubahs,  the  names  of 
which  are  Lahore,  Aroultan  (including 
Sindy)  Agimere,  Delhi,  Agra,  Oudc, 
Allakabad,  Baliar,  Bengal,  Malwa,  and 
Guzerat.  A  12th  soubah,  named  Cu- 
bul,  was  formed  out  of  the  countries 
contiguous  to  tlie  W  sources  of  the  In- 
dus, and  three  new  ones  out  of  the 
conquests  of  the  Deccan;  Bcrar,  Can- 
duste,  and  Amednagur.  The  Deccan 
in  its  most  extensive  signification  is  Ap- 
plied to  the  whole  region  of  Hindoos- 
tan Proper ;  in  its  more  limited  sense 
it  means  only  the  countries  situated  be- 
tween Hindoostan  Proper,  the  Csrr.a- 
tic,  the  W  sea,  and  Orissa ;  that  is  the 
provinces  of  Candeish,  Duwlutabad, 
Visiapour,  Goleonda,  and  tlie  W  part 
of  Berar,  The  tract  S  of  tliese,  or  tlie 
river  Kistna,  is  generally  called  the 
Peninsula ;  although  its  form  does  by 
no  means  warrant  it.  There  is  no 
known  history  of  Hindoostiui  extant  bet 
fore  the  M.ihometan  conquests.  Thci 
first  irruption  of  the  Mahometans  was 
in  the  year  1000.  From  this  period  tlie 
provinces  of  Hindoostan  were  held  ra- 
ther tributary  kingdoms,  than  as  pro- 
vinces of  the  same  empire  ;  and  they 
seldom  failed  to  revolt  when  a  favoura- 
ble opportunity  offered.  In  1398,  the 
Mogul  Tartars,  under  the  conduct  of 
Timur,  or  Tamerlane,  invaded  Hin- 
'doostan;  but  the  conquest  of  the  coun- 
try  w!is  not  effected  till  1525,  by  Sul- 
tan Bubar,  oneofliis  dcscenduits,  wh» 


i 


H  I  N 


H  I  N 


•*- 


■  If 


was  the  First  of  tlic  line  of  Tamevliiiic 
who  mounted  tlie  throne  of  Hindoost/m  ; 
but  their goii-rniiicnt  WHS  not  cstahlish- 
cd  till  the  reign  of  Achar  his  son.     Ua- 
bar  was  however  the  real  founder  of 
the    Mogiii  dynasty ;   and    from    tliis 
event  Hindoostan  came  to  he  called  the 
Mopul  empire.    The  illustrious  Achar, 
failed  in  his   attack  upon  the  Deccan  ; 
an  attempt,  in  winch  many  of  his  suc- 
cessors were  equally  unfortunale,  and 
-which   tended,    in  the  sequel,   to  the 
decline   and  dissolution  of  the  empire. 
Achar  was  succeeded  by  Jehangubue 
his  son,  wlio  reigned  22  years,     in  his 
reif^n,  in   1615,  Sir  Thomas  Roe  was 
sent  as  the  first  English  ambassador  to 
tlie   emperor  of  Hindoostan  ;  and  the 
Portuguese  had,  by  this  time,  acquired 
considerable  settlements  in  Bengal  and 
Cti/erat.     In  16G0  Aurungzehe  peace- 
ably ascended  the  throne  after  he  had 
deposed  iiis  father  and  murdered  or  ex- 
pelled his  brethren.     During  his  reign 
Hindoostan  enjoyed  the  most  profound 
peace  it  had  ever  knowni.     The  con- 
quest of  the  Deccan  employed  the  last 
jeiirs  of  his  life,  from  16/8  to  1707  du- 
ring 15  years  of  which  time  he  was  ac- 
tually in  the  field.     This  dereliction  of 
his  capital  for  nearly  30  years  occasion- 
ed great  disorders  there,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  many  more.     Under  his 
reig^  the  empire   attained   to   its   full 
measure  of  extent,  see  Major  Kennel's 
memoir  of  a  map  of  Hindoostan,  p.  Jxiii. 
In  a  word,  instead  of  finding  the  em- 
perors attcmping  now  the  conquest  of 
the  Deccan,  their  empire  was  attacked 
by  the  |K>werful  nizam  of  that  country, 
through     whose     contrivance.    Nadir 
Shah,   the    Persian  usurper,    inv.'uled 
Hindoostan  in  1738.    By  the  intrigues 
of  the  Nizam  and  his  party  Mahomed 
Shah  was  ind\iccd  to  throw  himself  on 
the  clemency  of  the  invader,  who  en- 
tered Delhi,  and  demanded  SO  millions 
sterling,  by  way  of  ransom.     Tumults, 
massacres,   and  famine  were  the   re- 
sult ;  100,000  of  the  inhabitants  were 
massacred,  and  62  millions  of  plunder 
■were   said  to  be  collected.     He   eva- 
cuated Delhi,   however,    and   left  the 
Nizam   in  possession  of  the  whole  re. 
maining  power  -of  the  empire,  which 
he  sacrificed   to  his   ovrn  views  in  the 
Deccan,  where  he  established  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.     Mahomed  Shah 
died  in  174",  having  seen  the  Camatic 
and  Bengal  become  likewise  indcpen- 
tient,  under  their  f  espectivc  nabobs ; 


an  independent  state  too,  formed  by  the 
Uohillns  (a  tribe  from  the  mountains 
between  India  and  Persia)  on  the  E  by 
the  Ganges,  within  8U  miles  of  Delhi  ; 
and  the  kingdom  of  Candahar,  erected 
by  Abdalla,  one  of  the  generals  of  Na- 
dir Shah.  Ahmed  Shah,  the  son  of 
Mahomed,  succeeded  ;  in  whose  reign 
the  entire  division  of  the  empire  took 
place  ;  nothing  remaining  to  the  house 
of  Tamerlane  but  a  small  territory 
round  Delhi,  with  the  city  i'self  (no 
longer  a  capital)  exposed  to  depreda- 
tions, massacres,  and  famines,  by  the 
contests  of  invaders.  The  last  imperial 
army  was  defeated  by  the  Rohillas  in 
1749.  The  Jats,  a  Hindoo  tribe,  found- 
ed a  state  in  Agra  ;  Oudc  was  seized 
by  the  grandfaiiier  of  the  jn-esent  na- 
bob ;  Allahabad,  by  Mahomed  Kooli. 
The  Mahrattas,  besides  their  ancient 
domains  in  the  Deccan,  obtained  great 
part  of  Malwa,  Guzerat,  Berar,  and 
Orissa.  The  Mogul  empire  was  now 
become  merely  nominal :  and  tlie  em- 
perors from  this  )ieriod,  must  be  re- 
garded as  of  no  political  consequence, 
otherwise  than  as  their  nami:s  ami 
persons,  were  made  use  of,  by  dif- 
ferei.t  parties,  to  promote  their  own 
views.  That  the  name  and  person  of 
the  emperor  were  of  use,  as  retaining 
a  considerable  degree  of  veneration  a- 
mong  the  bulk  of  the  people  in  Hindoo- 
stan, is  evident,  from  the  ajiplication 
made,  at  different  times,  fiir  grants  of 
territory,  forcibly  obtained  by  the  gran- 
tec,  hut  which  required  the  sanction  of 
the  lord  paramount,  to  reconcile  the 
transaction  to  the  pop»ilar  opinion.  Ano- 
ther instance  of  the  eflcctof  this  opini- 
on is,  that  tlic  coin  throughout  the 
whole  tract,  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Mogul  Empire,  ^s  to  this  day  struck  in 
the  name  of  the  nominal  emperor.  Ah- 
med was  deposed  in  1753,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Allumgiiire,  who  was 
deposed  and  murdered  in  1760.  He 
was  succeeded,  however,  by  his  son 
Shah  Aulum,  who  was  alternately  de- 
pendent on  the  contending  powers,  and 
more  pai-ticularly  upon  the  English, 
who  obtained  from  him  a  grant  of  the 
])rovinccs  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  Oris- 
sa, together  with  the  Northern  Circars 
on  condition  of  paying  him  360,000/.  ]ier 
annum  by  way  of  tribute.  It  was  hi.t 
misfortune  however,  that  he  could  not 
accommodate  his  mind  to  his  circum- 
stances, and  put  himself  into  the  hnndH 
of  the  Malirattas,  who  promised  to  scat 


J_ 


I  N 

ate  too,  formci'  by  the 
from   tlie  iiiduntu'ins 
[\  Persia)  on  the  E  by 
in  80  miles  of  Delhi ; 
of  Candahiir,  erected 
if  the  pcncrals  of  Na- 
e<l  Shah,  tlie  son  of 
;ded  ;  in  whose  reipn 
»  of  tlie  empire  took 
niainin)!^  to  the  house 
ut   a   small   territory 
h  the  city  i'self  (no 
exposed  to  dcpreda- 
and  famines,  by  the 
rs.  The  last  imperial 
d  by  tlie  Rohillas   in 
I  Hindoo  tribe,  found- 
■a  ;  Oiidc  was  seized 
;r  of  the   present  na- 
by  Mahomed   Kooli. 
Liesides  their  ancient 
;ccan,  obtained  great 
Gu'/erat,  Berar,   and 
^ul  empire  was  now 
>ininul :   and  the  em- 
period,  must  be  re- 
lolitiral  consequence, 
ns   their    names  and 
ladc   use  of,   by  dif- 
I   promote  their  own 
name  and  person  of 
;  of  use,  as   retaiiiinp 
gTce  of  veneration  a- 
the  people  in  Hindoo- 
from  the  application 
:  times,  for  grants  of 
obtained  by  the  (jran- 
luired  the  sanction  of 
int,  to  reconcile  the 
(opnlar  opinion.  Ano- 
e  eflcctof  this  opini- 
coin  throughout  the 
n  by  the  name  of  the 
to  this  day  struck  in 
iminal  emperor.  Ah- 
in   1753,  and  wa.s 
umguire,   who  was 
tiered  in  1760.     He 
owever,  by  his   son. 
was  alternately  de- 
itending  powers,  and 
upon  the   English, 
liini  a  grant  of  the 
al,  Buhar,  and  Oris- 
he  Northern  Circars 
ing  him  360,000/.  per 
tribute.     It  was  his 
that  he  could  not 
mind  to  his  circiim- 
msclf  into  the  hands 
who  proiniscd  to  scat 


H  I  N 

him  on  the  throne  of  Delhi.     He  thus 
lo.st  all  he  had  acquired  with  tli>>  Bri- 
tish, and   has   ever  since  continued  a 
kind  of  Htute  prisoner;  living  on  the 
produce  of  a  trifling  domain,  allowed 
liini  out  of  veneration  for  his  ancestors, 
aiid  for  the  use  of  his  name.    In  the  sc- 
<[uel,  he  was  detlironed  and  murdered 
by  the  Kohillus.   These  being  dd'cated 
l)y  Madiijce  Sindia,  a  Maiiratta  chief, 
his  son,  Jewan  Ducht,   was   permitted 
to  succeed  him,  and  to  live  in  the  same 
deplorable  state  of  degradation.     The 
whole  of  Hindoohtan  in  179:^,  consisted 
of  six  princii>al  states,    wliich  hold  as 
tributaries,  or  feudatories,  some  inferi- 
or states.     These   six  principal  states, 
were,  the  British,  the  Poonah  Malirat- 
tus,  the  Berar  Mahrattas.  Nizam  All)-, 
soubali  of  the  Dcccan  ;  Mysore,  or  the 
dominions  of  Tippoo  Sultan  ;  and   the 
Seiks.      The   British   posse<;sions   are 
Bengal,  Bahar,  Benares,  the  Nortliern 
Circars,   the  Jaghire  in  the  Carnatic, 
Bombay,  Salsette,  the  district  of  Mid- 
napour  in  Orissa,  and  some  considera- 
ble cession  from  Tippoo  Sultan,  in  1792. 
Since  1792,  war  broke  out  with  Tii). 
p(M),  who  was  defeated,  and  his  capital 
taken  by  assault,  together  with  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  plunder,  Tippoo  lost 
his  life  in  the  attack.     By  his   fall,  a 
great  extent  of  territory  will  accrue  to 
the  British,  and  their  power  will  be  se- 
cured on  a  stable  and  |)«rmanent  foun- 
dation.   The  allies  of  the  British,  who 
may  be  considered  as  dependent  upon 
them,  are  the  nabobs  of  Oude,  and  the 
Carnatic,  and  the  rajahs  of  Travancore 
and  Tanjore.     For  the  five  other  prin- 
cipal states,  see  their  respective  names, 
and  for  an  account  of  some  inferior  in- 
dependent states,  see  Bundcla,  Ballo- 
gistan,  the  Jats,  Ko^lcun<l,  he.     Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Orme,  the  inhabitants  of 
Hindoostan  are  computed  at  10,000,000 
Mahometans,  and  100,000,000  Hindoos. 
The  Hindoos  or  Gentoos,  are  of  a  black 
complexion ;  their  hair  is  long,  their 
person  straight  and  elegant.      Their 
limbs  are  finely  proportioned  ;  their  fin- 
gers long  and  tapering;  their  counte- 
nances o])en  and  pleasant.    They  differ 
materially  from  all  other  nations,  by  be- 
ing divided  into  tribes  or  casts.    The 
four  principal  tribes  are,  tiic  Bramins, 
Soldiers,  Labourers,   and  Mechanics, 
'i'liesc  are  subdived  into  a  multiplicity 
of  inferior   distinctions.      There    are 
Bramins  of  various  degrees  of  excel- 
lence, who  have  the  care  of  religion  al- 


H  I  N 

lotted  to  them.  These  are  held  sacred 
by  the  rest.  It  is  difficult  to  draw  a 
general  character  of  the  Bramins,  as 
they  vary  much  in  their  pursuits,  and 
in  their  degrees  of  knowledge.  "  Soma 
that  I  have  conversed  with,  (says  Mr. 
Scrafton)  acknowledge  the  errors  that 
have  crept  into  their  religion,  own  one 
Supreme  Being,  and  laugh  at  the  idol- 
atry of  the  multitude,  but  insist  upon 
the  necessity  ofworking  upon  the  weak- 
nesses of  the  vulgar." — The  generality 
of  the  Bramins  are  as  ignorant  as  thtt 
laity.  Sucli  as  are  not  engaged  in 
worldly  pursuits,  are  a  very  supersti- 
i.MXH,  innocent  people,  who  promote 
charity  as  much  as  they  can,  both  to 
man  and  beast ;  but  those  who  engage 
in  the  world  are  generally  the  worst  of 
all  the  Gentoos  j  for,  persuaded  that 
the  waters  of  the  Ganges  will  purify 
them  from  their  sins,  and  being  exempt 
fi'otn  the  utmost  rigour  of  the  courts  of 
justice  (underthe  Gentoo  governments) 
they  run  into  much  greater  excesses. 
The  Soldiers  are  commonly  called  Ra. 
j  ah -Foots  J  that  is,  descended  from 
Uajahs.  They  arc  much  more  robust 
than  the  rest,  have  a  great  share  of 
courage,  and  a  nice  sense  of  military 
honour,  which  consists,  among  them, 
in  fidelity  to  those  they  serve.  Fight- 
ing is  their  profession  ;  they  readily 
enter  into  the  service  of  any  that  will 
pay  them,  and  will  follow  wherever  he 
leads  ;  but,  should  their  leader  fall  in 
the  battle,  tlieir  cause  is  at  an  end,  and 
they  run  oft'  the  field,  without  any  stain 
to  their  reputation.  The  English  East 
India  Company  have  many  batt^ons  of 
thetn  in  their  service  ;  they  are  called 
Sepo3's,  and  are  clothed  and  disciplined 
in  the  European  manner.  The  Labour- 
ers include  farmers,  and  all  who  culti- 
vate the  land.  The  Mechanics  include 
merchants,  bankers,  and  all  who  follow 
any  trade  :  these  again  are  subdivided 
into  each  profession.  Besides  these, 
arc  the  Hallachores,  who  cannot  be 
called  a  tribe,  being  ratlier  the  refuse 
of  ail  the  tribes.  They  are  a  sot  of  un- 
happy wretches,  destined  to  misery 
from  their  birth.  They  perform  all  the 
vilest  offices  of  life,  bury  the  dead,  and 
carry  away  every  thing  that  is  polluted. 
All  the  diftlirent  tribes  are  kept  dis- 
tinct from  each  other  by  insurmountable 
barriers  ;  they  are  forbidden  to  inter, 
marry,  to  cohabit,  to  eat  with  each 
other,  or  even  to  drink  out  of  the  same 
vessel  with  one  of  another  tribe.    Ere- 


rill 


*f' 


11  I  K 


H  I  N 


ry  ilfcvl.-itioli  from  these  points  svibjerts 
tlicm  tn  he  ri'icc-tcil  1)y  tlieir  tribe,  rin- 
tU-rs  them  polhiud  for  ever,  and  ohli- 
pcs  thctn,  from  tliut  instunt,  to  iicrd 
\vM\  tlie  llallachnrcs.  "  Tlic  members 
of  end)  raat,"  (says  Dr.  Robertson) 
"  adlicrc  invariably  to  the  profession  of 
their  forefathers  ;  from  (feneration  tf> 
pencnilion,  the  same  families  have  fol- 
lowed, and  will  always  coi\tiiinc  to  fol- 
low one  nniform  line  of  life.  To  this 
n\ay  be  asrribed  that  hif^li  degree  of 
perfection  ronspieuous  in  many  of  the 
Indian  maniifactnres  ;  and  thouj^h  ven- 
er.itiiui  for  the  practices  of  their  .^nces- 
tors  may  rhetk  the  spirit  of  invention, 
yet,  by  adhering  to  these,  they  acquire 
such  an  cxpertness  and  delicacy  of 
hand,  that  Em-opcans,  with  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  superior  science,  and  the 
aid  ot  more  complete  instruments,  have 
never  been  able  to  eijual  the  CAeen'lon 
of  their  worknvinship.  To  this  eircum 
Rlanco  also  Dr.  Uobcrtson  ascribes  a 
striking  peculiarity  in  the  state  of  Hin- 
dnost.in,  Ibc  j;crnianency  of  its  institu- 
tions, and  tlic  immutability  in  the  man- 
ners of  the  inltabitanls.  Hence  it  is, 
tliat  the  Hindoos  adntit  no  converts, 
nor  are  themselves  ever  converted, 
whatev(;r  the  Koman  missionaries  may 
pretend.  The  Hallachorcs  may  be  here 
excepted,  wh)  are  glad  to  be  admitted 
into  any  society  where  they  are  treated 
as  fellow  creatures.  The  Hindoos  vie 
with  the  Clilnese,  in  respect  to  the  an- 
tiquity of  thi-ir  nation  i  and  the  doctrine 
of  tran-mij^ralion  is  one  of  their  distin- 
guishing tenets.  Their  institutions  of 
religion  form  a  complete  .system  of  su- 
perstition, upheld  by  every  thing  which 
can  excite  the  reverence  of  tlic  people. 
The  temples  consecrated  to  their  deities 
are  magnificent ;  their  religious  cere- 
monies splendid  ;  and  the  absolute  do- 
minion which  the  Bramins  have  obtain- 
ed over  the  minds  of  lhe])eople,is  sup- 
ported by  the  command  of  tlie  immense 
revenues,  with  which  tiic  liberality  of 
princes,  and  the  zeal  of  pilgrims  and 
devotees,  have  enriched  their  pagodas. 
The  dominion  of  religion  extends  to  a 
thousand  particulars,  which,  in  other 
countries,  arc  governed  by  the  civil 
laws,  or  by  taste,  custom,  or  fashion. 
Their  dress,  their  food,  tiie  common 
intercourses  of  life,  their  marriages, 
und  professions,  arc  all  under  the  juris- 
diction of  rellgii,n.  The  food  of  the 
Hindoos  is  simple,  consisting  chiefly  of 
rice,  jfUoc  (a  kind  of  imperfect  butter) 


milk,  vegetables,  and  oriental  spices. 
The  warrior  cast  may  eat  of  the  flesh 
of  goat.'i,  sheep,  antl  poultry.  Other 
superior  casts  ntay  cat  poidtry  and  fish, 
but  the  inferior'  casts  arc  prohibited 
from  eating  flesh  or  hsh  of  any  kind. 
Tlieir  greatest  lu.\ury  consists  in  the 
use  of  the  richest  spiceries  and  per- 
fumes, of  which  the  great  people  are 
very  lavish.  They  esteem  milk  the 
purest  of  food,  because  they  think  it 
partakes  of  some  of  the  properties  of 
the  nettar  nf  their  gods,  and  because 
tliey  esteem  the  cow  itself  almost  as  a 
divinity.  Their  manners  are  gentle, 
rheir  happiness  consists  in  the  solaces 
of  domestic  life;  and  they  are  taught 
by  their  religion,  that  matrimony  is  an 
indispensable  duty  in  every  man,  wlio 
docs  not  entirely  separate  liimself  from 
the  world,  from  a  principle  of  devotion, 
riielr  religion  permits  them  to  have 
several  wives  ;  but  they  seldom  hav» 
more  than  one  ;  and  their  wives  ar© 
distinguished  by  a  decency  of  demean- 
our, a  s  >licltude  in  their  families,  and, 
a  lldelity  to  their  vows,  which'.mightdo 
honour  to  human  nature  in  the  most 
civilized  countries.  The  custom  of 
women  burningthemselvcs  on  the  death 
of  their  husbands  is  still  practised  in 
Hindoostan.  In  some  parts  of  India, 
as  the  Carnatic,  it  is  asserted,  that  thejr 
dig  a  pit,  in  which  is  deposited  a  large 
quantity  of  combustible  matter,  whicti 
is  set  on  fire,  and  tiie  body  being  let 
down,  the  victim  throws  herself  into 
the  flaming  mass.  In  other  places,  a 
pile  is  raised  extremely  high,  and  tho 
body,  with  tlic  wife,  is  placed  upon  it, 
and  tlicn  the  whole  is  set  on  fire.  In  tlie 
Code  of  Gentoo  Laws,  translated  by 
Mr.  Hallica<l,  is  the  following  passage 
concerning  this  practice  ?  "  It  is  pro- 
per for  a  worn;  11,  after  her  husband's 
death,  to  burn  herself  in  the  fire  with 
his  corpse.  Every  woman,  who  thus 
burns  herself,  shall  r-jmain  in  p.iradise 
witk  her  husband  three  crores  and  fifty 
lacks  of  years,  by  destiny.  Ifshc  can- 
not burn,  she  nuust,  in  that  case,  pre- 
serve an  inviolable  chastity  :  if  she  re- 
main idways  chaste,  she  goes  to  para- 
dise !  and  if  she  do  not  preserve  her 
chastity,  she  goes  to  hell."  This  code 
of  laws,  with  their  sacred  books,  the 
Veidam  and  the  Shastah,  were  written 
in  the  Sanscrit  language,  which  is  very 
copious  and  nervous,  although  the  style 
of  their  best  authors  is  wonderfully 
concise.     Ulndoostun,    toward  the  N 


I  N 

and  oriental   spices, 
may  eat  of  the  ficsli 
aiul  poultry.     OtluT 
'  eat  poultry  and  fisli, 
casts  arc  proliibited 
or  tisli  of  any  kind, 
xury  consists   in  tlic 
It   spici-rics  and  pcr- 
•lic   (freat  people  are 
;y   esteem    milk   the 
ecaiise    they  think  it 
of  tlie  properties  of 
r  gods,  and   because 
ow  itself  almost  as  it 
manners  are   gentle, 
onsists  in  the  solaces 
and   they  are  taught 
tliat  matrimony  is  an 
y  in  every  man,    wlio 
ieparate  liimselffrom 
principle  of  devotion. 
LU-mits   them  to  have 
It  they  seldom  hav& 
and  their  wives  are 
'X  decency  of  demean- 
In  tiieir  families,   and 
vows,  which'might  do 
I  nature  in  the  most 
!S.      The   custom   of 
emselvcs  on  the  death 
i  is   still  practised  in 
some  parts  of  India, 
is  asserted,  that  they 
\\  is  deposited  a  large 
stible  matter,  which 
d  tiie  body  being  let 
throws   herself  into 
In  other  places,  a 
emely  high,  and  tho 
ife,  is  placed  upon  it, 
e  is  set  on  fire.  In  tlie 
Laws,  translated  by 
he  following  passage 
)ractice  ?  "  It  is  pro- 
after  her  husband's 
self  in  the  fire  with 
woman,  who  thus 
I  remain  in  paradise 
three  crores  and  fifty 
dfsl'iiiy.    If  she  can- 
st, in  that  case,  pre- 
chastity  :  if  she  re- 
she  goes  to  para- 
do  not  preserve  her 
to  hell."     This  code 
r  sacred  books,  the 
hastah,  were  written 
guage,  which  is  very 
IS,  althougli  the  style 
hors   is   wonderfully 
m,   toward  the  N 


H  I  N 

is  pretty  tompcrate  ;  but  hot  toward 
the  .S,  and  it  rains  almost  constantly 
for  three  months  in  the  year.  Its  pro- 
duct-*, and  various  other  particulars, 
will  1)0  found  umler  the  different  names 
of  its  provinces,  cities,  towns,  moun- 
tains, and  rivers,  described  in  the 
course  of  this  work.     See  Imlia. 

J/ingham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  J  2  miles  S  \V  of 
Norwich,  and  97  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
1  4  a,  lat.  52  4J  N. 

Ilingliavi,  a  town  in  Suffolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  where  is  a  post  office, 
19  miles  S  E  of  Bo.ston,  and  500  from 
AVashington.  The  township  contained 
2112  inhabitants  at  the  last  census. 

Himuan,  yoanna  St.  one  of  the  Coni- 
ora  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  This 
island  is  a  proper  place  of  refreshment 
for  the  East  India  ships,  whose  crews, 
when  ill  of  the  »c\U'vy,  soon  recover  by 
the  use  of  limes,  lemons,  and  oranges, 
and  from  the  air  of  tlie  land.  The  town 
where  the  king  resides  is  at  the  east 
side  of  the  i^iand ;  and  though  it  is 
three  quartcri  of  a  mile  in  length,  it 
does  not  contain  above  200  h.ouses. 
Their  principal  houses  are  built  with 
stone,  with  a  quadrangle,  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  are  only  one  story  high.  All 
the  other  houses,  or  rather  huts,  are 
vliglitly  composed  of  plastered  reeds  j 
and  yet  tlie  mosques  ore  tolerable  struc- 
tures, very  neat  and  clean  in  tlie  inside. 
The  horned  cattle  are  a  kind  of  buffa- 
loes, having  a  large  hump  on  their 
shoulders,  which  is  very  delicious  eat- 
ing ;  but  there  is  not  one  horse,  mule, 
nor  ass,  in  all  the  island. — The  origin- 
al natives,  in  number  about  7000,  oc- 
cupy the  hills,  and  are  generally  at 
war  with  the  Arabian  interlopers,  who 
established  themselves  on  the  sea- 
coast  by  conquest,  and  arc  about  3000 
in  number.  Though  Joanna  is  not  the 
largest,  yet  it  may  be  reckoned  the 
principal  of  the  Comora  Islands  ;  it 
claims  sovereignty  over,  and  exacts 
tribute  from  all  the  others.  They  get 
their  supplies  of  arms  and  ammunition 
from  ships  that  touch  here,  as  it  is  cus- 
tomary for  all  to  make  presents  of  arms 
and  powder  to  tiic  prince  when  he  pays 
a  visit  on  board,  which  he  docs  \o  eve- 
ry one.  They  Lave  a  regular  fcrm  of 
government,  and  exercise  the  Maho- 
metan religion  ;  both  being  introduced 
by  tlie  Arabs.  The  colour  of  these  two 
races  of  men  is  very  dlifcrent:  the 
Arabs  have  not  ko  deep  a  tinge  as  the 


H  I  N 

others,  being  of  a  copper  complexion, 
witii  better  features,  and  a  more  ani- 
mated countenance.  They  consider  n 
black  sireak  under  the  eyes  as  orna- 
mental, and  tliis  they  make  every  day, 
willi  a  brush  dipt  in  a  kind  of  ointment. 
The  custom  of  chewing  the  betel-nut 
prevails  here,  as  in  most  of  the  eastern 
countries,  and  answers  to  the  fashion 
of  taking  snuff  with  us,  except  that 
with  them  it  is  more  general.  No  one 
i''  without  a  purse  or  bag  of  betel  -,  and 
It  is  looked  on  as  a  jiiece  of  civihty  to 
ofllir  it  to  your  friend  when  you  meet 
him  or  take  leave.  Thcir«religion  li- 
censes a  plurality  of  wives  and  likewise 
concubines.  They  are  extremely  jea- 
lous of  them,  and  never  allow  any  man 
to  sec  the  w  omen  ;  but  female  slr<tn- 
gers  arc  adaitted  into  the  harem  ;  and 
some  t!.nglish  ladies,  whose  curiosity 
has  led  tbein  there,  make  favourable 
reports  of  their  beauty,  and  richness  of 
apparel  displ.iyed  in  a  profusion  of  or- 
naments of  gold,  silver,  and  beads,  in 
form  of  necklaces,  bracelets,  and  car- 
rings;  they  wear  half  a  dozen  or  mora 
of  each  through  holes  bored  all  along 
the  outer  rim  of  the  ear.  The  men  seem 
not  to  look  with  an  eye  of  indiflerenco 
on  our  fair  country  women,  notwith- 
standing they  arc  of  so  different  a  com- 
plexion. They  are  very  temperate  and 
abstemious,  wine  beiri;^  forbidden  tliem 
by  the  law  of  Mahomet ;  and  are  fre- 
quent in  prayer,  attending  their  mos- 
ques three  or  four  times  a  day.  Theses 
people  profess  a  particular  rcgai"d  for 
our  nation,  and  are  very  fond  of  repeat- 
ing to  you,  that  Joanna-man  and  En- 
glishman all  brothers  ;  and  never  fail 
to  ask.  How  king  George  do  ?  In  gene- 
ral, they  appear  to  be  a  courteous,  and 
well-t';»po8ed  people,  and  very  fair  ami 
honest  in  their  dealings,  though  there 
are  among  them,  as  in  all  other  na- 
tions, some  viciously  inclined  ;  and 
theft  is  much  practised  by  the  lower 
class,  notwithstanding  the  piuiishmeiit 
of  it  is  very  examplary,  being  amputa- 
tion of  botli  har.ds  of  the  delinquent. 
The  climate  hei  a  promotes  vegetation 
to  such  a  degrei  as  requires  little  toil, 
but  that  little  '\i.  denied  t  so  that,  be- 
yond oranges,  ba.ian.is,  pine-apples,  co- 
coa-nuts, yams,  and  purslain  (all  grow, 
ing  spontaneously)  few  vegetables  are 
met  with.  The  face  of  the  country  is 
very  picturesque  and  pleasing.  Lofty 
mountains,  clotjied  to  their  verj'  sum- 
mits ;  deep  and  rugged  vallics,   adorn- 


jrl 


H  I  T 


II  OK 


nl  by  ffoqufliit  rutarnrta,  rascado*!, 
wuo'.ls,  i'(H'k.4,:iiul  I'ivulftH,  lntciiiii\i  il, 
fiirm  tlic  l:imlsr.ii]]c.  Gmvcs  arc  dLirii 
cxliMuliiijf  (>\<i-  the  pl;iiiis  to  the  \t'r\ 
rilU'c  i)t'  till'  scM,  tbnilcit  pr.iu  i[i.ill>  l)v 
tlie  jjuliii  iiiul  cocoa-nut  trees,  wliose 
loH(r  iuiil  nakvil  slelDs  leave  ii  elear  and 
unilite-niptcil  piissaffc  heiicalli  ;  while 
their  tut'lol  and  o.er5])readin)^  t'>l)S 
1'>rm  a  tliiek  shadt;  uhove,  and  keep  otl 
the  sroreliing' rays  ot'tlies-ni.  In  the 
iiitei'lor  purt  of  the  island,  s\irronn(Ud 
by  inoiintains  of  u  prodif^ious  lieight, 
and  about  15  nirlei  from  the  town,  in  u 
uaered  lakti,  half  a  mile  in  cireiiinier- 
enee.  The  adjacent  hills  covered  with 
loftv  tree  i,  and  the  holitiiue  of  tlic  jilarc 
seem  m(i;-c  eakulated  to  inspire  reli 
i;liins  awe,  than  any  sanctity  that  is  to 
be  diseovereil  in  a  parcel  of  wild  <lucks 
inhabiting'  it,  which  are  deitlcU  and 
worshipped  bv  the  ori^^inal  nativts. 
Lon.  -11  15  E,  lat.  12  ,'!()  S. 

JIi>>,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  West 
«':ithland,  seated  on  the  lake  Wetter, 
14.5  n.i.'es  S  VV  of  Stockholm,  and  25  K 
ofKaltopm^    I.on.  14  0  E,  lat.  57  53  N. 

IJircaiiiii,  unJ'T  this  name  the  an- 
cients comprised  tiiC  Provinces  of  Per- 
sia in  Asia,  lyiii(V  on  the  S'shore  of  the 
Caspian  Sea,  which  \vas  ai:;')  callcdtiic 
llircanian  sea. 

Hirch-Hoin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tl:e  palatinate  ot'thc  Kliine.  witlia  eas- 
tle.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
«m  the  Neckiir,  near  Klierbucli. 

Hirchfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cirt'Ie  of  the  U))|)er  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  depend- 
ing on  a  famous  abbey,  which  was  se- 
cularized in  favour  of  the  house  of  Hcs- 
Ke-Cassel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fidde, 
16  miles  NE  of  the  town  of  Fidde,  anci 
.•)2  S  E  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  50 
56  N. 

Hiraber^,  a  town  of  Silesia,  famous 
for  its  mineral  baths.  It  is  the  most 
trading;  place  in  all  Silesia,  ne.vt  to 
Breslaw,  there  being  in  the  town  and 
Mubuibs  considerable  manufactures  It 
is  scuted  on  the  Bosar,  44  miles  S  W 
of  Breslaw. 

Hispnniola.     See  Domingo,  St. 

Hitchin,  a  large  and  populous  town 
in  Hertfordshire,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday.  The  hihabitants  make  great 
quantities  of  malt;  andthemarkctisonc 
of  the  greatest  in  England  for  wheat. 
It  is  15  miles  N  N  W  of  Hertford,  and 
.-34  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  VV,  lat. 
51  58  N. 


/litht,  or  Hyihv,  a  borough  in  Kent, 
with  a  nurl-'et  on  .Saturday,  It  is  one 
[of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  had  formerly 
live  parislii:s,  but  h\  the  ehoakingupof 
th<-  harbour  it  is  now  reduced  to  one. 
Il  is  10  miles  VV  of  Dover,  ami  68  S 
Eof  London.    Lon.  1  10  E,  lat.  51  8N. 

Ilmii-ni^aii-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the; 
province  of  Kiang-nan,  seated  in  a 
marsh,  and  ineloseil  by  a  triple  wall. 
Tlii.s  place  i.s  very  populous,  and  every 
iliipg  in  it  announces  u  biisk  anductiv* 
trade. 

llna»g-Hi'.     Sec  Yetlov)  /fixer. 

/Idiing-tiheou-fiiu,  a  populous  and  com- 
mercial city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Hou-(puing.  Its  district  contains  one. 
<'ity  of  the  second  and  eight  of  the  third 
class. 

Jfnchherg,  a  marqiiisate  of  Snabia,  in 
Brispaw,  belonging- totlie  ]>rinee  of  Ua- 
ileii  Uourlach. 

f/iicbsM,  a  t«wn  of  Suabia,  remark- 
al)le  for  the  great  battle  gained  near  it 
by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1704, 
i;nd  which  the  English  call  the  battio 
of  Blenheim,  from  a  village  three  miles 
S  VV  of  this  place.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Danube,  22  miles  N  E  of  Ulm.  Lon. 
10  33E,  lat.  38  48  N. 

Htchi/and,  a  territory  of  Gemiany, 
and  one  of  the  circles  of  Prussia. 

HudJcstlon,  a  town  in  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  near  tho 
I.eii,  tliree  miles  S  of  Ware,  and  17 
N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  E,  lat. 
51  49  N. 

Hod-trlieou,  the  most  southern  city 
of  the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  in  China, 
famous  for  its  teas,  varnish,  and  en- 
gravings. It  is  one  of  the  richest  ci- 
ties in  the  empire,  and  has  oix  cities  of 
the  third  class  dependant  on  it. 

Hoei-tcheou-fou,  a  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  tijiaiiiy-tong. 
Its  jurisdiction  contains  11  cities  of  thi) 
seccnd  and  third  class. 

ri.ietelm.     Sec  HeuMum. 

Hoexzcllcni,  a  towi\  of  Suabia,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  25 
miles  S  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  6  E,  lat. 
48  23  N. 

Hoesht,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  oh  the 
Maine,  three  miles  from  Francfort. 

Ifygut',  Cape  la,  the  N  W  point  of 
Normandy,  in  France.  Lon.  1  52  W, 
lilt.  49  45  "N. 

Jfo-t.enffiu,  a  city  of  China,  and  one 
of  the  principal  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
tcheli.     '*  has  two  cities  of  the  second 


ant 
It 


Loi 


mil 

lat. 
J 

Ui.i 
W 
Me  a 


OK 

,  a  borouffh  in  Kent, 
Sntill'dHV,  It  la  (iiil: 
ts,  itiiil  hull  (ormcrly 
l)\  tlic  ('luj«kiii){U|)  of 
11(1  w  reduced  Ui  oiur. 
of  Dover,  uitd  6H  S 
1.  1  ll»  E,  liU.  51  «N. 
1  rily  of  Cliinii,  in  tlu; 
i)^;-Miin,  seated  in  a 
ed  by  :i  triple  ^viill. 
popiiloiiH,  iind  every 
:es  u  bi'isk  iiiid  uctiv* 

TrUmu  Ki%rr. 
,  a  populous  undcom- 
lina,  in  tlie  province 

district  contuiiis  one 
uiul  eight  of  titc  third 

'quisate  of  Sualiia,  in 
g'lothe  jiriiicu  of  11a- 

^  of  Suabia,  remark, 
battle  gained  near  it 
iirlboroiij^h,  in  1704, 
g'l'iih  call  the  battle 
I  a  village  three  inilet 
It  is  seated  on  the 
N  E  of  Ulm.  Lon. 
N. 

rritory  of  Gennany, 
•les  of  Prussia. 
,vn  in  Herts,  with  a 
lay,  seated  near  tilt; 
S  of  Ware,  and  17 
m.     Lon.  0  5  E,  lat. 


most  southern  city 

iung'-nan,  in  China, 
varnish,  and  en- 

of  the  richest  el- 
and has  tix  cities  of 
sndant  on  it. 

commercial  city  of 
ince  of  ti;iani^-t()ng. 

iiins  11  cities  of  thp 

iss. 

feiiielum. 

\vn  of  Suabia,  capi- 
the  same  name,  25 
I.     Lon.  9  6  E,   lat. 

Germany,   in  the 
tz,    seated  oh   the 
from  Francfort. 
he    N  W   point  of 
ice.     Lon.  1  52  W, 

of  China,  and  one 
lie  province  of  Pe- 
;ities  of  the  second 


H  O  L 

and  1<  of  the  third  rlann  in  i«»  dislrift. 
It  in  U5  miles  S  of  IVIiln. 

Holbeach,  a  town  in  I.inroInNhire, 
with  a  market  on  'I'liursclay,  U  miles  S 
by  E  of  Uo.Htim,  and  1(J8  N  bv  E  of 
London.  Lon.  0  11  i:,  lat.  5 J  47  N. 

/f!)i/lsworlhv,  a  town  iti  Devoimhire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  ii  seat- 
ed between  two  branches  of  t!ie  Ta- 
mar,  43  miles  E  N  K  of  Exeter,  and 
ns  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  '2  42  W, 
lat.  50  .50  N. 

HiUliind,  the  Iar(:;c9t  of  the  seven 
Uiiitcd  Provinces,  is  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  German  Ocean,  or  North 
lea  ;  to  the  E  by  the  Zuyder-sea,  the 
province  of  Utrecht,  and  part  of  Gel- 
derland ;  to  the  S  by  Duteli  Brabant 
and  Zealand  :  and  to  the  N  by  the  Zuy. 
der-sea.  Its  greatest  extent  from  N 
to  S,  including  the  island  of  Texel,  is 
about  90  English  miles  ;  but  from  E  to 
\V  its  extent  varies  from  40  to  25.  To 
defend  it  against  the  sea,  dykes  hare 
Ijcen  erected  at  an  immense  expcnce, 
and  innumerable  canals  cut  to  drain  it, 
as  being  naturally  very  low  and  marshy. 
Some  parts  of  the  province  are  very 
fruitful  in  corn  ;  but  the  greater  part's 
consist  of  rich  pastures,  wherein  arc 
kept  large  herds  of  kine,  which  supply 
tlicin  with  incredible  quantities  of  but- 
ter and  cheese.  Of  the  latter,  that  of 
Edam,  in  North  Holland,  is  highly  es- 
teemed. The  many  rivers  and  canals 
that  intersect  the  provinces  arc  of  great 
advantage  to  its  commerce,  but  con- 
tribute to  render  the  air  foggy  and  un- 
wholesome. There  is  acommunicstion 
by  water  betwixt  almost  every  town 
and  village.  Towards  the  middle  dso 
of  the  province  arc  great  numbers  of 
turf-pits.  It  is  so  populous,  that  the 
number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  at 
1,200,000.  In  point  of  cleanliness  no 
country  surpasses,  and  few  come  up  to 
it,  especi.illy  in  North  HnlL-md,  and 
that  even  ;n  the  villages.  It  has  consi- 
<lerablc  linen  and  woollen  manufac- 
tures, and  numerous  docks  for  the 
building  of  ships.  The  Frcncii  effect- 
od,  by  the  aid  of  a  severe  frost,  the  en- 
tire conquest  of  this  piiivincc  in  Janua- 
ry 1795  ;  and  till  the  era  of  a  general 
pacification,  no  account  of  any  perma- 
nent government  can  be  given.  The 
established  religion  is  Calvinism  ;  but 
all  religious  secU  are  tolerated.  Am- 
stei-dam  is  the  capital. 

Holland,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Lin- 
colnsliire  in  England.     It  so  much  re- 


H  O  L 

sfmblrs  the  province  of  tli.it  nnmrupon 
the  rontineiit,  in  most  rcspecti,  being 
low  and  nvtrshy,  with  the  sea  on  one 
side,  HM'l  canals  running  through  it, 
tlmt  it  niiisl  either  have  had  its  name 
from  tlirnce,  or  on  the  same  areount. 
On  the  E  it  bus  what  the  nnricnt  geo. 
grapiiers  call  ;^^stuariunl  Metaris,  now 
tlie  Waslies,  which  are  overflowed  at 
high  water,  and  part  of  Canibridgcslii"o 
ontiie  S.  The  lower  part  of  it  is  full  of 
bugs  and  marshes,  and  has  huge  banki 
to  defend  it  against  the  sea  and  land 
floods.  The  ground  is  so  soft,  that 
horses  are  worked  unshod  ;  and  it  pro- 
duces  plenty  of  grass,  but  little  rom. 
The  whole  tract  seems  to  have  been 
gained  from  the  sea  j  and  is  divided 
into  Upper  and  Lower,  the  latter  of 
wliich  was  impassalile  ;  but  since  the 
Ic'iis  have  been  drained,  the  Kinds  are 
grown  more  solid,  and  the  inliabitants 
sow  colc-.';ecd  upon  them  to  their  great 
profit.  Though  there  are  no  stones  to 
l)c  found  in  or  upon  the  ground,  yet 
most  of  the  churches  are  of  stone. 
They  have  no  fresh  water  but  from  the 
clouds,  which  is  preserved  in  pits,  but 
if  these  are  dec)),  it  soim  turns  brack- 
ish ;  and  if  they  are  shallow,  they  soon 
bc<;omc  dry. 

IMlaml,  Ni-.v,  the  largest  known 
limd  that  does  ivit  bear  tlie  name  of  a 
continent  :  it  extends  from  10  30  to 
4,'?  42  S  lat.  and  from  110  30  to  153  30 
E  lon.  so  that  its  square  surface  consi- 
derably  exceeds  that  of  Eurojie.  When 
this  vast  island  was  first  iliscovcrcd,  is 
uncertain.  In  the  beginning  of  last 
centurj,  t!ie  N  and  W  coasts  were 
traced  by  tiic  Dutch  :  the  S  extremity 
was  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1642. 
Captain  Cook,  in  1770,  explored  the  E 
and  N  E  from  38°  S,  and  ascertained 
its  separ.Uion  from  New  Guinea  ;  and, 
in  1773,  captain  Furncaux,  by  connect- 
ing Tasman's  discoveries  with  Cook's, 
completed  the  circuit,  In  that  part  of 
it,  which  T.asman  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  Van  Dicmen's  Land,  and 
which  was  visited  by  Fumeaux  in  1773, 
and  again  by  Cook,  in  1777,  the  land 
is,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  good  I  olght, 
diversified  with  hills  and  vailies  See 
Wales,  New  South. 

Holm,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  some- 
times called  Abbey-Holin,  *rom  an  ab- 
bey that  formerly  stootl  here.  It  is  a 
small  place  seated  on  an  arm  oftlie  sea, 
12  miles  N  of  Cockermoutl),  and  310 


iHi 


rw 


.....-»' 


Hm 


iHfim  1 


H  O  L 

N  K  W  of  I.nndoit.     Lmi.  .'1 1'.i  W,  Iftt. 
34  .V.  N. 

HiHii>r!ii/e,  a  nmgli  niid  vomlv  irart 
in  S'lrrv,  lyiiijf  ininu'diattly  Ik  iicutli 
tlir  liilU  ti)  lliK  S  mid  K  ol'tli.'t  roiinty, 
and  t'xUMliii^  into  K(  nt  U<'d  deer 
sirr  still  Idiind  licrc  ;  and  it  aboinids 
with  tlic  lidlin  link. 

lliUiriii,  a  diitcliy  of  Ocrmany, 
boinidtil  by  the  Cionnaii  occi'.n  on  thi' 
IV  i  llip  Baltlcc.i-  thi- jfidl'd'  I.Mhcik, 
on  tlic  E  ;  tlif  diilrhy  of"  Mttklfnhin'jf 
on  the  S  V,  ;  that  nl'  Jlicnicn,  with  the 
river  Elbe,  on  the  S  \\'  ;  and  Lanen- 
burfc,  with  the  teriitory  of  llandini'ij, 
«m  tlic  S  Its  greatest  kiiffth  ir*  nboiit  HU 
miles,  and  iti  breadth  Oo.  A  p-eat  part 
of  thiH  country  (onsist.H  nfrirb  ninrsh- 
land,  which  hvw.y;  niiirh  exposed  to  in- 
undations bn'.h  from  the  sea  and  rivers, 
<lykes  have  been  rai.scd  at  a  frreat  cx- 
pcncc  to  piiard  and  defcnil  them.  'J'he 
pastures  in  the  niar.shes  are  so  ririi, 
that  cattle  :  re  bred  in  vast  nnmbers 
.ind  fattened  in  tbeni,  and  g'real  cjuan- 
titie.5  of  excellent  butter  and  ( licese 
made  of  their  milk.  'I'bey  arc  al.so  ve- 
ry fruitful  in  wheat,  barley,  pease, 
bcens,  and  rape-need.  In  the  more 
barren,  sandy,  and  luathy  parts  of  the 
country,  liirj^e  flocks  of  sheep  are  bred 
and  fed:  nor  are  orchards  wanting',  or 
woods  ;  especially  of  oak  and  beech  ; 
nor  turf,  jioiiltry,  panic  and  wild-fowl. 
Nothwitl!standin},'this  country's advan- 
tagewis  situation  lor  comnicrce,  there 
Mrc  few  manufactures  and  little  trade 
in  it.  Ilamburff  and  Liibcc  supply  the 
inhabitants  \\ith  what  they  want  from 
ubroud  J  from  whence  and  Altena  they 
export  some  grain,  malt,  grots,  starch, 
buck-wheat,  ])ease,  beans,  rnpe-secd, 
butter,  cheese,  sheep,  swine,  hunied 
cattle,  horses,  and  fish.  The  manu- 
factures of  the  diitchy  are  rhiefly  car- 
ried on  at  Altena,  Kiel,  and  Gliick- 
rtndl.  Denmark  now  possesses,  the 
whole  dutchy  ;  the  imperial  cities  ex- 
cepted. 

Holt,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  ^vitli  a  mar- 
ket (HI  Saturday,  20  miles  N  N  AV  of 
Norwich,  and  122  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Holy  Island,  an  island  on  the  const  of 
Northumberland,  six  miles  SE  of  Ber- 
wick. It  is  two  miles  long,  and  one 
broad:  the  soil  rocky  and  ftdl  of  stones. 
It  has  a  town  and  a  castle,  under  which 
is  a  commodious  harbour,  defended  by 
a  blockhouse.  On  this  island  which  is 
likewise  called  Lindisfarne,  ore  the  ru> 


HON 


ini  of  a  stately  monastery  ;  and  hero 
was  anciently  a  bisiiopVi  sec,  removed 
with  the  body  of  St.  Cutlibert,  first  to 
Chester  le  Street,  itiul  afterward  to 
Durham. 

Hotyhetvt,  a  seaport  and  cape  of  tho 
isle  of  Anglesca.  It  is  the  most  ustial 
place  of  cnibarkation  for  Dublin,  there 
being  packi  t-boats  that  sail  for  that  ci- 
ty  <\ery  day,  exce[it  Tuesday,  wind 
and  weather  permitting.  On  the  ad- 
jacent rocks  the  herb  ifrows  of  which 
kelp  is  made; ;  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood is  a  large  vein  of  white  f'ullcr'4 
earth,  and  another  of)  ellow.  On  the  islo 
of  Skerries,  nine  miles  to  the  N,  is  a 
light  house.  Holvhead  is  93  miles  \V 
N  W  of  Chester.'and  276  N\V  ofLoi\- 
doii,   I,on.  4  22  W,lat.  53  19  N. 

llnlyviell,  a  town  in  I'lintshirc  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  famous  well  of  St.  Winifred, 
concerning  which  so  many  fables  and  su- 
perstitious notions  have  prevailed.  It 
is  a  co))i(Mis  stream,  bursting  out  of  the 
groimd  with  a  considerable  degree  of 
impetuosity.  Desides  the  cola  bath, 
celebrated  for  wonderful  cures,  formed 
at  the  spring-head,  and  covered  with 
a  beautiiid  Gothic  shrine,  it  is  now  o])- 
plicd  to  the  purpose  of  turning  several 
mills  for  the  working  of  copper,  mak- 
ing brass  wire,  paper,  and  snufV,  and 
spinning  cotton.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  St. 
Asaph,  and  212  N  E  uf  London.  Lon. 
3  21  \V,  hit.  54  13  N. 

Hohneshurg,  a  thriving  village  with  a 
post-oflice,  -n  IMiiladclphiu  county, 
Pennsylvania,  s.ttiated  on  the  post  and 
stage  road  to  New  York,  10  miles  N  E 
of  Philadelphia. 

Homlnirg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  150  miles 
N  of  Franckfort.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  50 
45  N. 

IJrmiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  ot  Ucux-Ponts  between  the 
Moselle  and  the  Rhine,  50  miles  S  £ 
of  Treves.  Lon.  7  32  E,  lat.  49  16 
N. 

Hu-nan,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed  on  the  N  by  the  province  of  Pe- 
tchcli  and  Chan-si,  on  the  E  by  Kiang- 
si,  and  Chan-tong,  on  the  S  by  Hou- 
quang,  and  on  the  W  by  Chen-si.  As 
every  thing  that  can  contribute  to  ren- 
der a  country  delightful,  is  found  in 
this  province,  the  Chinese  call  it  Tong- 
hoa,  The  middle  Flower.  It  is,  indeed, 
situate  almost  in  the  centre  of  China. 
Beside-K^iu-1'ungfou,  its  capital,  it  con* 


r 


tlUI 

10 


)  N 


HON 


II  O  R 


Kiiiastcry  ;  and  licro 
il^((])'^  sri',  removed 
it.  Ciitlihcrl,  tiritt  III 
t,    uiid    Ht'ttrward  to 

)ort  and   cupe  of  Uio 
It  in  tlic  nioHt  iiHtiid 
inn  I'lir  DiiMiii,  tlicrc 
it  thut  null  for  tliiit  ci- 
iipt  'liUNdRy,  wind 
\ittiii(f.     On    llic    nd- 
lii  ill  ifriiws  f>f  wliicU 
[I   in   tlie   neigliliour- 
tin   of  whito  fuller'* 
■of)illow.  On  the  isle 
mills  to  the  N,   i*  a 
Ivliiad  is  03  miles  W 
/imd276N\V  ofLon- 
V.lat.  5,n9N. 
,n  in  I'lintsliire  with  a 
y.     It  takeB  its  name 
well  of  St.   AVinifrcd, 
\  HO  many  fablt-s  and  su- 
iH  have  prevailed.     It 
Am,  bursting  out  of  the 
onsiderahlc  degree  of 
jsideH  the   cold   bath, 
ondcrful  cures,  formed 
ad,  and  covered  with 
ic  shrine,  it  is  now  np- 
[insc  of  turning  several 
iking  of  copper,   mak- 
papcr,    and   snulV,  and 
[    It  is  10  miles  E  of  St. 
N  E  of  London.     Lon. 
-  N. 

thriving  village  with  a 
Philadelphia  county, 
..ated  on  the  post  and 
w  York,  10  miles  N  E 

wn  of  Germany,  in  the 

■sse  Cassel,  150  miles 

Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  50 

wn  of  Germany,  in  the 

c-Ponts   between    the 

Rhine,  50  miles  S  E 

7  32  E,  lat.  49  15 

ince  of  China,  bound- 
jy  the  province  of  Pe- 
s'i,  on  the  Eby  Kiang- 
g,  on  the  S  by  Hou- 
le  W  by  Chen-si.     As 

can  contribute  to  rcn- 
flightful,  is  found  in 
Chinese  call  it  Tong- 

Flowcr.  It  is,  indeed, 

1  the  ceiitre  of  China. 

fou,  its  capital,  it  con- 


tain*  ncven  cities  of  tlie  first  clan,  and 
102  of  the  second  and  third. 

Konan-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  tlie 
priivincu  of  llopan.  It  has  under  its 
pirisdiction  one  city  of  the  second 
ihisi,  and  13  of  the  third.  It  is  5U0 
miles  S  W  of  Pekin. 

Hondurat,  a  large  province  of  New 
Spain,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  hay  of 
Honduras,  on  the  E  by  tho  Mosquito 
Shore,  on  the  S  by  Nioara;;iia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Chiapa  and  Gualimala.  This 
province,  and  the  peninsula  of  Juca- 
tan,  nn  the  other  side  of  tlic  bay  of 
Honduras,  do  not,  like  the  other  terri- 
tories of  Siiain,  in  the  New  World,  de- 
rive their  value  cither  from  the  ferti- 
lity of  their  soil,  or  tne  richness  of 
their  mines;  but  they  prmluce  in  great- 
er abundance  than  any  part  of  Ameri- 
ca, the  Ipgwood-tree,  which,  in  dying 
some  colours,  is  so  far  preferable  to 
any  other  material,  that  ilic  consump- 
tion of  it  in  Europe  is  considerable,  and 
it  is  become  an  article  in  commerce 
of  grc.1t  value.  During  a  long  period, 
no  European  nation  intruded  upon  the 
Spaniards  in  these  provinces,  or  at- 
tempted to  obtain  any  share  in  this 
branch  of  trade.  But,  after  the  con- 
quest of  Jamaica  by  the  English,  one  of 
the  first  objects  of  the  settlers  on  that 
island  was  the  great  profit  arising  from 
the  logwood  trade,  and  the  facility  of 
wrcstmg'  some  portion  of  it  from  the 
Spaniards.  Their  first  attempt  was 
made  at  Cape  Catoche,  the  S  E  pro- 
montory of  Yucatan.  When  most  of 
the  trees  near  this  cape  were  felled, 
they  removed  to  the  island  of  Trist,  in 
the  bay  of  Campeachy ;  and,  in  later 
times,  their  principal  station  has  been 
in  the  bay  of  Honduras.  The  Spaniards 
alarmed  at  this  encroachment,  endea- 
voured by  ncgociation,  remonstrances, 
and  oi)en  force,  to  prevent  the  Enjplish 
from  obtaining  any  footing  on  that  part 
of  the  American  continent.  But,  after 
struggling  against  it  for  more  than  a 
century,  the  disasters  of  an  unfortu- 
nate  war  extorted  from  the  court  of 
M.idrid,  in  l/'63,  a  reluctant  consent  to 
tolerate  tliis  settlement  of  foreigners 
in  the  heart  of  its  territories.  This 
privilege  was  confirmed  by  the  defini- 
iive  treaty  of  1783,  by  which,  however, 
it  was  stipulated,  that  X)\cy  should  con- 
fine themselves  within  a  certain  dis- 
trict, lying  between  the  rivers  Wallis, 
or  Belli  ze,  and  Rio  Hondo,  takinjg  the 
course  of  the  said  two  rivers  for  luial- 


tciible  boundaries,  so  as  that  the  navi- 
gation (if  tl.cni  be  common  to  hoiii  na- 
tions. Uut  by  a  oonvention  si^neil  in 
1786  the  English  were  not  only  ptrmit- 
te<l  to  cut  tojfwood,  but  muhogany  or 
any  other  kind  of  wood,  and  to  carry 
away  !vny  other  produce  of  the  country  ; 
and  also  to  ociupy  the  small  island  cal- 
led Casina.  The  capital  of  Honduras 
is  Vallnihilid. 

ILiifleur,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  C:ilvados 
and  l.itc  nrovince  of  Normandy,  with  a 
g^od  harbour  and  a  trlide  in  lace.  It  ia 
eight  miles  N  of  Pont  I'Evcqtie,  and  1 10 
N  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  15  E,  lut.  49  24  N. 

Huniton,  a  town  in  DevonshiU',  witli 
a  niarket  on  Saturday.  Honitc  ii  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  has  a 
large  manufacture  of  white  thread  and 
bonclace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Otter,  16 
miles  E  of  Exeter,  and  156  W  bv  S  of 
London.     Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Hunolitein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tho 
electorate  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  5  E,  lat. 
49  48  N. 

Kmd  Inland,  one  of  the  Marquesas 
in  the  Pacific  d  nn,  <liscovered  and 
named  bv  captain  Oook,  in  1774.  Lou. 
138  47  \V,  lat.  9  26  S. 

Huogly,  a  small  but  nncient  city  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Bengal.  It  ia  now  near- 
ly in  ruins,  but  possesses  many  vestiges 
of  form^ir  greatness.  In  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  it  was  the  g^reat  mart 
of  the  export  trade  of  Bengal  to  Eu- 
rope. It  is  seated  on  an  arm  of  the 
Ganges,  called  Hoogly,  26  miles  N  of 
Calcutta.     Lon.  88  28  E,  lat.  32  30  N. 

Hoogly  River,  an  arm  of  the  Ganges, 
formed  by  thp  union  of  its  two  western- 
most branches,  named  the  Cossimbuzar 
and  Yellingby  rivers.  It  is  the  port  of 
Calcutta,  and  the  only  branch  of  the 
Ganges  that  is  commonly  navigated  by 
ships. 

Hongttraten,  a  town  of  Dutch  Bra- 
brant,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  s.tm* 
name,  10  miles  S  of  Breda,  and  15  N 
E  of  Antwerp. 

Hope,  a  village  in  the  high  peak  of 
Derbyshire. 

Hope,  a  post  town  in  Sussex  county. 
New  Jersey ;  a  small  Moravian  settle- 
ment 32  miles  N  E  of  Easton  in  Pemi- 
sylvania. 

Horeb,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
in  Asia. 

Horn,  a  considerable  town  of  the  U- 
nltcd  Provinces,  in  N  Holland,  with 
a  good  harbour,  on  the  Zuider-Zee,  13 

at 


it 


H  O  R 

miles  N  E  of  Amsterdam.     I.on,  4  59 
E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Hnrn,  a  town  of  the  latf  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  the  bishopric  of  Liege. 
Lor.  5  55  E,  lat.  51  12  N, 

IliirnbaJi,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
ilulcliy  of  Dcux-Pouts.  L-jp.  7  36  E, 
lat.  49  10  N, 

Hornberg,  an  ancient  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Black  Forest,  in  the  dtitchy 
of  Wirtembcrfj,  with  a  fortress  on  a 
mountain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gutlash, 
21  miles  N  E  of  Fiiburg.  Lon. 8 27 E, 
lat.  48  12  N. 

Hornby,  a  town  of  Lancashire,  in  En- 
gland, seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
Lune,  with  a  handsome  church.  Lon 
2  20  W,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Horn,  Cape,  the  most  southern  part 
of  Ticrra-del-Fuego,  in  South  America, 
round  which  all  snips  now  pass  that 
sail  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  67  26 
W,  li.t.  55  58  S. 

Horncastle,  a  large  well  built  town, 
in  Lincolnsliirc,  on  the  river  Buna.  It 
is  20  miles  E  of  Lincoln,  and  136  N  of 
London.     Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  53  14  N. 

Hornchurch,  a  village  in  Essex,  two 
miles  E  by  S  of  Rumford,  of  which  it  is 
the  mother  church.  A  large  pair  of 
horns  is  affixed  to  the  E  end  of  the 
church,  for  which  tradition  assigns  a 
reason  too  idle  to  be  repeated. 

Honidon,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  which  comniaiMls  a  he.-.utiful  ))ros- 
pect,  16  miles  S  by  W  of  Chelmsford, 
and  19  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lat. 
51  32  N. 

ilcrnsef,  a  town  in  Yorkshire,  188 
miles  from  London.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  a  small  arm  of  the  sea,  and 
the  church  having  a  high  steeple,  is  a 
noted  sea-mark.  Not  many  years  ago 
there  was  a  street  here  called  Hornsey 
beck,  which  was  wa.shed  away  by  the 
sea,  except  a  house  or  two.  E  lon.  0  6, 
N,  lat.  54  0. 

Hornsey,  a  town  of  Middlesex,  five 
miles  N  of  London.  It  i;i  a  long  strag- 
gling place,  situated  in  a  low  valley, 
but  extremely  pleasant,  having  the  new 
river  winding  through  it. 

Horsois,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in 
Jutland,  seated  on  the  bottom  of  a  bay, 
that  opens  into  the  Categate  near  the 
Island  of  Iliarnoe,  125  miles  W  by  N 
of  Copenhagen.  Lon  9  40E,  lat.  55  57  N. 

Horntcnsin,  a  post  town  in  Accomack 
county,  Virgin' a,  situated  near  the  line 
tiiat  divides  tliis  state  from  the  eustern 


HOT 

shore  of  Maryland,  at  the  distance  of 
16  miles  S  from  Snow  Hill. 

Hortham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  witli 
a  market  on  Saturday,  noted  for  fine 
poultry.  Here  is  the  county-gaol,  and 
the  assizes  are  sometimes  held  here. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  36  miles  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  12  VV,  lat.  51  8N. 

Hottentots,  Country  of  the,  a  large  re- 
gion in  the  S  extremity  of  Africa,  ex- 
tending N  by  W,  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  beyond  the  mouth  of  Or- 
ange River,  and  from  that  cape,  in  an 
E  N  E  direction,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Great  Fish  River,  which  parts  it  from 
CafFraria.  It  lies  between  the  tropic 
of  Capricorn  and  35°  S  lat.  and  ia 
bounded  on  the  west,  south  and  east  by 
the  Atlantic,  Southern,  and  Indian  O- 
ceans,  and  on  the  N  by  regions  very 
little,  if  at  all  explored.  The  Hotten- 
tots arc  as  tall  as  most  Europeans,  but 
are  more  slender ;  and  the  characteris- 
tic mark  of  this  nation  is,  the  smallnesa 
of  tlicir  hands  and  feet  compared  witU 
the  other  pa-ts  of  their  boily.  Their 
skin  is  of  a  yellowish  brown  hue,  re- 
sembling that  of  an  European  who  has 
the  jaundice  in  a  high  degree.  There 
arc  not  such  thick  lips  among  the  Hot- 
tentots as  among  their  neighoours,  ths 
Negroes,  the  CafTres,  and  the  Mozam- 
biques  ;  and  their  mouth  is  of  the  mid- 
dling size,  with  the  finest  set  of  teeth 
imaginable.  Their  heads  are  covered 
with  hair,  more  woolly,  if  possible,  than 
that  of  the  Negroes.  With  respect  to 
shape,  carriage,  and  every  motion,  their 
whole  appearance  indicates  health  and 
content.  In  their  mein,  moreover,  a 
degree  of  carelessness  is  observable, 
that  discovers  marks  of  alacrity  and 
resolution  ;  qualities  which,  upon  occa- 
sion, they  certainly  can  exhibit.  Not 
only  the  men,  but  the  women  also  are 
clothed  with  sheep  skins  ;  the  wool  be- 
ing wo"n  outward  in  summer,  and  in- 
ward in  winter.  They  wear  one  skin 
over  their  shoulders,  the  ends  of  it 
crossing  each  other  before,  and  leaviiir 
their  neck  bare ;  another  is  fastened 
ruund  their  middle,  and  reaches  down 
to  their  knees.  They  besmear  their 
bodies  all  over  with  fat,  in  which  a  lit- 
tle i-oot  is  mixed :  and  this  is  never 
wiped  off.  They  are  likewise  perfum- 
ed with  powder  of  herbs,  rubbing  it  all 
over  them,  when  they  besmear  them- 
selves. The  odour  of  this  powder  is 
rank  and  aromatic,  and  comes  nearest 


HOT 

ryland,  at  the  distance  of 
roin  Snow  Hill. 
i  borough  in  Sussex,  witli 
I  Saturduy,  noted  for  fine 
ere  is  the  county- gaol,  and 
are  sometimes  held  here. 
)  members  to  parliament, 
lies  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
.  51  8N. 

,  Country  of  the,  a  large  re - 
S  extremity  of  Africa,  ex- 
by  W,  from  the   Cape  of 
,  "beyond  the  mouth  of  Gr- 
and from  that  cape,  in  an 
jtion,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
River,  which  parts  it  from 
It  lies  between  the  tropic 
rn   and  35°  S   lat.    and  is 
I  the  west,  south  and  east  by 
c,  Souther?!,  and  Indian  O- 
on  the  N  by  regions  very 
all  explored.     The  Hotten- 
tall  as  most  Europeans,  but 
lender ;  and  the  characteris- 
■  this  nation  is,  the  smallnesa 
ids  and  feet  compared  with 
pa -Is  of  their  body.    Their 
a  yellowish  browi\  hue,  re- 
hat  of  an  European  who  ha» 
:e  in  a  high  degree.    There 
;h  thick  lips  among  the  Hot- 
among  their  neighbours,  th« 
he  CanVes,  and  the  Mozani- 
id  their  mouth  is  of  the  mid- 
with  the  finest  set  of  teeth 
Their  heads  are  covered 
lore  woolly,  if  possible,  than 
Negroes.    With  respect  to 
lage,  and  every  motion,  their 
jarancc  indicates  health  and 
;ii  their  mein,  moreover,  a 
carelessness  is  observable, 
|vers   marks   of  alacrity  and 
;  qualities  which,  upon  occa- 
certainly  can  exhibit.    Not 
.en,  but  the  women  also  are 
th  sheep  skins  ;  the  wool  be- 
rtitward  in  summer,  and  in- 
intcr.    They  wear  one  skin 
shoulders,' the   ends  of  it 
,ch  other  before,  and  leaving 
bare  ;  another  is   fastened 
middle,  and  reaches  do\vn 
Inees.    They  besmear  their 
pver  with  fat,  in  which  a  lit- 
mixed:  and  this  is  never 
They  are  likewise  perfum- 
Iwder  of  herbs,  rubbing  it  all 
,  when  they  besmear  them- 
t»e  odour  of  this  powder  is 
romatic,  and  comes  nearcat 


HOT 

to  that  of  the  poppy  mixed  with  spices. 
The  women  who  arc  ambitious  to 
please,  not  only  grease  all  the  naked 
,)arts  of  their  body,  to  make  them  shine 
but  braid  or  plait  their  hair  as  an  addi- 
tional elegance,  and  adorn  themselves, 
with  necklaces  of  sliclls.  A  Hottentdt 
lady  thus  bedizened,  lias  exhausted  all 
the  arts  of  her  toilette  j  and  however 
unfavourable  nature  may  have  been, 
with  regard  to  shape  and  st.iture,  her 
pride  is  wonderfully  flattered,  while  the 
splendour  of  her  appearance  gives  her 
the  highest  degree  of  satisfaction.  But 
with  all  this  vanity,  they  are  not  devoid 
of  modesty,  for  the  fcm.iles  of  tliis  na- 
tion cover  themselves  much  more  scru- 
pulously than  the  men.  Thc>  seldr:ii 
content  themselves  with  one  covp.ing, 
but  almost  always  have  two,  ar  d  very 
often  three.  These  are  made  <  f  well- 
greased  skins,  and  arc  fastened  about 
their  bodies  with  a  thong,  a'lnost  like 
the  aprons  of  our  ladies,  'i'hc  outer- 
most is  the  largest,  finest,  and  most 
showy,  and  frequently  adorned  with 
glass  beads  strung  in  different  figures. 
Both  the  men  and  women  generally  go 
bareheaded.  Neither  their  ear*  .>or 
nose  arc  adorned  witlj  any  pendent 
ornaments,  as  they  are  among  oilier  sa- 
vages ;  but  the  nose  is  sometimes,  by 
way  of  greater  state,  marked  with  a 
black  streak  of  soot,  or  with  a  lai-ge 
spot  of  red  lead ;  of  which  latter,  on 
high  days,  they  likewise  put  a  little  on 
tlieir  cheeks.  Both  sexes  wear  rings 
on  their  ^rms  and  legs.  Most  of  these 
are  made  of  thick  leatlier  straps,  cut  in 
a  circular  shape  ;  and  these  have  given 
nse  to  the  received  notion,  that  the 
Hottentots  wrap  guts  about  their  legs, 
in  order  to  eat  them  occasionally.  Rings 
of  iron,  copper,  or  brass,  of  the  size  of 
u  goose-quill,  are  consiaered  as  more 
genteel  than  those  of  leathc<- ;  but  the 
girls  are  not  allowed  to  use  any  rings 
till  they  are  marriageable.  Tiie  Hot- 
tentots seldom  wear  any  shoes.  What 
they  do  wear,  are  made  of  undressed 
leather,  with  the  hairy  side  outward  j 
they  arc  rendered  soft  and  pliablo,  by 
being  beat  and  moistened,  and  are  very 
Lght  and  cool.  Their  habitations  are 
adapted  to  tlieir  wandering  pastoral 
life.  They  are  merely  huts,  resembling 
a  round  bee-hive  or  a  vault,  from  18  to 
24  feet  in  diameter,  and  so  low,  as 
scarcely  possible  for  a  middle-sized 
man  to  stand  upright.  But  neither  the 
lowness  of  the  hut,  nor  t|xat  of  tlte  door 


H  O  T 

which  is  barely  three  feet  high,  can  be 
considered  as  any  inconvenience  to  a 
Hottentot,  who  finds  m  .'.ifticulty  in 
stooping  and  crawling  on  all-foms,  and 
wlio  is,  8t  any  time,  more  inclined  to 
He  down  tlian  stand,  'i  he  fire-place  is 
in  the  middle,  and  they  sit  or  ht  round 
it  in  a  circle.  Tlie  low  door  is  the  only 
place  that  iidniits  the  liglit,  and  the 
only  outlet  that  is  If  ft  for  the  smoke. 
The  Hottentot,  inured  ..  .t  from  his 
infancy,  sees  it  hover  round  him,  with- 
out feeling  the  least  inconvenience  aris- 
ing from  it  to  his  eyes  ;  and  rolled  up, 
like  a  hedge  hog  snug  in  his  skin,  he 
lies  in  the  midst  of  tins  cloud,  till  he  is 
now  and  then  obliged  to  peep  out  from 
beneath  his  sheep-skin,  in  order  to  stir 
the  fire,  or  perhaps  to  light  his  pipe, 
or  turn  the  steak  he  is  broiling  over  the 
fire.  The  order  of  these  huts  in  a  craal 
or  clan,  is  most  'requently  in  the  form 
of  £  circle,  with  the  doors  inward ;  by 
which  means  a  kind  of  yard  is  formed, 
where  the  cattle  are  kept  at  nigiit. 
Such  are  the  Hottentots  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  1778, 
lieutenant  Paterson  visited  a  Hottentot 
village  in  the  small  Nimiqi--i  Land,  in 
the  N  W  part  of  the  country  ;  it  consist- 
v^d  of  19  huts  and  about  150  inhabitants. 
'I  he  ensign  of  authority,  worn  by  their 
chief,  WHS  a  cane  with  a  brass  top, 
given  to  him  by  Uie  Dutch  East  India 
Company.  The  Hottentot?  amused 
them,  part  of  the  night,  with  music  and 
dancing ;  their  visitors,  in  return,  trea- 
ted them  with  tobacco  and  dacka,  or 
hemp  leaves,  which  they  prefer  even  to 
tobacco.  Their  music  was  produced 
from  flutes,  made  of  the  bark  cf  trees, 
of  different  sizes.  The  men  form  them- 
selves into  a  circle,  with  their  flutes  s 
and  the  women  dance  round  them. 
Among  other  tribes  of  Hottentots  are 
the  Boshmans,  who  inhabit  the  moim- 
tains  in  the  interior  part  of  the  country, 
N  £  of  the  Cape,  and  are  enemies  to 
the  pastoral  life.  Their  weapons  are 
poisoned  arrows,  which  shot  from  a 
small  bow,  will  liit  a  m-irk  with  a  tole- 
rable  degree  of  certaint}',  at  the  dis- 
tance of  lUO  paces.  Their  habitationii 
arc  not  more  agreeable  than  their  man- 
ners and  maxims.  Like  the^wildbeast^s, 
bushes  and  clefts  in  rocks,  serve  them 
by  turns  for  dwellings.  Many  of  these 
savages  are  entirely  naked ;  but  some 
of  them  cover  their  body  with  the  skin 
of  any  sort  of  animal,  great  or  -.inalli, 
from  tUc  shoulder  downward  as  far  m 


11 
1 


H  O  T 


HOT 


lull ' 
'iji 


li  v\ 


i 


II 


it  will  reach,  wearing  i\.  till  it  full  offj 
their  back  in  rags.  As  ipioiant  of 
agriculture  ua  apes  and  monkies,  tli«y 
are  obliged,  like  them,  to  wunder  over 
hills  and  dales  after  certain  wild  rod:, 
berries,  and  plants,  M'liich  they  cat 
raw.  Their  table,  however,  i.s  coni])o- 
scd  of  several  oilior  dishes,  among 
which  are  caierpillar.s,  termites,  lo- 
custs, grassiioppc  rs,  snakeu,  r.nd  spi- 
ders. Another  tribe  of  Hottentots, 
near  the  mouth  of  Or:.'.ip,-c  River,  were 
observed  by  lieuloi..int  Palerson,  in  his 
joiu'ney  to  tlic  N  W  in  ITT'-J.  Their 
huts  were  loftier,  and  thatclicd  with 
grass.  Their  mode  of  living  is  in  the 
higliest  dcgiee  wretched,  u'.id  they  ure 
apparently  the  most  dirty  of  all  the 
li  itteulo*:  tiibes.  'I'iicir  dress  is  com- 
po.sed  of  tlie  sivins  of  se;'.ls  and  j»c kails 
tiu  :lesh  of  whicli  they  cut.  Wiieii  a 
gi';..npus  is  est  ashore,  t'aey  remove 
ti:iir  Iiuis  to  the  place,  and  subsist  up- 
on it  us  long  as  any  part  of  it  remains  ; 
anil  in  this  manner,  it  sometimes  aflords 
tiicm  su.stenance  for  half  aycar,  though 
in  a  great  measure  decayed  and  putri- 
fied  hv  the  sun.  They  smear  their  skin 
wiili  the  oil,  the  odour  of  which  is  so 
powerful,  tliat  their  approael.  may  be 
perceived  some  time  before  they  appear 
in  view.  With  respect  tu  tiic  Hotten- 
tots, in  general,  none  of  them  seem  to 
have  any  religion,  nor  do  tliey  app  ar 
willing  to  receive  any  instruction.  All 
of  them,  however,  have  the  firmest 
opinion  of  the  power  of  magic  ;  whence 
it  might  be  inferred,  that  they  believe 
in  an  evil  being,  but  they  pay  no  reli- 
j^lous  worslup  to  liim,  tliough  from  this 
hource  they  dcri%-e  all  the  evils  that 
huppen  ;  and  among  these  tliey  reckon 
cold,  rain,  and  tliunder.  So  monstrous- 
ly ignorant  arc  they,  that  tlie  Boi  t- 
wans  will  abuse  the  thunder  with  ini.ny 
opprobrious  epitliets,  and  threi'.teii  to 
assault  the  lightning.  E^en  the  most 
intelligent  of  them  could  not  be  con- 
vinced by  Dr.  Sparrman,  tiiat  rain,  was 
not  always  an  evil,  and  tiiat  it  would 
be  an  imhappy  circumstance,  were  it 
never  to  rain.  They  seem,  however, 
to  have  some  idea  of  a  future  state,  as 
they  reproach  their  friends,  when  dead 
with  leaving  them  so  soon,  admonisli- 
ing  them  to  behave  henceforth  more 
properly ;  by  which  tliey  mean,  that 
their  deceased  friends  should  r.ul  rome 
back  again  and  haunt  them,  nor  allow 
themselves  to  be  made  use  of  by  viz- 
luds,  to  bring  any  luitichicf  on  those 


that  survive  them.  The  Hottei;tots 
sleep  promiscuously  in  tlie  same  hut, 
and  are  ncitlu'r  acquainted  willi  tlie 
ditterence  of  age,  nor  with  that  invin- 
cible luirror  which  separates  beings  con- 
nected by  blood  The  country  pusses- 
sed  by  the  Dutch  is  of  a  pretty  consid- 
erable extent,  comprehending  not  only 
the  lai'ge  tract  between  Table  Bay  :i;id 
False  Buy,  'nit  that  which  is  called 
Hotlentiit  Holland,  extending  from 
False  Bay  tc  the  Cabo  dos  Agulhas,  or 
Cape  of  Needles,  and  the  country 
further  E  beyond  St.  Christopher's  Ri- 
ver, called  Terra  de  Natal.  The  whole 
oftliis  country  is  naturally  barren  and 
mountainouii ;  but  the  industrious  Dutch 
have  overcome  all  natural  difliculties, 
and  it  j>r'>duces,  not  only  a  sulHciency 
of  all  t'  ^-  necessaries  of  life  for  the  in- 
habi'.^'ts,  but  also  for  the  refreshment 
of  all  the  European  ships  that  touch 
here.  The  Dutch  consider  the  year  as 
divided  intu  two  seasons,  which  they 
term  monsoons,  the  wet  monsoon,  or 
winter,  begins  in  March ;  and  the  dry 
one,  or  summer,  in  September,  A- 
mong  the  quadrupeds  of  tliis  comitry 
are  antelopes,  which  go  in  herds  of 
20,000  each  ;  buffaloes  j  cameleopardi- 
lises  ;  the  gems-boch,  a  species  of  an- 
telope, which  has  remarkably  long 
sharp  horns,  and  when  attacked  by 
dogs  will  sit  on  its  hind  quarters,  and 
defend  itself;  wild  dogs,  which  travel 
in  herds,  and  are  verj'  destructive  to 
sheep  i  eicphaiits  ;  elks  ;  hyenas ;  the 
koedo,  an  animal  of  a  mouse  colour, 
rather  larger  than  our  decr,  witli  three 
white  stripes  over  the  back,  and  the 
male  having  very  large  twisted  horns  ; 
lions  ;  jackals  ;  tigers  ;  the  quacha,  a 
species  of  the  zebra,  but  more  tracta- 
ble i  rhinoceroses  ;  horses  ;  domestic 
homed  cattle  ;  common  sheep,  and  a 
peculiar  species  of  sheep  covered  with 
h'lir  instead  of  wool.  The  hippopota- 
mus or  river-horse  is  frequently  seen 
here.  Among  the  birds  arc  vultures, 
ostriches,  whose  eggs  are  excellent 
food;  and  the  loxia,  a  s])ecies  of  gre- 
garious bird ;  these  latter  build  their 
curious  nest  in  the  mimosa  tree,  where 
they  form  a  kind  of  thatched  house, 
with  a  regular  street  of  nrsts  on  bath 
sides,  at  about  two  inches  distance 
from  each  other,  and  containing  under 
its  roof,  in  one  that  lie  .enant  Pater- 
son  saw,  upward  of  800  birds.  Among 
the  insects  are,  the  termites,  or  white 
ai'.ts,  which  »ia    no    injury  to    ^vood 


O  T 


H  O  X 


HUD 


em.      Tlie   Hottcw'.ots 
usly  ill  the  same  Init, 
•   acquainted  with   tlie 
e,  noi-  witii  tiiat  iuvin- 
;li  separates  btiiigs  con- 
The  country  pusses- 
li  is  of  a  pretty  c(.p.sid- 
•oniprehending  not  only 
jctween  Table  Bay  ::;id 
that   which    is  called 
land,    extending    from 
a  Cabo  dos  Agulhas,  op 
lies,    and    the    country 
id  St.  Christopher's  Ri- 
■a  de  Natal.   The  whole 
is  naturally  barren  and 
.It  thi-  industrious  Dutch 
all  natural  difticultics, 
,  not  only  a  sulHciency 
savies  of  life  for  the  in- 
dso  for  the  refreshment 
)pcan  ships  that  touch 
Itch  consider  the  year  as 
■o  seasons,   which  they 
s,  the  wet  monsoon,  or 
iu  March  ;  and  the  dry 
er,  in   September.      A- 
Irupeds  of  this  country 
which   go  in  herds  of 
luflaloes ;  cameleopardi- 
.s-buch,  a  species  of  an- 
has    remarkably    long 
and  when    attacked   by 
I  its  hind  quarters,  and 
wild  dogs,  which  travel 
are  very  destructive  to 
iits  ;  elks  ;  hyenas ;   the 
mal  of  a  mouse  oloiu", 
ban  our  decr,  witli  three 
over  the  back,  and  the 
iry  large  twisted  horns  ; 
!  tigers ;  the   quucha,  a 
zebra,  but  more  tracta- 
>ses  !  horses  ;   domestic 
.  common  sheep,   and  a 
s  of  sheep  covered  with 
'  wool.    The  hippopota- 
horse  is  frequently  seen 
llie  birds  arc  vultures, 
3sc   eggs   arc   excellent 
loxia,   a  »i)ecies  of  gre- 
these  latter  build  their 
the  mimosa  tree,  where 
ind  of  thatched  house, 
street  of  ufsts  on  both 
It  two  inches    distance 
r,  and  containing  under 
that   lie-  .eiiant   Pater- 
irri  of  800  birds.   Among 
,  the  termites,  of  white 
ly    no    injury  to    wood 


Ui  in  the  East  Indies,  but  by  raising 
a  number  of  hills,  they  impede  the 
progress  of  vegetation.  The  Hotten- 
tots eat  them  ;  and  lieutenant  Paterson, 
who  tasted  this  /ood,  found  it  far 
from  disagreeable.  The  locusts  arc 
esteemed  excellent  food  by  the  Bosh- 
mans,  by  whom  they  are  dried  and 
kept  for  use.  The  black,  or  rock 
iicorpion,'is  nearly  as  venomous  here 
as  any  of  the  serpent  tribe,  of  which 
there  are  numerous  kinds. 

Houat,  an  island  of  France,  near  the 
coast  of  Bretagne.  It  is  10  miles  in 
circumference. 

Hnudan,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Eurc  and  Loire  and 
lately  iu  tiie  province  of  Beauce,  witli 
a  manufacture  of  vvooUen  stockings.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vegre,  10  miles  from 
Dreux,  and  32  miles  S  W  of  Palis. 
Lon.  1  41  E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Hounslmi,  u  town  \\\  Middlesex,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  situate  on 
a  heath  of  the  same  n.^me,  on  which 
arc  some  powder-mills,  on  a  branch  of 
the  river  Coin.  Here  is  a  charity 
school  and  a  chapel.  The  heath  is 
noted  for  robberies  and  horse  ruces. 
Hounslow  is  10  miles  W  by  S  of  Lou- 
don. 

Hou-quang,  a  province  of  China, 
which  occupies  neai-ly  the  centre  of 
the  ciiipire.  Yang-tse-kiang  traverses 
it  from  E  to  W,  and  divides  it  into  two 
parts.  This  province  (the  greater  jjart 
of  which  is  level,  and  watered  by  ca- 
nals, lakes,  and  rivers)  is  celebrated 
fop  its  fertility  i  the  Chinese  call  it  the 
storehouse  of  the  eni[>ire.  It  cont^iins 
IS  cities  of  the  iirst  class,  and  II4  of 
the  second  and  third.  Vout-chang-fou 
is  the  capital. 

Hou-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  tlie 
province  of  Tche-kiang.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  on 
which  it  is  seated.  Tlic  quantity  of 
silk  manufactured  here  is  almost  incre- 
dible. Its  district  contains  one  city  of 
the  second  and  six  of  the  third  class. 
It  is  160  miles  N  E  of  Nan-kinr .  Lon. 
J19  45  E,  lat.  30  35  N. 

Mnuden,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  give  name  to  s.  .mall  district  called 
HowdcnsI;:re,  and  has  a  large  church,, 
I'lkf  a  cathedral.  It  is  seated  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Ous-  15  mileii  S  E 
of  York,  and  179  N  by  W  oJ"  London. 
Lon.  0  51  W,  lat  53  46  N. 

JloxUi,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  seat- 


ed on  the  Wescr,  8  miles  N  W  of  Cdr- 
wey,  27  miles  N  E  of  Paderborn.  Lon. 
9  39  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

ffoj;  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  si- 
tuate between  the  Island  of  Pomona 
and  the  N  coast  of  Caithness-shirc.  It 
is  10  miles  long.  On  this  island,  be- 
sides the  great  conic  hill  of  Holyhead, 
which  is  a  sea  mark,  there  is  a  stupen- 
dous rock,  called  the  Beary,  where  a 
bird,  named  the  layer,  supposed  to  be 
a  species  of  penguin,  is  found.  In  a 
gloomy  valley  in  this  isU'-...",  is  a  large 
stone,  36  feet  long  and  18  broad,  cal. 
led  the  Dwariic  stone  It  is  hollow 
within,  having  the  fornr.  of  a  bed  and 
]>illow  cut  in  the  stone  ;  and  is  su])po> 
sed  to  have  been  the  habitation  of  a, 
hermit.     Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  58  36  N. 

Soje,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a  count)'  of  the  same  name,  subject 
to  the  elector  of  Hanover,  seated  on 
the  Weser,  43  miles  N  W  of  Zcll. 
Lon.  y  6  E,  lat.  52  57  N. 

Haradisch,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  an 
isl"nd  in  the  river  Moi-ava,  30  miles  S 
E  of  Olmutz,  .ind  30  £  of  Brinn.  Lon. 
17  53  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Hua,  or  Kahau,  a  large  town  of  Asia, 
capital  of  Cochin-China,  with  a  royal 
i-alace.  It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful 
plain,  .nnd  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
large  river.  Lon.  105  5  E,  lat.  17  40 
N. 

Iluahine,  one  of  the  Society  Islands 
in  the  S  PaciRc  Ocean,  30  leagues  from 
Otttheite.  It  is  21  miles  in  comp.nss, 
and  has  a  conmodious  harbour.  Lon. 
151  1  W,  lat.  16  44  S. 

Hubert,  St.  a  town  of  Austrian  Lux- 
emburg,  with  an  abbey,  20  miles  S  £ 
of  Rochefort.     Lon.  5 12  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Huddertfield,  a  town  in  the  W  ridings 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mu-ket  on  Tuc8> 
day.  It  is  the  mart  for  narrow  cloths, 
called  plains.  It  is  42  miles  S  W  of 
York,  and  189  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  W,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Hudtnn,  onf:  oi  Xhe  most  flourishing 
cities  in  the  state  of  New  York  ;  situ- 
ated on  the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river, 
in  Columbia  county,  132  miles  N  of 
the  city  of  New  Yorkj  and  40  S  of 
Albany,  in  tlie  lat.  of  42  15  N  and  Lon. 
of  74  9  W.  The  foundation  of  the 
first  house  was  laid  in  1783,  and  in 
1800  it  tronUincd  3664  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a  post  oiiice,  and  a  bank  whose 
capital  is  limited  bv  act  of  Assem- 
bly, to  160,000  Dollars. 

JiudsoiCe  Bay,  a  bay  of  Noith  Ameri- 


■?gMVf«':^ta'"sJi't»:-rs;K!!i1 


'^m'Ti^^Nkrr^ 


HUD 


H  U  L 


ra,  lying'  between  51  and  69°  N  lati- 
tude, and  discovered,  in  1610,  hy  cap- 
lain  Henry  Hudson.  He  liad  ni?de 
two  voyages  before  on  the  same  adven- 
ture ;  tl.e  first  in  1607,.  and  tlie  .second 
in  1608.  In  iiis  third  and  hist,  in  1610, 
he  entered  tlic  straits  tljat  lead  into 
the  bay  known  by  his  name  ;  coasted 
a  great  part  of  it,  and  penetrated  to 
80  30  N  lat.  His  ardour  for  tlic  dis- 
covery not  being  abated  by  the  difRcul- 
tiesbc  struggled  with  in  this  enipireof 
frost  and  snow,  he  staid  here  till  the 
ensuing  sprinp,  and  then  prepared  to 
pursue  his  discoveries  ;  Imt  his  crew, 
■who  suHered  equal  hardships,  without 
tlie  same  spirit  to  support  thetn,  mutin- 
ied, seized  him  and  seven  of  those  who 
were  most  faithfid  to  liim,  and  com- 
mitted them  to  the  icy  seus  in  an  open 
boat.  Hudson  and  his  companions 
■were  never  beard  of  more  ;  but  the 
ship  and  the  rest  of  the  men  returned 
home.  Otlier  attemps  towards  a  dis- 
covery of  tliut  passage  have  been  since 
made,  but  hitherto  without  eflcct.  The 
entrance  of  this  bay,  from  tlie  ocean, 
-IS  between  Uesolution  Isles  on  the  N, 
and  Button's  Isles  on  the  Labrador 
coast  to  the  S,  forming  the  E  extremi- 
*y  of  the  strait,  «iibting\iished  by  the 
name  of  its  great  discoverer.  This 
bay  communicates  on  the  N,  by  two 
straitfl,  witli  Daflin's  Buy :  on  the  £ 
»ide  it  is  bordered  by  Labrador,  on  the 
S  W  by  New  South  Wales,  and  on  the 
W  by  New  North  Wale.s.  These 
countries  arcinchided  under  the  name 
©f  New  Britain,  and  abound  with  ani- 
mals whose  skins  and  furs  are  far  supe- 
rior in  quality  to  those  found  in  less 
northerly  icgions.  The  natives  are 
called  Esquimaux,  and  Northern  In- 
dians ;  and  are  materially  diflercnt  from 
alltlie  Southern  tribes.  In  1670,  a  char- 
ter was  granted  to  a  company,  which 
docs  not  consist  of  above  ten  persons, 
for  the  exclusive  trade  to  this  bay. 
Tbts  com]niny  possess  three  forts  on 
the  S  coast  of  James  Bay,  by  whicli 
the  S  termination  of  Hudson's  Bay  is 
distinguished.  These  factories  are 
called  Rupert,  Moose,  and  Albany, 
and  they  lie,  from  51  to  52°  N  lat.  and 
from  75  to  79°  W  Ion.  On  the  W 
side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  considerably  up 
Hayes  River,  is  a  factory  called  Flam- 
borough  ;  and  beyond  this  is  York 
Fort,  on  Nehjm  River,  in  Ion.  92  30, 
and  lat.  57  25 :  but  the  most  northern 
»t*;'«mcnt  is  Prince  of  Wales'   Fort, 


at  the  mouth  of  Church-hill  River,  in 
Ion.  94  7,  and  lat.  58  48.  I.n  Decem- 
ber 1770,  Mr.  Hearne,  in  the  service 
of  tlie  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  set  out 
from  Pi-incc  of  Wales'  Fort  to  explore 
a  river,  tlmt  the  Es^iimaux,  who  came 
to  the  company's  factories  to  trade, 
liad  brought  to  their  knowledge  ;  and 
which,  on  account  of  much  copper  be- 
ing found  near  it,  had  obtained  the 
name  of  Copper-mine  River.  Under 
the  convoy  of  those  Indians,  he  arrived 
at  this  river  in  June  1771,  and  traced 
it  till  he  came  in  sight  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  finding  it  emcumbered  with 
shoals  and  falls  to  its  mouth,  which  is 
in  lat.  72»  N,  and  Ion.  1 19°  W.  In  1782, 
the  settlement,  &c.  of  the  company, 
valued  at  500,000/.  were  destroyed  by 
a  French  squadron  j  but  the  damage 
has  been  repaired,  and  the  commerce 
is  again  in  a  flo"ri.shing  situation. 

Hudson' I  £iver,  one  of  the  finest  riv- 
ers  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
It  rises  in  the  mountainous  country, 
between  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Cham- 
plain,  waters  Albany  and  Hudson, 
and  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  New 
York,  after  a  course  of  250  miles.  It 
is  navigable  for  sloops  to  Albany,  uid 
for  ships  to  Hudson. 

Huena,  an  island  of  tlie  Baltic,  three 
miies  from  tlie  coast  of  Sweden,  and 
subject  to  the  Swedes,  to  whom  it  was 
ceded  by  the  Danes  in  1658.  It  has 
one  scattered  village,  and  produces 
hay  and  com,  more  than  sufHcient  fop 
its  own  consumption.  In  this  island 
was  tlie  obsei-vatory  of  tlie  celebrated 
Tycho  Brahe.  It  is  six  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  nine  miles  S  by  £  of  Elsi- 
nore,  and  14  N  by  £  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  12  38  E,lat.  55  54  N. 

Huesca,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Arragon,  writh  a  bishop's  see,  and  at 
tmivcrsity.  It  is  seated  on  the  Issuela, 
35  miles  N  E  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  2 
W,  lat.  42  18  N. 

JIueicar,  a  to  wn  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Granada,  with  a  castle,  60 
miles  N  £  of  Granada.  Lon.  2  20  W, 
lat.  37  45  N. 

Uuesten,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  seated  on  tlte  Rhine,  three  miles 
S  of  Arnheim. 

Huetta,  an  old  and  small  town  of 
Spain,  in  New  Castile,  67  miles  E  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  40  22  N. 

JIuU,  or  Kingston  upon  Hull,  a  bo- 
rough and  seaport  in  the  £  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  ou  Tuesday 


4!  I 


U  L 

Church-hill  River,  in 
58  48.  I.n  Deccm- 
jarne,  in  the  service 
Uy  Company,  set  out 
ales'  Fort  to  explore 
iscjhlmaux,  whocaine 
>  factories  to  trade, 
eir  knowledge ;  and 
L  of  much  copper  be- 
t,  had  obtained  the 
mine  River.  Under 
e  Indians,  lie  arrived 
anc  1771,  and  traced 
sight  of  the  Pacific 
:  emcumbered  with 
its  mouth,  which  is 
on.ll9''W.  In  1782, 
kc.  of  the  company, 
)/.  were  destroyed  by 
on  i  but  the  damage 
,  and  the  commerce 
ishing  situation, 
one  of  the  finest  riv- 
States  of  America, 
lountainous  country, 
s  Ontario  and  Cham- 
Ibany  and  Hudson, 
lantic  Ocean,  at  New 
•se  of  250  miles.  It 
loops  to  Albany,  and 
an. 

1  of  tlie  Baltic,  three 
)ast  of  Sweden,  and 
edes,  to  whom  it  was 
nes  in  1658.  It  has 
lage,  and  pro<luces 
'e  than  sufficient  for 
tion.  In  this  island 
ry  of  Uie  celebrated 
is  six  miles  in  clr- 
milcs  S  by  £  of  Elsi- 
>y  E  of  Copenhagen. 
55  54N. 

:ient  town  of  Spain, 
a  bishop's  see,  and  ai 
seated  on  the  Issuela, 
Saragossa.    Lon.  0  2 

of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
,  with  a  castle,  60 
nada.    Lon.  2  20  W, 

of  Dutch  Gueldcr- 
e  Rhine,  three  miles 

and  small    town  of 
Castile,   67  miles  E  of 
55  W,  lat.  40  22  N. 
lon  upon  Hull,  a  bo- 
rt  in  the  E  riding  of 

market  ou  Tuesday 


HUM 

and  Saturday.     It  was    built  by  Ed- 
ward I.  who  called  it   Kingston,  and 
it  is  seiLted  on  the  river  Hu'.l,   on  the 
N  side  of  the  Humber.     It   is  a   large 
town   with  two  parish  churches,  and 
is   a  county  of  itself,  governed   by  a 
mayor.     It  is  fortified,   and  is  the  first 
town    that    shut    its    gates     against 
Ciiarles  I.  but  its  fortifications  are  now 
inconsiderable,  while  its   coi.-imcrce  is 
increased  so  much,  that   it  is  deemed 
the  fourth  port   in  the  kingdom.     Its 
situation   is  extremely   advantageous  j 
for,    besides   its  communication   with 
the  Yorkshire  rivers  and  canals,  it  has 
access   also  to  the   Trent  and   all  its 
branches  j  hence  it  has  the  import  and 
export  trade  of  many  of  tlie  northern 
and   midl.-uid  counties.    The    foreign 
trade  is   chiefly  to  the   Baltic  :    but   it 
has  regular  traffic  with  the  so-itliem 
parts  of  Europe,  and  with  America. 
More  ships  are  sefit  hence  to  Greenland 
than  from  any  other  port,  that  of  Lon- 
don  excepted,   and  more  grain  is  ex- 
ported   from    Hull    than    London  by 
means   of  its   extensive    inland   com- 
merce.    The  harbour  is  artificial ;  and 
here  are  docks  for  building  and  repair- 
ing ships.      Among  the  public  biuld- 
ings,  arc  the  Trinity  House,  for  the  re- 
lief of  seamen  and  their  widows;  a 
custom  house,  an    exchange,    and  a 
town-hall.    Tl^s  stone  bridge,  over  the 
river  to    Holdemess,  was  rebuilt   in 
1787,  and  consists  of  14  arches.     Hull 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
Is  36  miles  S  E  of  York,  and  173  N  of 
London.      L'  i.  0  14  W,   lat.  53  45 
N. 

Hulpen,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  nine  miles  S  E  of  Brus- 
sels.   Lon.  4  37  E,  lat.  51  44  N. 

HaUt,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  a  plain,  which  may  be 
overflowed.  It  has  a  very  fine  town- 
house,  and  is  15  miles  N  W  of  Ant- 
werp, and  17  N  E  of  Ghent.  Lon.  4  6 
£,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Humber,  a  river  of  England,  formed 
by  the  Trent,  Ouse,  Derwent,  and 
several  other  streams.  It  divides 
Yorkshire  from  Lincolnshire,  and  falls 
into  the  German  Ocean,  at  Holdemess. 
Hummock,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  about  six  miles  long. 
The  rajah  is  supported  in  his  authority 
by  the  Dutch  East  India  Company. 
The  island  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and 
produces  most  of  the  tropical  fruits  ; 
but  the  principal  articles  of  trad^  with 


HUN 


the  Dutch  are  bees-wax  an<l  honey.  It 
lies  fivf  leagues  S  of  Miiitlaiiao.  Lon 
125  12  E,  lat.  5  27  N. 

Hundsfeld,  a  town  of  Silesia,  seated 
on  the  Wide,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Bres- 
law.     Lon.  17  18  E,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Hungary,    a    kingdom     of  Eurfjpe, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Poland ;    on   the 
\V  by  tlic  circle  of  Austria,  •  on  the  S 
by  the  Drave,  which  separates  it  from 
Sclavonia,  and  by  the   Danube,  which 
parts  it  from  Turkey  in   Europe ;    and 
on  the  E  by  Walachia  and  Transylva- 
nia.     It   is   divided    into   Upper   and 
Lower   Hungary;  and   to  tliese    may 
be    added  the  Bannat  of  Teme.sirar, 
incorporated  into  the  kingdom  of  Hun- 
gary in    1778.     Hungary  formerly  in- 
cluded Transylvania,  Sclavonia,  Dalma- 
tia,  Servia,   and  Walachia.     The  prin- 
cipal  rivers  arc,  the   Danube,   Save, 
Drave,    Tressc,    Maros,    Raab,     and 
Waag.    The  air  is  very  unhealthy,  oc- 
casioned by  the  lakes   and  bogs,  inso- 
much that  a  sort  of  plague  visits  them 
every  tliree  or  four  years.     It  abounds 
in  all  the  necessaries   of  life,  and  the 
wine,  especially  that  called  Tockay,  is 
excellent.     There   are  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  copper,  and  iron,  and  they  have 
such  plenty  of  game,  that  hunting  is 
allowed  to    all.     The  Himgarians  are 
said  to  be  of  a  sanguine,  choleric  tam- 
per, and  somewhat  fierce,  cruel,  proud, 
and  revengefiO.     They  have  been  al- 
ways   reputed   good    soldiers,    being 
much  more  inclined  to  arms,  martial 
exercises,  and  hunting,  than  to  arts, 
leaiTiing,  trade,  or    agriculture.     The 
nobility   affect  great  pomp  and  mag- 
nificence,  and  are  much   addicted   to 
feasting  and  carousing.     The  men   in 
general  are  strong  and  well  proportion- 
ed.     They    shave  their    beards,  but 
leave    whiskers    on  tl»e    upper    lip; 
wearing  fur  caps  on  their  heads,  a 
close-bodied  coat  gii-t   with    a    sash, 
with  a  short  cloak  or  mantle  over  all, 
so  contrived  as  to  be  buckled  under 
the  arm,  and   leave  the  right  hand  at 
liberty.    Their  horse  are  called  hus- 
sars, and  their  foot  heydukes.    Buda 
is  famous  for  its   mineral  waters    and 
baths,  and  is  the  capital  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary,  and  Presburg  of  the  upper. 

Hungen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
Upper  Rhine. 

Hungerford,  a  town  in  Berkshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated 
on  the  Kennet,  and  noted  fcr  the  best 
trout  and  crawfish  in  England.    It  is 


HUN 


II  U  Y 


64  miles  W  of  LonJon.    Lon.  1  26  \V',I 
hit.  51  ■26  N. 

Ilun^iin/riien,  a  fortified  towni  of 
France,  now  in  tiiR  department  of  Up- 
per Rliine  and  lately  in  tiie  province  of 
Alsac,  seated  on  tiie  Rhine,  five  miles 
V  of  Basle.  Lon.  11  40  E,  hit.  47  40  N. 
Hiininanby,  a  town  in  the  E  riding'  ot 
Yorksliire,  witii  a  market  on  Tiiesduv, 
34  miles  N  E  of  York,  and  209  N  of 
London.    Lon.  0  12  W,  iat.  54  12  N. 

Huntingdon,  the  co'.nity-town  of  Hun- 
tin^^kmslure,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day.^ ..  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  a  rising 
groutvJ,  on  the  river  Ouse,  over  whicli 
is  a  stone  bridge  to  Godmanchestor  j 
and  was  once  a  large  place,  having  no 
less  tli.m  15  churches,  which  are  now 
jcdiiced  to  two.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  governed  by 
a  mayor.  Huntingdon  is  the  birthplace 
of  Oliver  Cromwell.  It  is  16  miles  W 
by  N  of  Cambridge,  and  65  N  of  Lon- 
don.  Lon.  0  5  W,  Iat.  52  17  N. 

Huntingdon,  tlie  capital  town  in  Hun- 
tingdon county,  Pennsylvania ;  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  Juniata  river,  90  miles 
W  of  Harrisburg,  and  35  S  W  of 
Lcwlstown.  It  has  a  post-office,  court- 
house, jail,  and  1250  mhabitants. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  on  the  S  side  of 
Onion  river,  10  miles  nortliward  of 
Bristol,  and  16  S  E  of  Burlington,  with 
about  450  inhabitants. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  1 1  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  S  side  of  Hou- 
satonic  river,  about  16  miles  N  of  Fair- 
field. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  in  SaflTolk  county, 
New-York  ;  situated  on  Long  Island, 
14  miles  S  E  of  Smithtown,  and  36  N 
E  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Huntingdonshire,  a  county  of  England, 
25  miles  in  length,  «nd  20  in  Its  broad- 
est part ;  bounded  on  the  N  and  N  W 
by  Northamptonshire,  on  the  E  by 
Cambridgeshire,  and  on  the  S  W  by 
Bedfordshire.  It  contains  four  hun- 
dreds, six  market-towns,  and  79  pa- 
rishes. The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Ouse  and  Nen.  The  S  £  part  consists 
of  beautiful  meadows.  The  middle 
and  western  parts  are  fertile  in  corn, 
and  sprinkled  with  woods ;  and  the 
upland  part  was,  anciently  a  forest,  pe- 
culiarly ad.ipted  for  huoting.  The  N  E 
part  consists  of  fens,  which  join  tiiosc 
of  Ely ;  but  they  are  drained,  so  as  to 
afTord  rich  pasturage,  and  even  large 
crops  of  corn.    The  air  of  this  county 


is,  ill  mnst  parts  pleasant  aiul  whole- 
some, except  among  the  fens  and  meres 
there  are  gre.it  numbers  of  cattle  and 
plenty  of  water-fowl,  fisli,  and  turf  for 
firing ;  which  last  is  of  great  service 
to  the  inhabitants,  there  being  but  lit- 
tle wood,  though  the  whole  county 
was  a  forest  in  the  time  of  Henry  II. 
rhis  county  sends  four  members  to 
parliament;  and  the  sheriff,  who  is 
chosen  ulternatcly  from  Cambridge- 
shire, the  isle  of  Ely,  and  Huntingdon- 
shire, Is  sherifi"  of  both  counties. 

H'intspil,  a  small  town  in  Somerset- 
shire at  the  m'luth  of  the  river  PaiTct, 
five  miles  N  of  Brldgewater,  and  143 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  12  VV,  Iat. 
51 11  N. 

Huntsville,  a  small  post  town  in  Sur- 
ry county.  North  Carolina,  15  miles  S 
W  of  Beth.ania  the  Moravian  town. 

Huntsburg,  a  town  in  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  situated  near  the  line 
that  divides  this  State  from  Lower  Ca- 
nada, at  the  distance  of  about  12  mllcj 
E  of  Lake  Champlain.  Here  is  a  post- 
office. 

Hurdwar,  a  town  of  the  province  of 
Delhi,  where  the  Ganges  first  enters 
the  plains  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  117 
miles  N  by  E  of  Delhi. "  Lon.  78  15  E, 
Iat.  29  35  N. 

Huron,  a  lake  of  North  America, 
which  lies  between  80  and  85°  W  lon, 
and  42  and  46°  N  Iat.  from  whence  the 
country  around  is  called  the  country  of 
the  Hurons. 

Hurst  Castle,  a  castle  in  Hampshire, 
near  LjTnington.  In  this  castle  Charles 
I.  was  confined  previously  to  his  being 
brouglit  to  trial.  It  is  seated  on  the  ex- 
treme point  of  a  neck  of  land,  which 
shoots  into  the  sea  toward  the  isle  of 
Wight  from  which  it  is  distant  two 
miles. 

Hussingabad,  a  to^vn  of  Hindoostan 
in  the  province  of  Malwa,  the  easten\ 
division  of  the  Mahratta  empire.  It  is 
140  mites  N  VVof  Nagpour.  Lon.  77  54 
E,  Iat.  22  42  N. 

Hi'stini,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
dutchj'  of  Slcswick,  with  a  strong  cita- 
del, and  a  very  handsome  church.  It 
is  seated  near  the  river  Ow,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  20  miles  W  of  Sles- 
wick.    Lon.  9  0  E,  Iat.  54  45  N. 

Hiiy,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege  ;  the  D'ltcli,  in 
1718,  demolished  the  fortifications,  and 
snrrendcivd  it  to  the  bisiiop  of  Liege. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Macse,  12  miles 


U  Y 

pleasant  aiul  whole- 
ingtlic  fens  and  meres 
umbers  of  cattle  and 
(\vl,  fisl),  aiid  turf  for 
t  is  of  great  service 
,  there  being  but  lit- 
ii  the  whole  county 
he  time  of  Henry  II. 
Is  four  members  to 
the  sheriff,  who  is 
ly  from  Cambridgp- 
Lly,  ami  Huntingdon- 
'both  counties. 
11  town  in  Somerset- 
li  of  the  river  PaiTet, 
Iridgewater,  and  143 
n.     Lon.  3  12  VV,  lat. 

lall  post  town  in  Sur- 
Carolina,  15  miles  S 
e  Moravian  town, 
.vn  in  Franklin  coun- 
uatcd  near  the  line 
5tate  from  Lower  Ca- 
nce  of  about  12  milcj 
ilain.     Here  is  a  post- 

n  of  the  province  of 
e  Ganges  first  enters 
indoostan.  It  is  117 
Delhi. "  Lon.  78  15  E, 

of  North  America, 
en  80  and  85°  W  lon, 
lat.  from  whence  the 
called  the  country  of 

castle  in  Hampshire, 
In  this  castle  Charles 
reviously  to  his  being 
It  is  seated  on  the  ex- 
neck  of  land,  which 
!a  toward  the  isle  of 
ch  it  is  distant  two 

town  of  Hindoostan 
f  Malwa,  the  easteni 
diratta  empire.  It  is 
Nagpour.  Lon.  77  54 

1  of  Denmark,  in  the 
■k,  with  a  strong  cita- 
andsome  churcli.  It 
le  river  Ow,  on  the 
20  miles  W  of  Sles- 
u,  lat.  54  45  N. 
the  Netherlands,  in 
..lege  ;  the  D'ltcli,  in 
the  fortifications,  and 
the  bisiiop  of  Liege. 
;he  Maese,  12  miles 


J  A  E 


Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50 


WSWofLicgc 
32  N. 

H:ilial>a<l,  the  capital  ofGolconda, 
in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  seated 
«<ri  a  river  that  falls  into  the  Kistn.i, 
....^J  mdcs  N  by  E  of  Madrass.  Lon.  78 
.51  E,  lat.  17  12  N. 

Hydrabad,  a  fort  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 


JAG 


iier,  u,  the  province  of  Sindv.    It  is  tlie 
residence  of  a  Maliometan  p'rince,  who 
IS  tributary  to  the  king  ofCandaliar.  It 
i.s  situate  on  the   Indus,   not  far  above 
the    head   of  tlie    Delta,    and   in   the 
neighbourhood    of  Nijsserpour.     Lon 
69  30  E,  lat.  25  29  N. 
.    M. polite,  St.  a  town  of  Franc.p,  now 
m  the  department  of  G.ird  latelv  in  the 
province  of  Languedoc.     A  canal  cros- 
ses the  town,  whicli  turns  sever.il  mills 
and  supplies  manv  fountains   with   wa- 
ter.    An  insult  oHcrcd  bv  the    inhabi- 
tants  to  a  priest,  who  was  carrving  tlie 
viaticum,  occasioned  the  revocation  of 
•  lie  edict  of  Nantes.     This  town  has  a 
good  fort,   and   is   seated  on   the    Vi- 
dour  e,  near  its  source,  12   miles  S  W 
of  Alais.  Lon.  0  4  E,  lat.  43  55  N. 
//>f/if.     See  I/it/ie 


I  J 

JAR   a  river  rising  near  Tongres       miles  E  c 
in  t,ie  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  i..:    Calcutta. 


ter  a  N  E  course  falls  into  the  Maese 
at  Maestricht. 

yablunka,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
territory  of  Teschen,  35  miles  S  E 'of 
Troppaw.  Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  49  41  N. 

Jacca,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
.'\rragon,  with  a  bisho;)'s  see,  and  a 
*ort.  It  IS  seated  on  a  river  of  tlie  same 
name,  among  the  mountains  of  Jacca 
in  a  very  pleasant  and  fruitful  plain' 
which  are  a  part  of  the  P\ienees  -^a 
miles  N  of  Hucsca.  Lon.  6  19  W 'j.rf 
42  36N.  yy.iK. 

yaci-d'-Agtiila,  a  seaport  town  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily,  10  miles  N  bv 
I',  of  Catania.     Lon.  15  26  E,  lat.  3r  27 

Jachonburg,  a  post  town  in  Colleton 
county,  South  Carolina  ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Edisto  river.  30  miles 
\V  of  Charleston. 

yacisonbvrg,  a  post  town  in  Scriven 
eoiinty,  Georgia,  59  miles  S  W  of  Sa- 
vannah. 

yarn,  a  strong  and  handsome  to%vn 


of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  and  a  ciwtle.  It  is  seated  i,,  u 
country  producing  excellent  li-iilts.  -uid 
very  tme  silk,  at  t!ie  lijot  of  a  nioMMfiin 
15  miles  S  W  of  Uaeza.  Lon,  3  2>  \v' 
lat.  37  38  N.  '       ' 

5'"#".  a  town  of  Palestine,  formerly 
callcd  Joppa,  and  entirely  fallen  from 
Its  ancient  grandeur.  It'is  50  miles  N 
W  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  3,J  0  E,  lat  5" 
lo  N. 

Jajfray,  a  ])ost  town  in  Clieshiro 
county.  New  Hampshire,  b.ing  near 
tliC  hounduiy  line  l)etwe.,u  this  State 
and  Massaclnisetts,  about  70  niiii-s  S 
W  of  PorTsmouth,  and  25  castw;;rd  of 
Connecticut  river. 

Jj/iuipatitn,  a  sc.iport  of  Ccvion,  in 
the  Last  Indies  at  the  X  end  "of  that 
island,  and  100  miles  N  of  Candy.  Tl,,, 
Dutch  took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in 
.16o8  ;  and  it  was  taken  by  the  Enjrllsli 
m  October  ]-95.  Thev  export  ^reat 
fiuantities  of  tobacco  from  lience,  and 
some  elephants,  which  are  accounted 
the  most  docile  of  .iny  in  the  world 
Lon.  80  45  E,  lat.  9  4?"  N. 

^lig-rr.wit,  a  famous  pagoda,  in  th-* 
pemnsula  of  Hindoostan,  and  province 
of  Orissa.  It  is  one  of  the  first  objects 
of  Hindoo  veneration,  .ind  visited  by 
vast  crowds  of  pilgrims  from  all  parts 
ot  India,  and  is  an  excellent  seamark 
It  lies  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  a  few 
miles  E  of  lakeChilka,  and  311  S  Wof 
Lon.  85  40  E,  lat.  19  35  N 


yagerndorf,  a  town  and  castle  of  Sil 
lesia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  the  Oppa,  65  miles  S 
by^E  of  Breslaw.   Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  50 

yageraburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  principality  of  Hesse  Darmstadt 

yaghtre,  a  tract  of  land,  in  the  Car. 
nat.c,  subject  to  the  English  East  India 
Company.  It  extends  along  the  bay  of 
bengal,  from  Madrass  to  Lake  Pulli- 
cate on  the  N,  to  Alemparve  on  the  S 
and  to  Conjcvcram  on  the  W  ;  bein^ 
108  miles  along  the  shore,  and  47  in- 

oiln  '"  "'•'  "^.'/'"^  P'"""*-  It  contains 
-440  square  miles,  and  its  annual  reve- 
nue IS  about  150,000/. 

yogO'  ■y^  the  largest,  most  populous, 
and  most  fertile  of  the  Cape  \\l  Verd 
Islands  in  Africa.  It  lies  13  miles  W 
of  the  island  of  Mayo,  and  abounds 
^yltll  high  barren  mountains ;  but  the 
air,  in  the  rainy  season  is  unwholesome 
to  strangers.  The  animals  are  beeves 
horsgs,  asses,  mules,  deer,  goats,  hog,! 


JAG 


J  A  M 


:t'      :i 


nw, 


civct-caU,  «T)d  monkies.  Here  are 
fowls,  and  liiiv's  of  almost  all  soi'ts  ; 
And  IndiHii  corn,  planUins,  bananas, 
pornpioiig,  urung'c's,  lemons,  tuma- 
rincU,  junc-applcs,  cocoa-nuts,  g;tiava.s, 
tar,  auples,  und  su^ai'-canc-s.  It  has 
also  sotiii;  cedar  trees,  and  plenty  of 
cotton.  St.  Jago  or  Rib's ra-Crande  is 
tliL  cu'.ital,  but  llio  iruvcrnor  resideb  at 
Praya. 

y^'go,  St.  a  iKoiiisonic  and  considera- 
ble town  of  Soi.t'.i  America,  the  capi- 
tal ul'  Clii!':,  >Mtli  a  ^od  harbour,  a 
bishop's  sec,  and  a  royal  audience.  It 
is  81  :itid  in  \  lj'-;r.!tif  ;1  pKiii.  abound- 
ing in  all  the  uice.-.sarie!i  of  me,  at  tli«' 
foot  of tl;c  Andes,  on  t'le  river  Mipo- 
cho.  Here  are  scvera'  canHl',ai.da 
dike,  by  means  of  which  they  water 
tiu;  gardens  and  cool  the  streets.  It  in 
su'ijtct  to  ea.'thquukeii,  .ind  the  inha- 
biiants  are  na'-iv-e  ./Vuicricans  and  Spa- 
niurds.     i...n.  71  5  W,  lat.  34  10  S. 

yimi-de-Cii'ja,  St.  tlie  capital  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  with  a  good  harbour,  ;.t 
the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and  on  a  riv<  r  o; 
the  same  name.  Lon.  76  10  W,  lat.  20 
5  N. 

yago-de-toS'Ca^-'ler'X;  Si.  a  town  of 
tlispaniola,  on  the  river  St.  Jago,  in  a 
fertile  soil,  but  bad  air.  Lon.  70  38 
W,  lat.  19  22  N. 

yago-itet-Entero,  St.  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  Tucr.ian,  and  the  usual 
residence  of  the  inquisitor  of  the  pro- 
vince. It  is  seated  on  a  large  river 
called  the  Didce  in  a  flat  country,  475 
miles  S  S  E  of  Potosi.  Lon.  62  0  W, 
lat.  28  25  S. 

ycgo  dt  Guatimala,  St.  Sec  Guati- 
nulla.  New. 

yago  dc  las  Vallen,  St.  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Mexico,  seat- 
ed on  tlic  river  Paniico.  Lon.  100  0  W, 
:Bt.  23  0  N. 

yago  de  la  Vrga,  St.  or  Spanish  Tmm, 
i  town  of  JilKaica,  where  the  assembly 
and  the  grand  courts  of  justice  are  hei  1. 
It  was  once  a  populous  place,  contain - 
;.;g  two  churches,  a  monastery,  and 
several  chapels  ;  but  it  is  now  rcducd 
to  a  small  compass,  and  has  only  o.i<i 
church  and  a  chapel.  It  is  seated ne;>r 
the  S  E  part  of  th'-  island  in  a  pleasar.t 
vadey,  on  the  Rio  Cobre,  sevci'  r>iile< 
N  W  of  Port  Passage,  oi.  the  bay  of 
Port  Royal.  Lon.  76  49  W,  lat.  16 
6N. 

y<:igo  de  Leon,  St.  the  capital  of  the 
district  of  Caracras,  in  South  America. 
Lon.  64  48  W,  lat.  9  32  N. 


yago^ina,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Scrvia,  seated  on  the  Morava,  70 
miles  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  18  E, 
lat.  43  40  N. 

yaJM,  a  large  river  of  Tartary, which 
fails  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

yaicza,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eiu^pc, 
in  Bosnia,  with  a  strong  citadel,  seated 
on  the  Plena,  50  miles  N  E  of  Bosna- 
Seragn. 

y.ituttkni.     See  Yakutsk. 

yalalahad,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan 
Proper,  situate  on  the  Kameh,  60  miles 
E  S  E  of  Cabul. 

yatkndar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  llie  country  of  Lahore,  capi- 
tal  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
74  10 E,  lac.  .10  50  N. 

yui'viitz,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rojv,  in  \V  allachia.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Jalonil.:,  and  is  95  miles  SVV  of 
lamael. 

y<it'iour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  country  of  Agimere.  Lon 
7J  40  E,  lat.  25  15  N. 

yainagmo<l,  a  town  in  the  Russian 
govornment  of  St.  Petersburg,  with  a 
ttrong  fort,  seated  on  the  Jama,  12  miles 
N  L  of  Nai-va.  Lon.  28  J  E,  lat.  59  25 
N. 

yamaica,  an  island  of  the  West  In- 
dies, discovered  by  Columbus,  in  1494 
It  lies  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  30  leagues 
W  of  Hispaniola,  niarh  the  same  dis- 
tance S  of  Cuba,  and  145  leagues  N  oi' 
Carthagena,  on  the  continent  of  South 
America.  It  is  of  an  oval  figure,  150 
miles  long,  and 40  b.'oad  in  the  middle. 
It  contains  upwards  of  4,000,000  acres, 
and  is  divided  by  a  ridge  of  hills  which 
run  lengthwise  fi'oni  E  to  W.  Here 
numerous  fine  rivers  take  their  rise 
from  i>oth  sides,  yet  none  of  tiie.Ti  are 
navigable,  even  for  barges  ;  but  some 
are  so  large,  tliat  the  sugars  are  car- 
ried upon  them  in  canoes  ti-om  the  re- 
mote plantations  to  the  seaside  ;  some 
of  them  run  under  ground  for  a  consid- 
erable space,  and  particularly  the  Rio- 
Oubre  and  the  Rio-Peura.  The  moun- 
tains, and  great  part  of  the  island,  are 
covered  with  woods,  which  look  green 
;<t  all  times  of  tl.  vear  ;  for  lice  if  mi 
eternal  spring.  Tuereare  many  d'^iei- 
ent  kinds  of  trees  atl^rning  the  brow 
of  every  hill,  ^..d  forming  grovet  and 
cool  retreats.  Among  these  are  the 
lignum  vita:,  the  cedur,  and  tlie  malio- 
gany-trees.  In  the  vJlies  are  sugar, 
canes,  r.nd  such  a  variety  of  fniit-tf  eg 
as  to  iDf  ke  the  country  look  Ukc  a  pa- 


M 

f  Turkey  in  Europe, 
)n  tlic  Moruva,  70 
ule.     Lon.  21  18  E, 

er  of  Tartiry, which 
ui  Sea. 

r  Turkey  in  Europe, 
xonjj  citadel,  seated 
ilea  N  E  of  Boana- 

Yuiuuk. 

)wn   of   Hindooatan 

the  Kameh,  60  miles 

\vn    of   Hindooatan 

itry  of  Lahore,  ciipi- 

l>c  aamcname.  Lon. 

N. 

n  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 

.    It  is  seated  on  the 

[  is  95  inilci  S  VV  of 

1  of  Hiudooslan  Pro- 
yofAfimere.     Lon 

;  N. 

own  in  the  KusBian 
;.  I'etcrsburg,  with  u 
on  the  Jama,  1'2  miles 
.on.  28  J  E.  lut.  59  25 

land  of  the  West  In- 
hv  Columbus,  in  1494 
itic  Ocean,  30  leagues 
marl}  the  same  dis- 
and  145  leagues  N  of 
le  continent  of  South 
an  oval  fi(jurc,    150 
bioad  in  the  middle, 
da  of  4,000,000  acres, 
ridpe  of  hills  which 
.om   E  to  W.     Here 
vers   take  their   rise 
yet  none  of  tlie.Ti  are 
i)r  barges  ;  but  some 
.  the  sugars  are  lar- 
canoes  from  the  re- 
.  the  seMide  ;  aomc 
ground  for  a  consid- 
rticularly  the  Rio- 
^-Feura.     The  moun- 
jart  of  the  island,  are 
ids,  which  look  ^een 
year  ;  for  hcc  if   vy-i 
iiere  are  many  di'.ei- 
s  atl.jrning  the  brow 
forming  giovet  and 
mong  these  are  the 
■edur,  and  tlie  malio- 
ic  ^  Jlies   are  sugar, 
variety  of  fru<t-tf   e» 
untry  look  lifc-e  a  pa- 


J  A  M 


J  A  M 


radise.  But  to  babince  this,  there  arc 
alligators  in  the  rivers  ;  guianocs  and 
galli wasps  in  the  fi  ns  and  miu-shes  ; 
and  snakes  and  iu>xioii<i  animals  in  tlie 
mountains.  The  loiigest  day  iii  about 
13  hours,  and  alwut  nine  in  i\\c  morn- 
ing it  is  so  intolerably  hot,  tliat  it  would 
be  dillicult  to  live,  if  the  sea-breezes 
did  not  arise  to  cool  the  air.  Some- 
times the  nights  are  pretty  cool,  and 
tiiere  afe  great  dew.s,  wliich  are  deem- 
ed unwiiolesome,  especially  to  new- 
comers. Tha  year  is  distinguished  into 
two  sea.sons,  the  wet  and  dry  ;  but  the 
rains  are  not  so  frequent  as  formerly, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  owing  to  the 
cutting  down  of  the  woods.  The  months 
of  J  Illy,  Augu.st,  and  September,  are 
called  the  hurricane  months,  because 
then  they  arc  the  most  frequent ;  and 
tliere  is  lightning  almo*t  every  night. 
There  is  not  ab^v'e  a  third  part  of  the 
island  inhabited,  for  the  plantations  are 
all  by  the  seaside.  Here  and  there  are 
saTanna.s,  or  large  plains,  wliere  the 
original  n-itiyes  used  to  plant  their  In- 
dian corn,  and  whicli  the  Spaniards 
made  use  of  for  breeding  their  cattle. 
The  best  houses  are  generally  built 
low,  being  only  one  story,  on  account 
of  tlie  hurricanes  and  earthquakes  ; 
.indthe  negroes  huts  are  made  of  reeds, 
.ind  will  hold  only  two  or  three  per- 
sons. The  common  drink  is  Madeira 
wine  or  rum  punch.  The  common 
bread,  or  that  which  servci  for  it,  is 
plantains,  yams,  and  cassava-roots  ;  but 
in  179.3,  a  great  number  of  the  bread- 
fruit trees  wore  brought  here  from  O- 
t.aheite,  and  introduced  into  the  difFer- 
c'lt  plantations.  Hofjs  and  sheep  are 
plentiful,  but  the  serv'ants  generally 
feed  upon  Irish  salt- beef,  and  the  ne- 
groes have  herrings  and  salt-fish.  The 
general  produce  of  this  island  is  sugar, 
rum,  ginger,  cotton,  indigo,  pimenta, 
chocolate,  several  kinds  of  woods,  and 
medicinal  drug^.  It  has  some  tobacco, 
but  not  good,  and  used  only  by  the  ne- 
groes, v.'lio  can  scarce  live  without  it  ; 
also  Indian  coi-n,  Guinea  com,  and  peas 
of  various  kinds,  with  variety  of  roots, 
i  r.iits  are  ui  gi'eat  plenty,  such  as 
oranges,  lemons,  shaddocks,  citrons, 
pomegranates,  mammees,  sweet-sops, 
panaws,  >/me-apples,  star-apples,  prick- 
ly pea/s,  melons,  pompions,  guavas,  and 
many  otlier  gort.<!.  There  are  four  ne- 
groes to  a  white  man  ;  an<l  of  the  form- 
er tlK^rc  are  .-.botit  KW.OOO,  besides  a 
rrixed    br«ed,     between    tlie    blacks. 


whites,  and  mulattoes.  This  island 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1655,  and 
is  now  tlie  most  valuable  of  their  West 
India  colonies.  In  June  1795,  tlic  Ma- 
roons, or  original  natives,  who  inhabit 
till-  mountains,  rose  aga.nst  tlic  En- 
glish, and  were  not  quelled  till  March 
1796.  Tlie  prii  .ipal  town  is  Kingston; 
but  St.  Jago  <\c  la  Vfga,  or  Spanish 
Town,  is  the  sent  of  govoiument. 

y<tmaka,  a  town  on  Long  Island,  in 
Qiiecn's  coimty.  New  York  ;  Vi  miles 
E  of  the  metropolis.  It  has  a  post  of- 
fice, and  contains  aoout  600  inliabi- 
tants. 

yamara,  the  capital  of  a  priiici|)ality 
in  Arabia  Fili.x,  seated  on  the  river 
Astan,  150  miles  W  of  Elcatif 

yamba,  a  city  of  the  Hitlier  India, 
and  the  capital  of  a  province  of  tlie 
same  name.  Lon.  81  55  £,  lat.  31 
21  N. 

yamboli,  a  territory  of  Turkey,  in 
Ewopc,  lying  on  the  Archipelago. 

ymnbi,  or  yamhia,  a  seaport  and 
sniall  kingdom,  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra.  'I'he  Dutch  have  a 
fort  here,  and  export  pepper  hence, 
with  the  best  sort  of  canes.  It  is  160 
miles  N  of  Bencoolen.  Lon.  102  35  E, 
lat.  0  59  N. 

ya-met,  St.  an  hospital  and  burying- 
ground,  nearBanil  in  Swisserland,  cel- 
ebrated for  a  battle,  fought  by  3000 
Swiss  against  an  army  of  30,000  French 
in  which  only  32  of  the  former  remain- 
ed alive  despecately  wounded,  on  the 
field  of  battle.  Sixteen  that  escaped 
from  the  field,  were  branded  with  in- 
famy, for  not  having  sacrificed  their 
lives  in  defence  of  their  country  j  and 
the  conquerors  themselves  were  com- 
pelled to  retire  into  Alsace. 

yames  Bay.     See  Hudmtft  Bay. 

yamei  Jtland,  an  island  of  AfVlca, 
30  miles  up  the  river  Gambia,  and  three 
miles  from  its  neareajt  shore.  Here 
the  English  have  a  fort  and  factory. 
Lon.  16  0  W,  lat.  13  15  N. 

ya7n.es  Island,  an  island  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, opposite  Charleston. 

yavut  Island,  an  island  of  North  A- 
merica,  in  Baffin's  Bav,  between  Davis 
Straits  and  Baffin's  Straits.  Lon  62  35 
W,  lat.  70  0  N. 

yames  Biver,  a  fine  river  of  Virgi- 
nia, which  enters  the  bay  of  Chesa- 
]}cak,  near  Hampton 

yames  Tonan,  an  ancient  town  in 
Prince  Edward  county,  Virginia,  plant- 
ed as  early  as  1607,  and  made  the  sett 


I  A  P 


J  A  F 


¥i 


m|'(  iiliiiiial  |^(.vriMimciil  i  it  U  silii.ilcil 
on  tlic  N  hank  of  James  Ki\fr,  in  tlie 
lat.  of  ,17"  <y  N,  iuul  l.m.  of  71^  lo'  W, 
.•It  tlio  liistanre  of  8  niilis  S  from  Wil- 
liiinis!;tii-(^,  and  32  S  E  irom  Uicli- 
jno'id. 

yunicn  7'(iwn,  a  bonrnffli  of  Ireland, 
in  lli<;  foinity  of  Lcitrim,  scatid  on  tlic 
.Mianni-ii,  live  milia  S  i>\  K  of  Carrick, 
and  7:J  N  \V  of  IJublln.  "  Lon.  8  29  W, 
lat.  53  51  N. 

yaviets,  a  town  of  Franco,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Mouse,  and  late  province 
of  IJanMis,  \2  miles  S  of  Stenay. 

Janeiro,  a  province  of  IJrasil,  in  S 
Anierira,  seated  between  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn  and  22"  of  Slat.  It  is  boimd- 
ed  on  the  N  by  the  province  of  Spirito 
Sancto,  on  the  K  and  S  by  the  Atian- 
tic  Ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  the  inoim- 

"  *?which  S('])arale  it  from  Guiana,  in 
Spanish  America.  Tiiis  is  the  most 
valuable  province  which  tlic  I'ortuj^uese 
are  masters  of;  for  tliey  import  yearly 
froTu  thence  (jreat  epiantities  of  gold 
and  precious  stones,  which  they  find 
in  the  mountains,  to  aiirodiicious  value. 

yur.ra,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  N  by  Macedonia, 
on  the  S  by  Li  lulia,  on  the  W  by  . 
bania,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Archipcla- 
!;•(>.  It  is  the  Tlies.^aly  of  the  ancients, 
iind  Lari.ssa  is  the  capital. 

yanna,  a  town  of  'I'lu-key  in  Europe, 
in  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
62  miles  W  of  Larissa.  l.on.  21  36  E, 
lat.  .»  48  N. 

'y.iiiiri-.its,  a  tov\-n  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
•.iicle  of  Kaushim,  famous  for  a  battle 
between  the  Swedes  and  Imneriali.'ts 
in  1645  when  th<i  latter  were  defeated. 
It  is  48  miles  S  E  of  I'r:igue.  Lon.  15 
33  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

y.io-tchfw-f'iiu,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
jnovince  of  Kiung-si,  seated  on  the  ri- 
V'cr  Po,  whlciv,  *»t  ^-  small  di.stancc,  en- 
ters the  lake  Po-yang".  It  commands 
sf.ven  cities  of  the  third  class. 

ynpan  Hands,  lying  in  tlie  East  In- 
dies, in  Asia,  bet'.vecn  30  and  40°  N 
lat.  and  between  130  atid  144  E  long, 
the  largest  of  which  is  called  Japan, 
and  sonictimes  Niphon,  and  gives  its 
name  to  all  the  I'est,  being  (iOO  miles  in 
length,  and  from  100  to  150  in  bre.idth. 
Its  cajiital  is  Jeddo.  The  second  island 
in  magnitude  is  called  Sacock,  and  se- 
parated from  the  former  only  by  a  very 
niU'row  cliannel.  It  is  about  500  miles 
in  circuit,  and  its  capital  is  called  Bou- 
^g. — 7he  third  in  iDPgviluiJe.  is  called' 


I'divsa,  .tnd  these  are  siuTmilided  by  fl 
grciil  number  of  smaller.  All  these 
are  subject  to  one  sovereign,  or  emper- 
or, who  has  50  or  60  viissal  kings  under 
his  dominion,  whom  he  can  depose  or 
punish  at  his  pleasure.  They  arc  olili- 
ged  one  half  of  the  year  to  attend  his 
I  mil  I,  aiul  therefore  each  of  them  has 
a  house  witlun  the  verge  of  the  empe- 
ror's palare  at  jtddo.  'i  he  ekiestson.s 
oftI)e  ni.i>dlty  are  also  brought  up  at 
court,  where  they  continue  till  they 
are  jiromoted  to  some  .)i('Si.  '1  hi.i 
prince,  when  he  njipears  abroad  is  at- 
tended by  5000  or  6u00  of  his  guards, 
and  maintains  an  army  of  20,000  horse, 
and  100,000  foot,  though  there  seenvi 
tVH||.  no  necessity  for  so  lai  ge  a  body 
.ilMnen,  uides.s  he  suspei  ts  the  fidelity 
6f  his  vassals.  His  revenues,  accord, 
ing  to  the  accounts  given  of  this  coun- 
try, exceed  those  ot  all  the  monarchii 
uj)on  earth  added  together;  and  the 
riches  of  the  coimtry  are  an.swerable,  it 
being  said  by  the  Portuguese,  and  some 
of  our  own  countrymen,  wlio  formerly 
traded  to  Japan,  that  their  palaces  are 
covered  with  gold  plates  instead  of 
tiles.  But  Christians  of  no  denomina- 
tion have  been  sullered  to  settle  in  Ja- 
pan for  above  a  hundred  years,  on  pre- 
tence of  a  conspiracy  formed  by  the 
Portuguese  and  their  prosely  tes  against 
the  government.  The  Dutch  alone 
were  admitted  to  traffic  afterwards, 
upon  declaring,  it  is  said,  they  were 
no  Christians,  and  then  trampling  upon 
the  cross,  to  coniirni  the  Japanese  in 
this  opinion  ;  and  they  are  so  jealous 
even  of  the  Dutch,  th&t  upon  the  arri- 
v.il  of  any  of  their  ships,  they  take  away 
their  guns,  sails,  and  rudders,  carrying 
them  on  shore  till  they  are  ready  to 
sail.  The  goods  which  the  Dutch  im- 
port to  Japan,  are  spices,  sugars,  silks, 
woollen  liPd  linen  n^.2nufacturei;,  ele- 
phants teeth,  and  haberdashery  wares, 
for  which  they  have  in  return,  gold, 
silver,  fine  cop])cr,  cabinets,  and  other 
curious  Japan  works,  and  lacquered 
wave.  The  Japanese  make  no  use  of 
tables,  beds,  or  chairs,  but  sit  and  lie- 
upon  carpets,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Turks  and  Persians. 

yapara,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast  of 
the  island  of  Java  in  Asia,  with  a  good 
harbour.  It  was  the  capit.il  of  a  con- 
siderable kingdom,  till  the  Dutch  made 
^  hemselves  masters  of  it ;  and  now  they 
have  a  colony  here,  and  a  considera- 
ble trade.     It   is   253   miles   E   by  S 


^  p 

lire  snrrmiiulcd  l>y  % 
i'  smiillcr.      All   tlicsi; 
•  sovcrcij;n,  iir  cmpi-r- 
60  viissal  kin^'ft  under 
lom  lie  I'liii  (Icpose  or 
sure.     '1  lifj  iirr  olili- 
lie  jear  to  uUciul  li'n 
ore   ciicii  of  tlicm  i\ii» 
lie  vcrnc  ot'tlic  i-mpc- 
(Ulo.     '1  lie  i-li.estsoi)n 
L-    also   broiijfl't  up  at 
;y  coiitini'e    till   ihcy 
J    some  .)>o.si.      '1  hi.) 
appcaPH  abroad  is  at- 
ir  6u00  of  bis  ptiards, 
aniiy  of  iO.OOtJ  lioi'sc, 
tbo'iij^h  there  scciii!) 
y  for  HO  bir^rc  a  body 
1?  suspects  llsc  fidelity 
llis  revnuics,  arcord- 
Its  pvcn  of  this   couii- 
:  of  all  the   iiionarclM 
;d  together;   and  the 
itry  are  answerable,  it 
Fortugiiese,  and  some 
trymcn,  who  formerly 
tiiat  their  palaces  are 
[)ld    !)latcs    instead  of 
itians  of  )io  denoniina- 
lilered  to  settle  in  Ja- 
ivnulred  years,  on  prc- 
ipiracy  iormed  by  the 
heir  proseh  tes  ag'uinst 
The    IJiitch   alone 
to  trafiic   afterwards, 
it   is  said,  they  were 
d  then  tramplinff  upon 
nfirni  the  Japanese  in 
they  are  so  jealous 
,   that  upon  the  arri- 
ships,  they  take  away 
im<l  rudders,  carryinpf 
till  they  arc  ready  to 
which  the  Dutch  ini- 
spices,  sugars,  silks, 
n   manufacture!;,  ele 
haberdashery  wares, 
have  in  return,  gold, 
,  cabinets,  and  other 
orks,    and  lacquered 
nese  make  no  use  of 
hairs,   but  sit  and  lie 
tl)e  same  maimer  as 
rsians. 

lort  on  the  N  coast  of 
in  Asia,  with  a  good 
the  capital  of  a  con- 
,  till  the  Dutch  made 
rs  of  it ;  and  now  they 
re,  and  a  considera- 
253   miles   E   by  S 


^»»" 


J  A  T 


J  A  V 


of    Batavia.     Lon.    110  43   E,    lirt.    (> 
20  S. 

y^rgcau,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
file  department  of  Loiret  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Orleanois.  It  is  10 
miles  S  E  of  Orlea.is,  and  70  S  W  of 
I'aris. 

yarislau.     Sec  farmlnf. 

''/urijiiii'it',  a  town  of  I'olaiid,  in  Red 
Russia,  100  miles  K  of  Cracow. 

yiirnac,  a  to\vi\  of  Frai\<e,  now  in 
the  ilepartment  of  Charente  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Angouniois.  Il  is 
remarkable  for  a  victory  ol)taine(l  by 
Henry  III.  (then  duke  of  Aiijoii)  ovi-r 
tile  Huguenots,  in  15ti9.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Charente,  20  miles  \V  of  An- 
gonlesme,  and  '2jj  S  bv  VV  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  4  W,  hit.  4.5  43  N. 

yaroniitz,  a  town  of  llohemla,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Elbe,  IV  miles  S  \V  of 
platz,  and  62  N  E  of  Prague.  Lon. 
15  ir  E,  lat.  50  22  N. 

yaroittna,  a  handsome  town  of  Aus- 
trian Poland,  in  Red  Russia,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
great  fair,  its  handsome  buildings,  and 
a  battle  gained  by  the  Swedes,  in  1656, 
after  which  they  took  the  town.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Saine,  55  miles  W  of 
Lenibiirg,  and  100  E  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
22  43  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

yastiiitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomc- 
rania,  in  the  dutchy  of  Stctin,  seated 
on  the  Oder,  eight  miles  N  of  Stctin. 

yasiflte,  a  seaport  of  Persia,  on  the 
gulfofOrmns,  and  in  the  province  of 
I'uberan.     Lon.  59  15  E,  lat.  26  10  N. 

yasie/mere,  a  town  of  Hindiioslan 
Proper,  in  a  small  territory  of  the  same 
name,  subject  to  a  petty  rajah,  in  the 
province  of  Agimere.  It  is  6B0  miles 
N  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73  0  E,  kt.  27 
34  N. 

yassy,  the  capital  of  Moldavia,  in 
European  Turkey  J  and  residence  of  the 
hospodar  of  that  country,  who  is  a  vas- 
sal of  the  grand  sigiiior.  In  1753,  the 
whole  city  was  destroyed  by  fire ;  it 
has  been  several  times  taken  in  the 
wars  between  the  Turks  and  the  Rus- 
sians or  Austrians ;  the  last  time  by 
the  latter  in  1788,  who  restored  it  by 
the  peace  of  Reichinbach  in  1790.  It 
is  a  laige  strong  town  ser.ted  on  th«  ri- 
ver Pruth  125  miles  \V  of  Bender.  Lon. 
27  35  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

yats,  once  a  powerful  Hindoo  trib(;, 
in  Hindoostan  Proper,  to  whom  all 
that  now  remains,  is  the  small  tenito- 
vy  of  fihartpour,  45  miles  \V  ol'  Ajjra. 


ya\a,  an  island  of  the  East  Indier, 
lying  to  the  S  of  IJorneo,  and  separated 
at  its  W  enil  from  Sumatra,  by  (htj 
striit  of  Sunda.  It  is  sonu  times  tailed 
Great  Java,  to  distinguish  il  frtim  Hall, 
by  some  named  Little  Java,  uiiil  is  -I  JO 
miles  in  Icngtii, and  of  various  linadtb. 
cMeiuling  liom  lU')  I.)  118"  E  Ir.n.  unci 
0  to  8"  S  lat.  'I'lie  N  coast  has  a  great 
many  coinmndious  crci  ks,  bayri,  har- 
bours, and  towns,  with  mJiny  little  is. 
hinds  near  the  shore.  In  former  tinie"» 
it  had  as  many  petty  kings  as  tJieri? 
were  large  towns  ;  but  now  it  has  two 
kingdoms  only  :  one  of  which  is  under 
tlie  king  of  Mataram,  and  the  other 
tiniier  the  king  of  Bantam.  'I'lie  Ja- 
vanese are  a  barbarous,  ])roud,  and 
tierce  people,  of  a  i)rov/n  complexion, 
hliort  coal-ldack  hair,  lar.t^e  cheeks, 
small  eyes,  and  large  eyebrows.  The; 
men  are  very  robust  and  strong  limbed, 
but  the  women  are  small.  I'lic  men 
wear  a  piece  of  calico  wrapt  two  or 
three  times  rounrl  their  middle  ;  anil 
the  women  wear  them  from  their  arm- 
pit.s  down  to  their  knees,  but  all  other 
parts  are  bare.  The  men  have  two  or 
three  wives,  and  several  concubinco, 
according  to  their  circumstances.  Thos<j 
that  live  near  the  sea-side  are  general- 
ly Miihometans ;  but  within  land  they 
are  Gentoos,  abstaining  from  flesh  of 
all  kinds.  This  island  has  very  high 
mountains,  particularly  the  Pcppei: 
nvjiintain  <m  the  S  side ;  it  has  likewise 
impassable  forests  and  wildernesses  j 
but  to  the  N,  between  Butavia  and 
Bantam,  is  a  very  populous  country, 
{\\\\  of  rice-fields,  and  plenty  of  salt  and 
pepper,  besides  most  sorts  of  fruits 
projier  to  the  climate.  Here  also  is 
plenty  of  hogs,  beeves,  and  sheep,  with 
other  tame  animals  ;  and  likewise  fowl, 
both  wild  and  tame,  in  great  abund- 
ance. In  the  woods  are  large  tigers, 
rhinoceroses,  and  otlicr  wild  beasts  ; 
and  in  the  rivers  are  crocodiles.  The 
air  is  as  temperate  and  healthy  as  in 
any  part  of  the  East  Indies.  The  se- 
rene season  is  from  May  till  November, 
and  then  the  rains  begin,  which  lay  the 
low  grounds  under  water,  kill  the  in- 
sects, and  continue  till  May.  In  March 
they  begin  to  sow,  and  in  July  the  su- 
gar and  rice  bcp;in  to  ripen  ;  but  Sep- 
tember and  October  are  the  best 
months  for  all  sorts  of  fruits.  Java  has 
a  river  v.-hich  rises  in  the  mountains, 
and,  dividing  itself  into  many  branches, 
v.-atcrsth*  circumjacent  country;  these 


I  C  E 


I  D  A 


4-1 


»ftcrw!\r(l<i reunite  nntl  pass  tlini'  P.;ita- 
via,  dividing  it  intii  t\r<)  partM.  '1  his 
iiilui\(l  is  nioxtly  iiiKJcr  the  (loiiiininii  of 
the  Dutch  J  and,  besides  the  nutive  Ja- 
VHiicsr,  il  is  inliHliitcil  hy  Chiiit'M', 
Maliiy;tiis,  Amhoyncsc,  Topasses,  llu- 
jjasMi-s,  'rimoreaiii,  and  many  other 
people  hi'odpflit  from  distant  countries 
by  the  Dutch.  In  1740,  tlie  Dutch  pre- 
tended that  the  Chimse  -were  points  to 
make  wi  inmuTcrtinii,  and  upon  lluit 
n'''out»t  ilisarmed  them  ;  nnd  yet,  after 
that,  they  b(.  'burously  maHsacred  tlicm, 
to  Die  number  of  JO, 000  men,  women, 
iin'l  children,  and  seized  tiieir  ctlccts. 
Uutuvia  is  the  capital. 

'J^iivit,  (the  less)  or  Bally  lies  on  tlie 
T.  ol"  Java  the  preat,  the  two  islands 
ijf.'liip;  separated  by  a  narrow  ciiaiinel. 

^<)»'i<r,  R  stronif  town  of  Silesia,  ra- 
pital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  citadel,  and  n  larpe  square,  sur- 
rounded hy  pia/,7.as  It  is  12  miles  S  of 
Lipiit/,  and  8!1  K  of  I'rague.  Ion.  IG 
.*;f)E,  lat.  J0  58N. 

yaypotir.     See  yyepnur. 

Ihorg,  or  Ilirrg,  a  town  of  Germany 
in  tlie  circle  of  <Vestplialia,  and  in  the 
bishopric,  of  O^naburj;',  10  miles  S  W  of 
Osnaburff,  and  30  N  E  of  Munster. 
Lon.  «  20  E,  lat.  52  U  N. 

Iceland,  a  larpe  island  to  the  W  of 
Norway,  300  miles  in  len^h,  and  150 
in  breadth,  l)insf  between  61  and  66° 
N  lat.  For  two  months  together  the 
.sun  never  sets  j  and  in  the  winter  it 
never  ri.ses  for  the  .same  space,  at  least 
not  entirely.  The  middle  of  this  island 
is  mountainous,  stony,  and  barren  ;  b>it 
in  »ome  places  there  are  excellent  pas- 
tures, and  the  jjrass  has  a  fine  smell. 
The  ice  which  gets  loose  from  the 
more  n6rthern  country  in  May,  brinps 
with  it  a  larg(!  quantity  of  wood  and 
several  animals,  such  as  foxes,  wolves, 
and  bears.  Mount  Hecla  i«  the  most 
noted  mountain,  and  is  a  volcano, 
which  sometimes  throws  out  sulphure- 
ous torrents.  The  inhabitants  believe 
that  some  of  the  souls  of  the  damned 
tfo  to  this  moimtain,  and  that  others 
are  coMfine<l  to  the  ice  near  this  island. 
Their  h<iuNvs  are  at  a  distance  from 
each  other,  and  many  of  them  deep  in 
this  irround  i  but  they  are  all  miserable 
huts,  covered  with  skins.  Many  of  the 
inhabitants  profess  Christianity!  but 
those  that  live  at  a  distance  are  pa- 
ji-ans.  Tliev  are  mostly  clothed  with 
the  skins  of  beasts.  The  Daih:*  trade 
with    the    natives    for   hides,  tallow, 


Ipainoil,  whalebone,  and  sethorse* 
teelli,  which  arc  as  j,-ood  a.s  ivorj.  Ice. 
lan<l,  which  was  considered  b)  the  an» 
cients  as  tlie  Ultima  'I'hulo,  or  the 
extri-ntily  of  the  world,  and  by  us  as 
scarcely  habitable,  once  aboundeil  in 
liiirniu)^  and  science,  a»  a  time  when 
(frcat  part  of  Europe  wasi  involved  ii» 
lUrkness.  I'lieir  languu)(e  was  thu 
i.ld  Gothic  or  Teutonic,  the  vernacular 
tonptie  of  the  Swedes,  Danes,  mid 
Norwegians,  before  it  branched  into 
the  several  dialects  since  spoken  by 
the  natives  of  these  three  kin)(doms. 

Icltviell,  a  villag-i;  in  Uedfi>rdshir<;, 
with  a  fair  on  April  5. 

/cM'ff?';,  avill.ij;'!;  in  Cambridgeshire, 
with  a  fair  on  Au|;nst  2d. 

Ichiort/i,  a  town  in  Sufiblk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  Here  are  the  ru- 
ins of  an  ancient  priory,  and  several 
Homan  coins  h.ive  Ixjcn  dug  up.  It  is 
2.5  miles  N  W  of  Ipswich,  and  74  N  N 
E  of  Lonilon.  Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Icolmkill,  formerly  lona,  a  famous 
little  island,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  near 
the  S  W  point  of  the  isle  of  Midi.  It  is 
only  three  miles  lonjf  anil  one  broail ; 
but  is  very  fertile.  It  has  a  mean  vil- 
la)rc,  and  tlie  ririns  of  an  atigust  mon- 
astery and  ci^thcdral,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  St.  Columba,  where  tlure 
are  three  chapels,  or  rather  cemete- 
ries in  wiiich  several  ancient  kinjfs  of 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Norwjiy  arc  Vm- 
ried.  In  former  times,  this  i.sland  wns 
the  place,  where  the  archives  of  Scot- 
land, nnd  many  valuable  and  ancient 
MSS  were  kept.  Many  of  these,  it  i>i 
said,  were  carried  to  the  Scotch  collvje 
at  Douay  in  France.  This  once  cele- 
brated ser.t  of  royalty  and  learning  is 
now  almost  destitute  of  an  instnir- 
tor,  to  teach  the  people  the  common 
duties  of  religion. 

Ilia,  Mount,  a  lofty  an<l  pointed 
mountain,  in  the  middle  of  the  island 
of  Candia,  famous  in  ancient  times.  It 
is  now  niitirniir  but  a  great  monstroua 
ugly  barren  niovnitain,  (piite  bare  on 
the  t<ip,  without  the  least  shadow  of  a 
landscape,  grotto,  or  spring.  All  the 
cattle  that  are  hied  on  it  are  a  few 
jjaltry  horses,  some  sheep,  and  half 
starved  goats. 

Ida,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Natolia  Proper,  famous,  in  ancient 
fable,  for  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and 
for  being  the  resort  of  the  gods  during 
the  Trojan  war. 

Idan/la-la-Nueva,  a  town  of  Portugal, 


)  A 

ic,  und  sebhonea 
»  (^'nod  as  ivon.  lee- 
ontidered  b)  the  rii< 
lima  'I'liulc,  oi-  the 
rorhl,  mid  1)*  lift  us 
,  once  iibouiided  in 
tc,  a»  a  time  when 
i)j)f  wasj  involved  in 
'  langiiuge  wan  Uic 
Ionic,  the  vcnittcuUr 
wcdcii,  Danes,  imil 
Iff  it  brancheil  intu 
•Is  since  spoken  by 
\c  three  kin)fdoini. 
^(^  in  Dcdti)rd»hir'», 
•il  5. 

;  in  Cambridgeshire, 
jn!(t  '.2d. 

\\  in  Sudblk,  vrith  a 

I'.     Here  are  the  ru- 

priory,   and  several 

•  \Kvn  dup  up.     It  i« 

Ipswich,  and  74  N  N 

1.  1  0  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

icrly    /(.Mrt,   a  fumoin 

if'tlie  Hebrides,  near 

tlic  isle  ut'  Midi.  It  ift 

lonj;  and  one   broail ; 

It  has  a  mean  vil- 

is  of  an  auffust  inoii- 

Ival,  said  to  have  been 

ulumba,   where  tbt-i'i-. 

s,   or   rather  cemetc- 

eral   ancient  kinjfs  of 

,  and  Norway  arc  h\i. 

.imcs,  this  island  \v:is 

the  archives  of  Scot- 

Ivalu.ible   and  ancient 

Many  of  these,  it  is 

to  the  Scotch  coll<:rc 

I'C.     This  once  celc- 

)yalty  and  learninjj  is 

litutc'    of  an    instrur- 

pcople   the  common 

lofty  and  pointed 
middle  of  the  island 

i'\  ancient  times.  It 
It  a  )^r<;at  monstroua 
Intain,  (pilte  bare  on 
|he  least  shadow  of  a 

or  spring.  All  the 
led  on  it  are  a  few 
[me   blieep,  and  half 

I  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
famons,  in  ancient, 
ligment  of  Paris,  and 
bt  of  the  gods  during 

L  a  to^m  of  Portugal, 


J  EA 


J  E  D 


in  nrira.  five  Toiluii  S  W  uf  Idunha-la- 
VclU. 

IMinha-ta-VtUn,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Beira.  The  French  took  il  by  an- 
■ault  in  1704.  Il  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ponsul,  25  miles  N  E  of  Castel-Uranco, 
and  25  N  W  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  H 
W,  lat.  39  39  N. 

Idria,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Carniolii,  and  county  of  Go- 
ritz,  with  a  ruhlle.  Here  are  rich 
quicksilver  n>iniH,  tliscovercd  in  1497. 
It  is  seated  amid  mountains,  in  a  deep 
valley,  on  the  river  Idria,  17  miles  N 
E  ofGoritz,  and  2.'i  N  of  Triest.  Lon. 
l.;52E,  lat.46  2()  N. 

Lutein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  VVe- 
tcravia,  which  is  the  residence  of  a 
branch  of  the  house  of  Nassau,  to 
whom  it  belongs.  It  is  12  miles  N  £ 
of  Mcnlz.     I-on.  8  23  E,  lat.  50  2  N. 

yean,  St.  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Moselle,  formerly  in 
the  province  of  Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Sare,  12  miles  W  of  Dcux-Ponts. 
Lon.  7  12  E,  lat.  49  16  N. 

yean<r Angely,  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  deiiartmcnt  of  Lower  Cha- 
rente  lately  in  the  province  Saintonge, 
and  formerly  had  a  line  benedic'.inc  ab- 
bey. It  was  taken  from  the  Hugue- 
nots, in  1621,  by  Lewis  XIII.  who  de- 
molished the  f.irtiticutions.  Il  is  fa- 
inniiR  fur  its  brandy,  and  is  stated  on 
the  Boutonne,  15  miles  N  E  of  Suintes, 
und  32  S  E  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  0  20  W, 
lat.  45  59  N.  "* 

Jean-de-Lmine,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or, 
lately  in  the  jirovince  of  Burgundy.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Saone,  15  miles  S  £ 
uf  Ilijon,  and  155  S  £  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
19  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

yean-de-Luz,  St  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  t!ic  Lower 
Pyrenees  lately  in  the  province  of  Bas 
ques.  It  is  the  last  next  Spain,  with 
:i  harbour,  and  owes  its  opulence  to 
the  cod  and  whale  fislicry.  It  is  seated 
on  a  small  river,  near  the  bay  oi  Bis 
cay,  10  miles  N  E  of  Fontarabia,  and 
12  S  W  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  40  E,  lat 
43  23  N. 

yean-de-Mauriennc,  a  town  of  Italy 
in  Savoy,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  in  a  vallev,  on  the  river  Arc,  15 
miles  S  bv  W  of  Montier,  and  25  N  E 
of  Grenoble.  Lon.  C  20  E,  lat.  45  17  N. 
yean-Pied'de-J\>rt,  St.  a  town  of 
France,  now  in  the  department  of  the 


Lower  Pyrenees,  late  province  of 
Lower  Nuvane.  It  is  Hr:iteil  on  the 
river  Nive,  at  Uic  ciitranrc  o|  iIkjsc 
passages,  or  deldes,  in  tlie  Pwenccs, 
which  in  this  comitry  are  cidled  Ports, 
and  dcfendrd  by  a  citiidcl  u|K)u  an  iui< 
incncc.  Itis2'J  miles  S  E  of  BuMyniie, 
and  30  N  E  of  Pampcluna.  Lon'.  1  33 
E,  lat.  43  12  N. 

ycan-d'Uihula,  St.  on  island  of  North 
Aniirica,  in  New  Spain,  lying  in  the 
North  Sea.  Lon.  101  15  W,  lat.  19  0 
N. 

ye:l,  a  river  in  Roxburghshire,  which 
joins  tiie  Tevint,  a  little  below  Jed- 
burgh, at  a  place  where  the  marquis 
of  Lothian  lias  a  scat,  called  Mount 
Tcviot  i  and  near  thi.s  on  (he  W  side 
of  the  river  are  the  beautiful  ruins  of 
an  abbey,  loutuled  by  king  David ; 
a  part  of  whirh  ancient  pile  still 
serves  for  a  purihli  eliurrh.  On  tho 
banks  of  this  river,  are  also  several 
liu-ge  caverns,  which  were  the  hiding 
places  of  the  ancient  border  warrior.?. 

ycdburgh,  a  borough  in  Roxburgh- 
shire,  situate  on  the  Jed,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Tcviot.  It  h.is  a  good 
inarlvi't  for  corn  and  cattle,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  courts  of  justice  for  the 
county.  It  is  36  miles  S  E  of  Edin- 
burgh. Lon  2  25  VV,  lat.  55  55  N. 

ycddo,  the  capital  town  or  city  of  the 
islands  of  Japan,  where  the  emperor 
resides.  It  is  open  on  :dl  sides,  having 
neitljer  walls  nor  ramparts  ;  and  tha 
houses  are  built  with  earth,  and  board- 
ed  on  the  outside  to  prevent  the  rain 
from  destroying  the  walls.  In  every 
street  there  is  an  iron  gate,  which  is 
shut  up  intlio  night,  and  a  kind  of  cus- 
tom-house or  magazine,  to  put  mer- 
chandises in.  It  is  a  large  place  being 
nine  miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadth, 
and  contains  1,000,000  of  inhabitants. 
A  fire  happened  in  1658,  which,  in  the 
space  of  48  hours,  burnt  dovm  100,000 
houses,  and  in  which  a  vast  number  of 
inhabitants  perished.  The  emperor's 
palace  and  all  the  rest  were  reduced 
to  ashes  j  but  they  are  all  rebuilt  again. 
The  royal  palace  is  in  the  middle  of  the 
town ;  and  is  defended  with  walls, 
ditches,  towers,  and  bastions.  Where 
the  emperor  resides,  tliere  arc  three 
towers  nine  stories  high,  each  covered 
with  plates  of  gold  ;  and  the  hail  of  au- 
dience is  said  to  be  supported  by  pil- 
lars  of  massy  gt>ld.  Near  the  palnce 
are  several  others,  where  the  relations 
of  the  emperor  live.    The  empress  has 


v^. 


J  E  N 


J  E  R 


M 


a  ))a'iace  of  Ikt  own,  and  there  arc  20 
small  ones  for  tlie  oncubincs.  Besides, 
all  tlic  vassal  kinj^s  have  each  a  palace 
in  the  city,  with  a  handsome  panlt-n, 
and  stables  for  2000  horses.  The  hous- 
es of  the  comi^on  sort  a.-e  notiiiiij,'  but 
a  (cro;ind  iimr,  and  the  rooms  are  part- 
c(i  by  folding-  screens  ;  so  that  tlieycan 
make  t!ic  rooms  larger  or  sm:jller  at 
pleasi'.e.  It  is  seated  i'l  an  ;i|,'feeable 
pl.ii'i,  at  the  bott'im  et'  a  fine  bay, 
»nd  tlie  river  wh'cli  rrosst  s  it,  is  ili- 
vided  into  sevc;al  canals.  Lon.  140  0 
K,  lat.  35  32  N. 

'fefferov'.nn,  n.  post  town  in  Cidpeper 
ro-.imy,  VJrj.pni:i,  20  miles  N  of  Cill- 
pepcr  town,  and  (il  h  \\f  (^i  Wnsliing- 
ton. 

yviffrso-ito-:i!i,  n  town  in  Jackson 
c)unt\,  Geor;;ia,  witii  a  jwst-oftice, 
"11  niiloj  from  Jfaslungton. 

Ji'r/i.i'/,  or  yvi't,  ainDitalns  in  the  N 
W  part  of  Hii.'loo.stan  Proper,  cxtend- 
niyfiom  yVtt  ick,  ea';*w.\r.l  to  Rcinbor. 
Tiicy  are  p.irt  of  tlf  territory  of  the 
nioiintaiiicers,  eidled  G.rk'.'>rs,  Geh- 
kers,  or  Kakares.  After  Tiiniir  had 
passed  the  Indus,  in  1398,  the  rhiefs  of 
these  aiountains  came  to  inakc;  their 
submission  to  liim,  as  Ambisarcs,  the 
kinff  of  the  Same  eounlry,  did  to  Alex- 
rnuler,  about  1730  years  before. 

^'e'y/,  a  small  island  of  North  Arae- 
rira,  en  the  coast  of  Georj;^ia,  S  of  tl>c 
island  of  St.  Simon's. 

^fcmptcrland,  a  provinr-e  of  Sweden, 
toundcd  on  the  N  by  Anpcrmknia,  on 
tiie  K  by  Medel])adi.7,  on  the  S  by  Hel- 
.singia,  and  on  the  W  by  N.Tway.  It  is 
full  of  moimt.ains. 

ycna,  astronfftown  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  Thurlnpfia,  with  a  university.  It 
IS  scaled  ou  the  Sala,  10  miles  S  K  of 
"Weimar,  and  2j  S  E  of  Effort.  Lon. 
12  4  E,  lat.  .VI  2N. 

ycna.ih.     See  C'hiir.ciu!). 

^en  fa,  a  preat  lake  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Finland. 

'/eniiii.     See  Yimisei. 

'fenistoi.     See  Iciiiseisi'. 

jenitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Anhalt  Dessau,  situ- 
ate on  the  Mulduu,  two  miles  N  E  of 
Ucssau. 

[fciiintnn,  a  villag'e  in  Monttjomcry 
county,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  N  of 
Philadel])hia,  on  the  post  road  to  Beth- 
lehem. 

^er.o,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  20 
miles  S  of  gi-eat  Waradin,  and  48  N  E 
of  Segcdin.    Lou.  21  5  E,  lat.  46  40  N, 


yericho,  an  ancient  and  famous  to  an 
of  Palestine,  built  by  the  Jebusites.  It: 
is  now  called  Her\il(i  by  the  Arabs, 
and  is  nothinj^  but  a  few  wretrhert 
huts,  where  si.me  beg^garly  Arabs  re- 
side.  It  Is  five  miles  VV  of  the  river 
Jordan,  and  20  E  by  N  of  Jerusalem. 
LoM.  3.5  50  E,  lat.  31  58  N. 

Jericho,  a  town  i,f  Lower  Saxoiiv, 
situate  on  the  Elbe,  32  miles  N  N  E  of 
Mag-dcbur{j. 

yeric/io,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county.  New- York  ;  situated  on  the  E 
brancli  of  Susquchannali  river,  45  mile* 
N  E  of  Union,  and  about  100  W  of  tlic 
city  of  Hudson. 

ytrkin.  Sec  Irekin. 
yerm.ah,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Fez- 
z.m.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  nume- 
rous herds,  of  sheep  and  goats,  that 
are  seen  around  it ;  by  the  various  and 
abundant  produce  of  the  adjacent 
fields  ,  and  by  numerous  and  majestic 
ruins,  Jerinah  is  60  miles  SE  of  Mour- 
zook.     Lon.  17  17  E,  lat.  27  5  N. 

Iferoshnsi,  a  town  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, and  capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the 
saine  name,  on  the  river  Volga.  Lon. 
40  55  E,  lat.  57  24  N. 

jfirsey,  an  island  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 18  miles  from  tlie  coast  of  Nor- 
mandy in  France,  and  84  S  of  Portland 
ill  IJor.setshire.  It  is  subject  to  the 
English;  but  is  still  govt  .Mied  by  the 
ancient  Norm.in  laws.  It  is  30  miles 
in  circumference,  and  difficult  of  ac- 
cess, on  account  of  the  rocks,  sands, 
and  forts  erected  for  its  defence.  It 
contains  12  p.irishcs  ;  and  the  chief 
town  is  St.  Helier,  in  the  S  part  of  the 
island.  It  is  well  watered  M-ith  rivu- 
lets, well  stocked  with  fruit  trees,  and 
lu'S  a  noted  manufacture  for  woollen 
.stockings  and  caps.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile though  there  is  a  great  deficiency 
of  arable  land  for  corn  on  account  of 
the  vast  quantity  of  apple  trees  planted 
here  for  cider,  24000  hogsheads  hav- 
ing been  made  here  in  one  ye;ir.  In 
1781,  a  body  of  French  troops  landed 
on  this  island,  surprised  the  lieuten- 
ant g'overnor,  made  him  prisoner,  and 
compelled  him  to  sign  a  capitulation  : 
but  tmtjor  Pierson,  the  commander  of 
the  English  troops,  refused  to  abide  by 
this  forced  capitulation,  and  attacked 
the  French  in  the  town  of  St.  Helier. 
The  French  were  compelled  to  surren- 
der prisoners  of  war  ;  but  the  gallant 
major  was  killed  in  the  moment  of  vic- 
tor j-. 


'i^h 


■<•»> 


E  R 

[■ient  antl  famous  to \\i\ 
It  by  tlie  Jcbusitts.  li. 
cnilji  by  tlie  Arabs, 
but  a  few  \vrotflic(i 
IP  beffgarly  Arabs  rc- 
niles  W  of  tlic  rivcp 
,  bv  N  of  Jcnisalcm. 
;.31  58N. 

vn  <<f  Lower  Saxoiiv, 
be,  32  miles  N  N  E  of 

t  town  in  Chenango 
Ilk.  ;  situated  on  the  E 
iliannab  river,  45  mile« 
d  about  100  W  of  Uic 

reiin. 

m  of  Africa,  in  Fez- 
guished  by  the  nume- 
lecp  and  goats,  tiiat 
it ;  by  tlie  various  and 
ice  of  the  adjacent 
umerous  and  majestic 
60  miles  SE  of  Mour- 
,7  E,  lat.  27  5  N. 
ivn  of  the  Russian  em- 
it of  a  dutchy  of  the 
lie  river  Volga.  Lon. 
24  N. 

din  the  English  Chan- 

m   tlie   coast  of  Nor- 

,  and  84  S  of  Portland 

It   is   subject   to   the 

ftill   gov(  .'lied   by  the 

laws.     It  is  30  miles 

,  and  difficult   of  ac- 

of  the  rocks,   sands, 

1   for  its  defence.     It 

shcs ;    and  the  chief 

,  in  the  S  part  of  the 

watered  with  rivu- 

witli  fruit  trees,  and 

aufacture  for  woollen 

ps.     The   soil  is  fer- 

is  a  great  deficiency 

corn  on  account  of 

lof  apple  trees  planted 

000  hogsheads  hav- 

re   in  one  year.     In 

|French  troops  landed 

rprised  the   lieuten- 

"e  him  prisoner,  and 

sign   a  capitulation  : 

|i,  the   commander  of 

,  refused  to  abide  by 

ation,   and   attacked 

e  town  of  St.  Helier. 

compelled  to  surren- 

war  ;  but  the  gallant 

n  the  moment  of  vie- 


J  E  R 

Jersey  AVw,  one  of  the  United 
Stales  of  America,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  Hudson's  River  and  tlie  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  S  by  DeUware  Bay,  on 
the  W  by  Penngylvania,  and  on  the  N 
by  a  line  drawn  tVom  the  mouth  of 
Mahakkamak  River  in  lat.  41  34  to  a 
point  in  Hudbon'8  River  ip  '  .i.  41. 
It  is  361  miles  long  and  52  broad ;  aiid 
is  divided  into  13  counties.  Its  pro- 
duce is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the 
neighbouring  states.  Trenton  is  the 
capital. 

yervonlaiui,  a  small  cmiton  of  Russia 
in  Livonia  the  cAGtle  of  Wittenstein  is 
the  principal  place. 

ycnuaUm,  an  ancient  and  famous  ci- 
ty of  Palestine,  capital  of  Juden,  after 
David  had  conquered  the  Jebusites.  It 
was  taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar  in  the 
reign  of  Zedekiab,  and  the  Jews  were 
led  captives  to  Babylon.  It  was  after- 
ward taken  by  the  Romans,  and  ruin- 
ed, together  with  the  Temple,  70  years 
after  the  birth  of  Christ,  as  had  been 
foretold  in  the  scriptures.  The  em- 
peror Adrian  built  a  new  city,  near  tlie 
ruins  of  ancient  Jerusalem.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Persians  in  614,  and  by 
the  Saracens  in  636.  In  1099  it  was 
retaken  by  the  Crusaders,  who  found- 
ed a  new  kingdom  which  lasted  88 
years,  under  nine  kings.  Saladin  king 
of  Egypt  and  Syria,  got  possession  of  it 
in  1187.  The  Turks  expelled  the 
Saracens  in  1217,  have  kept  possessic  , 
of  it  ever  since,  and  call  it  Ueltodt, 
that  is.  The  Holy  City.  It  "s  now  in- 
habited by  Turlts,  Arabs,  Jews,  and 
Christians.  It  stands  on  a  high  rock, 
with  steep  ascents  on  every  side,  ex- 
cept to  the  N.  It  is  almost  surrounded 
by  vallies  encompassed  with  mountains, 
s'l  that  it  seems  to  stand  in  the  mid- 
dle of  an  amphitheatre.  It  is  about 
tiiree  miles  in  circumference,  and  in- 
cludes Mount  Calvary,  which  was 
formerly  without  the  walls.  What 
lenders  it  considerable  is  the  great  re- 
sort  of  pilgrims ;  for  the  inhabitants 
accommodate  them  witii  lodgmgfi  uud 
provisions,  which  is  their  chief  busi- 
uess.  A  bashaw,  with  a  guard  «>f 
janissaries,  always  resides  here,  to  pro- 
tect them  from  the  Arabs.  The 
church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  which 
the  pilgrims  come  to  viiit,  is  a  large 
structure,  with  a  round  nave,  and  has 
no  light  but  what  comes  through  the 
top,  Uke  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  In 
tlte  middle  of  the  rmt,  and  directly 


J  E  R 


under  the  opening  of  the  dome,  is  the 
Holy  Sepulchre,  which  is  placed  in  a 
chupel,  whose  door  is  three  feet  high 
and  two  broad.  It  is  so  small,  thut  it 
v-'.U  hold  but  tliree  p-Tsons  on  tlieir 
knees  at  a  time.  At  tlie  entrance,  on 
tlie  right  hand,  is  the  place  where  the 
body  of  our  Saviour  was  laid,  'i'hc 
table  on  which  he  was  said  to  have 
been  laid  at  first  is  two  feet  and  a 
half  high  from  the  pavement,  which 
is  now  covered  with  white  mai-ble, 
because  its  visitors  were  all  for  carry* 
ing  away  a  small  bit.  Tl>is  chapel  it 
cut  out  of  tlie  rock,  and  tiiere  are  three 
holes  in  the  roof,  to  let  out  the  smoke 
of  the  lamps,  which  are  44  in  uuinber, 
and  always  kept  lighted.  The  whole 
is  covered  with  wiiite  marble  both 
within  and  without ;  and  on  the  out- 
side tliere  are  ten  fine  colums  of  tlie 
same.  It  is  covered  with  a  pUtfuiin, 
tlie  middle  of  which  is  exactly 
above  the  three  boles,  and  forms  a 
small  dome,  six  feet  in  height,  covered 
with  lead,  and  supi>orted  by  13  colums 
of  porphyry,  placed  by  pairs  on  the 
platform,  and  so  making  six  arches, 
jiaving  three  lamps  under  each.  Be* 
fore  the  gate  of  tlie  sepulchre  is  a  sil- 
ver lamp,  so  large,  that  two  men  can- 
not fathom  it.  Every  year,  on  Good- 
Friday,  all  the  parts  oi'  our  Saviour's 
passion  are  solemuiaed  anl  acted  here. 
They  have  first  a  sermo.i,  and  tlieu 
every  one  takes  a  lighted  taper  in  his 
hand,  with  crucifixes  &c.  to  begin  the 
]>rocession.  Among  the  crucifixes  is 
one  as  large  as  liie,  being  (Irowiied 
with  thorns,  and  besmeared  with 
blood.  They  visit  first  the  pillai-  of 
flagellation;  r.xt  the  prison;  aftcr- 
wanls  the  altar  of  tlie  division  of 
Christ's  garments :  then  they  advance' 
to  the  chapel  of  derision,  and  thence 
to  Mount  Calvary,  leaving  tlieir  shoes 
at  the  bottom  of  the  stairs.  Here  are 
two  altars ;  one  where  our  Lord  was 
supposed  to  be  nailed  to  the  cniss ;' 
and  another  where  it  was  erected} 
here  they  set  up  the  crucified  imagA, 
then  pull  out  the  nails,  take  down  the' 
bo<ly,  and  wrap  it  in  a  winding-sheet, 
which  finishes  the  ceremony.  Jerusa- 
lem is  113  miles  S  W  of  Damascus, 
and  m  N  E  of  Suez.  Lon.  35  35  £, 
lat.  31  55  N. 

yerutalem,  a  post  town  in  Ontario 

county.  New  York,  on  the  W  side  of 

Scneka   lake,    and    38    miles  N  E  of 

Beth.    This  is  li.e  seat   of  Jeni^niA 

S  ? 


..v^« 


I  G  L 


1  L  D 


Ub 


Wilkinson,  tlie  foundress  of  a  religious 
»ect,  and  some  of  her  followers. 

'Jeruiakm,  a  post  town  of  South - 
iini)>ton  county,  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  river  Nottoway,  63 
miles  S  W  of  Norfolk. 

yentelmere,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Hin- 
doostun,  in  the  dominions  of  the  great 
Mopid.     Lon.  72  40  E,  lat.  26  40  N. 

yeti,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona, 
■with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
a.  mouiititin,  near  the  river  Jesi,  17 
miles  S  W  of  Ancona,  and  112  N  E  of 
Home.     Lon.  13  16  E,  lat.  43  30  N. 

yeto,  a  group  of  islands  on  tlie  E 
coast  of  Asia,  lying  between  those  of 
Japan  and  the  Kuriles.  The  southern- 
most, called  Matmai,  lies  N  of  Ni- 
phon.  It  is  governed,  by  a  tributary 
prince,  dependent  on  the  empire  of 
Japan,  and  fortified  on  the  side  toward 
tlie  continent.  It  is  full  of  woods  ;  and 
the  inhabitants,  who  live  by  fishing  and 
hunting,  are  strong,  robust,  savage, 
and  slovenly,  when  compared  to  the 
Japanese.  The  two  islands  to  the  N  E 
of  Matmai,  Kunachtr  and  Zellany,  and 
likewise  the  three  still  further  to  the 
N  E,  called  the  three  Sisters,  are  per- 
fectly independent.  The  Japanese  give 
the  name  of  Jeso  to  the  whole  chain 
of  islands  between  Japan  and  Kams- 
chatka.     See  Ktiriles. 

Jever,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
rle  of  Westphalia,  and  capital  of  Je- 
verland,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  17  miles 
N  E  of  .\iuick,  and  30  N  £  of  Embden. 
Lon.  741  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

yeverland,  a  ten-itory  of  Germany, 
in  Westphalia,  bcloii^ng  to  the  house 
of  Anhalt-Zeibst. 

If,  an  island  of  France,  the  most 
eastern  of  the  three  before  the  harbour 
of  Marseilles.  It  is  well  fortified,  and 
its  port  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Jgh,  a  town  of  the  country  of  tlie 
Orisons,  in  Cadoca  with  a  magnificent 
castle,  in  which  is  a  cabinet  of  curiosi- 
ties, and  a  library.  It  is  23  miles  S  W 
of  Coire,  and  23  S  of  Glarus.  Lon.  9  0 
E,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Jglav),  a  considerable  and  populous 
town  of  Moravia,  where  they  have  a 
manufacture  of  good  cloth,  and  excel- 
lent beer.  It  is  seated  on  the  Iglaw, 
40  miles  W  of  Brinn,  and  62  S  E  of 
Prague.  Lon.  15  42  E,  lat.  49  8  N.  • 
IgUtiai,  a  town  in  the  S  part  of  the 
^land  of  Sardinia,  witl)  a  bishop's  sec. 


Lon 


^7  miles  W  S  W  of  Cajllari 
8  39  E  lat.  39  18  N. 
Jhor.  See  yaliore. 
Jionpour,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same 
name,  in  Benares.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Goomty  ;  and  not  far  from  the  conflu- 
ence of  that  river  with  the  Ganges  ; 
the  fort  of  Jionpour  is  a  building  of  con- 
siderable extent,  on  a  high  bank  com- 
manding the  bridge  over  thh  Goomty. 
It  is  now  chiefly  in  ruins,  although, 
formerly,  it  commanded  the  country 
from  the  Gunges  to  Lucknow.  The 
jilace  was,  at  one  time,  the  seat  of  an 
empire.  Chaja  Jahan,  vizier  to  sultan 
Mahiimmud  Shah,  during  the  minori- 
ty of  his  son,  Mamood  Sliah,  assumed 
tile  title  of  sultan  Shirki,  or  king  of 
the  East,  took  possession  of  Bahar,  and 
fixed  his  residence  at  Jionpour,  where 
he  built  the  great  mussud,  or  mauso- 
leum, which  is  still  remaining,  for  him- 
self and  family.  The  stone  bridge 
over  the  Goomty  consists  of  16  pointed 
arches :  and  on  the  top  of  it  are  many 
little  shops  on  both  sides.  It  \vaa  built 
in  1567,  upon  such  sound  principles, 
as  to  have  withstood,  for  such  a  length 
of  time,  the  force  of  the  stream,  which, 
in  the  time  of  the  riuns,  is  very  great. 
The  inundations  have  been  known  to 
rise  frequently  over  the  bridge,  inso- 
much that  in  1774,  a  bripde  of  the 
British  army  passed  over  it  in  boats. 
Jionpour  is  49  rpiles  N  W  of  Benares. 
Lon.  84  7  E,  lat.  25  45  N. 
Ila.     See  Islay. 

Ilak  or  yalat,  a  town  of  Nubia,  on 
the  Nile  supposed  by  some  to  be  tlie 
ancient  Meroe.  Loii.  36  30  E,  lat  18 
48  N. 

Ilanti,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  capital  of  the  Grey  League. 
It  is  partly  surrounded  by  walls.  Here 
the  general  diet  of  the  three  leagues 
assembles  every  third  year.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Rhine,  17  miles  S  W  of 
Co-re. 

Jichester,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  of 
great  antiquity,  as  appears  by  the  Ro- 
man coins  dug  up,  and  once  had  six- 
teen churches,  but  now  only  two.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
here  the  county  gaol  is  kept.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ivcl,  16  miles  S  of  Wells, 
and  123  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  37 
W,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Jldefonio  St.  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  five  miles  N  of  Uzcda, 


D 

;  -""': '- 

)f  Hindoostan  Pro- 
circar  of  the  same 

It  is  seated  on  the 
'ur  from  the  conflu- 

with  the  Ganges  j 
•is  abuildinjfof  con- 
n  a  high  bank  com- 
e  over  thh  Goomty. 
in  ruins,  although, 
Handed  the  country 
to  Lucknow.     The 
time,  tlie  seat  of  an 
ihan,  vizier  to  sultan 
,  during  the  minori- 
mood  Shah,  assumed 
!\  Sliirki,  or  king  of 
session  of  Bahar,  and 
e  at  Jionpour,  where 
mussud,  or  mauso- 
U  remaining,  forhim- 

The  stone  bridge 
consists  of  16  pointed 
ic  top  of  it  are  many 
:h  sides.  It  was  built 
ich  sound  principles, 
aod,  for  such  a  length 
ofthe  stream,  which, 
e  nuns,  is  very  great. 

have  been  known  to 
Bvcr  the  bridge,  inso- 
[74,  a  brigade  of  the 
«ed  over  it  in  boats 
les  N  W  of  Benares. 
25  45  N. 

town  of  Nubia,  on 
bv   some  to  be  tlie 
Lon.  36  30  E,  lat  18 

in  the  country  of  the 
)f  the  Grey  Leagiic. 
unded  bv  walls.  Here 
of  the  "three  leagiies 
:hird  vear.  It  is  seat- 
17  miles    S  W   of 

wn  in  Somersetshire, 
Wednesday.    It  is  of 
appears  by  the  Ro- 
und once  had  sis- 
ut  now  only  two.    It 
lers  to  parliament,  and 
gaol   is  kept.     It   is 
1, 16  miles  S  of  Wells, 
of  London.     Lon.  2  37 

village  of  Spain,   in 
i'c  miles  N  of  Uaeda, 


I  L  L 

on  the  river  CogoUudo.  Here  is  a  majf- 
iiificcnt  palace,  built  by  Ph. lip  V.  It 
is  a  superb  structure,  with  iiue  water- 
works and  gardens. 

Ildeforuo  lie  lot  Zapotatot,  St.  a  town 
of  New  Spain,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
50  miles  N  £  uf  Autequiera.  Lon.  27 
JO  W,  lat.  17  5  N. 

Uderton,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, four  miles  S  of  Wooler.  On  a 
hill  near  it,  is  a  semicircular  encamp- 
ment, defended  by  two  liigli  rampiers 
of  earth,  and  a  deep  fosse,  witli  an  in- 
ner circle  tif  stones,  which  appear  un- 
ceinented.  The  area  is  about  lOU  ya>-ds 
diameter,  and  contains  many  reniuins 
of  buildings. 

Illeiug.iguen,  a  strong  town  of  Africa 
in  tlie  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

I'fracombe,  a  seaport  and  corporate 
town  in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on 
Satui-day.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
lias  a  spacious  basin,  formed  by  a  good 
pier  projecting  into  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel. And  employs  a  number  of  brigs 
!ind  sloops,  chieiiy  in  carrying  ore  from 
Ciirnwall,  coal  from  Wales,  and  com 
from  Bristol.  It  is  seated  almost  oppo- 
site Swansea,  in  Glamorganshire,  49 
inlles  N  N  W  of  Exeter,  and  181  W  bv 
S  of  London.  Lon.  4  5  W,  lat.  51  14 
N. 

lilieot,  a  seaport  of  Brasil,  in  South 
America,  capital  of  Uio-los-Uheos,  it 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  is  150 
miles  S  S  W  of  St  Salvador.  Lon.  41 
25  W,  lat.  15  5  S. 

Ilheof,  or  Hio  los  Ilheos,  a  province  of 
South  America,  subject  to  poi-tugal. 

Ilkuch,  a  town  of  .Poland,  in  tlie  pa- 
latinate of  Cracow,  remarkable  for  its 
silver  mines,  mixed  with  liead.  It  is 
seated  in  a  barren  country,  at  the  foot 
of  several  mountains,  15  miles  N  W  of 
Cracow.     Lon.  19  40  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

///,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
near  Basle  and  falls  into  tlie  Rhine. 

lUe,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  thtt  Eastern  Pyrenees 
and  lately  in  the  province  of  Rousillon, 
10  miles  S  E  of  Perpignan.  Lon.  3  5 
E,  lat.  42  is  N. 

liter,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  ris- 
es in  Tirol,  runs  N  through  Suabia, 
passing  by  Kempten,  Meminingen,  and 
Kirchberg,  and  falls  into  tiie  Danube, 
at  Ulm. 

lllinoii,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  in  the  Western  Territory, 
near  the  S  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
taking?  a  S  W  course,  falU  into  the 


I  M  £ 

Mississippi.  Between  the  Illinois  ant. 
the  Ohio,  is  the  country  uf  a  noted  In- 
dian nation,  called  the  Illinois. 

liloci,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia 
seated  on  the  Danube,  15  miles  fron 
Pcterwaradin,  and  55  N  W  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  20  6  E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Ilin,  or  Stadt  lim,  a  town  of  Uppe: 
Saxony,  in  tlie  county  of  Schwartz- 
burg-Rudulstadt,  14  miles  S  of  £r< 
furt. 

Ilmene,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  gt>> 
veriiment  of  Novogorod,  which  has  « 
communication  with  the  lake  Ladoga, 
by  tlie  river  Volkhof.  Lon.  34  U  E. 
lat.  58  0  N. 

Ihiiiniter  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  ia  seat- 
ed in  a  dirty  bottom,  among  the  hills, 
137  miles  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2 
54  W,  lat.  51)  55  N. 

lite,  a  river  of  Germany,  rising  in 
the  mountains  of  Bohemia,  and  running 
S  falls  into  the  Danube  at  lUstadt. 

lltley,  Eatt,  a  town  in  Berkshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
seated  on  a  pleasant  valley,  between 
two  hills,  and  excellent  downs  for 
feeding  sheep.  It  is  53  miles  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  51  32  N. 

r/«(,  a  towa  of  tlie  United  Provinces, 
in  Friesland,  seated  on  the   Weymer, 

12  miles  S  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  24 
E,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Ilttadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
voria,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Danube  and  Ills,  opposite  Passau.  Lon. 

13  37  E,  lat.  48  27  N. 

lUtrop,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wesb 
Gothland.  Lon.  II  51  £,  lat.  57  23 
N. 

Ilten,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Lunenburg.  > 

lUzhofer,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
territory  of  Halte 

hnbro,  a  woody  and  mountainous  i»- 
land  in  the  Grecian  archipelago.  It 
abounds  with  game  and  is  about  20 
miles  in  circumference. 

Ilmenitadt,  a  towv  of  Suabia,  90 
miles  E  of  Lindau.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat. 
47  35  N. 

Iineritia,  a  countryof  Asia,  between 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  bound- 
ed on  the  S  l>y  Turkey,  on  the  W  by 
Mingrelia,  on  the  N  by  Ossetia,  and 
on  the  E  by  Georgia,  of  which  it  is, 
properly  speaking,  a  part.  The  reve- 
nues of  tlie  sovereign,  who  is  styled 
czar,  arise  from  a  contribution  of  Um 
peasants  in  wine,  grain  and  cattle,  and 


i  '\ 


I  M  M 

Troin  the  tribute  of  the  neifi^hboiiring 
princes  s  and  amony  the  extraordinary 
sources  of  revenue,  coilfiscations  hare 
a  considerable  share.  But  as  all  this 
is  insufficient  for  tlie  subsistence  of  the 
prince,  he  usually  travels  from  house  to 
house,  living  on  his  rassals,  and  never 
changing  his  quarters  till  he  has  con- 
sumed every  tiling  eatable.  The  court 
of  Imeritia  is,  thcretbre,  not  remarka- 
ble far  splendour,  nor  tlie  prince's  ta- 
hle  sumptuously  served.  His  usual 
fare  consists  of  gom,  (a  species  of  mil- 
let, ground,  and  boiled  into  a  paste)  a 
piece  of  roasted  meat,  and  some  pres- 
sed caviare.  These  lie  eats  with  his 
fingt-rs ;  forks  and  spoons  being  un- 
known in  Imeritia.  At  table  he  is  fre- 
quently employed  in  judging  causes, 
which  he  decides  at  his  discretion, 
there  being  no  law  but  his  own  will. 
He  usually  wears  a  coarse  dress  of  a 
brown  colour,  with  a  musket  on  his 
shoulder  ;  but  upon  solemn  occasions, 
be  puts  on  a  robe  of  rich  gold  brocade, 
and  liangn  round  his  neck  a  silver  chain. 
He  is  distinguished  from  his  subjects 
by  riding  upon  an  ass,  perhaps  the  only 
one  in  Imeritia,  nnd  by  wearing  boots. 
He  has  no  i-egular  troops,  but  can  col- 
lect an  undisciplined  army  of  6,000 
men,  npr  has  he  any  artillery.  His  ci- 
vil ordinances  are  issued  every  Friday, 
which  is  tlie  market  day,  when  one  of 
his  servants  ascends  a  tree,  and  with  a 
loud  voice  proclaims  tlie  edict,  which 
is  communicated  to  the  people,  by  e:vrh 
person,  upon  his  return  to  the  place  of 
his  abode.  The  inhubitunts,  estimated 
at  20,UO0  families,  are  not  collected 
into  towns  or  villlRijes,  but  scattered 
overthe  country  in  small  hamlets,  'i'hcy 
■end  yearly  considerable  quantities  of 
wine  to  tiie  neighbouring  parts  of  Geor- 
gia, in  IcMhem  bags,  carried  by  horses. 
Bu<:  they  are  without  manufactures, 
Very  poor  and  miserable,  and  cruelly 
(^pressed  by  their  landlords.  The 
Imeritians  are  of  the  Gi-eek  religion. 
Their  patriarch,  who  is  generally  of 
the  royal  family,  can  seldom  read  or 
write  i  and  tiie  inferior  clergy  are  not 
better  instructed.  Their  churches  are 
wretclied  buildings,  scarcely  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  comniuH  cottages,  but 
from  a  paper  cross  over  the  principal 
door,  and  some  painiings  of  the  virgin 
and  the  saints.     Cutais  is  the  capital. 

Immenhauten,  a  town  of  Hesse-Caa- 
sel,  in  Germany, 

ImmeiuUnit,  a  to^vn  of  the  county  of 


I  N  D 

Konegsegg  in  Suabia.  It  is  situate  on 
a  small  river  14  miles  S  E  of  Isny. 

Imota,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Rnmagna,  with  a  bishop's  see ;  seated 
on  the  Santemo,  4S  miles  N  by  E  of 
Florence.    Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Imperial,  a  pleasant  town  of  South 
America,  in  Chili,  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock  in  a  charming  country.  Lon.  72 
35  W,  lat.  38  W  S. 

Inchco/m,  an  island  in  the  frith  of 
Forth,  near  the  coast  of  Fife,  but  with- 
in the  county  of  Edinburgh.  Here  are 
the  fine  ruins  of  a  monastery,  founded 
in  1123,  by  Alexander  I.  in  gratitude, 
it  is  said,  tor  his  escape,  when  driven 
on  this  Lsland  in  a  tempest,  and  for  the 
hospitable  treatment  he  received  here, 
for  three  days,  from  a  hermit,  wlio  en- 
tertained him  with  the  milk  of  his  cow, 
and  a  few  shell-fish.  It  was  of  the  or- 
der of  Aug^stines  and  dedicated  to  St. 
Culomba. 

Inehteith,  a  desolate  little  island  in 
Edinbui'ghsliire,  in  the  frith  of  Forth, 
lying  midway  between  the  ports  of 
Leitli  and  Kingiiorn.  Here  is  a  ruinous 
fort 

Inchmamoci,  a  beautiful  little  island 
of  Scotland,  S  W  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  It 
is  one  mile  long,  and  on  the  W  side 
are  vast  strata  of  coral  and  shells.  It 
derives  its  name  of  Inchmarnock  from 
a  chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Marnoc,  the 
ruins  of  whioh  are  still  to  be  seen. 

India,  an  extensive  region  in  Asia, 
which  lies  between  66  and  93°  E  lon. 
and  7  and  35"  N  lat.  Under  this  name, 
the  Europeans  have  erroneously  inclu- 
ded all  tlie  countries  which  lie  S  of 
Tartary,  and  extend  from  the  eastern 
frontiers  of  Persia  to  the  eastern  coasts 
of  China.  But  the  name  of  India  can 
be  applied,  with  propriety  to  that  coun- 
try only,  which  is  distinguished  both  in 
Asia  and  Europe,  by  the  name  of  Hin- 
doostan.  The  countries  to  the  E  of  the 
river  Burampooter  (-namely  Aracan, 
Assam,  Ava,  Burmah,  Cunihr)di:>,  Co- 
chin-Ciiiua,  Laos,  Malaccu,  Pej;u,  Siam 
and  Tonquin)  which  gengrn|>Iiers  have 
hithertodistingiiis'iedbythc  name  of  tlie 
Peninsula  of  India  beyond  the  Gani^es, 
are  no  more  to  be  considered  as  belong- 
ing to  India,  than  the  bordering  coun- 
tries of  Persia,  lartary,  and  'I'hibet. 
See  Hindooitan. 

Indapour,  a  seaport  of  the  island  of 
Sumatra.     Lon.  100  50  E,  Lt.  41  46  N 

Indiet,  Eatt,  the  name  given  by  Eu- 
ropeans, to  a  great  number  of  islands 


I  ND 

Suabia.    It  is  situate  on 

4  miles  S  E  of  Isny. 
ipuloiis  town  of  Italy,  in 
h  a  bishop's  see ;  seated 
10,  45  miles  N  by  E  of 
n.  1145E,  lat.  44  28N. 
pleasant  town  of  South 
liili,  seated  on  a  crn^fry 
mine  country.  Lon.  7'2 
WS. 

island  in   the   frith  of 

5  coast  of  Fife,  but  wit!i- 
f  Edinburgh.  Here  are 
f  a  monastery,  founded 
esander  I.  in  gratitude, 
lis  escape,  when  driven 
1  a  temjiest,  and  for  the 
tment  he  received  here, 
from  a  hermit,  who  en- 
vith  the  milk  of  his  cow, 
-fish.  It  was  of  the  cr- 
ies and  dedicated  to  St. 

lesolate  little  island  in 
,  in  the  frith  of  Forth, 
between  the  ports  of 
liorn.  Here  is  a  rninous 

a  beautiful  little  island 
V  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  It 
g,  and  on  the  W  side 
of  coral  and  shells.     It 
!  of  Inchmarnock  from 
ed  to  St.  Marnoc,  the 
re  still  to  be  seen, 
jnsive  region  in  Asia, 
een  66  and  93°  E  lon. 
lat.  Under  this  name, 
lave  erroneously  inclu- 
intries  which  lie    S  of 
tend  from  the  eastern 
ia  to  the  eastern  coasts 
he  name  of  India  can 
propriety  to  that  coiin- 
s  distinguished  both  in 
,  by  the  name  of  Hln- 
juntries  to  the  E  of  the 
ter    (flamely   Aiacan, 
irmah,  Canibndi:i,  Co- 
,  Malacca,  PeffU,  Siam 
lich  geograj>liers  have 
s'ledbvtlic  name  oftiie 
ia  beyond  the  Guni^'es, 
:  considered  as  belong- 
1  the  bordering  coun- 
Tartaiy,  and  'I'hibet. 

iport  of  the  island  of 
00  50  E,  lut.  41  46  Jf 
e  name  given  by  Eu- 
»t  number  of  islands 


I'l  »>iM    v.d  I. •IIS  .NMHwintu'S- 


**"^       ^/''       'j-*        O'^         tjl'9        6i        f^J        t^'o 


iBSirES^JDICIESo 


c  At  So/a 


/ 


c'§7^' 


Jw- 


t 


„.1" 


>i^ 


-'« 


Ilk- 


(madalouprj 
nammtca 


lonair 


IN  D 

in  the  Indian  Ocean,  extsndinjf  from 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan  Rg  Wr  E  as 
New  Guinea,  and  from  the  hajof  Ben- 
g'al  and  the  China  Sea  as  far  S  as  New 
Holland.  The  most  western  of  them 
are  the  Maldives,  and  the  most  eastern 
the  MoUuccas  ;  Ijctween  which  are  se- 
veral very  large  ones,  as  Ceylon,  Su- 
matra, Java,  Borneo,  and  Celebes,  be- 
sides many  others  of  considerable  im- 
portance as  to  riches,  though  much  in- 
ferior in  extent.  Their  produce  nnd 
other  particulars,  are  described  under 
tlieir  several  heads. 

Iniliet,  West,  tlje  name  given  to  a  great 
number  of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  O- 
cean,  which  extend  across  the  entrance 
of  the  gidfof  Mexico,  from  the   N  W 
extremity  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  off 
the  coast  of  Florida,  in  lat.  27  45  N,  in 
a  S  E  direction,  to  the  island  of  Toba- 
go, 120  miles  from  the  coast  of  Terra 
Firms,  in   lat.   11  30  N.     Cuba  is  the 
most  western,  and  Barbadoes  the  most 
eastern  of  these  islands.  When  Colum- 
bus discovered  them  in  1492,   he  con- 
sidered them  as  part  of  those  vast  re- 
gions in  Asia,  comprehended  under  tlie 
general  name  of  India,  to  reach  wliich, 
by  a  W  course  across  the  Atlantic  O- 
cean,  liod  been  tlje  grand  object  of  his 
voyage ;  and  this  opinion  was  so  gene- 
ral, that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king 
and  queen  of  Castile,   in  their  ratifica- 
tion of  ao  agreement,  granted  to  Co- 
lumbus, upon  his  return,  gave  them  the 
name  of  Indies.     Even  after  the  error 
which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion  was  de- 
tected,  and  the  true  position  of  the 
New  World  was  ascertained,  the  name 
has  remained,   and  the   appellation  of 
the  West  Indies    is   given   hy  all  the 
people  of  Europe  to  tliesc  ishmds,  and 
that  of  Indianii  to  the  inhabitants,  not 
only  of  these  islands,  but  of  the  conti- 
nent of  America.     They  are  likewise 
called  the  Caiibbee  Islands,  from  the 
aborigines  of  the  country,  and  the  sea 
in  wliich  they  lie   is  called  the  Carrib- 
bean    Sea.     JBy   the  French,  they   are 
called  the  Antilles  i  and  nautical  men 
distinguish   them,   from   ilie   diflerent 
courses  taken  by  ships,  into  t!ie  Lee- 
ward and   Windward   Islands,   which 
•ee.     The   name   of  Caribbec   should 
properly  be  confined  to  the  smaller  is- 
lands, lying  between   Porto  Rico  and 
Tobago.     These  were  inhabited  hy  the 
Caribs,   a  fierce  race  of  men,  nowise 
resembling  their  timid  neighbours  in 
the  larger  islands.     Columbus  i^ras  a 


I  N  n 

witness  to  their  intrepid  valour.  Th» 
same  character  they  have  maintained 
invariably  In  all  subsequent  contests 
with  the  Europeans.  The  Britisli  is- 
lands are  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  St. 
Christopher,  Antigua,  Aneguda,  Ne- 
vis, Montferrat,  Barbuda,  Angriiilla, 
Dominicii,  St.  Vincent,  Granada,  the 
Bahama  Islands  ,■  and  part  of  the  Vir- 
gin inlands  with  Tobago,  Martinico, 
and  St.  Lucia,  conquered  from  tite 
French,  the  lirst  in  1793,  and  the  other 
two  in  1794.  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Tri- 
nidad, and  Margarita,  belong  to  the 
Spaniai'ds,  who  liave  the  eastern  part 
of  Hispaniola.  I'hc  French  have  Gua- 
daloupe,  Mtirigalaiite,  Deaeada,  and 
the  possession  of  Hispaniola  it  dnpii- 
ted  between  the  French  and  Mulaftocs. 
Tlie  Dutch  have  St.  Eu.statia,  Cura- 
cao, Stiba,  and  St.  Mai'tin  ;  the  Danes, 
St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix,  and  part  of  the 
Virgin  Islands ;  and  tlie  Swedes,  St. 
Bartholomew. 

IiuUans  of  North  and  South  America, 
the  original  natives  of  these  two  vast 
continents  i  of  whom  it  is  observable, 
that  there  is  a  natural  distinction  be- 
tween the  inhabitants  of  the  temperate 
zones  and  those  of  the  torrid ;  and 
that  accordingly,  they  may  be  divided 
into  two  great  classes.  Tlie  one  com- 
prehends all  the  North  Americans, 
from  the  river  St.  Lawrence  to  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  togetlier  with  the  peopk*  of 
Chili,  and  a  few  small  tribes  toward 
the  .jxtremity  of  tlie  southern  conti- 
nent. To  the  other  belong  all  the  in- 
liabitants  of  the  island^  and  thaic  set- 
tled in  the  provinoens^' which  extend 
from  the  isthmiisM  Daricn  aimo.st  to 
tlie  so'jtherii  confines  ol"  Brasil,  along 
the  E  side  of  the  Andes.  In  the  for- 
mer, which  compreliendsall  the  regie?'.* 
of  the  tempcri'.te  zone  in  America, 
that  are  inhabited,  the  hura:tn  specie* 
appears  raanifeslly  to  be  more  perfect, 
the  natives  ave  move  robust,  active,  in- 
telligent, and  courageous  ;  and  have  de- 
fended their  liberty  with  perse^'erinj 
fortitude  against  the  Europeans,  who 
siibdued  tlie  other  rv|de  nations  of  A- 
merica  with  the  giettcst  ense.  The 
natives  of  the  temperate  xone  are  the 
only  people  in  the  new  world  who  are 
indebted  for  their  freedom  to  their 
own  valour.  The  North  Americ.-ins, 
though  long  encompassed  by  three 
rbrmidahle  European  powiTS,  retain 
part  of  their  original  possessions.  Tlie 
>eoi;!e  of  Chili,  Ui<»u|fh  early  invaded. 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


:i .  ;!i, 


8t!U  maintain  a  gallant  coiitest  with  the 
S|)aniurd»i  ami  iia\c  Hct  IxjundH  to  their 
vncrokchnicnts  I  wlicrcus  in  thv  warm- 
er ri'i^ong,  nMn  ure  more  feeble  in 
their  frame,  leia  vigoroct,  in  the  ef- 
forts of  their  mind,  of  a  gentle  but  das- 
tardly spirit,  more  enslaved  by  plea- 
■iire,  and  more  sunk  in  indolence.  Ac- 
cordingly, it  is  in  the  tcrrit'  zone  that 
the  Europr.  s  have  mo  efit.  tually  es- 
tablished 1  ,  doi)''  ovc  Anieri- 
ij  i.  id,  .*'.,,'. mi  :.bi.i  '.I.  re,  still 
iiijoy  indepi..ii''.Mi.f,  ii  i-  -  itiier  because 
they  have  ne."."  iii.'iii  :i.  eked  by  un 
enemy  ah  .ady  5:tM(i'"'<J  w  u\  •'onquest, 
and  possessed  oi'  -..fjfertei  •  •'•^'-a  than 
he  was  able  to  occu|)y,  or  bi  :  uiu  •  they 
have  been  saved  fnim  oppressiwii  by 
their  remote  and  inaccessible  situation. 
This  distinction,  however,  although  so 
conspicuous,  is  not  uuiversnl.  Oi  the 
manners  of  the  North  American  Indi- 
ans, a  general  idea  may  be  formed,  by 
an  account  of  tltose  who  inhabit  the 
countries  to  the  K  of  the  Missippi. 
These  consist  et  28  diKercnt  nations  j 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Ciiero- 
kees,  Chickasaws,  C.hoctaws,  Creeks, 
Delawares,  Uie  six  Nations,  the  bhaw- 
ancae  Hurons,  Illinois,  &c.  Allowing 
about  700  to  a  nation  or  tribe,  they 
will  contain,  ii)  all,  20,000  souls,  and 
may  furnish  between  4  and  5000  war- 
riors. These  Indians  take  a  great  deal 
of  pains  to  darken  their  complexion,  by 
aniiointingtliemsclvcs  with  grease,  and 
lying  in  tlie  sun.  They  also  paint  their 
face,  breast,  and  shoulders,  of  various 
colours,  but  generally  red  ;  and  in  ma- 
ny parts  of  tlieir  bodies  they  prick  in 
g;iin-|)owder  in  veiy  pretty  figures. 
1  heir  features  are  well  formed,  espe- 
cially those  «)f  the  women.  They  arc 
of  a  middle  stature,  their  limbs  clean 
and  straight,  and  scarcely  any  crooked 
or  deformed  person  is  to  be  found  a- 
iiiong  them.  They  shave,  or  pluck  the 
hair  off  their  heads,  except  a  patch 
cbout  the  crown,  which  is  ornamenteil 
V'itli  l>eautiful  feathers,  heads,  wam- 
pum, and  such  like  baubles.  Their 
eai's  are  bored,  and  stretched  by  a 
thcmg  down  to  their  shoulders.  They 
are  wound  round  with  wire  to  expand 
them,  and  adorned  with  silver  pen- 
thiiits,  rings,  and  bells,  which  they 
likewise  wear  in  their  noses.  Some  of 
Uiom  will  have  a  large  feather  through 
till;  cartillage  of  the  nose  j  and  those 
who  can  uHoi'd  it,  wear  a  collar  of 
wampum,   a  siKer  breast     plate,  and 


bracelets  on  the  arms  and  wrists.  A 
bit  of  cloUi  about  the  iniihlle,  a  shirt  of 
the  English  make,  on  which  they  be- 
slow  innumerable  stitciirs  <<  ad'>rn  it, 
a  sort  of  cloth  boots  and  niuckasons, 
which  are  shoes  of  a  make  peculiar  to 
llie  Indians,  ornamented  with  porcu- 
pine quills,  with  a  blanket  thrown  over 
all,  complete  tiieir  <lress  at  home  ;  but 
wJ  '.-n  they  go  to  war,  they  leav.  tb.  u 
t"iiikets  be!  'ul.  There  is  little  difler- 
v-iice  bet  wcfi  the  dress  of  the  men  and 
women,  excepting  that  ashort  petticoat, 
and  the  hair,  which  is  exceedingly  black 
and  long,  and  clubbed  behind,  distin- 
guish some  of  the  latter.  Except  the 
head  and  e\  ebro  ws,  they  pluck  the  hair, 
with  (fi'cat  diligence  from  all  the  parts 
(if  the  body,  especially  the  looser  part 
of  llie  sex.  Their  warlike  arms  arc 
guns,  bows  and  arrows,  darts,  scalp- 
ing knives,  and  tomahawks ;  this  is 
one  of  their  most  useful  pieces  of  field- 
furniture,  serving  all  the  oilices  of  thu 
hatchet,  pipe,  and  sword.  They  are 
exceedingly  expert  in  throwing  it,  and 
will  kill  at  a  considerable  distance. 
The  world  has  no  better  marksmen 
with  any  weapon.  They  will  kill 
birds  Hying,  fishes  swimming,  and 
wild  beasts  running.  They  are  not  so 
ignorant  as  some  suppose  them,  but 
are  a  very  intelligent  people,  quick  of 
apprehension,  sudden  in  execution, 
subtle  in  business,  exquisite  in  inven- 
tion, and  industrious  in  action.  They 
are  of  a  very  gentle  and  amiable  dispo- 
sition to  those  they  think  their  friends, 
but  as  implacable  in  their  enmity : 
their  revenge  being  completed  only  by 
the  entire  destruction  of  their  enemies. 
They  arc  very  hardy,  bearing  heat, 
cold,  hunger,  and  thirst,  in  a  surpris- 
ing manner ;  and  yet  no  people  are 
more  adicleil  to  excess  in  eating  and 
ilviuking,  when  it  is  in  their  power. 
'I'he  follies,  nay  mischief  they  commit, 
wiien  inc  briated,  are  entirely  laid  to 
the  liquor  J  and  no  one  will  revenge 
any  injury,  (murder  excepted)  re- 
ceived iVoiii  one  who  is  no  more  him- 
self. Among  tin:  Indians  all  raen  are 
e(|u:il,  ))ersonal  qualities  being  most 
esteemed.  No  distinction  of  birth,  or 
rank,  renders  any  man  capable  of  do- 
ing prejudice  to  the  rights  of  private 
jicrsons  ;  and  there  is  no  pre-eminence 
iVorn  merit,  which  begets  pride,  and 
which  makes  others  too  sensible  of 
their  own  inferiority.  Their  public 
I  eouf("'.Tnci;s  sUow  tlicm  to  be  men  of 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


1  N  D 


c  arms  and  wiists.  A 
lit  the  niidille,  a  shirt  ot' 
ikc-,  on  which  they  be- 
IjIc  stitciics  t"  a(l"iMi  it, 

hoots  and  mockaitons, 
a  of  R  make  peculiar  t() 
rnamented  with  porcu- 
h  a  blanket  thrown  over 
leir  dress  at  home  ;  but 
M  v/ur,  they  leavj  tli-,  u 
I.  There  is  little  difler- 
lie  dress  of  the  men  and 
ing  that  ashort  petticoat, 
iich  is  exceedingly  black 
clubbed  behind,  distin- 
tlic  latter.  Except  the 
ows,  they  pluck  the  hair, 
Ifcnce  from  all  the  parts 
ipccialty  the  looser  part 
1  heir  warlike  arms  arc 
I  arrows,  darts,  scalp- 
iid  tomahawks;  this  is 
pst  useful  pieces  of  field- 
ing all  the  offices  of  the 
and  sword.  They  are 
;pert  in  throwing  it,  and 

considerable  distance. 
is  no  better  marksmen 
apon.  They  will  kill 
fishes  swimming,  and 
nniiig.  They  are  not  so 
line  suppose  them,  but 
ulligeiit  people,  quick  of 

sudden  in  execution, 
ess,  exquisite  in  inven- 
itrious  in  action.  They 
entle  and  amiable  dispo- 
they  think  their  friends, 
cabio  in  their  enmity ; 
being  completed  only  by 
truction  of  their  enemies, 
y  hiu-dy,  bearing  heat, 
and  thirst,  in  a  surpris- 
and  yet  no  people  arc 
to  excess  in  eating  and 
n  it  is  in  their  power. 
ly  mischief  they  commit, 
ed,  are  entirely  laid  to 
in(l  no  one  will  revenge 
(murder  excepted)  re- 
ne  who  is  no  more  him- 
tlu:  Indians  all  men  are 
al  qualities  being  most 
o  distinction  of  birth,  or 
any  man  capable  of  do- 
to  the  rights  of  private 
there  is  no  pre-eminence 
vhicli  begets  pride,  and 

others  too  sensible  of 
feriority.  Their  public 
iUov/  tiicm  to  be  men  of 


liey  have,  in  a   iiig'>   ile- 


nt  of  natural    tloqiieiu-e. 
,)cr  nd  in  villuges,  eit'    r 


f^onius ;  » 
grcc,  the 
'I'hey  live 

in  tl  c  vntxl;,  or  on  the  banks  of  riv- 
ers, when  t  ley  have  little  iiitations 
of  Indian'  -n,  and  '"lots,  not  enough 
Id  suppi}  ii  families  half  the  year; 
and  they  ..osist,  the  remainder  of  it, 
by  hunti'g,  fishing,  and  fowling,  »'  ' 
the  fruits  of  the  PTth,  «v!  h  ,^.<'W 
-spontaneously  in  great  plenty,  'i  heir 
huts  are  generally  built  of  small  logs, 
and  covered  with  bark ,  each  iiaving  a 
chimney,  and  a  door,  on  which  tliey 
phfe  a  padlock.  One  of  their  towns 
called  Old  Chclicothe,  is  built  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram  ;  and  some  of 
their  houses  are  shingled.  A  long 
council-house  extends  Uie  whole  length 
of  the  town,  where  the  king  and  chiefs 
of  the  nation  frequently  meet,  and  con- 
sult on  all  matters  of  importance, 
■whether  of  a  civil  or  military  nature. 
Some  huts  arc  built  by  setting  up  a 
frame  on  forks,  and  placing  bark  a- 
gainst  it  j  others  of  reeds  and  sur- 
rounded with  clay.  The  fire  is  in  the 
middh  jf  the  wigwam,  and  the  smoke 
passeii  through  a  little  hole.  They  join 
reeds  together,  by  cords  run  tlirougli 
them,  which  serve  them  for  tul)les  and 
beds.  They  mostly  lie  upon  skhis  of 
•wild  beasts,  and  sit  on  the  groimd. 
They  have  brass  kettles  and  (jots  to 
boil  their  foo<t.  Gourds  orcalubuslies, 
cut  asunder,  serve  them  for  pails,  cups, 
and  dishes.  The  accounts  of  travellers 
conceming  their  religion,  are  v.irious  ; 
and  although  it  cannot  be  absolutely  af- 
firmed that  they  have  none,  yet  it  must 
be  confessed  very  difficult  to  define 
what  it  is.  All  agree  that  they  iic- 
knov'lcdge  one  Supreme  God,  but  do 
not  adore  him.  They  have  not  seen 
liim,  they  do  not  know  fiim,  believing 
him  to  be  too  far  exalted  above  thcra, 
and  too  happy  in  himself  to  be  concern- 
ed about  the  trifling  uffkirs  of  poor  mor- 
tals. They  seem  also  to  believe  in  a 
future  state,  and  that  after  death  they 
shall  be  removed  to  their  friends,  who 
have  gfone  before  them,  to  an  elysiiim, 
or  paradise.  The  Wyandotts,  near  De- 
troit, and  some  others,  have  the  Ro- 
man  catholic  religion  introduced  among 
them  by  miisionaries.  These  have  a 
church,  a  minister,  and  a  regidar  bu- 
rying ground.  Many  of  them  appear 
zealous,  and  say  prayers  in  their  fami- 
lies. I'hese,  by  their  acquaintance 
with  white  people,  are  a  littla  civiliz- 


ed, \s.  (h  m'iSt  of  m  rcssity  precede 
drislian'ty.  'Ihc  Shawancse,  Cliero- 
kces,  Ciiickasaws,  aiul  sonie  utliers, 
are  little  conieriicJ  ii'  >it  religion.  O- 
theis  continue  tlKii"-  ■  vrnicr  supersti- 
tious worship  of  tlic  objects  of  tlieir 
love  and  fear,  id  especially  those  be- 
ings whom  they  most  dread  ;  tlioiigh, 
at  the  same  time,  it  is  allowed  tliey 
pray  to  the  sun,  and  other  inferior  be- 
nevolent deities,  for  success  in  their 
undertakings,  for  pU •r'ty  of  foo<l,  and 
other  necessaries  of  life.  They  have 
their  festivals  and  other  rejoicing  days, 
on  which  they  sing  and  dance  in  a  ring, 
taking  hands,  liaving  so  painicd  and 
disguised  themselves,  that  it  is  <liHi- 
cult  to  know  aiiy  of  them  ;  and  itt'ter 
enjoying  this  diversion  for  a  while, 
tliey  retire  to  the  place  uliere  tLey 
have  prepared  a  feast  of  fish,  fiesli', 
fowl  and  fruii;  to  wtiicludl  are  invited, 
and  cntertaii.ed  with  their  country 
j  songs.  They  believ<'  that  there  is  gieut 
virtue  in  feasts  for  tlie  .sick.  For  this 
inirpose,  a  young  buck  must  be  killed 
j  and  boiled,  the  fiiciuls  and  ne.ir  neigh- 
I  hours  of  the  patient  invited,  and  hav- 
ing first  thrown  tobacco  on  the  fire, 
and  covered  it  up  close,  they  all  sit 
down  in  a  ring,  and  ral.se  a  lamentable 
cry.  They  then  uiu nver  the  fiie  and 
kindle  it  i  and  the  head  of  the  buck  is 
first  sent  about,  every  one  taking  a  bit, 
and  giving  a  loud  croak,  in  imitation  of 
crows.  'I'I.ey  afterward  proceed  to 
cat  ail  the  buck,  making  a  niostlianno- 
nious,  melancholy  song  ;  in  which 
strain  their  music  is  particularly  excel- 
lent. As  they  approach  their  towns, 
wlien  some  of  their  people  are  lost  in 
war,  they  make  gicat  lamentations  fivr 
their  dead,  and  bear  them  long  after  in 
remembrance.  Some  nations  abl.or 
adultery,  do  not  approve  of  a  plurjilily 
of  wives  and  are  not  guilty  of  theft ; 
but  there  arc  other  tribes  that  are  not 
so  scrupulous.  Among  the  Cliicka- 
s;iws,  a  husband  may  cut  ofi"  the  ncsc 
of  his  wife,  if  guilty  of  adultery,  but 
men  are  allowed  greater  libery.  Tiiis 
nation  despises  a  thief.  Among  the 
Cherokces  they  cut  ofl'  the  nose 
and  ears  of  an  adulteress  ;  afterwi.rd 
her  husband  gives  her  a  discharge  ; 
and  from  this  time  she  is  not  ))ei'iii;tted 
to  refuse  any  one  who  presents  bin, .self. 
Fornication  is  unnoticed  :  for  they  al- 
low persons  in  a  sing^te^tate  unbound- 
ed freedom.  Their  form"  of  marriage 
it  short;  the  man,  before  witn««$es. 


# 


1  N  D 


I  ND 


pivc^  tlie  bvUlf  a  iloei-'.H  f.tot,  and  she, 
1.1  ictiirn,  piTsi  hts  li.m  will)  an  <'ur  dC 
fdiMi,  iiM  L-iiihleiiiH  1)1'  ilicir  f,c\(Tal  clu- 
tii-H.  rill.'  women  arc  \crj  nl.ivc*  to  the 
men  ;  which  iHaroiiiniiin caHc  in  rtulr, 
iin|)olikhttl  nutionit,  tliiO'i);-!!))!!!  the 
world.  1  iipy  .ii-c  eliiirg-ed  willi  heiiip 
revei>)fefiil,  hut  this  ri".  (  ii^r  isunl_»  (hi- 
inif  themsehcs  jiintire  on  tliosc  wlio 
injure  tliein  anci  is  Hciiltini  executed 
but  in  rases  nt  ni'irdcr  or  adiiliery. 
Tlieir  king  hiis  no  |i'>  a'(  r  to  put  any 
«>')e  to  (leatli  hy  his'iwi  mitt'oiit,  ;  hut 
the  nninliTi  T  is  (^eiienilly  did. vert  d  iiii 
ti  tlie  friends  ot  the  decciiM-d,  to  do  ah 
tlie_\  |ilii'»e.  Wiicii  oiu  l.ills  ;i'.  ll'.fr, 
his  tiieiKl  k.lls  him,  anu  s.>  llicy  coi,- 
tinne  imtii  ih.h  h  hlood  is  slu'd  ;  and  »t 
'  isl  the  (|iiiriel  is  ended  h;  m'ltiiil 
rreseiils.  Th'*ir  hir-jjH  are  hcirdilar; , 
iiiiV  tlieir  authority  e,\trcmcly  liii.itcd. 
No  peiiph-  an-  a  loore  sti'ikiiiKcvidente 
ot'H.e  niisenc's  of  mankind  in  the  want 
of  jn<v<Tiiinent  111'  n  they,  n\ory  (t.itf, 
when  oiieiided,  hreaks  oti  witli  a  p.'irty, 
iiettkii  at  some  di-ilance,  and  then  com- 
mences  liostilitles  agiinst  his  own  peo. 
pie.  rhey  aie  jfc. (Tally  a!  war  with 
raci' otlirr.  Wiieii  llie)  take  laptie, 
in  w:ir,  they  are  oxceedinply  cniel, 
treating'  the  nnliappy  prisoneis  in  si. eh 
X  m..niier,  tliat  de.-itli  would  bo  prrfer- 
aWeto  life.  T!  py  hudtliem  with  biir- 
cfens,  ;.nd  w'.ien  they  arrive  at  their 
towns  they  must  run  the  (janntlet.  In 
this,  the  sava^'es  exeroiso  so  much 
rrtieltv,  that  "ne  woiiid  think  it  impo<(- 
sibfe  thev  sho  ild  sorvivf  their  sofler- 
iitg's.  M..ny  are  k  .lied  ;  hot  if  one  out- 
lives this  U'iid,  he  is  adonted  into  a  fa- 
mily as  a  soi>,  and  treated  witii  ii.iter- 
tihI  kind.'iess.  And  if  he  avoids  their 
nwpieions  of  ifoniff  away,  he  is  allowid 
the  sunie  priviU'jjes  as  their  own  peo- 
ple. B"t  sonictines  their  prisoners 
are  destined  t'>  lie  tovtnred  to  death, 
in  order  to  satiate  the  reventje  of 
their  e.or.q'.erois.  AVhile  their  lot  is 
in  siis))ense,  the  prisoners  appear  aho- 
jjetlicr  unconcerned  about  what  may 
bpfalt!icm;  they  talk,  they  eat,  they 
sleep,  a»  if  tliere  weie  no  danger  im- 
pendinff:  and  when  the  fatal  sentenre 
is  intimated  to  them  they  receive  it 
■nrirth  an  unaltered  con  .tenance,  raise 
their  death-song,  and  prepare  to  suf- 
fer like  men.  The  victors  assemble  as 
to  a  solemn  festival,  »e84ilved  to  put 
the  fortitude  of  the  captives  to  the  ut- 
most pro«)f.  A  scene  ensues,  the  bare 
descriptiou  of  wluch  is  enough  to  chilJ[ ; 


the  lieart  ■with  liorror,  wherever  men 
liHvc  been  airustotned,  by  mild  institu- 
tions, to  respect  their  siweies,  anil  to 
melt  into  teiicterness  at  tjiv  sijrht  ot  hu- 
man sulierings.  '1  he  prisoneis  are 
tied  nuked  to  a  Htake,  but  so  as  tu  be 
nt  l.bert.' to  mo\e  round  it.  All  pre- 
sent, men,  W'<uien,  and  chihlreii,  rush 
upon  tlient  like  furies ;  some  burn 
tlieir  l.iiilis  with  retlhoi  irons,  aomc 
ui.'i'ig.t  taeir  b'i<'its  with  knives,  o- 
tlieri)  tear  I'ic'.i  tiesli  from  their  bon«s, 
pliiek  o"t  their  nails  h;  the  roots,  and 
rem!  and  twist  Hi'.-ir  "tiiU'W*;  and  such 
is  their  cruel  i!>|fonu  l-,  in  torturing, 
that,  by  uvoidiiix  to  touch  the  vital 
|)arts,  they  often  prolon{;  this  srcno  of 
ai'jfuisli  for  several  days.  In  spite  of 
all  their  suffe.'iiigs,  the  vivtiins  cintin- 
ue  lo  I  hunt  their  deulli-s.iiiL;  with  u 
t:riii  voice,  they  boast  of  their  own  ex- 
ploits, I  hey  insult  their  to.-niciitcrs  for 
tlieir  want  of  skill  to  aveni^'e  t.'ie  death 
of  their  friends  and  rclaiions,  they 
w«rn  them  of  the  vciipeai.ee  that  a- 
waits  l.'iem  on  aceonnt  of  what  they  are 
now  doiiijr  and  exeitc  their  ferocity  by 
ll;e  most  pi'ovnkinjj  reproaches  ami 
tlire'its.  'lo  display  imdauiitejl  flirti- 
tiide  in  siicii  dreadful  ttiluatiuns,  is  the 
niblest  triumph  of  a  warrior;  to  avoiil 
the  trial  hy  a  voluntary  death,  or  to 
shrink  under  it,  is  deemed  cowardly 
iiM'l  infanuiiis.  If  any  one  betrays 
symptoms  of  timidity,  his  tormentors 
dispatch  him  at  once  with  contempt, 
!is  unworthy  of  being  treated  I'ke  a 
man.  Animated  by  these  ide<\s,  they 
endure  without  a  groan,  what  it  seems 
almo,st  impossible  that  hum'»n  nature 
sliovdd  Sitstain.  Weary  at  length,  of 
contending  with  ii>eu,  whose  constan- 
cy they  cannot  vanquish,  some  ciiief, 
in  a  rage,  puts  a  period  to  their  sutiicr- 
i".gs,  by  dispi'tching  them  with  his 
dagger  or  his  club.  The  people  of 
South  America  gratify  their  revenge 
in  a  m.inncr  somewhat  diii'erent,  but 
with  the  «nme  unrelenting  rancour. 
Their  prisoners,  alter  meeting  at  their 
Hrst  entrance,  with  the  same  rough  re- 
ception as  among  the  North  Ameri- 
cans, arc  not  only  exemjK  from  injury, 
but  treated  with  the  greatest  kindness. 
They  are  feasted  and  caressed,  and 
son^  beautiful  yoimg  women  are  ap- 
pointed to  attend  and  solace  them. 
But,  by  a  refinement  of  cruelty,  while 
they  seem  studious  to  attach  their 
cafrtives  to  life,  their  doom  ie  irrevoca- 
bly fixeuU    On  aq  app()vfft^d  day,  tb* 


ND 

Brror,   wherever  men 
>iiH'(l,  by  mild  iiistitii- 
tliuir  8|><:i-icM,  aiul  tu 
es»  at  Uiv  si)(lit  ut  hu- 
'I  lie   prisoiieis   nre 
nke,  but  no  as   tu  bo 
'.  round   it.     All   pre- 
1,  and  cliiklreii,  rush 
tunes  i     Dome    burn 
rcdIioL  irons,   »oinc 
I'lfs   witU   knives,  o- 
chI)  from  tlicir  bonen, 
ills  b;  tb<;  roots,  and 
'.■ir  siii<'w* ;  aiul  Huch 
Ifonu  ly   in  torturing-, 
H    u<   touch   tlie  vital 
prolonjj  tliis  srenc  of 
■ul   (la)s.     In  spite  of 
fs,  tl.e  victims  I'lntin- 
r   (touUi-s.)ii^f   with    IV 
loiist  of  tlicir  own  ex- 
.  their  to.-nicnters  for 
II  to  avi'iii^-c  t;ie  death 
and  rcla  mills,    they 
le  vcngeaiice  that  a- 
•ount  of  what  they  are 
stitc  their  ftrocity  by 
kiim;    reproaches   anil 
ij)lay    undaunted  Cirti- 
idhil  kiiuationsi,  is  the 
i)f  a  warrior  :  to  avoid 
ohmtiiry   death,  or  to 
is  (Icemcd  cowardly 
If  any    one    betrayi* 
idity,  his  tormentors 
once   with   contempt, 
being    treated  like  a 
,  by  these  ide<iR,   they 
I  groan,  what  it  seem» 
>;  that  humin  nature 
Weary   at  length,  of 
nven,  whoso  ronstan- 
vaiujuish,  some  chief, 
period  to  their  sufler- 
Mng  them  with   his 
chib.     The  people   of 
gratify  their  revenge 
Ticwhat  diliiercnt,  but 
unrelenting   rancour, 
atler  meeting  at  their 
ith  the  same  rotigh  re- 
g  the    North   Amcri- 
!y  exernjK  from  injury, 
1  the  greatest  kindness, 
ed  and  caressed,  and 
I'oimg   women  arc  ap- 
nd  and    solace    them, 
ment  of  cruelty,  while 
dious  to  attach    their 
their  doom  \e  irrevoca- 
aq  appqqvUd  day.  th* 


I  N  D 

Wrtorious  tribe  nssemlilcs,  tlio  prison- 
fr  is  broujfht  forth    with  jjirat  sulciii- 
iiity,  he  nit-ets  his  fate  with  undiiiinti^d 
liriiincss,  and  ii  dispatchud  by  a  single 
blow.     'I'lie  imnient  he   fidls',  the  wo- 
niiii  sei/.e  the  body,  and  drtxs  it  fa- 
ille feast.     They    besmear   their  chil- 
dren witli  the  blood,  in  order  to  kindle 
ill  their  bosoms  a  hatred   of  their  ene- 
(iiies,  and  all  join  in  feeding  upon  the 
flesh  with  a-,n;i/iiig  g-reedincss  and  ex- 
ultation.    Wherever  this  pracllee  pre- 
vails,  captives    never   csca|>e    death  ; 
bit  they    are    not  tortured    with    the 
^iUlle  cruelly  as    among  tribes    which 
;irc    less   accustomed   to   such    horrid 
feasts.     The  Iiuliiiiis  of  South    Ameri- 
ca,   immediately    under   the    Spanish 
Kovernnieiit,    although    the    most   de- 
pressed order  of  nieu   in  the   country 
which  belonged  to  their  ancestors,  arc 
iiow  far  from  being  treated  with  that 
rigour  and  cruelty  which   was   laid  to 
the  charge  of  the  first  conquerors  of 
that   continent.     They  arc    no   longer 
considered  as  slaves  ;  on  the  contrary, 
they  are  reputed  as  freemen,  and  enti- 
tled to  the  privileges   of  subjects.     A 
certain  tribute  is,  indeed,  imposed  up- 
on them,  and  certain  services  required  ; 
hut  these  are  all  under  due  regulation;! 
of  policy  and  humanity.     The   Indians 
vyho  live  in  tlie  principal  towns  are  en- 
tirely subject  to  the  SpaiiiHli  laws  and 
magistrates  ;  but,  in  their  own  villages, 
they  are  governed   by  c.-iziques,  some 
ofvyhoinare  the  descoiidaiils  of  their 
ancient   li,.ds ;    others   arc   named  by 
tile  Spanish  viceroys.     These  regulate 
the  petty  art'aiis  of  the    people    under 
thein,  acciirding  to  n.a.\ims  of  justice, 
transmitted  to  them  by  tradition.    To 
the  Indians,  this  jurisdiction,   lodged 
ill  such  friendly  hands,  affords  some  con- 
solaticm;    and  so   little   formidable  is 
this  dignity  to  their  new  masters,  that 
they  oilien  allow  it  to  descend  by  here- 
ditary right.    For  their  further  relief, 
the  Spanish  court  h^is  appointed  an  of- 
ficer in  every  district,  with  the  title  of 
Protector  of  the  Indians,  wliose  duty  is 
to  assert  the  rights  of  tlie  Indians  ;  to 
appear  as  their  defender  in  the  courts 
of  justice  ;    and   to   set  bounds  to  the 
exactions  of  his  countrymen.     A  por- 
tion of  the  annual  tribute  is  destined 
for  the    salaries   of  the   eaziqiies  and 
protectors  ;  another  part  is  appropria- 
ted to  the  payment  of  their  tribute  in 
years  of  famine,  or  wlien  a  particular 
district  is  alHicted  by  any  extraordinary 


I  N  G 

local  calamity.  Provision  too  is  m.ntfe, 
I"-  various  laws,  that  h(Mp:i,.li 
should  be  (liiindeil  in  every  new  sitUe- 
nieiit,  for  tlic  leceptioii'  nf  Indians. 
Such  hospitals  lia\c  ateordiiigly  been 
erertc-.l,  both  flir  the  iiidi(^ent  and  in- 
lirni,  til  Lima,  Cilsco,  and  Me.\ico, 
wheie  the  Indiana  are  treated  with 
teiidernc4s  and  humanity.  See  F.si/ui- 
iiiaiixt  Indus,  Went;  Pataguiiia  .•  txwd 
Vincent,  St. 

Imirti/iure,  a  Dutch  Settlement  on  the 
W  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  the  E  Indies, 
16u  miles  N  W  of  Ueneoolcn. 

Imire,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of  Berry.  It 
has  its  name  from  a  river,  which'risea 
in  this  department,  and  passing  into 
that  of  Indie  and  Loire,  falls  into  the 
Loire,  between  Cliinon  and  Saumur. 
Cliateauroux  is  the  capital. 

InJie  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Toiiraine.  Tours  is  the  capital. 
Indore,  or  Kiulorc,  a  modern  city  of 
Hindo(istan  Proper,  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory in  the  province  of  Malwa,  subject 
to  one  of  the  Poonah  Mahratta  chiefs  j 
aOmilcs  Sof  Oiigein.  Lon.  r6jK,  lat. 
24  M  N. 

Lidus,  a  great  river  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  called  by  the  natives  Sinde  or 
Sindeh  ;  formed  of  about  ten  princi- 
pal  streams,  which  descend  from  the 
Persian  and  Tartarian  mountaina. 
From  the  city  of  Attock  to  Moultan, 
or  to  the  conflux  of  the  Chunaub,  it  is 
commonly  named  the  river  of  Attock. 
Below  the  city  of  Moultan,  proceeding 
in  a  S  W  direction,  through  the  pro- 
yince  of  that  name,  and  that  of  Sindy, 
it  enters  the  Arabian  Sea,  by  several 
mouths,  N  W  of  the  gulf  of  Ctitch. 

Ingatstone,  a  town  in  Essex  23  miles 
N  E  of  London. 

LigUsheivi,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  re- 
markable  for  having  been  the  residence 
of  the  emperors,  seated  on  the  rivev 
Salva,  on  an  eminence  from  whence 
there  is  a  charming  prospect,  five  miles 
S  W  of  Mentz.  Lon,  8  15  E.  lat.  49 
48  N. 

Jiig'eton,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire. 

Ingoing,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Lorrain. 

IngoUtadt,  a  handsome  town  of  Ger- 
many  and  the  strongest  in  Bikvaria, 
with  a  famous  university,  and  a  %a% 


;;  |i 


•"  I J  'iiv 


I  N  G 

tluircli.  Tlic  lirAurs  art?  built  of 
IiIdiu',  ami  tlie  stiTctii  arc  larf^r.  It 
wan  talidi  by  tlic  Aiistriaiis  in  174.2; 
Mini  \v:is  liiiMll)npllcMl  In  liic  I'l-ciirli  ; 
but  rfl'fvnl  hy  ticc  AiiNti'i»ii.s,  Sip. 
11,  17'.)().  It  i»'iipufp(l  on  till'  Danuhf, 
five  miles  N  N  K  nf  Nniliiirjf,  and  ^.l 
N  l)v  \V  ..{•  Muni.li.  1,011.  11  10  E, 
lot.  ;i«  46  N. 

ligr'nt,  a  jifovincc  of  the  Russian 
fnipirc,  will'.  !i  now  forins  the  j^ovt-ni- 
nu'iil  of  St.  I'ck'i-slnirjr.  It  is  1:50 
miles  loiijf  ami  .VJ  ln-oail ;  lioinulcd  on 
the  N  l)\  till.'  river  Neva  and  tlif;  jfulf 
of  !•' inland,  on   thf  K    and  S   by  tlio 

foM-riiinent  of  Novoporod,  and  on  tliu 
V  by  that  of  Livonia.  The  c/.ar  I'rtcr 
lliL-  Great  wrested  it  from  the  Swedis, 
and  it  was  conHrmrd  to  him  by  the 
treaty  of  NysladL  in  17J1.  'I'lie  Ls- 
rliort/.i  have  for  a  lonjf  time  fallowed 
jLTJcidturo,  as  will  a.s  the  other  Finns. 
Tlicir  economy  is  an  ill-chosen  mean 
hi  twixt  tliat  of  the  Russians  and  that 
<if  the  Finns.  They  assemble  in  small 
villaj^es,  of  live  or  ten  farms  each  ;  aiid 
live  miserably  in  small  dirty  huts. 
Their  honsehold  furniture  indicates 
the  (p-ealest  ))enury  ;  and  their  manner 
of  living  is  sr|uail(l  ami  disp^nsting. 
Notwithstandinj;  that  the  land  eaeh 
family  oecupicM  is  of  tolerable  extent, 
their  ajrrii-iilture  and  their  tattle  arc 
( (jually  poor.  Their  inclination  to 
idh'DCSs  and  driiikii'jj  leads  them  often 
to  sell  their  stork,  ami  the  very  corn 
tlity  have  sa\  ed  for  sowing  the  fiekls  j 
the  money  which'  that  produces  they 
»f[uander  away  in  ii  very  short  time, 
and  are  thus  reduced  to  the  most  de- 
pIor:;blc  indiffenee.  In  this  state  they 
bcliohl  their  cattle  die  of  hunger  and 
cold  with  the  most  perfect  indiflerencc. 
Some  of  them,  however,  imitate  the 
Russian  vilhigers,  who  arc  better 
m.-ini-gcrs,  more  at  their  ease,  and  in 
better  circumstances.  With  theiv  pov- 
crly  and  disorderly  life,  the  In|jriun» 
tire  a  stupid,  suspicious,  thievish  race, 
and  d;m!;-crous  from  their  phleR'matic 
and  pillering  temperament.  Tho.se  who 
live  along- the  road  to  Riga  pp'eatly  re- 
Bcnible  the  people  we  call  gyjjsies ; 
fcrc  vagabonds  like  them,  and  calcubitc 
nativities,  and  tell  fortunes.  Stich.  as 
come  to  Petersburg  for  those  fraudu- 
lent psniroses  would  scarcely  be  known 
from  the  gypsies  about  London.  It  is 
i)Ut  a  few  years  ago,  that  a  whole  vil- 
I:,gc  of  these  wrct'  lies  were  banished 
to  a  dcbert.  ialwd  in  the  g^tJf  uf  Fm- 


I  N  N 

I.1111I,  lur  murders  and  other  crimea 
foniniitled  on  the  liigliwn>.  The  boyu 
tioin  several  villages  together  fre- 
(pienll.  elope  at  once;  and  there  i» 
every  ria«on  in  the  world  to  believe 
that  this  is  for  very  bad  jxtrposes. 
Tlic  dress  of  the  men  is  exactly  like 
that  of  the  Finn  boors;  but  tikc  habit 
of  the  women  betrays  u  vanity,  which, 
(■oii.ildering  the  poverty  of  this  people, 
and  tlie  tyranny  wiiich  their  hubbandu 
;uid  failiers  e.\ereise  over  them,  may 
pass  for  lu.sury.  When  a  man  is  in- 
clined to  marry,  he  buys  himself  a, 
1,'irl,  and  celebrates  his  nuptials.  All 
the  way  to  the  church  they  are  accom- 
panied by  two  women  in  veils,  who 
sing  as  they  go  compositions,  if  one 
may  call  them  so,  totally  destitute  of 
cornmon  sense.  No  sooner  is  the  marri- 
age eereinony  perlbrmcd,  than  the  hus- 
band begins  to  treat  hi.s  wife  with  the 
utmost  severity,  and  thcnceforwiird 
keeps  her  under  strict  discipline; 
though  notalwa>s  with  the  greatest 
attention  to  justice.  She  is  ofien  bea- 
ten for  the  Aiidts  of  the  children,  and 
.sometimes  for  those  of  the  domestics. 
The  dead  are  buried  by  the  priests  of 
the  profession  t»  which  they  belong ; 
but  these  superstitious  people  return 
to  the  grave  under  covert  of  the  night, 
and,  having  taken  up  the  sod,  deposit 
eatables  iiir  their  de])arted  friend, 
which  they  renew  during  a  fortnight 
or  three  weeks. 

Iiij-ushi,     See  Kinti. 

Iiiluimliana,  a  kingdom  of  Africa, 
lying  under  the  equator.  Tonqua  is 
the  capital. 

Inn,  a  river  of  Germany  which  has 
its  source  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Septimcr- 
bcrg.  It  runs  N  E  through  Tirol,  by 
Inspruc,  anil  continuing  its  course  N  E 
through  Bavaria  pusses  by  Kuffstcill* 
Vasseburg,  Braunaw,  luid  other  towns, 
and  Hills  into  the  Danube,  between 
Pasnnu  and  Instadt. 

Innacanda,  a  fortress  of  the  Dcccan 
of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Gunloor  Circar, 
situate  on  a  hill,  46  miles  N  W  of  On- 
gole,  and  subject  to  the  nizani  of  tlie 
Deccan.  ' 

Iniierliithi'ng.     Sec  Inverhithing. 

Iiiiiiclicr,  a  tov  1  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tvrol,  situate  on  the  Drave.  Lon.  12 
17  E,  \nt.  46  48  N. 

Innisclochran,  or  the  Stony  Itiand,  an 
island  in  the  river  Shannon,  where 
tUei'c  was  a  monastery. 


32  1 


N  N 

liiH  and  Other  crimes 
lie  liij^liway.  'I'lic  boy» 
\iU;(He«  tojfethtr  iVc- 
!it  once  i    ami  tlierc  i» 

I  tlio  world  to  believe 
ir  very  bud  purpose*, 
lie  men  in  exactly  lik© 

II  boor.t ;  but  tbe  habit 
)etruyH  a  vaiiitv,  whirli, 
!  poverty  of  thiH  people, 
y  wliich  their  husbundt* 
-reise  over  tlicm,   may 

When  a  man  is  in- 
ry,  be  buys  biniself  a 
rates  his  nuptials.  All 
church  they  are  accom- 
)  women  in  veils,  who 
go  compositions,    if  one 

so,  totally  destitute  of 

No  sooner  is  the  niarri- 
jcrforincd,  than  the  h>is- 
1  treat  his  wife  with  the 
ty,  and  thenceforwnrd 
I'der  strict  discipline ; 
wajs  with  the  jrreatest 
stice.  She  is  often  bea- 
Its  of  the  children,   and 

those  of  the  domestics, 
buried  by  the  priests  of 
t»  which  they  belongs 
erstitious  people  return 
iider  covert  of  the  night, 
ken  up  the   sod,  deposit 

their    departed    friend, 
enew  duriiij;  a  fortnight 
s. 
;e  Kisti. 

a  kingdom  of  Africa, 
he  equator.     Tonqua    is 

of  Germany  which  ha» 
ic  country  of  the  Grisons, 
the  mountain  Septimer- 
1  N  E  through  Tirol,  by 
lontinuing  its  course  N  E 
ma  passes  by  Kufsteiii* 
raunaw,  luid  other  towns, 
I  the  Danube,  between 
istadt. 

I  fortress  of  the  Deccan 
I,  in  the  Guntoor  Circar, 
ill,  46  miles  N  W  of  On- 
iject  to  the  iiizam  of  the 

a.     See  Inverieithing. 

tov  1  of  Gei-many,  in  the 

;  on  the  Drave.     I.on.  12 

48  N. 

m,  or  the  Stony  Itland,  an 

;   river   Shamion,    where 

monastery. 


I  N  V 

Innlafail,  one  of  the  ancient  nameR 
vf  Ireluiul. 

ImiiJ'atlfn,  an  island  in  the  lake  of 
Kill..riiey,  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  and 
province  of  Muntter. 

Innuluinnon,  »  town  in  the  co\inty  of 
Coik,  and  province  of  Minister,  situiitc 
on  the  river  Duiidon,  1,J4  miles  from 
U.iblin,  and  lix  miles  from  Kinsule. 

Jnnishiriaii,  an  isUnd  btlween  Cape 
Clear  island  and  Bidtimurc  bay,  in  tlu 
county  of  Cork. 

InniaHling,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
ennnty  of  Fermanagh,  with  a  itrong 
Tn-t,  it  being  a  pass  of  the  greatest 
importance  from  tlie  N  to  tlie  S  of  Ire- 
land. It  IS  seated  in  the  niiddli^  of 
Lough  Earnc,  where  that  great  hke 
is  cimtrncted,  for  about  six  miles,  lo 
tliebreiiihh  of  an  ordinary  river.  It  in 
20  miles  E  of  nullysiiunnon.  Lon.  C  50 
W,  lat.  54  25  N. 

Inntlml,  a  district  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  watered  by  the  river  Inn.  In- 
«pruc  is  the  capital. 

IiiowislailUlmv,  a  strong  and  consider- 
able  town   of  I'oland,   and   capital   of 
CiiJHvia,  with  a  fort  and  a  palace  wlicre 
the  bishop  of  Cujavia  resides.     It  is  37 
miles  N  E  of  Gncsna,  and   70  VV   of 
IVarsaw.     Lon.  18  50  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 
Jiufiruc,  a  ])opulous  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Tirol,  capital  of  the  district 
of  Inntlial,  witli    a   strong  castle,   for- 
merly the  residence  of  the   arckdukes 
of  Austria.     It  is  sc-atcd  in  a  pleasant 
valley,  on  the  river  Inn,  '27  miles  N  W 
of  Brixen,  and  60  S  of  Munich.     Lon. 
11  27  E,  lat.  27  10  N. 
Jiutadt.     See  Pusiau. 
Imterburg,    a.  city    of  Lithuania  in 
Prussia,  where  the   inlial>itjuits,   who 
are  in  number  about  3000,  trade  prin- 
cipally in  beer  and  grain.    I^on.  21  40 
E,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Interluchen,   a   town  of  Swisserland 
32  miles  S  £  of  Bern. 

InveriVj/,  a.  royal  borough  in  Argyle- 
Bhire,  seated  on' the  N  W  sideof  Locli 
Eyne.     In  the  neighbourhood  of  this 
place  is  a  considerable  iron  work.     U 
is  75  miles  N  W  of  Edinburgh  anti     '• 
of  Glasgow.     Lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  56  16 1, 
Inverbervie.     See  Bervie. 
Inveresi,    a    village    in    Edinbnrgli- 
sliire,   situate  on  the   £  side    of  the 
mouth  of  the  rirer  Esk,  on  tlie  frith  of 
Forth.    In   1783,    tlie    subterraneous 
remains    of  a  Roman  hypocaust,  or  hot 
bath,  were  discovered  here. 
Inverieithing,  a  royal  horoufj^b  in  Ftfe^ 


I  N  V 

shire,  »it'ifttc  in  the  frith  of  Forth  It 
ha.s  a  beautiful  bay  with  h  good  liur- 
boiiruiid  ronHideriible  tnulf  in  ro^l  and 
other  articles  i  audi*  18  miles  N  \V 
ofKdinburg.  Lon.  3  i;.j  W,  lat.  57  0  N. 
Invrrlochy,  MX  untient  castle  in  tli* 
neiglibourliood  of  Fort  Wiiliam,  in  In. 
vt-niessliire. 

Iiii'cn'na,   a  royal   borough  of  Scot* 
land,    capital  of  a  county   of  (be  sani* 
name,    situate   on    the   S    bank  of  the 
river  Ness,  and  overlooking  the  frith  of 
Murray.     It  has  a  safe  aiiil   convenient 
harbour,  and  a   good  deal  of  shipping. 
Several    large    buildings    liave     been 
erected  on  tlie  N  side  of  the  town,  in 
which  a  considerable  maiiiifVcluro  of 
ropes  and  canvass    is   c»rrie<l  on.     On 
an  eminence   above  the    town    !ire  the 
rums  of  the  old   castle,  deniolislied  by 
tile  rebels  in  1746;    and  over  tlie  Nosi 
is  a  bridge  of  seven  arches.     The  sal. 
moil  fishery  in  this  river  is   very  con- 
siderable.    Near   this    town,    on    the 
wide  heath,  called  Collo(h)n  Miiir,  the 
duke  of  Cumberland  gained  n  ^Iccisive 
victory  over  tlie   rebels   in   1746.     To 
the  W  of  this  town  is  the  remarkable 
vitrihed  fort  called  Craig    Pliadrick  ; 
the  stones,  comjiosing  its  walls,  appear 
to   have   been   partly   melted  bv  fire. 
Inverness  is  50  miles  N  E  of  Fort  Wil- 
liam, and  106  N  ot  Edinburgh.    Lon. 
4  10  W,  lat.  57  34  N. 
_  I/iveniess-t/.ire,  includes  the  subdivi. 
sions   of  Uadenoch,    Locbaber,  Inver- 
ness-shire, Skip,  and   Harris,  with  a 
iirtall  part  of  Ross-shire  and  Murray, 
shire.    It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Koss- 
shire  ;  on  the  E  by  Nairnshire,  Murray, 
shire,  and  Aberdeensliirc ;  on  the  S  by 
Perthshire  and  Argyleshire  ;  amlon  tlte 
W  by  the  western  Sea.      It  is,  exclu- 
sive of  the  isles,   about  SO  miles  long 
from  E  to  W,  and  50  broad  from  N  to 
S.     It  abotinds  with  iron  ore,  and  pro- 
duces plenty  of  oak  and  firi  it  abounds 
with  pastures,  but  little  corn,   und  is 
r.?ckoned  one  of  the  most  burron  C(^uii. 
tics   in   Scotland.     Its    only  majnufac. 
ture  is  course  linen.  The  great  military 
road  is   carried  through   the    soiUh. 
wcstpartof  this  county.     It  has  seve. 
lal  mountains,  and  one  near  Fort  Wil- 
li am    exceeds  any  oUier  in    Scotland 
(J.  Wales.    It  has  a  surprising   cata- 
ract near  Lochness,     Its  principal  riv- 
ers are  the   Ness  and    Spey,  but   it 
abounds  with  lochs,  which  produce  fr> 
infinite  number  of  fish.     The  western 
Islaodft  pjPUU%,  which  l)eloQ|f  to  thi^ 


If  I 

11 


,'  '  .  11 


im 


m^mu 


J  O  H 


J  O  N 


I     ]:> 


county  fire,  the  S  part  of  lewis  cnllcd 
Harris,  Skie,  Barra,  Noitli  and  South 
Uist,  Benbecula,  St,  Kllda,  Uona,  Ua- 
sa,  Rum,  and  several  smaller  outs. 
The  cliicf  towns  arc  Inverness,  Inver- 
lochy  or  Fort  William,  Fort  Augustus, 
Bcaulieu,  and  Beriicra.  In  Skie  the 
chief  town  is  Portry,  where  vast  lur.ii- 
bers  of  cattle  are  S(jld  annually.  Tlie 
common  people  in  the  liiffh  parts  of  the 
country,  and  on  the  western  shore, 
speak  Gaelic,  but  tlie  people  of  f'asliiou 
in  Inverness,  and  its  nuii^hbourliond, 
use  the  English  lang'uag-e,  and  pro- 
nounce it  with  propriety. 

Iiiverury,  a  sm;ill  borough  in  Abcr- 
flcenshire,  situate  on  the  beautiful  and 
fertile  ba  ks  of  the  Don,  just  above  its 
confluence  with  the  river  called  Urie 
Water.  It  is  15  miles  N  W  of  Aber- 
deen. 

ynanna.  See  Himuam. 
yohanncsburg,  a  town  of  Poland  in 
Suadavia,  a  canton  of  Ducal  Prussia, 
with  a  citadel,  seatv>,d  on  the  river 
Pvch,  near  the  lake  Spirdiiip,  95  miles 
S  E  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  22  39  E,  lat. 
53  16  N. 

^ohn-n'' -Groat's  House,  the  remains 
of  a  noted  house,  reckoned  the  most 
northerly  dwelliiijy  in  Scotland,  and 
situate  on  Dtuigsbay  Head,  which 
forms  the  N  E  point  of  Great  Bri- 
tain. 

yohti's,  St.  one  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands, in  the  East  Indies,  E  of  Minda- 
nao.    Lon.  126  32  E,  lat.  9  30  N. 

yohn's,  St.  an  island  of  North  Amer- 
ica, in  the  bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  hav- 
ing New  Brunswick  on  the  W,  and 
Cape  Breton  on  the  E.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1758. 

^tilm's,  St.  a.  river  of  North  America, 
in  New  Brunswick,  which  enters  the 
bay  of  Funday,  at  the  city  of  St. 
John's. 

f/ohh's,  St.  a  city  of  North  America, 
in  New  Brunswick,  situate  at  the  nioutli 
of  the  river  St.  John's.  Lon.  65  15  W, 
lat.  45  12  N. 

yohn's,  St.  a  town  on  the  E  siile  of 
the  island  of  Newfoundland.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  defended  by  several  forts 
in  one  of  which  the  governor  of  the  is- 
land resides.  Lon.  52  21  W,  lat.  4" 
32  N. 

yohn's,  St.  the  capital  of  Antip;ua. 
It  is  one  of  tl'c  most  regular  towns  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  has  the  ni.)st 
commodious  harbour  in  the  Leeward 
Jslanda,    Lon.  62  4  W,  lat.  17  4  N. 


yohti'jiie^a,  a  very  ancient  town  ot 
S]i:iin,  in  Catalonia,  sc.ited  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  20  miles  S  of  Perpig- 
uan. 

f/nhnre,  a  tov.Tt  of  M.ilacca,  in  Asia. 
Lon.  y3  55  E,  lat.  1  15  N. 

yo/^'H,',  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Yoniie,  and  lately 
in  the  provinre  of  Burgundy.  Its  red 
wines,  though  not  of  the  ilist  quality, 
have  a  gixat  demand.  It  is  liandsouLi-- 
Iv  seated  on  the  Youne,  17  miles  S  S  E 
(if  Sens.     Lon.  3  :j6  E,  lat.  48  0  N. 

y<)iiivil/e,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  France,  now  in  the  dei)artnu-.iit 
of  Upper  Murnc,  and  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  with  a  large  mag- 
nifircnt  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Marne,  25  miles  S  W  of  Bar-le-diic, 
and  125  S  E  of  Paris.  Lou.  5  20  £,  lat. 
48  20  N. 

yonesborough,  a  to-vvn  in  Washington 
county,  Tcnni.'S!;i;,  where  there  is  a  post 
office,  107  miles  NE  of  ICuoxville,  and 
16  miles  S  of  Blountsville,  on  the  river 
Holstein. 

yonestmvn,  a  post  town  in  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  7  miles  N  of  Le- 
banon, and  about  30  N  E  of  Harrisburg, 
M'ith  about  300  inhabitants. 

yohnsnnburg,  a  town  in  Morris  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey,  with  a  post  office,  at 
the  distance  of  29  miles  N  E  of  Easton 
in  Pennsjlvania. 

yu/msion,  the  principal  town  of  Mont- 
gomery county.  New  York,  31  miles  N 
\V  of  Shenectady,  and  6  miles  from  the 
N  bank  of  Moh.ock  river.  This  was 
formerly  the  scat  of  Sir  William  John- 
ston, whose  brave)'y  rescued  the  coun- 
try from  devastation,  by  a  decisive  vic- 
tory over  tlie  French  and  their  savage 
allies,  in  1755;  on  his  demise  it  be- 
came tlie  property  of  his  stm  Sir  John 
Johnston  ;  and  was  cimliscated  by  the 
state  of  New  York  in  the  revolution 
w.ir,  for  his  adherence  to  the  royal 
party. 

lona.     See  Icolmtill. 

yonhiopii:g.  a  town  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Smoland,  and  seat 
of  the  parliament,  or  superior  court  of 
of  justice  tur  Gothland,  it  is  seated  on 
the  S  side  of  lake  Welter,  with  a  strong 
citadel,  50  miles  ?' W  ofCalaiar.  Lon. 
14  46E,  lat.  57  12  N.  ■ 

yonr/uieres,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Var,  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Proience,  12  miles  S 
W  of  Aix,  and  10  N  W  of  Mursill. 
Lon.  5  I'J  E,  lat.  43  20  N. 


J  O  N 


,  a  very  ancient  town  ot 
italonia,  scaled  !it  llic  foot 
lees,  20  nilU-s  S  of  Pcrpig- 

tov.Ti  of  Malacca,  in  Asia. 
a,  hit.  1  1;>  N. 

town  of  France,  now  in 
iient  of  Yonne,  and  lately 
mrc  of  Unround}'.  Its  red 
ijifli  not  of  tlie  fust  quiility, 
t  demand.  It  isliarulsoiiie- 
I  'die  Yonne,  17  miles  S  S  E 
,on.  3  o6  E,  lat.  48  0  N. 
an  ancient  and  considerable 
mcc,  n^)w  in  the  department 
[lime,  and  hitclj'  in  the  pro- 
iinvpagne,  with  a  large  mag- 
itle.      It   is   seated   on  the 

miles  S  \V  of  Bar-lcdiic, 
:  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  20  £,  lat. 

nigh,  a  town  in  Washington 
mess;;-,  where  there  is  a  post 
miles  N  E  of  Kuo.wille,  and 
of  Blountsville,  on  the  river 

n,  a  post  town  in  Danphin 
nnsjlvania,  7 miles  N  of  Le- 
about  30  N  E  of  Harrisbiirg, 
:  300  Inhabitants. 
'iirg,  a  town  in  Morris  coun- 
;rsev,  willi  a  post  office,  at 
•e  of  29  miles  N  E  of  Easton 
vania. 

,  the  principaltown  of  Mont - 
unty,  New  York,  31  miles  N 
lectady,  and  6  miles  from  the 
f  Mohock  river.  This  was 
le  scat  of  Sir  William  John- 
e  bravery  rescued  the  coun- 
cvastation,  by  a  decisive  vic- 
;he  French  and  their  savage 
1755!  on  his  demise  it  bc- 
-iropcrty  of  his  son  Sir  John 
and  was  coniiscated  by  the 
Tew  York  in  the  revolution 
his  adherence  to  the  riiyal 

ice  Icolmiill. 

't:g.  a  town  of  Sweden,  capi- 
)rovince  of  Smoland,  and  scat 
liamcnt,  or  superior  court  of 
tur  Gothland.  It  is  seated  on 
:  of  lake  Wetter,  with  a  strong 
0  miles  ?^  W  ofCalmar.  Lon. 
lat.  57  12  N.  ■ 

res,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
'tmcnt  of  Var,  and  lately  in 
ice  of  Pro\enec,  12  mdes  S 
X,  and  10  N  W  of  Marsill 
E,  lat.  43  20  N. 


*K| 


I  P  s 

ynrdan,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Asiu  in 
Palestine,  which  rises  in  Mount  Liba- 
nus,  and  running  from  N  to  S,  forms 
two  lakes,  the  one  formerly  called  the 
sea  of  Galilee,  or  the  lake  of  I'lbcrias, 
an<l  the  other,  the  Dead  Sea. 

'fosapath,  a  valley  of  Palestine,   in 
.,    between    Jerusalem    and    the 

ioimt, of  Olives.  Some  people  believe 
that  this  is  the  place  where  all  man- 
kind are  to  meet  at  the  day  of  Jutlg- 
ment. 

yosselln,  a  town  of  France,  now  ;ii 
the  department  of  Morbihan  and  '.itely 
in  the  province  of  Bretagne,  Z5  nfiles 
N  E  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  48 
0  N. 

youare,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Seine  ai.d  Marne  and 
lately  in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of 
France,  with  a  l;ite  magnificent  Bene- 
dictine abbey,  10  miles  S  E  of  Meaux, 
and  35  E  of"  Paris. 

youd.     See  Jehud. 

youx.  Valley  and  Lake  of.  See  yura. 
Mount. 

yoyeus,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on 
the  Baune. 

Ipsala,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Larissa,  20  miles  S  W 
of  Trajanopoli,  and  118  W  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  26  10  E,  lat.  40  57 
N. 

Ipsera,  a  small  island  in  the  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  form  of  a  heart,  15 miles 
N  W  of  the  island  of  Scio.  To  tiie  W 
is  another  small  island,  called  Anti- 
Ipsera. 

Ipsiiikh,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Suffolk,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
Friday,  and  Saturda\ .  It  ii  a  place  of 
great  antiquity,  and  was  once  siuround- 
ed  by  a  wall,  traces  of  which  are  yet  to 
be  seen.  It  contains  12  parish  church- 
es, a  guildhall,  two  hospitals,  a  free- 
school,  and  a  custom-house,  with  a  good 
quay.  It  is  populous  and  well  inhabit- 
ed, though  iiregularly  built !  but  it  has 
declined  from  its  former  consequence. 
The  manufactures  of  the  town  are  chief- 
ly woollen  and  linen  cloth.  It  has  .still 
a  considerable  foreign  trade.  The  tide 
rises  jiretty  I'.igh,  and  brings  great 
ships  within  a  small  distance  of  the 
town.  Tiiey  export  a  great  deal  of 
corn  to  London,  and  sometimes  to  Hol- 
land. Formerly,  they  had  a  great  trade 
in  ship-buildui)f ;  but  that  having  dc- 


]  R  E 

clincd,  tliey  now  send  great  quantities 
nf  timber  to  the  king's  yard  at  Chat- 
ham. It  has  several  great  fairs  for 
cattle,  <;lieese,  and  butter;  and  is  ad- 
mirably situated  for  the  trade  to  Green- 
land, because  the  same  wind  that  car- 
ries tiicm  out  of  the  river  will  carry 
them  to  Greenland.  It  is  worth  re- 
marking, that  it  is  one  of  the  best  pla- 
ces in  England  for  persons  in  narrow 
circumstances,  housC'rent  being  easy, 
provisions  cheap  and  plentiful,  the  pas- 
sage by  land  or  water  to  London,  &c. 
convenient,  and  the  company  of  the 
place  good.  It  gives  title  of  viscount, 
as  well  as  Thetibrd,  to  the  di.ke  of 
Grafton  ;  and  sei;ds  two  members  to 
parliament.  It  is  noted  for  being  tlie 
birthplace  of  cardinal  Wolscy ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Orwell,  26  miles  S  E  of 
Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  69  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  16  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Ipsviich,  a  sea  port  and  post  town  in 
Essex  county,  Massachusetts  \  situated 
on  tlie  river  Ipswich,  12  miles  S  of 
Ncwb(u-vport,  and  10  NW  ofBeverlv, 
in  the  lat.  of  42"  43'  N.  and  lon.  of  7i° 
W. 

Irac,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Irac  Ara- 
bia, and  Irac  Agcmi.  Irac  Arabia,  or 
Babylonian  Irac,  is  watered  by  the  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris  ;  and  is  almost  all 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Turks.  Bag- 
dad is  the  capital. 

Irac  Agemi,  or  Persian  Irac,  a  pro- 
vince of  Persia  j  boundeo  on  the  W  by 
Irac  Arabia  and  Kusistan,  on  tlic  N  by 
Aderbeistan  and  Gljilan,  on  tile  E  by 
Conheslan,  and  on  the  S  by  Farsisfan. 
Ispahan  is  the  capital. 

Ireby,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Tiiursday.  It  is  seated  in  a 
valley,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Elian, 
and  many  Uoman  antiquities  have  been 
dug  tip  here.  It  is  10  miles  N  E  of 
Cockcrmouth,  and  299  N  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  3  18  W,  lat.  54  50  >f. 

Irc'in,  yerkin,  or  Tarkan,  a  rich  and 
po]nilous  town  of  Tartar)-,  tlie  capital 
of  Bocharia,  with  n  castle.  It  is  the 
staple  town  of  all  the  trade  carried  on 
between  India  and  the  N  part  of  Asia. 
The  Kalmiuks  are  ma.steis  of  it;  and 
never  disturb  any  one  on  account  of 
their  religion.  It  is  eight,  miles  N  of 
Oashgiir.     Lon.  73  25  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Ireland,  one  of  the  British  islands, 
lying  t)  tlie  W  of  that  of  Groat  Britain. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  St.  George's 
Channel  and  the  Irish  Sea,  which  se- 
parates it  from  England  and  Wales ;  on 


lti\ 


I  R  E 

tlie  N  E  by  a  clmnncl  about  15  miles 
Imiad,  wliicli  si;p:ir;ites  it  from  Scot- 
land ;  and  on  all  other  sides  bj'  tlic  o- 
reaii,  being'  about  30iJ  niiks  in  lenj^th, 
find  60  in  breadth.  It  is  divided  into 
foiu-  lar^'c  provinces  j  namely,  Ulster 
to  t!ie  N,  lA-inster  to  tlic  E,  Munster 
to  the  S,  and  Connautj^'ht  to  tlie  \V,  and 
these  again  r.re  sul)clividcd  into  coun- 
ties. The  climate  of  Iieland  didcrs 
little  from  tlial  of  En;,;land,  except  that 
it  is  more  moist  ;  the  nir  in  general  is 
mild  and  temperate  ;  the  summers 
cooler,  and  the  winters  warmer,  tiian 
those  of  Enfj'u'.id.  'I'he  country  in  gcn- 
ei-al,  is  level  and  well  watei-ed  with 
lakes  and  rivers  :  and  tlie  soil  tiioiig-h 
rocky,  is  in  most  parts  very  good  and 
extremely  fertile  in  tliose  ])laees  where 
it  has  been  ])roperly  culvivated.  It  jjro- 
<luces  corn,  pastures,  licmp,  and  tiax  in 
giTiit  plenty;  and  there  are  so  many 
cuttle,  that  their  beef  and  butter  is 
trans|)orted  into  divers  countries  ;  and 
not  iii.ly  the  Englisii,  but  other  shij-.s 
frerpiently  come  to  be  virtualled  here. 
The  other  commodities  of  Ireland  are, 
•wool,  hides,  tallow,  wood,  salt,  lioney, 
and  wax.  Their  principal  manufac- 
ture is  line  linen,  which  they  have 
broil  gilt  to  great  ])erfcction,  and  their 
trade  in  it  lia.s  greatly  in<  rcased.  Mines 
have  lately  been  discovered  in  Ireland  ; 
Several  of  thcni  contain  silver  and  lead. 
Tlicre  are  also  copj'cr  mines,  iron  ore, 
CKcelient  mavble,  porphyry,  coals,  and 
slates.  Tlie  many  seevii  e  and  commo- 
•liovis  harbours  in  this  coiintiy,  render 
its  situation  very  favourable  for  foreign 
trade.  The  inhahitarts  oftliis  kingdom 
have  been  rated  at  ;3,000,(J(I0;  but  this 
it  is  probable  is  considerably  under  the 
real  number,  wliicii  cannot  be  less  than 
4,0(i(J,000,  pcrhi'ps  sometliiiig  more. 
The  lower  classes  in  this  ccninlry  are 
rude,  ignorant,  and  uncultivated,  and 
the  greater  part  of  them  Honian  catho- 
lics. Tl.c  establislico!  religion  is  tlie 
fiame  as  tliat  of  England,  and  their  laws 
pre"  not  essentially  di'lerml.  This 
kingdom  was  formerly  subordinate  to 
iliat  of  Great  Britain,  w'lose  parli:in.cnt 
might  m.'dce  laws  to  bind  the  )ieoplc  of 
Ireland,  and  an  appeal  might  lie  made 
fromtheircourtsof  justice  to  the  House 
of  Peers  of  Great  Britain  ;  but  in  1 782 
tlie  principles  of  the  American  rebel- 
lion, making  way  into  Ireland,  they 
first  demanded  a  repeal  of  the  laws  re- 
stricting their  commerce,  thst  l.>eing 
granted,  they  next  required  a  rcnuncia- 


I  R  K 

tion  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain,  of  all- 
right  to  interfere  in  the  judgments  of 
their  courts,  or  to  make  laws  to  bind 
Ireland  in  time  to  come.  The  pcrilo-.s 
situation  of  Great  Britain  at  that  period 
left  her  no  choice,  all  the  demands  of 
Ireland  were  therefore  agreed  to  in  a 
bill  passed  by  the  British  legislature 
soon  after.  These  concessions,  great 
and  important  as  they  were,  did  not 
prove  satisfactory  j  the  total  repeal  of 
all  the  disqualifications  under  which 
the  Roman  catholics  laboured  was  de- 
manded, and  various  schemes  of  parlia- 
ment.iry  icform,  were  devised;  the  a- 
gitation  of  these  topics  served  greatly 
to  enfiame  the  minds  of  the  jjeople,  the 
Iji-eaking  fin-tli  of  tlie  French  revolu- 
tion, and  the  introduction  of  its  perni- 
cious principles  into  Ireland,  completed 
their  discontent.  A  tr:iitorous  society 
was  soon  after  iormed,  undcj-  the  name 
of  United  Irishmen,  which  soon  spread 
itself  o-ev  the  country  ;  their  pretended 
purpose  was  to  obtain  parliamentary 
I'eform,  but  their  real  views  wore  to 
separate  Ireland  from  Great  Britain, 
and  erect  it  into  an  independent  repub- 
lic, similar  to  and  under  the  protection 
of  France.  The  vigorous  and  active 
measures  of  government  forced  tliem 
into  open  rebellion  before  their  schemes 
were  fiiUy  ripe  :  the  consequence  was, 
that  after  great  numbers  of  the  insurg- 
ents v/ere  killed  in  various  battles,  the 
consp/iracy  was  defeated,  and  tranquilli- 
ty began  gradually  to  be  restored  to  the 
country.  The  consolidation  of  the  em- 
pire by  the  union  of  both  countries 
seemed  now  to  be  the  only  thing  want- 
ing to  impart  prosperity  and  miit.ial 
security  both  to  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. This  mcasiu-e  was  accordingly 
|iroposcd  in  the  parlianients  of  both 
countries,  and  after  a  good  deal  of  op- 
position in  Ireland  especially,  was  at 
last  finally  agreed  to,  and  will  take 
place  on  the  1st  of  January,  1801,  wheiv 
the  Imperial  Parliament  will  assemble. 
Ireland  contains  32  counties,  fourarch- 
bislioprics,  and  18  bishoprics  Its  p-in- 
cipal  rivers  are,  the  Shannon,  Boyne, 
EilTey,  Sure,  Blackwater,  and  Lee. 
Dublin  is  the  capital. 

le/an't,  A'i'iti.     See  Britain,  Ntrtv. 

Ltutzk,  the  largest  and  least  popu- 
lous government  of  Russia,  comprising 
all  the  E  part  ot  Siberia,  from  the  Nor- 
thern Ocean  to  the  frontiers  of  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  from  tlie  boundaries  of 
tlie  government  of  Tobolsk  to  the  Eas- 


m 


R  K 

f  Great  Britain,  of  all- 
in  tlic  judgments  of 

0  make  laws  to  bind 

1  come.  Tl)e  perilo-.g 
:  Britain  at  that  period 
e,  all  the  demands  of 
refore  aprccd  to  in  a 
le  BritisTl  legislature 
se  concessions,  threat 

•  they  were,  did  not 
\'  J  the  total  repeal  of 
cations  under  wliicU 
lies  laboured  was  de- 
ans schemes  of  parlia- 
were  devised ;  the  a- 
topics  served  greatly 
luls  of  the  i)eopie,  the 
'  tlie  French  revolu- 
oduction  of  its  pcrni- 
ito  Ireland,  completed 

A  traitorous  society 
■med,  undci-  tlie  name 
•n,  wiiieh  soon  spread 
ntry ;  tlieir  pretended 
obtain   ])arliamentary 

real  views  wore  to 
from  Great  Britain, 
n  independent  repub- 

under  the  protection 

vigorous  and  active 
rnment  forced  them 
I  before  their  schemes 
,hc  consequence  vas, 
imhers  of  tlie  insurg- 
n  various  battles,  the 
i'eated,  and  tranquilfi- 
y  to  he  restored  to  the 
isolidation  of  the  em- 
in  of  both  countries 

the  only  thing  want- 
•osperity  nnd  mut>ial 
Jrcat  Britain  and  Ire- 
ure  was  accordingly 

parliaments  of  botii 
nr  a  good  deal  of  op- 
id   especially,  vvaa  at 

1  to,  and  will  take 
r  January,  1801,  wheiv 
ament  will  assemble. 

2  counties,  four  arch- 
bishoprics Its  p-in- 
he  Shannon,  Boyne, 
ackwater,  and  Lee. 
ital. 

■5ee  Britaitt,  Iftrtv. 
Test  and  least  popu- 
)f  Russia,  comprising 
liberia,  from  the  No;-- 
B  frontiers  of  Chinese 
n  tlie  boundaries  of 
["Tobolsk  to  the  Eas- 


I  S   A 

tern  Ocean.  This  large  territory  was 
gradually  conquered  and  appropriated 
by  the  Russians  in  tlieir  desultory  ex- 
cursions from  Tobolsk.  It  is  divided 
into  the  four  provinces  of  Irkutzk, 
Nertshiusk,  Yakutsk,  and  Okatsk. 

Iron-acton,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, at  the  conflux  of  the  Staure  and 
Laden,  wiiich  form  tiie  river  Frome, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Bristol.  Much  iron 
has  formerly  been  dug  up,  and  many 
iron  works,  and  great  heaps  of  cinders 
are  to  be  seen  here. 

Irromango,  a  considerable  island,  and 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  Soutii 
Sea.     Lon.  169  20  E,  lat.  18  48  S. 

Irronam,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the 
South  Sea,  ne:ir  Tanna.  Lon.  170  26 
E,  lat.  19  31  S. 

Irongate  Mountains,  in  Transylvania, 
are  part  of  tl»e  boundary  between  Chris- 
tendom and  Turkey. 

Iroquok,  a  people  of  North  America, 
inhabiting  near  the  Lake  Ontario, 
commonly  called  the  Five  Indian  Na- 
tions. 

Irtysh,  a  large  river  of  Asia,  in  Si- 
beria, which  rises  in  the  country  of  the 
Kalmucs,  and  running  from  the  S  to  N 
E,  falls  into  the  Oby,  near  Tobolsk.  The 
N  VV  shore  is  low  pasture  ground ;  on 
the  other  side,  are  a  prodigious  num- 
ber of  black  bears,  wolves,  red  aiid 
gray  foxes,  and  gray  8<iuirrels.  Tliis 
river  abounds  with  fish,  particularly 
sturgeons  and  delicate  salmons. 

Irvine,  or  Irioin,  a  river  of  Scotland, 
in  Ayrshire,  which  descending  from 
the  mountains  on  the  E,  passes  by  Der- 
val,  Ncwmills,  Galston,  and  Rlccarton, 
and  falls  into  the  frith  of  Clyde,  close 
by  the  town  of  Irvine. 

Irvine  or  Irwin,  a  royal  borough  and 
seaport  in  Ayrshire,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  frith  of  Clyde,  15  miles  E  of  the 
isle  of  Arran,  and  60  W  by  S  of  Edin- 
burgh. Its  chief  trade  is  the  export- 
ing of  coal  to  Ireland.  Lon.  2  41  VV, 
lat.  55  38  N. 

Inue/l,  a  river  in  Lancashire,  which 
rises  above  Bolton,  flows  thence  to 
Manchester,  and  falls  into  the  Mersey, 
below  Flixton. 

Isabella,  Fort,  a  fort  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  W  side  of  tlie 
Scheld,  opposite  Antwerp.  Lon.  3  iO 
E,  lat.  51  50  N.  There  is  auDther  fort 
of  the  s.ime  name,  two  miles  S  W  of 
Sluys,  in  Dutch  Flanders. 

Isabella,  St.  an  island  of  the  South 


I  S  E 

Sea,  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1568. 

hadagas,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Bar- 
bary,  in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  and 
province  of  Escura,  seated  in  a  country 
abounding  in  cattle. 

Iscliia,  an  island  of  Naples,  15  miles 
in  circuit,  lying  tiirce  miles  otitlii;  coast 
of  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  is  full  of  agree- 
able vallies,  which  produce  excellent 
fruits  ;  mountains,  on  which  grow 
vines  of  an  exquisite  kind,  rivers,  and 
fine  gardens. 

Iscliia,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  an 
island  of  tiie  same  name,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  a  strong  fort.  Both  thrt 
city  and  fortress  stand  upon  a  rock, 
which  is  joined  to  the  island  by  a  bridge. 
The  rock  is  about  seven  furlongs  in  cir- 
cumference. The  city  is  like  a  pyi-a- 
mid  of  houses  piled  one  upon  another, 
which  makes  a  very  singular  appear- 
ance. At  the  end  of  the  bridge,  next 
the  city,  arc  iron  gates  which  open  in- 
to a  subterranean  passage,  tlirougti 
whicli  they  enter  the  city.  They  are 
always  guarded  by  soldiers,  who  are 
natives  of  the  island.  Lon.  14  2  E,lalk 
40  41  N. 

Iselstcin,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, hi  that  of  Ufreclit,  seated  on 
the  Issel,  four  miles  S  W  of  Utrecht. 

Isenarts,  or  Eisenarts,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Stirla,  famous  for  its  iron- 
mines,  30  miles  N  W  of  Gratz.  Lon. 
15  4  E,  lat.  47  25  N. 

isenach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  from  whence 
a  Saxon  prince  takes  the  title  of  duke. 
Lon.  9  17  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Isenburg,  a  large  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  a  comity  of  tlie  same  name, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  cas- 
tle i  seated  on  a  river,  8  miles  N  by  E 
of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  34  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Isenghcin,  a  town  of  the  Austriar* 
Netherlands,  with  the  title  of  a  princi- 
pality, seated  on  the  river  Mahdera. 
Lon.  3  18  E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Iser,  a  river  of  Germany,  wh'ch  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Tirol  .■\nd  B.ivari.a, 
and  passing  by  Munich  .^nd  Landschut, 
falls  into  the  Danube,  between  Strau- 
bing  and  Passau. 

here,  a  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding part  of  the  late  province  of  Dau- 
phiiiy.  It  is  so  named  from  a  river 
which  rises  on  the  confines  of  Savoy, 
and  falls  into  the  Rhone,  above  Va- 
lence.    Grenoble  is  the  capital. 

Isertohn    or  I,ohis,  a  town  of  Gernia- 


I  S  L 


I  S  L 


t  Vi 


■    ', 


i  J 


!v; 


ny  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  32  miles 
f'l-uiii  Culogii  where  they  manufacture 
ribuiids,  !kc. 

Li-niia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Molise, 
with  a  bisliop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appennines,  12  miles  W  of 
Molise,  and  46  N  of  Naples.  Lou.  14 
24  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

lii^'iii,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Calvados  and  lute  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  noted  for  its  salt- 
wi.rks,  cider,  and  its  butter.  It  is  15 
miles  W  by  N  of  Bayeux.  Lon.  0  59 
W,  lat.  49  20  N. 

liii:     See  Thames. 

Islands,  Bay  of,  a  bay  of  New  Zea- 
luiul,  at  the-  N  extremity  of  the  most 
liortliern  of  the  two  islands  that  go  un- 
der that  name.  In  1772,  M.  Duli-esne 
Marion,  witji  two  French  sloops  put 
into  tills  bay,  and,  with  28  of  his  crew, 
was  mui'dered  by  tlio  natives. 

Istay,  or  Ila,  an  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  to  the  S  W  of 
Jura.  Its  {greatest  lengtii  is  25  miles  j 
its  breadth  18.  The  principal  village  is 
Bovvmore,  wiiich  has  a  convenient  har- 
bour. The  face  of  tlic  country  is  hilly. 
Several  mines  arc  wroug-ht  to  great  ad- 
vantage, particularly  irou  and  lead  ore. 
Here  liicevvise  are  opper,  emery,  na- 
tive quicksilver,  ar.d  black  lead  ;  wilii 
iniMK use  stores  of  limestone,  marl,  co- 
ral, and  shell-sand,  for  manure  Much 
corn  and  I'.ax  is  raised  here,  and  a  great 
number  of  cattle  i'N]iorle(l.  In  this, 
and  some  of  the  neiglboiu'lng  islands, 
multitudes  of  iiddor.j  inf^'.st  the  heath 
On  the  K  \V  side  of  the  island  is  the 
cavi;  of  Sanegmore,  which  is  a  grotto, 
divided  into  a  inimber  of  far-winding 
passages,  sometimes  opening  into  fme 
expanses  j  again  closing,  for  a  long 
space,  into  galleries,  and  liirming  a  cu- 
rious subterraneous  labyrinth.  There 
are  also  many  other  caverns,  the  haunts 
of  numerous  wiUl  pigeons,  tliat  lodge 
ami  breed  in  them.  The  goats  tliat 
feed  among  liie  rocks  a  e  so  wild,  tl.at 
they  are  obliged  to  be  shot  like  deer. 
Some  vestiges  of  antiquity  are  on  this 
island  ;  particularly,  the  remains  of  a 
circular  dry  stone  building,  on  the  hill 
of  Lossct,  near  the  sound  of  Islay. 

Lile-Adam,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
tliedei)artnitnt  of  Seine  and  Oi.se,  late 
ly  in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of  Franco, 
V  *h  a  castle  seated  on  the  Oise,  20 
miles  N  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  '2  13  E, 
lat. '.'.'   ■  N. 

lile  of  Bccics,  an  island  of  N   Ame- 


rica, in  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  17 
miles  long  and  eight  broad.  It  is  fer- 
tile, and  abounds  in  cattle  and  fruits. 

Isle-Dieu,  a  small  island  of  France, 
14  miles  from  the  coast  of  Poitou.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1795,  but 
soon  after  evacuated,  Lon.  2  15  W, 
lat.  4645  N. 

Isle-de-France.     See  France,  Isle  of.  ■ 

Isle-^ourdain,  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  depai'tment  of  Gers  and 
lately  in  the  province  of  Armagnac. 
It  is  seated  in  an  island  of  the  river 
Save,  eiglit  miles  N  of  Lombez.  Lon. 
1  2  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Isle-Rousse,  a  town  of  Corsica,  ontlie 
seaeoast,  36  miles  S  W  of  Bastia. 

Isle  and  Vilaine,  a  department  of 
France,  containing  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  Kenncs  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Islelien.     See  Eisleben. 

Isie-ivorth,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
sealed  on  the  Thames,  nine  miles  W 
of  London.  Near  it  is  Sion  House, 
the  magnificent  seat  of  tlie  duke  of 
Northumberland. 

Islington,  a  village  in  the  county  of 
Miildlesex,  on  the  N  side  of  London, 
to  which  it  is  almost  contiguous,  ap- 
pears to  be  of  Saxon  origin  ;  and  in  the 
conqueror's  time,  was  written  Isledoii, 
or  Isendon.  Its  houses  are  above  2000, 
including  the  U|)por  and  Lower  Hul- 
lo ways,  three  sides  of  Ncvving^oii 
Green,  and  part  of  Kingsland,  on  the 
road  to  Ware.  The  White-Conduit 
House,  in  tliis  place,  so  called  from  a 
white  stone  conduit  that  stands  before 
the  entrance,  has  handsome  gardens, 
with  good  walks,  and  two  large  rooms 
one  .ihove  the  other  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  company  at  tea,  &.c.  In  the  S  W 
l)art  of  this  village  is  that  noble  reser- 
voir, improperly  called  New  River 
Head ;  tliough  they  are  only  two  ba- 
sons, which  receive  that  river  from 
Hertfordshire,  and  from  whence  the 
water  is  tlu'own  by  an  engine  into  thci 
company's  pipes  for  the  supply  of  Lon- 
don.— Near  this  place  is  a  house  of  en- 
tertainment called  Saddler's  Wells, 
where,  during  the  summer  season, 
people  are  amused  with  balance-mas- 
ters, walking  on  the  wire,  rope  danc- 
ing, tumbling,  and  pantomime  enter- 
tainments. 

Is/ip,  a  tovm  in  Oxfordshire,  fouv 
miles  N  of  Oxford.  Islip  was  given 
by  Edward  tiie  Confessor  to  Westmin- 
ster   Abbey,  to  which  it  still  belongs. 


'^ii^Mmd 


^      —J        _ 


S  L 

of  Campeachy,  17 
^lit  bruad.     It  is  fcr- 

in  cattle  and  fniits. 
lall  iftluiid  of  France, 
coast  of  Poitoii.  It 
English  in  1795,  but 
ted.    Lon.    2  15  W, 

See  France,  Isle  of.  ■ 
a  town  of  France, 
irtment  of  Gers  and 
ivince  of  Armagnac. 
1  island  of  the  river 
N  ofLombez.  Lun. 
i. 
wn  of  Corsica,  on  tlie 

S  W  of  Bastia. 
\e,  a    department  of 
;•  part  of  the  late  pro- 
Kenncs  la  the  capU 

isleben. 

llage  in  Middlesex, 
antes,  nine  miles  W 
r  it  is  Sion  House, 
seat  of  tlie  duke    of 

lage  in  the  county  of 
!  N  side  of  London, 
most  contiguous,  ap- 
&on  origin  ;  and  in  the 
was  written  Isledon, 
uuses  are  above  2000, 
lor  and  Lower  Hul- 
ides  of  Ncwingtoii 
if  Kingsland,  on  the 
The  White-Conduit 
ce,  so  called  from  a 
lit  that  stands  before 
I  handsome  gardens, 
and  two  large  rooms 
ler  for  the  entertain- 
ittea,8(.c.  IntheS  W 
e  is  that  noble  reser- 
called  New  River 
ey  are  only  two  ba- 
il ve  that  river  from 
id  from  whence  the 
ly  an  engine  into  tiui 
or  the  supply  of  Lon- 
lace  is  a  house  of  eii- 
2d  Saddler's  Wells, 
he  summer  season, 
;d  with  balance-mas- 
the  wire,  rope  danc- 
nd  pantomime  enter- 
in  Oxfordshire,  four 
rd.  Islip  was  given 
onfessor  to  Wcstniiiv 
.vhicU  it  still  belongs. 


I  S  P 

By  tlifi  late  inland  navigation  it  has 
communication  with  Ihe  rivers  Thames, 
Humber,  and  a  great  many  others,  and 
its  navigation  extends  about  500  miles 
through  different  counties. 

Islip,  a  post  town  on  Long  Island 
in  SuH()lk  county,  New  York,  with 
1000  inhabitants. 

Ismail,  a  strong  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Bessarabia.  It  was  taken 
by  storm  by  the  Russians  in  1790; 
and  it  is  said,  that  the  long  siege, 
and  the  capture,  did  not  cost  them 
less  than  20,000  men.  The  garrison 
whose  bravery  merited,  and  from  a 
generous  foe  would  have  received  the 
highest  honours,  were  massacred  in 
cold  blood  by  the  merciless  Russians, 
to  the  amount  of  30,000  men  ;  and  the 
place  was  abandoned  to  the  fury  of  the 
brutal  soldiery.  Ismail  is  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Danube,  140  miles  S 
by  W  of  Bender.  Lon.  29  30  E,  lat. 
45  11  N. 

Is^nid,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capi- 
tal of  Bythinia,  situate  on  the  sea  of 
Marmora.     Lon.  29  47  E,  lat.  40  37  N. 

hny.  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
seated  on  the  Isny,  14  miles  N  E  of 
Lindau,  and  62  S  W  of  Augsburg. 
Lon.  10  3  E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Isnic,  a  town  of  Turky  in  Asia  in 
Natolia,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see.  It  is  the  ancient  Nice,  famous 
for  tlie  first  general  council  here  in 
325.  Nothing  remains  of  its  ancient 
splendour,  but  an  aqueduct.  The  Jews 
inhabit  the  greater  part  of  it;  audit 
is  .seated  in  a  counti-y  fertile  in  corn 
and  excellent  wine,  75  miles  S  E  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  30  9  E,  lat.  40 
13  N. 

Isola,  a  seaport  town  of  Italy  in  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  with  %.  bi- 
shop's sec,  Itl  miles  S  E  of  St.  Severi- 
no.     Lon.  17  26  E,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Isona,   a  town  of  Spain  in  C&talonia, 
eatcd  near  a  mountain  at  the  foot  of  a 
rividet. 

Isp.ihan,  a  celebrated  city,  capital  of 
Persia,  in  the  province  of  Irac- Agemi, 
and  thought  by  sfAne  to  be  the  finest 
city  in  the  East.  It  stands  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  plain,  surrounded  on  all  sides 
by  njountains  at  eight  miles  distance, 
and  on  a  small  river,  called  Sanderut, 
wiiich  supplies  almost  all  the  houses 
witli  water.  It  is  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, with  well  built  houses  and 
flat  roofs,  on  wliich  they  walk,  eat, 
«nd  lie,  in  summer,  for  Uie  sake  of  the 


I  s  s 

cool  air.  Here  are  a  great  number  of 
magnificent  palaces  ;  and  tlint  of  the 
king  is  two  miles  and  a  half  in  cir- 
cumference. There  are  160  mostjues, 
1800  iai'ge  caravansaries,  above  260 
public  baths,  a  prodigioiis  number  of 
coflise-house.s,  and  very  fine  streets, 
in  which  are  canals,  planted  on  each 
side  with  trees.  The  streets  are  not 
paved ;  but  always  clean  on  account 
of  the  dryness  of  the  air,  for  it  seldom 
rains  or  snows  here.  The  iniiubitantH 
were  computed  at  above  1,000,000  ; 
but  this  kingdom  having  been  longdis- 
stracted  by  civil  wars,  the  principal 
towns  aix;  greatly  depoptdated.  Is- 
pahan has  three  large  suburbs,  called 
Juisa,  Haseni)ath,  and  Kebrab;ith. 
Though  at  a  distance  from  tiie  sea, 
it  carries  on  a  great  trade,  people  of 
several  nations  resorting  there  for  the 
sake  of  traffic.  It  is  265  miles  N  E  of 
Bussarah,  and  1400  S  E  of  Constanti- 
nople.    Lon.  52  55  E,  lat.  32  25  N, 

Issel,  or  Tssel,  a  river  of  the  United 
Provinces,  which  branches  off  from  the 
Rhine,  below  Hucssen ;  and  runnnig 
i)y  Doesburg,  Zutphen,  Deventer,  and 
Campen,  falls  into  the  Zuidcr-Zee. 

Issel,  or  Tssel,  Little,  a  river  of  tha 
United  Provinces,  which  waters  Ys.sel- 
stein,  Montfort,  and  Gouda;  and  falls 
into  the  Merwe,  above  Rotterdam. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  Old,  a  river  which 
rises  in  tlie  dutchy  of  Cleves,  and  enters 
the  Issel,  at  Doesburg.       » 

Issequibo,  a  flourishing  settlement  of 
the  Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  contiguous  to  tliat  of 
Demerarv.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
glish  in  1796. 

Issoire,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Puy  de 
Dome  and  lately  in  the  province  of 
Auvergne.  At  Vernet,  near  tiiis  town, 
are  found  amethysts,  of  colour  as  beau- 
tiful as  those  of  tlie  East,  but  not 
so  liard.  Issoire  is  seated  on  the 
Couz,  near  the  Allier,  13  miles  S  of 
Clermont     Lon.  3  15  E,  lat.  45  34  N, 

Issoudun,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  ik'partnienl  of  Indre  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Berry,  with  a  castle. 
Its  trade  is  in  wood,  cattle,  cloth,  hats, 
and  stockings,  find  is  seated  jjartly  on 
an  eminence  and  partly  on  a  plain,  17 
miles  S  W  of  Bourges,  and  135  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  6  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Is-sur-Tille,   a  town  of  France,  now 
in  tlie   department  of  Cule  d'Or  and 
lately  in  Uie  province  of  Burgundy, 
U  V 


I  T  A 


I  T  A 


according  to  the  different  situations  of 
the  several  countries  cont^ine»l  in  it. 
In  tliDse  on  the  N  of  the  Appeniiines  it 
is  more  temperate,  but  on  tiie  S  it  is 
(••cncruHv  very  warm.  The  air  of  the 
Campania  of  Home,  and  of  the  Ferra- 
rose,  is  sair' to  be  uniieakiifnl ;  wiiicliifl 
owinjf  to  tiie  hinds  not  being  duly  cul- 
tivated, nor  the  marshes  drained.  That 
of  the  oilier  parts  is  generally  pure, 
dry,  and  healtliy.  In  summer,  the  heat 
is  very  great  in  the  kingtlom  of  Naples, 
and  woidd  be  almost  intolerable,  if  it 
was  not  somewhat  alleviated  by  the 
sea-breezes.  The  soil  of  Italy  in  gen- 
eral is  very  fertile,  being  watered  by  a 
grtat  number  of  rivers.  It  produce*  a 
great  variety  of  wines,  and  the  best  oil 
in  Europe,  excellent  silk  in  abundance, 
corn  of  all  sorts,  but  not  in  such  plenty 
as  in  some  other  countries  ;  orange*, 
lemons,citrons,  pomegranates,  almonds, 
raisins,  sugar,  mulberry-trees  without 
number,  figs,  peaches,  nectarines,  apri- 
cots, pears,  apples,  filberts,  chesnuts, 
Stc.  This  country  also  yields  good  pas- 
ture ;  and  abounds  with  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  biiU.'locs,  wild  boars,  mules  and 
horses.  The  forests  are  well  stored 
with  game,  and  the  mountains  yield 
not  only  mines  of  iron,  lead,  alum,  sul- 
phur, marble  of  all  sorts,  alabaster, 
jasper,  porphyry,  &c.  but  also  gold  and 
silver,  with  a  great  variety  of  aromatic 
he'.bs.  The  Italians  are  generally  well 
proportioned,  though  their  complexions 
are  notofthe  best.  With  respect  to  their 
geniu.s  and  taste  in  architecture,  paint- 
of  the  Milanese,  and  Oneglia.  To  the  i  ing,  carvinga:idmiisic,they  are  thought 
N  E  are  the  territories  of  Venice,  '  to  excel  greatly,  and  to  leave  the  otlier 
which  are  enumc  . '  ed  under  that  arti-  nations  of  Eurojie  far  behind  them  ;  but 
cle.  S  of  these,  are  the  dominions  of  i  their  music  seems  too  soft  and  effemi- 
the  empc-ror  of  Germany,  nanicK-,  part  nate  to  desei-ve  all  the  praise  bestowed 


seated  on  the  Ignon,  near  th*;  Tillc, 
12  miles  N  of  l):jon. 

Istria,  a  kind  of  peninsula  of  Italy, 
lying  on  the  N  E  part  of  the  gulf  of 
Venice.  It  is  bounded  by  Ciirniola  on 
the  N  E,  and  on  all  other  sides  hy  the 
sea.  'I'he  air  is  unwholesome  espe- 
cially near  the  coast;  b  it  the  soil  pro- 
duces plenty  of  wine,  oil,  and  pasture  ; 
there  arc  also  tpinrries  of  fine  mar- 
ble. One  part  of  it  belongs  to  the  Vene- 
tians, and  the  rest  to  the  house  of 
Austria.     Capo  d  Idtria  is  the  cajjital. 

Italy,  one  of  the  finest  countries  of 
Europe,  Iving  between  7  and  19°  E 
Ion.  and  o8  aiid  47°  N  lat.  On  the  N 
and  N  E  it  is  bounded  by  Swisserland 
and  Gei-many,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean, 
and  on  the  VV  by  that  sea  and  France. 
Its  hgure  bearing  some  rcsembhmce  to 
that  of  a  boot.  Its  length  from  Aousta, 
in  Savoy,  to  the  utmost  verge  of  C'da- 
bria,  is  600  miles  j  but  its  breadtli  is 
%'ery  unequal,  in  some  places  nei'r 
40iy  miles,  in  others  not  above  25  It  is 
the  most  celebrated  country  in  Europe, 
liavinsr  been  formerly  the  seat  of  the 
Koman  empire,  and  afterwurd,  of  that 
astonishing,  universal  usurpation, 
the  s|)iritual  doinmion  of  the  pope. 
Italy  is  divided  into  a  great  number  of 
•  states,  whii'h  differ  ■nucli  in  extent 
and  import.iiice.  Between  the  con- 
fines of  Fr;.nce  and  Swisserhuid,  on 
the  AV  and  N  are  the  continental  do- 
minions of  the  kir.g  of  Sardinia,  name- 
ly, Piedmont,  Savoy,   Tviontfcrrat,    piirt 


of  the  Milanese  and  the  Maiiluan 
and  S  of  these,  are  Modena,  Mirando- 
la,  and  Hcggio,  belonging  to  the  duke 
of  .Modena.  West  of  these  are  the 
dutchies  of  Parma,  Placentia,  and 
vJuastalla,  whose  sovereign  is  of  the 
house  of  Bourbon.  To  the  S  of  Par- 
ma, lies  the  republic  of  Genoa;  and  S 
E  of  this,  that  of  Lucca.  Hence  ex- 
tends along  the  coast  of  the  Mccliter- 
rane.in,  the  grand  dutchy  of  T\:srany. 
The  ecclesiastical  State,  or  territory  of 
the  pope,l  es  N  E  and  E  of  Tu.scany,  be- 
tween the  gulf  of  Venice  and  the  Me- 
»litcrranean  ;  and  all  S  of  this,  is  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  with  its  dependant 
isl-mds,  <|P  which  Sicily  is  the  princi- 
pal.    The  air  of  Italy  is  very  diiierent, 


on  if;  and  their  IioUsc.m  are  far  inferior 
to  those  of  England  in  respect  of  conve- 
nience. No  country  hath  produced 
better  politicians,  historians,  poets, 
painters,  tuid  sculptors,  we  mean  suice 
the  revival  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  ex- 
clusive of  Uiose  of  ancient  times.  The 
Italians  are  very  afl'able,  courteous,  in- 
genious, sober,  and  ready-witted ;  but 
extremely  jealous,  vindictive,  lascivi- 
ous, cer>'moniou3,  and  supcr,-ititiou&. 
Boiled  snails,  served  up  with  oil  and 
pepper,  or  fried  in  oil,  and  the  hinder 
parts  of  frog.s,  are  '•eckoned  dainty 
dishes.  Kites,  jackdav.-.s,  lia-wks,  and 
magpies,  are  also  eaten  not  only  by  the 
cntiinion  people  b\it  by  the  better  sort. 
Wine  ia  drank  here  both  in  summei* 


Ir  A 

tflcrent  situations  of 
ies  contained  in  it. 
of  the  Appeniiines  it 
,  but  on  the  S  it  ig 
irni.  The  air  of  the 
;,  and  of  the  Ferra- 
Linliealihful ;  which  is 
not  being  duly  cul- 
arslies  drained.  That 
s  is  gunerally  pure. 
In  summer,  the  heat 
E  kingilom  of  Naples, 
est  intolerai)le,  if  it 
at  alleviated  by  the 
;  soil  of  Italy  in  gen- 
,  being  watered  by  a 
ivers.  It  produce*  a 
ines,  and  the  best  oil 
ent  silk  in  abtindance, 
>ut  not  in  such  plenty 
■  countries ;  oranges, 
megranates,  almonds, 
ulbcrry-trees  without 
•hes,  nectarines,  apri- 
ss,  filberts,  chesnut.s, 
!  also  yields  goodpas- 
9  with  cattle,  sheep, 
vild  boars,  mules  and 
:sts  are  well  stored 
the  mountains  yield 
iron,  lead,  alum,  sul- 
all  sorts,  alubsistcr, 
&c.  but  also  gold  and 
at  variety  of  aromatic 
ans  are  generally  well 
igh  their  complexions 
,  With  respect  to  their 
in  aixhitecture,  paint- 
lusic.they  are  thought 
and  to  leave  the  other 
far  behind  them  j  but 
s  too  soft  and  effemi- 
l  the  praise  bestowed 
lOiiHcs  are  far  inferior 
iid  in  respect  of  conve- 
imtry  hatli  produced 
•<,  historians,  poets, 
Iptors,  we  mean  since 
arts  and  sciences,  ex- 
f  ancient  times.  The 
ifl'able,  courteous,  in- 
nd  ready-witted  j  but 
8,  vindictive,  lascivi- 
I,  and  supcr4titiou&. 
rved  up  with  oil  and 
in  oil,  and  the  binder 
are  i-eckoned  dainty 
ackdav.'.s,  ha.wks,  and 
eaten  not  only  by  the 
\it  by  tlie  better  sort, 
ere  both  in  summei' 


J  U  A 


J  U  D 


und  winter,  cooled  by  ice  or  snow.  The 
women  affect  yellow  hair,  .ui  the  Ro- 
man ladies  andcoiirtesans  formerly  did. 
They  also  use  paint  and  washes,  both 
for  their  hands  and  faces.  The  day 
here  is  reckoned  from  sun-set,  as  the 
/Vtlienians  did  of  old.     Soe  Lmnbardy. 

Itclien,  a  river  in  Hants,  wiiich  rising 
in  the  centre  of  tlie  county,  passes  by 
Winchester,  and  enters  the  bay  of 
.Southampton,  at  the  town  of  tiiat 
name. 

Itzehoa,  an  ancient  and  handsome 
town  of  Germany  in  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Holstein,  seated  on  the 
Stoer,  15  miles  N  E  of  Gluckstadt,  and 
JO  N  W  of  Hamburg.  L.ni.  9  3U  £, 
lat.  S3  58  N. 

yuan  Je  la  Frontera,  St.  a  town  of 
Chili,  in  South  America,  in  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Chiquito,  near  the  lake  Guana- 
clio.  The  territory  of  this  town  is  in- 
habited by  20,0U0  native  AmL-ricans, 
who  are  tributary  to  Spain.  It  contains 
mines  of  gold,  and  a  kind  of  almonds 
that  are  very  delicate.  It  is  seated  at 
tlie  foot  of  the  Andes,  98  miles  N  E  of 
St.  Jago.  Lon.  65  55  W,  lat.  ii  25 
S. 

yuan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  an  island  of 
the  West  Indies,  50  miles  E  of  Hispa- 
niola,  and  usually  called  Porto  Rico.  It 
is  100  miles  long  and  50  broad,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Spaniards.  It  is  full  of 
very  high  mountains,  and  extremely 
fertile  vallies,  interspersed  with  woods 
autl  well  watered  by  springs  aiul  rivu- 
lets. It  produces  sugar,  rum,  ginger, 
corn,  and  fruits,  partly  proper  to  tiie 
climate,  and  partly  introduced  from 
Spain;  and  there  are  so  many  cattle, 
that  tlicy  often  are  killed  for  the  sake 
of  the  skins  alone.  Here  arc  a  great 
number  of  uncommon  trees,  and  there 
is  a  little  gold  in  the  N  part  of  the  is- 
Und.  It  is  commonly  said,  that  the  air 
is  healthy,  .ind  yet,  in  the  reigni  of 
queen  Elisabeth,  the  earl  of  Cumber- 
land, wlien  he  had  taken  this  island, 
lust  most  of  his  men  by  sickness,  and, 
on  that  account,  was  forced  to  aban- 
don it.  It  is  subject  to  storms  and  liur- 
ricanes,  like  the  rest  of  these  islands. 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
0,7  4  W,  lat.  18  ir  N. 

yuan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  the  capital 
of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
good  harbour,  defended  by  several 
forts.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  seated 
on  the  N  coast  of  the  isl,and.  Lon.  69 
1  W,  ht.  18  29  N. 


yuan  Fernandez,  an  isl:,nd  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  Iviiig  in  8J"  W  lon.  and 
JJ""  S  lat.  300  miles  W  of  Cliili.  It  is 
untniiabited,  but  is  found  extremely 
convenient  to  touch  at  and  w:iter.  Tliero 
art  instances  of  two  men  living  alona 
at  litterent  times  on  tliis  island  for  se- 
serA  years;  the  one  a  Musquito  In- 
duui,  the  other  Alexander  Selkirk,  a 
Scotchman,  who  having  been  left  on* 
shore,  in  this  solitary  place,  by  hiscup> 
tain,  lived  here  five  years,  till  he  waa 
discovered  by  captain  Riigers,  in  1709. 
From  this  remarkable  bistory,  Daniel 
de  Foe  \h  said  to  have  derived  the 
hints  wmich  gave  rise  to  I's  celebrated 
product..  1,  The  Adventures  of  Robin* 
s(jn  CriMwe.  This  island  is  not  quite 
15  miles  long  and  about  six  broad  ;  its 
only  safe  Harbour  is  on  the  N  side.  It 
is  said  tro  have  plenty  of  excellent  wa- 
ter, and  to  abound  witii  a  great  variety 
of  esculent  vegetables  highly  antiscor- 
bdtu-  ;  besides  wiiicb,  commodore  An- 
son sowed  a  variety  of  garden-seeds, 
and  planted  the  siomes  f)f  plums,  apri- 
cots, and  peaches,  whieh  he  was,  many 
wears  afterwards,  in&irmed,  had  thriven 
giTeatly  ;  and  now,  doubtless  furnish  a 
wsry  valuable  addititon  to  the  natural 
productions  of  this  ssoot. 

yuan  de  Ulhua,  St.  an  island  of  New 
Spain,  lying  in  the  gidf  of  Mexico, 
near  Vera  Cruz.  It  was  discovered  in 
1518,  by  Grijelva.  Lou.  97  25  W,  lat. 
19  12  N. 

Ivanagorod.     See  Narva. 

yuho,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  Africa 
of  tile  same  name,  subject  to  the  Por- 
tuguese.    Lon.  43  20  E,  lat.  0  50  N. 

yucatan,  or  Tucatan,  a  large  peninsu- 
la of  New  Spain,  opposite  the  island  of 
Cuba.  It  projects  from  the  continent 
100  leagues,  but  does  not  exceed  25  in 
breadth.  It  contains  a  great  quantity  of 
timber,  proper  for  the  buildingof  sliips, 
as  also  sugar,  cassia,  and  Indian  corn. 
The  original  inhabitants  are  few,  hav- 
ing been  ill-treated  by  the  Spaniards. 
Ii  is  a  Hat  level  country,  and  unhealthy. 
The  inhabitan*"  ?re  abundantly  suppli- 
ed witli  water  from  pits,  wherever  tliey 
dig  them.  In  all  Jucatan,  there  is  not 
a  river  or  stream.  Merlda  is  the  ca- 
pital ;  but  some  say  Campcachy.  See 
Honduras. 

yudda,  a  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix, 
with  a  fort,  seated  on  the  Red  Sea,  34 
miles  S  W  of  Mecca,  to  which  it  is  the 
port.     Lon.  30  22  E,  lat.  .21  29  N. 

yudenliurg,  a  gonsiderablti  t<)wn  u. 


r 


i 


J  U  L 


J  U  N 


Germany,  tlic  capital  of  Upper  Stiria, 
with  II  liaiiil.suinc  castle.  I'lie  public 
Imildin^-s,  witli  tlic  squui't",  arc  mai^ni- 
ticcnt.  It  was  taken  by 'liL-  French  in 
Ajiril  l~(f7,  iUKl  lierc  an  avniistice  was 
settlfd  bitwi  en  the  iiixlidiike  Cliarles 
and  Bonaparte.  It  is  .scaled  on  tiie 
Muclir,  45  miles  W  by  N  of  Gratz, 
and  100  S  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  2b  E, 
lat.  4r  10  N. 

yiidaigiu!,  SL  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, near  which  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
ronj^h  jfaincd  that  signal  victory,  in 
1706,  called  the  battle  of  Ramillies.  It 
is  seatctl  on  tiie  ri\er  Gcetc,  13  miles 
SE  of  Louvain,  and  16  N  of  Namur. 
Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Ivts,  St.  a  sea|)ort  and  borough  in 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  which  being  un- 
,safe,  is  frequented  b)  l^shcrnien  only 
for  the  taking  of  pilchards.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members 
to  ))arli;inient,  and  is  ei^lit  miles  N  E 
of  Penzance,  and  277  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  5  30  \V ,  lat.  30  18  N. 

Iiics,  St.  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  considerable  market  on.  Monday 
for  cattle.  Here  was  a  priory,  wnich  is 
now  in  ruins.  In  the  ninth  century  it 
had  a  mint,  and  was  noted  for  its  medi- 
cinal vvaters.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  river 
Ousc,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  six 
miles  N  E  of  Huntingdon,  and  59  N  bv 
V  if  London.  Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  52 
20  I  . 

l/ii^^on,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Nortli  Coast,  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the 
small  river  Arqueon,  12 miles  from  the 
English  Channel. 

Jngora,  a  considerable  province  of 
M'.iscovy,  depending  on  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel. 

iV/c-rt,  an  island  of  tlie  Mediterrane- 
an, 56  miles  S  W  of  Majorca,  it  is  about 
60  miles  in  circumference,  is  moun- 
tainous, but  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and 
.fruits  ;  and  is  remarkable  for  the  great 
quantity  of  salt  made  here.  The  capi- 
tal, of  the  same  name,  has  a  good  har- 
bour.    Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  38  52  N. 

Ivinglw,  a  village  in  Buckingliam- 
nhirc,  has  a  market  on  Friday,  six 
miles  S  W  of  Dunstable,  and  32"  N  VV 
of  London.  Lon.  0  32  W,  lat.  51  54 
N. 

Julian,  Port,  St.  a  harbour  of  Pata- 
goi'.in,  wliere  iiliips  tliat  .  !•  bound  for 
tftc  Pacific  Ocqan  usually  touch  for  re- 


freshments.    Lon.  68  44  W,    lat.  45 

10  S. 

yulicti,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne  and  late 
province  of  Limusin,  13  miles  W  of 
Limoget.     I.on.  1  4  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

yuliin  lilt  Suu/t,  St.  a  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Yonne  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  seated  between 
two  mountains  covered  with  vhies, 
near  the  river  Yonne,  live  miles  from 
Joigny. 

^uiitrs,  a  dutchy  of  Westphalia,  64 
miles  in  length,  and  36  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Guelderland,  on 
the  E  by  the  archbishopric  of  Cologne, 
on  the  S  by  Luxemburg  and  Treves, 
and  on  the  W  by  Limbiirg.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  palatine,  and  ia 
remarkable  for  the  quantity  of  woad  it 
jjroduccs,  which  is  much  used  in  dye- 
ing. 

yuliers,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  dutchy  of  the  »ame  name,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  It  fell  into  the  liand» 
of  the  Fi-ench  in  1794  It  is  seated 
on  the  Uoer,  15  miles  E  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  and  18  W  of  Cologne.  Lon^ 
6  40  E,  lat.  50  56  N. 

yulpha,  once  the  capital  of  Armenia, 
in  Asia,  now  in  ruins,  the  inhabitants 
having  been  transplanted  to  a  suburb 
of  Ispalian,  called  New  Julpha,  where 
they  have  several  churches.  Before  the 
civil  wars,  which  in  this  century  have 
desolated  Persia,  the  colony  of  New 
Julpha  was  very  flourishing. 

yumella,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Murcia,  22  miles  S  W  of  Mur- 
cia. 

ytimiege,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  with  a  late  cele- 
brated Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated 
on  tiie  Seine,  \2  jniles  S  W  of  Rouen, 
and  77  N  W  of  P.tris.  Lon.  0  55  E, 
lat  49  24  N. 

yuminoo,  or  yiivilio,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper  in  the  country  of  La- 
hore. It  is  situated  on  the  side  of  » 
liill  by  the  river  Rawee.  This  city 
tliougii  in  a  decayed  state,  is  a  mart  of 
the  firut  note  in  that  part  of  the  coun- 
tiy  ;  it  is  90  miles  N  of  Lahore.  Lon. 
23  16  E,  lat.  32  45  N. 

yumnah,  a  large  river  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  which  rises  to  the  N  VV 
of  j)elhi,  water:)  that  capital  as  well  as 
the  city  of  Agra,  and  joins  the  Ganges, 
100  n)iles  below  Benares. 

yunksilon,  a  seaport  of  Asia,  the  pruj- 


r  N 

68  44  \V,   lat.  45 

'11  of  France,  in  the 
per  Vienne  and  late 
sin,  13  miles  W  of 
4  E,  lav.  45  30  N. 
St.  a  town  of  France 
t  of  Yonne  and  late 
iidy,  seated  between 
ovcred  with  vhies, 
ine,  Hve  miles  from 

y  of  Westphalia,  64 
ind  36  in  breadth  ; 
by  Gueldcrland,  oti 
lishopric  of  Cologne, 
mburg  and  I'revea, 
Linibiirg'.  It  is  sub- 
or  palatine,  and  is 
:  quantity  of  wuad  it 
s  much  used  in  dyc- 

of  Germany,  capital 
name  name,  with  a 
L  fell  into  the  hand» 
1794i  It  is  seated 
miles  E  of  Aix-la- 
IV  of  Cologne.  Lon^ 
N. 

:  capital  of  Armenia, 
ins,  the  inhabitants 
planted  to  a  suburb 
New  Julpha,  where 
churches.  Before  the 
in  this  century  have 
the  colony  of  New 
iourishing. 

1  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 

2  miles  S  W  of  Mur- 

1  of  France,  in  the 
wer  Seine  and  late 
mdy,  with  a  late  cele- 
?  abbey.  It  is  seated 
liles  S  W  of  Rouen, 
:iris.     Lon.  0  55  £, 

tvibo,  a  town  of  Hin- 
1  tlie  counUy  of  La- 
ed  on  the  side  of  a 
Rawee.  This  city 
ed  state,  is  a  mart  of 
at  part  of  the  coun- 
N  of  Lahore.  Lon. 
)  N. 

e  river  of  Hindoos- 
i(  rises  to  the  N  \V 
hat  capital  as  well  as 
uid  joins  the  Ganges, 
Benares. 
)oitof  Asi.i,  the  priu- 


I  V  R 

eipal  town  of  an  island  on  the  S  W 
coast  of  Siam,  it  is  situated  on  the  N 
pan  of  ti.e  island,  and  has  a  liarboiu- 
capable  of  receiving  ships  of  a  mode- 
rale  size  J  the  island  is  fertile,  63 
miles  long  and  from  10  to  20  broad. 
Lon.  98  30  E,  lat.  8  40  N. 

yura,  one  of  the  Western  Isles  of 
Scotland,  N  E  of  Islay,  supposed  to  be 
34  miles  long  and  10  broad.  It  is  com- 
posed principally  of  vast  mountains 
quite  naked,  and  without  a  possibility 
of  cultivation ;  three  of  them  called 
the  paps  of  Jura  aie  most  remarkable  ; 
they  are  of  a  conic  form  and  stupen- 
dous height.  The  rest  of  the  island  is 
flat,  and  generally  covered  with 
heath. 

yura,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of 
Franchc  Comte.  It  contains  mines  of 
iron  of  a  superior  quality,  mines  of 
copper  and  lead,  and  many  quarries  of 
black  marble,  jasper,  and  alabaster.  It 
takes  its  name  from  Mount  Jura. 

yura.  Mount,  a  chain  of  mountains, 
which  begins  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  in 
Swisserland,  extends  along  the  Rhine 
into  the  canton  of  Soleure  and  the  prin- 
cipality of  Neuchatel,  branches  out  to- 
wai'd  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  separates 
that  country  from  France,  and  contin- 
ues beyond  the  frontiers  of  the  Gene- 
vois  as  fai-  as  the  Rhone.  In  various 
parts  of  tlie  Pays  de  Vaud,  this  chain 
forms  many  elevated  vallies  j  of  thes 
the  most  delightful  is  the  valley  of 
the  lake  of  Jou.x,  upon  the  top  of  that 
part  called  Mount  Joux  ;  it  is  beauti- 
fully cliequered  with  wood,  arable,  and 
pasture  ;  and  is  watered  by  two  pictur- 
esque lakes  i  the  largest  of  which  is 
called  the  lake  of  Joux,  and  the  other, 
lake  Hrenet.  This  little  vale  is  very 
populous,  containing  3000  inhabitants  ; 
some  employed  in  making  watches, 
but  the  greater  part  in  polishing  crys- 
tids,  granites,  and  m.^ircasites.  These 
parts  ai'e  much  infested  with  bears  and 
wolves.  The  descent  from  this  de- 
lightful vale,  through  a  variety  of  hill, 
valley,  wood,  and  lawn,  affords  a  very 
extensive  prospect  of  great  part  of  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
witli  its  mountains,  and  the  lake  of 
Neuchatel. 

Ivrea,  an  ancient  town  of  Piedmont, 
ca)>ital  ot  Canavez,  with'a  strong  fort, 
a  bishop'.s  see,  and  an  ancient  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Doria,  between  two 
ImUs,  20  mile?  N  vf  Twin,  wid  32  E 


I  Z  (^ 


by  N  of  of  Susa.     Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  4S 
22  N. 

Ivry,  a  tovm  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eurc  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  It  had  a  bcnedictine  ab- 
bey, and  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  10 
miles  N  by  W  of  Drcux.  Lon.  1  28 
E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

yutland,  a  jjeninsula,  the  principal 
part  of  Denmark,  180  miles  in  length, 
and  50  in  breadth;  bounded  on  the 
S  E  by  the  dutchy  of  Holstein,  and  on 
the  other  sides  by  the  German  Ocean 
and  the  Baltic.  The  air  is  very  cold,  but 
wholesome.  The  soil  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  pastures,  and  feeds  a  great 
number  of  horses  and  beeves,  which 
are  sent  to  Germany,  Holland,  &c.  It 
was  anciently  called  Cimbrica  Cher- 
sonesus,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
country  whence  the  Saxons  came,  that 
conquered  England.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  called  N  and  S  Jutland  j 
the  latter  being  the  dutchy  of-  Slcs- 
wick,  and  lies  between  N  Jutland  and 
Holstein. 

Ivy  Bridge,  a  village  in  Devonshire, 
11  miles  N  E  of  Plymouth,  remarkable 
for  its  rural  and  picturesque  scenery  j 
the  river  Arme  nuis  tlirough  the  vil- 
lage. 

Ixviorth,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  seven  miles 
N  E  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  79  N 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  51  E,  lat.  53 
20  N. 

yyepour,  a  city  of  Hindoo.stan  Pro- 
per, capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  and  subject  to  one  of  the  Raj- 
poot princes.  It  was  built  by  rajali 
Jessing.  It  is  about  a  league  from 
Ambeer  the  ancient  capital,  now  a 
place  of  great  wealth  and  consequence, 
being  the  staple  for  goods  that  are 
brought  from  every  quarter  of  India, 
It  is  136  miles  W  by  S  of  Agra.  Lon. 
re  9  E,  lat.  26  56  N. 

Izquiiitenango,  a  town  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Chiapa.  The  coun- 
try about  it  produces  cotton  and  a 
gfreat  number  of  pineapples.  Lon.  93 
45  W,  lat.  16  0  N. 


K 


(Xj*  Words  that  sometimes  begin  viith  K, 
and  are  not  found  under  that  tetter,  may 
he.  iQKghtJifr  under  th^  letter  C. 


K  A  L 


>m 


.'•     :il    ,,|      '.■■ 


•f 


I^AFFUtfGEN,  a  town  and  nionag- 
•"■  tc'i'N  ul  Gfi  tiiiiiiv,  ill  Hi'ssc,  near 
Cwssc'l."  Lon.  9  JO  E,  lut.  31  15  N. 

Kuhua.     Set'  Una. 

Kiiirvun,  u  city  of  Africa,  in  Tunis, 
caj)itul  uf  u  t^ovcriniicnt  ui  tlie  sunie 
name.  It  i:i  llic  sccdiid  city  in  tlit 
kin^'Uuni  ti)r  tnuie  and  jiopidKtion ,  is 
cc'lcbi'utcd  for  tlic  must  nia|fniKcci)t 
and  i>M'!'cd  mosque  in  Burliury  ;  and  is 
20  nidcs  VV  of  hiisu.  Lun.  lU  25  E, 
lut.  i5  40  N. 

Kitiaar,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Ciiilan, 
willi  a  considtrublc  manufacture  of 
•ilk.     Lon.  58  45  K,  lat.  36  '23  N. 

Kalimbiiri;,  u  town  of  Denmark,  in 
tlic  idIc  oI  Zealand,  the  capital  of  a 
consiileiuiile  bailiwick.  Lon.  11  11£, 
lat.  55  47  N. 

Auiir,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
dutcliy  of  VVinemburg',  with  a  castle. 
Lon.  9  45  £,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Aaiitcli,  a  palatinate  of  Poland, 
bounded  on  tlic  W  by  that  of  P(isuia, 
on  the  li  by  Siradia,  on  the  N  by  Wes- 
tern Prussia,  and  on  the  S  by  Silesia. 
Ii  was  lorcibly  seized  by  the  king'  of 
Prussia,  in  1793. 

Ktilisch,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  wjiere 
the  Jesuits  iiad  a  miiifnificeiit  coUeg'e. 
li  IS  seated  on  ti\('  river  Prosna,  in  a 
morass,  which  renders  it  difficult  of 
access,  llu  mileij  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
18  5  W,  lat.  52  0  N. 

A'(j//f(i«,  atribe  of  the  Mogul  Tartars, 
ill  Ciiinese  'I'artary.  They  inliabit  the 
country  N  of  the  Mogul  Tartars,  pro- 
perly so  called,  which  stretches  as  far 
as  the  kingdom  of  the  Eleuthes  ;  and  is 
near  300  leagues  in  extent  from  E  to 
W.  i  hcylive  in  tents,  on  the  bunks 
of  their  numerous  rivers.  They  adore 
a  lama  of  the  second  order,  who  is 
held  in  such  vencraticm,  tliat  bonzes 
from  China,  Hiiidoostan,  Pegu,  &c. 
come  to  pay  their  devotions  at  his  re- 
sidence in  Iben  Pira. 

Kaimucs,  a  nation  of  Tartary  in 
Russia;  the  deserts  which  they  inha- 
bit, witli  their  herds,  lie  between  the 
Don,  and  tiie  Volga,  and  on  the  river 
Dial  from  Irgis  to  the  Caspian  sea. 
They  consist  of  a  strong  loam,  are 
quite  arid,  dcsvifutc  of  wood,  abound 
in  .salt,  contain  many  fresh-water  lakes 
and  brooks,  and  numbers  of  lakes  that 
are  perfectly  salt.  1  hty  produce 
w'lolesome  plants  and  good  herbage, 
for  wiiicli  reason  tlie  cattle  ai'e  in  gen- 
eral   vijj'orpits,   and  sjjeedily  become 


K  A  L 

fat.  The  Kiilmucg  are  ofa  middliniir 
statuie,  Bcldom  large:  for  the  moii 
j)art,  raw-boned  and  stout,  'i'hcir  vi- 
sage is  so  Hat,  that  the  skull  of  a  Kal- 
muc  may  easily  be  known  from  that  of 
any  other  man.  The  eyes  too  are 
smaller,  and  the  corners  of  them  flat- 
ter, than  among  the  Europeans.  They 
have  thick  lips,  a  small  nose,  a  shori' 
chin  ;  and  their  heard  is  scanty,  and 
ajjpears  late.  Their  teeth  are  even 
and  white.  Their  complexion  is  a  red- 
dish brown  i  generally  indeed  from 
the  wind  and  sun,  and  their  neglect  of 
cleanliness,  it  is  of  a  yellowish  brown. 
Their  ears  are  very  large  and  promi- 
nent ;  tiieir  hair  ia  black.  Their  kneea 
alwav.s  stand  outwards,  like  a  bow  i 
this  proceeds  ft'om  their  customary 
manner  of  sitting  on  their  ankles,  and 
their  being  almost  constantly  on  horse* 
back.  Tlieir  senses  of  feeling  and 
taste  are  dull :  but  those  of  smell,  sigiit, 
and  hearing,  are  wonderfully  ([uick. 
The  women  are  of  the  shame  shape 
and  make  with  the  men,  only  the  skin 
of  their  face  is  very  clear,  and  of  a. 
wholesome  white  and  red.  Their 
standing  character  is  rough,  but  less 
dissr'lute  and  base  than  they  ai'e  com- 
monly supposed  to  be.  Their  prevail- 
ing temperament  is  a  mixture  of  the 
sanguine  and  the  choleric  ;  the  melan- 
choly is  seldom  uppermost.  They 
have  a  good  understanding,  and  a 
quick  comprehension;  eager  after  no- 
velties ;  of  a  tractable  and  teachable 
disposition  ;  sprightly,  hospitable,  rea- 
dy to  do  kind  ofhcts,  active,  and  vo- 
luptuous ;  very  much  attached  to  their 
masters,  though  of  otiter  nations,  and 
not  dispirited  or  dejected  by  tlieir 
fickleness  and  ill-nature,  but  contented 
with  their  lot.  Their  women  are  live- 
ly, frank,  agreeable  and  very  industri- 
ous. The  clothing  of  the  men  is  en- 
tirely Oriental,  and  their  heads  are 
exactly  Chines«.  They  wind  linen  a- 
bout  their  feet,  and  draw  their  buskins 
over  it,  which  are  of  black  or  yellow, 
or  some  other  coloured  leather.  Their 
breeches  are  large  and  ample :  their 
under  garment  is  of  light  stuff  with 
narrow  sleeves,  and  a  girdle,  to  which 
is  suspended  tlie  sabre,  a  knife,  and 
the  implements  for  smoking  tobacco. 
The  upper  garment  is  of  cloth,  with 
wide  sleeves.  They  let  the  beard 
grow ;  but  shave  the  head  to  one  lock, 
wiiich  they  plait  into  three  strings. 
The  covering  for  ute  head  ift  a.  flat  yel- 


K  A  M 


IC  AM 


are  of  a  mlddUng 
gc ;   for   tl>e   njoii 
•tout.     'I'lieir  vi- 
Lhe  skii\l  of  a  Kal- 
;ii(iwii  from  that  of 
Tlic   cye»   too   ai'« 
■ucr»  of  tlicm  flat- 
Europeans.    They 
mall  noie,  a  ithon 
aid   is   Hcanty,  and 
;ir  teeth    are    even 
()m])lcxion  in  a  red- 
.Tully    iiiilecil  from_ 
will  their  neglect  of 
a  yellowish  brown. 
\-  large  ami  promi- 
black.    Their  knee» 
urils,   like  a  bows 
m  tlifir  customary 
n  their  aiikle»,  and 
constantly  on  hornet 
ies   of   feeling    and 
tiiose  of  Hniell,  sight, 
wonderfully   ii«ick. 
if  the   shame  shupo 
:  men,  only  the  skin 
erv  clear,   and  of  fc 
ind    red.      Their 
r  is  rough,  but  less 
than  they  are  com- 
be.    Their  prevail- 
s  a  mixture   of  the 
;holeric  i  the  melan- 
uppermost.      They 
derstanding,    and   a 
lon;  eager  after  no- 
table and  teachable 
itly,  hospitable,  rea- 
is,   active,   and  vo- 
iicii  attached  to  their 
other  nations,  and 
dejected   by  tlieir 
lature,  but  contented 
leir  women  are  llve- 
and  very  industri- 
of  the  men  is  en- 
iid  their  heads  are 
They  wind  linen  a- 
d  draw  their  buskins 
of  black  or  yellow, 
)urcd  leather.  Their 
.  and  ample  :  their 
of  light  stuff  with 
id  a  girdle,  to  which 
sabre,   a  knife,  and 
or  smoking  tobacco. 
nt  is  of  cloth,  with 
rhey    let  the   beard 
tlie  head  to  one  lock, 
into   three   strings, 
lie  head  18  a  flat  yel- 


low bonnet,  with  a  small  roimd  brifn, 
act  olf  witii  a  tasarl. 

Ka/mum,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria.  It  is  12  mile, 
fmm  Hatisbon,  and  situate  at  the  cc.i- 
tluenco  ofthe  Vilz  ami  Nail. 

Kalnici,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Drackluw.  Lon.  2V 
18t,  lat.  48  5rN. 

Kaluga,  now  »  government  of  the 
Russian  empire,  hut  it  was  formerly  a 
province  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow. Its  principal  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Occa. 

Kamaiura,  a  famous  island  of  Japan, 
about  three  miles  in  circumference, 
lying  on  the  S  coast  of  Niplion.  It  is 
here  they  confine  their  great  mm, 
when  they  have  committed  any  fault  j 
;ind  the  coast  is  so  steep,  that  they  are 
forced  to  be  lifted  up  by  cranes. 

Kamauchinzt),  i»  the  name  of  a  peo- 
ple in  Tartary.  In  the  year  1629  they 
were  made  tributary  to  Russia,  and 
then  led  a  rambling  life.  At  present 
their  habitations  are  in  tlie  neighbour- 
hood of  Kansk  and  Ahnkansk,  two 
ostrogs,  situate  one  on  the  Yenisei,  and 
the  other  on  the  Kan.  Even  at  the 
time  that  they  submitted  to  Russia,  they 
were  only  a  scanty  people,  or  rather 
the  remains  of  some  ancient  nation. 

Kamhala,  Mount,  a  ridge  of  moun- 
tains in  Thibet,  between  Lake  PiJte 
and  the  Biirrampooter.  From  the  top 
of  this  ridge  may  be  seen,  to  the  N,  a 
range  of  stdl  higher  mountains,  covered 
with  snow.  The  foot  of  mount  Kam- 
hala is  31  miles  S  of  Lassa. 

Kaminieck,  a  very  strong  town  of  Po- 
land, capital  of  Podolia,  with  two  cas- 
tles and  a  bishop's  see.  When  the 
Russians  seized  part  of  the  Polish  ter- 
ritories in  1793,  this  fortress  held  out 
a  long  time,  but  at  last  sin-rendered  to 
their  arms.  The  castle  is  seated  on  a 
craggy  rock,  85  miles  W  of  Bracklaw, 
and  100  S  E  of  Lembui-g.  Lon.  26  30 
E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Kamtschatka,  is  a  peninsula,  formed  by 
a  chain  of  stony  and  barren  mountains, 
■which  run  toward  the  S  S  W  from 
that  part  of  the  continent  inhabited  by 
the  Koraiks.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Eastern  Ocean,  the  gulf  of  Penschins- 
koi,  and  by  the  sea  of  Oghotzk ;  in  all 
probability  the  Koiirili,  a  range  of 
isle  which  in  many  directions  extend 
.•18  far  as  Japan,  are  i  part  of  Kamts- 
rhatka.  It  is  situated  between  about 
51  and  62°  degrees  N  lat.    The  soil  is 


atony,  fill  of  cold  springs,  difstitnt^  rtf 
tile   smullu.st  piece  of  fertile    ground, 
and  so  cold  even  in   the  stiiiimer,  that 
'lie   earth  is     totally  unlit  for  cidture, 
:ir)d  of  itself  docs  not  produce   a  suHi- 
liency   for    the    cattle.      The     Kamt- 
sciiadutcs  are  for  tlie  most  purt  of  a  low 
stature,    with   broad  .shoulders,    large 
lieads,  long  flat  faces.  Hut  noses,  small 
eyes,  thin  lips,  and   short   legs.     The 
women  have  black  eyes  and  eye-brows  ; 
tlieir  skin  is  rather  delicate,  of  a  lively 
red  complexion,  a  pretty  hand,  and  small 
foot,  and  they  are  in  general   very  well 
made.       1  he    Kamtscliadales    have    a 
lively  imaginati.in,   n  stroiif^  memory, 
and  such   a  genius  fur   imitation   that 
they    can   copy    with    Ciise    whatever 
they  see.     Poverty  gives  them  no  con- 
cern ;  and  nothing  but  the  calls  of  hun- 
ger can  drive  them  to  the  chace  ;  and 
then   they  seldom   go   so  far  but  they 
can  return   to  pass   the  night   in  the 
arms  of  their  women.     They  care  not 
how  their  meat  is  prepared,  so.  it  doea 
but  fill   their   stomach  ;    nor  of  what 
quality  their   liquor   is,  so  it  does  but 
intoxicate   them.      Pleasure  and  inac- 
tion are  their  only  objects  j  they  there- 
fore  steal   nothing    l)ut    women    and 
dogs,  which  formerly  were  the  contin- 
ual causes  of  national  war.     They  are 
cowardly  and  base  to  an  excessive  de- 
gree, gratifying  their  reveng-e  only  by 
the  darkest   and.  most   secret  means. 
Every  family  has  its  summer  and  win- 
ter house      The   Kosoutch   or   winter 
house  is   iii  form  of  a  square  ;    a  hole 
five  feet  deep  is  dug,   which    is   siuv 
rounded  with  palisades,  and  covered 
with  rafters   laid  across,   branches  of 
trees,  hay  and  earth.     To  get  into  the 
house    they   descend  through   a  hole- 
at  the  top,  this  hole  sei-ves  as  a  door, 
a   window   and   a    chimney,    for    the 
smoke   has   no  other  passage,   and  the 
light  and  air  no  other  entrance.     The 
Pehins   or    summer-houses   are    built 
like  pigeon  houses  of  bnlks,  about  two 
fathoms  from  the  ground  ;  some  are 
built  in  a  circular,  others   in  an  angu- 
lar, form.     They  are  very   small,   and 
built   close    to  one  another,    so  that 
boards  are  laid    across  as  bridges   of 
communication.     The  Kamtschadales, 
as  well  as  the  Tungusians  and   other 
Siberians,  eat  all  kinds  of  quadrupeds, 
birds,  and  fish,  excepting  lizards,  &c. 
Dogs  and  mice  they  eat  only  in  timea 
of   scarcity.      The   bodies  of  whales, 
sea-dogs,  and  other  sea  animals,  which 


K  A  R 


K  A  U 


■;;  ^ 


tticy  find  on  the  shore,  arr  pxrrcdinff- 
K  anTfCililc  to  lliciii.  Tlicy  iHc  wilil 
roots  iiiul  tViiit,  Hiul  dry  tish,  roots, 
uiul  di.:»;i(nt  kmd!»  of  HchIi,  for  winter 
firovUioii.  The  wiiy  of  prcpiiring 
their  victual!*  is  aicxtrnordlnury  u8 (Uh- 

yllHtilljr. 

Ami  u'^'liai,  or  CUimilrf;vie,  a  town  of 
the  |iciiin.snhi  of  }liiiilooHtun,  in  tlic 
Ciirnatii',  the  nilc  111' thi' capital  of  liie 
am  lent  iiin(^(loin  of  Narsiiij^ii.  In  1599, 
it  w.is  l!ic  residence  of  a  llinihio  kinij, 
wllii»c  il.iiinniim  e\l<iided  over  'I'lm- 
jnic  and  Madura;  and  in  \f,-t\>,  u  de- 
scciicLmt  of  tluH  princi'  reigned  tlicre  ; 
and  pcrnutU'd  the  English  to  seiih- 
tiierc  It  IS  70  niilcH  distant  from 
Mailia.^s.      Lon.  "9  24  K,  lal.   1;>  -Iri  N 

A'aiicD),  a  city  of  Africa,  in  tlie  em- 
pire of  Jiorno'i,  capital  of  a  fertile 
province  of  the  same  name.  The  in- 
liabilants  raise  {jreat  (tiianfitie*  of 
horses  for  tlic  service  of  the  kinjf.  It 
ia  l.JO  nules  N  W  of  Bornoii. 

Kwilui-uia  ctiurt- house,  the  principal 
ireut  of  juKticc  in  i^anliawa,  one  of  the 
frontier  connties  ((f  Virjfinia;  situat- 
ed on  the  S  hank  of  fc'.lii  .-iver,  at  it  i 
junction  with  the  Kanhawa.  Here  is 
a  post  otRce  406  niiie»  from  W.ishirgtim. 

Kiiniiij,  a  strong  town  of  Fii!ai\d,  in 
tlic  palaljiile  of  Kiow,  seated  near  the 
Dnieper,  6i  miles  S  by  E  of  Kiow, 
and  10  miles  N  E  of  Uracklaw. 

Kimisca,  an  imprefrnablc  town  of 
Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  the  countj 
ofSalawaj-.  It  was  taken  by  the  A. is- 
trians  in  1690,  ami  is  seated  on  the 
lli-ave,  100  nules  S  hv  E  of  Vicnuti. 
Lon.  17    WE,  lat.  46  43  N. 

Kiin-tclieou-f'iiu,  a  very  rich  aiul  po- 
pulous city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  K.ian{f-si,  it  has  an  excellent  port 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  rivers.  Its 
district  contains  12  cities  of  the  third 
class;  and  it  is  250  miles  N  by  E  of 
Canton. 

Kao-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Ci;ianpf-t')n(f.  The  .u- 
liabitant.s  of  this  city  cut  slaljs  and  ta- 
bles out  of  a  kind  of  marble  that  is 
found  in  its  vicinity,  which  represents, 
naturally,  rivers,  moiu\tains,  landscapes, 
and  trees.  Kao-tclieoii-foii  has  one  ci- 
ty of  the  second  class,  and  five  of  the 
tliird,  under  its  jurisdiction. 

Kapuj-uiar,  a  f{jrt  of  Lower  Hungary, 
on  tile  river  Kupos,  which  washes  its 
•walls.  It  is  55  indes  \V  of  Tohia.  Lon. 
18  13  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Karakassiam,  a  people  of  Tartary, 


subject  to  Russia,  who  make  n  part  of 
those  Ninall  remnants  of  the  difU-rent 
people  comprehended  under  the  name 
of  the  nations  of  Krasnoyarsk,  related  to 
the  Samoyedcs.  Tlity  are  so  extreme- 
ly  |)oor,  that,  cxceptinjc  a  smull  num- 
ber of  rein-deer,  they  are  in  possession 
of  no  one  thing  in  the  world  of  any  va- 
lue. In  winter  they  live  entircl\  b\  tho 
(•hare,  in  the  sur  nicr  wild  roots  aiirt 
fish  arc  all  their  ,jo<1.  For  procuring 
these  they  commonly  quit  their  station 
every  three  days  during  summer,  to 
look  out  for  the  lakes  most  abundant  in 
tish,  and  whose  banks  are  the  most 
productive  of  roots. 

Kareck,  an  island  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  lying  nearly  in  the  middle  of  it, 
aiiout  seven  leagues  from  each  side, 
and  30  from  Bassorah  Uiver,  where  all 
the  ships  bound  fiir  that  port  must  call 
fir  pilots  It  is  five  mileu  long,  and 
I  wo  broad.  Here  baron  Kniphaiisen, 
about  the  midille  of  this  century,  form- 
ed a  Hourishing  Dutch  settlement  ;  hut 
on  his  (|uitting  their  service,  it  became 
H'lbject  to  its  former  master,  the  slieick 
of  ilundaric. 

Kar/tcru/tc,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  tlio 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  margravate  of 
Baden  Darlach,  with  a  magnificent  pa- 
lace. The  city  is  built  on  a  regular 
plan,  and  the  houses  are  all  as  uniform 
:is  the  streets.  It  is  12  miles  N  by  E 
of  Baden. 

Knsiiii,  H  large  country  of  the  Russian 
em|)ire,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
Volgii.  It  was  formerly  an  indepen- 
dent kingdom,  belonging  to  the  Kal- 
niiic  Tartars,  to  whom  tlie  great  dukes 
of  Moscow,  with  other  petty  principal- 
ities of  Kussia,  were  tributary.  But  in 
1552,  Ivan  Vassilicviteh  II.  conquered 
Kasan,  which  now  forms  tlie  three  RiLS- 
sian  governments  of  Kasan,  Simbirsk, 
and  (enza. 

Kuian,  the  capital  of  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name,  seated  on- 
the  rivulet  Casanka,  where  it  falls  into 
the  Volga,  414  miles  E  bv  N  of  Mos- 
cow.    Lon.  49  8  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 

fCastatkia,  a  post  town  in  Randolph 
county,  Indiana  Territory  ;  situated 
on  the  \V  side  of  the  River  Kaskaskia, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi, 
at  tl'.e  distance  of  eight  miles  from  the 
latter  river,  and  about  180  S  W  of 
Vincennes  in  the  same  territory.  It  is 
ilic  principal  seat  of  justice,  and  con- 
tains about  500  inhabitants. 

Katiffbewen,  a  free  imperial  town  of 


A  U 


I,  will)  mnk«  ft  part  of 

MUlllH  of  tllf  ilK'iTcnt 
m'.cd  uiiilir  the  naiiic 
iiMsnoyursk,  rclnttd  to 

■rlii\  :ii'i'  sdcxtrciiin- 
<e])tiiij?  A  siiibU   iiiim- 

tlicy  arc  in  iionscssiou 
n  till-  world  lit'  any  va- 
icy  live  eiitircl\  !>>  tlio 
r'licr  wild   riiots  and 

,j,id.  For  procuring 
lonly  quit  their  station 
li  during  suiiiiiitr,  to 
lakes  nioHt  abundant  in 
(>  banks  are  the  most 

DtS. 

dand  in  the  Persian 
ly  in  the  middle  of  it, 
ijifiies  from  each  side, 
isoruli  Kivcr,  where  all 
,  for  that  port  must  call 
»  five  miles  lonp,  and 
re  baron  Kniphausen, 
e  of  this  century,  form- 
Dutch  settlement  i  but 
their  service,  it  became^ 
rmer  master,  the  slieick 

city  of  Germany,  in  the 
i,  in  the  marRravate  of 
,  with  u  magnificent  pa- 
/  is  built  on  a  repdar 
ouscs  are  all  as  uniform 

It  is  12  miles  N  by  E 

e  country  of  the  Russian 
II  both  sides  of  the  river 
s  formerly  an  indepen- 

belonging  to  the  Kal- 
1  whom  the  preat  dukes 
th  other  petty  principal- 

were  tributary.  But  in 
silievitch  11.  conquered 
low  forms  the  three  UiLS- 
its  of  Kasan,  Simbirsk, 

apltal  of  the  Russian  (?o- 
e  same  name,  seated  on- 
lanka,  where  it  falls  into 
t  miles  E  bv  N  of  Mos- 
8  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 
.  pjst  town  in  Randolph 
no.  Territory  ;  situated 
of  the  River  Kaskaskia, 
on  with  the  Mississippi, 
-  of  ei|?ht  miles  from  the 
and  about  180  S  W  of 
he  same  territory.  It  is 
seat  of  justice,  and  con- 
0  inhabitants. 
,  a  free  imperial  town  of 


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K  E  H 


KEN 


Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  in  i  Frencli  rcgainc  J  possession  of  it  the 
the  territory  of  Kenipten.     It  is  seated  )  suiiie  day.     Lon.  7  a3  E,  liit  48  34  N. 


on   the    Wiirdecli,    18  miles   N  E   oi 

KciU[)tcn,  and  30  S  bv  VV  of  Augsburg. 

Lon.  10  43  £,  Lit.  47' 58  N. 

I^nye's  Is/ami,  u\i  island  in  the  North 

Pacihc  Ocean,  discovered  by   captain 

Cook,  in  1778.  It.s  N  E  point  is  a  nalied 

rock,  considerably  elevated  above  the 

land  within  it.  Some  parts  of  the  shore 

are  interru|)ted  by  small  vallies,   filled 

with  pine-trees.      These   also  aboiiiid 

in  otiier  parts  of  tlie  island,   which  is 

covered,  in  a  manner,   with  a  broad 

girdle  of  wood  ;  but  the  trees  are  far 

from  being  of  an  extraordinary  gi'owth, 

so  that  tliey  would  be  of  no  great  use 

for  siiipping,   unless  as  materials  for 

small  tilings.     Lon.  131  48  W,  lat.  59 

51  N. 
Kaysersberg,  a  town  of  France,   now 

in  the  department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and 

late  province  of  Alsace,  9  miles  N  W 

ofColmar,  and  25  N  \V  of  Basil.    Lon. 

7  23  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Kayserdautern,  a  town  of  Germanyf 

in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.     In  tlie 

present  war  it  was  taken  by  the  French, 

is  seated  on  the  Lauter,  22  miles  S  W 

of  Worms,  and  38  S  by  W  of  Mentz. 

Lon.  7  51  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 
Kayserstuhl,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 

in  tlie  county  of  B.-.dcn,  with  a  bridge 

over  the  Rhine,  and  a  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  the  bishop  of  Constance,  and 

is  eight  miles  S  E  of  Zurzach.  Lon.  8 
24  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

KaysemerJ,   or  KeUe^ert,  a  town  of 

Germany  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Berg,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  eight  miles  N  of  Dusseldorp, 
and  22  N  W  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  45  E, 
lat.  51  14  N. 

Keen,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire  coun 
ty.  New  Hampshire,  14  miles  S  E  of 
AValpole,  and  95  W  of  Portsmouth  ; 
containing  1645  inhabitants  at  last  cen- 
sus in  1800. 

Kehl,  a  strong  and  important  fortress 
of  Germany,  in  .Suabia,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to  Stras- 
Durg.  It  was  built  after  the  design  of 
Vauban,  to  defend  that  city.  It  was 
strongly  fortified  by  the  French,  who 
took  possession  of  it  in  1684.  Some  of 
the  ancient  fortifications  ai-e  in  ruins, 
but  it  is  irtill  an  important  pass,  between 
France  Sid  Germany.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  June  1796!  retJikcn  by 
the  Austrians  on  Sept.  18th  following; 

but  thu  bridge  not  being  destroyed,  tlie  |  are  12  chapels  of  ease  belonging  to  it. 

X  X 


KcL-u,  aponuliMis  town  in  Roxbiirgli- 
'Jiiie,  with  ttg.KJtlnir.ikcl  lor  com,  and 
I  biidge  of  six  arches  oicr  the  Tweed, 
near  its  Cdiifliiciice  with  the  I'cviol. 
Magnificent  ruins  of  the  abbey,  found, 
ed  by  David  I.  in  1128,  slill  remain. 
Mitcii  wheat  is  raised  in  tiiis  neigh- 
bourhood,  and  tlic  fleece.^  of  tiic  sheep 
are  rcuiai'kitbl.  hue.     Kel.sois  20  miles 

5  \V   f.f  Berw.ck,  and  338   N  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  55  36  N. 

Kelvin,  a  small  river  of  L;uiarkshire, 
in  Scotland,  over  which  t!ie  great  ca- 
nal is  conveyed  by  an  aqueduct  bridge. 

Kempen,  a  town  of  German)-,  in  tiie 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Niers,  30  miles  N  VV  of  Cologne.  Lon. 

6  30  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 
Kempten,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Su- 
abia, iu  the  territory  of  the  tbbot  of 
Kempten,  who  is  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire. The  inhabitants  are  protestants. 
It  is  seated  on  tl>e  lUer,  45  miles  S  bv 
W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  21 E,  lat.  47 
49  N. 

Ken,  a  river  in  Westmoreland,  which 
has  a  c:itaract  near  its  moiitii,  that  ob- 
structs the  navigations  so  that  Mil- 
tliorp,  situate  below  tliis  cataract,  is  the 
only  port  of  Westmoreland. 

Ken,  a  river  in  Kirkciidbriglitsjiire, 
that  Hows  to  New  Galloway,  below 
which  it  expand.s  into  a  lake,  four  miles 
long  and  one  broad.  The  stream  that 
issues  from  this  lake,  falls  into  the  riv- 
er Dee,  and  their  united  waters  meet 
the  Iri-sh  Sea,  at  Kirkciidljright. 

Kendut,  a  corporate  town  in  Wcst- 
morelanil,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  ia  seated  on  tl'.a  Ken,  over  wliiclv 
are  two  stone  bridges,  and  one  of  wood, 
which  leads  to  the  castle,  now  in  ruins. 
l"he  inhabitants  have  driven  a  trade 
with  the  cotton  and  woollen  manufac- 
tory, throughout  Englantl,  ever  since 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  It  is  of  note 
also  for  the  manufactory  of  cottons, 
druggets,  serges,  hats,  worsted  and 
yarn  stockings,  8tc.  It  has  a  large 
beautiful  church,  which  stands  on  tlie 
other  side  of  the  brook  calle'cr  Qtind- 
beck,  out  of  the  liberty  of  the  town,  a 
large  neat  and  handsome  building  180 
feet  long  and  99  broad,  with  five  aisles 
each  parted  by  a  row  of  eight  plllar.s, 
iind  a  strong  square  steeple.  .  In  175,5, 
a  new  chapel  was  erected  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  town,  besides  which  there 


m 


KEN 


KEN 


Tlio  (lissentei's  nndc|iiakei's  liave  meet- 
itit^-lioiisrs.  Here  is  ;i  t'rco  )>'i'aminar- 
si-liool  Willi  ciulowcl  i  ami  also  a  cliar- 
ity-scliool  foi-  10  l;(iV9  ar.d  1(5  pfirls.who 
art:  clotlicil  as  well  as  taui^'lit.  It  lias 
fairs  on  May  (itii,  and  Novcnilior  8tli  ; 
and  l)ii  wccn  tluMii  a  great,  bcast-inar- 
ket  cxci-y  tfirtiii^'lit.  '1  lie  river  licrc, 
which  runs  iialt' through  tlic  town  in  a 
stoiiy  channel,  aboMiids  witii  trout 
and  s;dmon.  Lon.  25  J  W,  lat.  51.  15 
N. 

Kf.'.nebck,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
northern  jiart  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
in  New  iCiipfland,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  hctwccn  the  bays  of  Cas- 
co  and  Penobscot. 

Kaii-.ckiiti.;  a  post  and  seaport  town 
in  York  roiiiity,  Maine,  33  miles  S  by 
AV  of  Portland,  and  about  the  same 
tlistanee  N  E  of  Portsmouth,  in  New 
Hani;jshirc. 

Ktnmt,  a.  river,  which  rises  among 
tiie  chalky  hills  in  Wilts,  and  flows  to 
JNewhury,  in  Pierks,  where  it  becomes 
navii;ab!e ;  it  is  then  augmented  by 
the  Lain!)orn,  anil  runs  to  Heading, 
below  which  it  mingles  with  the 
Tlir'iTies. 

Kc>inet-S(juare,  a  village  in  Chester 
Cfunity,  Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles  S 
W  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  a  post  of- 
fice. 

Kawquei  a  fort  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
six  miles  from  Dixmude. 

Ktiisington,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
two  miles  W  of  London.  Here  is  Kcn- 
6inf.;ton  jirdiicc,  formerly  a  seat  of  the 
lord  chancellor  Finch,  afterward  earl 
of  NoVthampton,  bi;t  piuxiiased  of  that 
n^iblcman  by  William  III.  The  exten- 
sive gardens,  (>f  late  u'ar.i,  have  be- 
come a  very  fashionable  w.dlc. 

Kent,  one  of  tiie  counties  of  Kngland, 
situated  at  the  S  E  corner  of  the  island, 
and  from  thence  enjoying  many  advan- 
tages. As  to  the  climate  of  this  coun- 
try it  varies  according  to  the  situation 
of  places.  In  the  low  flat  land,  and  es- 
pecially in  the  marshes,  the  air  is  heavv, 
moist  and  unhealthy ;  and  yet  not  to 
such  a  degree  as  it  has  been  sometimes 
represented  j  for,  with  a  little  care  and 
caution,  strangers,  as  well  as  natives, 
quickly  reconcile  their  constitutions  to 
the  temperature  even  of  these  parts, 
and  live  in  them  without  much  incon- 
vcnicncy  or  apjjarent  danger.  But,  in 
reference  to  the  rest  of  the  country,  the 
air  is  thin,  pure,  and  wholesome,  as 
in  any  part  of  Britain.     There  is  no  re- 


gion more  happily  or  more  beautifully 
diversified  in  regard  to  soil,  so  that 
every  kind  thereof  is,   somewhere  or 
other,  to  be  met  with  in  its  bounds  ; 
and  in  no  shii-e   are  any  of  these   soils 
more  fertile  than  they  are  in  this.   Tlic 
Weald  yields  variety  of  fine   timber, 
particularly  of  chesnut ;  the  middle  part 
has  very  rich   arable    land,    annuallj 
bearing  every  species  of  grain   in  im- 
mense plenty,  and  the.se  excellent  in 
their  several  sorts.     There   are   also 
many  beautiful  orchards,   which  pro- 
duce a  variety  of  fine  fruits,  and  more 
especially  apples  and  cherries,  which 
v/ere   introduced  here  from  Flanders. 
I'he  many  rich  commodities  protluced 
In  this  county,  is  the  reason  why  most 
of  our  writers  have  represented  it  as  in 
a  manner  void  of  manufactures  which, 
however,  as  appears  upon  a  strict  and 
impartial  examination,  is  very  far  from 
being  the  case.    Of  iron  works  thera 
were  anciently  many;  andthei-e  are  still 
some,  where  kettles,  bombs,  bullets* 
cannon,  and  such  like,  are  tpadc.    The 
principal  rivers,  besides  the  Thames, 
are  the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour,  Cray, 
and  Rother.     Maidstwie  is  the  county, 
town. 

Kentaiffe,  Mount,  a  ridge  of  moun> 
tains  in  tlie  S  part  of  Thibet,  bordering 
on  Hindoostan  Proper.  On  the  W  side 
of  this  ridge  are  the  two  heads  of  the 
Ganges,  and  from  its  E  side  issues  the 
Burrampooter. 

Kentsinguen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
Brisgaw,  seated  on  the  river  Elz.  Lon. 
7  S7Y.,  hit.  48  18  N. 

Kentticky,  first  discovered  in  1754, 
formerly  a  part  of  Virginia,  settled 
in  1773,  and  ceded  to  Congress  in 
1792.  It  is  situated  between  36°  30' 
and  39"  30'  N  lat.  and  8»  and  15° 
W  lon.  being  250  miles  in  length,  and 
200  in  bi-eadth.  It  is  bounded  N  W  by 
the  river  Ohio  ;  W  by  Cumberland  riv- 
er  ;  S  by  North  Carolina  ;  E  by  Sandy 
river,  and  a  line  drawn  due  S  froih  its 
source  till  it  strikes  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  North  Carolina.  This  whole 
country,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  discov« 
ered,  lies  upon  a  bed  of  lime-stone, 
which  in  general  is  about  six  feet  be- 
low the  surface,  except  in  the  valleys 
whero  the  soil  is  much  thinner.  A 
tract  iif  aboi'.t  20  miles  wide  aluig  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio  is  hilly,  bro^  land, 
interspersed  with  many  fertile  spots. 
Tlje  rest  of  the  country  is  agreeably 
uneven,  gently  ascendinjj  aiid  descend- 


i* 


E  N 

)ily  or  more  beautifully 
regard  to  soil,  so  that 
reot'  is,  somewhere  or 
ict  with  in  its  bounds  ; 

are  any  of  tlicse  soils 
m  they  are  in  this.  Tlic 
variety  of  fine  timber, 
hesnut ;  the  middle  part 

arable  land,  annually 
pecies  of  grain  in  im- 
and  these  excellent  in 
lorts.     I'hcre   are   also 

orchards,  which  pro- 
)f  fine  fruits,  and  more 
;s  and  cherries,  which 
:d  here  from  Flanders, 
commodities  produced 
is  the  reason  why  most 
ave  represented  it  as  in 
)f  manufactures  wliich, 
pears  upon  a  strict  and 
nation,  is  very  far  from 
Of  iron  works  there 
lany;  and  thei-e  are  still 
ettles,  bombs,  bullets, 
h  like,  are  tpadc.  The 
,  besides  the  Thames, 
.-,  Darent,  Stour,  Cray, 
:aid8tone  is  the  county. 

mnt,  a  ridge  of  moun> 
rt  of  Thibet,  bordering 
'roper.  On  the  VV  side 
J  the  two  heads  of  the 
m  its  E  side  issues  the 

town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
on  the  river  Elz.  Lon. 
8N. 

t  discovered  in  1754, 
of  Virginia,  settled 
eded  to  Congress  in 
iiated  between  36°  30' 
lat.  and  8«»  and  15° 
0  miles  in  length,  and 
It  is  bounded  N  W  by 
W  by  Cumberland  riv- 
Carolina  ;  E  by  Sandy 
drawn  due  S  from  its 
kes  the  northern  boun- 
-arolina.  This  whole 
s  has  yet  been  discov- 
a  bed  of  lime-stone, 
l1  is  about  six  feet  be> 
,  except  in  the  valleys 
is  much  thinner.  A 
miles  wide  akuig  the 
o  is  hilly,  broken  land, 
h  many  fertile  spots. 
■  country  is  agreeably 
jcendinj;  and  descend- 


K  E  R 

ing  at  no  great  distances.  This  countrj' 
in  general  is  well  timbered  ;  and  such 
is  the  variety  and  beauty  of  the  flower- 
ing shrubs  and  plants  which  grow  spon- 
taneously in  it,  that  in  the  proper  sea- 
son the  wilderness  appears  in  blossom. 
The  accounts  of  the  fertility  of  the 
soil  in  tills  country  have  in  some  in- 
stances exceeded  belief,  and  proba- 
bly have  been  exaggerated.  That  some 
parts  of  Kentucky,  particidarly  the 
high  .Trounds,  are  remarkably  good,  all 
accouri'i  aj;ree.  The  larls  of  the  first 
rate  are  too  rich  for  wlieat,  and  will 
produce  50  and  60,  and  in  some  in- 
stances it  is  affirmed  100  bushels  of 
ffood  corn  an  acre.  In  common  the 
land  will  produce  30  bushels  of  wheat 
or  rye  an  acre.  Barley,  oats,  cotton, 
flax,  hemp,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds 
common  in  this  climate,  yield  abun- 
dantly. The  old  Virginia  planters  say, 
that  if  the  climate  does  not  prove  too 
moist,  few  soils  known  will  yield  more 
and  better  tobacco. — The  climate  is 
healthy  .ind  delightful,  some  few  places 
in  tlie  neighbourhood  of  poiids  and  low 
gi'ounds  excepted.  The  inhabitants  do 
not  experience  the  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold.  Snow  seldom  falls  deep  or 
lies  long.  The  winter,  which  begins 
about  Christmas,  ;s  never  longer  than 
three  months,  and  is  commonly  but 
two,  and  is  so  mild  as  that  cattle  can 
subsist  without  fodder. 

Kentucky,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  from  a  mountainous  part  of 
the  country  of  the  same  name.  Its  N 
branch,  which  interlocks  with  Cumber- 
land river,  falls  into  the  Ohio  in  lat.  3t 
27  N.  Its  bank  may  be  called  preci- 
pices, f(tr  almost  every  where  they 
consist  of  tljrco  or  four  hundred  feet 
of  a  solid  perpendicular  lime-stone 
rock. 

Kercolang,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean,  between  80  and  100  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. The  face  of  the  country 
seems  to  be  steep  hills  and  extensive 
vallies,  and  every  part  to  be  covered 
with  trees  and  verdure,  with  some 
]>leasant  cultivated  grounds.  Lon.  126 
31  E,  lat.  4  28  N. 

ICerguelen's  Land,  an  it>1and  in  the 
Southern  Ocean,  visited  by  c.iptain 
Cook,  in  1779.  From  its  sterility,  it 
might  properly  have  been  called  the  Is- 
land of  Desolation;  but  captain  Cook 
■was  unwilling  to  rob  M.  Kerguelcn  of 
the  honour  of  its  bearing  his  name.  Lon. 
69  37E,  lat.  49  3  S. 


KES 

Kermnn,  a  pro\'ince  of  Pcrsi.T,  b'ing 
on  the  gulf  of  I'cr.s'.a.  The  iiilwii)itunts 
drive  a  great  Ir.'ule  in  their  wool. 

Kerman,  a.  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
a  province  of  llie  same,  name,  called 
also  Caramania.  It  is  120  miirs  N  N 
W  of  Gombroon.  Lon.  d5  15  E,  lat. 
29  20  N. 

Kerpen,  a  tnwni  of  Germany,  in  \.\\c 
circle  of  Westphalia,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Jiiliers,  14  miles  S  E  of  Julicrs.  Lon. 
6  56  E,  lat,  50  0  N. 

Kerry,  a  coimty  of  Irel.ind,  in  the 
province  of  Munslcr,  57  miles  long  and 
45  broad  ;  bouudcd  on  Uic  E  by  the 
counties  of  Limerick  and  Cork,  on  the 
W  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N  by 
the  Hhunnon,  which  separates  it  from 
Thomond,  and  on  the  S  by  Desmond 
and  the  ocean.  It  is  a  mountainous 
countrj-,  but  in  many  ])laces  are  gooil 
corn-fields.  It  co;itains  84  parishes, 
and  sends  eiglit  members  to  piU'lia-. 
ment.     Ardfert  is  the  capiti;'. 

Kertsch,  a  fortress  of  great  import- 
ancc,  as  this  and  that  of  Ycnikale  com- 
mand the  passage  wliicli  forms  the 
communication  between  the  sea  of  A- 
soph  iind  the  Black  Sea.  It  is  situate 
on  the  E  coast  of  the  Crimen,  near  the 
N  entrance  of  the  str.iits  of  CaflFa. 

Kearoan,  a  chain  of  mountains,  on  the 
coast  of  SjTia,  which  makes  a  part  of 
Mount  Libanus. 

Kes3cl,  a  town  of  Prussian  Gueider- 
land,  with  a  handsome  castle,  seated 
on  the  Maese,  between  Ruremond  and 
Venlo.     Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  15  16  N. 

Kesseldorf,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  three  miles 
below  Dresden,  remarkable  for  a  vic- 
tory gained  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  over 
the  Saxons,  in  1745. 

Kestewn,  one  of  thetlnee  grand  divi- 
sions of  Lincolnshire.  It  contains  tlio 
W  part  of  the  county,  from  the  middle 
to  tlie  S  cxti-emity. 

KeiU'ici,  a  town  in  Cumberland, with 
a  market  on  Saturday  ;  it  is  seated  in  a 
vale  surrounded  by  hills,  near  the  rapid 
river  Grceta;  near  this  vale  the  finest 
black  lead  in  the  world  is  dug  up.  It 
is  25  miles  N  W  of  Kendal,  and  287  N 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  16  W,  lat. 
58  35  N. 

Kesviici,  Vale  of,  a  district  in  the  S 
part  of  Cumberland.  Here  is  tlic  lake 
of  Derwent-water.  To  the  N  of  this 
is  the  lofty  mountain  Sklddaw,  one  of 
the  mostdistinguished  in  England  ;  and 
to  the  S  is  th^  4i'earj'  region  of  Boito  w- 


wm 


f"' 


K  I  A 


«l;ilr.     Sep  Rnncfuidalc,    Dcrwent-Kater, 
•■tiiil  Sli.uLivi. 

ilfttcriii^,  a  town  in  Nm'tliiiiniJton- 
sliiiv,  wall  a  iii:ii-l<i;t  on  Friihiy.  It  is 
pli;;is!iiul\  si-.iti'fl  'in  an  asceiU.  12miii'.'- 
M  E  of  Nnrlliumpton,  and  V.)  N  \V 
M'  London.  Lon.  0  ai)  E,  lat.  5J  2U 
N. 

AVii',  a  villas^e  in  Surry,  scvrn  miles 
W  by  S  of  London.  It  is  seated  on  tiie 
TliMnci,  over  vvhicli  is  a  stoiyj  bridj;-(> 
of  sv'Vi  II  arr'ies  to  Hrentf  ird.  Here  is 
a  royal  ])alacp,  fine  jj^ardens,  and  his 
inajesty's  exoiie  garden.  Many  new 
plaats  Irom  tlie  S')utli  Sea  and  Ciapc  oi' 
Good  Hope  beios^  transplanted  to  it. 
The  l.itter  has  been  hrouji-ht  to  great 
pcrfeeti'>n,  Kcw  pa. ('ens  ai'o  open  to 
the  piihlie,  every  Mm  iay,  from  Mid- 
summer to  tlie  end  of  Autumn. 

Kcx/ioim,  a  town  of  the  Rurssicn  gov- 
ernment of  vVibnrgh.  It  is  well  forti- 
fied, and  has  a  strong  castle.  The 
houses  are  built  of  wood.  Ne.ir  it  is  a 
eonsiderable  salmon  fishery.  It  is  scat- 
rd  on  two  islands  of  the  lake  Ladoga, 
fi  '  niles  NE  of  VViburg,  and  67  N  of 
PetersDurirh.  Lon.  30  25  E,  lat.  61 
3N. 

Kejnsharn,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  has 
some  trade  in  malt,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Avon,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge. 
It  is  five  miles  S  E  of  Bristol,  and  119 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  34  W,  lat.  51 
24  N. 

_  A'/iariqf,  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  formerly  comprised  in  the 
government  of  Ukr.unia-.Slovodskaia.  Its 
c.ipital  of  the  same  name,  is  seated 
on  the  Uda,  which  falls  into  the  Do- 
netz. 

Kia-thg^fou,  a  city  of  Chitia.  in  the 
province  of  Tc'>it-ki.^ng,rem.irivabK- for 
nothing  but  its  streets,  ornamented  bv 
beautifid  piazzas,  ttiat  slieltcr  passen- 
gers from  the  s'ln  and  rain.  Seven  ci- 
ties of  the  tlurd  class  are  dependant 
upon  it. 

Kiuitf(-nnn,  a  province  of  China, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Honan  .■uid  Hou- 
quang,  on  the  S  by  Tclic-ki:ing  and 
Kian-si,  on  the  E  by  tlie  gulf  of  Nan- 
kin.T,  and  on  the  N  by  c'hanlong.  It 
u:  of  vast  extent  !ind  contains  14'cities 
of  the  first  r:mk,  .ind  93  oCthe  second 
»md  tlijrd.  'I'hc.sc  cities  are  verv  po- 
pulous, and  all  of  (hem  arc  preid 'trad- 
ing places,  it   is  fdl  of  hikes,  ri\.  is. 


rmd  canals  ;    and  tlieir   filKs,  j;,j);mned' 
g-ood-s,  ink,   mi  paper,  .bring  liighcr 


K  I  E 

prices  than  that  of  the  other  province*. 
Nan-king  is  the  capital. 

A7«/,i'-5/,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  ilie  N  by  Kiang-n.in,  on  the  W 
by  Hou-(jiiang,  on  the  S  bv  Qiiang- 
tong,  and  on  tlie  E  by  Fo-kien  and 
rehe-kiaug.  1  he  mountains  of  thirt 
|>rovince  contain  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
lea<l,  Sic.  the  rice  it  produces  is  very 
delicate,  and  its  porcelain  is  the  finest 
of  the  empire.  It  contuini!  13  cities  of 
the  first,  and  78  of  the  second  and 
third.  Nan-tcluuig-fou  is  the  capital. 
Kiburg,  a  town  of  Swis.^erland,  and 
in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  witli  a  castle.  It 
is  sealeil  on  the  river  Thenir,  14  miles 
N  h  ot  the  town  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  46  E, 
lat.  4r  28  N. 

Kidderminster,  a  corporate  town  in 
Worcestershire,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday.  It  is  seated  under  a  hill,  on 
the  river  Stoiir,  and  is  the  prlncljml 
manudicturing  place  in  tlie  county,  and 
it  was  particularly  noted  for  a  woollen 
man'.'.facture  called  Kidderminster 
studs.  Its  former  trade  of  stufis  is 
much  declined,  on  .iccount  of  the  ge- 
neral use  of  cotton  goods;  but  its  car- 
pet manufacture  has  greatly  increased. 
It  is  the  first  market  in  England  for 
])ile  or  plush  carpets,  1000  looms  being 
employed  in  that  branch  of  traffic, 
which,  for  beauty  of  colour  and  pat- 
terns, exceed  any  other.  These  are 
frequently  called  Wilton,  from  ha\-ing 
been  first  made  at  that  town.  The 
wf)rsted  sli.-ig  trade  has  also  been  in- 
troduced here,  and  employs  many 
looms.  It  is  14  miles  S  E  of  Bridge- 
nortli,  and  125  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  18  W%  lat  52  28  N. 

Kid'meUy,  a  town  in  Carmarthenshire 
in  S  Wales,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday. 
II  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol 
Channel,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Towy. 
From  this  town,  a  canal  has  been  cut 
to  s.ime  collieries,  whence  coal  is 
brought  down  and  exported.  It  is  eight 
miles  S  of  Carmarthen,  and  224  W  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  4  20  \V,  lat.  .56  44  N. 
A7f.,  a  strong  and  considerable  town 
of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Saxonv,  capital  of  Holstcin,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  univeri.ity.  It  Btands  on  a 
))e;iinsula,  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and 
h.'is  a  commodious  harbour  lor  ships  of 
the  hirgest  size.     A  canal   was    begun 


In  1777,  by  which  the  nuvigathm"  of 
the  Northern  Sea  is  (<>  be  unilod  with 
tht^  Bailie  ;  and  is  to  be  formed  across 
Holstcin,  by  the  canal  of  Kiul,  and  the 


K  I  E 


K  I  L 


KI  L 


:  of  tlif!  otlier  provinceif. 

capital. 

Dvinre  orCliina,  boiincU 
)•  Kianff-iiaii,  on  the    \V 

oi\  tlie  S  I)y  Qiiaiijj- 
hc  E  by  Fo-kien  and 
1  !-e  mountains  of  thirt 
1  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
te  it  produccB  is  very 
I  porcelain  is  the  finest 

It  contuini!  13  cities  of 
"8  of  the  second  and 
lanp-foti  is  the  capital, 
'n  of  Swisserland,  and 

Zuric,  witli  a  castle.  It 
river  Theolf,  14  miles 

of  2u.-ic.  Lon.  8  46  E, 

.  a  corporate  town  in 
,  with  a  market  on 
seated  \inder  a  hill,  on 
•,  and  is  the  prinrijml 
lace  in  tile  county,  and 
ly  noted  for  a  woollen 
ailed  Kichlerminster 
ner  trade  of  stulis  is 
on  .iccoiint  of  the  go- 
on goods  i  but  its  car- 
has  greatly  increased, 
lai-kct  in  Kngland  for 
pets,  1000  looms  being 
at  branch  of  traffic, 
y  of  colonr  and  jjat- 
iny  other.     These  are 

Wilton,  from  having 

at  that  town.  The 
ide  has  also  been   in- 

and  employs  many 
miles  S  E  of  Bridge- 
■  W  of  London.  Lon. 
28  N. 

m  in  Carmarthenshire 
a  market  on  Tuesday. 
1  creek  of  the  Bristol 
B  mouth  of  the  Towy. 

,1  canal  has  been  cut 
ies,  whence  coal  is 
1  exported.  It  is  eight 
rtlicn,  and  224  W  by 
1. 4  20  U',  Lit.  .56  44  N. 
ind  considerable  town 
the  circle  of  Lower 
f  Holstcin,  with  a  cas- 
iity.  It  Btaiuis  on  a 
bay  of  the  Kaltic,  and 
IS  harbour  for  ships  of 

A  canal  was  begun 
•li    the    niivif,-:;rion   of 

is  t')  be  united  with 
s  to  lie  formed  acra.ss 
:unal  of  Kiul,  and  tlie 


Tivfr  Eyder,  which  passes  by  Rends- 
liurg,  and  falls  into  the  German  Ocean 
«t  'i'onningen  ;  by  M'hich  the  trade  of 
Kiel  idready  one  of  the  most  commer- 
cial places  in  Holstcin  will  be  further 
augmented.  Kiel  is  37  miles  N  W  of 
Lubec,  and  46  N  by  E  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  54  20  N.  Sec  ffolstein. 

Kiema,  a  promontory  of  Swisser- 
land, on  the  VV  shore  of  the  lake  of  Zug, 
of  which  it  is  remarkable,  that  the 
ground  belongs  to  the  canton  of  Lu- 
ccrn,  the  timber  to  that  of  Zug,  and 
the  leaves  to  that  of  Sclvweitz. 

Kien-ning-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Fo-kien.  At  the  time  of 
the  conquest  of  China  by  the  Tartars, 
it  sustained  two  sieges,  and  after 
some  time  it  was  taken,  and  all  the  in- 
habitants were  put  to  the  sword.  Hav- 
ing been  since  re-established  by  the 
same  Tartai-s  that  destroyed  it,  it  is 
ranked  among  cities  of  the  first  class, 
and  has  eight  cities  of  the  third  class 
imder  its  jurisdiction.  It  is  260  miles 
S  E  of  Nan-king. 

Kiernow,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  seated 
on  the  Villia,  where  the  duke  resides. 
Lon.  35  21  E,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Kilbarchan,  a  village  in  Renfrew- 
shire ;  it  is  a  manufacturing  place,  and 
has  cxte.isivc  bleaching  grounds.  It  is 
fivt;  miles  S  W  of  Renfrew. 

Kilbeggan,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
West  Mcath.  It  is  seated  on  the  13os- 
na,  and  is  44  miles  W  of  Dublin. 

Kilbtirn,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  in 
the  vicinity  of  London  j  famous  for  a 
fine  well  of  mineral  water. 

Kilda,  St.  a  small  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  18  leagues  to  the 
"W  of  North  Uist.  A  great  number  of 
the  poor  people  in  this  island  live  chief- 
ly by  fishing  and  catching  wild  fowls. 
In  the  latter  cmjiloyment,  they  are  in- 
credibly adventiu'ous  ;  being  often  let 
down  by  a  rope  from  the  summit  of 
high  precipitous  rocks,  where  they 
clamber  .among  the  rugged  clilTs,  in 
.search  of  the  eggs  and  nests  of  various 
birds.  But  the  more  safe  and  common 
method  of  catching  these  fowls  is,  by 
spreading  a  large  net  over  the  face  of 
the  rock  where  they  lodge,  in  which 
great  numbers  are  at  once  entangled, 
and  lowered  down  into  a  boat.  St.  Kil- 
<la  is  the  most  westerly  island  of  Great 
Britain.      .  . 

Kildare,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  tlic 
jirovince  of  Lcin.stor,  37  miles  long  and 
.JO  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  J)ub- 


lin  and  Wlcklow,  on  the  W  by  King's 
County,  and  (^leen's  County,  on  the  N 
by  E  Meath,  and  on  the  S  by  Cather- 
lougli.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  contains 
100  parishes,  and  sends  10  members  to 
parliament. 

Kildiii-e,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  27  miles  S  W  of 
Dublin.     Lon.  6  ^7  W,  lat.  hi  9  N. 

Kildniminy,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  seated  on  the  Don. 
Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  57  20  N. 

Kilgarien,  a  to\vn  in  Pembrokesliire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Tjvy,  is  a  long 
town  consisting  of  one  street,  .ind  had 
formerly  a  castle,  now  in  ruins ;  and 
near  it  is  a  remarkable  salmon-leap, 
where  the  fish  are  caught  in  great 
abundance.  Above  this  place,  arc 
large  works  for  fabricating  tin  plates. 
It  is  30  miles  N  of  Pembroke,  and 
227  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  440  W, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Kilham,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  scited  on  the  Moulds,  and  is  36 
miles  N  E  of  York,  and  200  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  16  W,  lat  54  5  N. 

K'tlia,  a  f<irtified  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  the  province  of  Bessarabia: 
seated  in  .-ui  island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube.  It  is  86  miles  S  W  of  Bialo- 
gorod,  and  290  N  E  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  28  46  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Kilkenny,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  40  miles  long  and 
20  broad;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Ca- 
tiierlough  and  Wexford,  on  tlie  W  l>y 
TipperaiT,  on  the  N  by  Qiicen's  Coim- 
ty,  and  on  the  S  by  Waterford.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  healthful  pleasant  and 
jiopujuus  cuuiilici*  in  Ireland,  contains 
96  p.arishcs,  and  .sends  16  members  to 
parli.iment. 

Kilienny,  a  town  of  Irehind,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  niime.  It  is  one 
of  the  mo.st  populous  and  commerc-al 
towns  of  Ireland  j  and  consists  of  the 
Irish  and  English  Town,  the  bst  of 
which  is  the  principal.  It  once  had  a. 
bishop  and  the  cathedral  is  yet  stand- 
ing. It  is  26  railes  N  of  Waterford. 
and  54  S  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  55  W, 
lilt.  52  36  N. 

Killala,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
counly  of  Mayo,  and  province  of  Con- 
naught,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  21 
miles  N  of  Castlebar.  Lon.  9  11  W, 
lat.  54  15  E> 


I  m. 


;v! 


m>'* 


K  I  L 


K  I  L 


KHldlpe,  n  city  of  Ireland,  in  the 
coinit\  ol'Cbrc,  i.nil  province  of  Miiii- 
htt;r  with  a  liislioji's  see,  seated  on  the 
SliiiiiiK.n,  over  whicli  is  a  hi'idye  of  ly 
arrlies.  Here  i.s  u  eonsiik  ruble  sal- 
mon and  fcl  lislun.  11  is  10  miles  N 
N  li  of  Limtnck.'  Lon.  b  27  \V,  iat. 
i>2  50  N. 

AHiiiiney,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
rcnniy  ol  Kcrrv  and  j:i(ivinee  ol  Mui.- 
«tei',  on  tlifc  siui:  of  ji  l;,ke  of  the  same 
nuiiie.  Within  half  a  mile  of  this 
])la'.e  are  the  ruins  of  the  catliedr.d 
of  Agiiadoc,  an  aiujent  bishopric  uiii- 
tcd  v..  Atdfert.  It  is  14J  uiiles  o  \v 
of  loibun. 

A'Humie.;   a   beautiful   lake    of  Ire- 
land, in  the  eoiuity  of  Kerry,  otherwise 
called  I,i»if,l)  Lean,  from  Us  being' sur- 
louiided  liy  hijrh  mountains.     It  is  di- 
vided into  tliree  parts,  c.dledthe  Low- 
er,   iVliddle,   and    Up))er    Lake,     'i  he 
nortlieni,  or  lower  lake,  i.s  six  miles  hi 
lenirth,    und    from    tliree    to    lour   in 
brL;.dlli.     On   the  side   of  one  of  the 
mountains,    is    O'.Sullivan's    Cascade, 
■wiiieh  fa  Is  into  the   lake  with   a  roiir 
that  strikes  the  timid  with  iiwe.    The 
view  of  this  slupt  of  water  is  xmcom- 
moiily  iine,  a))pcarinp  as  if  it   were  de- 
seendinjT  Irom  an  arch  of  wood,  which 
overhangs    it  above    TO   lect  in  height 
from  the    jxiint   of  view.      The  islands 
sire  not  .so  numerous  in  this  as    in   the 
upper  hike  ;  but  there  is  one  of  uncom- 
mon  beauty,  called  Inni.sfallen,  nearly 
opposite  O'SuUivan's  Ca.scadc.    It  con- 
tains 18  Irish  acres :  anil  the  coast  is 
larmcd  into  a  variety  of  bays  and  pro- 
moniories,  skirted  and   crowned  with 
arbutus,   holly,   and  other  shrubs  and 
trees.      The   promontory   of  Mueriis, 
which  divides  the  upper  from  the  low- 
er lake,  is   a   }-,erfect  land  i>f  cneliaiit- 
ment  ;  and  a  road   is  carried  throug-ii 
(he  centre  of  tliis   pronioiitory,    which 
unfolds  all  the  interior  beauties  of  the 
place.     Among  the  distant  mountains, 
Turk    apjiears    an   obleet  of  wagniii- 
cence  :  and    R-Iangerlon's   more  iofty, 
though  less  interestiuf;- summit,  soara 
above  the  whole.     The  passngf  to  the 
iipp'er  Inkc  is   round   tlie  extremity  of 
Mucruss.  which  confines  it  on  one  side, 
and  the  ap|n-oachuig  niountr.iiis  on  the 
other.     Here  is  a  celebrated  iw  k,  cal- 
led the  Eagle's  Nest,  which  produces 
■«voiulerful  echoes  :  the  report  of  a  sin 
glc  cannon  is   answered  by   a   succes- 
sion of  peals   resembling-   the   loudest 
thunder,   which  seems   to  travel  the 


.surrotindlnff  uccnery,  and  dli?  away 
among  the  di.itani  mountains,  fhe 
\il)pcr  lake  is  four  miles  in  length,  and 
Irom  two  to  three  in  breadth.  It  isal- 
mo.st  surnjunded  hy  mountains,  from 
wliii  h  descend  a  number  of  beautiful 
cascades.  The  islands  in  this  lake  are 
numerous,  and  aiiords  an  ania/ang  va- 
rietv  of  picturesque  views.  The  cen- 
Ire  Ilk.  which  communicates  with  the 
upper,  is  sm;;li  in  comparison  with 
the  other  two,  und  cannot  boast  of 
equal  variety ;  but  the  shore.i  are,  in 
uiany  jdaces,  indented  with  beautiful 
bays,  surrounded  by  dark  groves  of 
trees.  The  E  boundary  is  formed  by 
the  base  of  Mangt!rton,down  the  steep 
side  of  wh.ch  descends  a  cascade,  visi- 
ble ihr  150  yards.  This  fall  of  water  is 
supplied  by  acircularlake  near  the  sum. 
mit  of  the  mountain,  called  the  Devil's 
Punch  Bowl ;  which  on  account  of  its 
immense  dejrth,  and  the  continual 
overflow  of  water,  is  consiilered  as  one 
of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  Killarney. 
One  of  the  best  jn'ospccts  which  this 
admired  lake  aiiords,  is  from  a  rising 
ground  near  tlie  ruined  cathedral  of 
Aghadoe.  In  tha  several  moimtains 
adjacent  to  the  lakes  are  still  to  be 
seen  vestig^.s  of  mines  of  iron,  lead 
and  copper. 

Killcvan,  a  town  of  Ireland,  and  pro- 
vince  of  Ulster  in  the  county  of  Monag- 
han,  eight  miles  S  W  of  Monaghan. 
Lon.  7  26  W,  Iat.  54  10  N 

Kilticrankie,  a  noted  pass  in  Perth- 
shire, near  the  junction  of  the  Tumel 
with  the  Gan-y.  It  is  the  grand  en- 
trance into  the  Highlands  in  those 
parts,  and  is  fonncd  by  the  lofty  moun- 
tains impending  over  the  Garry,  which 
rushes  through  in  a  deep,  darksome, 
and  rocky  channel,  overhung  with 
trees.  In  the  last  century,  this  was 
a  pass  of  much  difficulty  and  danger  : 
a  path  hanging  over  a  tremendous  pre- 
cipice threatened  destruction  to  tlie 
least  false  step  of  the  traveller.  At 
present,  a  fine  road  gives  an  easy  ac- 
cess to  tlie  remote  Highlands ;  and 
the  two  sides  are  joined  by  a  fine  arch. 
Near  llic  N  end  of  this  pass,  in  its  o- 
pen  and  unimproved  state,  king  Wil- 
liam's army  under  general  Mackey, 
was  defeated,  in  1689,  by  the  Highlan- 
ders, commanded  by  viscount  Dundee, 
who  was  killed  in  the  momeJit  of  victo- 
ry. Here  also  a  body  of  Hessians  in 
1M6  made  a  full  jjause,  refusing  to 
marth  fiu-thcr,  for  it  appeared  to  them 


I  I  L 

cncpy,  aiid  dir;  away 
itani  mountains.  I'lie 
ur  miles  in  leiigtli,  and 
ee  in  brcatltli.  It  is  al- 
ii l\v  mountains,  from 
a  nunibi!)'  of  beautiful 
ishiiula  in  this  lake  are 
liiui'iLs  an  anin/.ing-  va> 
que  views.  The  cen- 
uiiiimunicates  with  the 
in  comparison  uith 
and  cuniiot  boast  of 
lilt  the  shorr.i  are,  in 
lented  with  beautiful 
•d  by  dark  groves  of 
loiindary  is  formed  by 
trertoii,  down  the  steep 
sccnds  a  cascade,  visi- 
i.  Tliia  fall  of  water  is 
'ularlake  near  the  sum. 
ain,  called  the  Devil's 
hich  on  account  of  its 
,  and  the  continual 
r,  is  considered  as  one 
uriosities  in  Killarney. 
jnospccts  which  tliis 
;)rd8,  is  from  a  rising 
e  ruined  cathedral  of 
lia  several  mountains 
lakes  are  still  to  be 
F  mines  of  iron,  lead 

m  of  Ireland,  and  pro- 
1  the  county  of  Monag- 
S  W  of  Monachal). 
.  54  10  N 
noted  pass  in  Perth- 
unction  of  the  Tumel 
It  is  the  grand  en- 
Highlands  in  tliose 
led  by  the  lofty  moun- 
ter the  Garry,  which 
n  a  deep,  darksome, 
incl,  overhung  with 
St  century,  this  wa« 
ifficulty  and  danger : 
ler  a  tremendous  pre- 
d  destruction  to  the 
jf  the  traveller.  At 
oad  gives  an  easy  ac- 
lote  Highlands  ;  and 
joined  by  a  fine  arch. 
of  this  pass,  in  its  o- 
•ed  state,  king  Wil- 
ier general  Mackey, 
1689,  by  the  Highlan- 
l  hy  viscount  Dundee, 
ithc  moment  of  victo- 
body  of  Hessians  in 
ill  ]jause,  refusing  to 
r  it  appeared  to  thetu 


K  I  L 

xnihc  tie  plus  ultra  of  habitable  coun- 
try. 

Killiltagh,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Down,  seated  on  an  arm 
of  Strangiord  Lough,  where  shipt  may 
be  sheltered  from  all  winds.  It  suf- 
fered much  in  the  war  of  1641 ;  but  it 
is  now  a  thriving  place,  with  a  linen 
and  thread  manuiactui-c.  Here  is  a 
castle,  formerly  the  scat  of  tiie  family 
of  Hamilton,  now  carls  of  ChmbrMsil. 
The  celebrated  Sir  Hans  Sloane  was 
born  in  this  town,  which  is  80  miles  N 
by  E  of  Dublin. 

Killinaulc,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary  and  province  of 
Connaught,  14  miles  N  of  Clonmell. 
Lon.  7  26  W,  lat.  52  27  N. 

Killingvsorth,  a  post  town  in  Middle- 
sex county,  Connecticut  ;  situated  on 
Long  Island  Sound,  20  miles  S  W  of 
New  London,  and  about  25  N  E  of 
NevT  Haven. 

Killony,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Sligo,  six  miles  S  of  Sligo. 
Lon.  8  25  W,  lat  54  UN. 

Killough,  or  Port  St.  Ann,  a  seaport 
of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Down,  and 
province  of  Ulster,  situate  on  the  N  of 
St.  John's  Point,  in  the  Irish  Sea,  and 
has  a  good  quay  where  ships  He  very 
safe.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  salt. 
It  is  76  miles  Nby  E  of  Dublin. 

Killybegs,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Donegal,  with  a  spacious 
harbour  on  tlic  N  side  of  Donegal  Bay. 
It  is  12  miles  K  \V  of  Ballyshannon. 
Lon.  8  6  W,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Kilmac-Thomai,  a  town  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Waterford  and  pro- 
vince of  Mimster,  12  miles  SE  of  Wa- 
terford.   Lon.  7 10  W,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Kihnainham,  a  town  of  Ireland,  si- 
tuated about  half  a  mile  from  Dublin. 
It  has  a  session-house  and  a  gaol ;  and 
here  the  quarter  sessions  are  held  for 
the  county  of  Dublin,  and  the  knights 
for  the  shire  elected.  It  was  some- 
ttmes  the  seat  of  government,  before 
'Se  Castle  at  Dublin  was  appropriated 
to  the  purpose. 

Kilmallock,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  34  W, 
lat.  51  24  N. 

Kilmarnock,  a  populous  town  in  Ayr- 
shire, with  a  manufacture  of  gloves, 
carpets,  stockings,  nightcaps,  bonnets, 
and  other  woollen  goods.  It  is  15 
miles  S  W  of  Glasgow. 

Kilmore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cavan  and  province  of  Ulster, 


K  I  N 

with  a  bishop's  see,  three  miles  S  W 
ofCavaii.     Lon.  7  11  \V ,  la),. 51  ^  X. 

Kiltecirn,  a.  town  of  Hossliuv,  \n 
Scotland,  rcmarkublc  for  bi-iiit^  the 
burial  place  <ir  Donald  Monro,  wli()g:ive 
Uuclii.iiaii  the  iicc'i'int  of  the  islmidn 
and  Ilijchlands  of  .•'(•otlaiid,  which  he 
hits  inserted  in  his  history. 

Ki/worth,  a  thriving  town  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Cork  and  province 
of  Minister,. at  the  foot  of  Kilwortli 
mountains.  Below  the  town  runs  the 
river  Funchcoii,  on  which  stands  the 
castle  of  Clough-leagh,  which  has 
st(K)d  seven  sieges.  Kilworth  is  108 
miles  S  W  of  Dublin. 

Kimbolton,  a  town  in  Huntingdon- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday,  noted 
for  the  castle  of  Kimbolton.  It  is 
eight  miles  N  W  of  St.  Neot's  and  64 
N  by  W  of  London,  Lon.  0  18  W, 
lat,  52  15  N, 

Ktmi,  a  to^vn  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  in  East 
Bothnia,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name  where  it  falls  into  the  gtdf  of 
Bothnia,  10  miles  S  E  of  Tornoiu     ' 

Kiini  Lapmari,  a  province  of  Swed- 
ish Lapland,  situated  on  the  frontiers 
of  Russian  Lapland. 

Kinuii,  a  town  of  Tartary  in  Russia, 
where  there  is  a  great  number  of  mar- 
tens and  sables. 

iir/;i,  a  town  of  Persia,  320  miles  E  of 
Jspahan. 

Kinburn,  a  fortress  of  the  Russian 
empire,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Dnieper,  opposite  Oczakow.  in  the 
last  war  with  Russia,  the  Turks  made 
several  attacks  upon  it  by  land  and 
sea,  but  were  finally  repulsed. 

Kincardine-o-niel,  a  village  in  Aber- 
deenshire, seated  on  the  rirer  Dee, 
23  miles  W  of  Aberdeen. 

Kincardineshire,  or  Mtanta,  a  co'in- 
ty  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N  and 
N  W  by  Aberdeenshire,  on  tlie  E  by 
the  German  Ocean,  and  on  the  S  by 
Angusshire.  Its  length  along  the  coast 
is  30  miles ;  its  greatest  breadth  20. 
The  only  borough  in  it  is  Inverbervie, 

Kinderhooi,  a  town  in  Columbia 
county.  New  York,  that  has  a  post 
office,  and  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Hudson  river,  19  miles  N  of  the 
city  of  Hudson,  and  21  S  of  Albany. 

Kineton,  a  town  in  Warvirickshirc. 
It  is  10  miles  S  S  E  of  Warwick,  and 
88  N  W  of  London,  Lon.  1  24  AV, 
lat.  52  11  N. 

King  George's  Somid,  the  name  given 


liSl 


K  I  N 

by  captain  Cook,  ill  17*8,  to   tlic   liar- 
bdiir   wliiili  he    iliscovcriMl  ou  tin-  W 
cimsl  ol  North  Aimiicu,  ;il    tlir  mouth 
of  ii  preiit  rivii',  in  Ion.  12t)  4ti  W,  iiiid 
lat.  4'J  :3;i  N.     Hut  tiic    natives  call  it 
Nmtthi ;    the    naiui'  now     j;('iK'raily    a- 
Uoptcd  by  till'  En|rii.iii.     Upon  liic  Mca- 
coartt,  the  hiiul  is   tolerably    \\\^\\   anil 
level;  but,  witiiin  tile   island,   it    rises 
into    steep   iiill:i,  wiiic'i  liiivu    an  uni- 
form appearance.     'J'lie  trees,  or%vliirii 
the  woods  arc  cijinposcd,  are    the   Ca- 
nadian ))ine,    wliite   r\  press,   and  two 
ur  three  otiicr  sorts  of  ,)inc.     In  gene- 
ral, the  trees   pi ow   here    with    great 
vigour,  and  are  (i''a  large  size.     About 
the  I'ficks   and    h  jrders   of  the   woods 
were   seen   some    strawberry    plants, 
and  raspberiy,  ciiiTani,  and  gooseberry 
busiies,  all  in  a  flourishing  state.     The 
stature  of  the  natives  is,  in  general  I)c- 
low  the  common  standard  ;    but  their 
persons  arc  not  propmtionably  slcnilcr, 
being  usually    pretty  plump,    thougli 
not    nmsculiir.      The    women   are,  in 
general,  of  the  same   si/e  and  form  as 
the«nen;  nor  is  it  easy  to  distinguish 
them,  as  they  possess  no   natural  fem- 
inine delicHfies.     There  was  notii  sin- 
gle one  to  be  found,  even  among  tiiose 
who  were  in  their  prime,  who  had  the 
least  pretensions  to  beauty  or  comeli- 
ness.    Tlie  irregularity  and  confusion 
of  their  houses  is  far  exceeded  by  their 
nEistiness   and    stenrh.      Every    thing 
about  the  house  stinks  of  trainoil,  iisli, 
and  smoke  ;  and  every  part  of  it  is  us 
fdthy  as  can  be  im.iglncd.     In    1780,  a 
small  association  of  British  merchants, 
resident  in  the  East  Indies,  firmed  the 
project  of  opening  a  trade  to  this  jilace, 
ibr  sujiplying  China  with  furs,  .md  took 
measures,    in   1783,   to   secure    them- 
selves a  permanent  settlement  j  but  the 
Spaniards  being   jealous   of  the  intru- 
sion "f  the  English  into  that   part  of 
the  \v  ;rld,  sent  a  frigate  from    Mexico 
to  put  an  end  to  this  commerce.     The 
frigate  captured  two  English  vessels, 
and  took  possession  of  the  settlement 
that  had  been  formed  upon  the   coast. 
The  British   ministry  immediately  or- 
dcred   a  powerful  armament  to  give 
weight  to  thcirdcmand  of  reparation ; 
but  the  afliiir  was  amicably  terminated 
by  a  convention,  in  1790. 

Kiitgliorn,  a  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  on 
the  frith  of  Forth,  nine  miles  N  of 
Leith,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  frith, 
l.on.  .3  0  W,  lat.  56.5  N. 

KirgsbriJge,  a  town   in  DcvonshiiT, 


K  I  N 

with  a  market  on  .Saturday,  it  is  .seat- 
ed at  the  hciid  of  a  small  inlet  of  tht" 
Knglish  channel.  ,!4  mik.-.  S  by  \V  of 
Exeter,  uii.l  218  VV  .S  W  of  London. 
I. on.  ,5  -IH  W,  lut.  50  20  N. 

Kiiigshitiy,  a  village  in  tIertH,  to  the 
N  of  St.  Alban's.  Hero  the  Saxon 
kings  had  a  palace. 

kh'gsclear,  a  town  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was 
the  residence  of  some  of  our  Saxon 
kings,  and  is  nine  miles  N  W  of  Ba- 
singstoke, and  56  \V  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  51  20  N. 

King's  County,  a  county  of  Ireland, 
in  the  province  of  Leinster,  which  is 
38  miles  long  and  30  broad ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  West  Meath,  on  the  E  by 
Kildare,  on  S  by  QiicenV  County 
and  Tipperary,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Shannon,  which  diviiles  it  from  Kos- 
C()mmon,  Galway,  and  another  part  of 
Tipperaiy.  It  contains  56  parishes, 
and  sends  six  members  to  parliament. 
It  is  not  so  rich  as  some  of  tha  other 
counties,  nor  is  it  so  well  inhabited. 
The  capital  is  I'hillpstown. 

King'a  Langh,  a  vdliige  in  Herts, 
five  mdes  W  of  St.  Alban's.  ,It  re- 
ceived its  name  from  a  palace  which 
Henry  III.  built  here,  the  riiins  of 
which  are  to  be  seen.  Richard  II.  was 
buried  in  its  nioiiiistcry,  but  removed, 
by  Henry  V.  to  Westminster. 

Kingstein,  a  strong  fortress  of  Nor- 
way.    See  FreJericstitdt. 

Kingston,  a  post  town  in  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  19  miles  S 
W  of  Portsmouth,  with  Sl^Oinhabitimts. 

KiyUon,  a  post  town  in  Plymoutb 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  it 
small  bay  near  Cap.  Cod,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  37  miles  S  E  of  Boston,  with 
1037  inhabitants. 

Aingston,  a  post  town  in  Ulster  cot(n- 
ty.  New  York,  lying  on  the  VV  side  of 
Hudson  river,  32  miles  S  of  t)ie  city 
of  Hudson;  which  wa.s  burnt  by  the 
British  forces  in  1777,  being  at  that 
time  one  of  gen.  Geo.  Washington's 
principal  magazines. 

Aingston,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  on  tlio 
N  side  of  the  bay  of  Port  Royal,  about 
a  mile  in  length  and  half  a  mile  in 
breadth.  It  was  built  after  the  gre.it 
cartluiuakc  in  1692,  it  is  aplaceof  gooil 
trade,  iuid  is  much  resorted  to  by  mer- 
chants and  seamen,  because  most  of 
the  shi|)s  come  to  load  and  unload  their 
cargoes  liere.  I,on.  76  52  W,  lat.  17 
56  N. 


A*; 

K, 

towr 

tiirdi 

hdd 

E-bi 

and  I 

and 

were 

tradli 

iiamc 

tliird 

I'd  Ii. 

assizi 

I'liice 

Tlian 

river, 

corpo 

port. 

i.on. 

Kin 

tlie  pi 

Jao-t( 

tiful 

saidt( 

and  it 

of  inJ 

and  a 

which 

uboiit 

Kin^ 

provin 

banks 

abuiini 

Kini 

princij 

nam    . 

niilcj 

way  bi 

key  ri' 

Kim 

seated 

skreen 

Its  ma 

cutler) 

Edinbi 

Kinr 

betwet 

and  30 

und   bi 

one  mi 

with  tl 

Kinat 

Ireland 

provinc 

t)o|)uloi 

eel  lent 

Lon.  8 

Kinsi 
lar.d  CO 


C  I  N 

in  Sttturduy.  It  is  soat- 
»f  a  small  inlet  nt'tlie 
I.  ,!4  mik,-.  S  by  W  of 
8  VV  S  VV  of  London. 
It.  50  20  N. 

v'lWugi:  in  Hcl'tH,  to  the 
i'!i.  Here  tlic  Saxoii 
uce. 

town   in    IIump.sliirc, 

on  Tucmluy.  It  was 
)f  .some  of  our  Saxon 
iL-  miles  N  W  of  Bu- 
56  W  by  S  of  London. 
.  51  20  N. 

,  a  comity  of  Ireland, 
i)f  Leinster,  which  is 
id  30  broad;  bounded 
St  Meatli,  on  the  E  by 
>  by  Qiieen's  County 
and  on  the  \V  by  the 

diviiles  it    from  Kos- 

y,  and  another  part  of 

contuins    56  parishes, 

lembers  to  parliament. 

as   some  of  tha  other 

it  so  well  inhabited, 
'hillpstown. 

J,  a  Village  in  Herts, 
f  St.  Alban's.  ,It  re- 
E  from  a  palace  which 
It  liere,  the  ruins  of 
seen.  Richard  II.  was 
nastcry,  but  removed, 
Wcsttiiinster. 
:rou(j  fortress  of  Nor- 
;ricitiiUt. 

t  town  in  Rockingham 
ampshire,  19  miles  S 
li,  with  8oO  inhabitants. 
St  town  in  Plymouth 
hiisetts,  situated  on  a 
2u\,.  Cod,  at  the  dis- 
:s  S  E  of  Boston,  with 

St  town  in  Ulster  coim- 
lyin(;-  on  the  VV  side  of 
>2  miles  S  of  tlie  city 
ch  was  burnt  by  the 
1  17T7,  being  at  that 
ill.  Geo.  Washington's 
lies. 

wn  of  Jamaica,  on  thn 
'  of  Port  Royal,  about 
1  and  half  a  mile  in 
I  built  after  the  gre.it 
i92,  it  is  a  place  of  g-ood 
cli  resorted  to  by  mer- 
len,  because  most  of 
)  load  and  unload  their 
-on.  re  52  W,  lat.  17 


K  I  N 

A'J>i:;ston  upon  //«//.  Sec  //«//. 
K'ni-sfon  upiiii  T/mmes,  a  corporate 
town  ill  Surry,  with  u  market  on  Sa- 
turday. A  great  national  cour.cil  w.  s 
li'.ld  here  in  the  year  H38,  at  which 
Eo'hcrt  the  Krst  king  of  all  England, 
and  his  .son  Alhelwoif,  were  piv.seiit  j 
and  scvpial  of  the  Saxon  i„oiuirclis 
were  crowned  here.  It  is  a  populous 
tradingtown  and  scut  iiicmbers  to  par- 
liament in  the  reigns  of  the  second  and 
tlia-d  Edward.  Qiioeii  Elizabeth  found- 
ed i.ere  a  freescliool  ;  and  the  Lent 
assizes  are  constantly  held  at  this 
I'liice.  The  wooden  bridge,  over  the 
Tliames,  is  the  most  ancient  on  that 
river,  except  London  bridge  i  and  the 
corporation  have  a  revenue  for  its  sup- 
port. It  is  11  miles  S  \V  of  London, 
i.on.  0  12  W,  lat.  51  27  N. 

^inj-tf-tc/iiiig,  a  town  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si  and  district  of 
Jao-tcheou-fo'!.  It  is  famous  forits  beau- 
tiful porcelain!  and  500  furnaces  are 
said  to  be  employed  in  the  midcingofit, 
and  it  is  computed  to  contain  a  million 
of  inhabitants,  and  extends  a  league 
and  a  half  along  the  banks  of  a  river, 
which  here  forms  a  kind  of  harbour, 
about  a  league  in  circumference. 

King-nan-fou,  a  city  of  China  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the 
banks  of  a  river  in  a  very  fertile  canton, 
abounding  with  gold  and  silver. 

png  William,  Court  Houie,  the 
principal  seat  of  justice  in  Kin"-  Wil- 
nam  county,  Virginia!  situated  35 
miles  N  E  of  Richmond,  about  half 
way  between,  Mattanony  and  Pamim- 
key  rivers.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Kinrom,  a.  borough  in  Kinross-shire, 
seated  on  a  plain,  near  Loch-Lcven, 
skreened  on  the  N  by  tlie  Ochil  Hills 
Its  mannfactures  are  linen,  and  some 
cutlery  ware ;  and  it  is  20  miles  N  of 
Ldinbm-gh.  Lon.  3  22  \V,  Lit.  56 15  N. 
Kinro»3-ahire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
between  the  shires  of  Perth  and  Fife, 
and  30  miles  in  circuit,  and  its  lengtli 
and  breadth  nearly  equal.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament,  alternately 
with  the  county  of  Clackmannan. 

A'insale,  a.  seaport  and  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  and 
province  of  Munster.  It  is  a  very 
populous  trading  place,  and  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  14  miles  S  of  Cork 
Lon.  8  26  \V,  hit.  51  41  N. 

k'inmic,  a  post   town  in  Wo.stmore- 
land  county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on  the 


K  I  O 

.S  W  side  of  the  river  Potomack,  near 
Chesapcuk  bay. 

Kimuit,  a  peiiiiiMiila  in  Hoss-sliirc, 
situutcil  lietwccn  Luch  Gurrou  .and 
Loch  Oiiieh. 

Kiii-t.-ham-foii,  a  city  of  Cliiiia,  in 
the  province  of  Ilau.,|iian';.  Its  dis- 
trict contains  two  cities  of  the  second. 
and  11  ofibc  tliird  cL.ss. 

Kiitt-h-liin^,  the  ea],ital  of  the  islands 


of  Lieoii-kieoii,  ill  the  Cliina  Sea.  Its 
hmr  gates  coi  r.  spoiid  to  the  four  Car- 
•  iuial  points  and  tlie  western  on« 
txr.iis  the  giMiid  entry.  j;,e  king'* 
palace  is  reckoned  to  be  four  leagues 
in  circiinifereme.  Kint-tching is  seat- 
ed in  Cl.eonli,  tlie  S  part  of  the  island. 
Lon.  146  30  E,  lat.  26  2  N. 

A/Hfore,  a  borough  in  .•\hcrdeeiishirc, 
10  miles  \V  by  N  of  Aberdeen.  Lon. 
2  5  W  lat.  .57  8  N. 

Kief,  a  town  of  Poland,  and  capital 
of  tiie  Ukraine,  in  a  palatinate  of 
Uie  same  name,  with  an  arclibishop's 
see,  and  a  castle.  It  is  the  capital  of 
the  Russian  government  of  Kiof,  and 
carries  on  a  cimsiderable  trade.  It  ia 
divided  into  the  Old  and  New  Town, 
and  seatejl  on  the  VV  side  of  the 
Dnieper,  180  miles  N  E  of  Kamin- 
leck,  and  335  E  by  S  of  Warsaw 
Lon.  31  51  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

AVn/l  or  KiutM,  a  govemment  of  the 
Russian  empire,  being  part  of  the  Uk- 
raiiie,  or  litde  Russia.     It  lies  on  tlio 
E  side  of  the    Dnieper,  although.  Kiof, 
tliR  capital  is  on  the   W  side.     It  was 
once  a  dutcliy,  belonging  to   the  n-reat 
dukes   of  Russia,  and  Kiof  was  their 
capital,  and  principal  residence.     This 
country  was  conquered  by  the  Tartars, 
and  came  again  into  the  possession  of 
the  great  dukes,  but  was  over  run  and 
possessed  by  the  Cossacks,  under  the 
protection    of   Poland.      In  1664,  the 
natives,  discontented  with  John  Casi- 
mer,   king  of    Poland,   submitted    to 
Russia,  and  h.ave   ever  since  remained 
subject  to  that  empire.     The  vast  pri- 
vileges   that  they  enjoyed  have  been 
gradually  abolished,  and  they  arc  now 
reduced  to  the  same  state  as  the  other 
provinces  of  the  Russian  empire.  This 
govemment  contains  eleven  districts  ; 
and  its  principal   rivers  are  the   Dnie- 
per, Desna,  Oster,  Udai,  Sula,   Psol, 
and  Trubesh. 

Khf,  or  Kiov},  a  pr.latinate  of  Poland 
m  tliat  part  of  the  Ukraine  whicli  lies 
on  the  W  side  of  the  Dnieper.  It 
contains  only  two  districts,  and  several 

y  Y 


K  I  R 


K  I  R 


gmull  lovirrn  urarct-lv  worthy  of  nnt'tce  j 
its  cupitui,  Kiuf,  being  aubjvct  to  Hun- 
tin. 

Kio-feou,  a  city  of  China,  in  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Ch»ng-tong  and  district  of 
Ycn-ti'lieou-foii.  It  iit  cclcbnilcd  Kit  the 
birthplace  of  ConfuciuK,  Ncveral  luonu- 
mcnts  urc  still  to  he  seen  here,  erect- 
ed in  bnnuitr  of  tbi^  eminent  man. 

Kio^r,  or  AV;..  ,  u  s'lajiort  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  i.tU  of  Zealand,  with  a 
fro(Hl  harbour,  lU  iiiikii  S  of  Cojjcnbn- 
Ifen.     Lon.  12  40  1':,  lat.  59  31  N 

Kii>f)i:i!(,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wer- 
mcland,  beated  on  a  imall  stream,  that 
fall.^  at  a  little  diitanec  into  the  lake 
Maeler.     Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Kiuiim  2eik,  a  well  built  to  wn  of  Pegfue, 
kitiiatcd  on  the  river  Irrawaddcy.  It 
seems  to  be  in  a  state  of  improvement, 
and  lias  a  manufacture  of  cotton  cloth, 
which  is  the  source  of  its  prosperity. 

A'ii/iy-LunsJ(tlc,  a  town  of  Westmor- 
land, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
i(  a  large  town  with  a  manufactory  of 
woollen  cloth,  seated  on  the  Lon,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  lU  miles  S  £ 
of  Kendal,  and  253  N  VV  of  London. 
Lon    2  5T  W,  lat.  54  3  N. 

Kirby-MiM-aiile,   a     town  in   the    N 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednesdiiv.     It  is  seated  on  the  edge 
of  the  moors,  near   the  river  Oow,  25  | 
mills  N  of  York,   and  225  N  by  W  ofi 
London.     Lon.  1  3  VV,  lat.  54  20  N.      | 

Kirhy-Stephen,  a  town  in  VVcstmor- 1 
land,  with  a  market  on  Monday,  near  ■ 
the  skirts  of  the  hills  which  separate  ! 
this  country  from  Yorkshire,  and  has  I 
»  manufacture  of  stockings.  It  is  seat- 1 
cd  on  the  river  Eden  and  is  nine  miles 
S  of  Appleby,  and  281  N  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  54  26  N. 

Kirchherg,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  nine  miles  S  of  Ulm. 
Lon.  10  12  £.  lat.  48  16  N. 

Kirchbtrg,  a  territory  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  belonging  to 
the  house  of  Austria. 

Kircheim,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
Circle  of  Suabia,  25  miles  from  Ulm. 

Kircheim  Poland,  a  town  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine.  Lon.  7 
49  E,  lat.  49  39  N. 

A7;7h,  one  of  the  three  departments 
of  East  Chinese  Tartary,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  river  Saghalien,  on  the 
K  by  Uie  Sea,  on  the  S  by  Corca,  and 


on  the  W  by  Leacong.  Thi«  eountryi 
which  ii  rendered  extremely  cold, 
from  the  number  of  forests  by  which 
It  is  covered,  is  scarcely  inhabited.  It 
contains  only  two  or  three  ill  built  ci* 
tics,  surrounded  by  mud  walls.  The 
valuable  plant  ginseng  grows  here ; 
mid  the  emperor  sends  hither  thw 
rriminals  banished  by  the  laws. 

Airin,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
the  same  name  in  E  Chinese  I'artary, 
situate  on  the  river  Sonj^ari,  which  is 
here  called  Kirin,  is  the  residence  of 
a  Mantchew  general,  who  is  invested 
with  the  autliority  of »  Viceroy. 

Kirkcaldy,  a  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  oa 
the  frith  of  Forth,  with  a  dockyard  for 
small  vessels,  and  a  cotton  manufac- 
ture. It  is  a  pretty  populous,  large, 
well  built  town,  10  miles  N  of  Edin< 
burgh.     Lon.  3  8  W,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Kirkcudbright,  a  scapoM  in  Kirltcud- 
brightshirc,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Dec,  which  forms  its  harbour.  It  it 
a  small  inconsiderable  place,  ad  nira* 
bly  situated  for  the  fishcir,  and  other 
branches  of  commerce.  It  is  60  miles 
W  of  Carlisle,  and  83  S  W  of  Edin- 
burg.     Lon.  4  8  W,  lat.  55  0  N. 

Kirkcudbrighuhire,  a  county  or  stcw- 
artry  of  Scotlanil,  which  once  form- 
ed, with  Wigtonshirc,  the  ancient  pro- 
vince of  Galloway.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  £  by  Ayrshire  and  Dumfries- 
shire, onthe  S  by  Solway  Frith  and 
the  Irish  Sea,  and  on  the  W  by 
Wigtonshlre  and  Ayrshire.  Its  exten| 
from  N  to  S  is  30  miles,  from  E  to  W  45. 

Kirklets,  a  village  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  ia 
the  monument  of  the  famous  Robin 
Hood ;  and  on  the  adjacent  moor  are 
likewise  two  hills,  called  Robin  Hood's 
Butts. 

Kiriomald,  •  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Thursdny.  It  had 
formerly  a  castle  M^icb  was  demolish- 
ed above  100  years  ap^,  it  is  seated  on 
«  hill  near  the  river  Eden,  nine  miles 
N  by  E  of  Penrith,  and  292  K  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  48  W.  lat.  54  48  N. 

Kiripatrick,  a  town  in  Dumbarton- 
shire, lying  £  of  Dtimbarton,  said  to 
be  the  birthplace  of  the  tutelary  saint 
of  Ireland.  The  vestiges  of  the  Ro» 
man  wall,  called  Graham's  Dike,  built 
by  Antoninus,  extend  from  the  frith  of 
Clyde,  at  this  place  to  the  frith  of  Foith. 

Kirkviall,  a  borough  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Mainland,  tlis  principal  of 
the  Orkney  islands.    It  ia  built  on  w 


I  R 


K  I  T 


K  N  0 


acong^.  Tl>i»  countt)-, 
;rcd  extremely  cold, 
cr  of  forciU  by  which 
scarcely  inhnbited.     It 

0  or  three  ill  built  ci- 

1  by  mud  wall*.  The 
ginseng  grows  here  i 
or  »end»  hitlier  tliw 
led  by  the  laws. 

lital  of  the  province  of 
in  E  Chinese  Tartury, 
ivcr  Soni^ari,  wiiich  is 
in,  i»  the  residence  of 
nigral,  who  ia  invested 
■ity  of  a  Viceroy, 
seaport  in  Fifeshire,  oa 
•th,  with  a  dockywd  for 

and  a  cotton  manufuc- 
pretty  populous,   large, 
1,  10  miles  N   of  Edin- 
I  8  W,  lat.  56  8  N. 
,  a  seaport  in  Kirltcud- 

thc  mouth  of  the  river 
irms  its  harbour.    It  it 
iderable  place,  admira- 
•the  fishery,  and  other 
nroerce.    It  is  60  miles 
,  and  83  S  W  of  Edin- 
8  W,  lat.  55  0  N. 
tthire,  a  county  or  atcw- 
land,  which  once  form- 
onshire,  the  ancient  pro- 
way.     It  is  bounded  on 
Ayrshire   and   Dumfriea- 
i  by  Solway   Frith   and 
and    on  the     W    by 
tid  Ayrshire.    Its  exten% 
30  miles,  from  Eto  W  45. 
illage  in  the  W  riding  of 
the   vicinity  of  which  ia 
it  of  the  famous   Robin 
(n  the  adjacent  moor  are 
tills,  called  Robin  Hood's 

a  town  in  Cumberland, 
t  on  Thursday.    It  had 
itle  which  was  demolish- 
years  ago,  it  i»  seated  on 
e  river  Eden,  nine  miles 
nritU,   and  292  N  VV  of 
1.  2  48  W,  Ut.  54  48  K. 
a  town  in   Dumbarton- 
.  of  Dumbarton,  said  *• 
ace  of  the  tutelanr  saint 
I'he  vestiges  of  tl>e  Ro» 
led  Graham's  Dike,  buUt 
1,  extend  from  the  frith  of 
place  to  the  fritli  of  Foilh. 
J    borough    of   Scotland, 
tinland,  tlis  principal    of 
slands.    It  ia  built  on  » 


inlet  of  the  sea  on  the  E  side  of  the 
island,  and  has  a  tolerable  harbour, 
with  a  fortification,  im  which  suuic 
guns  are  mounted  for  its  defence  ;  the 
most  striking  object  is  the  stutely  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Miignus.  It  is  30  miles 
N  E  of  Thurso,  in  Ciiithncsshlre.  Lun. 
2  57  W,  lat.  58  54  N. 

/Cirton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
s  magnificent  chui-rh,  and  a  market 
on  Saturday,  '20  niilos  N  of  Lincoln, 
and  151  Nby  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
38  W,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Kiimiih,  an  island  of  Asia,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  about 
50  miles  in  length  and  five  in  brea4ttli, 
with  a  remarkable  pearl  fishcn'.  It  is 
fertile,  populous,  and  13  miles  S  of 
Gombroon. 

KM,  an  Asiatic  nation,  which  ex- 
tends from  the  liighest  ridge  of  Cauca- 
sus, along  tift  Sundsha  rivulets  i  they 
are  bounded  to  the  W  by  the  little 
Cabarda,  to  the  E  by  the  Tartars  and 
Leaguis,  and  to  the  S  by  the  Lesguis 
and  Georgians,  The  different  tribes 
of  this  restless  and  turbulent  nation 
are  generally  at  variance  Witii  each 
other,  and  with  all  their  neighbours. 
Their  dialects  have  no  analogy  with 
any  known  language,  and  tlieir  history 
and  origin  are  at  present  utterly  un- 
known. They  are  capable  of  arming 
about  5000  men)  they  call  themselves 
Inguihi,  KM,  or  Hatha  ,•  they  live  in 
villages  near  each  other,  containing 
.about  20  or  30  houses  are  diligent 
husbandmen,  and  rich  in  cattle.  Many 
of  their  villages  have  a  stone  tower, 
which  serves  in  time  of  war  as  a  re- 
treat to  their  women  and  children,  and 
<ts  a  magazine  for  their  effiscts.  These 
people  are  oil  armed,  and  have  the 
custom  of  wearing  shields.  Their  re- 
ligion is  very  simple,  but  has  some 
traces  of  Christianity :  They  believe  in 
one  God,  whom  they  call  JiaiU,  but 
have  no  saintr  or  religious  persons : 
they  celebrate  Sunday,  not  by  any  re- 
ligious ceremony,  but  by  resting  from 
labour ;  they  have  a  fast  in  spring,  and 
another  in  summer ;  they  observe  no 
ceremonies  either  at  births  or  deaths  ; 
they  allow  of  polygamy,  and  eat  pork. 

Kittna,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which 
Ktlls  into  the  bay  of  Beng^,  S  of  Matu- 
iipatam. 

KUtnagheri,  a  town  and  strong  fbr- 
tress  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  66 
miles  from  Arcot. 

Kittery,  ft  town  ef  North  AmeriCft, 


in'the  province  of  Maine.  It  is  famous 
for  ship-building,  and  is  srutt'd  un 
the  K  side  uf  tlie  rnoiitii  uf  Pisciitaciua 
KixiT. 

Kiun-tclieou-fnu,  tlic  capital  of  tlio 
island  of  H^iiniun,  stands  un  a  pronion- 
tor),  anil  ships  often  anchor  at  the 
b>rtt(;ni  of  its  wall'*.  Its  distiii-t  con- 
tains three  cities  of  the  second,  itnd  10 
of  the  third  class. 

k'iattavj,  a  town  of  Rohcmin,  46 
miles  S  W  of  Prague.  L-m.  14  6  E, 
lat.  5U30N. 

Kletenlirrg,  a  town  of  Swisserliind, 
8ea:tcd  on  tlic  river  Aar,  tlirce  miles 
from  Wnldsc'liut.  The  bishop  of  Con- 
stance  exercises  the  spiritual  jcrisdio* 
tion  )  but  the  sovereignty  belongs  to 
the  cantons.     Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

K/utit/ert,  a  strong  fortress  of  the 
United  Provinces,  ui  Holland,  near 
the  arm  of  the  sea,  called  Holllinds 
Uiep.  It  is  nine  mllel  S  E  of  Wit- 
liamstadt. 

Knapdalt,  a  mountainotis  district  in 
Argyleshire,  Scotland,  adjoining  to  Ar- 
gyle  Proper,  and  connected  on  the  S 
by  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  to  the  penin- 
sula of  Cantyrc. 

Knaresborough,  a  town  in  tlie  N  rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  It  is  delightfully  seated 
on  the  river  Nid,  famous  for  its  medi- 
cinal springs,  on  a  rugged  rock  where 
there  was  a  castle.  Knaresborough 
sends  two  members  to  parliameiit,  and 
is  18  miles. W  by  N  of  York,  and  211 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  W, 
lat.  54  5  N. 

Knighton,  a  commercial  town  in 
Radnorshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  Tend,  ov^r 
which  there  is  a  bridge,  and  is  14 
miles  W  of  Hereford,  and  135  N  W 
of  London.    Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  52 13  N. 

Knighttbridge,  the  first  village  from 
London,  on  the  great  Western  road. 
Here  is  an  infirmary  for  the  sick  and 
wounded,  called  St.  George's  Hospital ; 
and  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
painted  floor  cloths. 

Knittelfeldt,  a  town  ofGermanyintho 
dutchy  of  Stiria.  It  is  a  small  place, 
78  miles  from  Vienna,  seated  on  the 
river  Muehr.  Lon.  14  57  E,  lat.  47 
29  N, 

Knottford,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  There  are  two 
towns  of  this  name  pretty  near  toge- 
ther, called  the  Higher  and  Lower. 
Ib  the  hi|[her  it  th^  parish  church. 


K  O  L 


K  O  N 


'  Slid  in  the  loiv(>r  a  r'uipcl  of  cafe.  It, 
in  seven  miles  N  F.  oi'Norwieli,  iiiiil  173 
i;  N  W  <if  Loudon.  Loii.  2  28  VV,  lut. 
5.'!  20  N 

A'.ioxr/.Yi?,  tlie  capital  of  the  state  nf 
Ti-niiessei  j  seated  on  the  X  side  of 
H'llMe.n  river,  ni  lat.  35  46  N.  and  Ion. 
84"  W.  lliis  is  tlic  set  of  tlie  State 
Government,  lias  a  eollcjie,  a  post 
oiTiee,  and  ;.bo:it  6o0  inhabitants. 

A'od?ig-JiiiJ'iin,  a  eity  of  China,  in  the 
provn>i.e  (il  Ki:uii;-si,  snvroiinded  hy 
liijjfii  niocntiiins.  lis  district  contains 
se\en  cltt-s  of  the  third  class. 

Aoiii,  Ciilled  hy  the  Chinese,  Chavio, 
a  \ast  de.sort  of  Cliinese  T  artary,  100 
le!,i;iies  from  E  to  W,  and  almost  as 
ninch  ii'oni  N  to  S. 

JCmi-tcl'enu,  one  of  the  smallest  pro- 
vinces in  China,  bounded  on  the  S  by 
Q;iai';^  si,  on  the  E  by  Hon-qnanp;,  on 
the  ;j  by  Se-te,huen,  and  on  th.e  W  by 
Ynn-nan.  The  wliole  co\intry  is  al- 
most a  desert,  and  covered  with  inac- 
cessible numntains,  it  i>>ay  be  justly' 
called  t!ie  Siberia  of  China.  The  in- 
habitants are  monntninecrs,  accustom- 
ed to  independence,  and  who  seem  to 
form  a  separate  nation  j  they  are  no 
less  ferocious  than  the  Bavacre  animals 
amonp  wliirli  tliey  live.  This  province 
prixluces  the  best  h.orses  in  Chin.i. 
Besides  Koei-y.ini,'-,  the  cajiltal,  it  con- 
tains nine  cities  of  the  first,  and  38  of 
the  second  and  third  diss. 

Koei-tchntif,in,  ii  city  of  jcrc.it  trade, 
in  the  ])rovince  of  Sc-tcliuen.  Its  dis- 
trict contains  one  city  of  the  second 
class,  and  nine  of  tlie  third. 

Koei-Tavg,  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  K(iei-tcheoii,  in  China,  said 
t(  have  been  forinei'ly  the  resideiice  of 
the  ancient  kinps.  'J'lic  remaiits  of 
temples  and  palaces,  still  anno'ince  its 
former  magiiilicence.  It. is  420  miles 
NW  of  Canton. 

Koleihansen,i\  strong  town  of  Li- 
tiniania,  s'lbjei't  to  Russia.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Dwina,  .and  is  42  miles  E 
of  Ri(fa.     Lon.  26  3  E,  lat.  5C>  40  N. 

Kola,  a  t.iwn  of  the  Russian  j^overn- 
Tne' ^  .,(' Arclianpfcl,  capital  f>f  Russian 
I.apland,  with  a  irood  harbour  on  the 
river  Kola,  near  a  b.iy  of  the  same  name 
on  t- -  ;••  zen  Ocean,  Lon.  32  26  E, 
lat.  68  34  N. 

aVi./«'|  ernka,  fl  town  nf  Russia,  whicli 
iji  plcasantlv  situ.sted  on  an  emineme 
near  Moscow-     Lon.  38  16E, lat.  55  40 

^• 
Kbl^-vm,  a  government  of  tlic  Ruk- 


sian  empire,  comprchrndinp  ji  part  of 
Western  Siberia,  and  foi  nierly  included 
in  tlie  government  of  Tobolsk.  Its  capi- 
tal, ol  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the 
Obv .  '1  his  conntry  has  very  productive 
silver  mines,  which  have  been  called 
the  Potosi  of  Russia.  They  lie  between 
theOhyand  Irtvsh,  near  the  mountaiiis 
which  form  tiie  frontiers  of  Siberi.'.,  and 
separ.ite  that  country  from  Chinese  Tar- 
tary. 

Kongnl,  a  town  of  Norway,  belonging 
to  Sweden,  seated  on  the  river  Gotel- 
ba.     Lon.  11  5  £,  lat  58  30  N. 

Kovgsberg,  a  town  of  Southern  Nor- 
way, celebrated  for  its  silver  mines.  It 
lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Lowe, 
aiul  contains  including  the  miners,  COOO 
inhabitants.  Kongsberg  is  45  miles  S 
W  of  Christiania.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  59 
40  N. 

Kongsv-'higer,  a  fortress  of  Norway,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Sweden.  It  is  seated, 
near  the  river  Cloninic,  at  the  foot  of  a 
.stce])  rock,  <ni  which  stands  an  impreg- 
nable citatlel ;  at  least,  Charles  XII, 
who  reconnoitred  it,  thought  it  prudent 
to  decline  the  attempt. 

Kong-tchang-fmi,  a  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Chen-si.  It  is  sur- 
rounded hy  inaccessible  iioiintains, 
where  a  tomb  is  seen  which  the  Clii- 
nese  pretend  to.  be  that  of  Fohi.  Its 
district  contains  three  cities  nf  the  sec- 
ond, and  seven  of  the  third  class.  It 
is  rOO  miles  S  W  of  Pekin. 

Kmingsherg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  be- 
longing  to  the  house  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
three  miles  N  E  of  Schwelnfurt.  Lon. 
10  44  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Koitiiigsberg,  a  toAm  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  marquisute  of  Brandenburg,  47 
miles  S  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14  40  E,  lat. 
52  50  N. 

Koningsberg,  the  capital  of  Prussia, 
with  a  university  and  a  magnificent 
pakice,  in  wl'.ich  is  a  hall  274  feet  long, 
and  53  broad,  without  pillars  to  support 
it,  and  a  handsome  library.  'J"he  town- 
house,  the  exchange,  .".nd  the  cathedral, 
are  fine  structures.  Tlie  tower  of  the 
ci.stle  is  very  high,  ■  -dhas  284  steps  to. 
lie  top,  wlicnee  the  ..  is  an  extensive 
prospect.  Hole  are  18  cluu-ches,  of 
which  14  belong  to  t!ie  Lutherans, 
three  to  the  Calvinists,  and  one  to  the 
Pa]iists.  The  town  is  five  miles  in  cir- 
cuuiference,  and,  including  the  garri- 
.son  of  rOOO  men,  contains  60,000  inhab- 
itants, Il  stands  on  the  Pi-ep^el,  which 
iicre  lUUs  into  the  rrisclie  Haf,  uii  inlet 


K  O  N 

•,  cnmppclipnclinp  a  part  of 
beviii,  and  Coi iiierly  iiuludcd 
•nnierit  of Tol.'olsk.  Its  capi- 
anu'  niiinc,  is  seiitcd  on  tlip 
coiMitn  has  very  productive 
>,  \v!;icli  liavp  been  called 
t'Rnssia.  Tliey  lie  between 
Irtysii,  near  the  jTiountaiiis 
the  frontiers  of  Siberi.'.,  ind 
it  country  from  Chinese  Tiir- 

towr  of  Norway,  belonging 
seated  on  the  river  Gotel- 
1  5  £,  lat  58  30  N. 
•,  a  town  of  Southern  Nor- 
uted  for  its  silver  mines.  It 
li  sides  of  tiie  river  Lowe, 
s  including;  the  miners,  COOO 
Kongsberg  is  45  miles  S 
tiania.     Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  59 

j'ler,  a  fortress  of  Norway,  on 
rs  of  Sweden.  It  is  seated, 
'cr  Clon)nic,  at  tlic  foot  of  a 
(HI  whirii  stands  an  impreg- 
el;  at  least,  Cluirles  XII, 
:)itrcd  it,  thought  it  prudent 
he  attempt. 

ng-fou,  a  city  of  China, 
'ince  of  Clien-si.  It  is  sur- 
■  inaccessible  iiountains, 
mb  is  seen  wliich  tlic  Clii- 
id  to.  be  that  of  Fold.  Its 
tains  three  cities  of  the  src- 
even  of  the  third  class.  It 
i  S  W  of  Pekin. 
rg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  be- 
the  house  of  Saxe -Weimar, 
N  E  of  Schweinfurt.  I..on. 
;.  52  5  N. 

rg,  a  toAm  of  Upper  Saxony, 
uisutc  of  Brandenburg,  47 
atetin.     Lon.   14  40  E,  lat. 

rg,  the  ca]))tal  of  Prussia, 
iversily  and  a  magnificent 
i-hich  is  a  hall2r4  feet  long, 
d,  without  pillars  to  supp<u-t 
i-,dsonie  library.  'J"he  town- 
:xchangc,  .".ndtlie  cathedral, 
ictures.  'J'lie  tower  of  the 
•y  high,  ■  -dhas  284  steps  to 
lence  the  ..  is  an  extensive 
Hoi-e  are  18  churches,  of 
belong  to  t!ic  Lutherans, 
:  Calvinists,  and  one  to  the 
'he  town  is  ilve  miles  in  cir- 
,  and,  including  tiie  garri- 
meu,  contains  60,000  inhab- 
itands  on  tlio  Pi-ep^el,  wliicU 
ito  the  Ffische  Haf,  uu  inlet 


K  O  R 

of  the  Baltic.  No  ships  drawing 
more  than  seven  feet  w;;tcr  can  pass 
the  bur,  and  come  up  to  the  town  ;  so 
that  the  large  vessels  anchor  at  I'illau, 
a  small  town  on  tiie  llaltic,  whicii  is 
the  portof  Koningsborg  ;  and  the  mer- 
chandise is  sent  in  smaller  vessels  to 
this  place.  The  trade  of  Konings- 
lierg  is  very  considerable.  Il  is  62  miles 
N  E  of  Elbing,  and  125  N  of  Wai-saw. 
Lon.  20  55E,  lut.  54  42  N. 

Koniiigsgratz,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
seated  on'the  Elbe,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
.'55  miics  S  W  of  Glatz,  ami  115  N  l)v 
HV  of  Vienna.     Lon.  16  8  E,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Koningshitfen,  a  strong  town  of  Fran- 
conia, with  a  bishop's  sec,  25  miles  N 
N  W  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  46  E,  lat. 
50  24  N. 

Kovingstcin,  a  town  of  Germa\iy  in  the 
circle  of  U|)per  Saxony,  in  t!ie  territory 
of  Misnia,  with  »n  impregnable  fort  .It 
is  a])lace  of  confinement  for  state  pris- 
oners, and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  10 
miles  S  E  of  Pvrna,  and  10  S  W  of 
Dresden.     Lon.  13  4o  E,    lat.  51  2  N. 

Koningstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  which 
is  stronglv  fortified.  It  surrendered 
to  the  French,  Jjly  22,  1796  Lon.  8 
25  W,  l.^t.  50  5  N. 

Konrigst'.tter,    a    t0\\'n    of  Gevrnany, 


territorv  of  Erunswick- 
Lon.  11  7  E,  lat.  52  25 


seated  in   tlie 

Wolfenbuttle 

N. 

Konitz,  a  town  of  Poland  in  AVestern 
Prussia,  10  miles  N  W  of  Culm,  and 
50  S  W  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  ISloE, 
lat.  53  36  N. 

Kop;s,  a  fortified  town  of  Litliuanla, 
seated  on  the  Dnieper,  18  miles  N  of 
Mohilet.     Lon.   31  2  E,  l.it.  54  32  N. 

Koriacs,  a  people  of  Tartary  subject 
to  Russia,  wdio  inhabit  tlie  northern 
coast  of  the  gulf  Penschinskoi,  and  t!!e 
most  northern  part  of  Kamtschatka  'o 
the  river  Anadir.  Their  country  ex- 
tends westward  from  the  river  Olomon 
(which  runs  into  the  Kol;ma)  as  tV.r  as 
the  Indian  ocean.  Their  neighbours 
rre  the  Kamtschadales,  the  Tongusians, 
the  Lamouts,  and  the  Tschoukisches  ; 
the  country  which  they  perambul.ite  in 
iheir  nom.vlic  courses  is  rud'»,  marshy, 
i'.dl  of  small  rocks,  and  in  many  places 
absolutely  destitute  of  f  )rests.  The 
Koriacs  are  of  a  short  stature,  have 
small  heads,  little  eyes,  a  round  -ul 
meagre  face,  flat  noses,  their  hair  ;i!  ' 
beard  s  black,  in  general  very  littk-  betrd, 
and  their  eyebrows  long.    They  ai  e  of 


K  O  R 

a  slow  and  dull  comprehension,  have  a 
liigh  opinion  of  their  country  and  con- 
siitution,  are  coiu'Hgeous,  suspicious 
and  revengeful ;  but,  l")r  tlie  n\')st  jiart, 
laborious,  sincere,  susceptible  of  frieiid- 
sliip, and faitlifil totlieir superiors.  The 
Koriacs  are  tlivided  aceordinu;'  to  their 
manner  of  living,  into  the  .settled  and 
wandering,  which  are  pretly  equal  in 
point  of  numbers.  They  speai:  a  dif. 
ferent  dialect,  and  for  the  most  part  do 
not  tre.it  one  another  as  two  bodies  be- 
liugiiur  to  tlie  same  comuiunity,  but  as 
open  and  avowed  enemies.  The  man- 
ners of  tlie  settleil  Koriacs  are  by  far 
more  gentle  than  those  of  tlie  Nomades. 
They  occupy  the  southern  jiartof  tlicir 
country  near  the  gulf  Penschinskoi,  and 
ha«"  me  settlements  even  in  the  very 
peninsula  of  Kamtschatka.  The  wan- 
dering Koriacs  travel  over  tlie  ufirthern 
part  of  this  country  in  the  cnvinms  of 
the  river  Anadir,  near  tlie  Tschoukt- 
sches,  !iud  tliey  often  come  as  far  as 
Kamtschatka.  Their  disposition  is  so 
wild  and  untractable,  that  it  would  be 
very  diflicult  to  bring  tl'.em  into  any 
manner  of  subordination.  The  very 
suspicion  of  such  a  design  would  be  ve- 
ry d.u;g',!rous.  The  chief  employments 
of  the  wandering  Koriacs  are  the  care 
oftiieir  r;-'in-dcer  and  the  chase.  Fish- 
ing dries  notanswer,  as  they  are  notex- 
pcrtat  it.  The  poorest  of  tuem  possess 
about  fifty  rein-deer,  some  have  a  hun- 
dred, the  richest  from  one  to  two  thou- 
sand. With  these  herds  of  rein  deer  they 
travel  over  their  desert.s  and  mountains, 
without  any  apprehensions  of  meeting 
with  rivers  or  forests,  so  they  do  but 
find  moss  on  the  ground,  that  being  all 
that  is  necessary  liu-  the  subsistence  of 
the  rein-deer.  They  do  not  milk  the 
female  rein-deer,  ofco\irse  they  h.avc 
no  such  thing  as  cheese.  Even  the 
wealthiest  of  the  Koriacs  never  kill 
one  of  these  quadrupeds  unnecessarily, 
unless  it  has  some  defect  j  theirkitchen 
is  supplied  with  those  whicli  have  died 
by  some  disease,  or  to  which  some  ac- 
cident has  happened  ;  to  this  it  is  ow- 
ing that  their  herds  become  so  large, 
and  for  the  same  reason  a  gveat  stock 
is  necessary  for  their  subsistence.  The 
poor  go  into  the  service  of  the  rich, 
and  join  their  little  herds  to  those  of 
their  masters.  Every  sort  of  game  is 
agreeable  to  them.  The  women  ga- 
ther roots  and  wild  fruit.  Whatever 
•rovisions  they  find  are  consumed  im- 
mediately, for  tliey  have  not  a  thought 


K  O  R 


&  R  A 


of  laying  up  against  an  exigency.    The 
■w.'HidiTing    Koriacs   arc    mucli   more 
\\M,   luwih,    and   dangerous  tlian  tlie 
KC'ttled.      1  lu;_v  \cry  often  make  paities 
to  scuk  advciituros,   and  plunder  some 
of  liieir   neighbours,  or  less  turbulent 
C!)iint;-)mcn.     Ucforc  tliey  enter  on  an 
cntir|;rlse,    tlicy   alwavs    drink  of  the 
decocuon  oftheintoxie:.ting  mushroom, 
to  inspire  themselves  vritli  more  intre- 
pidity   and    courage.     Tlieir  arms  are 
the  bow  and  arrow,  the  lance,  and  the 
cl'ib.     'i'here    are   some   to  go   to  the 
chase  and  on  tlieir  expeditions  with  no 
other   i.rms    than   a   stick.     All    their 
military  art  consists  in   fallinpr  on  tliciv 
ciicmv  unawares.     Tliel't,    r:,))ine,  and 
murder,   if  committed   among  them- 
selves, are  criminal:  if  onanotlicrrace, 
or  ujjon    strangers,  they  are  heroic  ac- 
tion.'*.  T  iieir  greatest  happiness  consists 
in  passing  fi'orn  one  station  to  another, 
and  seeing  their  numerous  herds  of 
ri-i'i-deer.     When  a  herd  has  increased 
too   much   they   divide  it.     There  are 
few  Koriacs  who  "have  herds  so  small 
that  they  are  not  able  to  count  them  ; 
and  yet  if  only  on  strays,  it  is  immedi- 
ately perceived.     The  Koriacs  are  all 
polygaraists ;    some  have  four  wives. 


The>  do  not  •  -v-hase  them  ;  but,  like 
the   Kamtsc>  -s,   they  first  endea- 

vour to  gai..  .Tectio'ns,  and   then 

to  catch  tliei  le '  ich  marry  among 

tlicmaelvcs,  w.iiou  ,..  ,1  •;  any  regard 
to  consangu.nity  J  *'ie  poor' are  obliged 
to  {ret  wives  from  among  the  ])<>or. 
The  wives  of  the  settled  Koriacs  live 
in  ti;e  same  hut  with  t'lem  -,  those  of 
the  wanderinf,  aro  distributed  among 
their  diHisrent  flocks,  so  that  each  has 
a  flock  under  her  care.  These  latter 
are  exceedingly  jealous,  and  torment 
tKi  1-  unhappy  wives  in  a  most  oniel 
manner.  Even  an  ill-founded  susjiicion 
sometimes  drives  the  husband  to  sac- 
rifice his  innocent  wife  to  his  furious 
.fcaloiLsly  rand  the  suspected  gidlant  falls 
likewise  a  rictim  to  his  rage.  The  set- 
tled Koriacs  err  as  much  on  the  other 
extreme  ;  for  their  compliance  towards 
their  wives  is  unbounded.  They  are 
happy  to  see  them  charm  strangers ; 
and  the  caresses  the  wife  receives  is  so 
much  pleasiue  bestowed  on  the  hus- 
band. They  ofier  their  wives  and 
daughters  to  strangers  as  companions 
for  the  night.  An  acceptance  of  such 
offers  is  estccmc<l  the  gi-eatcst  mark  of 
friendship,  and  a  refusal,  of  contempt, 
which    highly  displeases  thejn.     Yet 


this  politeness  is  attended  with  »ont 
inconvenience  to  the  stranger  thus  en- 
tertained :  for,  first  of  all,  his  polite 
bed-fellow  makes  water  in  his  pre- 
sence,  and  offers  him'  a  bowl  of  it  to 
wash  his  mouth  with.  The  wander- 
ing Koriacs  burn  the  bodies  of  the 
dead.  This  custom  is  not  uncommon 
among  the  settled  Koriacs.  They 
build  up  a  pile,  and  carry  the  corps 
thither  on  a  sledge  drawn  by  rein-deer, 
dressed  in  the  best  cloaths)  and  bum 
with  it  all  the  arms  and  utensils  of  the 
deceased.  They  kil)  the  rein-deer 
that  has  drawn  it  thither,  eai the  flesh, 
and  lling  what  remains  into  the  fire.  In 
order  to  celebrate  the  memorj'  of  the 
deceased,  they  make  anotlierfeart  of 
rein-deer. 

A'oysarj,  or  Kosoa,  a  town  of  Den- 
mark,  in  the  isle  of  Zealand,  with  a 
fort,  45  miles  VV  by  S  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  11  lOE,  hit.  55  29  N. 

Kortviright,  a  post  town  in  Delaware 
county,  New-York  J  73  miles  W  of 
Catskill,  and  447  from  Washington. 

Koial,  or  A'osta,  a  fortified  town  of 
Silesia,  near  the  river  Oder,  17  iriiles 
N  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  17  54  £,  lat.  50 
26  N. 

Korsiim,  or  Korrun,  a  town  of  Russia 
in  the  Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river 
Ross.  Lon.  31  20  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 
_  Koatr(»:ia,  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  formerly  included  in  that 
of  Moscow.  It  is  divided  into  the  pro- 
vinces of  Kostroma  and  Unsha.  The 
capital  of  th<^  former  is  Kostroma, 
seated  at  the  niouth  of  the  Volga  ;  the 
capital  of  the  second  is  Makarief,  situ- 
ate  on  the  Unsha. 

Koue't-te-fou,  r.  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Ho-naii,  seated  between 
two  large  rivers.  The  inhabitants 
treat  strangers  with  imcommon  hospi- 
tality. 
Abiuno,  atown  of  Lithuania,  seated  on 
the  Wilna  and  Niemen,  40  miles  W  of 
Wilna.  Lon.  24  12  E,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Kraaneiibtrg,  a  town  of  the  dutchy  of 
Cleves,  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill, 
between  Nimeguea  and  Cleves.  It  is 
celebrated  for  an  image  of  the  Virgin, 
pretended  to  be  miraculous. 

Krainburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Iiui,  35  nuleo  E  of  Munich. 

Kminburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Carniota,  seated  on  the 
Save,  18  miles  N  W  of  Laubach. 
Kraiiuntitz,  u  tewn  of  Upper  Sile>is« 


R  A 


K  U  B 


K  U  R 


attended   with  iornt 
the  stranger  thus  en- 
••St  of  all,  his  polite 
■a  water  in  his    pre- 
him  a  bowl  of  it  to 
with.     The  wander- 
rn  the  bodies   of  the 
torn  is  not  uncommon 
tied    Koriacs.      They 
and  carry  the   corps 
g-e  drawn  bv  rein-deer, 
est  cloatlis,  and   bum 
•ms  and  utensils  of  the 
kill    tlie    rein-deer 
thither,  eafc the  flesh, 
mains  into  the  fire.  In 
e  the  memor}'  of  the 
lake  anotlier"  feast  of 

<o(i,  a  town  of  Den- 
le  of  Zealand,  with  a 

by  S  of  Copenhatren. 
:■  SS  29  N. 

ost  town  in  Delaware 
>i-k;    73    miles  W  of 

from  Washington. 
,  a  fortified   town   of 
river  Oder,    17  miles 
Lon.  17  54  t,  lat.  50 

fin,  a  town  of  Russia 
seated  on  the  river 

0  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 
vernment  of  the  Rus- 
lerly  included  in  that 

divided  into  the  pro- 
la  and  Unsha.  The 
Former  is  Kostroma, 
th  of  the  Volfra;  the 
nd  is  Makarief,  situ- 

ity  of  China,  in  the 
an,  seated  between 
.  The  inhabitant* 
;h  uncommon  hospi- 

Lithuania,  seated  on 
men,  40  miles  W  of 
E,  lat.  54  56  N. 
iwn  of  the  dutcbyof 
»e  declivity  of  a  hill, 

1  and  Clevcs.  It  is 
nage  of  the  Virgin, 
raculous. 

1  of  Bavaria,  seated 
;  E  of  Munich. 
m  of  Germany,  in 
lioia,  seated  on  the 
f  of  Laubach. 
m  of  Upper  Silesia* 


hctwaen  Ratibor  and  Troppaw.    Lon. 
17  49  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Kraintlavi,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
province  of  Red  Russia  and  palatinate 
ofChelm,  110  miles  SE  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  23  0  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Krapitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dutch}  of  Oppelim.  Lon.  18  10  E,  lut. 
50  39  N. 

Kreiitk,  a  corporate  town  in  Carnar- 
Tonsliirc,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  Irish  Sea, 
near  Traeth-Amawer  Bay,  where  a 
cattle  formerly  stood,  now  in  ruins.  It 
is  13  miles  S  by  E  of  Carnarvon,  and 
?37  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  18  W, 
lat  52  57  N. 

Krempen,  a  strong  town  of  Denmark, 
in  Holstein,  with  a  castle.  It  is  five 
miles  N  of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  N  W  of 
Hamburg.  Lon.  9  '5  £,  lat.  53  58  N. 

Kremes,  a  town  of  Austria,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  3j  miles  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  1540  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Kreuzenach,  a  town  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  with  a  castle,  on  an  eminence. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Nalie,  20  miles  S  W 
of  Mentz. 

Krutnlitm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Moravia,  50  miles  S  W  of  Olmutz. 
Lon.  1649  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Krutxam,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  30 
miles  S  W  of  Mozcillaw.  Lon.  32  4  £, 
lat.  54  8  N. 

Krylam,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Kiof,  seated  on  the 
Dnieper,  140  miles  S  E  of  Kiof.  Lon. 
33  50  E.  lat.  48  50  N. 

Kubctha,  is  a  large  strong  town  si- 
tuated.on  a  hill  between  high  moun- 
tains. Its  inhabitants  call  themselves 
Franki  (Franks,  a  name  common  in 
the  cast  to  all  Europeans),  and  relate 
that  their  ancestors  were  brought  hi- 
ther by  some  accident,  the  particulars 
*f  which  are  now  forgotten.  The 
common  conjecture  is,  that  they  were 
mariners  cast  away  upon  the  coast; 
'lUt  those  who  pretend  to  be  better 
versed  in  their  history  tell  the  story 
this  way:  The  Greeks  and  Genoese, 
«ay  they,  carried  on,  during  several 
centuries,  a  considerable  trade,  not  on- 
ly on  the  Black  sea,  but  likewise  on 
the  Caspian,  and  were  certainly  ac- 
quainted with  the  mines  contained  in 
these  mountains,  from  which  they 
drew  by  their  trade  with  the  inhabi- 
tants great  quantities  of  silver,  copper, 
and  oUier  metals.  In  order  to  work 
tb«s«  upon  tlw  spot;  they  SQn\;  ItitUer 


a  number  of  workmen  to  establish  ma" 
nufacturcs,  and  instruct  tlic  inhabi- 
tants. The  subsequent  invasions  of 
the  Arabs,  Turks,  and  Monguls,  du- 
ring vvilich  the  mines  were  hlled  up, 
ancl  the  manufactures  abandoned,  pre- 
vented the  strangers  from  ettecting 
their  return,  so  that  they  continued 
here  and  erected  themselves  into  a  re- 
public. What  renders  this  account 
the  more  probable  is,  that  they  are  still 
excellent  artists,  antl  make  very  good 
fire-arms,  as  well  rifled  as  plain  ;  sa. 
bres,  coats  of  mail,  and  several  articles 
in  gold  and  silver  for  cs|iortation. 
They  have  likewise,  for  their  own  de- 
fejicc,  small  copper  camions,  of  three 
pounds  calibre,  cast  by  tlieroselves. 
They  coin  I'urkish  and  Persian  silver 
money,  and  even  rubles,  which  readily 
pass  current,  because  they  are  of  tlie 
full  weight  and  value.  In  their  valley* 
tliey  have  pasture  and  arable  lands,  aa 
well  as  gardens  ;  but  they  purchase 
the  greater  part  of  their  corn,  tnitsing 
chieBy  for  support  to  the  sale  of  their 
manufactures,  which  arc  much  admir- 
ed in  Persia,  Turkey,  and  the  Crimea. 
They  are  generally  in  ^od  circum- 
stances, are  a  quiet  inoffensive  people, 
but  high  spirited  and  indcpendJent. 
Their  town  is  considered  as  a  neutral 
spot,  where  the  neighbouring  princes 
can  deposit  their  treasures  with  salety. 
They  elect  yearly  twelve  magistrates, 
to  whom  tliey  pay  the  most  unlimited 
obedience  ;  and  as  all  the  inhabitants 
are  on  a  footing  of  perfect  equality, 
each  individual  is  sure  to  have  in  his 
turn  a  share  in  the  government.  In 
the  year  1725,  their  ma<rlstrates,  as 
well  as  the  Usmei,  acknowledged  the 
sovereignty  of  Russia,  but  witliout 
paying  any  tribute.  Lon.  67  59  £,  lat. 
42  30  N. 

Kudach,  a  strong  fort  of  Poland  in 
the  Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river  Nei- 
per.    Lon.  35  45  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

X'ufitein,  a  strong  to'vn  of  Germany, 
in  the  Tirol,  with  a  castle,  on  a  rock. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Inn,  46  miles  S  by 
E  of  Munich.  Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  47  S6 
N. 

Kxmachir.    See  yeto. 

Kur,  a  river  of  Persia,  which  rises 
in  mount  Caucasus,  and  passing  by 
Teiilis,  falls  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Kurah,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Persia,  tws 
miles  from  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lon.  .iH 
15  F.,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Kurgar,  a  river  of  Asia,  wlvich  rises 


K  U  T 

In  the  province  of  Corasan,  and  falls  in- 
to the  Caspian  Sta. 

Kutiles,  a  tliaiii  of  islanils,  extending 
fitnn  hit.  4-3  ti)  jl  N,  l•annl^.^•  from  the 
southern   iircniontory    of   Kamtscliut- 
ka  to  Japan,  in  a  S  \V  direction.     '1  he 
inhabitants   of   the   nci^■llbolu•llood   of 
I.opatka,  who  were  thcniscl\c!i  called 
Ki-rilcs,  -fave  these   isluuds   the   suii.e 
name,  as  soon  asthe\  i)ecanic  acquaint- 
ed with  thciT).     Sp..i'il)iifr  says  they  are 
!22  in   number,    e.\cliisi\e   of  tiie  very 
small  ones.     The  northernmost  island, 
■which  is   called   Shaomska,    is   about 
three   leagues  distant   fiom    tlie   pro- 
montory Lopatka,    its  inhabitants  con- 
sistinjr   of  a  mixture    of  natives    and 
Kamtschadales.     The  nest,    which  is 
named    Paran)oiisic,     is    considerably 
larijer  than  Shooraska,  and  is  inhabited 
by    the    real   natives.     The   Russians 
paid  their  first  visit  to  these  two  is- 
lands in  1713,  and  added  them  to  the 
dominions   of  the  empress.     Many  of 
the  inhabitants  of  those  i.sl.nds  that  are 
under  the  dominion  of  Rub.s,  .,  are  now 
converted    to    Cliristianitv.      Perhaps 
the  time  is   not   far  distant,    when  an 
advanta;,feous  commerce   will  be  car- 
ried   un    between    Kamtschatka    and 
this  extensive  chain   of  islands,  which 
may  afterwards  produce  a  communica. 
tion  with  Jaj)an  itself 

Kurst,  a  g-overnmer.t  ofthe  Russian 
empire,  formerly  pait  of  that  of  Biel- 
gorod.  Its  capital,  (jfthe  same  name, 
is  seated  on  the  Tukor,  which  falls  in- 
to the  Seine  or  Ser.i. 

Kuiivia  Daniiiiiii'u,  ;i  town  of  the 
Russian  eir.i.iie.  In  iartary,  32  miles 
N  E  of  Vasipilornd  from  the  river 
\V<,lga.  Lon.  51  30  E,  Int.  .>6  J  N. 

Kmistun,  a  pi-ovince  cf  Persia,  bound- 
ed en  the  N  ar.dEby  Ii'ac-yVg'emi,  on 
the  S  by  Farsistan.'and  on  the  \V  by 
Irac-Arabia.     Susler  is  the  eai/ital. 

A'ltf'cr.lnri',  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seat- 
ed near  a  mountain,  reni..ikiible  for 
its  silver  ir.ints,  35  miles  S  E  of 
Prague.     Lon.  13  37  !Z,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Kxauire,  a  country  v,\  Asia,  whicli 
contains  a  g-reat  nunib(  r  of  towns  ar.d 
villages,  at:d  is  exceedingly  poj.-ulaus. 
Its  princ;j  al  towns  aie  Tonk\d  and 
Jourkul ;  those  being'  the  residence 
of  its  rulers.  It  ;,bound.s  in  iiuits,  such 
as  grapes,  apples,  jilunibs,  &c.  It 
likewise  yields  rire,  whc::t  ;-.nd  other 
sorts  of  grain.  Th.»  n;.tivf-s  are  ex- 
ceedingly fond  of  -.vipc  .-ind  hogs  ticsii  ; 
although  Uifir  country  is  well  HtO(  kcd 


LAB 

with  cows  and  goats.  They  have  « 
diatinct  language,  and  their  arms  con- 
sist ofthe  bow  and-  arrow,  the  sabru 
iind  the  sling. 

A'lijnJ/T,  a  fortress  nf  the  United  Pro- 
vuu-es,  2o  miles  S  (if  Lewardcn.    Lon. 

5  24  K,  lat.  52  50  N. 

A'j/iiu,  ;r,  a  town  of  Germany,  In  tha 
elc(  torate  of  1  reves,  seated  on  the 
Kvll,  16  miles  N  \V  of  Treves.     Lon. 

6  37  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 

Kyr.ehm,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
with  a  good  trade  in  narrow  cloth,  and 
a  market  on  \Vednesdav.  It  is  15 
miles  N  VV  of  Hereford,'  and  149  V/ 
N  \V  of  London.  Lon.  2  50  VV,  lat.  52 
12  N. 

Kyueton,  a  village  in  Somersetsliire, 
N  E  of  .Sonierton.  It  is  naturally  pa- 
ved, for  half  a  mile,  with  one  smaotii 
rock,  wiiich  looks  like  ice. 


T-'i-U    Laah,   or   Lahab,    a  town  of 
Austria,  seated  on  the   Teya,   21 
miles  NW  of  Vienna.    Lon.   16  9  E. 
lat.  43  48  N. 

Labadia,  u  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
Polesino  di  Rovigo,  subject  to  the 
Venetians.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adige, 
30  miles  N  W  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  11  54 
E,  Lit.  45  39  N. 

LuLiit,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  .Servia,  62  miles  S  W  of  Nissa. 

Lahiau,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
;it  the  moutli  of  the  Deime,  near  the 
Curlschhaff,  with  a  strong  castle,  30 
miles  N  E  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  21 
40  E,  lat.  54  37  N. 

Labourd,  a  late  territory  of  France, 
part  of  that  of  Basques.  It  abounds 
in  fruits,  and  the  inhabitants  are  said 
to  be  the  first  that  went  to  fish  for 
whales.  It  is  now  included  in  the  de- 
partment nf  tl;c  Lower  Pyrenees. 

Lubrador,  a  country  on  the  E  side  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  in'Jforth  America. 
The  clinialc,  'in  only  lat.  .5"'>  N,  is  ex- 
ce.ssivoly  old  diiring  winter.  Wine 
freezes  in  a  solid  mass  ;  brandy  coagu- 
lates ;  ai'd  the  very  breath  falls  on  the 
blankets  of  a  bed,  in  the  fi,rni  of  a 
hoar-frost.  The  ice  begins  to  disap- 
pe;>.r  in  Mays  an  I  .ibout  the  middle  of 
June,  commences  liot  weather,  which, 
at  times  Is  s)  violent,  as  to  scorch  the 
faces  of  tlic   hunters.     Mock  svuia  wid 


i  B 

:outB.  Tliey  have  a 
and  tlieir  arms  coll- 
ide arrow,  liie   nnhru 

ss  of  the  United  Pro- 
(.f  Lewardcii.  Lou. 
N. 

of  Germany,  in  tlit; 
ves,  seated  on  the 
IV  of  Treves.     Lou. 

1  in  llcrtfordsliire, 
in  narrow  cloth,  .ind 
?(lnesih'.y.  It  is  1.1 
ercford,  and  14'9  W 
Lou.  a  50  \V,  lat.  52 

g'c  in  Somersetsliirc, 
It  is  nuturally  pa- 
c,    with  one  smooth 
like  ice. 


•  Lahah,  .1  town  of 
ed  on  the  Teya,  2/ 
;nna.     Lon.   16  9  E, 

ig  town  of  Italy,  in 
g^),  suhjcct  to  tlie 
seated  on  the  Adijje, 
•"errar.-i.    Lon.  11  54 


Turkey  in  Europe, 

WofNissa. 

Western  Prussia, 
lie  Deime,  near  tlie 

strong  castle,  30 
ninjjsberg.     Lon.  21 

territory  of  France, 
isr['.K-s.  It  abounds 
hu!)itaiUs  are  said 
Kit  went  to  fish  for 
included  in  the  de- 
■ver  Pyrenees. 
trv  on  tlie  E  side  of 
Korth  An»f.rica. 
lylat.  .'»"''  N,  is  ex- 
rinty  winter.  Wine 
ass ;  brandy  ciii\gu- 
hreath  falii  on  the 
in  the  fwrni  of  a 
CO  bejjins  to  disap. 
.about  the  middle  of 
ot  weather,  whiohj 
Hs  to  scorch  the 
Mock  suns  and 


I 


It, 


LAD 

halo*  are  not  unfrequent ;  they  arc  ve- 
ry hripht,  and  richly  tinged  witii  all 
the  colours  of  the  rainbow.  The  sim 
rises  and  sets  with  a  large  cone  of 
yellowish  light  j  an<l  tlie  night  is  enli- 
vened by  the  aurora  borealis,  which 
spreads  many  difli'i-ent  I'ghts  and  co- 
lours  over  the  whole  sky.  The  animals 
are  moosedeers,  stufjs,  ratndeers,  bears, 
tigers,  bulialoes,  wolves,  foxes,  bea- 
vers, otters,  l>n.\es,  martens,  squirrels, 
ermines,  wild  cats,  and  h.arcs.  The 
fiatliered  kitids  are  geese,  bustards, 
thicks,  partridges,  and  all  kinds  of  wiid 
f)wls.  The  fish  are  whales,  morses, 
seals,  codfish,  and  a  white  fish  prefera- 
ble to  herrings  j  and  in  tlieir  rivers 
and  fresh  waters  are  pike,  perch,  carp, 
and  trout.  In  summer,  there  is  here, 
as  ill  other  places,  a  variety  in  the  co- 
lour of  the  several  animals  :  when  that 
season  is  over,  which  holds  only  for 
three  months,  tliey  all  assume  the  live- 
ry of  winter,  and  evcrj'  sort  of  beasts, 
and  most  of  their  fowls,  are  of  the 
colour  of  the  snow  ;  every  thing  cni- 
niate  and  inanimate  is  white.  But 
one  of  the  most  striking  things,  tiiat 
draws  the  most  inattentive  to  an  admi- 
ration of  the  wisdom  and  goodness  ot 
Pi-o^idenee,  is  that  the  dogs  and  cats 
from  Great  Britain,  that  have  been 
carried  to  Hudson's  Bay,  on  the  ap- 
|)roach  of  winter,  have  changed  their 
appearance,  and  acquired  a  much 
longer,  softer,  and  thicker  coat  of  hair 
than  tliey  originally  had.  See  Nex\: 
Britain,  Egquiniaux,  and   HuUsoti't  JJav- 

Lad,  or  Bischifs-Lack,  a  town  of 
Germany  in  Carniola.  Here  is  not  on- 
ly a  great  deal  of  iron,  steel,  quicksil- 
ver, and  corn,  but  a  large  quantity  of 
linen  is  made  liere,  and  sent  to  Fiume 
and  Tricst.  It  is  26  miles  W  by  N  of 
Laubach,  and  35  N  of  Triest.  Lun.  14 
7  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Ladenburgh,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  or. 
tiie  Neckar,  eight  miles  N  VV  of  Hie- 
(lelberg.     Lon.  8  42  £,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Ladoga,  a  lake  in  Russia,  between 
tlie  gulf  of  Finland  and  the  lake  of 
Onega.  It  is  150  miles  long,  and  90 
broa<l ;  and  is  esteemed  to  be  the  larg- 
est lake  in  Europe  Among  the  fish 
with  which  it  abounds,  are  seals.  This 
induced  Peter  the  Great  to  cut  a  canal 
()7  miles  in  length,  from  the  S  \V  ex- 
tremity of  this  l«ke  to  the  river  Neva, 
by  which  it  has  a  communication  with 
the  gulf uf  Fiuland. 


LAG 

Ladoga,  Nevi,  a  town  in  the  Riutsian 
government  of  St.  Petersbiirgh,  seated 
on  the  Volkliof,  between  the  h:kc  and 
canal  of  Ladoga.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  .St. 
Petersbiirgh.'  Lon.  30  32  P.,  lat.  6J  0 
N.  Old  Ladoga,  an  ir.r.msiderable 
place,  is   higher  up  tlio  >"olkli()f 

La.loi^na,  or  Laced j^iia,  a  town  of 
Naples,  ill  Capitanalii,  with  a  bisliop's 
see,  60  miles  E  vf  Naples.  Lon.  15 
46  E,  lat.  41  1  N. 

La.inme  Islarw's,  islands  of  the  N 
Pacific  Ocean.  They  are  11  in  num. 
ber,  cxcliisivf  of  the  small  islets  and 
rocks,  and  lie  in  about  J 40°  E  lon.  and 
between  11  and  26"  N  lat.  They  were 
discovercfl  by  MagclLin,  in  1521.  He 
touched  first  at  tho  isKind  of  Guam, 
where  the  natives  stole  some  of  his 
goods,  which  caused  him  to  name  these 
islands  the  Ladrones,  or  iislamls  of 
Thieves.  Beside  the  other  f-uits  na- 
tiiral  to  the  soil  and  climate,  here  is 
the  bread-fruit  tiec  in  abun  lance. 
The  names  of  the  principal  is  amis 
are  Saypan,  Tinian,  Guam,   and    Kota. 

Lagny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
late  famous  Benedictine  Abbey.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Marne,  15  miles  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Lagoon,  one  of  the  new  discovered 
islau'is  in  the  S  Sea,  inhabited  by  a 
race  of  ludians,  of  a  copper  colour. 
Tills  island  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook.     Lon.  139  28  W,  lat.  18  47  S. 

Lagos,  a  seajiort  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garva,  with  a  castle.  Here  the  Eng- 
lish fleets  bound  to  the  Str.iit8  usually 
take  in  fresh  water.  Near  this  town 
is  Cape  Lagos,  oil'  which,  in  1759, 
admiral  Boscawen  defeated  a  French 
fleet.  It  is  120  miles  S  E  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  33  W,  lat.  37  2  N. 

Lagi'na,a  town  of  the  island  of  Tene- 
riflie,  one  of  the  Canaries,  where  the 
governor  has  a  palace,  but  generally 
resides  at  Santa  Cruz.  The  lake  from 
which  it  has  been  supposed  to  derive 
its  name,  is  now  a  very  inconsiderable 
piece  of  water.  Lon.  16  13  VV,  lat.  28 
30  N. 

Lagunes  of  Venice,  the  marshes  or 
lakes  in  Italy,  on  which  Venice  is  seat- 
ed. They  c  immunicate  with  the  sea, 
and  are  the  security  of  the  city.  Thet-e 
are  about  60  islands  in  these  Lagunes, 
which  together  make  a  bishop's  see. 
Euarano  is  the  most  considei-alde,  next 
to  those  on  which  Venice  ataiids. 


LAM 

J^aht,  a.  river  of  Gcmiany  which 
Tisc.-f  111  Hesse  Cussel,  and  fidls  in- 
to till-  Khihc,  iiliove  CobUntz. 

jLi./iK.-Ji,  ii. seaport  i)fS\veilcn,  in  the 
proviiiee  i)  Hailuiul,  sealed  near  the 
Baltic,  Willi  till-  ciislle,  /-O  miles  N  of 
C(i;;t'.ili!igen  L<m.  12  40  E,  lat.  j631 
N. 

Liihore,  a  prf>vince  of  Kindntistan 
Proper,  boiiiuled  rm  the  W  by  Cand.i- 
liar,  on  the  N  hy  Cnsliinere,  on 
the  E  by  Sirinajjiir  and  Delhi,  and  or. 
the  S  byMcii'iiin.  It  is  often  calleil 
Panjab,  or  \  (  ountry  fif  Five  Rivers. 
It  is  very  extensive  and  reniarkubly 
fertile  ;  atlijrdinj^  in  addition  to  all  the 
necessaries  wf  lite,  wine,  ki:gar,  and 
cotton  wooil.  In  the  tract  between 
the  Indus  and  the  Chehim,  are  salt 
mines,  wonderfully  jiroductive,  and  af- 
fordinjy  fragments  of  rock  salt,  hard 
enough  to  be  formed  into  vessels, 
&c.     See  Panjnh. 

Lahore,  a  city,  the  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  in  Hindoostan 
Proper.  It  is  a  place  of  hitfh  antiqui- 
ty, and  was  one  of  the  most  considera- 
ble cities  in  the  Mopid  dominions,  con- 
taining a  great  number  of  mosques,  ca- 
ravanseias,  and  pagods,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Mahometan  conciuerors 
of  Hnidoostan,  before   th.ey   hwl  esta- 


LAM 

late  province  of  Bretagne-  It  is  tli<; 
cliieftmvn  of  the  late  dutchy  of  Pen- 
thievre,  and  gave  tlic  title  of  ])rincess 
totlie  unfortunate  lady  of  tlial  name. 
Lainbale  has  a  g'oo<l  trade  in  cattle, 
linens  and  parchment,  and  is  37  miles 
N  \V  of  Rcnnes.  Lon.  -2  21  W,  lat.  4« 
2/ N. 

Lav.hesc,  a  to^vll  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  tlie  Months  of  the 
Uiione  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
nine  miles  N  of  Aix.  Lon.  5  Jl  ¥.,  lat. 
43  40  N. 

Lambeth,  a  ^■illage  in  Surry,  on  tin 
Thames  opposite  Westminster,  where 
the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  have  an 
ancient  pabce.  By  the  vast  increase 
of  buildings,  Lambeth  is  now  joined  to 
the  metropolis,  in  a  direction  to  each 
of  the  three  bridges.  Here  is  a  manu- 
facture of  artificial  stone,  |which  an- 
swer every  purpose  of  stone  carving, 
and  extends,  not  only  to  statues  from 
the  finest  models,  but  to  ever}  kind  of 
architectural  ornaments.  Here  like- 
wise are  extensive  works  for  vinegar 
and  homemaile  wine,  a  patent  shot 
manufacture,*  and  numerous  timber 
yards,  supplied  with  almost  incredible 
stores  of  foreign  timber. 

Lamliorn,  a  town  in  Berk.s,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  on  a  river  of 


blished  themselves  in  the  central  parts  ;  the  same  name,  which  fulls  into  the 
of  the  country.  Laliore  is  now  the  ,  Kennet,  beh)w  Newbury.  It  is  seven 
C!i])ital  of  the  Seiks,  wliose  name  was  j  miles  N  by  VV  of  Hungerford,  and  68 
hardly  kncwn  till  the  rapid  decline  of !  VV  of  London.  Lon.  126  W,  lat.  51 
the  Mogul    empire,     in    the    present!  30  N. 

century.  Here  tlicy  have  manufac- 1  /-nwr^o,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Beira, 
tiu'cs  of  cotton  cloths  and  stuff's  of  all  |  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  cita- 
kinds,   and  of    very  curinvis   carpets. !  del,  containing  two  churches,  an  hos- 


And  here  there  is  a  magnilicent  \v:Jk 
of  shady  trees,  upwards  of  300  miles 
long,  it  is  210  miles  S  of  Cashmere, 
and  290  N  W  of  Delhi.  Lon  73  45  E, 
lat.  31  15  N. 

Lnino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citcriore,  near  a  river  of  the  same 
•name.     Lon.  16  11  E,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Lai-tcheou-fni,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chang-tong,  with  a  con- 
venient harbour  on  the  Yellow  Sea, 
containing  two  cities  of  the  first,  and 
live  of  the  third  class. 

Lala:d,  a  small  island  of  Denmark, 
in  the  Baltic,  lying  S  of  Zealand,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. It  is  fertile  in  corn,  witli  which 
it  supplies  Copenhagen.  Naxkow  is 
the  capital. 

Lambale,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North   Coast,  and 


pital,  and  four  convents.  It  is  50  mile» 
S  E  of  Bragua,  and  150  N  of  Lisbon, 
Lon.  7  30  W,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Laviinennuir,  a  mountainous  ridge 
in  Scotland,  which  divides  the  co\nity 
of  Berwick  from  tltat  of  Haddington 
for  above  20  miles.  These  mountains 
are,  in  ger.eral,  very  bleak  and  barren, 
ailbrding  but  scanty  pasture  for  the 
sheep  that  feed  on  them.  Scoutra  Hill 
is  the  most  elevated  of  this  ridge. 

Lamo,  a  kingdom  and  island  of  Af- 
rica, on  the  coast  of  Melinda,  between 
the  island  of  Pate  and  Cape  Formosa. 
Its  capital  of  the  same  name  is  well 
fortified.  The  king  and  government, 
being  Mahometans,  are  frequently  at 
war  with  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants, 
who  are  Pagans.  Lamo  is  tributary 
to  the  Portugiiesc. 

Lampcdosa,  a  dt-Bert  island  on  the 


A  M 

of  Bretagne,  It  is  tlic 
tlic  liite  (liitcliy  of  Pcn- 
ive  tlic  title  of  princess 
latc  lady  of  that  name, 
a  };-(K>il  trade  in  cattle, 
clinient,  and  is  o7  niiles 
s.     Lon.  ^'  'Jl  W,  lat.  4K 

to^vll  of  France,  in  the 
f  tlie  Moutlis  of  the 
e  province  of  I'rovcncc, 
ifAix.     Lon.  5  31  E,  lat. 

villaj^e  in  Surry,  on  tin 
lite  Westminster,  where 
pb  of  Canterbury  have  an 
By  the  vast  increase 
..ambeth  is  now  joined  to 
i,  in  a  direction  to  ccch 
rid.t;'es.  Here  is  a  mann- 
ificial  stone,  |which  an- 
U'posc  of  Btone  carving-, 
not  only  to  statues  from 
lets,  but  to  c^x•n  kind  of 

ornaments.  Here  like- 
iisivc  works  for  vineg;ar 
ae   wine,   a  patent  shot 

and  numerous  timber 
d  with  almost  incredible 
ign  timber. 

I  town  in  Berks,  with  a 
iduy,  seated  on  a  river  of 
me,  wliich  falls  into  the 
w  Newbury.  It  is  seven 
V  of  Uungerfoi'd,  and  68 
.     Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  51 

■own  of  Portugal  inBeira, 
's  see,  and  a  strong  cita- 
g  two  churches,  an  hos- 
:  convents.  It  is  50  miles 
a,  and  150  N  of  Lisbon. 

lat.  41  12  N. 
lir,  a  ino<mtainous  ridg« 
vhich  divides  the  co\nity 
•om  tl»at  of  Haddington 
miles.  These  mountains 
d,  very  bleak  and  barren, 

scanty  pasture    for  the 
ed  on  them.  Scoutra  Hill 
levated  of  this  ridge, 
ngdom  and  island  of  Af- 
oast  of  Melinda,  between 

Pate  and  Cape  Formosa, 
the  same  name  is  well 
■\c  king  and  government, 
netans,  are   frequently  at 

rest  of  the  inhabitants, 
pans.     Lamo  is  tributary 
juesc. 
adLsert  island  on  the 


LAN 

toast  of  Tunis,  12  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  50  miles  from  Tunis,  and 
112  from  Malta  ;  and  has  a  giMxl  linr- 
buiir,  where  ships  water.  Lun.  11  0£, 
lat.  36  10  N. 

Lampsaco,  an  ancient  town  of  Nato- 
lia,  with  a  Greek  arciibishop's  sec.  It 
is  now  an  inconsiderable  place,  seated 
on  tlie  sea  of  Marmora,  six  miles  from 
(he  Dardanelles.  Lon.  27  20  K,  lat.  40 
12  N. 

Lurrutpiiiige,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxo- 
ny, situate  at  tiie  source  of  a  river  cal- 
led Laine. 

LaiKas/iire,  a  large  maritime  province 
of  England,  washed  by  the  Irish  sea  on 
the  VV,  bordering  on  the  N  with  that 
part  of  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  VV 
Hiding  of  Yorkshire,  and  on  the  \V  by 
Cheshire,  extending  73  miles  in  length, 
and  41  in  breadth,  comprehenduig  a- 
bout  260,000  inhabitants.  Tlie  eastern 
j)arts  of  the  province  arc  rocky,  and  m 
the  nortlicrn  districts  we  see  many 
single  mountains  remarkably  high, 
such  as  Ingleburough  liill,  Cloughbo- 
hill,  Pendle-hill,  and  l>ongi-idge-hill. 
Nor  is  there  any  want  of  wood  in  tliis 
country,  either  for  timber  or  fuel ;  wit- 
ness Wicrsdalc  forest  and  Bowland  fo- 
rest to  the  northward,  and  Simon's 
wood  in  the  southern  part  of  Lanca- 
shire. The  air  of  Lancashire  is  pure, 
healthy,  and  agreeable,  except  among 
the  fens  and  on  the  sca-sliore,  where 
the  atmosphere  is  loaded  with  putrid 
exhalations,  producing  malignant  and 
intermitting  fevers,  scurvy,  rheuma- 
tism, dropsy,  and  consumption,  The 
soil  is  various  in  diflerent  parts  of  the 
country,  poor  and  rocky  on  the  hills, 
fat  and  fei-tile  in  the  valleys  and  cham- 
])aign  counti-y.  The  level  country  pro- 
duces plenty  of  wheat  and  barley,  and 
the  skirts  of  the  hills  yield  good  har 
vests  of  excellent  oats  :  very  good 
hemp  is  raised  in  divers  parts  of  the 
province ;  and  the  pasture  which 
grows  in  the  valley  is  so  peculiarly  rich, 
tiiHt  the  cattle  which  feed  upon  it  are 
much  larger  and  fatter  than  in  any  o- 
ther  part  of  England.  There  is  not 
any  part  of  the  world  better  supplied 
than  Lancashire  with  provisions  of  ali 
kinds  at  a  very  reasonable  rate  ;  sucli 
as  beef,  veal,  mutton,  lamb,  pork,  poul- 
try, and  game  of  all  sorts,  caught  upon 
tile  moors,  heaths,  and  commons,  ii< 
tile  hilly  part  of  the  shire.  Besidc^ 
tlie  sea-fowl  common  to  tho  .shires  ol 


LAN 

F.ngland,  such  as  ducks,  caster1ing«v 
teal  and  plover,  many  uncommon  birds 
arc  ob.scrved  on  tlie  co.i.st  of  Lanca- 
shire ;  the  sea-crow,  variegulcd  with 
blue  and  black,  the  putKn,  tlic  ciirnio- 
runt,  tlie  curlew,  tliC  mzor-bill,  t!ie 
copped  wren,  the  nd-sliaiiks,  the 
swan,  the  tropic  l)ird,  tiie  kiiig's-usli- 
er,  8tc.  As  a  commercial  siul  manu- 
facturing county,  it  is  ilistingiiiancd 
beyond  any  other  in  the  kiiigd<im  Its 
principid  manufactures  are  linen,  silk, 
and  cotton  goods;  fustii'.iis,  counter- 
panes, shalloons,  bays,  serges,  tapes, 
small  ware,  hats,  sailchitli,  sacking, 
pins,  iron  goods,  cast  plate-gluss,  &c. 
Of  the  commerce  of  this  county,  it  may 
suffice  to  observe,  that  Liverpool  is  th« 
second  port  in  the  kingdom.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Mersey,  Irwcll, 
Ribble,  Lon,  Levem,  W>Te,  Hodder, 
Roche,  Diiddon,  Winstcr,  Ken,  and 
Calder  ;  and  it  has  two  considerable 
lakes,  Winander-mere,  and  Coniston- 
nicTe.     Lancaster  is  tlie  county-town. 

Lancaster,  thecounty-t'iwn  of  Lanca- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor :  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Lon,  which  hei-e  forms  a  port 
for  vessels  of  moderate  burden,  and 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  of  five 
urches.  It  has  but  one  church,  on  thet 
side  of  a  hill,  on  the  summit  of  wliicli 
is  the  castle,  serving  both  as  the  shire- 
house,  and  the  coun  raol.  On  the 
top  of  this  castle  is  .|uare  tower, 
called  John  of  Gaunt  ;>  Chair,  whence 
there  is  a  fine  prospect  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Cumberland,  and  the  view  to- 
ward the  sea,  extending  to  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Five  miles  from  tliis  place  is 
Dunald-Mill-Hole,  acave  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  into  which  a  large  brook 
runs,  after  it  has  driven  a  mill  near  its 
antrance.  Some  of  its  vaults  are  so 
high,  that  they  resemble  the  roof  of  a 
church,  and  in  other  parts  so  low,  that 
they  can  be  passed  only  by  creeping  on 
the  hands  and  feet.  Lancaster  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade,  especially  to 
the  West  Indies  ;  and  is  noted  for  the 
making  of  mahogany  cabinet  ware.  It 
is  63  niiles  S  of  Carlisle,  and  235  N  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  56  W,  lat.  54  4 
N. 

Lancaster,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
41  miles  long,  and  35  broad.  In  1800 
it  contained  43,403  inhabitants  :  divid- 
..d  from  Chester  county,  and  erected 
into  a  separate  county.  May  10,  1729. 


W- 


LAN 


LAN 


b 


Lciiic.'i.tter,  llu;  caiiitul  of  Lancaster 
count',  ,  PiMinsylvania.  Tliis  town  wa» 
erected  iiitD  ii  borough  and  incorjiura- 
ted  in  174J.  In  IHUO  tlie  inhabitants 
aininintcd  to  42'JJ,  who  are  pi'incipnlK 
Gcnii.in.-i,  or  Uu-ir  ininiediali;  deHccnd- 
lints.  The  litreets  are  laid  out  in  re- 
j;:uhir  sijuai'cs,  and  the  huildinj^g  are 
mostly  of  hriclts,  some  ofthuiiihand- 
sonu-ly  constnuted.  The  principal 
jniblic  edifices,  are  ii  larj^e  court- 
hi);ise,  niaritet-house  and  gaol,  with 
six  or  seven  |)lai-es  of  relig'ious  wor- 
ship. It  is  at  piesent  tlie  seat  of  the 
St.ne  governnicnt,  and  lias  a  bank,  a 
collc^^e  e.illed  Franklin  coliejji;,  and  a 
post  oiiii  e.  It  is  situated  in  the  lat.  of 
40^  N  and  Ion.  of  76°  10'  \V,  at  the  di.^,- 
tanceof  62  miles  W  from  Philadelphia, 
and  11  E  from  Coluiiihiu,  on  the  river 
Susquehanna. 

Lancistcr,  a  post  town  in  Grafton 
county,  New  Hampshire,  on  tiie  Eside 
of  Conneetic\it  river,  54  miles  N  E  of 
Huvcrhili,  with  440  inhabiti.uts, 

Ldticcintcr,  H  jiost  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  J5  miles  N  W 
of  Boston,  and  17  N  E  of  Worcester, 
with  1j81.  inhabitants. 

Laiiceruta,  one  of  the  Cunary  Isles. 
It  is  very  hijfh,  and  may  be  discovered 
at  a  g-reat  distance.  The  gloats  and 
sheep  arc  pretty  plenty,  and  the  val- 
lies  produce  a  little  wheat  and  corn. 
It  is  about  15  miles  Ion}'  and  10  Uroad. 
Lon.  13  2C  W,  lat.  29  14  N. 

Lunviann,  a  town  of  Naple.s,  in  Ab- 
fuzzo  Citeriore,  with  an  archbisiiop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Feltrino,  87 
miles  N  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  50  E, 
lat.  42  18  N. 

LanJaJf,  a  small  place  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, but  honoured  with  the  appella- 
tion of  a  city,  on  account  of  its  being 
an  ei)iscopal  see.  It  is  seated  on  an 
ascent,  on  the  river  Taafe,  near  Car- 
diff; but  the  cathedral,  a  large  stately 
building,  stands  on  low  ground.  It  is 
30  miles  N  W  of  Bristol,  and  166  W 
of  London.  Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Lantiaiv,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  palatinate  of  t]ie  Rliine.  It  wafi 
formerly  imperial,  but  was  ceded  to 
the  French  in  1648.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  (Jiieich,  nine  miles  S  of  Newstadt, 
and  270  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  8  12  E,  lat. 
49  12  N. 

Lanien,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
fiimous  for  a  battle  gained  by  the 
French  over  the  allies,  July  29,  1693, 
mid  for  a  battle  fought  iVIarch  18, 1793, 


between  the  Austrian*  and  French,  by 
wliiih  (he  latter  were  eon.]>elUd  t* 
evacuate  the  Austrian  Nell.erlunds. 
Laiiden  is  seated  on  the  Hecke,  17 
miles  N  U  of  Huy,  and  18  N  E  of  Na- 
mur.  Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  52  41  N.  Sec 
Ni^cnvimieit. 

Lur.itcniau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  t>f  Finisterre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brctagiie,  seated  on  the  Elho- 
ro,  16  miles  N  E  of  Brest.  Lon  4  20 
W,  lut.  1,.8  28  N. 

Landti,  a  dejiartment  of  France,  in- 
iludiiigthe  liilc  territory  of  Mursan.  It 
takes  itH  name  ft-om  a  disti-ict,  called 
Laiidts,  exteiiding  along  the  coast  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  is  a  barren  sandy 
country,  covered  with  fern,  pines,  and 
the  holm-tree,  of  the  bark  of  which 
corks  arc  made.  Mont-de-Marsan  is 
the  capital  of  this  department,  and 
Dox  the  episcopal  sec. 

Laii^^imrd  Fort  seems  to  belong  to 
S'.ltoliv,  but  is  in  the  limits  of  Essex, 
and  has  a  lovely  prospect  of  the  coasts 
of  both  counties.  It  was  erectetl  and 
is  maintained  fi>r  the  defence  of  the 
port  of  Harwich  over  against  it;  for  it 
commands  the  entry  of  it  from  the  sea 
up  the  Manning-tree  water,  and  will 
reach  any  ship  that  goes  in  or  out.  It 
is  placed  on  a  point  of  land  so  sur- 
rounded with  the  sea  at  high  water, 
tlia'i  it  loi.ks  like  a  little  island  at  least 
one  mile  Irom  tlie  shore.  The  making 
its  itjiindation  solid  enough  for  so  good 
u  fortification  cost  many  3cars  labour, 
unil  a  jirodigious  expence.  It  was 
built  in  the  reign  of  king  James  I. 
when  it  was  a  much  more  considera- 
ble fortification  than  new,  having  four 
bastions  mounted  with  60  very  large 
guns,  particularly  those  on  the  royal 
bastion,  which  would  throw  a  28 
pound  ball  over  Harwich.  Here  is  a 
small  garrison,  with  a  governor,  and  a 
plattiirm  of  guns.  This  fort  is  refitted 
and  greatly  enlarged  for  theconvenien- 
cy  of  the  oUicers  of  ordnance,  cr.gin- 
eers,  and  matrosses  ;  and  a  barrack 
built  for  the  soldiers. 

Landrecy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Hainaiilt.  It  was  besieged  in 
vain  by  prince  Eugene  in  1712.  It 
was  taken  by  the  allies,  in  April  17P4; 
but  retaken  in  Jidy  following.  It  is  ve- 
ry well  fortified,  and  seated  on  the 
Sambre,  28  miles  S  W  of  Maubctige, 
and  100  N  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  47  E, 
lat.  50  7  N.  " 


A  N 

strians  nnd  French,  by 
;r  were  coii.jiclltil  U 
^.ustriuii  Nell.crluiuls. 
cil  III)  t!ie  Ik-cke,  17 
in-,  uml  18  N  b'.  ot  Na- 
K,  Ittt.  53  41  N.     Sec 

town  of  France,  in  the 
iiiiiiterrc  ;iiul  lute  pro- 
ie,  seated  on  tin-  Ellio- 
:;  of  Urcst.     Lon    4   20 

artment  of  France,  in- 
tciTitoiy  of  Mursitn.  It 
from  ii  disti'ict,  culled 
ng  ulonjj  the  coast  of 
ly.  It  is  a  barren  sandy 

I  with  fern,  pines,  and 
if  the  bark  of  which 
;.  Mont-de-Marsan  is 
tills  department,  and 
>al  see. 

(  seems   to  belong    to 

II  the  limits  of  Essex, 
prospect  of  tlie  coastg 

It  was  erectetl   and 
'r  the   defence    of  thft 

over  against  it ;  for  it 
ntryofilfrom  the  sea 
•tree  water,  and  will 
hat  goes  in  or  out.  It 
point  of  land  so  sur- 
e  sea  at  iiigh  water, 
:  a  little  island  at  least 
le  shore.  The  making 
ilid  enough  for  so  good 
ist  many  years  labour, 
us  expence.  It  w«» 
ign  of  king  James  I. 
[luch  more  considera- 
than  new,  having  four 
d  with  60  very  large 
y  those  on  the   royal 

woidd  tlirow  u  28 
Harwich.  Here  is  a 
Mth  a  governor,  and  a 
This  fort  is  reiitted 
rged  for  tlie  convenien- 
s  of  ordnance,  cr.gin- 
>sses  ;  and  a  barrack 
Idiers. 

wn  of  France,  in  the 
le  North  and  late  pro- 
;.  It  was  besieged  in 
Eugene   in   1712.     It 

allies,  in  April  17P4; 
ly  following.  It  is  ve- 
,  and  seated  on  the 
3  S  W  of  Maubetige, 
jf  Paris.  Lon.  3  47  E, 


LAN 

Lvt-lsherg,  a  town  of  Germany,   in 
the  eirtlf  of  Upper  Saxonv,  seated  oi 
tlie  Warta.  Lou.  15  ll>  E, 'hit.  52  5U  N. 

J.unJuuerg,  a  I  iwii  of  Germany,  ii. 
the  electorate  of  Bavaria  near  the  riv- 
er Leeli. 

LanJ.icrnon,  a  fort  of  France  in  the 
dep.ii'tnicnt  of  Ujipcr  Rhine,  and  late 
jirovince  of  Alsa':e,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence three  miles  N  of  Basil.  Lon.  7 
32E,  lHt.47  j6  N. 

Laiuiacrimn,  or  Lanu'tcrona,  a  sea- 
port of  Sweden,  in  the  province  ot 
Gothlunil,  and  territory  of  Schoncn, 
seated  on  the  Baltic,  within  the  Sound, 
22  miles  N  of  Copenluigen.  Lon.  12 
52  E,  lut.  55  52  N. 

L.ind'i  Kml,  the  most  westerly  point 
of  Gre.it  Britain,  and  a  vast  aggregate 
of  moorstonc.  Lun.  5  4()  \V,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Landichut,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dutcliy  of  Schwcidnit/,  it  is  seated  on 
the  Zelder,  which  falls  into  the  flau- 
ber,  and  is  12  miles  W  of  Schwcid- 
nitz. 

Landichut,  a  town  of  Lower  Ba- 
varia, with  a  strong  cnstle,  on  an  ad- 
jacent hill.  It  is  seated  on  the  Iser, 
35  miles  N  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  10 
E,  lilt.  48  30  N. 

L.inJschut,  a  town  of  Moravia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Morava,  on  the  confines  of 
Hungary  and  Austria. 

L.mdsperg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  marclie  of  Brandenburgh,  seat- 
ed on  the  Warta,  32  miles  N  E  of 
I'raiicfort  on  the  Oder.  Lon.  15  lOE, 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Liindsperg,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria,  near  the  river 
Lech,  23  miles  S  of  Augsburg. 

Lanert,  a  borough  in  L'uierkshire. 
»eated  on  the  Clyde,  20  miles  S  E  of 
Glasgow.     Lon.  3  49  VV,  hit.  55  40  N. 

Lanerkshire,  or  Clydesdale ;  whicli 
latter  name  it  has  from  that  river 
whicli  rims  entirely  through  it  from 
South-cast  to  North-west,  and  near 
Lanerk  town  forms  a  cataract  of  40 
feet  high.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
part  of  Dumbartonshire,  Stirlingshire, 
Linlithgowshire,  and  Edinburghshire  ; 
on  the  E  by  Peebleshire  and  part 
of  Dumfriesshire,  on  the  S  by  D.mi- 
friesshire,  and  on  the  W  by  Airshire 
and  Renfrewshire,  it  is  near  24  niUcs 
where  broadest,  and  about  16  hi  the 
narrowest  part,  and  40  long ;  and  di- 
vided i'.ito  the  Upper  and  Nether- ward; 
the  one  called  the  shire  of  Lanerk, 
and  the  Other  Uie  barony  of  Glasgow ;  the 


LAN 

one  hilly,  heathy,  ami  lit  for  pasture  j  ani 
.he  otlier  le\el,  and  proper  fur  corn. 
I  hi:  principal  rivers,  :.ll  of  which  riso 
>n  tiie  same  hill,  are  the  Clyde,  whic 
•uns  into  the  Frith  of  its  own  name, 
.>nil  the  Annan,  both  of  which  run  into 
•-lie  Irish  Sea  :  also  the  'Iweeil,  which 
i.lls  into  the  German  Ocean  ;  besides 
which  the  Firth  of  Chde  is  joined  to 
Firth  of  Forth  by  a  canal  for  tlie  bene- 
,it  of  navigation  and  trade.  It  aboiiiidit 
with  coul  and  limestone ;  has  some 
lead  mines.  And  abundance  of  Lapis 
Lazuli  is  d  •  up  lieie.  The  chief 
towns  are  Hamilton,  Lanerk,  Ruther- 
;^h:n  and  Glasgow,  the  latter  of  which 
Is  the  most  flotn-isliing  town  in  Scot- 
land, both  in  nianufaetuies  and  trade 
to  foreign  parts.  The  manufactures 
lu-e  woollen  cloths,  shalloons,  cottons 
muslins,  lawns,  gauzes,  nails,  earthen- 
ware, ilistilicry  i;nd  sugar  refining. 

Lanetboro',  a  post  towa  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  five  miles  N  of 
Pittslield,  ami  28  S  of  Bennington  in 
Vermont,  with  1-143  inhabitants. 

I.aneshurg,  a  town  of  Ireland  in  tlie 
county  of  Longford  and  province  of 
Leinster,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Sliunnon,  62  miles  from  Dublin.  Lon. 
8  6  W,  lut.  53  40  N. 

Laiigeuc,  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
tlie  department  of  Cantal  and  lute  pro- 
vince of  Auvcrgne,  seated  near  the 
Aliier,  among  mountains,  36  miles  S 
of  Clermont.     Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Lurgetih,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire 
and  lute  ])rovincc  of  Touraine,  seated 
on  the  Loire,  12  miks  W  of  Tour*. 
Lon.  0  31  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Langeland,  an  islan<l  of  Denmark,  in 
the  strait  called  the  Great  Belt.  It  is 
33  miles  long,  but  scarcely  five  in 
breadth.  It  i>roduces  jilenty  of  corn, 
aiul  the  principal  town  is  Rutcoping. 
Lon.  U  OE,  ht.  .55  4N. 

Latijan  or  Lancliitig,  the  capital  of 
the  ki'.igdom  of  Laos  in  the  further  In- 
dia, 371  miles  N  of  Sion.  Lon.  101  SI 
E,  lat.  21  10  N. 

Lnngon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde  and  late  province 
of  Guienne.  It  is  noted  for  excellent 
wine,  and  seated  on  the  Garonne,  15 
miles  N  of  Bazas.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 
44  33  N. 

Lwigport,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Parrct,  which 
is  navigable  tor  barges  to  Bridg«wa- 

♦ 


f» 


LAO 


LAP 


U'P.  Il  is  'cii  milcH  S  1',  of  BrUl(yp\v!itep, 
and  1J8  \V  l)\  S  of  Loiidoii.  Loii.  o  0 
W,   lilt,  jl  u  N. 

Liiiij^ic)!,  till  ancient  to\vn  of  Fruncc, 
in  tiiu  tii'[)ai'lnifnt(if  U|)|>ir  Murne  uiul 
Lite  pi'o<  iiu  u  (if  Chaniijayni',  with  a 
biHliop's  Sic.  It  IS  scutcil  on  ii  nioun- 
tain  near  tlic  soiirii-s  of  the  Marnc, 
anil  itH  cnllci-y  warus  aio  in  liig'li  vtt- 
teem.  'I'liiu  ii.wii  is  llioii>,'lit  to  stand 
the  lii(fhfst  of  any  in  Franii;  ;  and  tlie 
prosptctfiMin  tiif  towL'i-H  of  llic  princi- 
pal ctiui-cli  is  beautiful  Itevond  concep- 
tion. It  is  .\j  miles  n'E  of  Dijon, 
and  100  S  bv  Ji  of  Klicims.  Lon.  5  24 
E,  lat.  47  52  N. 

Langntow,  a  jilace  in  Humpsliiri; 
famous  lur  its  liarbuur  wliicii  is  capa- 
cious cnouj^li,  to  contain  tbc  whole 
navy  of  England,  but  on  arcoimtofii 
bur  there  is  no  entrance  for  large  shijis 
at  low  water. 

LungiwUuc,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  i)y  Q;ierci,  Rouer- 
tfue,  Auvcr^e,  and  Lxonois  ;  on  the  E 
by  Daupliiny  and  Provence;  on  the 
W  by  Gascony  ,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Mediterranean  and  Kou.sillon.  The 
clerg'y  and  inhabitants  were  more  rich, 
nunien)u.s  and  more  biffotted  than  in 
any  other  place  in  France.  It  now 
forms  the  departments  of  Aude,  Gurd, 
Upper  Garonne,  and  llcrault. 

Laniun,  u  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tiie  North  Coast  and  late 
jjrovitice  of  Brctajj^nc.  Its  trade  con- 
sists in  wine  and  hemp,  and  it  has 
some  minend  waters.  The  inhal)itants 
of  LanioM,  Guinrainp,  and  tlK^cnvirons, 
speak  tlie  Welsh  lanj.'uuge,  wliich  was 
prr)bably  broiiplil  here  by  tlie  Urltons, 
who  took  refuge  in  these  j)arts,  in  tbc 
fiftli  century.  Lanion  is  15  miles  W 
of  'J'reg'tiier. 

Lannoy,  a  town  of  France,  in'  the 
department  of  t!ie  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  French  Flanders,  five  miles 
SE  of  Li.sle. 

Lansinbuif;,  a  post  town  in  Rcnsel- 
laer  county.  New  York;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Mohock  river,  about 
four  miles  above  I'roy,  antl  nine  above 
Albany. 

Liinso,  a  towni  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
river  Store,  12  mik";  N  W  of  Turin. 
Loi..  "23  j2,  lilt.  45  9  N. 

Lain,  a  town  of  Franc?  in  the  de- 
panment  of  Aisne  a'ld  late  province  of 
Soissonnois,  with  a  e:ist!(.',  and  lately  a 
bishop's  see.     Its  principal  tiadc   con-  j 


sists  in  corn  and  wine  ;  it  is  advnnf.n^'p. 
ously  seated  on  u  mouiitnin,  77  milei 
N  E"of  Paris.  Lon.  3  43  E,  lut.  4'J;J4  N. 
l.,i(i.t,  It  kingdom  ot  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  Ton- 
(|iiin  iind  Cochin  Chinu,  on  the  S 
by  Caiid)odiu,  and  on  the  VV  by  Hur- 
Mudi,  'Ihis  jounfry  is  full  of  fiirests, 
and  aboiiiids  lit  rice,  fruits,  and  llsh. 
'1  he  Inhiibitunis  arc  well  made,  robust, 
of iin  olive  complexion, and  mild;  but 
very  Buperstitious,  and  much  addicted 
to  women.  'I'heir  prinei]>al  occupa- 
tioii  is  tilling  the  ground  anil  lisliing. 
The  king  is  absolute,  and  has  no  other 
law  than  his  own  will:  he  shows  him- 
self but  twice  a  )  ear,  and  has  a  large 
revenue  from  elephant's  teeth  found  in 
his  dominions.  Their  religion  is  much 
the  same  as  in  China.  Laucionc  is  the 
capital. 

Lapland,  the  most  northerly  country 
of  Europe,  extending  from  the  N  cape 
in  71°  30'  N  lat.  to  the  White  Sea  un- 
der  the  arctic  circle,    is   inhabited  by 
the  same  people,  though  the   country 
is  subject  to   diHerent  powers.     Nor- 
wegian   Lapland,  imder  the   dcmiinion 
of  Denmark,  lie.s   between    the    nor- 
thern   sea,    the    river    Pais,   and    thr 
lake  Enarak.     Swedish  Lapland  com- 
prehends all  the  coimtry  from  the  Bal- 
tic to  the  mountains  that  separate  Nor- 
way from  Sweden.     Lajjland   may   be 
leimeda  huge  congeries  of  frightful 
rocks  and   stupendous   mountains ;   in- 
terspersed, however,  witli  many  plea- 
sant valleys,    watered   by  an  infinite    ' 
number  of  rivulets  that  run  into    the 
rivers   and    lakes,     which    discharge 
themselves   into  the    gtdf  of  Bothnia. 
Tlie  nanics  of  the  principal    lakes   in 
Lapland  are  the  Great  Uma,  the  Great 
Windel,  the   Orea\m,  the   Stor-avan, 
the  Great  Lula  ;   the  lakes  of  Kartom, 
Kali,  Torno,  Enara,  and  Kimi.     Some 
of  these  extend  60    le.tgiies  in  length, 
and  contain  a  great  number  of  islands  : 
Stor-avan  is  said  to    contain  365 ;  and 
Enora  contains  an  archipelugo  of  islands 
so  large,  that  no  Laplander  has  lived 
long    enough  to   visit  each  particular 
island.     The  natives  believe  this  coun- 
try to  be  the  terrestrial  paradise  ;  and 
indeed  notliing could  be  more  enchant- 
ing than  such  vast  jjrospects  of  moun- 
tains,  hills,  forests,  lakes,  rivers,  &c.  if 
the    coimtry  was   in  a  moderate   cli- 
mate ;  though  even   here,   in  summer 
the  roses  are  seen  blowing  wild  on  the 
bunki  of  lakes  and  rivers,  with  all  the 


A  P 


LAP 


L  A  R 


\inc  i  it  is  advantaj;**- 
nmuiitnin,  77   iiiik'i 
.MJ  E,  lat.  4'J;J4N. 
ot    Asia,   hoiiiidcil 
,  on  the  E    liy    Ton- 
Cliiiiu,     on    the    S 
on    the    \V  liy  Hiir- 
ry   is  full  of  forests, 
ce,   fruits,    un<t  (l.sli. 
c  well  mudc,  robust, 
xioM, and  mild)    hut 
and  much  addicted 
r    princijiul    occu|)a- 
ground   und   fishin|f, 
te,  and  ha*  no  other 
will:  he  shows  hini- 
■ar,  und  has  a   larw 
lant's  teeth  found  in 
lieirreliffiou  is  much 
nu.     Lancionc  is  the 

St  northerly  onuntry 
ing-  fn.m  the  N  capi- 
tlie  White  Sea  un- 
•le,  is  inhabited  by 
tliou|,'h  the  country 
lent  powers.  Nor- 
indcr  the  dominion 
between  tlic  nor- 
vcr  Pais,  and  the 
dish  Lapland  com- 
initry  from  the  Hal- 
s  that  separate  Nor- 

l<a])lund  may  be 
ngerieg  of  frightful 
iius  mountains  i  in- 
r,  witli  many  plea, 
led  by  an  infinite  • 
that  run  into    the 

wliich    discharge 
e   ffidf  of  Bothnia, 
principal    lakes   in 
cat  Unia,  the  Great 
•'n,  the   Stor-Rvan, 
e  lakes  ofKartom, 
,  and  Kimi.     Some 
leapies  in  length, 
number  of  islands  : 
contain  365;  and 
chipelagoofis)aiid.s 
iplander  has  lived 
it  each   particular 
believe  this  coun- 
rial  paradise  ;  aiui 
1  be  more  encliant- 
rospects  of  moun- 
akes,  rivers,  &c.  if 
1  a   moderate   cli- 
here,   m  summer 
owing  wild  on  the 
ivcrs,  with  all  the 


boaiitiful  j^low  uf  colour  which  appears 
in  llm.sc  cultiTated  in  our  (fa.'dens. 
UiiLall  tiic  intervals  bet wieii  the  tnoiMi- 
t:iiris  lire  n^it  eii;^r<>s»ed  by  ihcue  ag-ree- 
iible,  prospects  i  (jreat  part  oi'  tlie  tlal 
CDUnli'y  i*  •■overo<l  with  brown  dunk) 
I'lruMLH  of  lir  and  pine  tl'e(!s  j  and  tliefc 
are  oticn  hkirted  liy  wid<;  extended 
morasses,  the  stajfiiatin^  waters  of 
which  iu  BUinnier  |)roducc  myriads  of 
iniNchiovous  insects,  that  arc  more  in- 
toleraiilc  than  even  the  cold  of  winter. 
'I'he  cold  in  this  country  is  very  intense 
during  the  winter,  freezing  even  bran- 
dy and  tlie  watery  i)urt  of  spirit  of 
wine,  if  the  latter  is  not  highly  recti- 
fied:  all  the  lakes  and  rivcrx  are  fro 
fro/en  to  a  prodigious  thickness  ;  and 
t!ie  whole  f'lce  of  the  country  is  at  wa\s 
covered  with  snow.  Tlie  heat  of  num- 
nier  is  almost  as  intolerable  as  the  cold 
of  winter.  At  the  nortJiern  extremi- 
ty of  the  country  the  sun  never 
sets  for  three  months  iu  summer, 
und  in  winter  there  is  an  uninter- 
rupted night  of  the  sume  durati(m ;  but 
this  is  qualified  in  such  a  manner  by  a 
constant  revolution  of  dawn  and  twi- 
light, by  a  serene  nky,  moon-light,  and 
aurora  borealis,  re'ttccted  frimi  the 
white  surface  of  the  earth  covered 
with  snow,  that  tlie  inhabitants  are 
enabled  to  hunt,  fish,  und  proceed 
with  their  ordinary  occupations.  The 
country  abounds  with  excellent  springs ; 
and  is  remarkable  for  some  surprising 
cataracts,  in  which  the  water  rumbles 
over  frigiitful  precipices,  and  dashes 
among  rocks  with  amazing  impetuosi- 
ty and  noise.  Its  soil  is  generally  so 
chilled  and  barren  that  it  prod.iccs  lit- 
tle or  no  grrain  or  fruit-trees  of  any 
kind.  This  sterility,  however,  is  not 
so  much  owing  to  the  soil,  wliich  is  in 
many  places  of  a  rich  mould,  as  to 
want  of  industry.  The  Laplanders 
are  very  lew  in  stature,  ami  are  like- 
wise remarkable  for  having  large  heads. 
They  are  also  ill  shaped,  und  tlieir 
features  harsh.  They  are,  however, 
strong,  hardy,  and  robust,  insc:much 
that  they  will  bear  incredible  fatigue  i 
and  it  is  remarked  that  the  stoutest 
Norwegian  is  not  able  to  bend  the 
bow  of  a  Laplander.  The  women  are 
much  less  homely  than  the  men,  and 
many  of  them  are  noted  for  a  delicate 
and  florid  complexion.  These  people  are 
simple,  honest,  hospitable,  and  timor- 
ous :  their  timidity,  however,  respects 
war  tdone  ;  for  to  many  other  species  ot 


ilnngcr  they  expose  tlicmsrlvcs  with 
suriuising  intrejiiditj ,  wlicllur  in  a»- 
leiiiting  or  descending  munhi.tiiiH  m\A 
pivcipicis  with  tiicir  snow  (tliocs  uiid 
ill  dledgis,  or  in  veiittirnig  uniidHl 
wliii'lpools  and  cutariicts  in  little  slen- 
der bouts  made  of  thin  tir-b'ianls,  t:is. 
teiud  together  with  llionps  ot'li'utlier, 
sinews  of  wild-beasts,  or  tough  and 
flexible  twigs  of  willow  uiul  osier. 
These  boats  are  of  dille n  nt  si/.ca,  from 
two  to  six  yards  in  length,  managed 
with  oars,  and  caulked  with  moss  so 
tight  us  to  keep  out  the  water.  The 
Luplundeis  are  partly  settled,  und  in 
part  wild  and  roving:  the  latter  live 
III  'ents  liiiidf  with  coarse  rli>tli  :  the 
former  are  (ixed  in  small  vdlii.res  neuP 
the  lakes,  and  chiefly  follow  fishing. 
'I'he  commerce  of  the  Lu|iluiiders  i» 
more  considerable  than  one  would  ex- 
pect in  a  desert  country  inhabited  by  a 
savage,  ignorant  people.  They  exjuirt 
great  quantities  of  lish  to  the  northern 
parts  of  Bothnia  and  White  Hiissia. 
They  likewise  trade  with  the  ncifch- 
boiiring  countries  of  Norway,  Swed.;n, 
Muscovy,  and  Finland,  by  selling  rein- 
deer, fine  furs,  baskets  und  toys  of 
their  own  manufacture,  dried  pikes, 
and  cheese  mudc  of  the  Keln-deer'» 
milk.  In  return  for  these  commo<li. 
ties  they  receive  rixdollars,  woollen 
cloths,  linens,  copper,  tin,  flo'ir,  oil, 
hides,  needles,  knives,  spirituous  li- 
quors,  tobacco,  and  other  necessaries. 

Lar,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Laristan,  with  a  castle.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  silk,  orang- 
es, lemons,  and  tamarinds.  Lon.  5245 
E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

l.aracha,  sui  ancient  and  strong  town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,'  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  good  harbour.  It  was  once  ia 
possession  of  the  Spaniards,  but  the 
Moors  took  it  from  them.  Lon.  5  59 
W,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Laredo,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  on  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  with  a  large  safe  har- 
bour. It  is  30  miles  W  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
3  53  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Largentiere,  u  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Ardcchc  andlate 
province  of  Daiiphiny. 

Largo,  a  town  of  Scotland,  county  of 
Fife,  six  miles  S  of  Ciip.ir,  situate  in  a 
larire  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Largs,  a  villiige  cm  tlie  W  coast  of 
Scotland,  memorable  for  the  defeat  of 
Uic  Norwegians  in  their  lu&t  invasioa 


LAV 


L  A  U 


«f  tliii  miintrj'  Kit!i  u  fleet  of  ir>0  «nil 
•iwt  mi  i4iiii\  >>t  '20,liM  nivn  iiiuli  r  tlic 
commnr.il  ol  Mio)  :in  kiiiu:  of  N'li  w><\ . 

Liiriiui,  a  t  iwii  nt'  Nu|<U  »,  in  tin-  Mo- 
liX',  W  ill  li  li.nliiiji'ri  net',  00  lllilrH  .N  E 
of  N.iplcN.  I. (10.  1.^  0  C,  lal.  41  4H  N. 

I.tiiu.i,  uii  Hiuifhl  lirli  niid  I'iiiiiimin 
<  iwii  (it  riirkc'\  ill  Eiiropi,  in  tlic  |ii-i>« 
viiire  orjiiiiim,  witli  uGu'tk  ttrctibiitli- 
Op't  Hcc,  u  iihliirc,  niul  n'Uik.'  IiuikIkoiiic 
nioiH|iif>i.  ll  w.iM  ('.iiiiiiiu  ui  tlic  ivM- 
ticiu'c  ut' Aj  liiiles,  111  il  rtluiii*  its  uii- 
firiit  name.  It  larnc^  (in  a  l:ii({c 
tnule,  and  iv  plc'usaiill>  scHttil  <iti  tlic 
rivfr  P«'iUMiN,  M  n\\Ui>  S  of  Skliiiiiclii, 
nnd  120  N  liy  W  of  Atlieim.  Luii.  32 
47  K,  lilt.  3'.)  '18  N. 

Lnritt>iit,u  (T.ivitirp  ofPerniii,  wliicli 
lies  N  of  tlic  (f'llf  of  1*1-1  Hia.  ll  firiTicr- 
h'  lM-lon{(cd  tu  tlie  Uucbrci.  Liu-  is  the 
cujiital. 

J.  irryLun.hr,  a  gfaport  of  Hindoos- 
tnn  Piii|/cr,  bt  (!ie  inoiitli  of  a  biunch 
of thr  Ir.diis  riillfd  L.'irnliimdar,  wltli 
aliKi'boiir  ('a|)al:l(:  of  itrcivinp;  8li:|/S  of 
200  tuiiit  burden.  Loii.  07  37  E,Ut.  24 
44  N. 

Ltir\i      See  jlrtn. 

J^iiv-'^cit  or  L.iun.i^pn,  a  m-aport 
town  <>i  Norway,  c:'.|.ilal  of  a  di&tiii't  of 
the  rtame  name  lli  iron  wniks  arc 
iliiong  thr  nin.st  vabiiiblc  in  Norway. 

LriMii,  <»•  L.iluititi,  a  lily,  tlic  capi- 
tal of  Grci.t  I'l'ibet.  It  is  not  large, 
but  llie  houses  uic  of  htoiir,  bpacious 
and  lofty,  hevcn  inili-s  on  the  E  H-de 
of  the  city,  is  tl.c  inomituin  of  l*iit:;lu, 
on  tlie  HiMTiniit  of  waich  in  the  ]>aU<i- 
of  llu-  gr:'.;id  Lima,  tlic  liiph-pricst  and 
Sdvei-eipi  of  I  hibct.  Las.sa  in  tSO 
milt-.H  N  bv  E  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  yi  40 
E,  hit.  30  34  N. 

Latdiia,  fornii-rly  LaoJicea,  an  an- 
cient and  considerable  town  of  Syria, 
with  a  harh'Mir  a  binliop's  bee,  niid 
beautiful  remains  of  nntitpiity.  It  is 
bcc'ine  tlic  most  floiirisl-in^-  place  on 
the.  coast  and  carries  on  a  cousldcr;.bl«- 
trudc,  and  is  7.5  miles  S  VV  of  Aleppo, 
and  '043  N  of  Jerusidcm.  Lon.  34  30 
E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Latton,  a  villn^e  in  Essex,  between 
£pp.ng  and  Huilow.  It  had  once  a 
priory  of  Au(fnstine  tn'inks,  whose 
church  is  now  used  fir  u  barn. 

iara/,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
now  in  tlic  department  of  Maine  and 
late  province  of  the  same  name,  with 
two  castles.  The  inhabitants  ;.re  com- 
pitted  at  34,000.  Liuon  of  all  kinds 
aad   qualities  is  utanuftictured  here. 


I  and  the  neii^hlMurinpr  miarrie*  prcKliire 
jficeii  marble,  or  blark,  veined  with 
Wi.ite.  Ii  ii  He.ited  on  the  Mvine,  15 
m  les  .S  of  the  town  of  that  name,  and 
40  \V  of  iMaiia.  Lon.  U  4i  V\  ,  lat.  48 
7  N. 

I.  ivamnmi,  or  Lav mt  MMe,  u  town 
of  Crfrintliiu,  in  .\  .stria  with  a  castle 
anil  k  boihoirM  see.  It  is  Heuled  at  the 
coniliix  of  tlic  I  irave,  and  LaViiinioiil, 
40  miles  K  of  Clu(^eiifiirt.  Lon.  15  IS 
E,  h.l.  40  41  N. 

Luv.iur,  u  town  of  France,   now   in 

the  department   of  'lurn  nnd  L.te  pro- 

viiue  of  Lan)(iieihir..     llefiire  the  revo- 

'  I'ltion  it    was    a  bishop's   see  i  and   it 

I  i.s  seated  on  the  A|foiit,  '2\)  noliN  N  E 

I  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  5i  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

I       Lituhach,  a   stronjj  town    c.i\)itul  of 

i  Carniota,  with  a   bisliop't,   see,  and   a 

I  castle      It   is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 

!  suiiie  name,  in    wl-.ich  arc  the  largest 

I  crawfish  in  Europe,  32  miles  S  of  Cla- 

g-enfui-t,  and  155    S    bv  \V   of  Vienna. 

Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Liiuchiiif^cn,  u  town  of  Siinbia,  situat- 
ed >n  the  conlines  of  the  Dlaek  forest. 
LiuJii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in,  the 
bimiopric  of  Wurtzbiirp',  lli  miles  S  W 
of  Wurtzhui-g.  L  .11.  9  45  E,  lat.  49 
28  N. 

I.auJcr,  a  borough  in  Berwirk.shirc, 
with  a  ca.stle,  22  liiilcs  .Sof  Edinbiirg'li. 
Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  55  36  N. 

L  luilerdale,  a  small  district  in  the 
county  of  Mcrse,  through  which  a  rlv- 
ver  of  the  same  name  runs. 

Lave/lo,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples, 
in  basihcuta,  with  a  bishop's  see,  30 
miles  E  In  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  55 
E,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Lave!t,  or  L.ifclt,  a  village  in  the 
bihiiopric  of  Liege,  near  Muestricht, 
remarkable  fur  a  battle  gained  here  by 
the  Fvpnch  in  1747. 

Lavrnhmn,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  Its  chtirch  '.s  a 
very  handsome  Gothic  structure  ;  and 
it  has  considerable  manufactures  in 
serges,  shalloons,  says,  stidis,  and  fine 
yarn.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
brct,  12  miles  S  by  E  of  St.  Edmund's 
Bury,  and  61  N  E  of  Lomlun.  Lon.  0 
51  E,  lat.  52  39  N. 

Laufftn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutehy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  un  Uie 
Neckar,  10  miles  S  of  Ha.lbron.  Lon. 
9  35  E,  hit.  49  3  N. 

Lanjfen,  a  small  town  of  Swisser- 
Und,  in  the  canton  of  Basic,  seated 
neai-  the  river  Birs. 


\  u 

itip^  mmrrif*  pro<Iiie« 
bUcIc,  vi'iiu-d  with 
■(I  on  tlir  Mvinc,  15 
p'li  of  that  iiuiiir,  uiul 
[.on.  0  4i  V\  ,  lut.  48 

'^iv  ril  Alirt'/f,  U  tiiwn 
.MtriH  with  u  I'UttIo 
.  It  JH  NiMii-d  lit  (lie 
V(<,  and  |,:4riiii\u,ii|, 
finfiirt.     Lon.  15  18 

of  Franre,  now  in 
I'  'i'uni  Hiid  l..ie  pro- 
'<:.  Dciiire  lilt  It vo- 
liHlidpN  net'  I  mid  it 
Koiit,  '2J  nukh  K  B, 
1  .liE,  lut.  43  40  N. 
inj,'  town  c.ipitul  of 
)'i»lio|.'i.  spc,  und  a 
ed  on  u  river  of  tiie 
'.ich  arc  the  lur^pst 
f,  32  niilt'H  S  ofCU. 
i    b\   \V   of  Vienna. 

16  u  a. 

urn  (if  Siittbin,  sitiiat- 
of  the  DUi'k.  foreiit. 
)f  Gcrniuny,  in,  tlie 
hiirp,  la  miles  S  W 
<.».  9  45  E,   Ut.  49 

li  in  Berwickshire, 

lilcH  S  of  Edinburgh. 

5  36N. 

iiall  district  in  the 

iroiig'h  which  a  riv- 

ne  runs. 

nt  town  of  Naples, 

n   bigjiop'tt   Hi-e,  30 

iples.      Lon.  15  55 

a  vilhif^e  in  the 

near   Miiestricht, 

ttle  gained  here  by 

I  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
Itti  church  Ib  a 
liic  structure ;  and 
manufactures  in 
ays,  stidts,  and  fine 
in  a  branch  of  the 
E  j)f  St.  Edmund'* 
f  London.     Lon.  0 

r  Germany,  in  the 
u't,-,  soattd  on  tlie 
of  Ha.ibron.    Lon. 

to\vn   of  Swisser- 
of  Baalc,  scaled 


JV 


L  A  U 

l.ivijfrt,  n  villii((i'  of  Sv  '.s.scrltind,  iiT 

the  (  iiiaoti  of  Zui'ir,  thl'rc  lliilt'4  S  liv 
W  III'  Schitll  huiiiicn.  Here'  is  :i  i  Iclini- 
tc'd  citanict  ot  llif  Hliiiif  i  the  nvcT 
pri'ri|iitntf»  it.silf  in  arcumulutid  niiis- 
•II)  for  5i)  o;'  (iu  Ici  t  pi'r|ioiuliciili.r, 
iM^iiiK'  und  founiinjj;  with  wundcrfid  vi- 
olence. 

Lauffaibiir};,  a  stroiiic  town  of  Gcr- 
niaiiv  III  tile  circle  of  Siiabia,  and  one 
of  the  four  Forest-1'owiin,  with  a  ruin- 
ed cuidtlc.  It  heliitig's  to  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  is  seated  oil  a  nick  on  the 
KliJie,  which  divides  it  iu  two  purt.s. 
Mere  is  a  small  cataract,  noted  fur  ttic 
beauty  of  the  sceneiv.  It  is  17  miles 
K  of  UiLsil.     I.oii.  H  j  K,  hit.  4?"  ,1.5  N. 

Laughtiiii,  a  vill..);'e  of  Vork  iliiro,  on 
a  hi^'li  liill,  noted  for  itschuicli,  whose 
tiiwcr  and  s]iirc  are  not  excelled  by 
any  Gothic  piece  of  the  kind.  It  is 
seen  in  some  pluces,  at  the  distance  of 
6U  indcs. 

Liivijfiia,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  terri- 
tory ot  Genoa.  It  ia  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Lavinnuin,  i\X{n\\\  iu  AVilts,  with  a 
market  on  \Ve<lnesday,  20  niiles  N  \V 
of  Salisbury,  and  Hll  \V  by  .S  of  Lou- 
don.    Lon.  '.2.nV,lat.  13  31  N. 

Launcvjton,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  which  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  was 
formerly  defended  by  a  castle,  wh.cli 
is  now  in  ruins  ;  and  a  little  without 
the  town,  stands  the  old  priory.  It  i.^ 
seated  on  a  hill  near  the  river  Tamar, 
28  miles  N  of  Plymouth,  and  ;:14  \V 
l)V  S  of  London.  Lou.  4  35  \V,  hit.  50 
40  N. 

Ziiu/iH,  a  town  of  Boliemia,  on  the 
road  from  Lcipsick,  to  Prague,  near 
the  river  Eger,  '27  miles  N  VV  of 
Prague.     Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Lavnnt,  Terra  di,  a  province  of  Na- 
ples in  Italy,  63  niiles  in  lengtii,  and  35 
in  breadth ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
Campagna  di  Koma,  on  the  N  by  Ab- 
ru/.zo  Ulteriore  and  Citcriore,  ou  the  E 
by  the  Molise;indprincipata  Ulteriore, 
and  on  the  S  by  Principato  Citeriore. 
It  abounds  in  excellent  wines,  and  all 
sorts  of  fruits  are  found  in  great  plenty. 
The  soil  is  excellent  for  tillage  from 
whence  it  t.ikes  its  name,  and  there  are 
mineral  springs  and  mines  of  sulphur. 
Naples  is  the  capital. 

Lauaanne,  an  ancient  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  capital  of  tlie  Pays  de  Vand, 
with  a  famous  college  and  a  bisho])'s 
see.     It  cotUains  7000  inhabitants.    It 


LAW 

ii  built  on  such  a  steip  asponl,  that,  in 
some  places  the  l.nrse  i  cannot,  w  tli.iut 
great  (li(!icull\,  draw  up  u  e.u'iiajjc  i 
and  foot  pasHciincrs  asceiul  to  the  up- 
jicr  part  of  the  town  by  steps.  Its  lof. 
ty  sitiiiitioii  ailiirds  the  most  siililiMiu 
views  iu  nature,  coiuniuiuling  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  tlur  !'u)s  ile  Vai.d,  and  Vlio 
nigged  must  (if  Ch.ibl.iiy.  The  church, 
tbriiK  ily  the  catliedrul  is  a  magnilicent 
Giithie  building,  stiuiding  on  tlie  most 
elevated  part  of  the  town,  tlic  town- 
house  and  other  public  biiildings,  are 
niLgnilioent.  It  is  seatid  between  ihiec 
liibs,  .50  miles  N  K  of  Geneva,  and  50 
SW  of  Uern.  I. on.  6  50  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 
Liiutirlinr^,  a  town  of  Pol.iiul  ill 
Webteru  Prussia,  in  tlie  pal.ilinate  of 
Ciilil,  .JO  mill's  N  E  of  Thorn.  Lon. 
20  .J'.)  E,  lat.  .i.;  (i  .V. 

L:mterl)ur:{,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  t!io  Upper  Riiiiii',  b  t  sub- 
ject to  the  French.  It  is  10  m,l  s  S  E 
of  Weisseinburg.  Lon.  rt  26  E,  lat.  48 
48  N. 

Lti.trcc,  a  town  of  France,  late  in 
tliejiroviiue  ol'  LnnJ;^1edlle.  II  is  .'le.it- 
ed  on  a  mountain  and  lias  an  ancient 
e.islle. 

Ltmtrec,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
Palatin.ite,  seated  at  tlic  contiuence  of 
the  rivers  Sauler  and  Gluuii. 

Laiienbtirg,  a  diitchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  subject  to 
t!io  elector  uf  Hanover.  It  is  35  milcM 
iu  liMigtIi,  and  20  in  breadth. 

Luvjciiltui^',  a  con.siderable  town  of 
Lower  Si\oiiy,  capital  of  a  diitcliy  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  an 
eminence.  It  is  seated  on  t)\e  Elbe,  40 
miles  S  E  of  Humburg.  Lou.  10  50  E, 
lat.  53  2a  N. 

Lirxciiburg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Po. 
mcrania,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
sime  name.  Lon.  ir  39  E,  lat.  54  3i  N. 
La'Jihigrn,  a  town  of  Suijbia,  former- 
ly imperial,  but  now  subject  to  the 
du*.e  of  Kcnburg.  It  is  seated  on  tho 
Danube,  32  r.iiles  N  \V  of  Augsburg. 
Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Laivretfx,  6V.  the  largest  river  in 
North  America,'  proceeding  from  Lake 
Ontario,  from  which  it  runs  700  miles 
to  the  Atlantic.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  ships  of  war,  as  far  as  Qtiebec, 
which  is  above  400  miles  ;  but  beyond 
Montreal,  it  is  so  full  of  shnal.s'  and 
rocks,  that  it  will  not  admit  largo 
vessels  without  danger,  unless  the 
channel  be  very  well  known.  It  is  here 
called  the  Iroquois.  '      ^ 

A   A    A 


L  E  B 


LE  C 


Lmvrence  Kirt,  a  village  in  Kincar- 
diiH'Hliire,  in  Scotland.  It  is  seated  in 
a  fine  corn  country,  has  some  manufac- 
tures and  an  extensive  bleaclifieUl  in  itf 
vicinity;  it  is  12  miles  NW  ot'Montrosu. 

Laxenlmrg,  a.  town  of  Germany  iri 
tlie  circle  of  Austria,  with  a  jialuce, 
where  the  [irincesof  the  liouse  of  Aus- 
tria ^o  for  pleasure.  It  is  seated  on  a 
small  r'.ve^  10  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
16  28  E,  li.t.  48  3  N. 

Li-.ijtuvstone.     bee  Lnvo  Layton. 

Leu,  a  river  wliich rises  near  Lutoi, 
in  Bc.ll'ordsliire,  (lows  to  Hertford  aJul 
AVare,  and  dividing'  Essex  from  Hert- 
fordshire and  Middlesex,  falls  into  the 
Tliames  below  Ulackwall.  By  this  ri- 
ver jiirjfe  quantities  of  corn  and  malt 
.■irc  brought  out  of  Hertfordshire  to 
London. 

Leadhills,  a  village  in  Lanerlvshire, 
situate  among  the  mountains  of  Clydes- 
dale, and  said  to  be  the  highest  human 
habitation  in  Great  Britain.  Here  re- 
side many  hundreds  of  miners,  with 
their  families.  These  miners,  tliough, 
in  a  great  measure  excluded  from  so- 
ciety by  their  siruation,  pay  great  at- 
tention to  the  cultivation  of  the  mind, 
and  have  provided  a  circulating  library 
for  the  instruction  and  amusement  of 
the  little  community  belonging  to  the 
Tilhii;e 

Leao-tnijg,  or  C/ien-yang,  our  of  the 
three  departments  of  East  Cliinese 
Tartary,  oc  coinitry  of  the  Mantchew 
Tai'tavs,  wlio  hence  entered  and  con- 
quered Ciiina,  The  inhabilants  of  this 
province  are  the  most  warlike  people 
in  China.  C-litn  yang,  or  Mougden,  is 
the  c;.piUil. 

Leathi::-heatl,  a  town  in  Surrj',  which 
lias  a  bridge  of  many  arches  over  the 
river  Mule. 

Leat'ies-'-^Hiter,  called  also  Wythbum, 
or  Thirlmcre-'xctter,  a  fine  lake  of  Cum- 
berland, wliich  lies  .S  by  E  of  Kes  wick. 
The  singular  beauty  of  this  lake  is  its 
being  almost  intersected  in  t!ie  middle 
by  two  peninsulas,  that  are  joined  by  a 
bridge.  Its  outlet  joins  the  rapid  river 
Grceta,  at  New  Bridge,  and  thus  has  a 
communication  with  the  lake  of  Der- 
went-water. 

Lcwxava,  a  senport  on  the  E  coast 
of  tlie  island  of  Ceylon,  wliich  yields  a 
great  deal  of  salt.  Lon.  83  15  E,  lat. 
6  40  N. 

Lebanon,  a  i>ost  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Maine  j  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
S;dinun-fttll  river,  about  20  miles  N  W 


of  Ponsmoutli    in    New  Hampshire. 

Lebanon,  a  post  town  in  Graftrin  coun- 
ts, New  Ham])shirc,  18  miks  S  E  of 
Danmouth  college,  with  15r4  inhabi- 
tants 

Lebanon,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  on  the  W  side 
of  Shetuckct  river,  nine  miles  N  of 
Norwich,  and  near  the  same  distance 
S  of  WiuiUiam. 

Lebanon,  a  large  inland  trading  town, 
in  Dauphin  count),  Pennsylvania  ;  si- 
tuated on  the  S  side  of  Swatara  creek, 
at  the  distance  of  28  miles  W  of  Uead- 
ing,  and  25  E  N  E  of  Harrisburg. 
This  town  is  incorporated,  and  con- 
tains 2500  inhabitants  ;  the  streets  are 
regular,  and  the  houses  well  built,  prin- 
cipally with  bricks  and  stone.  Here  is 
a  post-office. 

Lebeda,  an  ancient  seaport  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tripoli,  with  a  good  har- 
boui",  and  an  old  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  85  miles  E  of 
Triijoli.     Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Lebrixa,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  seated  in  a  territory  aboimd- 
ing  in  corn,  wine,  an<l  olive-trees, 
which  produce  the  best  oil  in  Spain.  It 
is  12  miles  N  E  of  St  Lucar.  Lon.  5 
44  W,  lat  37  8  N. 

Lebus,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marqui- 
sate  of  Br;u\denbuig,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  seculiu'ized  in  favour  of  t!ie  house 
of  Brandenburg.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Oder,  10  miles  N  of  Francfor*,  and  43 
E  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  52  31  N. 

Lccce,  a  populous  and  most  beautiful 
town  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  of  which  it 
is  the  chief  place,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
10  miles  W  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and 
195  ESE  of  Naples.  Lor  18  20  E,  lat. 
40  36  N. 

Lecco,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Milan- 
ese, seated  on  the  E  side  of  the  lake 
Como,  26  miles  N  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  21 
E,  lat.  45  53  N. 

Lech,  a  ri\er  of  Germany,  which  ri- 
ses, in  Tirol,  divides  Simbia  from  Ba- 
varia, and  falls  into  the  Danube,  below 
Donawert. 

Lechlade,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
witli  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Lech  with  the 
rhames,  28  miles  E  by  S  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  77  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  35  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lechnich,  a  town  of  Germany.  It  is 
situate  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  and  in  the  electorate  of  Co- 


lo 


M 

of 


LE  C 


LEE 


LEG 


til    in    New  Hampshire. 

post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 

mpshlrc,  18  mili-s   S  E  of 

licuc  with  1574  inhabi- 

post  town  in  Windham 
iiccticut,   on  the  W   side 

river,  nine  miles  N  of 
I  near  tlie  same  distance 
m. 

irgc  inland  trading  town, 
■ount>,  Pennsylvania  ;  si- 

S  side  of  Swatara  creek, 
e  of  28  miles  W  of  Uead- 
E  N  E  of  Harrisburg. 
i  incorporated,  and  con- 
labitants  ;  the  streets  are 
he  houses  well  built,  prin- 
)ricks  and  stone.     Here  is 

ancient  seaport  of  the 

ripo'i,  with  a  good  har- 

old  castle.     It  is  seated 

erranean,   85  miles  £  of 

I.  14.  50  E,  lat.  32  50  N. 

I  ancient  town  of  Spain  in 

lated  in  a  territory  abound- 

wine,    ami    olive-trees, 

;e  the  best  oil  in  Spain.  It 

E  of  St    Lucar.    Lon.  5 

8  N. 

nvn  of  Germany,  in  the 
er  Saxony,  in  the  marqui- 
Icnbuig,  witli  a  l)ishop'8 
:ed  in  favour  of  t!ie  house 
ii'g'.  It  is  seated  on  the 
2s  N  of  Francfor*,  and  43 
Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  52  31  N. 
piilo\is  and  most  beautiful 
i;s,  in  Otranto,  of  which  it 
lace,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
if  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and 
faples.   Loi-   18  30  E,  lat. 

iwn  of  Italy  in  the  Milan- 

)  the  E  side  of  the  lake 

es  N  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  21 

N. 

;r  of  Germany,  which  ri- 

dividcn  Simbia  from  Ba- 

s  into  the  Danube,  below 

town  in  Gloucestershire, 
t  on  Tuesday,  seated  at 
e  of  the  Lech  with  the 
iiiles  E  by  S  of  Glouccs- 
/■  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
fl  40  N. 

.  town  of  Germany.  It  is 
e  circle  of  the  Lower 
In  the  electorate  uf  Co- 


logne, 10  miles  S  W  of  Cologne.   Lon. 
r  8  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Led,  a  river  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, which  branches  oH  the  Rhine  at 
Wyck-by-Deurstedc,  and  enters  the 
Merve,  10  miles  E  of  Rotterdam. 

Lectoure,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Gers 
and  late  province  of  Armagnac.  It  had 
a  castle  and  a  bisliop's  see,  and  is  situ- 
ate on  a  mountain,  attlic  foot  of  whicli 
runs  the  river  Gers,  12  miles  E  of  Con- 
dom.    Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  43  56  N. 

Ledbury,  a  town  in  Herefordshire, 
witli  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  inha- 
bited by  many  clothiers  who  curry  on  a 
great  trad?.  It  is  13  miles  E  of  Here- 
ford, and  116  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  17  W,  lat.  52  3  N. 

Le.ksma,  a  sti'ong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  seated  on  the  Tome,  20  miles 
S  VV  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  31  VV,  lat. 
41  ON. 

Lee,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Kerry,  and  flows  E  i 
to  Cork,  below  which  city  it  forms  a 
fine  harbour,  and  enters  St.  George's 
Channel. 

Lee,  SI  village  in  Kent,  in  the  church- 
yard of  which  Dr.  Hullcy,  the  great 
astronomer,  is  interred.  It  is  si.\  miles 
S  E  of  London. 

Leeds,  a  corporate  town  in  the  \V  ri- 
ding of  Yorkshire,  witli  a  market  on 
Tuesday  and  Saturday.  It  is  situate  in 
a  vale,  which  trade  lias  rendered  one 
of 'he  most  populous  spots  in  England, 
and  is  the  principal  of  tlie  clothing 
towns  in  Yorkshire.  It  is  particularly 
the  mart  for  the  coloured  and  while 
broad  cloths,  of  which  vast  quantities 
are  sold  in  its  cloth-halls.  Leeds  has 
a  manufacture  of  camlets,  wliich  has 
declined,  and  a  floiirishiiig  one  of  car- 
pets resembling  those  of  Wilts  and 
Scotland.  Here  arc  also  sonic  mills 
for  the  cutting  of  tobacco,  and  a  great 
pottery.  Within  three  miles  of  the 
town  are  numerous  collieries.  I^eeds 
has  a  magnificent  stone  bridge  over  the 
Aire,  which  is  navigable  for  boats, 
that  carry  much  coal  from  hence  to 
York  and  Hull.  It  is  22  miles  W  S  W 
of  York,  and  192  N  bv  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  29  W,  lat.  53  48  N. 

Leedston,  a  post  town  in  Weitmore- 
land  county,  Virginia,  17  miles  N  W 
of  Westmoreland  court-liouse,  and  105 
S  of  Washington. 

Leefooga,  one  of  th.e  Friendly  Islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  visited  by 


captain  Cook,  in  1776.  This  island  U 
seven  miles  in  length,  ai.d  its  breadth, 
in  some  places,  not  above  three 

Leek,  a  town  in  Stalionishirc,  seated 
in  some  barren  moor  lands.  It  is  154 
miles  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  i  55 
W,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Leer,  or  Lehr,  a  town  of  Wcstpha- 
lilt,  seiited  on  a  river  of  the  s.ime  name, 
11  niilea  S  E  of  Embden,  and  24  W  N 
W  of  Osnaljurg. 

Leerdam,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Ling- 
he,  17  miles  N  E  of  Uou.  Lon.  5  13 
E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Leerot,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Westplialia,  seated  :itl!ie  con- 
fluence of  the  Lee  with  tlie  Enibs,  10 
miles  E  by  S  of  Embden. 

Leers,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of 
Liege.     It  is  four  miles  N  of  Liege. 

Leesiurg,  a  town  of  Loudon  coui',,/, 
Virginia;  lying  four  miles  S  W  of  the 
Potomack  river,  and  43  N  W  of 
Wdshiagton.  It  is  the  principal  town 
of  the  county  ;  has  a  post-oflice,  and 
about  400  inhabitants. 

Leestnvin,  a  flourishing  town  of  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  in  the  county  of 
Fayette,  seated  on  the  E  bank  of  the 
river  Kentucky.  As  the  banks  of  the 
river  are  remiu'kably  high,  there  arc 
few  crossing  places  ;  and  tht-  best  be- 
ing at  Leestown  is  a  circumstance 
which  contributes  to  its  increase.  It 
is  a  few  miles  W  of  Lexington.  See 
Kentucky  river. 

Leeward  Islands,  tliat  part  of  the 
Caribbee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies, 
commencing  at  Dominica,  and  extend- 
ing to  Porto  Rico. 

Lecwe,  a  fortified  town  of  Austrian 
Brabant,  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the 
Geete,  12  miles  E  of  Lovain.  Lon.  S 
7  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Leghorn,  a  strong  and  considerable 
city  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany.  It  has  one 
of  the  most  famous  harbours  in  the 
Mediterrannean ;  and,  being  a  free 
port  its  commerce  is  prodigious.  The 
Jews  have  a  handsome  synagogue  and 
schools,  the  Greeks  and  Armenians 
have  churches  of  their  own,  and  no 
religion  is  disturbed.  The  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  40,000.  The  streets 
arc  wide  and  straight,  and  almost  all 
the  houses  of  tlie  same  height, 
There  are  so  many  canals,  that  some 
have  given  it  the  title  oC  New  Venice. 
Near  the  hai'bour  is  a  large  buildings 


L  E  I 


L  E  I 


called  1,1  Bii(<ni.  in  wliicli  tlioy  sliul 
Tip  c\-cr\  .u^iit  ilie  Tiii-kisn  nnd  ilu 
galley  si.' .  I,.  Ala  little  il.si.ince  is 
a  most  c'n.uiKulioMS  lig-l.t  Ikiiisc,  on  a 
small  i.<l;iiul,  ,m  tliu  to;)  oI'wI'mIi  tliorc 
aiv  .52  laiir.'s  iij^l.tril  even  n.^l.t.  I,i 
lr41,  tliis  city  suCiicd  (Ti-catly  by  r.n 
carth-jiiako.  Oil  Jiinc  27,  179!^  i1 
was  cntcM'td  In  a  I'rtncli  aniiv  ; 
I'lit  the  British  'sMl'icils  lierc,  with 
Iheir  iiierfhainli.-,c,  i.iid  all  their  ves.st  Is 
in  the  liarhotir,  previously  dei^arted. 
It  i.s  10  miles  S  of  Pisa,  45  S  W  oi 
riorcnee,  and  145  N  \V  of  Home.  Lon. 
10  IT  E,  lat.  45, M  N. 

I.ff^'Ki^-o,  a  f.)imicd  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Wi'oiHsc.  It  surrendered  to 
the  rrenth,  Septeir.hcr  1.5,  lri;6.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Adig'e,  25  miles  S  S  E 
of  Wroiia. 

Leilniitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  seated 
on  tlie  Ki  Im. 

Leheittr,  a  briO'iR-h  and  the  county 
town  of  I.eieestersliire,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  is  a  place  of  great  an- 
tiquity, but  much  declined  in  magni- 
tude and  importance.  It  has  five 
churches,  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  governed  by  a  mayor. 
The  combir.g  and  spinning  of  wool  in- 
to worsted,  and  nianufaeturing  it  into 
fitfiekings  and  other  articles,  is  the 
chief  b.sir.ess  of  this  town  and  neigh- 
brnirhood.  At  a  parliament  held  here, 
in  the  rei^n  of  Henry  V.  was  made  the 
lirst  law  for  the  burning  of  heretics.  In 
the  meadows  near  the  tiwn,  are  the  ru- 
ins of  an  abbey,  where  Cardinal  Wolscy 
I'.ied.  Leicester  is  seated  on  the  Soar, 
f.ne  cf  the  bridges  over  which  called 
Bow  Bridge,  was  long  visited  by  the 
lovers  of  anti{(viit},  on  account  of  its 
Iiavinp  been  the  accidental  nioiiiiment 
over  t!.c  gra-c  ol'  lliehard  III.  but 
this  bridge  fell  in  l-;il.  Leicester  is 
TM  m'les  S  by  K  of  Doiby,  and  'J<J  N  N 
W  o'J.oiidon.  Lon. 13  \\  ,  hit.52o8N. 

l.euester,  v.  jiost  t.)wn  of  Worcester 
county,  Ma.-:s.ichiiset;s,  7  miles  S  W 
<  f  \Vorcester,  and  54  in  ti;c  .s.mie  di- 
rection from  Bo.;ton.  It  contair.s  llOU 
inhal.-tants. 

J.eicentershire,  an  iuh.iul  couiity  cf 
Knghind,  in  form  rdinost  circular.'  I. 
has  K  ;ttinglianisl:ire  and  Derbvshire 
totlicNi  Kuflandshire  and  Lincoln- 
shire on  the  E ;  Warwickshire  on 
the  W,  fiom  which  it  is  separated  bv 
the  Roman  military  w.iy  called  \Val- 
Jing-street  i  and  by  Northamptonsiiirc 
on  the  S  i    and  is  about  170  miles  in 


circunifercnrc.  As  it  lies  at  a  great 
distance  from  the  se:i,  and  is  free  from 
!)  )gs  and  marshes,  tiie  air  is  sweet  and 
wiiolesonie.  It  is  a  champaign  coun- 
try in  gem  ral,  and  abiiiultntly  fi^itlle 
in  corn  and  gi-r.ss,  being  wstered  by 
several  rivers,  as  the  Soure,  i  r  Sare, 
whirls  jjasscs  throngh  tlie  middle  of 
it,  and  ;.l/ounds  in  e.xrelient  salmon 
and  other  fish  ;  the  Wieke,  Trent, 
Eye,  Sense,  Aul.er,  and  Avon.  These 
ri\ers  bcii-.g  iiiostly  navigable,  g:-eat- 
ly  facilitate  the  tra<le  of  tlic  coun- 
ty. Ill  some  parts  there  is  a  great 
scarcity  of  fuel,  both  wood  and  coal; 
but  in  the  more  hilly  parts  there  is 
)'lenty  of  both,  toge'tbcr  with  great 
rtoeks  of  sheep.  Besides  wheat,  bar- 
ley, OL.ts,  and  peas,  it  produces  the 
best  beans  in  England.  '1  bey  grow  so 
tall  and  luxuriant  in  some  places,  par- 
ticularly about  Barton  in  the  Beans, 
that  they  look  towards  the  har\cst- 
tiine,  like  a  forest ;  and  the  inhabi- 
tants cat  them  not  only  when  they  are 
green,  as  in  other  jilaces  but  all  the 
year  ronnd  ;  for  wiiieli  reason  their 
neighbours  nickname  them  bean-bel- 
lies.  1  hey  have  plenty  of  very  good 
wool,  of  which  they  not  only  make 
great  quantities  of  stockings,  but  send 
a  great  quantity  unmanufactured  into 
other  parts  of 'England.  Tliey  make 
great  iirofit  of  their  corn  and  pulse  j 
and  likewise  breed  great  numbers  of 
coach  and  dray  horses,  most  of  the 
gentlemen  being  graziers  ■  and  it  is 
notfuncommon  to  rent  grass  farms  from 
500/.  to  2u00/.  a  year.  It  is  in  the  mid- 
land circuit,  and  diocese  of  Lincoln, 
and  sends  four  members  to  parliament, 
two  for  Leicester,  and  two  for  the 
county. 

Leigh,  a  seaport  in  Essex,  on  a  creek 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  noted  for 
o;  stcrs.  It  has  a  good  road  for  ship- 
ping, and  is  18  miles  S  S  E  of  Chelms- 
ford, and  40  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  42 
E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Leigh,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  seven 
miles  N  N  E  of  Warrington,  and  191  N 
W  of  London. 

Leighton- Buzzard,  a  town  in  Bed- 
fordshire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  blanch  of  the  Ouse, 
18  miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  41  N  W 
of  Lond.on.     Lon.  035  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Ldningen,  a  town  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Kliiiic,  seven 
miles  S  W  of  Worms.  Lon.  8  22  E, 
lat.  49  30  N. 


E  I 

As  it  lies  nt  a  pre  at 
ic  St:.,  and  is  Ace  from 
L's,  tlic  :iir  iu  sweet  and 
is  IX  clianipnif^n  i-onn- 
iiul  abiiiultntly  (Vrtlle 
ss,  hc'injji-  wstcfcd  by 
as  tlic  Soiii-e,  i  r  Sare, 
lir(.M(.li  t;,L-  mi. Idle  of 
s  in  cxrcliiMi  salnion 
;  the  Witkc,  Trent, 
l.cr,  and  Avon.  These 
Dstlv  riavipaidc,  gv-cat- 
f  trii<le  of  tlic  coun- 
arts  tluTe  is  a  great 
both  wood  and  coal ; 
re  liilly  parts  there  in 
.  tojfctiicr  witli  great 
Besides  \\beat,  bar- 
peas,  it  prodiires  the 
ig-land.  '1  hey  grow  so 
It  in  some  places,  par- 
Barton   in    the   Beans, 

towards  Ilic  liarAcst- 
rest ;  and  the  inhvbi- 
not  only  when  tliey  arc 
Nei-  ])Iares  but  all  the 
or  wliicli  reason  their 
name  them  bean-bel- 
L"  plenty  of  very  pood 
I  they  not  only  make 
of  stockings,    but  send 

•  immanufactmcd  into 
England.  They  make 
their  corn  and  pulse  ; 
'ced   great  numbers  of 

•  horses,  most  of  tlie 
g  graziers  ■  and  it  is 
I)  rent  grass  farms  from 
year.  It  is  in  tlie  mid- 
id  diocese  of  Lincoln, 
iiembersto  parliament, 
.tcr,  and    two    for  the 

m'i  in  Essex,  on  a  creek 
the  Thames,  noted  for 
a  good  road  for  stiip- 
niilcs  S  S  Eof  Chelms- 
if  I..ondon.     Lon.  0  42 

1  in  Lancashire,  seven 
Warrington,  and  191  N 

iarJ,  a  town  in  Bed- 
a  market  on  Tuesday. 
1  blanch  of  the  Ouse, 
Bedford,  mid  41  N  W 
n.  03,1  \V,lat.  51  55  N. 
town  Germany,  in 
of  the  Rhine,  seven 
kVornis.     Lon.  8  22E, 


L  E  1 

Lehia,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
flowing  through  BrunswlekLuiicn- 
btngh,  falls  into  the  AlUr. 

Lcliisicr,  tl>e  eastern  province  of  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  Ulster  on  the  N  ;  St. 
Ge  .rgcs's,  or  the  Irish  Channel,  on  the 
K  iJid  S  ;  and  by  tlie  ])rovinccs  of  Con- 
naught  and  Munsler  on  the  VV.  The 
capital  city  of  this  province  and  of  the 
kingdom  is  Dublin.  It  contains  \'2 
<ounties,  viz.  Carlow,  l/ublin,  Kildare, 
Kilkenny,  King's-county,  Longford, 
Louth,  Meath,  (^leen'n-county,  West- 
mcath,  ^Vcxford,  and  Wicklow.  It  is 
the  most  level  and  best  cultivated  pro- 
vince in  the  kingdom ;  cont.tining 
2,642,558  Irish  plantation  acres,  858 
j)arislies,  99  baronies,  and  5.3  bo- 
roughs  ;  it  is  about  124  miles  longand  74 
broad,  and  extends  from  51°  45'  to  55° 
45'  N  latitude.  This  province  gives 
title  of  Duke  to  the  ancient  and 
noble  family  of  Fitzgerald.  In  tlie 
early  ages,  this  district  was  almost  one 
continued  forest,  and  was  principall)' 
the  scat  of  the  Kinselaghs. 

Leipsic,  a  large  strong  and  populous 
town  of  Misnia  in  Germany,  with 
a  castle,  and  a  famous  university. 
It  is  neat,  and  regularly  built, 
nnd  the  streets  are  lighted  in  the 
night;  it  carries  on  a  great  trade, 
ami  has  a  right  to  stop  and  sell  the 
merchar.discs  designed  to  pass  through 
it,  and  the  country  for  73  miles  round 
has  the  same  privilege.  The  towii- 
liouse  makes  an  indift'ercnt  appearance, 
but  the  exchange  is  a  fine  structure. 
The  town  was  taken  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  but  given  up  by  the  jieace 
ill  1763.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain  be- 
tw-'"i  the  river  Saale  and  Muld,  near 
the  confluence  of  tlje  Playsse,  the 
Elster,  and  the  Barde. 

Leith,  a  seaport  in  Edinburghshire, 
on  the  frith  of  Forth,  two  miles  N  of 
Kdinburgh,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  It 
is  large  and  populous,  and  being  situate 
on  both  sides  of  the  harbour,  is  divid- 
ed into  North  and  South  Leith.  The 
I'.arbour  is  secured  by  a  noble  stone 
pier,  at  the  mouth  of  a  little  river, 
called  the  AVater  of  Leltli  ;  and  is  ac- 
commodated with  an  elegant  draw 
bridge  and  a  good  quay.  The  c<im- 
nierce  of  Leith  is  very  considerable  ; 
and  the  vessels  employed  in  the  Lon- 
don trade  arc,  in  general,  of  a  large 
size  ;  but  the  largest  sliips  are  those 
employed  in  tiie  Greenland  wliale  fish- 
ery.   To  Germany,  Holland,  and  tlie 


L  E  M 

Baltic,  arc  exported  lead,  glass  wa 
lini.n,  woollen  stufis,  and  a  \uricly 
other  goods;  as  al.o  to  the  oti'.ti  couriS>_ 
tries  of  Euroi.e,  tlie  \Y  LkIks,  und 
America.  Siiips  of  great  size  are 
built  at  this  poit;  and  here  arc  seve- 
ral extensive  ropewalks.  There  are 
.ilso  flourishing  m.iir.if.icturcs  of  bottle- 
glass,  window-glass,  and  crystal  :  a 
great  carjiet  manufacture,  a  soap-work, 
:ind  8  line  iron  f.iiges.  There  are 
three  churches  in  Leith,  and  an  ancient 
hospital  for  disabled  scuir.cn.  Lon.  3  7 
VV,  lat.  5G0N. 

Leitrhn,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Coniuiuglil,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Donegal  Bay,  on  tlie  N  E  by 
Fernianah,  on  the  E  by  Cavan ;  by 
Longford  on  the  S  E,  Roscommon  on 
the  S  W,  and  Sligo on  the  VV.  It  is  42 
miles  long,  and  17  broad;  is  a  fertile 
country,  and,  though  mountainous, 
produces  great  herds  of  black  catile, 
but  cont.iiiis  few  places  of  note.  It 
contains  21  parisiies.  and  sends  six 
members  to  i)arliamcnt. 

Leitrivi,  the  county  town  ofLeitrim, 
in  Ireland  pleasanlh  situated  on  tlie 
river  Shannon,  80  miles  from  Dublin 
and  appears  to  have  been  formerly  a 
place  of  some  note.  Lon.  8  30  VV,  lat. 
53  57  N. 

Leixi/ip,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kildare  sealed  on  the  Liffey. 
It  has  a  noble  castle,  with  large  gar- 
dens, on  one  side  of  which  is  a  fine 
wiicifall,  called  the  balmon  leap. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  church  and 
castle  of  Confy.  Leixslip  is  eight 
miles  VV  of  Dublin. 

Lemburg,  or  Leopold,  a  large  commer- 
cial city  of  Poland,  caplt.il  of  the  pala- 
tinate of  Red  Russia,  and  now  of  the 
Austrian  kingdoms  of  Gah-.cia  and 
Lodomcria.  It  is  well  fortified,  and 
defended  by  two  citadels,  one  of  which 
is  on  an  eminence  without  the  city. 
The  square,  churches  and  public  build- 
ings, are  magnificent.  It  has  a  Roman 
catholic  archbishop,  and  an  Armenian 
and  Russian  bishop.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Peltii.  90  miles  N "  W  of  Kamin- 
ieck,  and  150  E  of  Cracow.  Lon.  24  26 
E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Leinbro,  an  island  of  the  Archipela. 
go,  on  the  coast  of  Romania,  22  miles 
in  circumference,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name  and  a  harbour.  Lon.  26  0 
E,  lat.  40  25  N. 

J,emg<nv,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
county   of    Lippc,  jrf^  n»ile»    N   of 


L  E  N 


LEO 


Paderborn.    Lon.  0  0  E,  lat.   52  5  N. 

Lcniington,  a  post  town  in  York 
count),  MaiiiC,  «i>out  six  miles  S  of 
Saro  river,  atict  .TJ  N  W  of  Portland, 
the  capilal  of  the  district. 

Ijewnos,  one  ol'tlic  jiriii'-ipnl  islands 
of  the  Arrhipolag'o,  now  called  Stail- 
mene.  It  lies  at  the  eiitraiu  e  of  the 
Dardanelles,  and  lias  a  Uiwn  of  the 
same  name,  whicli  is  ranilal  ofllie 
island.  It  is  ah'jut  25  miles  in  Iciicrth, 
mid  15  in  breach '.i,  uiul  heh)n,i;s  lo  the 
Turks.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile, 
cspeciallj  in  corn  and  wine,  and  is  fa- 
mous for  an  earth  called  Terra  .Sijflliata, 
formerly  in  p-cater  esteem  anionj;' 
phjsician-,  tlianat  present.  It  e.oitains 
about  75  villajfes,  whose  inhaijiliints 
are  almost  all  Greeks,  :ind  are  very 
indi'.iitrious.  Leinnos  or  Stalimene  is 
but  a  small  tov/n,  standinfj  on  tlie  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which 
there  is  a  castle,  near  the  sea.  It  is 
the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop,  and  is 
20  miles  S  E  of  mount  Athos,  whose 
Khadow  covers  it  a  little  before  sun- 
set, and  55  N  W  of  Mctelin.  Lon. 
25  28  E,  lat.  40  3  N. 

Lena,  a  large  river  of  Siberia,  whicli 
flowing  in  a  northerly  direction,  re- 
ceives 16  other  rivers,  and  falls  into 
the  Frozen  Ocean,  by  several  mouths. 

Lencicia,  a  stro:iff  town  of  Poland, 
capital  of  a  i)alatinate  of  the  same  name, 
■with  a  fort,  on  a  rock.  The  nobility  of 
the  province  hold  their  diet  here.  It 
stands  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Blura, 
37  miles  S  E  of  Gnesna.  and  3 10  N  by 
W  of  Cracow.  Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  52 
10  N. 

Lenham,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 10  miles  E  of  Maidstone,  and 
47E  S  E  of  London.  Lon. 045  E,  lat. 
5118N. 

Lennep,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  in  the  diitchy 
of  Berg.     Lon.6  56E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Lennox.     See  Dumbartonshire. 

Lennox,  a  post  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  half  way  be- 
tween Pittsfield  and  Stockbridge,  and 
about  20  miles  E  of  Hudson  river. 

Lenox-Castle,  a  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  North  Carolina,  46  miles  E  of 
Ge^manto^vn,  and  30  S  W  of  Danville, 
on  the  river  Dan.  Here  is  a  post-of- 
fice. 

i.f  ij,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
iate  province  of  Artois,  whose  fortifi- 


cations  arc   cicmolislied.     It  is  eight 
miles  N  E  of  Arras,  and  95  of  Paris. 

Lentini,  or  Lcuntini,  an  ancient  town 
of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Noto.  It  was 
greatly  damaged  by  an  earthquake  in. 
1693,  i-nd  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  17  miles  S  VV  of  Catania, 
and  20  N  V/  (,f  Syracuse.  Lon.  14  15 
E,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Lmtzen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  It  is  74  miles 
IVom  Berlin. 

Lenzhurg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  cantim  of  Bevn,  seated  on  a  small 
river,  eight  miles  W  of  Bad<m. 

Lenzo,  a  sni'dl  river  of  Italy  which 
rises  in  the  Appeiiines,  and  falls  into 
the  Po. 

Lc(/j,j-:e,  a  tow^n  and  fort  of  the  West 
Indies,  with  a  good  harbour  on  the  W 
side  of  St.  Dominpfo.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  and  the  French  royalists  in 
January  1794,  but  retaken  by  the  re- 
publicans in  October  following;  and  it 
was  ui.  iccessfully  attacked  by  the 
English  .n  March  1796.  Lon.  72  37 
W,  lat.  18  38  N. 

Leominster,  a  borough  in  Hereford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is 
famous  for  its  tine  wool,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Lug,  25  miles  W  by  N  of 
Worcester,  and  137  W  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Lcnviinster,  a  post  town  in  Worces- 
ter county,  Massachusetts,  25  miles 
N  W  of  Concord,  and  43  from  Boston, 
nearly  in  the  same  direction. 

Leu,  St.  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  dutchy  of  Urbino,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, luvr  the  river  Merrechia,  eight 
miles  S  W  of  San  ivlarlno,  tnd  15  N  W 
of  Urbino.    Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Leon,  a  fertile  province  of  Spain, 
formerly  a  kingdom,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  A  sturias,  on  the  W  by  Gali- 
cia  and  Portugal,  on  the  S  by  Estra- 
madura,  and  on  the  E  by  Old  Castile. 
It  is  125  miles  in  length,  and  100  in 
breadth,  and  is  divided  into  almost  two 
equal  parts,  by  the  river  Douero. 

./-eo;i,  an  ancient  and  large  city  of 
S])ain,  capital  of  a  province  of  that 
name,  built  by  the  Honans  in  the  time 
ofGalba.  It  is  an  episcopal  see,  and 
h:i8thc  finest  cathedral  in  all  Spain.  It 
was  formerly  riciier  and  more  populous 
than  at  i)resent ;  and  boasts  the  honour 
of  being  the  capital  of  the  first  Christian 
kingdom  in  Spain.    It  is  seated  be- 


E  O 

nlislied.  It  is  eight 
IS,  and  95  of  Paris. 
tiiii,  ail  aiicicnt  town 
lley  of  Nolo.  It  was 
by  an  earthquake  in. 
cil  (in  a  river  of  the 
les  S  VV  of  Catania, 
yracusc.     Lon.  14  15 

of  Germany,  in  tlic 
axony.   It  is  74  miles 

rn  of  Swisscrland,  in 
n,  seated  on   a  i>mall 
W  ofBad-n. 
river  of  Italy  which 
lines,   and  falls  into 

and  fort  of  the  West 
d  hkrboiir  on  tlie  W 
fo.  It  was  taken  by 
e  French  royalists  in 
retaken  by  the  re- 
icr  following ;  and  it 
y  attacked  by  the 
1796.     Lon.   72  37 

(roujijh  in  Hereford- 
et  on  Friday.  It  is 
ic  wool,  sends  two 
iment,  and  is  seated 

miles  VV  by  N  of 
37  W  N  VV  of  Loii- 
V,  lat.  52  20  N. 
St  town  in  Worces- 
achiisetts,  25  miles 
and  43  from  Boston, 
;  direction, 
but  stronfy  town  of 
ly  of  Urbino,  with  a 
9  seated  on  a  moun- 
;r  Merrechia,  eigiit 
vlarino,  und  15N  VV 
2  25  E,  lat.  43  55  N. 
province  of  Spain, 
m,  bounded  oa  the 
on  the  VV  by  Gali- 
Jii  the  S  by  Estra- 
;  E  by  Old  Castile. 
1  lenpth,  and  100  in 
ided  into  almost  two 
^  river  Douero. 
;  and  large  city  of 
a  province  of  that 
Homans  in  the  time 

episcopal  see,  and 
dral  in  all  Spain.  It 
p  and  more  populous 
id  boasts  the  honour 
of  the  first  Christian 
It  is  seated  be- 


1.  E  P 

tweentwosoufces  of  the  river  Esra,  50 
miles  S  E  of  Oviedo,  and  165  N  by  VV 
of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  13  VV,  lat.  42  45  N. 
Leon,  a  small  island  belonging  lu 
Spain.  It  is  separated  from  the  conti- 
nent by  a  strait  .ibout  10  miles  long. 
The  town  of  Cadiz  is  built  at  its  NVV 
•xtreinity. 

Leuii,  Nev},  a  kingdom  of  North 
America,  which  is  very  |)opulous  and 
there  are  silver  mines  in  it. 

Leon  lie  Nicaragua,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  Nicaragua;  the  rcsi<lence  of 
tlie  governor,  and  a  bi.ihop's  see.  It 
was  taken  by  the  buccaneers  in  1685, 
in  sight  of  a  Spanisli  army,  who  were 
%\x  to  one.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  whicii  is  a  volcano,  at  the 
N  VV  extremity  of  the  lake  Nicaragua, 
30  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
104  N  VV  of  Niagura.  Lon.  88  10  W, 
lat.  12  25  N. 

Leonard  le  Noblet,  St.  an  ancient  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Vienna  and  late  territory  of  Limosin, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
paper,  and  another  of  cloth  for  clothing 
the  army.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vienna, 
12  miles  N  E  of  Limoges,  and  195  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  1  32  E,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Leonardtman,  a  post  town  in  St.  Ma- 
ry's county,  Maryland ;  situated  on  the 
N  side  of  Potowmack  river,  33  miles 
S  E  of  Port  Tobacco,  and  68  S  by  E  of 
Washington. 

Leonhart,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria  and  dutchy  of  Carin- 
thia,  42  miles  E  of  Clagenfurt.  Lon. 
15  23  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Leontini.     See  Lentini. 

Leopold.     See  Lemburg. 

LeopoUtadt,  a  small  but  very  strong 
town  of  U']>per  Hungary,  built  by  the 
tmperor  Leopold  in  1665,  seated  on 
the  Waag,  36  miles  N  W  of  Neuhau- 
sel,  and  62  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  18  6  £, 
lat.  48  35  N. 

Lepanto,  a  strong  and  very  conside- 
rable town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  and 
in  Livadia,  with  an  archbishop's  sec, 
and  a  strong  fort.  !t  is  built  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain,  in  form  of  a  su- 
gar-loaf, and  is  divided  into  four  towns, 
surrounded  by  as  many  walls,  and  com- 
manded by  a  castle,  on  the  top  of  the 
mountain.  The  harbour  is  very  small, 
and  may  be  shut  up  with  a  chain  ,•  the 
entrance  being  but  50  feet  wide.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Venetians  from  the 
Turks,  in  1687,  but  was  afterwards 
eyacuatcd,  aud  tlte     »stle  gf  Qomtjil 


L  E  R 

demolished  by  tin-  Venetians,  in  1699, 
in  ci)nse<]iiti;<.c  lifthe  trent;'  (.fCurlo- 
witz.  It  w:.s  iifiir  this  town  tli.it  don 
John  of  AiiHti'ia,  o'uiuincd  tlie  famoiia 
V  ctory  over  the  'lurlLisli  fleet  ii:  1571. 
The  produce  of  tiie  a(l.i:ic(;iit  country  is 
wine,  oil,  corn,  rice,  I'urkcy-leather, 
and  tobacco.  The  wine  would  be  ex- 
ceeding good  if  they  did  not  pitch 
their  vessels  on  the  inside,  wliii  1«  ren- 
ders the  taste  very  disagreeable  ta  the 
Turks  who  arc  not  used  to  it.  The 
Turks  have  sis  or  seven  mosques  hci-e, 
and  the  Greeks  two  cinirches.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of 'Lepanto,  112 
miles  N  VV  of  Athens,  and  350  S  VV  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  22  13  E,  lat.  38 
34  N. 

Lepers,  hie  of,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
Lon.  168  0  E,  lat.  15  23  S. 

Leria,  or  Leifia,  a  strong  town  of 
Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  contains 
about  3000  inhabitants  and  was  for- 
merly the  residence  of  the  kings  of 
Portugal ;  and  is  30  miles  S  of  Coim- 
bra,  and  60  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  46 
VV,  lat.  39  H  N. 

Lerici,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the  E 
coast  of  the  g^f  of  Spccia,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  44 
5N. 

Lerida,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  a  university,  and  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Scgra,  16 
miles  S  W  of  Bolaguer,  and  200  N  W 
of  Madrid.     Lon.  0  45  E,  lat.  41  44  K. 

Lerini,  the  name  of  two  islands  in 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of 
France,  five  miles  from  Antibes.  That 
nearest  the  coast,  called  St.  Mar^-aret, 
was  guarded  by  invalids,  state-prison- 
ers having  formerly  been  sent  here.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1746,  but 
retaken  in  1747.  The  other  is  called 
St.  Honorat,  and  had  lately  a  Benedic- 
tine abbey. 

Lemui,  a  town  in  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  the  Arlanza,  with  the 
title  of  a  dutchy.  Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  48 
16  N. 

Lemica,  a  town  of  Cyprus,  fortnerly 
a  large  city  as  appears  from  its  ru- 
ins, situate  on  the  S  coast  o**  the  island, 
where  there  is  a  good  road,  and  a 
small  fort  for  its  defence. 

Leru,  or  Leros,  anciently  Leira,  an 
island  of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast 
9f  NatoUa,    Lon.  27  0  £,  lat.  37  0  N. 


wmm 


mmmm,' 


L  E  S 


LEU 


Lenvlck,  the  cliicf  town  of  the  Shet- 
land IkIuiuIs,  situatL'  on  the  E  siile  ut 
MainlHiid,  the  priiici|)i(l  ishiiul.  It  ',i 
the  rendezvous  of  the  fishinj^  busses 
from  Britain,  llolhmd,  Denmark,  and 
other  parts.  Lon.  1  30  VV,  hit.  60  20  N. 

Leacar,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tlic  Lower  Pvrenees  and 
late  province  r)f  Gascony,  lately  a  hisii- 
op's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  three 
miles  N  W  of  Pan,  and  42  S  li  of  Bay- 
onne.     Lon.  0  7  \V,  lat.  43  17  N. 

Lesguh,  one  of  the  sevea  Caucasian 
nations,  between  the  Black  Sea  and 
the  Caspian.  Their  country  is  indif- 
ferently called  by  the  Georjjiuns,  Les- 
gitistan,  or  Dajfliestan.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S  and  E  by  Persia  and  the  Cas- 
pian ;  on  the  S  W  and  VV  by  Georgia, 
tiie  Ossi,  and  Kisti ;  and  on  the  N  by 
the  Kisti  and  Tartar  tribes.  It  is  di- 
vided into  a  variety  of  districts,  gene- 
rally independent,  and  governed  by 
chiefs  elected  by  the  people.  The 
Lesguis  are  supposed  to  be  descended 
frtm  the  tribes  of  mountaineers,  known 
to  ancient  geographers  under  the  name 
ofLesgasor  Ligycs.  The  strength  of 
their  country  which  is  a  region  of 
mountains  whose  passes  are  known  on- 
ly to  themselves,  lias  probubly,  at  all 
times,  secured  them  from  foreign  inva- 
■ion.  They  sidisist  by  raising  cattle, 
and  by  pred^itory  expeditions  into  the 
cn-'nti'ies  of  tiieir  more  wealthy  neigh- 
bours. During  tlic  troubles  in  Persia, 
toward  the  hegiiming  of  this  century, 
they  repeatedly  sacked  the  towns  of 
Shamachie  and  Ardebil,  and  ravaged 
the  neighbouring  districts.  In  their 
persons  and  dress,  and  general  habits 
of  life,  ns  far  as  these  are  known  to  us, 
they  greatly  resemble  the  Circassians. 

Leskeard,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
•with  a  market  on  Satin-day.  It  hatl 
formerly  a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is 
one  of  the  coinage  towns  for  tin.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
yarn,  wliich  is  chiefly  disposed  of  at 
Exeter.  It  is  31  miles  E  N  E  of  Tru- 
ro, and  221  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon. 
4  36  W,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Leapare,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde  and  late  ])rovince 
of  Guienne.  In  the  environs  of  which 
are  found  transparent  pebbles,  resem- 
bling the  false  diamonds  of  Alencon, 
and  known  by  the  nante  of  caU'aux  de 
viedoc,  medoc  stones.  It  is  30  miles 
N  N  W  of  Bourdeaux, 


Lessines,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands  in  Hainault,  seated  on 
the  Dender,  famous  t()rits  linen  manu- 
facture. It  is  six  miles  N  E  of  Atli, 
and  23  S  \V  of  Brussels.  Lon.  3  40 
\V,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lf^toff  ur  Leostoff,  a  town  of  Suffolk, 
willi  a  market  on  Wednesday.  This 
town  consists  of  500  houses,  and  the 
coast  is  very  dangeious  to  strangers. 
It  is  7  miles  S  of  Yarmouth  and  115 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  45  E,  lat.  52 
37  N. 

Lestv:ithiel,  a  borongli  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  vale  on  the  Fowey  not 
far  from  its  fall  into  Fowey  Haven. 
Formerly  ships  came  as  far  as  the 
town  ;  but  the  chaimel  is  now  stopped 
up.  Here  is  a  wocllen  maiuifacture  ; 
and  it  is  one  of  the  tin  coinage  towns. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  Lest- 
witliicl  is  19  miles  VV  N  VV  of  Ply- 
mouth,  and  230  VV  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  48  VV,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Lettere,  a  commercial  town  of  Italy 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  principa- 
to  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  at  the  back  of  a  mountain,  12 
miles  N  VV  of  Salerno,  and  20  S  E 
of  N.iples. 

Levant.  This  word  properly  signi- 
fies the  East;  but  it  is  generally  used, 
when  speaking  of  trade,  for  Turkey  in 
Asia;  comprehending  Natolia,  Syria, 
Palestine,  Egypt,  the  island  of  Candia, 
and  the  ailjacent  parts.  The  Levant 
Sea  means  the  E  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

Levantine  Valley,  a  valley  of  Swis- 
serland,  on  the  confines  of  Italy, 
lying  between  mount  St.  Gothard  and 
the  lake  Maggiore.  The  lower  part 
is  populous,  rich  in  pasturage,  and 
produces  much  liemp  and  flax.  It  is 
a  bailiwic,  subject  to  the  canton  of 
Uri ;  and  Ossogna,  the  residence  of 
the  bailiff,  consists  only  of  a  few 
houses. 

Leucate,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aude  and  late  province 
of  Lang\iedoc,  seated  near  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  18  miles  S  of  Narbonnc. 
Lon.  3  9  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

Leuchstenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  upper  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Es- 
rcimpt,  50  miles  N  VV  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Leue,  a  town  of  the  Aui^trlan  Nether- 


■*'lil»to: 


E  U 

own  of  the  Austrian 
Hiilnuiilt,  seuted  on 
oiiii  tor  its  linen  niunii- 
ix  niik's  N  li  of  Atli, 
Brussels.     Lon.  3  40 

\toff,  a  town  of  Sufl'ollf, 
m  Wc-iIiiL'sday.  This 
5UU  houses,  und  the 
ngcious  to  strangers, 
ut'  Yurinoutli  und  115 
Lon.  1  45  E,  lat.  52 

boronnii  in  Cornwall, 
1  Friday.  It  is  seat- 
on  the  Fowey  not 
I  into  Fowey  lluven. 
came  as  fur  as  tlie 
lianncl  is  now  stopped 
wo(.llcn  mainifaeture  ; 
he  tin  coinage  towns. 
>y  a  mayor,  and  sends 
(>  parliament.  Lest- 
iles  W  N  W  of  Ply- 
nV  by  S  of  London. 
t.  50  27  N. 

mcrcial  town  of  Italy 
)f  Naples,  in  principa- 
li  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
:1c  of  a  mountain,  13 
Salerno,   and  20    S  £ 

word  properly  signi- 
it  it  is  generally  used, 
•f  trade,  for  Turkey  in 
uling    Natolia,    Syria, 

the  island  of  Candia, 
.  parts.     The    Levant 

part  of  the   Meiliter- 

eji,  a  valley  of  Swis- 
i  confines  of  Italy, 
ount  St.  Gothard  and 
ore.  The  lower  part 
h  in  ]>astur.igc,  and 
emp  and  flax.  It  is 
t'ct  to  the  canton  of 
p)a,  the  residence  of 
ists    only    of   a    few 

vn  of  France,  in  the 
ude  and  late  province 
atcd  near  a  lake  of  the 
miles  S  of  Narbonnc. 
13  0  N. 

I  town  of  Germany,  in 
late  of  Bavaria,  scat- 
,  near  the  river  Es- 
s    N  W  of  Ratisbon. 

49  40  N. 
rihe  Auittrian  Nether- 


LEU 

lands,  in  Brabant,  seated  on  the  rirer 
Cheet,  10  miles  £  of  Louvain.  Lon.  0 
5  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Leven,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in 
Kinrosshire,  13  miles  in  circumference, 
and  somewhat  ofacircidar  form.  It  has 
■everal  small  islands,  on  one  of  which 
is  a  ruinous  castle.  Here  the  unfor- 
tunate Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  con 
fined  by  the  confederate  lords,  after 
the  murder  of  her  husband  lord  Darn- 
ley,  and  her  marriage  with  Both  well. 
This  lake  produces  trout  of  peculiar 
excellence  ;  of  which  g^eat  quantities 
at  certain  seasons,  are  sent  to  the 
Edinburgh  markets.  In  autumn,  a 
singular  species  called  the  gully  trout, 
is  here  salted  and  dried  for  wmter 
provisions. 

Ltven,  a  river  in  Dumbartonshire, 
which  issues  from  Loch  Lomond ;  and, 
after  a  meandering  course  through  a 
delightful  vale,  enters  the  estuary  of 
the  Clyde,  below  Dumbartcm.  This 
river  is  the  subject  cf  a  beautiful  ode 
by  Dr.  SmoUet,  and  on  the  W  side  of 
it  is  a  luUar  erected  to  his  memory. 

Leugne,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Sanne,  and  late 
province  of  Franche  Comt^,  lying  to  the 
E  of  Vesoul.  Here  is  a  cavern  35 
paces  deep,  and  60  wide,  which  serves 
as  a  barometer  to  all  the  country  people. 
A  fo^,  at  the  entrance  of  this  glacier, 
IS  an  mfallible  sign  of  rain  the  next  day. 
Fi-om  the  roof,  which  is  50  feet  high, 
descend  columns  of  ice,  of  a  proiligi- 
ous  size.  The  brook  which  rims 
through  a  part  of  this  grotto,  is  frozen 
in  summer,  but  flows  in  winter.     ' 

Leui,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
Upper  Vpllais,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
near  the  Rhone.  It  is  one  of  the  mde- 
pendent  commonwealths  of  the  Upper 
Vallais,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  natu- 
ral strength,  and  its  springs,  whose 
water  is  so  hot,  that  it  will  boil  an 
egg,  and  is  much  frequented  in  the 
summer,  on  account  of  these  springs, 
which  nearly  resemble  those  of  Bath  j 
but  the  accommodations  arc  inconve- 
nient.    Lon.  739  £,  lat.  46  13  N. 

Levroux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  late  province 
of  Berry,  with  a  castle,  35  miles  S  W 
of  Bnurges.     Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Leute,  a  town  of  A\i&trian  Hainault, 
seated  on  the  Dender,  14  miles  N  W 
of  Mons.     Lon.  3  45  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Ltutiiri,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany  in  Suabia,  seated  on  a  rivulet 


LEW 

that  falls  into  the  Iller,  43  miles  N  E 
of  Lindari.     Lon.  10  12  E,  l.,t.  47  53  N. 

Leutmeritz,  a  townof  Bohemiii,  capi- 
tal of  a  circle  of  the  san>e  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see  i  seated  on  the  Elbe,  30 
miles  N  W  of  Piugue,  and  40  S  E  of 
Dresden.     Lon.  14  3u  E,  lat.  50  31   N. 

Leutmuhl,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Bnliemia  in  the  circle  of  Chrudini,  22 
miles  E  of  Chrudim  and  73  from 
Pi'iigiie. 

Leutach,  a  town  of  Germany  in  th» 
dMtc'liv  of  Carninla. 

Lewunien,  u  populous  and  strong 
town  of  the  United  Provinces,  capital 
of  Frieslaiul.  The  buddings,  as  well 
public  us  private,  are  magnihcent.  It 
has  several  canals  in  the  streets,  which 
are  a  jjrcat  assistance  to  its  trade ; 
which  IS  very  considerable,  especially 
as  they  are  continued  not  only  to  the 
sea,  but  to  the  most  considerable 
towns  in  the  province.  It  is  27  miles 
W  of  Groningen,  and  65  N  by  E  of 
Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  32  £,  lat.  S3  H 
N. 

Leamtiein,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  cajiital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  for- 
tres,  10  miles  E  of  Hailbron.  Lon.  9 
38  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Levientz,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  tlie  county  of  Gran,  and  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  where  the  Turks  were 
defeated  in  1644.  It  is  ten  miles  N  of 
Gran.     Lon.  18  31  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Levies,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  contains  six 
parish  churches,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Ouse,  which  is  navigable  here  for 
barges.  The  assizes  are  sometimes 
held  here  ;  and  it  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  Lewes  is  situate  at 
the  edge  of  the  South  Downs,  on  the 
declivity  of  a  hill,  on  which  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  con- 
tains  1500  houses  and  about  6200  in- 
habitants. It  is  30  miles  E  of  Chi- 
chester, and  49  S  of  London.  Lon.  0 
5  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

LeviU,  one  ofthe  largest  8f  the  He- 
brides or  western  islands  of  Scotland, 
extending  about  60  miles  in  length 
from  N  to  S,  and  from  13  to.l4  in 
breadth,  consisting  of  a  gpreat  number 
of  isles  and  rocks,  and  parted  by  the 
sea  into  two  divisions,  called  Lewis 
and  Harries,  the  former  lying  to  the 
westward  of  the  other.  "  The  air  is 
temperately  cold,  moist  and  healthyt 
^eat  part  ofthe  law  nound  is  flegd- 
B  ■  B 


LEX 


LEY 


e<l  with  lakes;  tl.c  rest  is  iir;il7lc  in  ma- 
ny places,  :ii)(l  Ikih  bot-ii  ('(iiinti.-(l  fruit- 
fill  iji  outs,  barley,  r.>i',  fiiix,  ami  liein]). 
Till-  inlialiltaiils  :if  Lewis  arc  well  pro- 
portioiuil,  tall,  fair,  sunK'uir.c,  strong', 
anilliealtliy.  'i'liej  arc ii:  n'ciieral sober, 
circumspect,  and  hnspitublc  ;  dexter- 
ous in  shootinp^,  swinimin)^,  and  leap- 
inp;;  bold  and  skilful  mariners;  and  so 
temperate,  that  tlicy  will  tug'  at  tlieoar 
«11  day,  witliout  aiiy  other  provision 
than  bread  and  water,  with  a  sniuh  of 
tobacco. 

Leii-is,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands  in 
Brabant.  It  is  seated  on  a  morass  lU 
miles  from  Louvain.  Lon.  4 10  E,  lat. 
SO  50  N. 

LcviUtoTKii,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
Andrascofipi^in  river,  about  l.)  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Kenncbeck. 

LeviisUnvn,  a  post  town,  the  cajiitiil 
of  Sussex  county,  Delaware  j  situated 
on  Lewis  creek,  about  three  miles  from 
the  lig-ht  house  at  Cape  Hcnlopen.  It  is 
inhabited  principally  by  pilots,  and  sup- 
ports  u  small  coasting  trade.  It  lies  in 
the  lat.  of  38  25  N,  and  lon.  ofr5I0 
W,  about  113  S  of  Philadelphia. 

LmiisUnxn,  a  post  town,  and'capital  of 
Mifflin  cuunty,  Pennsylvania ;  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  Juni.itu  river,55  miles  N 
VVof  Hairisburg,  and  162  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  containing  about  600  inhabitants. 

Lewis/iiirg,  R  town  of  North  Ameri- 
ca and  capital  of  the  island  of  Cape 
Breton.  It  was  ceded  to  the  English 
by  the  peace  of  1763.  Tlie  fortifica- 
tions are  now  demolished.  Lon.  61 30 
W,  lat.  4630  N. 

Letuishmn,  a  village  in  Kent,  on  the 
river  Uavensbourn,  Kve  miles  S  E  of 
London,  with  an  elegant  churcli. 

Lexhf^cm,  a  town  of  North  .'Vmerica, 
capital  of  tlic  state  of  Kentucky,  and 
county  of  Fayette.  Near  this  town 
are  to  be  seen  curious  sepulchres,  full 
of  human  skeletons,  which  are  thus 
fabricated.  First  on  the  ground  are 
laid  large  broad  stones  ;  on  these  arc 
placed  the  bodies,  separated  from  each 
other  by  broad  stones,  covered  with 
others,  which  served  as  a  basis  for  the 
uexc  arrangement  of  bodies.  In  this 
order  they  arc  built  -.vithout  mortar, 
growing  still  narrower  to  the  height 
of  a  man.  This  method  of  burying 
appears  to  be  totally  diillsrentfrom  that 
now  practised  by  the  Indians.  In  the 
neighlxHirhood  of  I,exington  are  also 
to  be  seen  tlie  remains  of  two  ancient 


fortifications,  witli  ditches  and  bas- 
tions i  one  eontuliiing  about  six  acrci 
of  hind,  and  tlie  other  nearly  three. 
Pieces  of  earthen  vessels  have  also 
been  ploughed  up  near  Lexington ; 
a  maniit'acti.re  with  which  the  Indians 
were  never  actpuiinted.  These,  with 
the  fortifications,  :ind  the  sepulchres, 
have  been  urged  as  an  argument,  that 
this  country  was  formerly  inhabited  by 
a  peo])lc  dill«rcnt  from  the  present  In- 
dians,  and  further  advanced  than  thej 
in  the  arts  of  life;  and  Mr.  Filaon,  in 
his  account  of  this  country,  has  ad- 
v.tnced  arguments  to  prove,  that  these 
jieople  were,  in  all  pr'ibability,  an  an- 
cient colony  from  Wales.  Lexington 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  river  Elk- 
horn,  470  miles  \V  of  Wa.shlngton,  and 
26  S  E  of  Frankfort.  Lon.  85  10  W, 
lat.  38  20  N. 

Lexington,  a  town  of  North  Ameri- 
ca in  Massachusetts.  Here  hostilities 
were  first  commenced  between  Bri- 
tain and  America,  April  1775. 

Leaden,  a  city  of  tlie  United  Provin- 
ces in  Holland,  four  miles  and  a  half  in 
circumfei  ence.  In  this  city  are  said  to 
he  eight  gates,  24  canals,  50  islands, 
180  streets,  and  145  bridges,  the  great- 
est part  built  of  freestone,  The  princi- 
pal church  is  a  superb  structure,  whose 
iiigh  roof  is  supported  by  three  rows  of 
columns ;  and  the  rest  of  the  public 
buildings  arc  very  handsome.  There 
are  several  large  hospitals,  and  a  uni- 
\ersity,  which  has  generally  2000  stu- 
dents, though  there  are  but  two  col. 
leges ;  for  the  scholars  board  in  the 
town,  and  have  no  dress  to  distinguish 
them.  The  school  is  a  large  pile  of 
brick  buildiiigi  three  stories  hi^h ;  in 
the  uppermost  of  which  the  famous  El- 
zevir lj:id  his  printing-office  ;  ccntijju- 
ous  to  these  is  the  pl))'sic-garden,  where 
the  professor  reads  lectures  in  botany. 
The  library  contains  juriotis  manu- 
scripts; luid  the  thcitre  for  anatomy  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  Here  were 
manufactures  of  the  best  cloths  and 
stufis  in  Holland  wliich  are  now  much 
decayed.  Leyden  is  famous  for  the 
long  siege  it  sustained  in  1573,  against 
the  Spaniards.  It  is  seated  neai-  th'* 
ancient  bed  of  the  Rhine,  finir  miies  £ 
of  the  German  Ocean,  and  20  S  \V  of 
Amsterdam.   Lon.  4  33  £,  lut.  51 10  N. 

I.eyna,  a  river  of  Germany,  wliich 
rising  in  the  confines  of  Hesse,  runs  N 
and  falls  into  the  Alle'-t  at  Batmar. 

Lejte,  one  of  tlic  Philippine  islands. 


E  Y 

ritli  ditches  and  bag. 
ilninp^  itboiit  six   acrei 

0  other  nearly  three, 
icn  vessels  have  also 
up  near  Lexington ; 
'itii  wliich  tlie  Indiana 
tainted.  These,  with 
1,  and  tlic    sepulchres, 

lis  an  artrtinieiit,  that 
formerly  inhabited  by 
t  from  tlie  present  In- 
T  advanced  than  they 
:;  ind  Mr.  Filson,  in 
this  country,  has  ad- 
ts  to  prove,  that  tlicse 
all  probability,  an  an- 
m  Wales.  Lexington 
:ad  of  the  river  Elk- 
SV  of  Washington,  and 
fort.     Lon.  85   10  W, 

)\vn  of  North  Ameri- 
letts.  Here  hostilities 
iienced  bt-twecn  Bri> 
a,  April  1775. 
of  the  United  Provin- 
bur  miles  and  a  half  in 
In  this  city  are  said  to 
24  canals,  50  islands, 
145  bridges,  the  great- 
Teestone,  The  princi- 
iperb  structure,  whose 
oited  by  three  rows  of 
lie  rest  of  the  public 
ry  handsome.  There 
hospitals,  and  a  uni- 
las  generally  2000  stu- 
liere  are  but  two  col- 
icliolars  board  in  the 
lo  dress  to  distinguish 

001  is  a  large  pile  of 
,hree  stories  hi^h ;  in 
r  which  the  famous  El- 
inting-nffire ;  ccatijju- 
? physic-garden,  where 
ids  lectures  in  botany, 
itains  :urious  nianu- 
theatre  for  anatomy  is 
in  Europe.  Here  were 

the  best  clotlis  and 
which  are  now  much 
:n  is  fimous  for  the 
tained  in  1573,  against 
It  is  seated  near  th« 
c  Kliine,  four  miles  E 
Ocean,  and  20  S  W  of 
n.4  33E,  lat.  5110  N. 
of  Germany,  which 
fines  (if  Hesse,  runs  N 

AlK't  at  Batmar. 
Jic  Philippine  islands, 


L  I  C 

m  the  East  Indies,  about  40  leagues  in  j 
len^'-tli,  and  95  in  circuinferenre.  ItSj 
soil,  on  the  E  side,  is  very  fertile  ;  but' 
there  are  very  high  mountains  that  cut 
it  almost  tliraiigli  the  middle  from  Eto 
W,  and  occasion  so  great  an  alteration 
in  the  air,  that  wlicn  the  inhabitants  of 
one  part  of  the  island  reap,  the  others 
sow,  and  they  have  two  plentiful  har- 
vests in  tlie  year,  to  which  the  rivers 
descending  from  the  above  mentioned 
mountains  nut  a  little  contribute.  The 
island  contains  9000  inhabitants,  who 
pay  tribute  to  tlie  Spaniards,  in  rice, 
was,  and  qiults.  Lun.  118  0  E,  lat. 
11  0  N, 

Lezina,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  ill  Capitana,  seated  on 
a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  75  miles  N 
E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  14  E,  lat.  41 44  N. 

Libanut,  mountains  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  which  lie  between  Syria  ami  Pa- 
lestine, extending  from  W  to  E  from 
the  Mediterranean  sea  as  far  as  Arabia. 
The  summits  of  these  mountains  are  so 
high  that  they  are  always  covered  with 
snow ;  but  below  are  very  fruitful  vallies. 
They  were  formerly  famous  forthe  great 
ir.imber  of  cedar-trees ;  but  now  scarcely 
any  remain.  Geographers  distinguish 
them  into  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus  : 
the  latter  lies  on  the  S  sida  of  the  val- 
ley, rising  near  the  ruins  of  Sidon,  and 
terminates  at  others  in  Arabia,  in  lat. 
34.  They  are  separated  from  each 
other  at  an  equal  distant:e  throughout, 
and  form  a  country  called  by  tlic  an- 
cients Calosyria. 

Libau,  a  seaport  of  Courland,  on  the 
Baltic  with  a  hai-bour.  It  is  35  miles 
N  of  Memel.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.5631  N. 

Liberty,  a  post  town  in  Bedford 
county,  Virginia,  15  miles  N  W  of 
New  London,  and  35  S  E  of  Fincastle. 

Libertyiovin,  a  small  town  in  Freder- 
ick county,  Maryland,  13  miles  N  E 
of  Fredericktown,  and  32  N  W  of 
WatluHgton.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Libmrvr,  a  small  well  built  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Gironde 
and  late  province  of  Guienne.  It  is 
one  of  the  staples  of  commerce  of 
Hoiirdeaux,  and  isiieated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne  20  miles  N  F  of  Bonrdeaus,  and 
205  S  by  W  of  Paris,  Lon.  0 12  W,  lat. 
44  58N. 

Z-ic/i,  or  Lieha,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  landgravate  of  Hesse,  and  coun- 
ty of  Solms,  18  miles  N  of  Francfort 
I-O'i.  8  24  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Li(k  eld,   A   city   iit   StafTordshire, 


L  I  C 

with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Satuc- 
da) .  It  was,  in  the  time  oftlie  Saxons, 
an  rtichbishopric,  but  is  now  a  county 
of  itself,  and  unites  with  Coventry  in 
forming  one  episcopal  see.  It  has 
three  parish  churehes,  besides  tlic  ca- 
thedral, a  frccschool,  and  two  hospi- 
tals. LichlieUl  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  divided  by  a  little, 
river  that  runs  through  it,  over  which 
arc  two  causeways  with  sluices.  It 
is  sc:>ted  in  a  tine  champaign  country, 
14  miles  S  E  of  StaHord,  and  111*  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1 44  W,  lat.  52  54  N. 

LichtUiU,  a  liandsumc  town  of  Ger- 
many, ill  the  bishopric  of  Basle 

Lkhtallen,  or  Liettal,  a  town  of 
Swisserland  in  the  county  of  Basil. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ergetz,  eight  miles 
S  E  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  39  E,  lat.  47  29  N.' 

Liehtenau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  circle  of  Westphalia,  nine  miles 
from  Padcrborn.  Lon.  8  23  E,  lat.  51 
52  N. 

Liehtenau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse  Cassel.  It  is  24  miles  from 
Naumburg.     Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  51  1   N. 

Liehtenau,  a  fortress  of  Franconia, 
seated  on  the  Revel.  It  is  subject  to 
the  city  of  Nuremburg,  and  is  17  miles 
from  tlnat  city.  Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  49 
ION. 

Lichtenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  oi  Franconia,  the  vicinity  of 
which  abounds  with  qwarries  of  mar- 
ble and  mines  of  iron  and  other  metab. 
Lon.  11  41  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Lichtenberg,  a  castle  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Rhine  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  a 
rock,  near  the  Vosges  motintalns,  and 
looked  upon  as  imprejpiable.  It  is  \i 
miles  N  N  W  of  Hagucnau.  Lon ,  / 
45  E.  lat.  48  55  N. 

Lichtenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  mar- 
gravate  of  CuUembach,  20  miles  N  E' 
of  C'lllembach.  Lon,  12  2  E, lat.  50  25  N. 

LichtenftU,  a  town  of  Gerjnany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric 
of  Bamberg,  seated  on  the  Maine,  15 
miles  N  £  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  10  £, 
lat.  50  20  N. 

Lichtentteig,  a  handsome  town  of 
Swisserland,  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Tockcnburg.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tliur,  31  miles  E  of  Zuric.  Lon.  9  8 
E,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Licatenitein,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  avchd'itchy  of  Austria,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Vienna. 


L  £  I 


L  E  I 


Licnh,  «  l«kr  in  the  klr.fsiloin  of 
Na.  li  »,  l')n)uTl\  t'.mnuN  (ur  \Aeu\\  of 
ex<clU'i\i  imli  1  bit,  in  15.)H,  uii  crolii. 
•ii)ii  (it  u  vi'li'uro,  il.aiipcl  oiiir  purt 
ot  It  into  u  iii()MiU;ii  i>f'!nl;es,  uiul  llo 
other  ititn  It  iiM>r:>Hs.  It  \n;in  jiulciur 
ki.  wii  l>)  the  niiiiii-  ot  III-  Luri'inc 
La- 1. 

Li  .t,  11  town  of  l>:tliM!iii':'i  Hi'di'pr,  in 
llir  [ihl.itii  i.tf  'if  \\  iliu,  N,ti.;4iil  (III 
till'  DeiiH,  J6  It)  lis  ■'■>  ot  VViluu.  Lim. 
2A  .>4  E,  lat   j,i  M,  N. 

i/iU,  tt  U'WM    It'  K(  ;it,  with  a    n;i>r 
ket  .>•■    '1  liiT^iclav,   one  tit   llie   Ciii'|..t 
Port!!.     It    in    20   m.tcii   Iriini    Cuiilii 
bill'     .111(1  74  tl'  III  I.iiikIiiii.      L(m.  O  ^b 
K.  I:.t  .jj  :>tt  N. 

Liu  II,  .1  ii\tr  ii>  Kn\hiir|f!iHhiro, 
abn'mdii'j^  H  i'isl'.  li  is  tlie  mily  tiin'  in 
t)iat  roiint)  that  l.'iws  noutliwuxl, 
and  tiilU  nun  Soiwuy  Fritl<,  near  the 
niDiitii  ot  the  E»k. 

LiaJiiitiii'r,' •  ihair'c\  in  Unxburjifh- 
ahiii,  c(im|)rflicn(linjr  t'le  whiile  si.'Ud- 
ern  angii-  'if  that  county.  It  udmitb 
of  little  tuhivution,  and  !•  chictty  em- 
ployed in  paoture. 

Li  ford,  a  village  of  Devonshire,  on 
tlic  river  Lid,  seven  miles  N  of  Tavis- 
tock. It  wus  once  a  famous  town, 
with  a  castle  ;  and  though  now  a  con- 
temptible village,  its  paribli  may  com- 
pare for  lands  and  liberties  with  an,\ 
in  the  kingdom,  the  whole  forest  of 
Dartmoor  being  in  the  verge  of  it. 
The  bridge  is  thrown  over  a  part  of 
the  river  that  is  pent  between  two 
high  rocks ;  and  ngar  it  is  a  fine 
cataract. 

Liefkinttoet,  a  fortress  of  Dtitch 
Flancfers,  eight  miles  from  Antwerp. 
Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Lieec,  a  bishopric  of  Westphalia, 
bouncled  on  the  N  by  Brabant  and 
Guclderland,  on  the  £  by  the  diitchies 
of  Limburg  and  Jiilier?,  on  the  S  by 
Luxemburg  and  the  Ardennes,  and  on 
the  VV  by  Brabant  and  the  county  of 
'Namur.  It  is  fruitful  in  corr,  and  fruits, 
and  contains  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and 
CO  I,  besides  quarries  of  marble.  The 
bishop  is  elected  by  the  chi'.ptcr  com 
posed  of  60  can'iis;  and  he  is  one  of 
the  most  considerable  ecclesiastical 
prince*  of  Germany,  ant'  has  an  annual 
revenue  of  300,000  ducats. 

J-icge,  ;i.n  ancient  poptilous,  andlarj^e- 
city  olGennaiiy,  in  tiie  circle  of  West- 
phalia,cnpitid  .)f  a  bishopric  of  the  same 
name  with  a  casde.  Here  the  river 
Macsc  is  divided  into  three  branchcSj^ 


which  after  having  parsed  this)ttgh  the 
cit\  iiii(li-i-  several  bridges,  unite  again. 
I.ii'Kc  is  four  milcN  in  circumference, 
and  lia.t  1 JO  ntreets,  and  16  )(atrs  ; 
it  i:as  also  ter  ti.rgc  Miiburhs,  in  wliicb 
..re  a  great  nunil>rr  of  religious  liousoa 
iiiid  I  hurt  lies;  which  lust,  with  thtiNO 
ID  till- cit),  ni'.ike  ten  in  all.  The  ca- 
ll nhal  contains  many  rtlirs  i  anil  the 
iitlici-  public  hti-iictuics  arc  the  bislinp'a 
|iul.'icr,  llie  town  house  and  the  arse- 
ul  ;  here  is  ^dsti  a  faniuiiM  university, 
ar.d  a  convent  of  English  nuns.  It  it 
•  o'l.inonly  saul  of  tlii.-tcity,  that  itis  tlio 
Hetl  of  \\  iiiiien,  because  tlicy  are 
iilil.g--(l  to  hve  a  laboriouH  life,  the  pur- 
i(.»ii TV  (>r!iicn,  bcc:nise  they  are  almost 
nil  jrovernitl  by  tliclr  wives,  and   lh« 

I  aratliHC  of  Monks,  because  of  their 
ricl.  bencKces.  At  this  place  is  made 
a  great  quantity  of  tn-r-tums,  wliicll 
nrc  ex|iorr<-il   to    diHcrent    countries. 

II  Will  bombarded  in  16'.)l,antl  tleliver- 
ed  up  to  the  French  in  1?01.  The  al. 
lieu  retook  it  in  1702,  and  the  French 
besieged  it  agam  in  170.1,  but  were 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege,  on  the  ap- 
prtiacli   of  the  duke   of  Marlborough. 

III  1734,  aKre  happened  here,  winch 
convMned  the  bishop's  palace,  with  all 
the  furniture  and  writings.  In  1789, 
the  inhabitants  having  ctimplained  of 
the  oppression  which  they  experienced 
under  tlie  government  of  their  bishop, 
at  last  insisted  H]x>n  a  charter  of  pi'ivi> 
leges.  As  tlie  bishop  and  chapter ditl 
not  comply  witli  their  demands,  they 
had  recourse  to  arms  ;  and  the  bishop 
apprehensive  for  his  safety,  left  the 
city  and  appealed  to  the  imperial 
chamber  of  Wetzlar.  That  chamber 
issued  decrees  in  his  favour  :  the  king 
of  Prussia  in  17P0,  seemed  to  act  aa 
a  mediator  for  the  citizens;  the  sen- 
tences, however  issued  by  the  imperial 
chamber  agairtst  the  insurgents,  were 
followetl  by  requisitorial  letters,  ad- 
dressed t.<  the  government  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  desiring  that  his 
impi^rinl  majesty's  troops  would  assist 
tliosc  of  the  electoral  princes,  in  en- 
forcing their  decrees  :  in  consequence 
of  which,  the  Austrians  entered 
Liege  in  1791,  restored  the  old  ma- 
pistvacy  that  had  been  expelled  to 
llieir  functions,  and  reinstatctl  the  bi- 
shop and  chairter.  In  1792,  the  French 
took  the  city,  and  effected  another  re- 
volution ;  but  being  driven  thence, 
in  1793,  the  citizens  were  once  more 
obliged  to  submit.    Liege  is  15  milen 


.  E  I 

ii(f  parsed  tlimuffit  tlie 
111  hri(l|;cfi,  unite  again. 
ilcM  in  (.■irt'iimrcrcncc, 
'I'Cti,  unit  16  ^utrn  ; 
rjfc  H.ibnrliii,  in  wliith 
M-r  oi'i-eligioiiii  liousot 
iviiich  iiiitt,  with  tliONO 
■    ten  in   till.     Tlic  en' 

many  n  lies  ;  and  tlia 
ctiiicM  arc  the  bioliop's 
I  iiounc    uiid  the  ariie* 

tt  I'jniiMiM  iiniviTiiity, 
r  Englisii  mills.  It  it 
>'thi.sc.t>,tliittitiii  tho 
I,  brraiise  they  are 
lahoiiiiuH  hfc,  the  piir- 
i'«Mnse  they  arc  almost 
tiicir  wives,  ami  the 
ikK,  lu'caiiKC  of  their 
At   thin  place  it  miule 

of  tnciu'ma,   wliicli 

diHcfent  coiintrieB. 
(I  in  16!>1,  and  deliver- 
irh  in  1701.  The  al. 
1702,  iiiui  the  Frcncli 
fi   in    1705,  but   were 

the  sie^^e,  on  the  ap« 
like  of  Mnrlboroiirn. 
ippened  here,  which 
iliop'g  palucc,  with  all 
i  writings.  In  1789, 
laving  complained  of 
liich  tiiey  experienced 
ment  of  their  bishop, 
wn  a  charter  of  privi- 
shop  and  chapter  did 
their  flemands,  they 
irmfi  j    and  the  bishop 

his  safety,  left  the 
ed  to  the  imperial 
zlar.  That  chamber 
his  favour  :  the  king 
0,  seemed  to  act  aa 
lie  citi/.ens :  the  sen- 
ssucd  by  the  imperial 
the  insurgents,  were 
lisitorial  letters,   ad- 

govemment  of  the 
mds,  desiring  that  his 
I  troops  would  assist 
ctoral  princes,  in  cn- 
•ees  :  in  consequence 

Aiistrians  entered 
•cstored  the  ol<l  ma- 
d  been  expelled  to 
nd  reinstated  the  bi- 

In  1792,  the  French 

I  efl'ccted  another  re- 

!ing    driven    thence, 

ns  were  once  more 

Liege  is  15  mtleo 


L  I  G 

S  W  of  Mtestricht,  and  fi2  S  W  of 
Colotfiic.     Lon.  3  -10  K,  hit  30  37  N. 

l.itn-tchfou-fou,  a  city  and  scn|M)rt  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  C^iiang-tong. 
Its  territories  bonier  on  the  kingdom 
of  long-king,  from  which  it  is  seiiara- 
ti-d  by  inucccRsiblu  niount.iina.  It  has 
one  city  of  the  sccoiul,  anil  two  of  the 
third  class  under  it*  jurisdiction,  and 
is  323  miles  S  W  of  C.mton. 

Lkou.Kifdu,  the  general  name  of  a 
group  of  islands,  o6  in  number,  lying 
betwcv'n  Curea,  Formosa,  and  Japan. 
These  islands  form  a  powerful  and  ex- 
tensive empire,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  are  civilized,  and  ought  not  tr) 
be  confounded  with  other  savape  na- 
tions dispersed  throughout  the  islands 
of  Asia.  The  largest  and  principal  is 
calh-d  Lieou-kieoii,  the  rest  have  each 
a  particuliiir  name.  The  largest  island 
extends  120  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  33 
fi-om  E  to  W.  Their  king  is  tributary 
to  China. 

Litre,  a  town  of  Brabant,  in  the  late 
Austrian  Low  Countries,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  great  ami  little  Nethe,  nine 
miles  N  N  E  of  Mechlin,  and  12  S  E 
of  Antwerp.     Lon.  4  16  E,  lat.  31  9  N. 

Lriina,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gtilf  of  Venice,  about  58  miles  long, 
and  12  broad,  und  abounds  in  com, 
olives,  sati'ron,  and  wine.  It  belongs 
to  the  Venetians. 

IJetina,  a  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  capi- 
tal of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  fort  on  an  inac- 
cessible mountain,  with  a  harbour  ca- 
pable of  containing  vessels  of  all  sorts. 
Lon.  16  23  E.  lat.  43  30  N. 

Lieut,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  famous  for  an  imagevof  the 
Virgin  Mary,  to  which  a  great  number 
of  pilgrims  used  to  resort.  It  is  six 
miles  E  of  Laon.  Lon.  3  31  E,  lat.  49 
35  N, 

Liettal,  or  Litchttal.     See  Lichtallen. 

Liffty,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  ris- 
ing in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  runs  W, 
thence  into  Kildare,  then  turning  N  E 
losses  through  the  county  of  Dublin, 
and  by  the  city  of  that  name,  a  little 
below  which  it  falls  i'»to  the  Irish  Sea. 

Lifford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
countv  of  Donegal,  24  miles  N  E  of 
Donegal.     Lon.  5  45  W,  lat.  54  47  N. 

Ligne,  a  town  of  Austri.in  Hainanlt, 
on  the  river  Dendcr,  12"  miles  N  W  of 
Mons.    Lon.  3  45  E,  lat.  SO  35  N. 

Lignitrei,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 


L  1  M 

department  of  Cher,  and  late  province 
of  Berry,  surrounded  with  walls,  tow- 
ers, and  ditches,  22  miles  S  S  W  of 
floiirges.     Lon   2  24  L,  lat.  4647  N. 

Lignitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sile- 
siii,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle,  seutcd  on  the  ri- 
vulet Ccf,  30  mile*  S(»f  Glogaw.  Lon. 
16  36  E,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Ligny,  a  handsome  town  of  Fr.ince, 
in  the  department  ofMeuse  and  late 
dutch;'  of  fiai,  wtiii  a  ensile,  a  collegi- 
.ite  chiircii,  and  a  haiuUoine  purk.  It  if 
seated  on  the  Orney,  eight_  miles  ^  E 
of  liar-le-Due  and  123  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  J6  E,  lat.  48  39  N. 

Ligon,  a  se.iport  in  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca,  capital  of  a  sintill  territory  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  m:(gaxinu  be- 
longingtothe  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany. It  is  seated  on  the  E  coast.  Lon. 
100  5  E,  lat.  7  40  N. 

Ligueil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
p.'irtment  of  Indrc  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  seated  on  a 
urook,  in  a  very  fertile  country,  23 
miles  S  S  E  of  Tours.  Lon.  0  52  E, 
lat.  47  3  N. 

Lillera,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  province  of  Artois,  whose  fortifi- 
cations arc  demolished.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Navcz,  17  miles  N  W  of  Arrai. 
Lon.  2  33  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

LiUo,  a  fort  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on 
the  K  side  of  the  Sclicid,  seven  miles 
N  of  Antwerp.  It  was  taken  in  17D3, 
by  the  French,  who  soon  after  evacua- 
ted it,  retaking  it,  however,  in  1794. 
Lon.4  18E,  lat.  30  30N. 

Lima,  a  city,  capital  of  Pern,  with 
an  archbishop's  sec,  and  a  university. 
It  gives  its  name  to  the  principal  audi- 
ence of  Peru,  and  is  surrounded  by 
brick  walls,  with  ramparts  unci  bas- 
tions. The  streets  are  handsome  and 
au  straight  as  a  line  :  the  houses  ara 
generally  oiily  one  story  high,  on  ac- 
count of  tlie  earthquakes,  with  long  gal- 
leries in  the  front.  One  part  of  the 
roofs  is  covereil  with  coarse  linen  cloth, 
and  the  others  imly  with  rceds,^hich 
is  not  inconvenient,  because  it  never 
rains  here  ;  but  the  rich  inhabitants  cp- 
ver  theirs  with  fine  mats,  or  beautiful 
cotton  cloths.  There  are  trees  planted 
all  round  their  houses,  to  keep  o+!'  the 
heat  of  the  sun.  What  the  house* 
want  in  height  they  have  in  length  and 
depths  for  some  of  them  are  200  feet 
long,  and  proportioiiably  brcp.d,  so  tliat 


Js; 


If  i  I 
ffi 


' 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


they  liftv#>  10  nr  \2  lurn'c  npnrtmfnti 
1)11  tlic  ^touikI  fldii, ,  i  III'  riMj  wliidi 
croHsrH  I.iiMii  f(Tliis  ciiliaK  in  the 
kticett,  wIikI)  I'.iii  III  iiiiiMt  <if  tlic 
|inii«CN,  iiiul  Hcrvf  to  wutrr  llii-ir  gur- 
ilvvs,  \('.  'I'lic  I'liiin'lu  »  iiiul  (-(iii\cntii 
arc  Hlli'Xti'i  ii.t'l)  I'll  hi  iiiul  iniiii)  iiiiu^fcii 
01  the  suiiiti  urc  ot'tiiiiHii)  ((old,  uildrn- 
C(l  willi  ji  wcN.  Tlif  cilv  isliminiiliH 
in  U  <n^U  iiMil  two  III  lii'iadtti,  iiiiil  11 
di«  ulctl  iiitii  I'l^lit  |iurih:i<  H,  c(iiitaiiiiii)f 
onlv  'J8t>U(l  li'liuliititnts,  tiOUU  of  whiiiii 
an-  S|'Uiiiiirdit.  It  Im  tlic  sent  of  the 
vkei-ov,  mid  roiilums  ucveial  coiiptN,  uh 
that  of' till'  vifcniy,  ol  thi'  arclihishop, 
of  t'.iC  iiU|i>l!titiiii',  ol'the  (-nisxdii,  and 
of  till"  Will*.  I'ihvtiKiiiakos  urc  viTj 
frtiiiiihl,  iiiid  some  liaxc  done  the  rity 
iniic:i  (laiiia^e.  ,<uitictdHrl\  thutili  1746, 
by  wliuli  II  wu»  ulniost  (icstnntd,  uiid 
il  It  wuH  iii't  f >  I  thlH  it  wiiidd  lie  II  per- 
fei  t  pHiadisc.  1  he  inhiihitaiitH  nre  so 
rich,  ihiil  vvlien  the  viceroy,  sent  from 
Spain,  in  IbbJ,  iiiude  hiii  piihlic  en- 
truiiic  into  this  eit),  thiy  paved  the 
streetK  he  was  topassthroiig'h  »itli  iti- 
cots  of  silver.  'I'liey  are  also  very  de- 
bauched, hut,  at  the  sunic  time,  ex- 
tremely KiiperstitioUB  ;  and  tliey  have  a 
■trong  belief  in  the  power  of  charms, 
about  a  fourth  of  the  inhubituiits  are 
monks  or  niniN.  Lima  in  800  miles  S 
of  Quito.     l,on.  71'  44  VV,  lat.  1  !  1  S. 

Lima,  an  Hiidieiue  oi  Pern,  lyinjf  on 
the  Pacific  Oicaii,  bounded  on  tlie  N 
by  the  audience  of  Qiiito,  on  the  F2  by 
the  Andes,  on  the  S  by  the  audience 
ofLiis  Charcos,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Limok,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
■eated  on  the  river  l))l<',  13  miles  S  E 
of  Bnisscls.    Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  50  4.1  N. 

Limavady,  u  town  of  Ireland.  Sec 
Vrti7t«un  Lniiiiviiiij/- 

Limbourg,  or  Limpurg,  a  town  of 
Gciniany  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
acaled  on  tlie  I.ahn,  10  miles  E  of 
NasHan,  aiul  20  N  of  Mcntz.  Lon.  7 
51  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Liviburg,  a  fertile  piovince  of  the 
Netherlands,  bounded  on  the  K  by  the 
(lutcby  of  Julicrs,  on  the  E  by  thi>t 
dutchy  and  the  territory  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pclle,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  the  bish- 
opric of  Liege,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Maese.  It  is  42  milcH 
long',  ar.d  30  broad,  and  contains  sonit 
of  the  best  iron  mines  in  the  Netlu'i 
lands,  and  the  soil  is  good  for  crm. 
j;c.  It  belongs  in  part  to  the  Dutch 
mid  Aiistiions. 


I.imhurg,  the  capital  of  Aiiilriaa 
Liii'h  \rg.  Here  is  a  niuniifactuu'  of 
'voolleii  clotliN,  and  it  is  funioiis  for  ex- 
I  client  checHc.  It  is  Neuted  on  h  iiioiin- 
tuiii,  iilmoHt  iiiaccessihle,  near  the  river 
Verse,  15  miles  S  E  of  Liejife  Lon.  6 
5  E,  lut  50  38  N. 

Lime,  a  town   in    Uorsctshire.     See 

/.   tiir  A'fjjit. 

I      Li)iie,  or    Limen,  a  village  in  Kent, 

I  three  miles  W  «l  Hilhe.  Il  w.is  hirmer- 

'  ly  a  port,  till   choked  up  by  tlic  sands, 

and  IS  now   a   jxior  town.     Here    waa 

formerly   a   castle,  now  converted  into 

a  furm-hoiise. 

J.ivurict,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Munstcr,  48  milt  s  long  and 
23  broad  j  bounded  on  the  N  b\  Shan- 
n,)n,  on  the  W  by  Kerry  ;  «m  the  S  by 
Cork,  and  on  the  E  by  'I'ipiierary.  It 
contains  130  parishes,  and  sent  eight 
members  to  parliament  before  the  Irish 
union.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  and  well 
inhabited,  though  the  W  parts  arc 
mountainous. 

Limerick,  or  Lough  Meath,  a  city  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Limerick, 
and  the  metropolis  of  the  province  of 
Minister.  Within  a  century,  it  wag 
reckoned  the  second  city  in  the  king- 
dom ;  at  present  it  has  lost  its  rar.k ; 
not  because  it  flourishes  less,  but  be- 
cause Cork  nourishes  more.  It  is  still 
a  commercial  and  populous  place  ;  and 
consists  of  the  Irish  and  English 
Town  J  the  latter  situate  on  King's 
island,  formed  by  the  Shannon.  Lime- 
rick is  three  miles  in  circumference, 
and  lias  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Sati  '  .  The  linen,  woollen,  and  pa- 
per manufactures  are  carried  on  here 
to  II  great  extent  ;  and  the  export  ot 
provisions  is  very  considerable.  Here 
are  many  hospitals,  and  some  hand- 
i»ome  public  structures,  besides  the 
cathedral  and  other  churches.  Ardfert 
and  Aghadoe,  in  the  cotmty  of  Kerry, 
arc  united  to  the  bishopric  of  Limerick. 
It  was  bcsiegeil  by  King  William  in 
1690;  and  in  1691,  the  garrison  iiiir- 
rendered  on  a  very  honourable  capitu- 
lation. It  is  40  miles  S  of  Galway,  and 
94  S  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  «  34  W,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

Limerick,  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, M.iine,  about  12  miles  VV  oftheri- 
■  er  Saco,  and  has  abotit  800  inhabi- 
1  .mts. 

Ltmviat,  a  river  of  Swisserland, 
'.v'lich  is  formed  b)  the  junction  of  the 
Mat  and  the  Linth ;  the  former  iss)i- 


iJig 

lul«' 

ilo» 

cont 

Ihrt 

to  tl 

L 
tow 
men 
ry  o 
is  a 
ill  g 
Vie  I 
and 
lat. 

L 
boui 
E  h] 
and 
moil 
chei 
lead 
prill 
iiors 
ofU 

L 
towi 
Ami 
It  hi 
envi 
It  is 
by  S 
lous' 

Li 

Li 
Frar 
anil 
seati 
Dun 

L 
with 
on  tl 
ham 
atrei 
now 
ral. 
isth 
ralii 
of  tl 
bell, 
a  CO 
and 
The 
the 
woo' 
und 
of  ci 
ting] 
0  25 

L 
bau] 


I  M 

rapitiil    of   Aiiitrian 

in   a    niuniif:ictiiu'  of 

umI  It  in  I'iinioiiN  ti)i-  cx- 

t  IH  Mt'UtCtI  oil  u  iiioiin- 

csaibU',  iii'nr  ll.f  r'nev 
i  £  of  LiL'Ke'.      Lou.   6 

in   Dnrsctsliirc.    See 

en,  a  villnirc  in  Kent, 
Hitlu".  It  w;iK  foruitr- 
Dkeil  ii[i  liy  tlic  Mundi, 
or  town.  Hero  wua 
c,  now  converted  into 

inty  of  Ireland,  in  the 
tcr,  4U  mlU  H  lonf^uiul 
t'd  on  the  N  h\  Shun- 
Kerry  ;  on  the  S  by 
E  by  'ri|)))erary.  It 
shes,  und  ncnt  ci^ht 
imcMit  before  the  IriHh 
tile  country,  and  well 
;h   the    W    purts  arc 

tugh  Meath,  a.  city  of 
county  of  Limerick, 
is  of  the  province  of 
n  a  century,  it  wug 
imd  city  in  tlie  king- 
it  bus  lost  its  rarlc; 
irisiics  less,  but  hc- 
ihes  more.  It  is  still 
populous  place  ;  and 
Irish  and  English 
T  situate  on  King's 
the  Sliunnon.  Lime- 
lea  in  circumference, 
on  Wednesday  and 
nen,  woollen,  and  pa- 
arc  carried  on  here 
J  and  the  export  of 
considerable.  Here 
lis,  and  some  hand- 
iciures,  besides  the 
?r  churches.  Ardfert 
he  county  of  Kerry, 
ishoprlc  of  Limerick, 
ly  King  William  in 
1,  the  garrison  sur- 
y  honourable  capitu- 
Ics  S  of  Galwav,  and 
.    Lon.  «  34  W,  lat. 

t  town  in  York  conn- 
12  miles  W  of  the  ri- 
i  about   800  inhabi- 

'cr  of  Swi.sserland, 
>  the  junction  of  the 
ih  ;  Uie  former  iss>i- 


L  I  N 

ftg  from  the  N  W  extremity  of  the 
lake  of  Walleiistiidt,  and  the  lutter 
flowing  from  the  K.  'I'lie  Limniut, 
continuing  its  course  N  W,  Hows 
through  the  lake  of  Ziiric,  and  fails  in- 
to the  Aur,  hclow  iludi-n. 

Linwjiet,  ui\  ancient  und  considerable 
town  ot  Krunce,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vicnne  und  lute  territo- 
ry of  Limosin,  with  u  hishoji's  see.  It 
is  a  trading  place,  und  its  horses  arc 
in  great  esteem.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vienne,  Si)  miles  N  E  of  I'eriguex, 
and  1  lU  K  of  Dourdeuux.  Lon  1  20  E, 
lut.  45  JU  N. 

Limotin,  a.  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Marche  and  the 
E  by  Auvergne,  on  the  S  by  CJiierci, 
and  on  the  W  by  Perigord  und  Angiio- 
mois.  It  is  covered  with  forests  of 
chesntit-trccs,  and  contains  mines  of 
lend,  copper,  tin,  und  iron ;  but  the 
principal  trade  consists  in  cattle  and 
horses.  It  now  forms  the  department 
of  Upper  Vienna. 

Livioux,  a  populous  and  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aude  and  late  province  (if  Langucdoc. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth  ;  and  its 
environs  produce  excellent  white  wine. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Aude,  3/  miles  W 
by  S  of  Narbonne,  and  50  S  £  of  Tou- 
louse.     Lon.  2  16  E,  lat.  43  4  N. 

Lhn/wrg.     See  Lhnbourg. 

Linche,  or  Linie,  a  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  North 
and  late  province  of  Frepch  Flanders, 
•eated  on  a  river,  15  miles  S  W  of 
Dunkirk.  Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Lincoln,  the  capitui  of  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  niurkct  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  steep  hill,  on  the  Wit- 
ham,  which  here  divides  into  three 
streams.  It  had  formerly  50  churches 
now  reduced  to  13,  besides  the  cathed- 
ral. It  is  a  bishop's  see  whose  diocese 
is  the  largest  in  England.  The  catlied- 
ralis  one  of  the  most  superb  structures 
of  that  kind  in  England,  and  its  great 
bell,  requires  12  men  to  ring  it.  It  in 
a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  coal  brought  by 
the  Trent  und  Fus.sdike  ;  and  oats  and 
wool,  which  are  sent  by  the  Witham, 
und  there  is  also  a  smull  manufacture 
of  camlets.  It  =s  32  miles  >f  E  of  Not- 
tingham, and  133  N  of  London.  Lon. 
025  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Lincolnshire,  a  county  of  England, 
httunded  on  the  N   by  the   Humbe;: 


L  I  N 

wliirh  divides  it  fnmi  Yorkshire  t  on 
the  K  by  the  Clertnuii  (}i  e..M ;  on  ihe 
S  E  by  the  WunIi  and  purt  lit'  Norfolk  i 
on  the  S  by  Cuinhndge  uivl  Nortliump- 
tonshire ;  on  the  S  W  by  Kuthiiul- 
shire  g  and  on  the  W  by  the  cnunlies 
of  Leicester  und  Nottinprham.  It  is  77 
miles  Ironi  N  to  S,  and  4j  in  hreudth, 
wliire  widest.  It  is  divided  into  three 
parts  i  namely,  Iloiland  on  the  S  E, 
Kesteven  on  tlie  S  \V,  and  Lindseyon 
the  N.  It  contains  30  hundreds,  one 
city,  31  market-towns,  und  630  parish- 
es ;  and  sciuIh  12  members  to  purlia- 
nieiit.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Humber,  Trent,  William,  and  Wclland. 
The  air  is  unwholesome  and  foggy,  on 
uccount  of  the  lens  and  turgc  marshes. 
The  soil  of  the  N  and  W  parts  is  very 
fertile,  and  abounds  in  coin  and  pas- 
tures. I'hc  E  and  S  parts  arc  not  so 
proper  for  corn,  but  then  they  supply 
them  with  fish  und  fowl  in  great  plen- 
ty, particulurly  decks  and  geese.  Lin- 
coln is  the  principal  town.  It  is  in  ma- 
ny places,  very  rich,  the  inland  part 
producing  corn  in  greut  plenty,  and 
the  fens  cole-seed,  und  very  ricli  pas- 
tures  ;  whence  their  breed  of  cattle  ■• 
larger  than  that  of  any  other  county 
in  England,  except  Somersetshire. 

Lincolnton,  the  principal  town  of 
Lincoln  county.  North  Carolina.  It 
has  a  post  oflice,  and  is  situated  45 
miles  S  £  of  Mdrgantown,  and  about 
the  same  distance  S  W  of  Salisbury  in 
Uowan  county, 

Lincolnton,  the  capital  of  Lincoln 
county,  Georgia  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Savannah  river,  29  miles  N  W 
of  Augusta,  in  Richmond  county. 

Limleiifels,  or  Lindeitfeld,  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  palutinate  of  the 
Rhine,  17  miles  N  of  Heidelberg.  Lon. 
8  4,7  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Lindisfarne.     See  Holy  Itland. 

Lindioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  West  Gothland,  with  a  bishop'* 
see.  It  is  Seated  on  the  lake  Wenner, 
12  miles  N  W  of  Skar,  and  83  S  W  of 
Stockholm.    Lon.  13  5  E,  lat  58  25  N. 

Lindau,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Suabia.  Here  is 
,1  celebrated  abbey  of  canonesses, 
whose  abbess  is  a  princess  of  the  em- 
pire, and  a  Roman  Catholic,  tliough  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  are  Protestants. 
It  is  a  trading  place,  seated  on  an  is» 
land  of  the  lake  <>f  Constance,  12  miles 
y-,  E  of  Buchorn,  and  75  S  by  W  of 
Aug^sburg'.      It   surrendered   to   the 


~n^ 


L  I  N 

French  in  1796.    Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  M 
jJ8N. 

Lim/tey,  the  litpgcstof  the  three  priii- 
ciiiul  divisions  of  Lincohishire,  iiictiul- 
inj?  all  tlie  county  tiiat  lies  N  of  Lin- 
coln, and  the  Fossdike,  which  Heni-y 
1,  cut  between  the  Withani  and  tlie 
Trent.  It  is  the  most  elevated  part  of 
the  country  ;  and  the  air  is  g-cnerally 
eslcenied  licallhy,  especially  on  the  \V 
Bide.  To  the  N  E  is  a  lar(?e  tract  of 
Leatliy  land,  called  the  Wohls,  the  S 
part  uf  whicli  is  well  inhabited,  hut 
the  N  is  thin  of  people  :  great  Hocks  of 
iheep  arc  bred  tlironghout  this  tract. 
Sec  Axlhilm. 

Lii\:,'t.i,  H  sU'onij  town  of  Germany, 
in  tiie  circle  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
courty  of  the  same  name.  It  belongs 
to  the  king-  of  Prussia,  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Enibs,  30  miles  W  of  Os- 
naljiivsr.  and  3/'  N  of  Munster.  Lon.  T 
30  E,  hit.  52  3J  N. 

Lin-l;iang-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiant;'-si,  seated  en  the 
river  Yu-ho.  It  has  four  cities  of  the 
third  class  in  its  district :  but  it  is  so 
much  deserted  that  the  Ciiinesc  say 
one  hog  would  maintain  the  city  two 
days.  One  of  its  villages  beiri.<^  the 
general  mart  for  all  the  drugs  sold  in 
the  empire,  ni;;lies  it  of  some  note.  It 
is  410  miles  N  by  E  of  Canton. 

Liii-tciii-tchcou,  a  city  of  Chin.'^,  in  the 
province  of  Cban-tong,  seated  on  the 
Great  Canal.  It  is  much  frequented 
by  vessels,  and  may  be  called  a  gene- 
ral magazine  f(;r  every  kind  of  mer- 
chandise. Among-  the  edifices  admi- 
red lierc,  is  an  octagonal  towi  r,  divid- 
ed into  eight  stories,  the  walls  of  which 
we  covered  on  the  outside  with  porce- 
lain, loaded  with  various  figures  neat- 
ly executed;  a  stiiir-case,  constructed 
in  the  wall,  conducts  to  all  the  stories, 
from  which  there  arc  passages  that 
lead  into  magnificent  galleries,  orna- 
mented with  gilt  balustrades. 

Linlithgow,  a  borough,  the  countv- 
town  of  Linlithgowshire.  It  stands  on 
a  rising  ground,  overlookinjy  a  lake  at 
its  E  end.  Here  the  kings  of  Scotland 
had  one  of  their  noblest  palaces,  now 
in  ruins  ;  but  here  is  still  sliownthe 
room  in  which  Mary  queen  of  Scots 
•was  born.  Linlithgow  is  IG  iniies  VV 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon,  3  34  W,  lat.  56  0 
N. 

LinlithgcK.shiri,  or  Wat  Lothian,  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Fritii  of 
Forth;  on  the  K  and  S  £  by  Mid  Lu- 


L  I  P 

thian;  on  the  S  W  by  Lanerkshire; 
and  on  tl.-e  \V  by  Stlrlingsliire  ;  ex- 
tending about  14  mdes  in  lengtl*,  and 
13  in  breadth.  In  general  it  is  plea- 
saiit,  abninding  with  corn  and  pastures, 
and  producing  coaU,  limestone,  iron  a'ld 
salt;  with  plenty  of  iibli  from  the  riv- 
ers and  Frith.  It  has  a  manufacture  of 
linen,  and  the  water  of  a  lake  near 
Linlithgow  is  remarkable  for  bleach- 
ing. In  this  county  Adrian  or  Seve- 
rus's  wall  began,  which  extended  a- 
cross  tills  part  of  Scotland. 

Linosa,  an  island  of  tiie  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  coast  of  Africa,  12  miles 
from  Lampedosa,  and  12  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. Lon.  12  31  E,  lat.  36  50 
N. 

Lin-tcheou-fau,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiaiig-nun.  It  has  nothing 
to  distinguish  it  but  the  excellence  of 
the  fruit  with  which  it  abounds.  It  in- 
cludes \\\  its  jurisdiction,  two  cities  of 
the  second,  and  six  of  the  third  class. 

Lintz,  a  t  )wn  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Upper  Austria,  witlt  two  castles,  the 
one  upon  a  hill,  and  the  other  below  it. 
Here  is  a  hall,  in  which  the  states  as- 
semble, a  bridge  over  the  Danube,  and 
several  manufactures,  and  a  great  deal 
of  gun-powder  is  made  here.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dan- 
ube and  Traen,  42  miles  E  of  Passau, 
and  100  W  of  Viemia.  Lon.  14  3  E, 
l.tt.  48  16  N. 

Lintz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  lower  Rhine  an(l  electo- 
rate of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
15  miles  NVV  of  Coblentz,  and  18  S 
of  Cologne.     Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  50  3"  N. 

Linton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
wltli  a  market  on  Thursday,  12  miles 
S  E  of  Cambridge,  and  46  N  by  E  of 
London.    Lon.  0  22  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Lipari,  the  largest,  most  fertile,  and 
populous  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  about 
15  miles  in  circumference.  It  was  ce- 
lebrated among  the  ancients  ;  and,  by 
the  descri)jtion  of  Aristotle,  it  ajjpears 
to  have  been  considered  by  the  sailors 
in  his  time,  what  Strombolo  is  in  ours, 
as  a  light-house,  as  its  fives  were  never 
extinguished.  It  abounds  with  the 
currant  grape  ;  cotton  also  grows  here  ; 
and  great  quantif:es  of  pumice  are  ga- 
thered. 

Lipari,  an  ancient  town,  capital  of 
the  island  of  Li',\iri,  with  abishop's  see. 
It  was  ruined  i;i  1544,  by  Barbarossa, 
wiio  carried  the  inhabitants  into  slave- 
ry, and  deiBolished  the  place ;  but  it 


L  I  P 

;  S  W  by  Lanerksliire ; 
\V  by  Stirlingsliiie  ;  ex- 
t  14  niik-s  in  lenptli,  and 
.  In  general  it  is  plea- 
ng'  witii  corn  and  pastures, 
;  coals,  limestone,  iron  and 
etity  of  fisb  from  the  ri\- 
.  It  has  a  manufact^ire  of 
s  water  of  a  lake  nuar 
I  remarkable  lor  bleach - 
county  Adrian  or  Seve- 
gan,  which  extended  a- 
t  of  Scotland. 

island  of  tiie  Mediterra- 
joast  of  Africa,  12  miles 
losa,  and  12  miles  in  cir- 

Lon.  12  31  E,  lat.  36  50 

'oM,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
kiaiijj-nan.  It  lias  nothing 
1  it  but  the  e\cellence  of 
I  which  it  abounds.  It  in- 
iurisdictiun,  two  cities  of 
nd  six  of  the  third  class, 
wn  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a,  witli  two  castles,  the 
11,  and  the  other  below  it. 
1,  in  whicii  the  states  as. 
ige  over  the  Danube,  and 
factures,  and  a  great  deal 
er  is  made  here.  It  is 
confluence  of  the  Dan- 
n,  42  miles  E  of  Passau, 
r  Vienna.     Lon.  14  3  E, 

nwn  of  Germany,  in  the 
lower  Rliine  and  electo- 
ie,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
V  of  Coblentz,  and  18  S 
Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  50  37  N. 
)wn  in  Cambridgeshire, 
t  on  Thursday,  12  miles 
ridge,  and  46  N  by  E  of 
I.  0  22  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 
largest,  most  fertile,  and 
le  Lipari  Islands,  about 
rcumference.  It  was  ce- 
ig  tlie  ancients  ;  and,  by 
n  of  Aristotle,  it  appears 
considt^red  by  the  sailors 
iiat  Strombolo  is  in  ours, 
se,  as  its  fives  were  never 
It  abounds  witli  the 
;  cotton  also  grows  here ; 
Lntit:es  of  pumice  are  ga- 

ancient  town,  capital  of 
i',iari,with  abishop's  see. 
i;i  1544,  by  Barbarossa, 
lie  Inhabitants  into  slii\x- 
ILshed  tUc  place  ;  but  it 


L  I  S 

was  rebuilt  bytiie  emperor  Charles  V. 
The  principal  trade  of  the  inhabitants 
is  in  the  exportation  of  tiie  pniducts  of 
the  island;  but  tlie  chief  necessaries 
of  hfe  ai-e  imported  from  SicMy.  This 
town  has  a  garrison,  and  stands  on  the 
S  side  of  tiie  island.  Lon.  15  30  E, 
lat.  38  35  N. 

Lipari  Islands,  a  group  of  Islantls 
lying  in  the  Mediterranean,  to  the  N 
ofSicil),  12innun>ber;  and{rcarly  as 
follows,  in  the  order  of  tljcw  size  ; 
namely,  Liparia,  i.tronibolo,  Volcano, 
Salini,  Felicudi,  Alicudi,  Pannri,  Vol- 
cancllo,  Vachcluse,  Lisca,  Dattolo, 
and  1  ila  Navi.  Tiiey  are  subject  to 
the  king  of  Naples,  and  bring  in  a  good 
revenue. 

Lippa,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
baiinat  (.f  Temeswar,  with  a  castle.  It 
■was  taken  by  the  'Purks  in  1552,  by 
the  Austrians  in  1688,  and  by  the 
Turks  again  in  1698,  wlio  abandoned 
it  in  1695,  after  having  deniulisiicd  the 
fortifications.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 22  miles  N  E  of  Temeswar  and 
75  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22  45  E,  lat.  45 
51  N. 

Lippe,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which 
washes  Padeiborn,  Lipstadt  and  Ham, 
and  falls  into  the   Rhine,  above  VVcsel. 

Lipstadt,  a  considerable  town  of 
Westphalia,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Lippe.  It  was  once  free  arid  im])eri- 
al  J  afterward  subject  to  its  own  c(>unts, 
and  now  to  the  knig  of  Prussia.  It  tar- 
ries on  a  good  trade  in  preparing  tim- 
ber for  building  vessels  on  the  Riiine, 
with  which  it  has  a  communication  by 
the  river  Lippe.  It  is  seated  in  a  mo- 
rass, 17  miles  W  S  W  of  Paderboni, 
and  30  S  E  of  Munster.  Lon.  8  30  E, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Liquet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  straits  of  Calais  and 
late  province  of  Artois,  12  miles  W  of 
St.  Omer.    Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Ligueo,  or  Liieo  Islands.  See  Lieou- 
Kieou. 

Lis,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  has  its  source  in  Artois,  and 
running  N  E  into  Flanders,  passes  by 
Aaire,  St.  Venant,  Armenlieres,  Men"- 
in,  Courtray,  and  Deynse,  and  tlieii 
falls  into  the  Scheld,  at  Ghent. 

Lisbon,  a  considerable  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  Portugpal,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  a  imiversity,  a  tribunal  of  the  in- 
quisition, and  a  strong  castle.  It  was 
almost  totally  destrojred  by  an  earths 


L  I  S 

quake,  Nov.  1,  1755.  The  harbour 
will  contain  10,000  sail  of  ships,  wliich 
ride  in  the  greatest  safety ;  and  tlie  city 
being  viewed  from  the  southern  shore 
of  tlie  river,  aflords  a  beautiful  pros- 
pect,  as  tlie  buildings  gradually 
rise  above  each  other.  It  coi-.tauied 
befl)i"e  the  eartlujuake  at  most  150,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  seated  on  the  Tajo, 
10  miles  from  its  moulli,  178  W  by  K 
of  Seville,  and  255  S  by  W  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  9  5  W,  lat.  38  42'N. 

Lisburn,  aboroiigii  of  Ireland,  in  the 
coiuity  of  Antrim,  and  province  of  Ul- 
ster. It  has  a  large  manufacture  of  Imen 
cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Laggaii, 
eight  miles  S  W  of  Belfa.st.  Lon.  6  0 
VV,  lat.  54  41  N. 

Lisca,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  three 
.^iles  from  Lipari.  It  is  a  small  desert 
spot. 

Lisier,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Arricge,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Coiiserans.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  chapel,  which  was  much 
resorted  to  by  pilgrims.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Salat,  50  miles  S  E  of  Audi,  and 
390  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  15  E, 
lat.  42  56  N. 

Lisi^ux,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Calvados,  and 
late  province  of  Normandy.  The 
churches,  and  the  late  episcopal  palace 
and  convents  are  all  very  handsome 
structures.  It  has  a  good  trade,  par. 
ticularly  in  linen  clotii,  and  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Touque  and  Or- 
bec,  12  miles  from  the  sea,  and  4a  S 
W  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  49  H 
N. 

Lisle,  a  large,  handsome,  and  strong- 
town  of  France,  in  tlie  department  of 
the  North,  and  late  province  of  Frencli 
Flanders,  of  whicli  it  was  the  capital. 
It  is  esteemed  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  commercial  towns  in  France  j  and 
tlie  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
65,000.  It  is  called  Lisle  (that  Ig 
L'Isle,  the  island)  because  it  was  for- 
merly  surrounded  by  marshes,  which 
have  been  drained  by  the  industry  of 
the  inhabitants.  Its  citadel  construct- 
ed by  Vauban,  is  sujipoaed  to  br  the 
finest  in  Europe  next  t  /  that  of  Turin, 
The  streets,  particularly  those  of  the 
New  Town,  are  adorned  with  n.>ble 
liuildings.  The  Great  Square,  and  the 
Little  Square,  ai-e  both  distinguish- 
ed  in  tliis  respect,  and  among  t!ip 
public  structures  most  wjrtliy  of  na« 
C  c  c 


L  I  T 


L  I  V 


•M   I 


tice,  arc  the  exchaiifre,  a  magazine  of 
vast  extent,  and  a  ffencral  ho.s|)ual  ve- 
ry lately  built.  In  another  h()S|)ital, 
called  L'Hospital  Comtcsse,  the  poor 
were  served  (at  least  bciiirc  the  late 
l-cvolution)  upon  plutc.  I'liey  have 
munuf^icUu'es  of  all  sorts  ;  but  their 
principal  trade  is  in  camlets.  Lisle 
was  taken  bythedukeof  Mariboronjfh, 
after  three  montlis  siege,  and  the  loss 
of  many  thousands  of  men,  in  1708 ; 
but  it  was  restored  to  the  Frencii  by 
tlie  treaty  of  Uti'echt,  in  1713,  in  con- 
sideration of  their  demolisliiiig  the 
fortiiications  of  Dur.kirk.  In  1>92,  ii 
sustained  a  severe  bombardment  from 
the  Austrians ;  who,  llowe^e^,  were 
obliged  to  raise  tlie  siege  on  the  ap- 
proacli  of  a  superior  French  army.  It 
is  seated  on  tlic  riier  Deulc,  14  miles 
W  of  'roiirna\ ,  32  S  W  of  Client,  37 
N  VV  of  Mon's,  and  130  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  9  E,  lat  .iO  ."i^*  N. 

Liiir,  a  post  ii  ^ii  in  Tioga,  county, 
New  York;  situated  on  the  Tiough- 
nco^a  river,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Clicneiigo,  jnd  about  14  miles  N  E  of 
Union.     It  contains  about  100  families. 

Lismmc,  o'.ie  of  the  Western  islands 
of  Si..-i.i,.nd,  seated  at  tiie  moi.th  of 
Loch  Linhe,  a  capacious  lake  in 
Argylesiiirc.  It  is  a  fertile  islanc:, 
seven  miles  lotifr  and  one  and  a  half 
broad ;  and  was  the  residence  of  tlic 
bisliops  of  Argylc. 

Lisnnzo,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises 
in  Cai'inthia,  runs  tliroiigh  part  of  the 
republic  of  Venice,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  at  the  harbour  of  the 
same  name. 

Lisaa,  art  island  in  the  gnlf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  belonging  to 
the  Venetians,  who  have  here  a  fisherv 
of  pilchards  and  anchovies.  It  pro- 
duces excellent  wine,  and  is  70  miles 
W  of  Ragusa.  Lo)>.  17  0  E,  lat.  43 
52  N. 

Lista,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Pusnia,  of  which  it  is  the 
capital;  50  miles  W  of  Kalisch.  Lon. 
16  50  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Liisa,  a  village  of  Silesia,  16  miles 
from  Breslaw.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weistritz,  and  remarkable  for  a  great 
victory  gained  by  the  Prussians  over 
the  Austrians  in  i757. 

Lithuania,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
which  now  makes  part  of  Poland,  with 
the  title  of  a  grand  dutchy.  It  i.s 
bounded  ou  Uie   S  by  Volhinia,  and 


part  of  Red  Russia ;  on  the  W  by  Un- 
pef  Poland,  Poluchia,  Ducal  Prussia, 
and  Samogitia  ;  on  the  N  by  Livonia 
and  Moscovia,  which  also  bounds  it  on 
thetl.  His  about  300  miles  in  length 
and  250  in  breadth,  and  is  watered  by 
se.eral  large  rivers,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Nieper,  the  Dw>na,  the 
Neman,  the  Pri)>ecz,  and  the  Bogg. 
It  is  divided  into  eight  palatinates; 
namely,  Troki,  Minski,  Nuvogrodcc, 
Uresta,  Wilna,  Mfcislau,  Vitepsk,  and 
Polocsk.  It  is  a  flat  counti'y,  like  Po- 
land ;  and  the  landg  are  very  proper 
fortdli'ije.  The  soil  is  not  only  ferule  in 
corn,  but  it  prtxluccs  honey,  wood, 
pitch,  and  vast  quantities  of  wool. 
I'hey  have  also  cxcellen'  little  horses, 
which  Miey  never  shoe,  iiecause  their 
iioofs  are  very  hard.  In  the  forests, 
large  pieces  of  jellow  amber  are  fre- 
quently dug  up.  The  country  swarms 
with  Jews,  who,  though  numerous  in 
every  other  pait  of  Poland,  seem  to 
hav:  fixed  their  head  quarters  in  this 
dutchy;  and  this,  perhaps,  is  the  only 
coiuitry  in  Europe,  where  Jews  culti- 
vate the  ground.  The  peasants  arc  in 
a  state  of  the  most  abject  vassalage. 
In  177'2  the  empress  Catliarine  com- 
pelled the  Poles  to  cede  to  her  all 
I  hat  part  of  Lithuania,  b'ji-dering  upon 
Russia,  and  including  at  least  one  third 
of  the  country.  This  she  erected  into 
the  two  governments  of  Polotsk  and 
Mohilef.  In  1793,  in  conjiuiction  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  she  effected  ano- 
ther partition  of  Poland  inconsequence 
of  which  she  extended  her  dominions 
over  almost  the  whole  of  Lithuania. 

Litcltfield,  the  capital  of  Litchfield 
countv,  Connecticut,  24  miles  W  of 
Hartford,  and  44  N  W  of  New  Haven. 
It  is  a  post  town,  and  is  '.ituated  in  lat. 
41  46  N,  and  lon.  73  37  W. 

Littleton,  a  post  town  in  Grafton 
county.  New  Hampshire  ;  sittiated  on 
the  E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  45 
miles  N  E  of  Haverhill,  and  about  40 
N  VV  of  Conway. 

Littleton,  a  town  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusets,  28  miles  N  W  of 
Boston,  containing  904  inhabitants  at 
the  last  Census. 

Litiz,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Here  is  a  flourishing  set- 
tlement of  the  Moravians,  begun  in 
1757.  II  is  eight  miles  from  Lancas- 
ter, and  70  Wn'f  Philadelphia. 

Livadia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  Ute  N  by  J  anna,  on 


.4k 


I  V 

ia ;  on  the  W  by  Un- 
ciiia,  Ducal  Prussia, 
on  the  N  by  Livonia, 
liicli  uUo  bounds  it  on 
It  3UU  miles  in  length 
Ji,  and  is  watei-ed  by 
^ei-s,  tlie  principal  of 
leper,  tlic  Dw.na,  the 
i|>ecz,  and  the  Bog^. 
itu  eight  palatinates; 
Minski,  Nuvogrudec, 
It'cislau,  Vit«psk,  and 

fiat  country,  like  Po- 
inds are  very  ])roper 
oil  is  not  only  fertile  in 
kIuccs  honey,  wood, 
quantities  of  wool. 
;xccllen'  little  horses, 
•  shoe,  oecause  their 
lard.  In  the  forests, 
ellow   amber  are   frc- 

The  country  swarms 
,  though  numeriius  in 

of  Poland,  seem  to 
lead  <[tiarters  in  this 
,  perhaps,  is  the  only 
c,  where  Jews  culti- 

The  peasants  are  in 
lost  abject  vassalage, 
iress   Catliarine  com- 

I  to  cede  to  her  all 
nania.  bordering  upon 
ding  at  least  one  third 
rhis  she  erected  into 
nents  of  Polotsk  and 

in  conjimction  v;itli 
la,  she  ejected  ano- 
oland  inconsequence 
ended  her  dominions 
h-hole  of  Lithuania. 

capita]  of  Litchfield 
cut,  24  miles  W  of 
N  WofNew  Haven. 

and  is  '.ituated  inlat. 
73  37-  VV. 

st  toAvn  in  Grafton 
snpshire ;  situated  on 
lonnecticut  river,  45 
erhilt,  and  about  40 

II  in  Middlesex  coun- 
28  miles  N  W  of 

ig  9U4i  inhabitants  at 


if  the  state  of  Penn. 
a  flourisliing  set- 
VIoravians,  begun  in 
mites  from  Lancas- 
Philadelphia, 
iiicc  of  Turkey  in  Eo- 
tiie  N  by  Jaj^na,  on 


L  I  V 

the  E  by  the  Archipelago,  on  the  S  by 
the  Morea,  and  on  the  W  by  tl>e  Me- 
ditorranean.  It  irxludcs  ancient 
Gn-ece  properly  so  called,  audits  capi- 
tal .s  Sctines,  the  once  celebrated 
Athens. 

Lioadia,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey 
in  F.urope,  in  a  province  of  the  same 
name.  It  carries  on  a  trade  in  wool, 
corn,  and  rice,  whcrewitii  it  furnishes 
all  Greece,  and  is  38  miles  N  VV  of 
AOiens.     Lon.  23  26  E,  lat.  3840  N. 

Livadoata,  a  town  of  I.ivadia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Lcpanto,  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth,  to  the  N  rfthe  city 
of  that  name,  with  a  bishop's  sec. 

Lheila,  a  river  of  Italy,  in  tlie  terri- 
tory of  Venice,  wiiich  falls  into  the 
g..lf  of  Venice,  uutwet-ii  the  mo'itii  of 
tJie  Piava  and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

Liverdun,  a  town  of  Frioice,  in  the 
department  of  Mei'rthc  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Moselle,  -ight  miles  N 
E  of  Toul.    Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  48  45  >7. 

Liverpool,   a  considerable     borough  | 
and  sciiportin  Lancashire,  with  a  mar- 1 
kiet  on  Satunlay.     Its  situation  is  low  i 
but  extremely  healthy,    pleasant,  and  I 
commodious,  at  the  mouth  of  the  i  ivcr 
Mersey,  which  is  here  from  twelve  to  i 
fifteen  hundred  yards  wide  ;  is  a  popu- 1 
loua  town,  the    most  flourishing  seai 
jiort  in  these  parts,    and  pretends  to 
rival,  if  not  excel  Bristol.     The  inhabi- ; 
taiits    are    universal    mercUantA,    and 
trade  to  all  foreign  ports  but  Turkey 
and   cbe  E^t   Indies.     It  shares  the 
trade  to  Ireland  and  Wales  with  Bris- 
tol.    Ships  of  any  burden  may  come  up 
with  their  fUll  lading,  and  ride  before 
the  town,  which  is  quite  open  and  un- 
fortified.    In   1644  It  wa*  besieged  by 
prince  Rupert,  and  after  a  stout  resis- 
tance taken.    The  exchange,  in  which 
is  the  town  hall,  council-room,  a".d  as- 
semblv  room,  is  a  handsome  Corinthi- 
.in  edifice,   with  a  dome  built  in  1749, 
and  since  considerably  enlarged.     All 
the  new  buildings  are  handsome,  and 
the  streets  spacious.   Some  merchants 
have  housej  here,  which  in  Itulr  'vnuld 
pa.s  for  palaces.    The  custom  house: 
is  a  neat  and  commodious  brick  build- 
ing, too  small  for  its  trade.    There  are 
eigltt  public    docks,  which  form    an 
area  of  about  twenty  four    acres,    and 
can   contain  above    1000    ships,  with 
the   greatest  safety.    They  are  bound- 
f.il  by  quays  above  a  mils  and  alkalf  in 
lengtii.uadfthle  to  coatain  30,000  tonaof 


A 


L  I  V 

shipping.  These  docks  have  been 
erect;'d  at  a  very  gi'cat  expence.  One 
of  them  cost  no  less  than  21,UuO/. 
There  is  a  !"  rary,  and  a  theatre  royal 
was  opened  in  1772,  which  cost  above 
6t)00/.  The  whole  number  of  bark* 
employed  lierc  in  1563,  was  only 
12,  with  75  men  ;  .ind  there  were  then 
only  130  habitations,  whereas  m  17ci6, 
there  were  upwivrds  of  8000  habita- 
tions, and  they  had  2800  vessels  clear- 
ed outwards,  and  above  3000  inw.-'.rds 
so  amazin^rly  great  has  been  the  in- 
riease.  The  duties  paid  at  the  cu«« 
tom  house  in  1734  wc-rc  640,510/. 
There  were  four  millions  bushels  of 
salt  exported,  besides  what  went 
coastwise:  also  15,000  tons  of  coal, 
were  ex;  ted,  and  15,500  tons  sent 
coastwise.  The  export  of  salt  and  salt 
rock  is  from  90,000  to  100,000  tons  annu« 
ally.  There  is  a  navigation  from  hence 
farther  up  the  Mersey,  and  that  for 
ships  of  burden  too,  as  high  almosi  as 
Warrington,  and  also  up  the  S  Chan- 
nel, as  they  call  the  river  Wee^erj 
but  it  is  chiefly  for  rock  salt  and  Che- 
sliire  cheese,  of  which  great  quantities, 
are  shipped  off'  here  for  the  W  and  S 
pai-ts  of  England.  Among  the  charita- 
ble foundations,  are  almshouses  for  the 
widows  of  mariners  killed  or  lost  at 
sea,  or  decayed  seamen,  and  anew 
asylum  fur  l>'..aiics.  Liverpool  is  18 
miles  W  ji  Warrington,  and  203  N  W 
of  London.  Lon.  2  54  W,  lat.  53  2.J  N. 
Livonia,  a  province  of  the  Russian, 
empire,  which,  with. that  of  Esthonia, 
lias  been  reciprocally  claimed  and  pos- 
sesrcd  by  RiLss'.a,  Sweden,  and  Poland, 
and  for  more  than  tsvo  centuries,  has 
been  a  perpetual  scene  of  the  most 
bloody  wars.  It  was  finally  wrested 
from  tiie  Swedes  by  Peter  the  Great, 
and  confirmed  to  the  Russians  by 
the  peace  of  Nystadt,  in  1721.  It  now 
fbrms  the  government  of  Riga,  or 
Livonia,  of  which  Riga  is  the  capital. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Esthonia,  on  the  E  by  that  of 
Pskof,  on  the  S  by  that  of  Polotsk  and 
part  of  Poland,  and  on  the  W  by  th» 
gulf  of  Livonia.  It  is  250  miles  from 
N  to  S,  and  150  from  E  to  W.  The 
land  is  so  fertile  in  com,  that  it  is  call- 
ed tlie  granary  of  the  N.  and  would 
produce  a  great  deal  more,  if  it  was 
not  so  full  of  lakes.  The  fish  thtt 
abound  here  are  salmons,  carps,  pikes, 
flat  fish,  and  many  others.  lu  the  fop- 
esta  Utere  ace  wolves,  bean,  elks,  rein* 


L  L  A 


L  O  A 


deer,  stag's,  and  liares.  The  domes- 
tic iuiinj;.l.s  arc  very  nuiiiei'oiis  :  but 
the  slice])  beai- very  bad  wool.  IUtc 
are  a  great  niiiuber  of  f'o.csts,  wliicli 
consist  of  l)iir!i  trees,  pines,  and  oaks  ; 
and  all  tlie  houses  of  liic  inliiibitants 
are  buiii  with  wood.  !  he  merchan- 
dises wbii  h  tliey  send  abroad  are  iiax, 
hemp,  honey,  w:.x,  leatjier,  skins,  and 
potiislies. 

Lizard,  the  most  southern  jiromon- 
tory  of  Enfrland,  wiunce  ships  usually 
take  their  departm-e,  when  bound  to 
the  westward.  Lon.  5  10  W,  lat.  49 
SfN. 

Llanarth,  a  town  in  Cardipanshirp, 
with  a  market  on  'I'uesJav,  17  miles 
E  bv  N  of  C.irdifran,  and  212  W  by  N 
of  L()n<lon.     I,on.  4  20  W,  lat.  52  13  N 

llanlieder,  :.  town  in  Cardlj^anshire, 
with  a  );i:.rk<-t()n  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  ri'.cp  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  into  Carmartliei>shire,  24  miles 
E  of  Cardigan,  and  VJ7  W  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  4  8  W,  lat.  52  9  N. 

LlandilDvaivr,  a  town  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and 
Saturday,  on  the  river  Towy,  over 
-which  is  a  bridge.  Lon.  3  58  W, 
at.  51  5.5  N. 

Ltanelly,  a  town  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
trades  much  in  coal,  and  is  seated  on 
a  creek  of  the  Bristol  channel.  Lon.  4 
10  W,  hit  51  43  N. 

Llangadoc,  a  town  in  Cirmarthen- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Th\irsday.  It  is 
185  miles  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3 
48  W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Llango'.kn,  a  town  in  Denbighshire, 
\(rtth  u  beautiful  bridge,^  184  miles 
from  London. 

LUmgunner,  a  village  in  Carmarthen- 
shire. Sir  Richard  Steele  had  a  pri- 
vate seat  here,  .tnd  here  he  died  in  1729. 

Llanroost,  a  town  in  Denbighsiiire, 
witii  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on 
the  Conway,  15  miles  S  W  of  Den- 
*igh,  and  222  N  VV  of  London.  Lon. 
3  58  W,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Llantriaaent,   a  town  in   Glamorgan- 

■hir'.',  in   S  Wales  witli   a   market  on 

j^lfriday.     It  is  seated  in  a  hilly  country, 

'  and  is  10  miles  N  \V   of  Laudaf,  and 

166  W  of  London.    Lon.  3  22  W,   lat. 

41  28  N. 

Lliwuiillivg,  a  town  in  Montgomery- 
shire, "vith  II  market  on  Tues(lay.     It 
i»  seated  in  a  i!.'.t,  among  the  "hills, 
near  the    river  Cane,  15  miles   N  bv( 
W  of  Montgomery,  and  %79  N  VV  of  | 


London.     Lon.  3  8  W,  lat.  52  40  N, 

Llan.dlns,  a  town  in  Montgomery- 
shire, with  a  great  market  on  Satur- 
day, for  woollen  y.am.  It  is  18  miles 
S  W  of  .Vlontgomerv,  and  157  VV  N  W 
of  London.    Lon.  3  28  VV,  lat.  52  19  N. 

LtanyvuLlovery,  a  town  in  Carmar- 
thenshire, with  u  market  on  Wednes- 
<lay  and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  7owj,  had  once  a  castle,  now  in 
ruins,  and  it  is  26  miles  E  N  E  of  Car- 
martiieii,  and  181  VV  bv  N  of  London. 
Lon.  3  42  VV,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Llauglutrn,  a  town  of  Carmarthen- 
shire, in  S  Wales  with  a  m-nrket  on 
Friday.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
tlie  Towy,  near  the  ruins  of  two  cas- 
tles It  is  pretty  well  built  tnd  is 
seven  miles  S  W  of  Carmarthen,  and 
233  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  4  28 
W,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Loydn,  a  post  town  in  Essex  county, 
Virginia,  94  miles  from  Washington. 

Lo,  St.  a  town  of  Frsmce,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  good  citadel. 
It  has  considerable  manufactures  of 
cloths,  stuffs,  iron,  and  gold  lace.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Vire,  12  miles  E  of  Cou- 
taiices,  and  125  W  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  53  W,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Loa'tda,  a  small  island  of  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  Angola.  It  is  12  miles 
in  length,  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
in  breadth.  It  has  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  which  is  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Angola,  in  South  Guinea,  with 
a  very  good  harbour,  a  fort,  and  a  bi- 
shop's: see.  It  is  large  and  handsome, 
considering  the  country,  and  may  con- 
tain about  3000  houses,  built  of  stone, 
and  covered  with  tiles.  Besides  these, 
there  are  a  vast  number  of  negroes 
huts  made  of  straw  and  earth.  The 
J«suits  hiive  a  college  here,  and  there 
are  several  other  religious  houses » 
but  they  have  no  fresh  water.  Thejr 
have  a  prodigious  number  of  slaves, 
insomuch  that  the  Jesuits  alone  have 
at  'east  2000.  It  belongs  to  the  Por- 
tuguese.     Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  8  45  S. 

Loiingn,  a  considerable  kingxlom  of 
y*  frica,  in  Congo,  250  miles  in  length, 
rtiid  188  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  b>-  Benin,  on  the  E  by  parts  un- 
known, on  the  S  by  Congo  Proper, 
and  on  the  W  bv  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
The  land  is  so  fruitful,  that  they  have 
three  crops  of  millet  in  a  yetu- ;  and 
there  are  a  great  number  of  trees,  from 
whence  they  draw  palm>wine.    TIi» 


O  A 

3  8  VV,  lat.  52  40  N", 
town  in  Montgomcry- 
:re:it  market  on  Satiir- 
i\  yam.  It  is  18  miles 
mierv,  and  157WN  W 
1.  3  28  W,  lat.  52  19  N. 
y,   a  town  in  Carmar- 

u  market  on  Wcdnes- 
.ay.  It  is  seated  near 
once  a  castle,  now  in 
26  miles  E  N  E  of  Car- 
31  W  bv  N  of  London. 
It.  51  56  N. 

tdwn  of  Carmarthen- 
es  with  a  market  on 
seated  at  the  mouth  of 
•  the  ruins  of  two  cas- 
'tty  well  built  tnd  is 
W  of  Carmarthen,  and 
if  London.     Lon.  4  2» 

town  in  Essex  coimty, 
lies  from  Washington. 
•n  of  France,  in  the  de- 
e  Channel  and  late  pro- 
ndy,  with  good  citadel, 
rable  manufactures  of 
'on,  and  gold  lace.  It  is 
ire,  12  miles  E  of  Cou- 
W  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
6N. 

lall  island  of  Africa,  on 
ingoia.  It  is  12  mile» 
liree  quarters  of  a  mile 
t  has  a  town  of  the 
ch  is  capital  of  the  king* 

in  South  Guihea,  with 
boiir,  a  fort,  and  a  'oi> 
is  large  and  handsome, 
country,  and  may  con- 
houses,  built  of  stone, 
li  tiles.  Besides  these, 
It  number  of  negroes 
traw  and  earth.  The 
oUege  here,  and  there 
ler  religious  houses » 
10  fresh  water.  Thejr 
us  number  of  slaves, 
he  Jesuits  alone  have 
It  belongs  to  the  Por- 
12  25  E,  lat.  8  45  S. 
isiderable  kingfdom  of 
o,  250  miles  in  length, 
dth  ;  bounded  on  the 
the    E  by  parts  un- 

S  by  Congo  Proper, 
v  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
fruitful,  that  they  have 
millet  in  a  yeui- ;  and 
t  number  of  trees,  from 
raw  palm-wine.    The 


LOG 

MTomcn  cultivate  tlfe  ground,  sow,  and 
get  in  the  iiarvcst.  The  inhabitants 
arc  black,  well  made,  mild,  and  trac- 
table, ami  their  principal  trade,  con- 
sists in  elephants  teetli,  copper,  tin, 
lead,  and  slaves. 

Loiingo,  u  town  of  Congo,  capital  of 
a  kin)>-aum  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
harbour,  at  tlie  moutli  of  the  Qtiilla. 
Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  4  15  S. 

Loans,  or  Ltivaro,  a  town  of  Genoa, 
near  the  sea  coust.  Lon.  7  58  E,  lat. 
44  9  N. 

/.oAinv,  a  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  with 
a  castle,  where  the  bishop  of  Culm  re- 
sides. It  is  25  miles  E  of  Culm.  Lon. 
19  0  E,  lat.  53  25  N. 

Loboa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Estramadura,  seated  on  the 
Guadiana,  22  miles  £  of  Badajoz.  Lon. 
6  22  W,  lat.  38  32  N. 

Locarno,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  sam«  name,  which 
is  one  of  the  four  transalpine  bailiwics. 
It  contains  1500  inhabitants.  Part  of 
the  town  is  built  on  piazzas,  in  the 
form  of  a  crescent,  witli  two  wings  ; 
and,  in  the  front,  is  a  row  of  trees, 
and  the  public  walk.  Locarno  was 
once  situate  on  the  lake,  and  had  a 
port  capable  of  receiving  large  barks ; 
at  present  it  stands  at  Uie  distance  of 
a  quarter  of  a  mile,  which  is  owing  to 
the  accumulation  of  sand  brought  down 
by  the  torrent  Maggia.  It  is  46  miles 
N  of  Novara,  and  55  N  by  W  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  31  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Locarno,  Late  of    See  Maggiore. 

Lochaber,  a  bleak,  barren,  mountain- 
ous, and  ru~~od  district,  in  the  S  W 
part  of  Invemesshirc. 

Lochem,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guclder- 
land,  in  the  county  of  Zutphen.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1672,  who 
abandoned  it  in  1674,  after  having  de- 
molished the  fortifications.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Borrel,  10  miles  E  of  Zut- 
phen.    Lon.  6  13  E,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Lochtr  Mot*,  a  morass  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  10  miles  in  length,  and 
three  in  breadth.  Here  vast  oaK  trees, 
and  also  canoes  and  anchors  have  been 
frequently  dug  up. 

Locltei,  a  town  of?  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine.  It  has  a  strong 
eastle,  the  prospect  from  which  is  ve- 
ry extensive.  Loches  is  seated  on  the 
river  Indre,  near  a  forest,  15  miles  S  of 
Amboise,  and  30  W  of  Tours.  Lon 
61  C,  Ut  47  10  N. 


L  O  D 

Locltmaben,  a  royal  borough  in  Du«T- 
frie.sshire,  situate  on  the  W  siilc  of  the 
Annan,  almost  surrounded  with  fresh 
water  lakes  abounding  withtislL.  Lon. 
3  19  W.  lat.  55  19  N. 

Lochrida,  or  OcriJa,  a  town  of  Tur» 
key  in  Eiiroix-,  in  Albania,  scaled  on 
a  hill,  near  a  hike  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  sec.  It  is 
a  pretty  large  place  and  well  fortified  ; 
and  is  62  miles  S  E  of  Durazzo.  LoD. 
20  40  E,  lat,  41  40  N. 

Locltta,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden, 
in  East  Bothnia,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia,  90  miles  S  of  Tornea.  Lon. 
24  16  E,  lat.  64  20  N. 

LochviinnocJi,  a  town  of  Renfrew- 
shire, Scotland,  seated  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  called  also  Cnstle 
Semple  Loch,  near  three  miles  in 
length.  On  an  island  in  this  lak.:,  is 
an  old  fortress,  called  the  Peel;  a 
name  frequently  given  to  old  fortres- 
ses in  Scotland.  From  this  lake  issues 
the  river  Black  Cart. 

Lochy,  Loch,  a  lake  in  the  S  W  part 
of  Invemesshirc,  10  miles  in  length, 
and  from  one  to  two  in  breadth.  Front 
the  N  W  the  waters  of  Loch  Arkek 
descend  into  this  lake.  Out  of  it  runs 
the  river  Lochy,  wb'ch  falls  into  Loch 
Eil,  at  fort  William. 

Loddon,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  eight  miles  S  E  of 
Norfolk,  and  113  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
1  13  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Lodesan,  a  district  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Milan.  It  lies  along  the  river 
Adda,  and  I^  very  fertile  and  populous, 
and  its  cheeses  are  in  high  esteem, 
Lodi  is  the  capital. 

Lodeve,  a  town  of  France  in  tlic  de- 
partment of  Herault  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  was  lately  a  bishop's 
see.  Its  manufactures  of  cloth  render 
it  very  rich,  but  it  is  seated  in  a  drjr 
Itarren  country,  on  the  river  Logue^at 
the  foot  of  the  Cevennes,  37  miles  N'W 
of  Montpellier.  Lon  3  30  E,  lat.  42  4T 
N. 

Lodi,  a  strong  town  of  Italy  in  the 
dutcliy  of  Milan,  and  capital  of  the  Lo- 
desan. It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  coun*. 
try  on  the  Adda,  15  miles  N  W  of  Pla- 
centia,  and  20  S  E  of  Milan.  In  179S 
the  French  under  Bonaparte  in  at- 
tempting to  force  tlie  passage  of  a 
bridge  at  this  place  which  was  vigor- 
ously defended  by  the  Austrians,  after 
being  three  times  repulsed,  at  last  car- 
ried it  mtbi|h9  loss  of  6000  men  i  150O' 


Hi 


,y:v  • 


It 


L  O  M 


L  O  M 


were  said  to  have  been  killed  by  the- 
first  disi  litirffi-ol'the  Aimtriun  artillery. 
Lon.  '.)  26  E,  (at.  45  15  N. 

L  :'iumtria.     Sue  Guiicin. 

Lii.trow, !.  town  ol"  Italy  in  tiic  bisliop- 
iricot'  Trent,  sfiitcd  on  tiie  sinRll  lake 
liL'o,  at  t!ic  jilare  wlicrc  it  receives  tiie 
river  Cliiesf,  31  ntiie.s  S  \V  of  Trent. 
l,on.  Itj  46E,  hit.  46  0  N. 

Loftua  Heights,  a  military  post,  in 
Adams  county,  Missis.sippi  territory; 
itituuted  on  tin-  E  bank  of  the  river 
Mis.sissip|)i,  jO  miles  below  tl.e  town  oC 
Nalches,  wlieve  there  is  a  jiost-ortice, 
and  a  foiLndation  of  the  jfi'andust  forti- 
lication  in  the  United  States. 

Log(Kjt>^i(i)n>u,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
Lower  Vdlliinia,  sealed  on  t!ie  W  bunk 
of  tlie  Dnieper.  Lon.  31  7  E,  lat.  50 
46  X. 

Logronno,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Old  Castile,  in  a  country  aboundinjr 
witii  e  xcellent  fruits  and  i^ood  wines, 
and  all  tlic  nere.ss.iries  of  life.  It  is 
seated  on  tlio  Eb:- .,  11.5  miles  N  by  E 
of  Madrid.    Lon  'J'iO  W,  lut.42  29  N. 

Loir  and  Ciier,  a  department  of 
France,  including  the  late  province  of 
Bhusois.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  ri- 
vers Loir  and  Clier  j  the  first  of  which 
fdlsinto  the  Sartc,  above  Angers;  and 
tile  last  empties  itself  into  the  Loire, 
five  miles  above  the  confluence  of  tlic 
latter  with  tlie  Indre.  Blois  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Loire,  tJie  principal  river  of  France, 
which  rises  in  the  mountitins  of  the  Ce- 
veiines,  in  LangucKloc.  It  begins  to  be 
navigable  at  R4>anne  ;  is  joined  to  tlie 
Seine  by  the  canals  of  Briare  and  Or- 
leans, and  falis  into  tlie  bay  of  Biscay, 
below  Paimbauf. 

Loire,  Lovier,  a  department  of  France, 
ctjntaining'  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagne.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
river  Loire,  which  forms  its  S  boundary, 
and  then  falls  into  the  bay  of  Bigeay. 
Nantes  is  the  capital. 

Loire,  y]6/>er,  a  department  of  France, 
late  the  province  of  Velay.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  river  Loire,  wiiich  rises 
near  its  south  boundary,  Puy  is  thr 
capital. 

Loiret,  a  department  of  France,  late 
the  province  of  Orleanois.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  small  river  that  falls  into 
the  Loire.    Orleans  is  the  capital 

Lombard)',  a  name  given  to  part  oi 
Italy,  and  wliidi  comprehends,  almost 


all  the  ancient  Cisalpine-Gaul.  It  lies 
towards  the  North,  and  is  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lover;  Upper 
Lonil)iu-dy  is  the  western  part,  and  com- 
prelier.ds  Piedmont,  witJi  its  dependen- 
ces, and  the  dtittiiics  of  Montserrat 
and  .Milan.  Lower  Lombardy,  which 
tH  the  eastern  part,  compreiiends  Har- 
ina,  iModena,  Mantua,  Ferara,  the  Bo- 
lognesc,  llie  territories  of  the  church, 
the  Pad'ian,  Viceiitin,  tlie  Veronese,  the 
Urcssan,  tlie  Cremase,  and  the  BcrgUr 
mese.  In  the  present  war,  nearly  the 
whole  of  these  provinces  were  overrun 
by  the  f  rcnch  rcjiublicans,  who  not 
only  levied  exorbitant  contributions  on 
tiie  inhabitants,  but  also  demanded, 
many  of  their  finest  ])ictures  and  statues, 
which  tliey  transported  to  Paris. 

Lninbez,  a  town  of  France,  inthede* 
partment  of  Gcrs  and  late  province  of 
Gascony,  lately  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Save,  27  miles  S  W  of 
rouhuse.     Lon  1  OE,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Lomond,  Ben,  a  great  mountain,  in 
liie  North  of  Stcrlingshire,  about  3200 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  at  it9 
bottom.  It  stretches  along  th'?  E  aide 
of  Loch  Lomond  sevei  al  nulcs  ;  and  its 
broad  base  extends  so  fai-  into  the  cotm- 
try,  that  the  ascent  of  this  mountain, 
,  though  steep,  is  computed  to  be  six 
miles.  Ptarmigans,  luid  other  heath- 
'  fowls,  frequent  its  upper  regions  ;  its 
'  lower  ai'e  the  itaunts  of  the  roebuck ; 
:and  herds  of  cattle  feed  in  the  irriguous 
valliesat  its  base.  Fromthis  lolly  moun- 
tain arc  seen  Loch  Lomond,  the  Clyde, 
the  Fprtli,  Edinburgh,  the  eastern  coast 
as  far  as  the  Cheviot  Fells,  the  isles  of 
Bute  and  Arran,  tlic  rock  of  Ailsa,  Ire- 
land, the  mountain  of  Plynlimmon  in 
Wales,  the  Skiddaw  in  Cumberland, 
and  the  hills  far  beyond  d. 

Lomond,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in 
Dumbartonshii'e,  Loch-lomond,  the 
iast,  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Caledo- 
nian lakes.  The  first  view  of  it  from 
Tarbat  presents  an  extensive  serpentine 
winding  amidst  lofty  hills;  on  the  N, 
barren,  black,  and  rocky,  whiclt  darken 
with  tlicir  shade  that  contracted  part 
:>f  tlie  water.  On  the  W  side,  the 
m^lllntains  are  clothed  near  the  bottoms 
■.villi  woods  of  oak  quite  to  the  water- 
•'dge  ;  tiieir  sumoiits  loOy,  naked  and 
craggy.  On  the  east  side,  the  maun- 
; .lins ai-e  equally  liig;i ;  bir  the trps  form 
a  more  even  ridge  parallel  \o  the  lake, 
except  where  Ben-lomond,  like  Saul 


M^. 


O  M 

Cisalpine-Caul.    It  lies 
rortli,    and    is    divided 
:p  and    Lover  j    Upper 
;  wesiem  part,  and  com- 
lont,  witJi  its  dcpenden- 
iitcliies  of   Montserrat 
wcr  Lombardy,   whicli 
urt,   c()nii>reiiends  Har- 
aiitiiit,  Fcrara,  the  Bo- 
I'itories  of  tlie  church, 
eiitin,  the  Veronese,  the 
ein:ise,   and  the  Bcrgar 
resent  war,  nearly  the 
•rovinces  were  overnm 
republicans,   who  not 
rhitant  contributioiu  on 
,    but  also    demanded. 
;st  ]>ictiires  and  statues, 
sported  to  Paris, 
vn  of  France,  inthede- 
rs   and  late  province  of 
a  bidhop's  see.     It  is 
save,   2r  miles  S  W  of 
lOE.  lat.43  29N. 
a  great  mountain,  in 
irlingsliire,  about  J2U0 
evel  of  the  lake,  at  it9 
tches  alun^  thr?  S,  aide 
1  several  nulcs  ;  and  its 
ids  so  far  into  the  coun- 
icent  of  ttiis  mountain, 
s  compvited  to  be  six 
ans,  and  other  heath- 
its  upper  regions ;  its 
.unts  of  the  roebuck; 
le  feed  in  the  irriguous 
F  rum  tills  lofly  moun- 
;h  Lomond,  the  Clyde, 
lurgli,  tlic  eastern  coast 
iviot  Fells,  the  isles  of 
tlic  rock  of  Ailsa,  Ire- 
tain  of  Plynlimmon  in 
ildaw  in  Cumberland, 
beyond  it. 

,  a  beautiful  lake  in 
,  Loch-lomond,  the 
eautiful  of  the  Caledo- 
;  first  view  of  it  from 
in  extensive  serpentine 
lofty  hills ;  on  the  N, 
d  rocky,  whiclt  darken 
:  that  contracted  part 
On  the  W  side,  the 
>tlied  near  the  bottoms 
lak  quite  to  the  water- 
tTiits  lofVy,  naked  and 
;  oast  3i(K-,  the  moun- 
»ig;i ;  bii  the  trps  form 
V?  [laiallel  \o  the  lake, 
ien-lomond,  like  Saul 


L  O  N 

amidst  his  companions,  overtops  the 
rest.  The  upper  parts  were  black  and 
barren  ;  the  lower  had  great  marks  of 
fertility,  or  at  least  of  industry,  for  the 
yellow  corn  was  finely  contrasted  with 
the  verdure  of  the  groves  intermixed 
with  it.  The  lengtn  of  tliis  charming 
lake  is  24  Scotch  miles  ;  its  greatest 
breadth  8  i  its  greatest  dcpti),  w;uch  is 
between  tlie  point  of  Firkin  and  Ben-lo- 
mond,  is  VH)  fathoms.  In  17S5,  when 
Lisbon  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
this  lake  was  exceedingly  agitated. 

Lou,  or  Lune,  a  beautiful  and  roman- 
tic river  wliicli  rises  in  Westmoreland 
and  flowing  by  Kirby   Lonsdale  in  that 
county,  falls   into  the  Irisli  Sea,   below 
Lancaster.     Its  banks  are  beautiful. 

London,  tlie  metro|x>li8  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, one  of  the  largest  and  most  opulent 
cities  in  the  world,  mentioned  by  Taci- 
tus as  a  considerable  commcrciiu  place 
in  the  reign  of  Nero.  In  its  most  ex- 
tensive view,  as  the  metropolis  it  con- 
sists of  the  city,  properly  so  called,  the 
city  of  Westminster,  and  the  borough 
of  Snutliwark,  besides  the  suburbs  in 
Middlesex  and  Surry,  within  what  are 
called  the  Bills  of  Mortality.  Lwl"" 
and  Westminster  arc  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  river  'i  bames  ;  ami 
Southwark  is  un  tlie  opposite  bank,  in 
Surry.  The  city  is  divided  into  26 
wards,  each  governed  by  an  alderman; 
and  from  the  aldermen  the  lord  maxoi 
is  annually  chosen.  There  are  likewise 
236  common-council-men,  a  recorder  a 
common-serjcant,  twosherifis  (who  are 
also  sheriffs  of  Middlesex)  a  chamber- 
lain, u  tnwn  clerk,  a  city-remembrancer, 
a  watei'-bailiH',  and  many  inferior  offi 
cers.  Westminster,  onte  a  mile  from 
London,  but  now  united  to  it,  is  govern- 
ed by  a  high  steward,  who  is  generally 
a  nobleman,  chosen  by  the  dean  and 
chapter  ;  and  he  has  an  under  steward 
who  officiates  for  him.  The  suburbs 
are  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ma- 
gistrates ;  and  those  of  Middlesex,  be- 
sides tlie  county-hall,  on  ClerkenwelS 
Green,  have  an  office  in  Bow-street, 
long  distinguished  for  public  spirit  and 
activity,  and  seven  other  public  offices. 
In  the  reign  of  Ei' ward  VI.  Soutliwark 
was  formed  into  a  twenty-sixth  ward, 
by  the  name  of  Bridge  Ward  Without 
On  the  death  of  the  alderman  of  this 
ward,  he  is  succeeded  by  the  next  in 
seniority.  The  city  has  likewise  a 
high  bailiff  and  steward  here.  Among 
the  churches  in  the  metropolis,  the  | 


L  ON 

cathedral  of  St.  Paul  is  the  most  con. 
spicuous,  and  inferior  to  none  in  liuroiJC 
except  St.  Peter's  at  Komc.  Westmin- 
ster Abby,  the  collegiate  church  of  St. 
Peter,  is  a  noble  specimen  of  Gothic 
architecture.  Here  most  of  the  En- 
glish sovereigns  have  been  cr.,wned, 
and  many  of  tlieni  inteiTed.  It  contains 
also  a  great  number  of  monuments  of 
kings,  statesmen,  heroes,  poets,  and 
persons  distinguished  by  genius,  learn- 
ing, and  science.  The  royal  palace  of 
St.  James  is  an  ancient  building,  on  the 
N  side  of  a  small  park,  mean  in  exter- 
nal ajipearr  nee  ;  but  the  apartments 
are  said  to  be  the  best  calculated  for 
regal  parade  of  any  in  Eurojie.  The 
roval  town  residence  is  a  house  at  tha 
VV  side  of  St.  James's  park,  built  by 
the  duke  of  Bucivuigham,  antl  purchased 
by  the  king  in  1761,  when  it  received 
the  appellation  of  tiie  Ciiieeu's  Palace, 
but  is  still  frequently  called  Bucking, 
ham  House.  Carlton  House,  tlie  resi- 
lience of  tlie  prince  of  Wales,  to  the  £ 
of  St.  James's  palace,  is  a  stately  build- 
ing, on  which  vast  sums  have  been  ex- 
pended, but  it  is  not  vet  completed.  The 
Banii.ieting  llousej  at  Wnitihall,  be- 
gun in  1619,  is  only  a  small  part  of  the 
vast  plan  of  a  palace,  intended  ».«■  i 
worthy  of  the  residence  of  the  Bri>,  a. 
nionai'chs,  but  left  incomplete.  Besides 
tlie  royal  palares,  there  are  many  fine 
liouses  of  tiie  princes  of  the  bl.Kid,  and 
of  the  nobilit)  and  gentry.  Amongthe 
public  buildings,  which  can  raefely  be 
enumerated  here,  are  Westminster 
Hall,  containing  the  supreme  courts  of 
justice,  and  adjoining  to  wSiich  are  the 
iiouscs  of  lords  and  tomnions.  The  for- 
mer  was  anciently  a  cliapel  dedicated 
to  St.  Stephen,  and  the le  is  a  gallery 
where  strangers  are  permitted  to  sit 
and  hear  the  debates,  but  since  tlie 
Irish  Union  it  has  been  enlarge^ 
for  the  reception  and  accommodation 
of  the  representatives  of  Uie  three 
kingdoms,  as  has  also  the  house  of 
Lords,  which  is  an  oblong  room  not 
quite  so  large  as  the  house  of  Copin-.ons, 
and  is  hung  with  fine  old  tapestry  re- 
presenting  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
.'\rmadain  158B.  The  heads  oftheiiavol 
heroes  who  commanded  on  the  glori- 
lus  day  form  a  matcliless  border  round 
the  work,  animating  posterity  to  emu- 
late their  glorious  PxaAaplc.  There  are 
:ilso  likewise  the  Guildhall ;  the  Ses- 
sion's House  in  the  Old  Bailey ;  the 
Tower  an  ancient  fortress,  once  a  roy- 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


hi  palace,  now  containing  some  public 
oflic'Cf),  a  mapa/iiic  and  arsenal,  the 
re^^aliu  oftlic  kingilom,  tlio  mint,  and  a 
»]ic'iiagi;rie  i  the  Horse  GnardH,  tli" 
Treasury,  and  the  Admiralty,  at  White- 
hall ;  the  nijlilc  collccUon  ot'iJiiblic  offi- 
ces which  form  that  magnificent  struc- 
ture called  Somerset  Place  j  the  Hoyal 
Exchange,  in  Cornhill ;  tlie  Bank  of 
Enrflaml,  in  Thrtiuhicedlc-strcet ,  the 
Custom-house,  in  Thamcs-street;  the 
Excise  Office,  in  Broad-street;  the  East 
India  House,  in  Leadenhall-street  i  tin: 
South  Sea  House,  in  Throginorton 
itrect;  the  Maiision  House  for  the 
lord  muyor;  tlie  Monument  in  com- 
memoration of  liie  great  fire  in  1666; 
«nd  the  ancicuL  b;  idgc,  called  London- 
bridge.  It  is  in  agitation  to  pull  this 
down,  and  rebuild  it  on  a  moot  exten- 
«ive  pl;m,  ni.ikir.g  one  arch  the  span  of 
wliich  shall  be  s.)  liigh  as  to  admit  ves- 
Bfls  of  large  burden  under  it ;  the  two 
magnificent  modern  bridges  of  Black- 
friars  and  Westminster.  The  British 
Muhcum  in  Great  Russel-strect, 
Bloomsbury ;  and  the  Leverian  Muse- 
um, in  Great  Surry-street,  are,  per- 
haps, the  noblest  of  their  kind  in  Eu- 
rope. The  Inns  of  Court  for  the  study 
of  the  law;  the  colleges,  learned  socie- 
ties, and  public  seminaries ;  the  halls 
of  the  different  trading  companies;  tlie 
noble  hospitals  and  other  charitable  in- 
stitutions ;  the  prisons,  public  pla- 
ces of  diversion ;  with  its  fine  souares 
and  streets,  which  are  numerous,  and 
btiilt  with  greia  regularity,  are  all  too 
numerous  to  be  particularly  mentioned. 
London,  then,  in  its  large  sense,  in- 
cluding Westminster,  Soutliwark,  and 
part  of  Middlesex,  forms  one  great  me- 
tropolis, of  vast  extent  and  of  prodigi- 
gious  wealth.  When  considered  with 
all  its  advantages,  it  is  now  what  ancient 
Rome  once  was ;  the  seat  of  liberty, 
the  encourager  of  arts,  and  the  admira- 
tion of  the  whole  world.  It  is  the  cen- 
tre of  trade ;  has  an  intimate  connec- 
tion with  all  the  eo\mties  in  the  king- 
dom ;  and  is  the  grand  mart  of  the  na- 
tion, to  which  :dl  parts  send  their 
commodities,  from  whence  they  are 
again  sent  bacic  into  every  town  in  the 
nation,  and  to  every  part  of.^lie  world. 
From  hence  innvimerable  carriages  by 
land  and  water  are  constantly  employ, 
cd :  and  from  heniie  arises  that  circu- 
lation in  the  national  l)ody  which  ren- 
ders every  part  henlthful,  vigorous,  and 
iii  a  prosperous  Q0\iditi|^ii ;  a  circulation 


that  is  equally  beneficial  to  the  head  and 
the  most  distant  meml>ers.  Merchant* 
are  here  as  i-ich  as  noblemen:  witness 
their  incredible  loans  to  government  t 
ami  there  is  no  place  in  the  world  where 
the  shops  of  tradesmen  make  such  a  no- 
ble and  elegant  appearance,  or  are  bet- 
ter stocked.  The  Thames,  on  the 
banks  of  which  London  is  situated,  is  a 
river  which,  though  not  the  largest,  is 
the  richest  and  must  commodious  foi* 
cnmnierce  of  any  in  the  world  It  is 
continually  filled  with  fleets,  sailing  to 
or  from  the  most  distant  climates  :  and 
its  banks,  from  London  briclgc  to  Black- 
wall,  form  almost  one  continued  great 
magazine  of  naval  stores ;  containing 
l!iree  large  wet-docks,  32  dry-doc-ks, 
and  33  yards  for  the  building  of  ships 
for  the  use  of  the  merchants  ;  besides 
the  places  allotted  for  the  building  of 
boats  and  lighters,  and  the  king's  yards 
lower  down  the  river  for  the  building 
of  men-of-war.  As  ttic  city  is  about  66 
miles  distant  from  the  sea,  it  enjoys,  by 
means  oftiiis  beautiftd  river,  all  die  be- 
nefits of  navigation,  without  the  danger 
of  being  surprised  by  foreign  fleets,  or 
of  being  annoyed  by  the  moist  vapours 
of  the  sea.  It  rises  regularly,  from  the 
water-side,  and,  extending  itself  on 
both  sides  along  its  banks,  reaches  a 
prodigious  length  from  E  to  W,  in  a 
kind  of  ampl.itlieatre  towards  the  V, 
and  is  continued  for  near  20  miles  on 
all  sides,  ifi  a  succession  of  magnificent 
villas  and  populous  villages,  the  coun- 
try-scats of  gentlemen  and  tradesmen; 
whither  the  latter  retire  for  the  benefit 
of  fresh  air,  and  to  relax  their  minds 
from  the  hurry  of  business.  The  re- 
gard paid  by  the  le^slature  to  the  pro- 
perty of  the  subject,  has  hitherto  pre- 
vented any  bounds  being  fixed  for  its 
extension.  The  irregulai  form  of  Lon- 
don makes  it  difficult  to  ascertain  its 
extent.  However,  its  length  from  E  to 
W  is  generally  allowed  to  be  above 
seven  miles  from  Hyde-park  corner  to 
Poplar ;  and  its  breadth  in  some  places 
tliree,  in  others  two,  and  in  otliers  again 
not  much  above  half  a  mile.  Hence 
the  circumference  of  the  whole  is  al- 
most 18  miles  ;  or,  according  to  a  lat- 
er measurement,  the  extent  of  conti- 
nued buildings  is  33  miles,  two  furlongs 
and  39  roods.  But  it  is  much  easier  to 
form  an  idea  of  the  large  extent  of  a 
city  so  irregularly  built  by  the  number 
of  the  people,  who  are  computed  to  be 
above  a  million ;  aiid  from  the  nuipbet 


,  O  N 

>c)icficial  to  the  head  and 
t  menil>cr8.  Mercliunts 
)  ag  noblemen  :  witneis 
;  loans  to  jfovernmcnt  t 
place  in  the  world  where 
dtsnicn  make  such  ano- 

appearaiice,  or  are  bet- 

Thc    Thames,  on    the 

London  is  sitiiuted,  is  a 
oii{,^h  not  the  krgcht,  is 

most  commodiuiis  fof 
ny  in  tlie  world  It  is 
d  with  fleets,  sailinf^  to 
St  distant  climates  :  and 
London  briclffc  to  Black- 
ist  oni-  continued  great 
aval  stores  ;  containing^ 
■t-(Iock»,  32  dry-dof,k8, 
r  the  building  of  sliipg 
he  merchants ;  besides 
led  for  tlie  building  of 
;rs,  and  the  king's  yards 
!  river  for  the  building 

As  tiic  city  is  about  6(> 
omthe  sea,  it  enjoys,  by 
eauvifid  river,  all  tliebc- 
[ion,  without  the  danger 
led  by  foreign  fleets,  or 
:d  by  the  moist  vapours 
rises  regularly,  !Vom  the 
I,  extending  itself  on 
g  its  banks,  readies  a 
th  from  E  to  W,  in  a 
lieatre  towards  the  N, 
I  for  near  20  miles  on 
iccession  of  magnificent 
ous  villages,  the  coun- 
llemen  and  tradesmen ; 
ter  retire  for  the  benefit 
1  to  relax  their  minds 

of  business.  The  re- 
le  le^slature  to  the  pro- 
ject, has  hitherto  pre- 
nds  being  fixed  for  its 
e  irregulai  form  of  Lon- 
ifRcult  to  ascertain  its 
ver,  its  length  from  E  to 
y  allowed  to  be  above 
m  Hyde-park  corner  to 
I  breadth  in  some  places 
two,  Olid  in  otliers  again 
e  half  a  mile.  Hence 
nee  of  the   whole  is  al- 

or,  according  to  a  lat- 
it,  the  extent  of  conti- 
is  35  miles,  two  furlongs 

But  it  is  much  easier  to 
)f  the  large  extent  of  a 
arly  built  by  the  number 
who  are  computed  to  be 

;  aiid  from  the  nuipbec 


L  O  N 

•f  edifices  devoted  to  Uic  service  of 
religion.  Of  these,  there  i;re  305  in 
the  coiiipabs  of  this  vast  pile  of  build- 
ings, without  I'cckoning  the  21  oiit-pa- 
rislics  iisuully  inrltidcd  in  the  bills  of 
mortality,  and  a  great  number  of  lue- 
tliodi.st  tuberuachs.  There  arc  al.so  in 
and  near  tlii:;  city  100  aliiiH-hoiises,  u- 
i>iiut  20  liosi)ital.s  iind  inlirniarics,  three 
colleges,  10  p\il)lic'  j)risoiis,  15  llesli- 
niarkets  ;  one  in.iiket  for  live  catll'  ; 
two  other  markets  more  |)articu!aily 
for  herbs  ;  and  2.i  other  markets  for 
corn,  coals,  hay,  i^r.  15  inns  of  court, 
2r  ])ublic  squares,  besides  those  within 
single  Iiuildings,  as  the  'I'emplc,  &.c. 
three  bridges,  55  halls  for  companies, 
eight  public  schools,  called  free- 
schools  ;  and  131  charity  schools,  which 
provide  education  for  5034  poor  chil- 
dren ;  207  inns,  447  taverns,  551  cof 
fee  hotise.s,  5975  alehouses;  lOOOliack- 
ney-coaches  j  400  ditto  chairs  j  7000 
streets,  laii'.s,  courts  and  alleys,  and 
150,000  dwelling-houses, containing, as 
has  been  alreaily  observed,  above 
1,000,000  inhabitants  ;  who,  according 
to  a  moderate  estimate,  are  supposed 
to  consume  weeklv  provision.^,  clothing, 
&c.  to  the  amount' of  £  500,000.  Lon- 
don is  the  scut  of  many  considerable 
manufactures  ;  some  almost  peculiar  to 
kself,  others  in  which  it  pailicipates 
witli  the  manufacturing  towns  in  gene- 
r'll.  The  most  impoilant  of  its  peculi- 
ar manufactures  is  the  silk-weaving, 
established  in  Spitalfields  by  refugees 
from  France,  A  variety  of  worhi  in 
gold,  silver,  and  jewellery;  the  en- 
graving of  prints  ;  the  r.iaking  of  optical 
and  mathematical  instruments,  are 
likewise  principally  or  solely  executed 
here,  and  some  of  them  in  greater  per- 
fection than  in  any  other  country.  To 
its  port  are  likewise  confined  some 
branches  of  foreign  commerce,  as  the 
vust  East  India  trade,  and  tlinse  to  Tur- 
key and  Hiulsoii's  Bay.  The  common 
firing  is  pit-coal,  commonly  called  sea- 
coal,  cf  which  there  are  consumed  up- 
wards of  706,880  chaldrons  eveiy  year. 
The  annual  consumption  of  oil  iii  Lon- 
don and  Westminster  for  lamps  amounts 
to  400,000/.  In  1787,  the  quantity  of 
[Knter  brewed  in  LonJo'i  for  home- 
consum]>tioii  and  foreign  exportation, 
amounted  to  1,176,856  barrels.  Thus 
London  has  risen  to  its  present  rank  of 
the  first  city  in  Europe,  both  with  re- 
spect to  opulence  and  to  number  of  inha- 
bilanLs.     London  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  J 


L  O  N 

dcnils  four  members  to  parliament.  To 
enuinernle  all  the  events  bj  which  this 
great  capital  has  been  distinguished, 
would  greatly  exceed  our  limits  :  we 
shall  only  ineiition  therefore,  the  great 
plague,  in  1(565,  which  cut  oil  90,000 
people,  and  the  dreadful  conflagration, 
in  lfi()(),  by  which  it  received  (lamagc 
to  the  amount  of  jQ  10,689,000.  Lon- 
don  is  165  miles  N  W  of  Pans,  180  W 
by  S  of  Anistenhim,  and  264  S  E  of 
Dublin.     Lat.  51  31  N. 

LimMm,  Nmi,  a  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Connecticut,  and  county  of  New 
London.  Its  harbour  is  the  best  in 
Connecticut,  and  as  good  as  any  in  the 
United  States.  It  s  ilefended  by  two 
forts,  ai  d  sealed  on  the  Thames,  near 
Its  ent  ance  into  the  Sound,  80  miles  K 
E  (;(  New  York.  Lon.  72  45  W,  laU 
41  15  N. 

London,  Nexv,  a  town  of  the  United 
Stales,  in  Virginia,  on  James  river. 

Lunduuiteny,  a  ciuinty  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Ulster,  32  miles  long 
and  30  broad ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
IJonegal,  on  the  N  by  the  ocean,  on 
the  S  and  S  W  by  Tyi-one,  and  on  the 
E  by  Antrim.  It  contains  31  parishes, 
and  sends  eight  members  to  parlia- 
uienl.  It  is  a  fruitful  champaign  cotu>- 
try  i  and  the  greater  part  of  it  was 
given  by  James  I.  to  an  incorporated 
company  of  Loudon  merchants.  The 
linen  manufacture  flourishes  through 
every  part  of  it. 

Londondeny,  a  handsome  town  of 
Ireland,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  still  surrounded  by  walls, 
and  is  remarkable  for  a  long  siege  it 
sustained  ygainst  James  II.  in  1689, 
till  a  naval  forcj  from  England,  witli 
some  ti'oops  nuiier  general  Kirke, 
broke  tite  boom  across  the  hai'bour, 
and  brought  a  seasonable  relief;  by 
which  th2  enemy  were  so  tlispirited, 
as  to  r;'.iso  the  e'.cge.  It  is  a  modem 
place,  built  by  a  company  of  London 
ailveiilurers  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 
The  principal  commerce  of  London- 
derry is  v'i ,  h  America  and  tie  West 
Indies.  U  contains  10,000  in6|ibi.ants, 
and  is  seat  id  on  the  river  Foyle,  over 
which  a  wooden  bridge,  1068  feet  in 
length,  and  of  singular  and  excellent 
construction,  was  erected  in  175^1. 
Londonderry  is  four  miles  Sj^  Lough 
Fovle,  and  194  N  W  of  DuboS^  Lon. 
7  5  W,  hit  55  4  N. 

Londonderry,    gt  post  town  in   Rock* 
D  D    o 


L  O  N 


LOR 


Inghtm  rminty,  New  Hampsliirr.  35 
Biilcs  S  W  (if  Pi)rtsiiiiiutli,  aiitl  JT  N 
W  of  Nuwliiiry  |)(M't,  MunsucIhihi-U». 
It  is  pcDilfd  iiiiiHlly  bv  I II.. (ii. III.* 
fi'oin  Iri'Lmfl,  as  tin-  iiitim'  iiii;.!;',  -t, 
and  riiiituitu'd  '2650  inliabitaiits,  hI  tlie 
ktiit  einniriiitmn. 

L>,:^oiJ,  II  intmfy  of  In-land,  in 
tilt-  |.ii.»iiiie  of  I.iiisUT,  2J  iniici  loilj; 
Itiid  16  bi'i.ud  ;  boi.j.di'd  on  t.ii-  t'.  ..nii 
S  \n  Wfst  Mfiiil',  on  tlie  N  Vv  \>\ 
L>-'>ti°in.,oiilliu  i^iE').  C.'uNuii, undo',  t..c 
fV  by  tlie  Shuiinoh  ivli.cli  j.uits  it  fnini 
RosciiininDii.  !t  i  u  licn  ur.d  |)!t'u!iuiit. 
coiiiiti'v,  containg  24  paiisliL.s,  .uid 
•endK  tun  iiii.'nibi'i'H  to  pm  liunicnt. 

L  iiijj/iiru,  a  biironji^b  ot  Inland,  cispi- 
till  (It  a  county  ot  tiic  same  nuniit,  70 
niileii  VV  N  VV  of  Dublin.  Loii.  7  40 
W,  lat,  S3  4a  N. 

Long  hluml,  and  island  of  tlic  state 
of  Nfw  York,  separated  from  Con- 
necticut by  Long'  iNlund  Sound,  aiul 
divided  into  tlu'ee  counties.  It '  ex 
tends  ti'om  tne  city  of  New  Y<ii'k  K 
140  miles,  b\it  is  not  more  tban  tin 
broad  on  a  medium.  Hence  are  ex- 
ported to  the  West  Indies,  &c.  wluile- 
oil,  pitch,  |.ine  boards,  liorses,  cattle, 
flax-seed,  beef,  &c.  The  produce  of 
the  middle  and  western  parts  of  the 
island,  particularly  corn,  is  carried  to 
New  York.  1  his  island,  in  1792,  con- 
tained  upwards  of  30,000  inhabitants. 

Lvng  laUmtt  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland 
sea,  Ui  Noilii  America,  25  miles  brotd 
a:«l  140  long,  extending  the  whole 
length  of  I.on((  Island,  and  dividing  it 
lirom  Connecticut  It  communicates 
'with  the  Atlantic  at  both  ends  uf  the 
Inland. 

Longinico,  a  tO'wii  of  the  Morea, 
ancienily  called  Oljmpia,  famous  for 
being  the  place  where  the  Ohmpic 
games  were  celebrated,  and  for  the 
t<-mple  of  Jupiter  Olympius,  about  i; 
irile  distant.  It  is  a  now  a  small 
place,  seated  on  the  Alpheus,  10  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  30  S  of  Lepanto. 
Lon,  32  0  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Lor.ftovm,  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
t»ith  a  market  on  Thursday,  seatt d  or. 
the  borders  of  Scothuul,  12  miles  N  ot 
Carlisle,  and  .^07  N  N'  VV  of  Loudon. 
Lon  2  50  W,  lat.  55  8  N. 

I.:»:guevilie,  a  town  uf  Fiance,  in 
th.e  department  of  Lower  i^eine  and 
late  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  a 
tjiiall  river,  23  miles  N  of  Rouen. 

/^i^ny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


partmctTt  of  Miscllc  and  late  diitchy  of 
L.irrain.  wtli  ;.  castle  It  is  divided 
into  the  (.id  ami  New  Town,  tiic  hitter 
iifw'  id,  IS  forli!  ed.  It  wr.s  taken  hj 
ll;e  kit'if  of  Pi'ii^si:!  in  17^>2,  but  reta- 
ken two  mi.iitlis  after.  It  is  seated  on 
a'l  eminence,  15  miles  S  VV  of  I.uxem- 
birK".  and  167  N  £  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  58 
E,  l..t  4i>  ,;j  N. 

L'l:  iiiuie.     See  Kir/ij  Lomdule. 

Liihi-itSuulnier.  a  town  of  France,  in 
'lie  department  of  Jura,  and  late  ()ro- 
viiice  of  Franche  Comie,  with  a  lute 
abbey  of  noble  Uernarilines.  It  derive* 
its  n.iUie  from  tlie  salt  springs  with 
wliicli  it  abounds,  and  is  seated  on  th« 
Solvan,  30  miles  S  S  W  of  Dole.  Lon, 
5  30  E,  lat.  45  37  N. 

L-Kj,  !  town  of  Dutih  Guelderland, 
where  the  prince  of  Orange  had  a  Kne 
palace,  eiglit  miles  VV  of  Deventer. 
Lon,  5  44  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Liioe,  East  and  Weit,  two  mean  bo- 
roughs in  Cornwall,  separated  by  a 
creek,  over  which  ii  a  narrow  stone 
bridge.  They  send  together  as  many 
members  to  |jarliament  as  London. 
The  niirket  held  at  E.-ist  Looe,  is  on 
Saturday.  They  .ire  16  miles  W  of 
Plvmouth,  and  232  VV  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  36  W,  Int.  50  23  N. 

Loo;:enburg,  a  town  in  Greeii  county, 
New  York,  near  Cat.ikill  on  the  Hud- 
son river.  It  has  a  post  ofKce  378  miles 
from   Waahington. 

Loudim,  a  town  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side  of 
Merrir.ack  river,  between  Canterbury 
and  Epsom,  with  1''79  inhabitants. 

Lookout,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  Caro" 
lina,  S  of  cape  Hatteras,  and  opposite 
Core  Sound 

Loots,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Liegp,  16  miles  W  of  Maestricht. 
Lon.  5  19  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Lopati,i,Cnpe,t\\e  S  extremity  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Kamtschatka.  See  Auri/et. 

Lora,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
on  the  river  Gnadalquiver,  28  miles  N 
E  of  Seville.    Lon.  5  4  VV,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Lora,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxonv,  in 
the  countv  of  Hohenstein,  30  miles  N 
if  Saxe-Gotha.  Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  51  30 


N. 

Lore,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
15  miles  N  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  35  VV, 
lat.  36  50  N. 

Lurbut,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 


O  R 

u  lie  and  late  dtitchy  of 
(i<fitlf  It  is  divided 
New  Tdwti,  till*  liitter 
I  I'd.  It  w:.s  taken  by 
'sia  in  K»>i,  Init  retu- 
al'tcr.  Il  is  seated  on 
miles  S  \\  of  I.iixem- 

I  L  ot  Paris.    Lon.  5  58 

e  A'ir/)}  Lontdale. 
er.  a  town  ol' France,  in 
of  Jura,  unci  lute  (iro- 
L'  Coniie,  with  a  lute 
lernunlincs.  It  derive* 
tlie  Halt  sprinfTs  with 
s,  and  is  seated  on  th« 

SSWofDole.  Lon. 
7N. 

if  Duti  II  Giielderlond, 
-e  of  Orange  had  a  Kite 
liles  W  of  Deventer. 
,  52  20  N. 

d  Weit,  two  mean  bo- 
iwall,  separated  by  x 
irl)  il  a  narrow  stone 
send  together  as  many 
arliament  as  London. 
\  at  Enst  Looe,  is  on 
<.■  are  16  miles  W  of 
'32  W  bv  S  of  London. 
;.  50  23  N. 

town  in  Greeii  county, 
'  Cut.'tkill   on  the  Hud- 

a  post  office  378  niilei 

n  in  Rocking'liam  coun- 
hire,  on  the  E  side  of 
r,  between  Canterbury 

II  1''79  inhabitants. 

a  cape  of  North  Caro" 
Hatteras,   and  opposite 

jf  Germany,  capital  of » 
ne  name  in  the  bishop* 
tniles  W  of  Maestricht. 

50  52  N. 

the  S  extremity  of  the 
mtschatka.  See  kurilu. 

of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
idalquiver,  28  miles  N 
m.  5  4  W,  lat.  37  46  N. 
1  of  Upper  Saxonv,  in 
nhenstein,  30  miles  N 
Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  51  30 

of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
Malaga.  Lon.  4  35  W, 

vn  of  the  kingdom  of 


LOR 

TuniSi  with  a  castle,  and  fine  remains 
of  antiquity,  it  is  neuled  in  u  |.Iain, 
fertile  in  corn,  l.iO  miles  S  VV  of '1  >  iiis 
Lull.  9  U  K,  lul.  Jj  Jo  N.  . 

Lttrcu,  un  antient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Miireiu,  seated  on  an  eiiiiiieiue,  near 
the  nver  Guudalaiitiii,  o^  niuesi  VV  of 
Carlliujfciia.  Lon.  I  J7  W,  lut.  ^t  44 
N. 

Lurca,  atuwnofSuubiu,  in  the  dutch) 
of  VViiteiubui-g.  11  had  fornieilj  u  \eiv 
ricli  ubUe^,  wlioau  revenues  now  belong 
to  tne  uiiivei'sit)  uf  I'abiii^en.  Il  is  d 
poor  place  tlioiigii  seated  lu  u  f'citile 
country  on  the  Kumms,  20  miles  N  VV 
ol  Ksiiiij^en. 

Lnrii  Hinoe't  Group,  an  extensive 
gl-uu)i  ot  IsUncls  III  llie  South  Pacihe 
Oicuii,  discovered,  in  ir91,  by  captain 
Hunter,  wliu  fi-oin  tlic  mast  iiead  dis- 
tint.U_^  Uescrieil  Si  of  them,  suinc  ol 
coiisiUeruble  extent.  The)  u|>peared 
tliiciviy  covered  with  wood^  among 
whicli  the  cocoa-nut  was  very  dislin- 
gu.siiuble.  llie  natives  are  ;>.  stout, 
clean,  well  made  people,  of  u  dark  cup- 
per colour;  Uieir  iiair  tied  in  a  Knot  un 
the  backoftiic  iitad ;  Kiidthe)  appeal- 
ed as  it  cleaii-shaveU.  1  lie  arinu  aiiU 
thig'iis  were  luttowed,  and  some  were 
painted  with  red  and  wliite  streaks. 
They  wore  a  wrapper  round  tiieir  mid- 
dle. Lon.  from  159  14  to  159  37  i:., 
lat.  5  30  S. 

Loru  Hovie'i  hland,  an  island  of  the 
South  Pucihc  Ocean,  discovered  by 
lieutenant  King.  Many  exeeiieiit  tur- 
tle have  been  caught  here,  and  it  a- 
bounds  with  a  vui'iety  ot  birds.  The 
island  is  140  leagues  t,  of  New  Soutu 
Wales,  tliree  miles  and  u  halt  lung,  and 
very  narrow.  Loii.  159  0  E,  lat.  Jl  36 
S. 

Loredo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice  and  in  tlie  Polesmu, 
seated  on  the  Adige,  2o  miles  ii,  of 
Kovigo.     Lon.  12  5u  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Loretto,  u  fortihed  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  witii  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  contains  the  Casu  Santa,  ur 
House  of  Nazareth,  in  which  it  is  pre- 
tended Jesus  ChriRt  was  brought  up ; 
and  tlia;  it  was  currie<l  by  angels  into 
UalnibtiH,  and  thence  to  the  place 
where  it  now  stands.  Four  walls  ol 
white  Parian  marble  have  been  crecteu 
to  suiTouiid  the  holy  chamber,  which 
itself  is  built  of  bricks  uf  unequal  size  ; 
it  is  40  feet  long,  20  broad,  and  20 
liigk,  without  any  roof  or  coyering  ;  in 


LOR 

it  is  an  imngc  of  the  DIv'H^ed  Virgin, 
I  laeed  in  a  niche,  with  the  hiuveiily 
intuiit  on  her  rijtht  arm,  ui.d  u  tnple 
(I'own  on  liei  Iliad  i  the  \«liole  statue 
s  I  overed  vkith  iliaiiioiids  and  |  eurls. 
Mid  round  is  a  sort  o,  rambcw  of  pre- 
cioiis  stones  ot  divers  tuluurs  ;  all  the 
.  Ilals,  utensils,  and  oiiianaiits  in  the 
|, luce  are  inmieiisel)  rich.  Ihesacris- 
ta,  or  treusiiiy,  is  Idled  with  Jev^el4, 
f^old  vessels,  anil  onianients  niore  pie- 
iioiib  than  gold  itsell,  the  votive  pre« 
bents  «f  eniperois.  Kings,  primes, 
(pie;.iis,  popes,  and  other  peisons  of 
both  sexes  for  these  ninny  liiindred 
>ears  past.  Works  in  silver  are  not 
thoti^'lit  woithy  to  be  admitted  here. 
1  he  whole  is  reckoned  to  be  worth 
nine  imllions  of  rix-dollars.  And  we 
ought  not  to  omit  the  wine  cellar  be- 
longing to  tlie  holy  house,  which  is  ve- 
ry richly  stored.  '1  he  town  itself,  ex- 
clusive of  the  chapel,  is  neither  consi- 
derable nor  ugreealile  i  nor  does  it  con- 
tain above  30u  inhabitants  wliu  uie  ul- 
nu)st  all  sh.emakers,  taiU-rs,  or  selleri 
of  chuplets.  Il  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
tliree  milts  from  the  gulf  of  Venice,  Vi 

5  K  of  Aneona,  and  112  N  E  uf  Konis. 
Lon.  13  38  E,  lat.  43  27  N. 

Lurguei,  a  very  populous  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Var  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  seated  on 
tlie  Argcns,  five  miles  VV  by  S  of  Dra- 
giiignan.  and  430  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 

6  ■37  E,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Lorn,  the  N  dis  rict  of  Ar^leshire 
in  Scotland,  between  Loch  Etivc  and 
LqcIi  Awe. 

Lorrain,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  tJie  N  by  Liixemburgh  and 
the  archbishopric  of  Treves,  on  the  E 
by  Alsace  and  Deiix-Ponts,  on  the  S 
by  Francbe  Comte,  and  on  the  W  bjr 
Champagne  and  Bur  It  is  100  miles  in 
length,  and  75  in  breadth,  and  abounds 
in  all  sorts  of  corn,  wine,  hemp,  flax, 
and  rape-seed,  and  in  general  in  all  tlie 
necessaries  of  life.  There  are  fine 
meadows  and  large  forests,  with  mine* 
of  iron,  silver,  and  cop'-er,  and  salt- 
pits.  Ihe  principal  r,"er»  are  the 
Muese  or  Meuse,  the  Moselle,  the 
Seilles,  the  Meurthe,  and  the  Sure  I  his 
pro>irice  now  ftirms  the  three  depart- 
ments of  Meiirthe,  Moselle  and  the 
Vosges. 

Lorrich,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in' 
the  district  of  Rheingau,  seated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Rlune,  eight  mdes  N  W 
ofBingen.  < 


Il"  ^l»ll 


)i  i 


LOU 

Lnnit,  a  town  oC  Fivnirc  in  llie  do 
liantiiiM'i  cfl.i  iiTl  Mill  lute  ))rn\iiuc  f)f 
Orli  :ui(ii.-..     It  is  1  j  niilis   \V    In    S  oj 
Moiitai'(rin. 

J.111,  ii  liver  of  [•'raiur,  wliiili  risis  in 
tluMli|i;.rltncnl  ori.n/.cK  ,  iiiui  \v;itiriii(;- 
Miiulc  1111(1  Calitirii,  t'.JU  into  tin-  (,.i- 
VDiic,  lit  Ainiiillon.  It  l)i.niiis  to  ho  iia- 
vig'iiiiic  lit  C'lliois. 

I.tit,  a  lii-inirtiiiciil  iif  Frame,  iiuliiil- 
5lic  the  latf  pvoviiicf  iif  (^;,i.r;  i.  Il 
takes  its  i!aii\  (rom  the  i.vcr  Lot.  Ca- 
hors  is  the  capital. 

Lut  ana  Gurmine,  a  department  of 
Frame,  iiu  ludinji;  |)iirt  of  the  hitr  pro- 
viiK  e  ol  Giiieiiiie,  ami  ho  calhil  fnnii 
two  ii\ei-.s.     Ayehis  theeapituh 

Lol/iiiiii,  Ka.1t.     See  hail.li.^sirtnjhirc. 

LotliLiit,  Mill.     See  Juiin/'iir^'/is/tiie. 

Lotliiiin,  ll'tnt.     See  Lintitl'^nKuhire. 


LOU 

lal  oflho  cotinty,  hut  the  iinhraltiiiiir.'H 
ot'llie  Nitiialidii  hiiM  ehcekcd  its  (friiwlh. 

I  lie    iiihahilaiitH  afc   esliiiialeil  at  •100. 

II  lies  ill  lut.  J8"  .i'  N.  anil  loll   tiO"  JLf* 

vv. 

l.ouiivittr,  a  pout  town,  the  capital  of 
the  state  ot  GtorRiai  nittiaH-il  011  tiic 
N  K  of  the  Client  Ojfeehcc  river  in  Jef- 
I'ernoli  roiinl),  KJO  niilex  N  \V  of  Sa- 
lanniih,  in  the  lut.  of  Jli"4o'  N.aiid  Ion. 
of  HJ-"  M'  \V. 

J.iininiund,  a  larjfc  country  of  Nortli 
America,  b'liiiuleil  on  the  K  hv  the 
Mississippi,  on  the  S  by  the  n'ulf  of 
Mexico,  on  tlie  \V  hy  New  v  i-xico, 
ami  ruiininc;  iiiilctinilely  N.  It  isan^rce- 
ablj  Bitmiti  between  the  exlrenieit  of 
lieiit  and  cold  ;  its  climate  varying  as  it 
e.Meiuli.  toward  the  N.  The  tiinhir  is 
as  line  as  any  in  the    worlds    and  tlie 


late  I'l'mime  of  Uiirj^undy,  situate  in  a 
kir.d  of  island  betweei-,  the  rixers,  Seil- 
les,  Salic,  and  Sulnan,  18  miles  S  £  of 
Chalons. 


,  _.      11      .  1     L-  •  IIU.UHIIIL.T   Ul      WUK,      USII,      1111111)0  ■rV,      Wlll- 

LiiiuM,  a    small  town  ot  i-rnnee,  in  ' i„ ,  i       •      ."   "  ' 

..       1        '         ,     r  ,.■  11    -1  m">cherr\,  c\ press,  and  cedar,  arc  as- 

the  ill  paitment  (if  Saoiie  and  Liinc  and  ,,  ,,;,.i,;.,„      -in,     „   •    ii        i       i     ,•  ,i 

,,, '.. r  ,, ,,      ..       >•  •"  "  tonisliiiiK-.      1  he  nei^'hhoiirhood  oi   the 

Mississippi,     besides,     furnishes     the 

richest   fruits    in   g-reat    variety.     The 

soil  is   particularly  adapted  for  hemp, 

,'  flax,  and  tobacco ;  and  indiffo  is  a  sta- 


Loii^/ihoroiish,  a  «owii  in   Leicester-  '  no       '1  his  coimtry   wa.s  discoven  d  by 

sliirc,    with    a    market   on    Thursday,  Ferdinand  dc  Sotii,  in  1541  ;  traversed 

lilcasnnlly   seated    i.monp   fertile  mea-  by  M.  dc  la  Salle,    in    1682  ;  and  set- 

dows  near  the  forest  of  Charwnod,  on  tied  bv  Lewis  XIV.  in   the    beifinninr 

tlio  river  Soar,   IS  nilles   N  of  Lciccs-  of  this' century.     In  ir6.1,  it  was  ccdeil 

ter,  and  109  N  N  V/  of  London.     Lon.  to    Spain  ;     in    1800    reconveyed    to 

1  10  W,  lat.  52  48  N.  France  ;  and  in  1803  purchased  by  the 

Louisa,  a  town  of  Swedish  Finland,  United  Slates. 

-vUh  a  fortres.s,  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Loui-tcheou-ftm,  a   city  of  China,  in 
Finland.    The  houses  are  all  of  wood, '  the    province   of  Quanff-iong,    sepnr- 


two  Stories  high,  and  painted  red 

Loumlnirgli,  a  town  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1758, 
and  ceded  to  them  in  lr6;3 :  since 
■which  the  fiivtifications  li.ive  been  de- 
stroyed. It  has  an  excellent  harDnur, 
near  four  leagues  in  circumference. 
Lon.  59  48  W,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Louisburg,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  E  bunk 
of  Tar  river,  23  miles  N  E  of  Raleigh 
tlic  capital  of  the  stale. 

Louisville,  a  post  town  in  Jefl'ersoii 
county,  Kentucky ;  seated  on  tlie  E 
bank  of  the  river  Ohio,  54  miles  W  ot 
Frankfort,  and  640  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg.   It  is  a  port  9f  entry  and  the  capi- 


iitcd  by  a  narrow  strait  from  the 
isle  of  Hai-nan,  where  pearls  are  said 
to  have  been  formerly  fished  up.  It  is 
345  miles  S  W  of  Canton. 

Loiiitz,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in 
the  p.ilalinatc  of  Huva,  55  miles  E  of 
Gnesna.     Lon.  19  0  E,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Lau-ngan-foii,  a  city  of  China,  in- the 
province  of  Chun-si,  agreeably  situate 
near  the  source  of  the  river  Tso-tsang- 
ho.     It  is  375  miles  S  W  of  Pekin. 

Louiig  Lock,  a  great  arm  of  the  sea 
in  Argylcshire,  which  communicates 
on  the  S,  with  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 

LouJre,  a  town  of  France,  ir  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  end 
late  province  of  Bigorre,  with  an  an- 
cient and  strong  c.istle,  seated  on  a 


o  u 

,  Imt  tlir  iiiilipnltli!iirft< 
liait  fli(  rkcd  JtH  (frnwlli. 
I  iM'i-  «'ftlilii:ilcil  lit  WO. 
i"  .5'  N.  ami  Ion  Hb"  Jit* 

out  town,  tl)C  capital  nf 

TRill  ;    HitUUH-(l    (III    tlic 

it  OjfL'flicc  riVLT  in  Jef- 
()()  niilcN  N  \V  <it'  Sa- 
lt. ot'J:j"4o'N.aiid  Ion. 

irjjc  country  of  Norta 
li'il   oil  till-  K  l>v  tlic 

the  S  by  the  k'uH'  of 
\V  by  New  v  i-xiro, 
•linitcl)  N.  11  isu{(rce. 
A'ceii  tlie  oxIi'rnieH  of 
ts  climate  varying  as  it 
I  lie  N.  The  tinilxT  is 
1  tlic  world  ;  and  the 
.,  asli,  nuilbei-ry,  wiil- 
e»B,  ami  cedar,  arc  ns- 
nci^'lihoiirliood  of  llie 
sides,  furniRJies  the 
I  g'l'cat  variety.  'I'lie 
■ly  adapted  for  hemp, 

;  and  in<li(;-o  is  a  sta- 
.vliicli  couuiioiily  yields 
-■e  or  four  ciittiiips  a 
sected  by  a  number  of 
f^  which  are  the  Nat- 
e  Adayes,  or  Mexica- 
ry  was  discovered  by 
to,  in  1541  i  traversed 
.',  in  1682  ;  and  set- 
IV.  in   the    beffinninp 

In  1"63,  it  was  ceded 

IHOl)  rcconveyed  to 
180j  purchased  by  the 

,  a  city  of  China,  in 
Qiianff-ionp,  separ- 
•ow  strait  from  the 
where  pearls  are  said 
nerly  fished  up.  It  is 
f  Canton. 

1  of  Great  Poland,  in 
Hava,  5j  miles  E  of 
)  0  E,  hit.  52  2(i  N. 

city  of  China,  in- the 
i-si,  agreeably  situate 
if  the  river  Tso-tsang- 
les  S  W  of  Pekin. 
jrcat  arm  of  the  sea 
vhicli   coiiimunicates 
e  Frith  of  Clyde, 
of  France,   ir  the  do- 
Upper  Pyrenees  and 
Jigorre,   with   an  an- 
Cistle,  seated  on  a 


LOU 

rock  on  thr  CFave  de  Pan,  almost  1.^ 
niilc'' S  of  Tarbes.  I.oii.  0  5  \V,  Int. 
4,i  H  N 

Ldtith,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
provim  e  of  I.einstir,  2'.'  niihs  long  and 
1,1  briiad  ;  Imiindrd  on  the  N  by 
Arni.igh  and  Cailinforil  Day,  on  the 
K  b,\  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  \V  In  Moiia- 
ghi.n  and  K  by  Mialb,  from  whii  h  it 
is  parted,  by  the  Hoy  e.  It  is  a  small 
but  fniiltiil  country,  ami  proper  to  feed 
cuttle,  contains  50  parislns,  ami  sends 
ten  members  to  parliament.  Droghe- 
da  is  the  capital. 

Louth,  a  town  of  Ireland,  m  a  coun- 
ty  of  the  same  name,  J  9  miles  N  by  VV 
of  Di'ogheda. 

Louth,  a  corporate  town  of  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  a  large  well  biiilt 
town,  the  market  well,  frequented  and 
here  is  a  noble  Gothic  church,  with  a 
lofty  spire,  and  a  frceseliool  founded 
by  Edward  VI.  It  has  a  new  na^iga- 
tion,  by  means  of  its  brook,  the  Lu<l,  t(. 
the  Gernum  Ocean,  at  Tetney  Creek. 
It  is  28  miles  N  E  of  Lincoln,  and  118 
Nof  London.  Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  53  25  N 

Lnuvain,  a  large  and  ])leasant  city  of 
Atistrian  Brabant,  with  an  old  castle, 
and  a  celebrated  university.  Its  walls 
are  nearly  seven  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, but  within  them  are  nwmy  gar- 
dens and  vineyards.  The  public  budd- 
ings are  magnificent,  and  the  universi- 
ty consists  of  a  great  number  of 
colleges,  they  formerly  made  here 
large  quantities  of  ch)th,  but  this  trade 
is  greatly  decayed,  and  itisnow  chiefly 
remarkable  for  good  beer,  with  which 
it  serves  the  neighbouring  towns.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  171)4.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Dyle,  14  miles  E  by 
N  of  Unissels,  and  40  N  E  of  Mons. 
Lon.  4  31  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

LouveMin,  a  fortress  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Holland,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Waal  and 
Macse,  on  the  \V  end  of  an  Island  eal 
ledBommel  Waert.  It  is  16  miles  E  of 
Dort.     Lon.  5  13  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Xo«r/er4,  a  handsome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eurc  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  cloth,  and  seatcii 
on  the  Eure,  in  a  fertile  plain,  10  miles 
N  of  Evreux,  and  55  N  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  15  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Louvo,  a  towit  of  the  kingflcm    oi 


LU  B 

Siam,   with  a  royal  palace.    It  Is  very 
;  .ipilliiiis,  and  seated  on  a  fertile  plain 
.ii»  miles  N  of  the  eitv  of  Siam.     Lon. 
lol)  .50  K,lat.  15  H  N.' 

Limdore,  a  line  (  atarnct  in  CumbiT- 
land,  on  the  E  side  of  the  lake  of  Der- 
W(  lit  water,  in  the  yah-  of  Keswick, 
rornied  by  tlie  nisliing  of  the  waters  of 
Watanlath  through  a  chasm  made  by 
two  vast  rocks  j  but  fails  entirely  in  a 
dry  season. 

Lmver  Marlhro',  a  post  town  in  Cal- 
vert county,  Maryland;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Patiixent  river,  30  nulcH 
S  S  W  of  Anna|iolis,  and  24  N  VV  of 
St,  Leonards. 

LcHvej-tKdtei;  a  lake  in  Cumberland, 
one  mile  long  and  a  ipiurter  of  ii  mila 
br.iad.  It  is  of  no  great  depth  ami 
without  char;  bi'.t  it  abuuiids  with 
pike  ami  iiercb.  In  opi'osition  to  all 
the  other  lakes,  it  has  its  coiii'se  from 
N  to  S,  and,  under  tlie  lofty  Melbreak, 
falls  into  Cromack-water. 

Lmi'icz,  a  (lopulous  town  of  Pol.ind, 
in  the  pala'  iiteof  Wava,  with  a  stronjf 
fortress,  %•  ,iled  on  the  H/ura,  21  miles 
S  of  Pliicksko,  and  30  N  of  R.ava.  Lon. 
19  29  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Lv.a-Laytoii,  a  village  in  Essex, 
wliich,  witiitliat  of  Laytonstone,  forma 
one  ))arish,  on  the  skirts  of  Ep|i!n(f 
Forest.  Here  a  great  many  Roman 
antiquities  have,  been  dug  up.  It  is 
six  miles  N  E  of  London. 

Loviville,  a  post  town  in  Oneida 
county.  New  .York,  about  23  miles  E 
of  lake  Ontario. 

Loxa,  a  considcnible  town  of  Spain, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Granr-da,  se;itcd  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  river  Xenil,  IS 
miles  VV  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  52  W, 
lat.  37  15  N. 

Loxa,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Qiiito,  200  miles  E  N  E  of 
Palt.i.     Lon.  77  10  VV,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Lojitz,  a  town  of  Pomer.inia,  in  the 
county  of  Gut/.kow,  seated  on  the 
Pene,"ten  miles  above  the  city  of  Gutz- 
ttow. 

Lozere,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
'luding  the  late  province  of  Gevaudan. 
it  is  a  mountainous,  barren  country. 
Old  receives  its  name  from  one  of  its 
■riiicipal  mountains.  Mcndc  is  the 
■apital. 

Luban,  atownof  the  Russian  govern- 
■iient  of  Livonia,  ;0  miles  E  of  Riga. 
Loi).  26  36  E,  lat.  56  55  N. 


L  U  B 

Lubansien-Sea,  or  the  Lake  (f  Luban, 
%  hike  in  Li\onin,  towurd  the  cunhnes 
rf  Courlaml  and  Litlmuni?..  1  lie  river 
Rositta  fulls  into  this  l.'dcc. 

Lubben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Lusiiti'i,  capital  of  a  di&trict  ut 
tlie  same  name,  with  u  I'  ndvome  cas- 
tle. It  belung's  tu  the  duke  of  Mersen- 
burg,  and  is  seated  on  tiie  Sjiree,  6u 
miles  S  K  uf  Bci'lin.  Lon.  14  25  E, 
Jat.  52UN. 

Lubec,  a  seaport  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  .^axony,  in  tlie  diitchy  of  Hol- 
•teiii,  Willi  a  bisi.op's  see.  It  is  a  free, 
Uii|K  riul,  UaiiscatiC  town,  and  tlie 
Streets  are  naiiUsjine,  lui^^'e,  and  neat. 
The  houses  are  ill  bunt  w;th  hec 
•tniie,  and  have  large  upurtnioiiis,  witu 
spuiious  cellars.  1  lie  doors  of  the 
bouMs  are  so  hi^h  and  so  wide,  thai 
%  c.irt  loaded  with  hay  may  pass 
tlii'Ugh  li.eni.  '1  lie  town  liuuse  is  a 
8ii.,i  .'b  structure,  and  has  several  tow- 
ers. On  tiie  giouiid  hoor  is  the  hall 
of  audience,  wliicli  is  well  furnished, 
Bnd  wiiere  tlie  senate  assembles  reg'u- 
larly  three  tinieB-  a  week.  Above  is 
uiothcr.  larg'e  hall,  where  the  deputies 
of  the  Hanseatic  League  furnierly 
held  their  assemblies.  Here  is  also  a 
iiiie  exchange,  wiiich  was  built  in  1683 
The  senate  is  composed  of  20  persons, 
four  of  which  are  burgo-niasters,  the 
others  consist  of  the  nobility,  men  ;)f 
letters,  and  merchants.  Add  to  these 
»  sj  ndic,  a  prothonotarj ,  and  lour  se- 
cetaries.  i'lie  inhabitants  are  all 
Lutherans;  and  there  are  21  preach- 
■.,s,  whose  chief  iias  the  title  of  Super- 
iniendant.  lliere  ai"e  five  large 
churches  and  jialnces,  one  of  which  is 
the  cathe<lral,  whose  body  is  of  an  ex- 
ti'aordiriury  length,  containing  several 
{Buriosities :  such  as,  an  handsome 
Btutue  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  a  curious 
clock,  and  a  prodigious  large  organ. 
I'here  are  14  hospitals,  one  for  lunatics, 
a  pest  house,  and  four  others  tor  sick 
persons.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  river 
Trave,  ten  miles  SW  of  tlie  Baltic  Sea, 
and  \7  N  E  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10  51 
E,  lat.  53  S7  N. 

Lubec,  Bishopric  of,  a  small  bishopric, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Holstcin.  It  belongs 
to  the  duke  of  Holstein. 

Lubec,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Lon.  112  22  E,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Lube.H,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,   capital  of  a  circle 


LUC 

of  the  same  name,  in  the  principality 
of  Lignitz,  22  miles  N  W  ot  Breslaw. 
Lon.  16  23  £,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Lublin,  a  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
citadel,  a  bishop's  see,  an  academy, 
and  a  Jewish  synagogue.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  iheWeiprz,  d  miles  SE  of  War- 
saw. Lon.  22  45  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Lubffui,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Cracow,  5i>  miles  S  £  of 
Cracow.     Lon.  20  36  K,  hit  49  3b  N. 

Luc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var  und  late  province  of 
Provence,  25  miles  N  E  of  loulon. 
L.,n.  6  25  E,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Ltic,  a  town  of  France, <  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  river  Drome, 
32  ni.lcs  S  of  Grenoble.  Lon.  5  48  E, 
lut.  44  40  N. 

Lucar-tle-Baramtda,  St.  a  seaport  of 
Spuin,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  has  a  very  large,  Hne  harbour, 
well  defended ;  and  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Guadalquiver,  44  miles  S 
by  W  of  Seville,  and  270  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  5  54  W,  lat.  36  58  N. 

Lucar-de-Guadiana,  St.  a  strong  town 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  small 
harbour  on  the  river  Gaiidiana,  39 
miles  N  E  of  Faro.  Lon.  8  16  W,  lat. 
i7  18  N. 

Lucar-La-Mqyor,  St.  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  .  Andal  .sia,  seated  on  the 
Guadiana,  10  miles  N  W  of  Seville. 
Lon.  5  33  W,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Lucca,  a  town  ofltidy,  capital  of  a 
.epublic  of  the  same  name.  It  is  about 
three  miles  in  circumference,  and  sur- 
rounded with  a  wall  and  other  modem 
fortifications.  It  is  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  the  churches  are  very  hand- 
some. The  inhabitants  have  a  consid- 
erable manufacture  of  silk,  and  ^Id 
and  silver  stuffs,  in  which  they  driv« 
a  great  trade.  They  oblige  all  travel- 
lers to  leave  their  arms  at  the  city 
gate,  and  will  n-it  sutler  any  one  to 
wear  a  sw(<rd  witliin  it.  It  is  seated 
in  the  middle  of  a  fruitful  plain,  sur- 
rounded with  pleasant  hills,  near  the 
river  Serchio,  over  which  jhere  are 
two  bridges.  It  is  10  miles  N  E  of 
Pisa,  37  VV  of  Florence,  and  155  N 
bv  W  of  Rome.  Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  43 
50     . 

Lucca,  the  republic  of,  a  small  ter- 


LUC 

i«me,  in  the  principality 
!  miles  N  VV  ot  firenlaw. 
hit.  51  20  N. 

ty  of  Pulaiid,  capitul  of  a 
the  same  nunie,  with  u 
ihop's  nee,  an  aciuleiny, 
ftyiiag<)|{ue.  It  is  ncat- 
prz,  ij  miles  S£  of  War- 
15  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 
own  of  Poland,  in  tha 
L:racow,  So  miles  S  £  of 
1.  20  36  E,  lat  49  36  N. 
n  of  France,  in  the  de- 
^ar  und  late  province  of 
miles  N  K  of  I'oulon. 
at.  43  28  N. 

■n  of  France,  <  in  tlic  de- 
>ere  and  late  province  of 
Ued  on  the  river  Diome, 
Grenoble.     Lon.  5  48  £, 

iramtda,  St.  a  seaport  of 
iduhisia,   with  a  bisliop's 

very  large,  fine  harbour, 
1 ;  and  IS  seated  at  the 
C^uadalquiver,  44  miles  S 
lUe,  and  270  of  Madrid. 

lat.  36  58  N. 
ladiana,  St.  a  strong  town 

Andalusia,  witii  a  small 
he  river  Gaiidiana,  39 
Faro.     Lon.  8  16  W,  lat. 

4ayor,  St.  a  town  of 
idal  .sia,   seated    on    the 

miles  N  W  of  SeviUe. 
lat.  37  36  N. 

wn  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
e  same  name.  It  is  about 
I  circumference,  and  8ur> 
a  wall  and  other  modern 

It  is  an  archbishop's 
ihurclies  are  very  hand- 
nliabitants  have  a  consid- 
ictiirc  of  silk,  and  gold 
ufl's,  in  which  they  driv« 

They  oblige  all  travel* 
their  arms  at  the  city 
I  n')t  suHer  any  one  to 
,  witliin  it.  It  is  seated 
of  a  fruitful  plain,  sur- 
pleasant  hills,  near  the 
,  over  which   there    are 

It  is  10  mites  N  E  of 
nf  Florence,  and  155  N 
le.     Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  43 

republic  of,  a  small  ter- 


LUC 

ritory  of  Italy,  lying  on  the  Tuscan  Sea ; 
about  20  miles  in  length,  and  10  in 
brcadtli.  The  soi'  does  not  protluce 
niiich  corn  ;  but  there  is  plenty  of  wine, 
oil,  sillc,  wool,  and  chesniits  ;  their  oil 
in  particular  is  in  high  esteem,  and  the 
common  );eople  usually  eat  cliesnuts 
instead  of  bi-ead.  It  is  a  sovereign  state, 
uniler  tile  protection  of  the  emperor, 
and  the  government  aristocratic.  The 
usual  revenues  amoimt  to  about  30,000/. 
|>er  annum,  and  they  can  raise  and  pay 
10,000  men  upon  occasion. 

Luce,  a  great  bay  in  Wigtonshire, 
lying  to  the  E  of  the  mull  of  Galloway. 

Lucera,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
tlie  kingdom  of  Naples,  '"\  Capitanata, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  i\i  mile  S  W  of 
Manfredonia,  and  65  N  V.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  34  £,  lat.  41  28  N. 

Lueerr.,  one  of  the  can'.ons  of  Swis- 
serland,  and  tlie  most  co.isiderable,  ex- 
cept Zuric  and  Berne  It  is  30  miles 
in  length,  and  20  in  breadth  :  bounded 
on  tlie  E  by  tlie  cantons  of  Underwal- 
den,  Schweitz,  and  Zug,  and  on  all  the 
other  sides,  by  the  canton  of  Bern.  The 
inhabitants  oi  this  canton  arc  reckoned 
about  100,000,  and  are  Homw  ca- 
tholics. The  government  was  foru^erly 
aristocratical,  consisting  of  a  senate  of 
36,  and  a  council  of  64,  in  which  sowe 
plebeian  burghers  were  admitted  every 
eler.Sioni  but  the  Helvetic  confederacy, 
aa  well  as  the  constitution  of  the  seve- 
ral cantons  is  now  dissolved,  the  French 
hpving  cruelly  and  unjustly  enslaved 
this  brave  and  virtuous  people. 

Ltieeni,  ^^^  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Luccrn,  in  S  wisserland.  It  is  divided  in- 
to two  by  a  branch  of  the  Reuss,  which 
falls  into  tlie  lake,  on  tlie  N  W  end  of 
which  the  town  is  seated,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  prospect.  It  scarce- 
ly contains  3000  inhabitants,  has  no  ma- 
nufactures of  consequence,  and  little 
commerce.  Tlie  pope  has  always  a 
nuncio  resident  here.  In  the  cathedral 
is  an  organ  of  a  fine  tone,  and  of  an  ex- 
traordinary size  i  the  centre  pipe  is  40 
feet  in  length,  near  three  in  breadth, 
and  weighs  1100  pounds.  The  bridges 
which  skirt  the  town,  round  the  e%e 
of  the  lake,  are  the  fashionable  wulk'of 
tlie  place,  and  remarkable  for  their 
length.  They  are  decorated  with 
coarse  paintings,  representing  the  his- 
tories of  the  Old  Testament,  the  battles 
of  the  Swiss,  and  the  dance  of  death. 
Luc«m  ia  30  oiilet  9  W  of  Zuric,  and 


1.  u  c 

35  E  of  Bern.  Lon.  8  6  E,  lat.  47  5  M. 
Luccrn,  Lake  of.  Set:  WaUitxtter  See. 
Lucerna,  atown  of  ItiUy  in  Piedmont, 

15  niiUs  S  W  of  Turin.     Lon.  7  38  &, 
lat.  44  52  N. 

Luclieii,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
kiiigd'jn  of  Valencia,  30  miles  S  of  tlie 
city  of  that  name.  Lon.  0  10  £,  lat 
38  53  N. 

Lucia,  St.  one  of  the  Windwnrd  Ca- 
ribbee  Islands,  in  ♦'■  Wc:it  Indies,  22 
miles  in  length  and  21  in  breadth.  It 
consists  of|)Uins  well  watered  with  ri-" 
vulets,  and  hills  furnished  with  timber: 
and  has  several  good  bays,  ar.d  commo- 
dious hurbours.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  May,  1796.  There  are  two 
hign  mounti.ins,  by  which  this  island 
may  be  known  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance. It  is  21  miles  S  of  Mortinico. 
Lon.  60  45  W,  lat.  13  25  N. 

Lucia.  Sf.  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd 
Islands,  about  450  miles  W  of  tlie  con- 
tinent of  Africa.    Lon.  34  32  W,  laL 

16  45  N. 

Lucignano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the 
dutchy  of  Tuscany,  10  miles  S  of  Sien- 
na.    Lon.  11  HE,  lafiN43  0  N. 

Luciiuna,  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  capital  of  Oude.  It  is  an 
extensive  place,  but  meanly  built:  the 
houses  are  chiefly  mud  walls  covered 
with  thstch  ;  and  many  consist  entirely 
of  mats  and  bamboos,  and  are  thatched 
with  leaves  of  the  cocoa-nut,  palm- 
tree,  and  sometimes  with  straw.  Very- 
few  of  the  houst^s  of  tlie  natives  are 
built  with  brick  :  the  streets  lu-e  crook- 
ed, narrow,  and  worse  than  moe*:  in 
India.  In  the  dry  season,  the  dust  and 
heat  are  intolerable  ;  in  the  rainy  sea^ 
son,  the  mire  is  so  deep  as  to  be  scarce* 
ly  passable  ;  and  there  is  a  groat  num- 
ber of  elephants  belonging  to  the  Na- 
bob and  the  great  men  of  his  court^ 
which  are  continually  passing  the 
streets,  either  to  the  palace,  or  to  the 
river,  to  the  gi-eat  danger  and  annoy- 
ance of  the  foot  passenger,  as  Well  as 
the  inferior  class  of  shopkeepers.  The 
comforts,  convenienc),  or  property  of 
this  class  of  people,  are  indeed  litt1<^  at- 
tended to,  either  by  the  gtciX  men  or 
their  sei-vants ;  the  elephant  itselfbeing^ 
frequently  known  to  be  infinitely  more 
attentive  to  them  aa  he  passes,  and  to 
children  in  particular.  l"he  palace  of 
the  Nabob  ia  seated  on  a  high  bank 
near  the  Goointy,  and  commanc  an  ex- 
tensive view  both  of  that  river  and  the 
country  on  the  eastern  pidc.    Lucknovr 


LUC 


L  U,M 


is  650  miles  N  W   of  Calcutta,    Lat. 

26  3  J  N,  Ion.  81  25  E. 

Lucku,  a  coiisidcruble  town  of  Poland, 
c&|)it:il  of  Volliinia,  witli  a  ritiiilel,  and 
a  bisliup's  sec,  seated  on  tlic  Ste ',  75 
Tiiiks  N  E  of  Lcmbni'iif,  and  175  S  £  of 
Warsaw.  Lon.  25  30  E,  I.M.  51  13  N. 
Luco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
•'Citcriorc,  seated  on  tbe  lake  Cclano. 

Liicon,  or  Luzon,  a  town  of  France, 
■  in  the  de])ai'tnient  of  Vendee  and  late 
pro\incc  of  Poitoii,  and  lately  an  epis- 
copal see,  seated  in  an  unwliolsome 
moras.s,  17  inilcb  Nof  Kocl)el!e,  and  50 
S   of  Nantes.     Lon.   1    5    W,   lat.  46 

27  N. 

Luconia,  or  Mnnilta,  the  chief  of  the 
•PiiiHppine  Islands,  in  the  N  Pacific 
Ocean,  400  miles  in  length  and  100  in 
breadth.  It  is  not  S'j  iiot  as  may  be  p.\- 
pected,  because  it  is  well  w.'itered  by 
large  Iskes  and  rivers,  and  tlic  jjeriod- 
ical  rains  which  inundate  all  the  plains. 
There  are  several  volcanos  in  the 
mountains,  which  occasion  cBrtli- 
nuakes  ;  and  a  variety  of  hot  oaths. 
The  ])roducc  of  this  island  is  wax,  cot- 
ton, wild  cinnamon,  sulphur,  cocrta- 
iiuts,  rice,  gold,  horses,  buffaloes,  and 
game.  Philip  II.  of  Spaii.,  formed  a 
scheme  of  planting  a  colony  in  the  Phi- 
lippine Islands, which  iiad  been  neglect- 
ed since  the  discovery  of  them  by  Ma- 
gellan, in  1521.  Manilla,  in  this  island, 
was  the  station  chosen  for  the  capital 
of  the  new  estal  lishmcnts.  Hence  an 
active  commercial  intercourse  began 
with  the  Chinese,  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  whon\  settled  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  under  the  Spanish  protection. 
These  supplied  tlie  colony  so  amply 
with  all  the  valuable  productions  and 
manufactures  of  Asia,  as  enablei  it  to 
open  a  trade  with  America,  by  a  .irect 
course  of  navigation,  the  longes'.  from 
l&od  to  land  on  our  globe.  Th's  ti-ade,  at 
first,  was  carried  on  withCaitao,  on  the 
coast  of  Peru  ;  but  it  was  afterward  re- 
moved to  Acapulco  on  the  coast  of  New 
Spain.  From  this  i>ort  aimually  sail 
one  or  two  shi])s,  which  are  permitted 
to  carry  out  silver  to  the  amount  of 
500,000  crown.s,  in  return  for  which 
tliey  bring  back  from  Manilla,  spices, 
druj^'s,  China  and  Japan  war'^s,  cali- 
eocs,  chintz,  ninslins,  silks,  &C.  The 
inliabitant.s  are  a  mixture  of  several  na- 
tioiiH,  besides  Spaniards ;  and  Uiey  all 
prodiici!  a  iiii.xed  breed,  distinct  from 
»nv  of  Uie  rest.  The  blacks  h;.ve  long 
ki  ir,  and  ^-ood  iuatures ;  :u\d  there  is 


one  tribe,  who  prick  their  sklr',9,  and 
draw  figures  on  them,  as  they  do  in 
most  other  countries  where  they  go 
naked.     See  Manilla. 

Ludersburg,  a  t(>wn  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Sa.xony,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Lawenburg,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  five 
miles  above  tlie  town  of  Lawenburg. 

Liiilgershall,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire, 
15  mdcs  N  of  Salisbury,  and  72  N  by 
W  of  London.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  but  has  no  market. 
Lon.  1  45  W,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Ludlafui,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  Here  a 
court  is  held  for  the  marches  of  Wales; 
and  it  is  encompassed  by  a  wall,  having 
seveii  gates.  It  has  likewise  a  castle, 
wher"  all  business  was  formerly  trans- 
act  .1  for  the  principality  of  Wales  ; 
I....'  a  stately  church,  formerly  colle- 
giate. It  sends  two  members  to  parli- 
ament, and  is  seated  on  the  Tan.e,  29 
miles  S  of  Shrewsburv,  and  138  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Lvgano,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  tbe  principal  of  the  four  trans- 
alpine bailiwics.  It  is  built  round  a 
gentle  curve  of  the  lake  of  Lugano,  and 
backed  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills,  and 
being  the  emporium  of  the  greatest 
part  of  the  merchandise,  which  passes 
from  Italy  over  the  St.  Gothard,  or  the 
Bernardin.  It  is  pretty  populous,  con- 
taining 8000  inhabitants.  It  is  17  miles 
N  W'  of  Como.  Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  45 
54  N. 

Lugano,  a  lake  of  S  wisserlaud,  on  the 
Italian  side  of  the  Alps,  25  miles  in 
length,  and  from  two  to  four  in  Breadth. 
It  lies  about  190  feet  higher  than  tiie 
lakes  Como  and  Locarno. 

Lugo,  an  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in 
Galicia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  There 
are  springs  in  thiscity  lioiling  hot.  It- 
is  seated  on  the  Minho,  32  miles  S  E 
of  Mondonncdo,  and  60  S  W  of  Oviedo. 
Lon.  8  52  W,  lat.  42  46  N. 

Lulu,  a  town  of  Swedish  Lapland ; 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  Lula, 
on  the  W  side  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
42  miles  S  W  of  Tornea.  Lon.  21  0 
E,  lat.  64  30  N. 

Lula  Lafnnari,  aprovince  of  ST^edish 
Lapland,  bounded  on  the  N.by  Tornea, 
on  the  E  by  the  Botlmic  gulf,  on  the  S 
by  Pithia,  and  on' the   W   by  Norway. 

Lumella,  a  village  i»  Italy,  which 
i-ives  name  to  the  Lumellin,  a  small 
district  lying  on  the  river  Po,  beiongmy 


.  U.M 

prick  their  sklr.s,  and 
11  them,  as  they  do  in 
intries  where  they  go 
'anilla. 

t(>wn  of  Germany  in  the 
!•  Siixony,  in  the  dutchy 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  five 
town  of  Lawenburg. 
u  borough  in  Wiltshire, 
Salisbury,  and  72  N  by 
It  sends  two  membei's 
but  has  no  market. 
111.  51  17  N. 

orougii  in  Shropshire, 
on  Monday.  Here  a 
r  tl>c  marches  of  Wales; 
iassed  by  a  wall,  having 
I  iias  HkcM'ise  a  castle, 
ess  was  formerly  trans- 
principality  of  Wales  ; 
I'hurch,  formerly  colle- 
s  two  members  to  parli- 
eated  on  tlie  Tan.e,  29 
:wsburv,  and  138  N  W 
m.  2  42  W,  lat.  52  23  N. 
wn  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
■ic  of  the  same  name, 
incipalof  the  fourtrans- 
).  It  is  built  round  a 
the  lake  of  Lugano,  and 
npliitheatre  of  hills,  and 
orium  of  the  greatest 
i:handise,  which  passes 
the  St.  Gothard,  or  the 
is  pretty  populous,  con- 
labitants.  It  is  17  miles 
i.     Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  45 

e  of  S  wisserlaud,  on  the 
the  Alps,  25  miles  in 
w  two  to  four  in  Breadth. 
)0  feet  higher  than  tiie 
[  Locarno. 

:icnt  city  of  Spain,  in 
1  bishop's  see.  There 
hiscity  foiling  hot.  It- 
:  Minho,  32  miles  S  E 
i,  and  60  S  Vi  of  Oviedo. 
at.  42  46  N. 

1  of  Swedish  Lapland ; 

touth  of  tlie  river  Lula, 

)f  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 

of  Toraea.    Lon.  21  0 

t,  aprovince  of  S^fedish 
led  on  the  N.  by  Tornea, 
:  Botlmic  gulf,  on  the  S 
jnthc  W  by  Norway, 
village  iH  Italy,  which 
>  the  Lumellin,  a  small 
I  the  river  Vo,  beiongin|( 


L  U  W 

to  the  duke  of  Savoy.    Lon.  8  42  E, 
lat.  45  5  N. 

Luviberton,  a  post  town  in  Robesoi> 
counts.  North  Carolina,  on  the  E  side 
of  Drovniing  creek,  25  miles  S  of  Fay. 
etteville  in  Cumberland  county. 

LumbertoH,  a  village  in  Burlington 
counts.  New- Jersey,  one  mile  S  E  of 
MonthoUy. 

Lund,  a  considerable  tovm  in  Goth- 
land and  capital  of  Schonen,  with  an 
archbishopric,  and  a  university.  It  is 
an  inconsiderable  place  containing  little 
more  than  800  houses,  and  carries  on 
but  little  trade.  Charles  XI.  founded  n 
university  here  which  is  its  chief  sup- 
port. The  cathedral  is  an  ancient  irre- 
gular building.  It  is  30  miles  S  E  of 
Landscrona,  and  235  S  W  of  Stock- 
holm.   Lon.  13  36  E,  lat.  55  33  N. 

Lunden,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
dutchy  of  Holstein,  seated  near  the 
Eyder,  36  miles  N  N  W  of  Gluckstadt. 
Lon.  9  30E,  lat.  54Sj<5N. 

Lundy,  an  island  in  tue  mouth  of  the 
Bristol  Channel,  near  the  middle,  be- 
tween Devonshire  and  Pembrokeshire. 
Lon.  4  13  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 
Luiie.    See  iMn. 

Lunel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  near  the  river  Ridourle, 
over  which  there  is  a  bridge.  It  pro- 
duces excellent  muscadine  wine,  and  is 
16  miles  £  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  4  19 
£,  lat.  43  38  K. 

Lunen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Weetphalia,  20  miles  from 
Munster.    Lon.  7  49  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lunenburg,  a  dutchy  of  Gcrma;iy,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  subject  to 
'he  elector  of  Hanover.  Including 
Zell,  it  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Elbe,  which  separates  it  from  Holstein 
and  I^awenbiirg,  on  the  E  by  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Brandenburg,  on  tlie  S  by 
the  dutchy  of  Brunswick,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  dutcnies  of  Bremen  am! 
Westphalia,  being  abotit  100  miles  in 
length  and  70  in  breadth.  It  i:  watered 
by  the  rivers  Aller,  Flbe,  anc  t'menay, 
and  part  of  it  is  flili  of  heaths  and  fo- 
rests, which  abound  with  wild  boars  ; 
but  near  the  rivers  it  is  pretty  fertile. 

Lunenburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the  same 
nair.e.  The  chief  public  edifices  are 
three  parish  churcl.  j,  the  ducal  pal- 
ace, three  hospitals,  the  town  house, 
the  aalt-magazme,  the  anatomical  the- 
atre, the  academy,  and  the  conventual 


L  U  S 

church  of  St.  Michael,  in  which  are  in> 
lerved  the  ancient  dukes  ;  it  also  con- 
lains  a  famotis  table,  eight  feet  long, 
i^.nd  four  wif'e,  plated  over  with  chased 
;old,  and  the  rim  embellished  with 
i-Tecious  stones  of  an  immense  value, 
which  was  taken  from  the  Saracens  by 
the  emperor  Othoj  but,  in  1698,  « 
gang  of  robbers  stripped  it  of  200  rubies 
and  emeralds,  a  large  diamond,  and 
most  of  the  gold.  Tlie  salt  springs 
iiear  this  place,  produce  great  quanti- 
ties  of  salt,  which  brinj,  -n  a  good  re- 
venue to  the  sovereigfn,  and  chiefly  em- 
ploy the  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Umenau,  31  miles  S  E  of  Ham- 
burg, and  60  N  of  Bnmswick.  Lon.  10 
31  E,  lat.  55  16  N. 

Lunenburg  Court  Haute,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Lunenburg  county, 
Virifinia,  where  there  is  a  post  office. 
It  liei  on  the  N  E  side  of  Meherrin  ri- 
ver, about  50  miles  S  W  of  Richmond. 
Lunera,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  between 
Naples  and  Puzzoli.  It  contains  a  great 
('iftal  of  si'.phu''  and  alum  :  anu  the 
springs  that  rise  firom  it  are  excellek^t 
for  curing  wounds. 

Litnevtlle,  a  handsome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe  and  late 
dutchy  of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  where 
the  dukes  formerly  kept  their  court,  aa  ^ 
did  afterwards  king  Stanislaus.  It  is 
now  converted  into  barracks.  Here 
Stanislaus  founded  a  military  school,  a 
large  library,  and  a  fine  hospital.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  rivers  Vezouze 
and  Meurthe,  12  miles  S  E  of  Nanci, 
and  62  W  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  6  35  E, 
lat.  48  36  N. 

Lupo  Glavo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Is- 
tria,  seated  near  tlie  mountains  of  Ve- 
na, t5  miles  W  of  St.  Veit. 

Lure,  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Saone  and  I&te  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte.  It  is  seated 
oh  the  river  I'Ongnon,  39  miles  N  E  of 
Besancon.  Lon.  6  S3  £,  lat.  47  38 
N. 

Luri,  an  ancient  town  of  Corsica,  be-   ■ 
tween  Cape   Corse  and  the  towns  of 
Bastia  and  St.  Fiorenzo. 

Lutatia,  a  marquinate  of  Germany, 
boimdr  d  on  the  N  by  Brandenburg,  on 
the  E  'oy  Silesia,  on  the  S  by  Bohemia, 
and  on  the  W  by  Misnia.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  the  Upper  and  Lower,  and  is 
subject  to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 

iiVtignan,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Vienna  aiid  late  pi^vince 
of  Poitou,  seated  on  the  Vonne,  15 
£  e  e 


I-  UT 


i  U  J 


<o 


Jnile?  S  S  Ay  of  Poitiers,  and  200  of 
talis.     Liii.  0  10  E,  lat.  46  25  N. 

Lusn,  u  river  of  Ituly,  wliicli  rises  in 
the  (lHti-li\  «f  U  •!  ino,  crosses  jiart  of 
R(.ni;;frna,  and  fulls  into  t'.ic  gulf  of  Ve- 
nire, lo  mill  g  \V  of  Rimini. 

L:it:wge,  a  tivvn  of  Fran,  e,  in  the  de- 
parii:iciu  of  M'lSiUe,  U  niiU's  from 
l$Ient,:.     Luii.  6  19  E,  lat.  41'  11  N. 

LuteiiJiurg,  a  town  of  Gernumy,  in 
tlie  circle  of  Austria  iiiul  dutchy  of 
Stiria,  seated  oii  the  Muchr,  .54  miles 
S  E  of  Gr:;tz.     Lon.  16  10  ^,  lat;  4^  46 

^■ 

Ltitkenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
thedutciiy  oi'  Hulalcin,  seated  near  the 
Baltic,  13  mil  f.  fiom  Pl.ien. 

Luton,  a  town  in  Bedforddlilre,  with 
a  ruiirkit  on  Moiidiv,  seated  amoinij 
irdls,  \%  miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  31  N 
bv  VV  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  VV,  lat. 
5^2  27  N. 

Ltiucbinen,  a  river  of  the  canton  of 
^crn.  111  Swisserland,  formed  by  the 
junction  or  two  streams;  the  one  cal- 
led the  \VcLss  Lutscliincn,  flowing 
throug!;  the  valley  of  Lauterhrunen ; 
and  the  other  called  the  Scliw:irtz  Lul- 
scliinen,  wliich  comes  from  the  valley 
of  Grindelwalde.  In  a  rainy  season,  the 
river  forms  a  torrent,  which  rushes  im- 
pctu.iusly  tlir  >u(jli  the  g'reat  masses  of 
took  that  ohstruct  its  course,  and,  with 
im'.-;ncpi\able  violence,  forces  fiom 
tl(eir  beds  the  most  enormous  frag, 
ments.  The  road  to  Zwcy  Lutschinen 
aiid  Lauterbruncn  is  over  this  roaring 
torrent,  by  a  kind  of  bridge,  which  is 
fi.ve<l  against  the  sides  of  rocks,  that 
arc  alinoNt  in  a  leaning  position.  A 
huge  vertical  stone,  raised  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  river,  supports  »am<'.  thick 
planks,  so  badly  joined,  as  to  be  nei- 
ther steady  nor  solid,  and  these  form 
the  wrttclied  bridge,  over  which  the 
inhabitants  ilaily  pass,  with  a  firm  stejj 
and  undaunted  eye  j  a  ]>a«sage,  which 
the  traveller,  unaccustomed  to  such 
strange  communications,  would  trem- 
ble to  ilienipt.  Hence  the  Lutschinen 
Hows  till  it  fulls  into  the  lake  of  Brientz. 

Lutter,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lowc.r  Saxony,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Bnmswick,  remarkable  for  the  I»at- 
tle  gained  here  over  the  Imjierialists, 
bv  the  Danes,  in  1626.  U  is  eight 
glides  N  W  of  Goslar.  and  13  S  E  of 
H'ddesheim    Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Xj(«fr«n/rfA,  atown  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  Tnarkct  -  Thursday.  It  is  seal- 
ed, on  the  r^vi       vifl,  ii;  a  fertile  soil, 


and  is  adorned  with  a  largj?  bandson)); 
rlnirch,  with  a  line  lofty  steei>le.  Here 
Wickliil.e,  the  lir.sf  reti>rmcr,wiis  rector, 
who  died  in  1385;  but  wa.H  dug  up  and 
burnt  fiir  a  ii.iretic  40  >  ears  after  Lut- 
terwoith  I.'*  14  miles  S  of  Leicester,  and 
88  N  N  W  of  Loudon.  Lon.  1  10  \V, 
lat.  52  26  N. 

Lutzc'i,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  th© 
circle  1. flipper  Saxony,  in    Misnia,  fa- 
mous li)r  a  battle,   in    1632,  in  whicU 
Giisu.vus  Adolplius,  king  of  Sweden, 
was  iiiiled  in  the  moment  of  victory.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Elster,  12  miles  N  W 
of  Lcipsic.     Lon   12  7  E.  lat.  51  24  N. 
Liiticnatein,  a  town  of  France,  in  th^ 
depart  iiicnt  of  Lower  Rhine  and  latQ 
province  of  Alsace      It  has    a   strong; 
j  castle,  and  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  30 
miles  N  W  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  17  E, 
j  lat  48  55  N. 

i,ux<-n;/.iur^,  a  dutchy  of  the  Austriai^ 

Netherlands  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 

jarrlibishopric  if  Treves  ;   on  the  S  by 

:  Lorrain ;    on   the  \V    by   Champagne, 

jand  Liege,  and  on  the  N  by  Limburg^ 

I  and  Liege.     It  lies  in  the  forest  of  Ar- 

]  denne,  which  is  one  of  the  most  famotig 

jin  Europe.     In  some  places  it  i9»covcr- 

;  ed  with    mountains   and  woods,  but  is 

'  in  general  fertile   in   c.irn   and   wine  ; 

and  here  are  a  great   ntimber  of  iroi\ 

mines.     The  principal  rivers  arc,  the 

Moselle,  the  Sour,  the  Ourte,  and  tlie 

Semox-.     It  belongs  partly  to  the  house 

of  Austria,  aiTd  partly   to  the  French  j 

and   Thionvitlc  is   the   capital   of  the 

French  part. 

Luxemburg,  a  city  of  the  Austrian 
Netlierlands,  capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the 
same  name.  It  w;a8  tnore^ban  once  ta- 
ken and  retaken  in  the  wars  of  the  16th 
century.  In  1684,  it  was  take)i  by  the 
French,  who  augmented  the  fortifica- 
tions so  much,  that  it  is  one  of  the 
strongest  places  in  Europe.  It  wa/i 
ceded  to  the  1;ouse  of  Austria  in  1715. 
In  the  present  war  it  surrendered  by, 
capitulation  to  the  French  X^nc  1, 1795. 
It  is  divided  by  the  Alsit'/.  into  the  up- 
per and  lower  towns  ;  the  former  al- 
most quite  surroundpd  by  rocks,  but 
the  lower  seated  in  a  plain.  It  is  25 
miles  S  W  Of  Treves,  and  100  W  of 
Mentz.     Lon.  6  17  E,  lat.  49  37  N. 

Luxeiiil,  a  town  of  France  in  the. de- 
partment of  Upper  5)iione  and  late  pt;o- 
vince  of  Francbe  Coint^,  r^'nmrkable. 
f|ir  it-s  mineral,  waters.  Front  the  ntiirl^ 
her  of  urns,  medals,  iind  inscriptions, 
found  here,  it  U  suppose;^  to  h;iye,be^ 


u  If 


vvitli  a  large  hanUHonjj? 
Mc  loftv  stce]ilc.  Here 
I  re-tiirmcT,  was  rector, 
but  wa.s  (luj;-  iipaiul 
i<-  40  \  ears  alter  Lut- 
ilvs  S  of  Leicester,  imd 
i.doii.     Lou.  1    10  \y, 

of  Germany,  in  tliQ 
ixony,  in  Misnia,  fa- 
,  in  1633,  in  wliicU 
IIS,  kinjf  of  Sweden, 
moment  of  victory .  It 

EUter,  12  miles  N  W 
12  7  E,  lat.  5\  24  N. 

town  of  France,  in  thq 
ower  Rhine  and  latQ 

ice.     It  has   a   strong; 

ited  on  a  mountain,  30 

rasbiirg.  Lon.  7  17  E, 

liitchy  of  the  Austrian 

mdcd  on  the  E  by  the 

Iicvcs  ;  on  the  S  by 

W    by   Champagne, 

>n  the  N  bv  Limbiirgh 

cs  in  the  (West  of  Ar- 

one  of  the  most  famous 

ime  |)laces  it  i9»cover- 

ns   and  woods,  but  ia 

in   cjrn   and   wine  ; 

treat  number   of  iron 

licipal  rivers  are,  the 

ir,  the  Oarte,  and  Uie 

igs  partly  to  the  house 

[lartly  to  tlic  French; 

is  the  capital  of  the 

city  of  the  Austrian 
)ital  of  adutciiy  of  the 
vas  morc\han  once  ta- 
in  the  wars  of  the  16th 
4,  it  was  taketi  by  tlie 
froented  the  fortifica- 
that  it  is  one  of  the 
in  Europe.  It  wa^ 
ISC  of  Austria  in  1715. 
ar  it  surrendered  by, 
e  French  June  1, 1795. 
he  Alsit/.  into  the  up. 
WHS  ;  the  former  al- 
imdf;d  by  rocks,  but 
in  a  plain.  It  is  25 
■eves,  and  lOy  W  of 
17  E,  lat.  49  37  N. 
n  of  France  in  the  de> 
cr  5>!ione  and  late  ppo- 
:  Coint^i  rcniarkable. 
Iters.  From  the  minU^ 
lids,  and  inscriptions, 
lupposjsd  tp,l»)tve,b^Sil. 


L  t  M 


I 


i  considerable  place  in  the  tim^  of  the 
Romans.  It  was  destroyrd  by  Attila, 
in  450.  Near  the  town  was  a  late  ce- 
lebrated abbey,  founded  by  St.  Colum- 
ban,  an  Irishman.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Vosges,  15  miles  W  of  Ve- 
soul.     Lon.  ti  24  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Luzerne,  a  county  of  Pennsjlvanla, 
80  miles  long  and  61  broi.:!.  In  1790, 
it  contained  4,904  inhabita:<t8.  Wilkes- 
borough  is  the  capital. 

Luzzara,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  on 
the  confines  of  the  du^cliies  of  Mantua 
and  Gaustalla,  ne;^  the  confluence  of 
the  Crostolo  with  fhe  Po.  Here  a  bat- 
tle was  fought  between  the  French  and 
Spaniards,  in  1702,  when  each  sid^ 
clain^ed  the  victory.  It  is  10  ihile^  S 
of  Mantua.     Lon.'lO  50  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

LUzzi,  a  town  o^Naples,  in  Calubriu 
Citenore,  near  the  river  Crate,  three 
miles  S  of  Bisignantf. 

Lvckam,  a  toWn  in  Norfolk,  Whose 
market  i»  disused.  It  is  24  miles  W  by 
IV  of  Norwich,  and  92  N  N  ^  oif  Lon- 
don. 

Lydd,  a  ptlttuloiis  towii  in  ^ent.  with 
«  market  on  Thiirsdiiy.  It  i*  a  nl^iiiber 
6f  the  citK|\ie  porjt  of  Roniiiey,  and  seat'. 
^d  in  Romney  Marsh,  26  miles  S  of 
Canterbury,  arid  71  S  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  50  S6N. 

L^iUing,  a  village  iri  It^eiit,  near 
Gravesend.  In  this  village  600  youW 
Normans,  who  came  over  with  Alfred 
and  ^d^irard  the  sons  of  Ethelred,  after 
the  death  oF  Canute,  to  take  poSsessioii 
of  their  father's  throrie,  were  niysa- 
cred  by  Godwin  carl  of  Kent. 

Lyetie,  a  town  pf  France,  in  the  de- 
partmetiiot'the  Noi-th  ahd  la,t'e  prov- 
ince ot  Htiinault,  15  miles  E'of  Landi^e- 
cy.     Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Lyme,  »  post  towii  in  Ngw  London 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  the 
E  bank  of  Connecticut'  ri\'er,  and  on 
Long  Island  Sound,  \6  miles  S  W  of 
New  London,  iii  the  lat.  of  41"  25'  N. 
Md  lon.  73°  AlQf  E. 

Lyme  JttgU,  a.  borough  and  seaport 
iH  Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Fri- 
day- It  is  seated  oh  the  declivity  of  a 
cr.-»ggy  hill,  on  the  river  Lyme,  which 
runs  through  it,  at  the  head  of  a  little 
inlet ;  and  from  which  it  takes  its  name, 
and  its  harbour  is  formv':d  by  a  noble 
pier,  called  the  Cobb.  It  has  a  New- 
^tnmdliind  ahd  coasting  trade,  and  is 
noteil  fir  sea-bathing.  Here  the  duke 
of  Monmouth  landed,  in  1685,  for  the 
execution  of  hit  dl  judged  design  against 


t  Y  N 

James  II.  Lyme  is  governed  Hy  i  Jhiiy- 
or,  and  sends  two  memhirs  ti>  parlia- 
ment. It  is  28  miles  K  by  S  of  Exeler, 
and  143  VV  by  S  of  London.  Luii.  3  0 
W,  lat.  53  40  JJ. 

Ljtnhigton,  H  borough  and  seaport  in 
Hants,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  about  a  mile  from  the  channel 
called. tlie  Needles,  and  the  harbour 
wdl  admit  ves.sels  of  considerable  bur> 
den.  It  is  seated  uh  a  high  hill,  aoit 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  ai\a' 
1$  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  12  mifes 
.S  S  W  of  Southampton,  and  90  S  VV  of 
London.     Lon.  1  42  W,  lat,  50  45  N. 

Lynchburg,  a  post  town  in  Bedford 
county,  Virginia ;  situated  on  the  S 
.lide  of  James  river,  liy  miles  W  ot 
liichmuiid,  and  128  VV  by  N  of  Peter^' 
burg.  , 

L.nJhurtt,  a  villag^e  in  faints,  in  the 
lit\ir  Forest  Here  is  a  seat,  which' 
belongs  to  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  at 
lord  wtrden  of  the  New  Forest.  It  it 
seven  miles  N  of  Lymington. 

Lynn,  a  town  in  Esisex  county,  fitai- 
saclmsetts,  famous  fcr  the  manufactory 
of  women's  slioes,  and  contains  '283j^ 
inhabitants.  It  Was  a  post  office,  and  19 
sitiidted  10  m'le.s  N  E  of  Boston,  and  5 
SW  of  Salem,  ill  the  lat  0(^2°  28'  1^, 
and  loll,  of  70°  52'  VV. 

Ziin  Jfegit,  or  King's  Lynn,  a  00- 
rou)fli  ahd  seaport  in  NoifiJk,  with  a 
mai-ket  oii  Ti^esday  and  Saturday.  Thel 
situation  of  this  town  near  the  fall  oi* 
the  Oiise  into  the  sea,  after  having  re- 
ceived si^veral  other  r'.vers,  of  which 
suihe  ai^  navigable,  gi\  es  it  an  oppor- 
tunity of  extending  its  trade  into  eight 
difTcrent  counties,  by  which  many  con- 
sideraibt^  cities  and  towns,  viz.  Peter* 
botougli,  Ely,  Stamford,  Bedford,  6%. 
IVe'si  Huntingdon,  St.  Neot's,  North- 
ampton, Cambridge,  St.  Edmunsbury,' 
and  the  N  part  of  Bucks,  as  well  as  the 
inland  patis  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  are 
supplied  witli  heavy  goods,  nut  only  of 
home  produce,  as  coals  and  salt  from 
Ne^vcastle,  but  also  of  jnerchandislB 
imported  from  abroad,  especially  wine, 
of  which  two  articles,  viz.  coals  and 
wine,  this  is  the  greatest  port  for  im- 
portation of  anyplare  on  all  the  eastern 
coast  of  England;  and  those  wherein 
the  Lynn  merchants  deal  more  largely 
than  any  town  in  England,  except  Loii- 
don,  Bristol  and  New  Castle.  In  return 
for  this,  Lynn  receives  b.ick  all  the  corn 
which  the  counties  just  mentioned  pro-, 
diite,  for  exportAtlon  ;  and  thircibre' 


i^  I 


ii 


J 


L  Y  O 


MAC 


sienda  more  of  it  abroad  than  uny  port, 
except  Hull.  The  foreign  trade  of  the 
merchants  here  is  very  coiisidurubic,  es- 
pecially to  Holland,  Norwa),  and  the 
Baltic,  and  uUo  to  Spain  and  Portugal 
and  formerly  they  drove  a  good  trade 
to  France  till  it  vrat  turned  of!',  by^trea- 
ties  on  one  hand,  and  prohibitions,  high 
duties,  &c.  on  the  utlier,  to  Spain  and 
Portugal.  It  is  42  miles  WNW  of  Nor- 
wich,  and  106  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  24  £,lat.  52  48'n. 

Lyonoii,  a  late  province  of  France, 
which,  with  that  of  Forez,  forms  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Lyotu,  the  second  city  of  France  for 
beauty,  commerce,  and  opulence.  It  is 
the  capital  uf  the  department  of  Rhone 
and  Li>ire,and  is  neatedutthe  confluence 
of  the  Rhone  and  Saone.  It  was  founded 
about  the  year  42  B.  C.  by  the  Romans 
who  made  it  the  centre  of  the  commerce 
of  the  Gatds.  About  the  year  145,  it  was 
totally  destroyed  by  fire,  but  was  rebuilt 
by  the  muniflcence  of  Nero.  Many  anti- 
quities are  still  observed,  that  evince 
its  Roman  origin.  Lyons  is  the  see  of 
an  archbishop,  and  before  its  recent  ca- 
lamities contained  15O,U0O  inhabitants, 
upward  of  30,000  of  wliom  were  em- 
ployed in  various  manufactures,  parti- 
cularly of  rich  stuWs,  of  tJie  most  ex- 
quisite workmanship,  in  silk,  gold,  sil- 
ver, 8cc.  The  quays  were  adorned  with 
magnificent  structures.  The  Hotel- 
de-villc  vied  with  that  of  Amsterdam  ; 
cud  the  theatre  was  not  surpassed  by 
any  in  France.'  The  other  principal 
public  buildings  were  the  Hotel  de 
Dieu,  the  Hospital  of  Charity,  the  Ex- 
change, the  Custom-house,  tlie  Palace 
of  Justice,  the  Arsenal,  a  public  libra- 
ry, and  two  colleges.  I'he  bridge, 
which  unites  the  city  with  the  suburh 
dc  la  Guillutiere,  is  1560  feet  long ;  and 
there  are  three  other  principal  suburbs, 
sis  gates,  and  several  fine  churches. 
Such  W.1S  L}'ons  before  the  fatal  year 
1793,  when  the  mischiefs  of  the  revo- 
lution were  poured  upon  this  devoted 
city  in  all  their  horrors.  In  June  1793 
it  revolted  against  the  national  conven- 
tion, and  being  obliged  to  surrender  in 
October  following,  became  a  prey  to 
the  merciless  victors,  who  satiated 
their  i-agc  by  barbarities  for  which  lan- 
guage lias  no  name.  It  is  reckoned  that 
not  less  tlian  70,000  in  this  city  alone 
were  citlier  massacred  or  forced  into 
exile.  It  was  also  decreed  by  the  con- 
t'^tion  tUftt  the  wails  and  public  build- 


ii^a  of  l^yons  should  be  destroyed,  and 
the  name  of  the  city  changed  to  tiat  of 
Ville  Affranchie.  In  1794,  llOwe^«.■^,  on 
tiie  destruction  uf  the  faction  of  the 
Jacobins,  the  convention  decreed  that 
tlie  city  should  resume  its  ancient 
name,  and  that  measures  should  be  ta- 
ken to  restore  its  manufactures  and 
commerce.  This  city  is  X5  nulex  N  of 
Vienne,  and  220  S  £  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
55  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 


M. 


Jl^lATEA,  one  of  the  Society  isles  i» 
■*'^  tlie  Soutli  Sea.      See  Societj/  Itle*. 

Mabra,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Bona,  W 
of  the  town  of  Bona. 

JUacao,  a  town  of  China,  in  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Canton,  in  an  island  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Canton.  It  is  de- 
fended by  three  forts.  The  Portuguese 
have  been  in  possession  of  the  harbour 
since  1640.  They  pay  a  tribute  of 
100,000  ducaU  for  the  liberty  of  choos- 
ing their  own  magistrates,  exercising 
their  religion,  and  living  according  to 
their  own  Uws  ;  and  here,  accordingly, 
is  a  Portuguese  governor,  as  well  a> 
a  Chinese  mandarin,  to  take  care  of  the 
town  and  thi-  neighbouring  country. 
Lon.113  46E.lat.  22  12  N 

Macartca,  a  seaport  of  Dalmatia, 
with  a  pretty  good  harbour  and  a  bish- 
op's see ,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
25  miles  S  E  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  18  7  £, 
lat.  43  49  N 

Macattar^  a  kingdom-  of  Celebes, 
whence  thi.t  bland  is  called  Macassar. 
See  Celebes. 

Macattar,  a  large  towp  of  the  island 
of  Celebes,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  "the  houses  are  all  of 
wood,i  supported  by  tldck  posts,  and 
the  roofs  covered  witli  very  large 
leaves  ;  they  have  ladders  to  ascend  in- 
to tliem,  which  tliey  dra-w  up  as  .soon 
a&  they  have  entered.  It  is  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  a  large  TWfii",  which  cuna 
through  the  kiitgdoin  from  Nto  Si  Lon. 
117  28E,  lat.5  0S,.  , 

Maccletfield,  a  corporate  town  in 
'Cheshire,  witli  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  seated  at  the  edge  of  a  forest  of  the 
same  name,  near  tlie  river  Bolin,  audi 
governed  by  a  mayor.  It  has  manufac- 
turea,of  mohair,  twist,  hatbands,  but- 
tons, and  thread;    and  mills  for  the 


AC 


MAC 


MAD 


luld  be  destroyed,  knd 
:ity  changed  to  that  of 
Ii\  1794.  liowe^cr,  on 
uf  tlie  iiictiuii  of  the 
nventioii  decreed  l)tat 
resume  its  undent 
leasures  should  be  ta- 
its  manuractures  and 
I  city  is  15  nuleH  N  of 
S  £  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
f. 


M. 


of  the  Society  isles  i» 
ca.  See  Society  Iila. 
m  of  the  kingdom  of 
n  the  gulf  of  Bona,  W 
na. 

of  China,  in  tlie  pro- 
n  an  isbind  at  the  en- 

of  Canton.  It  is  de- 
irts.  The  Portuguese 
ession  of  the  harbour 
ey  pay  a  tribute  of 
ir  tlie  liberty  of  choos- 
agistrates,  exercising 
d  living  according  to 
and  here,  accordingly, 
governor,  as  well  as 
'in,  to  take  care  of  the 
eighbuuring  country. 
t.  22  12  N 

aport  of  Dalmatia, 
1  harbour  and  a  bish- 
)n  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
palatro.    Lon.  18  7  £, 

ingdom.  of  Celebes, 
d  is  called  Macassar. 

e  tow^^  of  the  island 

of  a  kingdom  of  the 

le  houses  are  all  of 

by  tliick  posts,  and 

ed    vritli    very   larg^ 

ladder*  to  ascend  in- 

liey  draw  up  as  .soon 

:ed.    It  is  seated  near 

ge  ^iv^r,  vhicb  cuns. 

iomfrom  Nto  8i  L<on. 

corp<)rat«  town  in 
narket  on  Monday.  It 
Ige  of  a  forest  of  the 
Uie  river  Bolin,  uiid. 
yot.  It  has  manufuc- 
twist,  hatbands,  but- 
ai)d  mills   for  tht 


«vinding  of  silk.  It  is  36  mile*  E  of 
Chester,  and  171  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  17  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Macedonia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in ; 
Europe  t  bounded  on  the  N  by  Servia 
and  Bulgaria,  on  the  £  by  Romania  and  : 
the  Archipelago,  on  the  S  by  Livadia, ! 
and  on  the  W  by  that  counti-y  and  Al- 
bania.    Salonichi  is  the  capital. 

Macerata,  a  handsome  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona, 
with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  university.  It 
b  seated  near  the  mountain  Cinento,  12 
miles  S  W  of  Loretta  Lon.  13  27  E, 
lat.  43  20  K. 

Murchecou,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Bretogne,  seated  on  the 
Tenu,  20  miles  S  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1 
11  W,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Macherrj,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  pro- 
per, situate  in  the  province  of  Mewat, 
about  72  miles  distant  from  Delhi. 

Machian,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands, 
20  miles  in  circumference,  and  tlie  most 
fertile  of  them  all.  It  produces  the 
best  cloves,  and  the  Dutch  have  here 
three  inaecessible  forts.  Lon.  126  55 
E,  lat  0  2  S. 

Machieaco,  a  promontorr  of  Spain,  in 
the  bay  of  Biscay.  Lon.  SOW,  lat.  43 
37  N. 

Mackynletk,  a  town  in  Mont  ornery- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Monda/,  seated 
on  the  Douay,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge  leading  into  Merionethshire.  It 
is  37  miles  W  of  Montgomerv,  and  198 
N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  52 
24  N. 

Macieran,  a  province  of  Persia, 
boimded  on  the  N  by  Segestan,  and  Sa- 
blestan,  on  the  E  by  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, on  the  S  by  the  Arabian  Sea,  and 
on  the  W  by  Kerman.  It  is  tributary 
to  the  king  of  Candahar,  and  the  capi- 
tal, of  the  same  name,  is  100  miles 
N  W  of  Tatta.  Lon.  66  0  E,  lat.  26  0 
N. 

Macaco,  a  kingdom  of  AfHca,  in  E- 
thiopia  to  the  £  of  Congo,  and  S  of  the 
equator.  The  Portuguese  carry  on  a 
triide  with  the  iubwitants  for  slaves, 
elephants'  t^eeth  and  copper. 

Macon,  Ok  ancient  town  of  Fnuiue,  in 
the  department  of  Saone,  and  Loire 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  lately 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
good  wine  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a  hill,  near  the  Saone,  35  mile* 
N  of  Lyons,  and  188  S  E  of  Paris. 

Manet,  a  river   of  Africa^    which 


run*  acrocs  the  k.ngdora  of  Tripoli, 
and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  a  lit* 
tie  to  the  E  of  Lcbcda. 

Macri,  an  ancient  town  of  Samos,  in 
the  Archi(>clkgo. 

Macro,  or  Macrxmittc,  an  island  of 
tlie  Archi]>ela^o,  neiu-  the  coast  of  Li- 
vadia, 20  miles  £  of  Athens. 

Macuna,  one  of  the  Navig-.itora 
Islaiuls,  in  Uie  S  Pacific  ocean.  Here 
M,  de  la  Pcj  rouse,  comniander  of  the 
French  ships,  the  Bouasoule  aiul  As- 
trolabe, on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  met  ■ 
with  a  di-eadful  accident ;  M.  dc  Lan- 
gle,  the  captain  of  the  Astrolabe,  with 
eiglit  officers  and  five  sailors,  being 
inaKsacred  by  the  natives.  Lon.  169  0 
W,  lat.  14  19  S. 

Maczua,  a  small  island  on  the  Red 
Sea,  n^:ar  the  coast  of  Abex. 

Madagatcar,  a  large  island  of  Africa, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  in  1493- 
It  lies  40  leagues  E  of  the  continent  of 
Africa,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  strait  of  Mosambique.  It  extends 
?'J0  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  is  from  200 
to  300  broad.  The  natives  are  com- 
monly tall,  well  made,  of  an  olive  com- 
plexion, and  some  of  them  pretty  black. 
They  are  a  civil  and  good  natured  peo- 
ple but  easily  provoked,  and  apt  to 
shew  their  resentment  on  the  least  pro- 
vocation. Their  hair  i\i  not  woolly,  like 
that  of  tlie  negroes  of  Guinea;  but  it  is 
always  black,  and  for  the  most  part 
curls  naturally:  th^ir  nose  ia  small 
though  not  flat,  and  they  have  notthick 
lips.  They  have  no  cities  or  towns, 
but  a  great  number  of  villages  a  small 
distance  from  each  other.  I'heir  Louses 
are  pitiful  huts,  witliout  windows  or 
chimnies,  and  the  roofs  covered  with 
reeds  or  leaves.  All  the  women  of  Ma- 
dagascar, eitcept  the  poorest  sort,  wear 
a  covering  over  tbeirbreasts  and  shoul- 
ders, ornamented  witli  glass  beads,  and 
none  go  without  a  cloth  about  their 
loins  ;  the  men  areallowed  polygamy. 
Both  men  and  women  are  fondof  brace- 
lets and  necklaces,  and  they  anoint 
their  bodies  with  stinking  grease  or  oil. 
There  are  a  great  many  petty  kings, 
whose  riches  consist  in  cuttle  and 
slaves,  and  they  are  always  at  wai'  vith 
each  other.  It  is  hard  to  say  what  their 
religion  is,  for  they  have  neither 
churches  nor  priests.  They  have  no 
fiiles  relating  to  niairiage,  for  the  mea 
and  women  cohabit  together  for  some 
time,  and  then  leave  each  other  as  free- 
ly again.    Here  are  a  great  number  of 


MAD 

locusts,  rrocodllds,  caititlions,  and 
otiier  uniinuls  common  to  Africa.  Tlie 
abuniliiiuc  uiiil  variety  of  pro- isioim  of 
cvi-ry  kind,  which  a  fine  rliiiiate  and 
fertile  Soil  can  prrKluce  arc  im  no  purt  of 
Ihf  globe  Hiiperior  totlioscdf  Ma<iaj;as- 
ear.  1  he  French  have  atteitipteil  to 
•ettlc  here,  but  liave  always  bi  en  re- 
pfllcd.  'I'here  an  only  gome  parts  on 
thr  ( ()!i«t  yet  known.  Lut.  from  1'2  to 
26"  S. 

Maikira,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Cccaii,  120  mill  H  i!icii'ciin*ference,  and 
240  N  In  K  of  1  emritf .  In  141'.,,  when 
tlic  PoVtnjfiiese,  idei  t)  e  p-itronajje  of 
prince  Henry,  liad  made  tlieir  second 
voy'.,';e  to  tlieir  ree<Mitly-vli.icovered 
Island  of  Porto.Sunli),  they  observed  to- 
V.'!"J"d»  t.ne  S,  a  fixed  s]»ol  in  the  hori- 
zon, iike  u  small  black  cloud.  By  de- 
crees, they  were  ledte  conjecture  that 
it  n>i(jht  be  hmd,  and  steerin;''  toward 
it,  they  arrived  at  a  consi.lojibli-  island, 
atiinhabited,  and  covered  wir'.i  wotid, 
T^rhich  on  that  account,  they .  idlei.'.  fla- 
dcira.  P  '.ncc  Henry,  the  ne.xt  vuar, 
settled  A  colony  li^re,  and  noi  only  fur- 
nished it  with  the  seed.:  and  plants,  and 
domestic  animals  common  in  Europe, 
but  he  procured  slips  of  the  vine  from 
Cyprus,  llic  rich  wines  of  which  were 
then  in  great  i-equest,  and  plants  of  the 
iti^ar-canc  from  Sicily,  into  which  it 
had  been  lately  introduced.  These 
throve  so  prosijci-ously,  that  the  sugar 
■nd  wine  of  Madeira  quickly  became 
«rtlcli?8  of  some  cehSequence  in  the 
commefce  of  Povtiig'al ;  butits  wine,  in 
particvdar,  is  in  the  highest  estimation, 
especially  such  as  has  l)een  a  voyage  to 
the  East  or  West  Indies,  for  it  matures 
best  in  the  hottest  climate.  The  scorch- 
ing heat  of  summer,  and  the  icy  chill  of 
•winter,  are  here  equally  unknown  ;  for 
spring  and  Autumn  reign  continually, 
and  pfoduce  flowers,  and  fruits  through- 
out the  year.  Many  brooks  and  small 
rivulets  descend  .rom  the  mjuntains  in 
deep  chasitisi  or  jrlens,  whicn  separate 
the  various  parts  of  the  island.  The 
beds  of  t'le  broo!>s  are  in  soni?  places 
covered  with  stones  of  all  jizcj,  earned 
down  from  the  higher  parts  by  the  vio- 
lence of  winter  rains  or  floods  ot'  melted 
•luiw.  The  water  is  crmdurted  by 
•wears  and  ohann^ls  in  the  vineyards, 
where  each  proprietor  has  the  usoot  it 
for  a  certain  tunc  ;  some  biingaihiwed 
to  ke.p  a  corst.mt.  .stip])ly  of  it,  sonieto 
ase  it  thric<;,  others  twice,  and  othera 
«itly  i'ttCG  u  :vcek.    As  the  Ucat  oi'  the 


MAS 


I  Cliirlate  renders  this  supply  of  water  to 
the  \intjiiids  ui).soliitel>  necessarv ,  it 
IS  not  without  great  expente  that  4 
now  vineyard  can  be  planted  :  for  the 
maintenance  of  which,  the  owners  niusi 
ptireiiHsc  water  at  a  high  price,  froVrt 
tl«>se  who  are  Constantly  supplied,  and 
are  thus  enabled  to  spare  Some  of  it, 
'1  he  cedar  tree  is  ioiind  in  great  abun- 
dwiee,  and  extremely  bea^'tifid;  most 
of  tl>e  ceiffings  and  furniture  at  Madeira 
are  made  of  that  wood,  v^hich  _\  lelds  a 
very  fragrant  smell.  The  dragon  tre6 
is  a  native  of  tiiis  island.  Fl  iwerir 
nursed  in  th  ■  English  greenho-.ised 
grow  wild  here  in  the  fields  ;  the  hedg- 
es arc  mostly  ibrmed  of  the  mjrtle; 
rose,  jasmiiK',  and  honeysuckle  ;  white 
the  lark-spur,  tieur-de-lis,  lupin,  &c, 
springupspontaneoiisl)  In  the  meadowii. 
There  are  vwy  few  reptiles  to  be  seen 
in  the  island  ;  the  lizard  is  the  most 
comnum.  Canary  birds  and  goldfmcheif 
are  found  in  the  mountains;  of  the  for- 
mer miibbers  are  sent  every  \ear  to 
England.  This  island  is  well  watered 
and  populous.  FnnChal  is  llie  capital. 

Madia,  or  Maggia,  a  town,  river,- 
valley,  and  bailiwic  of  Swisserland,  in 
Upper  V'allais.  The  valley  is  long  and 
narrow,  hetwetn  h.gh  motmtains.  Wa- 
tered tliroughout  its  whole  length  by 
the  river ;  and  it  is  the  fourth  transal- 
pine bailiwic.  The  to'wn  is  I'U  nil^iif 
N  W  of  LocRrno. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  the  prin- 
cipal .settlement  of  the  English  East 
India  Company  on  the  E  •;ideol'the  pe- 
ninsula of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandel.  It  is  a  fortress  of  great 
strength,  including  within  it  a  regular 
well-built  city.  It  is  eioseon  the  mar- 
gin of  the  buv  of  Bengal,  from  wuich  it 
has  a  rich  and  beaiititVil  appearance ; 
the  houses  being  covered  with  a  stucco' 
called  chunam,  which  is  nearly  "..h  com- 
pact as  the  iinest  marble,  and  liears  aS 
iiigh  a  polish.  They  consist  of  long* 
colonnades,  with  open  porticos,  and 
flat  roof.  •  and  the  city  contains  mahy 
handsome  and  spaciokts  rirn-ts.  Bi.f 
tlie  inner  apartments  of  the  houses  are 
not  hi;;hly  decorated,  presentingto  the 
eye  only  wliite  waits  ;  which,  however, 
from  the  marble-like  anpeahmce  of  the 
stucco,  give  a  freshness  grateful  In  so 
hot  a  country.  Ceilings  are  '-?ry  uncom- 
■iion  in  ihe  rooms  J  it  ueing  impossible 
t<>  find  i^y  wl'.ich  will  resist  the  rava- 
!  gos  of  th  ;  white  ant.  These  animali 
'  arecluefly  iormidftbie  iicm  the  imioen- 


iJL 


I  A  D 


1  this  supply  of  water  td 
ii).s()liitely  nece»9Hr\ ,   it 

great  c'Xponte  Hint  k 
an  lie  planted  :  fur  the 
wliii'li,  the  owiicrs must 
■  at  a  liiffU  piire,  frott 
ioiistaiitU  supplied,  and 
L'd  tT  spare  Some  of  it, 

is  foiiiul  ill  great  abun- 
reiiiely  beaitifiil;  most 
ind  furniture  at  Madeira 
at  wood,  \*hicli  jields  a 
mell.     Tile  drajfoii  trei 

tills     island.     Fl  iweril 

•  En)r|ish    pi'eeuliousei 

•  in  the  fields  ;  the  hedg- 
ibrmcd  of  the  myrtle; 

and  honeysuckle ;  whil*f 

tleur-dc-lis,  lupin,  &c. 
meousls  in  the  meadowi. 
r  few  reptiles  to  be  seen 

the  li/urd  is  the  most 
iry  birds  and  goldfmchei 
c  mountains)  of  the  for- 

are  sent  every  \ear  to 
8  island  is  well  wutcr«S4 
Fnnfhul  is  llie  capital. 
Maggia,  a  town,  river, 
liwic  of  Swiftsefland,  in 
The  T  alley  is  long  and 
;in  \hg\t  moimtains,  W»- 
out  its  whole  length  by 

it  is  the  fourth  transal- 

The  town  is  I'O  nileil' 
no. 

Fort  St.  George,  the  prin- 
nt  of  the  English  East 
f  on  the  E  -Ideoj'the  pe- 
doostan,  on  the  cnast  of 

It  is  a  tbrtress  of  great 
iding  within  it  a  regular 
It  •  is  close  on  the  mar- 
of  Bengal,  from  wi.ich  it 
d  beautitVil  appeiu-ftiice  ; 
ng  covered  with  a  stucco' 
,  which  is  nearly  -.s  com- 
est  marble,  and  hears  as 
They  con»i»l  cf  Uin(r 
with  open  porticos,  and 
I  the  city  contarns  mahy 
I  spacious  ■■-iii-ts.  Bi.t' 
.ments  of  the  houses  are 
orated,  presentingto  the 
:  walls  ;  which,  however, 
lie-like  aopcahmcc  of  the 
I  freshness  grateful  in  so 

CeHings  are  'sry  uncorh- 
>ms  ;  it  ijeing  impossible 

ich  will  resist  the  rava- 
litc  aut.  These  animals 
liidttfak  froai  the  imincn- 


MAD 

»ity  of  their  npmbcrs,  which  ore  such 
as  to  destroy,  in  one  night's  time,  a 
ceiling  of  any  dimensions,  and  it  isttie 
wiHid  work  which  serves  for  the  basis 
of  the  ceilings,  such  as  the  laths,  beams. 
Sic.  that  these  insects  attack.  "  Ihc 
approach  to  Madi-as,  fr.mi  the  sea  (says 
Mr.  Hodges)  uhers  to  the  eye  an  ap- 
pearance similar  to  wliat  we  in.'iy  con- 
ceive of  a  Grecian  city  in  the  age  of 
Alexander.  The  clear,  blue,  cloudless 
sky,  the  polished,  wliite  buildings,  the 
bright  sandy  beach,  and  tiic  dark  green 
sea,  present  a  combination  totally  new 
to  the  eye  of  an  Englishman,  just  ar- 
rive! from  London,  who,  accustomed 
to  the  sight  of  rolling  masses  of  clouds 
floating  in  a  damp  atmosphere,  cannot 
but  contemplate  the  diflerence  with  de- 
light: and  the  eye  being  thus  gratified, 
the  mind  s^iiii  assumes  a  gay  and  tran- 
quil habit,  analogous  to  the  pleasing 
objects  with  which  it  is  surrourdcd. 
Some  time  before  the  ship  arrives  at 
iter  anchoring  ground,  sh'.i  is  hailed  ty 
the  boats  of  tlie  country  filled  with  peo- 
ple of  business,  who  come  in  crowds 
on  board.  This  is  the  moment  in  which 
an  European  feels  Ute  great  distinction 
between  Asia  and  his  own  country. 
The  rustling  of  fine  linen,  and  th?  ge- 
neral hum  of  unusual  conversation,  pre- 
jcnts  to  his  mind  for  a  moment  the  idea 
of  an  assembly  of  females.  When  he 
ascends  upon  the  deck,  be  is  struck 
with  tlie  long  njuslin  di-csses,  and  black 
faf  e.s  aflorned  with  very  large  gold  ear- 
rings and  white  tiu'bans.  The  first  sa- 
lutation he  receives  from  these  stran- 
gers is  by  ben'Jing  their  bodies  very 
low,  touching  the  deck  with  the  back 
of  the  hand,  and  the  forehead  three 
times.  The  natives  first  seen  in  India 
by  the  European  voyager  are  Hindoos, 
the  original  inhabitants,  of  the  penin- 
sula in  this  part  of  India  they  are 
delicately  framed  ;  their  hajids,  in  par- 
ticular; are  more  like  those  of  tender 
♦caiajes  ;  and  do  not  appear  to  be  what 
is  consid^^red  a  proper  proportion  to 
the  re.st  of  the  person,  which  is  usually 
above  the  middle  size.  Correspondent 
to  this  delicacy  of  .ippearance,  arq  their 
manners:  mild,  tranquil,  andsedulous- 
I..  attentive ;  in  this  last  respect  they 
Hre  indeed  ren^arkablc,  as  tliey  never 
interrupt  any  person  who  is  speaking, 
but  wait  patiently  till  he  has  concluded  ; 
and  Cicn  an.swer  with  the  most  per- 
fect respect  and  composure.  From  the 
ship  a  stranger  is  conveyed  on  shore  in 


MAD 

a  boat  of  the  country,  called  a  Mai* 
soolali  boat  ;  a  work  of  curious  construc- 
tion, and  well  calci  lated  to  elude  th« 
violent  shocks  of  the  surf,  that  breakii 
here  wilii  ^leat  violence:  they  arc 
formed  without  a  keel,  flat  boltnined, 
with  the  sides  raiserl  liigli,  are  sewed 
together  with  the  iibrcs  of  the  cocoa- 
nut  tree,  an.l  caulked  with  the  sam* 
material ;  they  are  remarkably  liglit, 
and  are  managed  with  great  dexterity 
by  the  natives  ;  they  arc  usually  attend- 
ed by  two  Kati.ii  lar  :ns  (rafts)  p:iddled 
hy  one  man  each,  li.c  inleiition  of  which 
is,  that,  should  the  boat  hr-  ovci'set  by 
the  violence  of  tlie  surf,  t'nc  persons  in, 
it  may  be  preserved.  The  bout  is  driv- 
en, as  the  sailors  sa\,  high  and  dry  s 
and  the  passengers  an*  landed  on  a  fine, 
sandy  be  ich  ;  and  immediately  enter 
the  fort  of  Madras.  The  appearance  of 
the  natives  is  exceedingly  varicil ;  sorie 
are  wholly  naked,  and  others  so  cl:)th- 
ed,  that  nothing  but  the  face  and  reck 
is  to  be  discovered :  besides  thi",  the 
European  is  struck  with  many  other  ob- 
jects, such  as  women  curried  on  men's 
shoulders,  on  palankeens,  and  men  ri- 
ding on  horseback  clothed  in  linen  dres- 
ses like  women;  which,  with  the  very 
difiercnt  face  of  the  country  from  all  ha 
had  ever  tieen,  or  conceived  of,  excitA 
Uie  strongest  emotions  of  surprise  !" 
There  is  a  second  city,  called  the  Black 
Town,  sep:ir»ted  from  Madras  by  the 
breadth  of  a  proper  esplanade  (mly ; 
and,  although  near  four  miles  in  circuit, 
fortified  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent 
a  surprise  from  the  enemy's  horse  ;  an 
evil,  to  which  every  town  in  the  Car- 
natic  is  subject,  from  the  dryness  and 
evenness  of  the  coimtry.  Madras  was 
settled  by  the  English  aho<it  the  veaii 
1640.  It  was  taken  by  the  Fren<.h  in 
^746,  but  restored  in  1748.  The  pre- 
setit  fort,  which  was  erected  since  the 
destruction  of  Fort  St.  David,  in  1758, 
is,  perhaps,  one  of  the  best  foitrcsseg 
.in  the  possession  of  the  British  nation. 
Madras,  in  common  with  all  the  Euro- 
pean settlements  on  this  coast,  has  no 
port  for  shipping;  the  coast  forminjf 
nearly  a  straight  line  ;  and  it  is  incommo- 
ded dlso  with  a  high  and  dangerous 
surf  It  is  100  miles  N  by  E  of  Pondi. 
cherry,  758  S  E  of  Bombay,  and  1030 
S  W  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  80  25  E,  lat. 
13  5  N. 

Madrt'dt-Popa,  a  town  and  convent 
of  South  America,  in  T<MTa  Firma, 
seated  on  tlt«  Rio-Orandc,  30  miles  E 


L 


mfrfn  - 


MAD 


MAE 


!•..!: 


m 
11 


•f  Cart1i!ip:tia.  It  \h  almoit  m  much 
rcHoncil  t.>  by  pilgniits  'if  Atufiica, 
a,s  Lirctto  is  in  E.irope;  nud  ti'.cy  prc- 
tcri'i  tii^t  i:ie  ini<i)(c  of  tliu  Vir(,'iii  liau 
d.  If  u  j;;i'eui  miiiy  imrai'.lcs  in  fkvour 
oi  jic  scaf.irinjj  [>e(>plc.  Lon  76  0  W, 
Ibi.  iv/  4U  N. 

AI.i  JiJ,  the  capital  of  Spain,  in  New 
C  tDiiU'.  It  vras  formerly  uii  incopxider- 
ahl>:  place,  belongiiip  to  tlie  .rciibishop 
€>'  1  uicdo  ;  liiit  Ihe  purily  uf  the  airen- 
piigt;d  tlie  coiirt  to  remove  hither,  and 
It  la  ni'w  a  cnMsidtM'ahle  city,  and  very 
po|i(duiiit.  The  hou»t'!j  are  all  built  with 
bni  k,  and  the  iitreets  are  long,  brouil, 
and  Htrui^'lit,  and  itdm  iied,  at  pru|)er  dift- 
tance.s,  witli  handsome  fnuntainti.  There 
ar«(  abuve  lUU  towers  or  steeples,  in 
diilierent  placcN,  w'liclicuiiiribiite  great- 
ly to  ilie  embcliishnnent  of  the  city.  It 
is  seated  iit  a  large  pLiin,  surrounded 
by-  liigh  mountains,  but  has  no  wall, 
raoipurt,  ur  ditch.  'I'lic  royal  palace  is 
built  on  an  eminence,  at  the  extremity 
of  the  city  ;  and  as  it  is  but  two  stories 
high,  it  does  not  make  any  extraordi- 
wipy  app<-i4raiice.  A  fire  happened  in 
17J4,  which  almost  reduced  it  .  alies. 
Ttte  ftpcHt  square  in  Madrid  is  the 
Placa  Mayor,  or  Market  place,  which 
is  surrwrnded  with  300  houses,  five 
stories  high,  all  of  an  eq<iiU  height  ; 
every  story  being  adorned  with  a  hand- 
some balcony,  and  the  fronts  supported 
hy  columns,  which  fiu'm  very  fine  ar- 
cades. Here  the  market  rs  held ;  and 
here  they  lukve  their  famous  bull-liglits. 
The  finest  houses  have  no  gWs  win- 
diiws,  there  being  only  lattices  in 
|dsce  of  them.  Casa-del-Campo,  is  a 
royal  house  of  pleasure,  a  little  more 
than  half  a  mile  from  Madrid,  with  ve- 
ry fine  gardens,  pleasant  walks,  and  a 
great  many  uncoinmcm  animals,  fiuen 
Retiro  is  another  royal  palac«  near  tiie 
city,  and  is  a  proper  place  to  retire  to 
in  tlie  heat  of  summer,  there  being  a 
great  number  of  fish-jxmds,  grottis, 
tents,  groves,  and  hermitages.  Ma- 
drid is  seated  on  the  river  Manzanares, 
which,  though  small,  is  adorned  with 
two  magnificent  bridges.  It  is  265 
miles  N  E  of  Lisbtm.  590  S  by  VV  of 
London,  and  625  S  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  20  ^V,  lat  40  25  N. 

Madrid,  Jffew,  a  city  in  a  new  Spanish 
settlement,  in  Louisiana,  on  tlie  Mis- 
sissippi, opposite  tlie  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 
Tlie  people  here  enjoy  a  free  toleration 
in  religion. 

Madrigal^  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 


I  Castile,  seated  in  a  plain,  fertile  inex- 
I  celient  wine,  lU  miles  from  Medina-del 
Campo.   Lon.  4  19  VV,  lat  41  25  N. 

Muirigitl,  a  tcwn  of  South  America, 
in  thi*  province  of  Popayan.  Lon.  75 
45  VV,  Int.  0  50N. 

Mtidriaii),  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  stale  of  VAiice,  32  miles  from  Ve- 
nice. 

Miidrngam,  a  large  town  of  Africa, 
capital  oi'Monomotapa,  with  a  spacious 
royal  jiulace.  The  upper  part  of  the 
ho.iscs  is  in  the  shape  of  a  bell.  Lon. 
31  40  C.  lat.  18  OS. 

Midura,  a  large  town,  and  capita! 
of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
Indian  Sea.     Lon.  12  49  E,  lat.  9  50  N- 

Madura,  a  town  of  tlie  Carnatic,  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  130  miles 
N  bv  E  of  Cape  Comorin,  and  300  S  S 
VV  of  Madras.  Lon.  78  12  E,  lat.  955  N. 

Maeltr,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  situated 
between  <he  provinces  of  VV'estmania 
and  Sudermania,  containing  several  fine 
islands.  It  is  usually  frozen  during  a 
few  weeks  in  winter,  and  an  easy  com- 
munication is  opened  by  means  of 
sledges,  between  the  interior  parts  of 
Sweden  and  the  city  of  Stockholm 

Mueittrom,  a  very  extraordinary  and 
dangerous  whirlpool,  on  the  coast  of 
Norway,  in  68°  N  lat.  in  the  province 
of  Nordland  and  district  of  Lofoden, 
near  the  island  of  Moskoe,  whence  it 
is  also  named  ilfofiontrom.  The  moun- 
tain of  Helseggen,  in  Lofoden,  lies  a 
league  from  the  island  of  Moskoe,  and 
between  these  two,  runs  this  large  and 
dreadful  stream,  the  depth  of  which  is 
from  36  to  40  fat>ioms.  When  it  is 
flood,  the  stream  runs  up  the  country 
between  Lofoden  and  Moskoe  with  a 
boisterous'  rapidity  :  but  the  roar  of  its 
impetuous  ebb  to  the  »<"a  is  scarce  e- 
qualied  by  the  loudest  and  most  dread- 
ful cataracts  ;  and  the  vortices  or  pits 
are  of  such  an  extent  and  depth,  that 
if  a  ship  comes  within  its  attraction,  it 
is  inevitably  absorbed  and  carried  down 
to  the  bottom,  and  there  beat  to  pieces 
against  the  rocks ;  and  when  the  water 
relaxes,  the  fragments  thereof  are 
thrown  up  again.  But  these  intervals 
of  tranquillity  are  only  at  the  turn  of 
the  ebb  and  flood,  ani'  calm  weather  i 
and  last  but  a  quarter  of  an  luMir,  its 
violence  gradually  returning.  When 
the  stream  is  most  boisterous,  and  its 
fury  heightened  by  a  storm,  it  is  dan- 
gerous to  come  within  six  miles  of  it  t 


c.) 


A  E 

in  It  plain,  fertile  inei' 
miles  from  Medina-clel 

19  \V,  Ut.  41  25  N. 
wn  of  Soutli  America, 

of  Popayan.     Lon.   75 

mall  town  of  Italy,  in 
ice,  33  miles  from  Ve- 

large  town  nf  Africa, 
totapa,  with  a  apHcioua 
'he  tipper  part  of  the 
shape  of  a  bell.  Lon. 
OS. 

rge  town,  and  capital 
the  same  nanoe,  in  the 
n.  12  49  E,  Int  9  50  N, 
vn  of  Uie  Carnatic,  ca- 
ice  of  tlie  same  name, 
Corontandel,  130  mtlei 
Comoriii,  and  300  S  S 
on.  7812E,  lat.  955N. 
e  of  Sweden,  situated 
ovinces  of  Westmania 
containing  several  fine 
iBually  frozen  during  » 
nter,  and  an  easy  com- 
spened  by  means  of 
n  the  interior  parts  of 
city  of  Stockholm 
very  extraordinary  and 
Ipool,  on  the  coast  of 
N  lat.  in  the  province 
1  district  of  Lofoden, 
of  Muskoe,  whence  it 
otioettrotn.  The  moun- 
ren,  in  Lofoden,  lies  a 
island  of  Moskoe,  and 
wo,  runs  this  large  and 
the  depth  of  which  is 
fat^ioms.  When  it  is 
n  runs  tip  the  country 
;n  and  Moskoe  with  a 
ty  :  but  the  roar  of  its 
:o  the  sra  is  scarce  e- 
udest  and  most  dread- 
nd  the  vortices  or  pita 
xtent  and  depth,  that 
iritlun  its  attraction,  it 
rbed  and  carrie<l  down 
nd  there  beat  to  pieces 
and  when  the  water 
agments  thereof  are 
But  these  intervals 
only  at  tlie  turn  of 
d,  an<'  cftlm  weather; 
[juarter  of  an  hour,  its 
lly  returning.  When 
nst  boisterous,  and  ita 
by  a  storm,  it  is  dan- 
nithin  six  miles  of  it  t 


MAE 

boali  and  shipn  having  been  carried  «- 
wa},  l>y  net  ^;iiariling  ngitiiiNt  it  before 
tllc^  wfi-c  within  its  rcucli.  U  likewisc 
hu|>{jeii)  frequently,  that  •svliales  rone 
tiMi  near  tlie  strcHiii,  and  are  oveijiow- 
orcd  In  its  violc'iRC  :  anil  then  it  is  iin 
pogsible  to  <lc»oi-ihf  the  noise  tlic'\ 
maki-  in  their  fruitless  stnipgles  todis 
engage  tiicnisitlvcs.  A  liuar  once  at- 
tempting to  swini  fi'om  Lofoden  to  Mos- 
koe, with  a  dcsijcn  of  preying  upon  the 
sheep  in  ttiut  i<iluMtl,  the  stream  caught 
him  and  bore  iiini  down,  while  lie  roar- 
oil  so  terribly,  as  to  be  heard  on  shore. 
Large  stiM'ko  of  fir  antl  pine  trees,  af- 
ter l)eing  abxoj  bud  by  the  current,  rine 
again,  bi-<iki-n  and  torn  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  if  bristles  grew  on  tliem.  This 
)ilainly  shews  the  bottom  to  consist  of 
craggy  rocks,  among  which  they  are 
wliii'led  to  and  fro. 

Matte,  or  MeuM,  a  river,  which 
takes  its  rise  in  France,  near  the  village 
of  Meuse,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Marne,  and  watering  Verdun,  Stcnay, 
Sedan,  Doncheri7,  Meziercs,  and 
Charlcville  i  enters  the  Nctlierlands  at 
Glvct,  flows  to  Charlenioiit,  Dinuut, 
Naniur,  Hiiy,  Liege,  Maestricht.  Hure- 
monde,  Vcnlo,  Grave,  Battenbiirg, 
Uavestein,  and  Voom,  where  it  is  join- 
ed by  the  Wahal.  At  Dort  it  divides 
into  four  principal  branches.  These 
form  the  isVands  of  Yssclmonde,  Voorn, 
and  OrerHackee,  and  enter  the  German 
ocean,  below  the  Briel,  Hclvoctsluys, 
:ind  Goree. 

Muvslandtlu^t,  k  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Holland,  7  miles  S  W  of 
Oelft.     Lon.  4  18  E,  lat.  51  57  N. 

Mae$tncht,  an  ancient  and  strong 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  about  i<'nir 
;niles  in  circumference.  Th«  inhabi- 
laiits  are  noted  fur  making  excellent 
tire-avms.  Both  papists  an^lprotestants 
iiic  allowed  ttie  free  exercise  of  their 
leligion,  and  the  magistrates  are  com- 
posed of  both.  It  is  Seated  on  the  Ma- 
tse,  opposite  Wyck,  %ith  ■which  it 
c  omminiicates  by  a  brlHge.  This  city  re- 
volted from  Spain  in  1570.  It  was  re- 
*aken  by  the  prince  of  Parma  in  1579. 
In  1632,  Frederics  Henry  t^rince  of  O 
range  reducetl  it,  aflcr  a  nw-moraljlR 
siege,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  thr 
Dutch  in  1648.  Lewis  XIV,  took  it  i;. 
1573  ;  William  prince  of  Orange  invest- 
ed it  in  vain,  in  1676;  but,  in  1678,  it 
was  restoretl  to  the  Dutch.  In  1748. 
it  was  besiegefl  by  the  French,  vht; 
were  permitted  to  take  possession  of  it 


MAG 

on  condition  of  its  being  restored  at  the 
peace  then  negociating.  In  17'.M,  it  was 
again  lake'ibx  the  French.  Maentriclit 
ij  15  miles  N  of  Liege,  ami  55  k  of 
Urussels.  Lon.  5  41  K,  lat.  50  52  N. 
Miiriyct,  a  town  of  Gertnany,  in  tho 
bislioprir.  of  Liege,  on  the  river  Macse, 
eight  miles  S  W  of  Ruremondc. 

Mjgacioxa,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  Afiica,  on  the 
roast  of  Ajan  i  seated  near  the  moiitli 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  defended 
by  a  citadel,  and  has  u  good  harbour. 
The  inhabitants  are  Maliometans.  Lon. 
44  0  E,  lat  2  30  N. 

MugJalen't  C'ax<e,  a  cave  of  Germany, 
in  Carinthia,  ten  miles  E  of  Gorit/. 
It  is  divided  into  several  apr.rtments, 
with  a  vast  number  of  pillars  formed  by 
nature,  which  give  it  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, they  being  as  white  as  snow,,' 
and  almost  transparent.  The  bottom  is 
of  the  same  substance. 

Magdeburg,  \i  diitchy  of  Gertnany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  SaXony,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  old  marchc  of  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  K  by  the  middle 
marchc,  on  the  S  by  Anhalt  and  Hal- 
berstadt,  and  on  the  W  by  Brunswick. 
The  parts  which  are  not  marshy  and 
overgrown  with  wood,  are  very  fertile. 
It  is  60  miles  in  length  and  30  iu 
bi-eadth,  and  belongs  to  the  king  of 
Prussia. 

MagiUburg,  a  large  and  ancient  city 
of  Germany,  capital  of  a  dutchyof  the 
same  name,  with  a  handsome  palace,  a 
fine  arsenal,  and  a  niagnificent  catlic- 
dral,  which  contains  the  superb  miiuso. 
lenmof  Otho  the  Great.  This  city  is 
iiappily  situated  fpr  trade  having  an  ea- 
sy c<mimunicatioh  with  Hamburg  by 
the  Elbe,  therefore  they  carry  on  man- 
ufactures of  cottoft,  linen,  he.  toagrcat 
extent,  but  their  principal  inerchai.disc 
is  silk  and  woollen.  It  is  the  strongest 
Vlsce  belonging  to  his  Prussian  majes- 
ty, where  his  principal  magazines  and  ' 
fwmlries  are  established.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  storm,  in  1631,  by  the  imperial 
general  TiHj.-,  who  burnt  the  town,  and 
massacred  tlie  inhabitants,  of  whom 
only  80  escaped  out  of  40,000 ;  and  ma. 
oy  young  wotnen  plunged  into  tlie  Elbe, 
h)  escape  violation,  ft  is  40  miles  W 
.>f  Brandenburg,  and  li5  S  E  of  Ham, 
burg.  Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  52  H  N. 
Afagdelena,  a  river  of  North  Ameri- 
>,  in  Louisiana.  It  has  its  .•jnuree  in 
;lic  mountains  which  separate  Louisiana 
from  New  Me:»ico,  and  falls  into  the 
Ff  f 


M  A  fl 


Pacifie  Orcnn  Ixl-iw  M:»lre  rlc  Potato 
tlie  S  W  of  ihc  l)uv  1.1  St.  l.iwis. 

AI  ^clUw,  a  ri.minii»  «trnit  u(  Soiitli 
Ann  I. HI,  (liNnivcri'il  ill  l.v:!0,  t)\  Mu- 
jfilliii,  u  P<irt'igue»c  in  the  mtv'icc  of 
Spiii",  Hiiii'i-  wliicli  tinif  it  liHS  been 
(.!,iU(l  throiip;)!  bv  mvi-rnl  ntiviiri't"!-*  j 
but  till'  |)ass;i(rc  hcini'  cli.M|;croim  iinil 
troi,l>l'>s  iiif ,  tliey  now  till  to  tlif  Fa- 
cifi.  CKean  roiiml  Cki)c  Horn.  The 
S,i:.ni!.l(l«  vM  tlic  loiintry  to  (lie  N  of 
tlii»  sl.nit  lit  rm  Magcllanica,  and  ri-clt- 
011  it  1.  1  art  ofCliili. 

jy.:;iorc,  or  Locjnio,  a  lake  of  Italy, 
nartl  in  till'  ilntchy  of  Milan,  and  parl- 
Iv  in  t!  t-  ronntry  oftlu-  Grlnons,  lu-intr 
abont  3J  niilfs  in  longth  and  six  in 
breadth 


M  A  I 

tnrtnthn  Into  the  bay  of  BenpfBl,  at  C«t- 
taiK  ;  these  moi.tliHform  an  nfiseinblaRW 
of  low  voo(l>  inlrJidti.  At  the  iiii.utli 
of  the  i«iin<'i|'id  fliiiiinel,  near  Faints 
Point,  is  a  fortified  wlund,  nHtned  Ca- 
ji,nn'  or  C<^<ljiin>r. 

MJtrattm,  two  Inrjfe  and  jovrertul 
KtatfSoV  liid',;.,  wb:<hilerivetlr  rnume 
from  M;.rhHt,  un  ancient  province  of 
the  Deceun.  TI.ey  an-  called  the  Pob- 
null,  or  VVrstirnMahrnttusi  and  tho 
Berar,  or  E:  I'lin.  ColUetivj  ly  tliey 
orenpy  all  the  S  part  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  with  a  large  jnoportion  of  the 
Jleeean.  Malwa,  Oiissa,  Candeish, 
und  Visiajionr  i  the  principal  parts  of 
Berar,  Gii/erat,  wd  Apmcre  i  and  a 
finiall  part  of  T Owlatabad,  Agra,  and 
AllMhabad.  are  comprised  within  their 


ALMano  a  small  hut  populoii*  town  empire,  which  extendn  tVom  sea  to  «e4, 
of  It  d  n  the  t  rritorv  of  the  pope,  nrrosn  the  wide.t  ,,urt  of  thepen.nBula, 
°;„l  i  i:.  tofSabm^  from   the  confines  of  Agra  north- 

tlVn  .»•  the  river  Tllu-r,  .10  miles  S  wai.l  to  the  river  K.shna  southward, 
T;,t  V".o  tt.,\.d  30  N  of  Rome,  formhiK  a  tract  of  IWO  miles  long  and 
1  J   1  - '-^K    lat  4"  ^5  N  700  broad.     The  v»e»tern  f^tate.    he  c». 

^M-.  'ct  a  tiwnof  Italv.  in  the  pital  of  v^hich  is  Poonah  is  divided .- 
Ferrt  '^"e  with  a  -rt.  sealed  at  the  mon^  a  number  of  chiefs  :><•  P"""'. 
StV  .r  tlie  lak.  of  Comachio.  in  the  wh.ose  obedience  to  the  pa.shwah.  or 
rid-  of  I    ee    18  miles  N  of  Ilavennft. ,  head,  liVe  that  of  the  German  prince. 

j^r'at  ;;:nyF:i:;.  intbedeJ  "^ir  ^f  in*  rets  begets  wars,  .^ 
m  tmcnt  t"  «eine  and  Oise  ,md  late  ,  only  between  the  numbers  of  the  em- 
pannKni   '"_,,.,,  39  miles    pire  themselves,  but   also  between  the 

?;  w''oVpai.Lm      Si  rflaT  49;  members  und  the   head.     Nagpon.-   i. 
?^v  !  the  capital  of  the  Eastern    Mahri.ttas. 

Ma,<ra  a  river  of  Italv,  which  rises 'B(,th  these  states,  with  tlic  "'^""'O* 
mSTwen^nes.  in  the  vallev  of  Ma- :  the  Deccan,  were  in  alliance  with  the 
inthe  ..pptniiiii   ,  rc„,..,«n«.    Rnu-lish    East    India   company,    m   th6 


era,  washes  Pont-Kemoliand  Sarzana, 
below  which  it  falls  into  the  Mcditcr- 
rancan. 

Mttgra,  a  vallev  in  the  diitchy  of  Tus- 
cany, 27  miles  in  length  and  15  m 
breadth. 

M<,SUfto»e,  a  lake  of  France,  m  the 
department  of  Heraiilt  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Langi'.cdoc,  near  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  which  is  seated  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  into  which 
the  lake  cnti  r.s  by  a  canal,  the  beffin- 
ninp  of  the  famous  canal  of  Languedoc. 
Mahadin  Sec  Elmadia. 
Maludeu.  a  town  of  EgyTt,  capital  0I 
Garhla.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  linen,  cottons,  and  sal-ammo- 
niac ;  and  the  inhabitants  have  ovens 
to  hatch  chickens.     Lon.  30  31  E,  lat. 

31  30  N.  ,  .  i- 

Mahanuddv,  w  Mnhanady,  a  river  ot 

Hindoostan.'which  takes  its  rise  in  t)  •, 

J4  VV  part  of  Derav.     It  ialk  by  sevsral 


English  East  India  company,  in  th6 
late  war  against  Tippoo  Sviltnn,  regent 
of  Mysore,  from  whose  territories,  oi» 
the  termination  rtf  the  war,  they  gained 
some  considerable  acquisitions,  Tli-eir 
armies  are  principally  composed  of 
light  horse. 

Miiidenhead,  a  corporate  town  m 
Berkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  carries  on  a  pretty  considera- 
ble trade  in  mult,  meal,  and  timber ; 
and  is  governed  bv  a  mayor.  It  is  seat  - 
ed  on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  12  mdcs  E  by  N  of  Reading, 
and  26  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  40 
W,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Maid-stone,  a  borough,  and  the  conn - 
tv  town  of  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
'ilmr'iday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Med- 
wav,  a  branch  of  which  runs  through 
the  town  over  which  there  is  a  bruise, 
and  i-iijovs  a  brisk  trade  in  exportmg 
the  commodities  of  the  county,  parU- 


l=\\A 


A  A  1 

>  Imy  of  B^npfBl,  at  C«t- 
litlilt  form  nil  ini'>«-nilili'R« 
mlatuln.  Al  tli-  im.utli 
'III  ftiiiiinri,  near  F»l(i« 
iftril  mIuikI,  nutned  Cb- 
If. 

two  Inrgfo  ami  I'nvrcrfiil 
,  wh'<liilcriv«'tl  (■  iiiume 

UP  uiH'ieiit  proMiue  of 
Tl.ev  lire  calU  il  tlic  Fob- 
iitiMulirmtusi  and  the 
I'cin.  ColKrti\(ly  »liey 
V  S  part  of  Hi!ifloost«n 
«  lavge  |)ioi»nrti<in  of  tlic 
ilwa,    Oiissa,    Clindcish, 

1  till-  jirlncipal  purts  of 
at,  wtl  Apmcre  i  imd  a 

: Owlutiibud,  Arra,  and 
e  Comprised  wifliin  their 
Il  exttiidH*Voni  sea  to  «e(», 
dent  [urt  of  tlie  peninmilft* 
•  confitie»  of  Agra  norUi- 
r'tv<r  Kislina  Bouthwardi 
rt  of  KKJO  miles  long  and 
Ihe  western  Rtate,  llu-  c»- 
1  is  Fonnah,  is  divided  *- 
ber  of  rbiefs  oP  princes, 
cnce  to  tlie  paishwi.h,  or 
at  of  the  German  prince* 
I'or,  is  merely  m  nilnal  at 
id,  in  sonie  cuses,  an  op- 
nterests  bepets  wars,  iiot 
1  tlic  nitnihers  of  th«  cm- 
ves,  but  also  between  the 
d  the  head.  NuRpotil-  is 
)f  the  Eastern  Miihrattas. 
states,  with   tin'   nizani  of 

were  in  alliaiue  with  the 
it  India  company,  in  th6 
inst  Tippoo  Sultuii,  regent 
from  whose  tirritoriei,  ou 
ion  rtf  the  war,  they  gaimed 
arable  acqtiisitions,     Their 

principally    composed    of 

n<l,  a  corporate  town  in 
with  a  market  on  Wcdnes- 
rries  on  a  pretty  considera- 
in  mult,  meal,  and  timber; 
ncd  by  a  mayor.  It  is  seat - 
ThamcH,  over  which  is  a 
miles  E  by  N  of  Reading, 
)y  N  of  London.     Lon.  0  40 

3'J  N. 

e,  a  borough,  and  the  coim- 

f  Kent,  with   a  market  oh 

It  is  seated  on  the  Med- 
,nch  of  which  runs  through 
vcr  which  there  is  a  bridge, 

a  brisk  trade  in  exportirig 
dities  of  the  county,  parti- 


M  A  I 

cularly  its  hops,  of  which  there  arc  nil* 
mcruus  plantations  around  it.  Here 
are  likewise  paper  mills,  and  a  muiiu- 
litrtin'i'  of  linen  thread.  It  sends  two 
meiiilicrs  to|iurliumciit.  It  is  20  miles 
W  of  Canterbiirv,  and  33  li  S  K  of 
Loml,>n.     Lou.  U  38  E,  lat.   31  16  N. 

Mailttzait,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
depai-tment  of  Vendee  uiullate  province 
vf  Poitmi,  leutL'd  in  a  morass  on  an 
ialand  farmed  by  the  Scare  and  Antize, 
•22  miles  N  E  uf  Uicltelle,  and  21U  S  VV 
of  Paris.     L'ln.  0  40  \V,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Main,  a  province  of  North  America 
ill  the  at  ate  of  Massachusetts,  3U'J 
jiiklcs  long  and  104  broad;  lying  be 
tweon  68  and  72"  W  lon.  and  43  and 
46"  N  lat.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  W 
by  New  Hum;)sltir«,  on  the  E  by  the 
river  St.  Croix,  and  Nova  Scotia ;  on 
the  8  £  by  the  Atlantic )  and  on  the 
W  by  New  Hampshire.  It  is  divided 
into  three  counties.  The  lieut  in  sum 
mer  ta  acoKhing  and  the  cold  in  winter 
intense  t  aU  the  lakes  and  rivers  are  for 
the  most  part  passable  on  ice,  from 
ChristniBM  till  the  middle  of  March. 
Portland  is  the  capital. 

J^iiina,  a  country  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  the  Morea,  between  two 
chains  of  mountains  which  advance  in- 
to the  sea.  The  inhabitants  could  ne- 
ver be  subdued  by  the  Turks,  on  ac- 
count of  their  valour  and  their  moun- 
tains. Their  greatest  trattlc  consists 
in  slaves,  which  tbey  take  indilfisrcntly 
from  the  Turks  and  the  Christians. 
They  have  a  harbour  and  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  and  tlicir  language  is  bad 
Greek. 

Maine,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  circle  of  Franconia,  runs 
by  Bamberg,  Wui't/.bui-g,  Aschaffien- 
burg,  Hanau,  and  Franufort,  and  falls 
into  the  Liliiue,  at  Mcntz. 

Mmiu,  or  Maveiwe,  a  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  river  Maine,  which,  soon 
after  its  junction  w^ith  the  Sarte,  falls 
^tto  the  Loire.     Laval  is  the  capital. 

M.iint  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjou.  It  has  its  name  from 
two  rivers  of  the  same  name.  Angers 
is  the  capital 

Maneville,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Eure,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Mtinlcml,  the  principal  of  the  Shet- 
land isles,  60  milef  '  ug,  from  N  to  S, 


M  A  I 

but  its  hrcotlth  seldom  exceeds  six. 
The  face  of  the  country  cxhiliits  a  pros- 
pect of  iilack  craggy  nvuntains,  and 
marshy  plains,  intci'Sjierstd  w.tii  snina 
verdant  '•pots,  wliich  appear  sai  i>itli 
and  fertile.  Neit'ier  tree  nir  shrub  is 
to  be  seen,  except  the  Juniper  and  the 
heath.  The  mountains  abiiind  witli  va- 
rious kinds  <>f  g.tmu.  Lofty  cliiii,  im- 
pending over  the  uceaii,  are  t!ie  haunts 
of  eagles,  falcons,  and  ravens.  The 
deep  caverns  underneath  shelter  seals 
and  otters,  and  to  the  wimling  h^ys  re- 
sort swans,  geese,  suarfs,  andothei'a- 
quatic  birds.  I'he  sea^i  abound  with 
cud,  tiirbdl,  and  haddock  ;  aiul,  at  cer- 
tain seasons,  with  slioals  of  herrings  of 
incredible  extent.  Tliey  are  visited  at 
the  same  time,  by  wliales,  and  other 
voracious  iishcs.  Lobsters,  oysters, 
muscles,  &c.  are  also  plentiful.  The 
hills  are  covered  with  sheep  of  a  small 
breed,  the  wool  of  which  is  iincom- 
inonly  soft  ami  tine.  The  inliubitanta 
are  a  stout,  well-made,  comely  people  i 
tiic  lower  sort  of  a  swarthy  coinplcvion. 
The  gentry  are  allowed,  by  all  who 
have  conversed  witli  them,  to  be  most 
of  them  polite,  slirewd,  sensible,  live* 
ly,  active,  and  intelligent  persons  :  they 
manufacture  a  strong  course  cloth  for 
their  own  use,  as  also  linen.  They 
make  likewise  of  their  own  wool  very 
fine  stockings.  They  export,  besides 
the  ditterent  kinds  offish  alrea  'y  men- 
tioned, some  herrings,  a  considerable 
quantit}  of  butter  and  train-oil,  otter 
and  seal  skins,  and  no  inconsiderable 
q  lantity  of  tae  fine_»tocklngs  j'lst  men- 
tioned rlicir  chief  trade  .s  to  Leith, 
London,  Haoiburgli,  Spain,  and  to  the 
Str:tits.  They  import  timbei-s,  deals, 
and  Bomecftiieir  best  oats,  from  Nor- 
way ;  corn  and  llour  from  the  Orkneys, 
and  from  North  Britain  ;  spirits  and 
some  other  things  from  Hamburgh. 

Mainland,  or  Povwna,  the  pjrincipal 
of  the  Orkney  islands,  24  mile.s  long 
and  nine  broa<l.  Tiie  general  appear- 
ance of  the  country  is  not  v^ry  ditterent 
from  ihe  mainland  of  Shetland.  The 
soil,  however,  is  more  fertile,  and  in 
sfime  parts  better  cultivated.  Kirkwall 
is  th?  cajiital.     Sec  Orcadea. 

MtunU:'n-\  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  oi  '''.nr?  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Beaucc.  seated  (mtbi^Eure 
between  two  mountains  with  a  ciiatle, 
a  late  collcgir.te  church,  and  a  late  pri- 
or;'.  It  is  five  miles  N  bv  E  of  Chartrea. 
Lon.  1  36E<  lat.  48  31*  N. 


M  A  L 

Afiiiiiiin^cii,  n  town  of  Frrincoiiia,  ca- 
pital of  a  small  district  bploujfinjf  to  the 
house  of  Saxe-Gotha.  It  is  ciglit  miles 
N  of  Heniieberff.  Loii.  10  39  E,  lat. 
60  46    T, 

Majorca,  an  Island  formerly  subject 
to  the  king  of  Spain,  b\it  in  1799  it  was 
taken  by  the  British  ;  it  is  situate  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Ivica  and 
Minorca.  It  is  60  miles  in  lenj^th  and 
45  in  breadth ;  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, but  produces  good  corn,  olive- 
trees,  and  delicate  wine.  It  has  no 
rivers,  though  tliere  are  a  great  many 
fine  fountains  and  wells.  I'he  inhabi- 
tants are  .-obust,  lively,  and  very  good 
sailors. 

MajorcT,  a  large  rich  and  strong  ci- 
ty, capital  of  an  island  of  the  same 
name  with  a  bi.shop's  see.  The  pub- 
lic squariis,  the  cathedral,  and  the 
royal  palace,  are  magnificent.  It  con- 
tains 6000  houses,  built  after  the  an- 
li(jue  manner  i  a  university,  more  an- 
cient th  n  celebrated.  It  bos  22 
churclies,  besides  the  cathedral,  and 
the  harbour  is  extremely  good.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Enf^lish  in  1706, 
and  retaken  in  1715.  It  is  seated  on 
the  S  \V  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  2 
\5  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Mdire,  ie,  a  strait  of  South  America, 
between  Staten  Island  and  Tierra  del 
Fuego,  in  lat.  55°  S.  Tlirough  this  strait 
ships  sometimes  sail  in  their  passage 
to  Cape  Horn. 

Maisty,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat,  49 
24  N. 

Maixant,  St.  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  two 
Sevres  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  It 
is  a  bisljop's  see ,  and  carries  on  a  trade 
in  corn,  stockings,  and  woollen  stuff's  ; 
and  JH  seated  on  the  Sevre,  26  miles 
S  W  of.  Poitiers.  Lon.  0  7  W,  lat.  46 
34  N. 

Makran.    Sec  Machcran. 

Malabar,  tlie  W  coast  of  the  penin. 
.sula  of  Hindoostan,  lying  between  9 
and  14^  N  lat.  It  is  divided  .imong 
several  petty  princes  and  states  ;  but 
as  tliese  are  mentioned  in  their  proper 
places,  the}'  need  not  be  enumerated 
liere ;  especially  as  tlic  customs  and 
manners  of  the  inliabitants  are  very 
different,  .is  well  as  the  productions. 
However  it  may  lie  obsei-vcd,  >p  gene- 
ral, that  the  inhabitants  arc  :dl  blacks, 
ov  at  least,  ofa  dark  olive  complexion, 


M  A  L 

with  long  black  hair,  and  tolerable 
features.  In  some  places  they  are  dis. 
tinguished  into  tribes,  all  of  which  are 
brought  up  to  the  same  employments 
as  their  parents.  These  are  the  Gen- 
toos,  of  whom  see  an  account  under 
the  article  Hindoostan. 

Malacca,  a  peninsula  in  Asia,  con- 
taining a  kingdom  of  the  san\c  nt.me  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Siam,  on  the  E 
by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  S  W  b)  the 
straits  of  Malacca,  which  separate  it 
from  Sumatra.  It  is  600  miles  in 
length  and  200  in  breadth.  It  i)roduceg 
few  commodities  for  trade,  except  tin 
and  elephants  teeth  ;  but  there  are  a 
great  many  excellent  fruits  and  roots. 
The  pine -apples  are  the  best  in  the 
world ;  and  the  cocoa-nuts  have  shells 
that  will  hold  an  English  quart.  There 
is  but  little  com,  and  sheep  and  bul- 
locks are  scarce  ;  but  hogs  and  ponltrj 
are  pretty  plentiful.  The  religion  of 
the  natives  is  a  mixture  of  Mahometan- 
ism  i  and  they  are  addicted  to  juggling. 
I'he  inland  inhabitants  are  a  savage, 
barbarous  people,  who  take  delight  in 
doing  mischief  to  their  neighbours. 

Malacca,  a  seaport,  and  the  capital 
ofa  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  in  the- 
peninsula  of  Malacca.  The  Dutch  had 
a  factory  here,  which  they  took  from 
the  Portuguese  in  1640;  and  it  was 
taken  from  them  by  the  English,  in 
Angust  1795.  Malacca  is  seated  on  the 
straits  of  its  own  name,  480  miles  S 
£  of  Acheen.  Lon.  101  50  E,  lat.  2 
SON. 

Malaga,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  twocastle^, 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good  harbour.. 
Its  commerce  is  ])rincipally  in  fruits 
and  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, at  the  foot  of  a  craggy  moun- 
tain, 15  miles  S  of  Cordova  and  235 
of  Madrid.     Lon.  4  10  W,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Malamocco,  t.  small  island  and  sea- 
port town  in  the  Lagimcs  of  'Venice, 
Hve  miles  S  of  that  city. 

Malathia,  an  ancient  town  of  Tur. 
key  in  Asia,  capitalof  Lesser  Armenia, 
seated  on  the  Arzu,  with  an  archbi- 
shop's see.     Lon.43  25E,  lat.  398N. 

Malchin,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Lower  Saxonj',  in  the  dutchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, seated  on  the  river  Peene, 
where  it  falls  into  the  lake  Camrow,  10 
railes  N  of  Wahren.  Lon.  13  12  E, 
lat.  53  0  N. 

Maiden,  a  borouti-h  in  Essex,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.      It   Las  twtt 


k.\i, 


M  A  L 

black  hair,  and  tolerable 
In  Sonne  places  they  are  dis. 
into  tribes,  all  of  which  are 
to  the  same  eniplovirents 
rents.  These  are  the  Gen- 
irhom  see  an  account  under 
/{indcostan. 

a  peninsula  in  Asia,  con- 

ing<lom  of  the   same  ni.me  ; 

the   N  b}'  Siam,  on  the  E 

an,  and  on  the  S  W   In  the 

Malacca,  which  separate   it 

atra.      It   is   600  miles    in 

2U0  in  breadth.     It  produces 

lodities  for  trade,  except  tin 

ants  teeth  ;  but  there   are  a 

y  excellent  fruits  and  roots. 

apples  are  the  best   in  the 

d  the  cocoa-nuts  have  shells 

old  an  English  quart.   There 

le  com,  and  sheep  and    bul- 

carce  ;  but  hogs  and  pjultry 

plentiful.     The  religion  of 

is  a  mixture  of  Mahometan- 

hey  are  addicted  to  juggling. 

inhabitants  are  a  savage, 

people,  vrho  take  delight  in 

;hief  to  their  neighbours. 

r,  a  seaport,  and  the  capital 

om  of  the  same  name,  in  the- 

Lif  Malacca.     The  Dutch  had 

Lere,   which   they  took  from 

j^uese  in  1640;    and  it  was 

m  them  by  the  English,  in 

'95.  Malacca  is  seated  on  the 

its  own  name,  480  miles  S 

een.    Lon.  101  50  E,  lat.  2 

,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
in  Granada,  with  twocastle^, 
I  see,  and  a  good  harbour., 
erce  is  principally  in  fruits 

It  is  seated  on  the  Medi- 
at  the  foot  of  a  craggy  moun- 
liles  S  of  Cordova  and  235 
.  Lon.4  10W,  lat.  36  35  N. 
jcco,  c  small  island  and  sea- 
in  the  Lagimcs  of  Venice, 
S  of  that  city. 

a,  an  ancient  town  of  Tur» 
a,  capital  of  Lesser  Armenia, 
the    Arzu,  with  an  archbi- 

Lon.  43  25  E,  lat.  39  8  N. 
,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
xony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Meck- 
ic.ited  on  the  river  Pcene, 
alls  into  the  lake  Camrow,  10 
sf  Wahrcn.     Lon.  13  12  E, 

r. 

a  borou'j-h  in  Essex,  with 
on  Saturday.      It   lias  tw« 


M  A  L 

parish  churches ;  a  tliird  church, 
wliicli  it  hud  formerly,  having  been 
long  converted  into  a  freeschool.  It 
is  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  tlie  con- 
fluence of  the  Cltclmer  with  tlie  Black 
virater.  Vessels  of  a  moderate  burde.j 
come  up  to  the  bridge  over  the  Chel- 
mer,  but  large  ships  arc  obli^d  to  un- 
load at  a  distance  belo\\,  m  filackwa- 
ter  Bay.  Maiden  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  carries  on  a  consid- 
er.ibie  trade,  chiefly  in  com,  coal,  iron, 
wine,  brandy,  and  rum.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Chelmsford,  and  37  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Maiden,  a  village  in  Surry,  two  miles 
S  £  of  Kingston,  with  some  gunpow- 
der mills,  on  a  stream  that  fiows  from 
Ewel  to  Kingston. 

Matdive*,  a  cluster  of  small  islands 
533  miles  S  W  of  Ceylon  in  the  E 
Indies.  The  northernmost  called  Head 
of  the  Isles,  or  Kelly,  is  in  lon.  73  4 
£,  lat.  7  5  N  ;  and  Maldiva,  in  which 
the  kin<;  resides,  is  in  lon.  75  35  E, 
lat.  4  15  N.  Of  these  there  are  no  less 
than  1000  in  number;  all  low,  sandy, 
and  barren,  having  only  a  few  cocoa- 
nuts.  The  inhabitants  are  partly  Ma- 
hometans and  partly  pagans ;  and  their 
chief  trade  is  in  couries,  a  small  shell- 
fish, whose  shells  serve  instead  of  mo- 
ney. 

Maletherbei,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
departn-.ent  of  Loiret.  Lon.  26  E,  lat. 
48  20  N. 

Malettroit,  a  town  of  Prance  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  seatedonthe  Gust, 
37  milei  E  of  Port  TOriert.  Lon.  2  23 
W,  lat  47  45  N. 

Malio,  Cape  of,  or  St.  Angela,,  a  cape 
of  t)\e  Morea  at  the  S  entrance  of  the 
Gulph  of  Napoli,  15  miles  £  of  Mal- 
Vasia. 

Malicollot  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
lying  in  1^  15  S  lat.  and  167  45  E  Ion. 
It  extends  20  leajgues  from  N  to  S. 
Its  inland  mountains  are  very  high,  and 
clad  with  fiirosts.  Its  vegetable  pro- 
ductions are  luxuriant,  -.iid  in  great 
variety;  cocoa  nuts,  ^icad  fruit,  ba- 
nanas, sugar-ca,.js,  yams,  eddoed, 
turmeric,  and  oranges.  Hogs  and 
common  poultry  are  their  domestic 
animals.  The  inhabitants  appear  to  be 
of  a  race  totally  distinct  fnnn  tlio.s.c  of 
the  Friendly  and  Society  Islands. 
Their  form,  Innguage,  and  manners, 
apo  wiilely  diJiercnt.    TJjey  aeem.  to 


M  A  L 

correspond  in  many  particulars  witU 
the  natives  of  New  Guinea,  particular- 
ly in  their  black  colour  and  woolly  hair. 
They  go  almost  quite  naked,  are  of  a 
slender  make,  have  lively,  but  very  ir- 
regular ugly  feati'res,  and  tie  a  rope 
fast  round  their  belly.  1  hey  use  buw^i 
and  arrows  as  the.r  principal  weapons, 
and  the  arrows  arc  said  to  be  some- 
times pQisoned.  Their  keeping  their 
bodies  entirely  free  tVom  punctures  is 
one  ')ai'ticular,  that  remarkably  dis- 
tinguishes them  from  the  other  tiibea 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Malliite,  Wat,  a  town  in  Kent,  with 
a  market  on  Saturd.iy,  six  miles  W 
of  Maidstone,  and  30  E  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  33  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Mallmvf  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork,  and  j)rovince  of 
Munatcr,  seated  on  the  Ulackwater, 
17  miles  N  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  32  W,  lat, 
52  10  N 

Malmedyf  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  with  an  ab- 
bey. It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1794,  seated  on  the  Keclit,  nine  miles 
S  of  Limburg,  and  40  N  of  Luxemburg. 
Lon.  6  2E,  lat.  50  18  N.    • 

Malmiatra,  an  ancient  town  of  Asia 
in  Nutolia,  with  an  archbishop's  see, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  t  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  divides  it  into  the 
Old  and  New  Town.  It  is  30  mile* 
S  E  of  Terasso.  T.on.  36  15  £,  lat. 
36  50N. 

Malmoe,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Gothland,  seated  Qn 
the  Sound,  with  a  large  harbour  and  % 
strong  citadel.  It  is  15  miles  S  £  of 
Copenhagen.  Lon.  13  7  £,  lat.  53  38 
N. 

Mal'.jbmy,  an  ancient  borough  in 
Wiltshire  with  a  market  on  Satvirday. 
It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the 
river  Avon  which  almost  surrounds  it, 
over  which  it  has  six  bridges.  In  ita 
church,  is  to  be  seen  the  sepulchral 
monument  of  king  Arthur,  who  wa« 
buried  under  the  high  altar.  It  drives 
a  trade  in  the  woollen  manufacture, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
It  is  26  miles  E  by  N  of  Bristol,  and 
95  W  of  London.  '  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  51 
34  N. 

Mato,  St.  a  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  and  late^ 
ly  an  episcopal  see  of  the  province  of 
Bretagne.  It  has  a  spacious  harbour, 
but  difflcult  of  access,  on  account  of 
the  r«cks  tiiat  s<ji-roHnd  it ;  it  is  a  trad- 


M  A  L 


M  A  L 


rl 

I 


ing  place,  of  great  importance,  defend- 
ed by  a  strong  castle.  It  was  bom- 
balded  by  the  English  in  1693,  but', 
\rithoiit  success.  In  175ti,  tliey  land- 
ed in  Ca-icalle  Bay,  went  to  the  har- 
bour by  l:iud,  and  burnt  nbout  one  hun- 
dred shi])s.  St.  Malo  is  seated  on  an 
island,  united  to  the  mainland  by  u 
cansewa)'.  It  is  chieliy  inliabited  h\ 
aeafuring  men  who  in  the  time  of  wai 
fit  out  a  greut  many  privateers  to  cruise 
upon  the  Kiiglisli  coast,  17  miles  N  W 
of  Dol,  and  2u3  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  57 
•W,h.l.   48  39N. 

Muioriu,  a  small  island  of  Italy,  on 
the  roast  of  Tuscany,  Hi  miles  VV  uf 
Leghorn.     Lun.  104  E,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Malpartiuo,  a  town  of  Spa:n,  in 
Estraniadura,  14  miles  S  of  Placentia. 
Lon.  5  3u  W,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Malpus,  a  town  in  Chesjiire,  «rith  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
high  eminence,  near  the  river  Dee,  15 
ntles  S  E  of  Chester,  and  166  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Mxiiplaquet,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Httinuult.  It  is  famous  for  a  victory 
gained  over  tlie  FrenrJ),  by  the  duke 
of  Mariboi'ough,  in  1709,  and  some- 
times called  the  Battle  of  Blaregnies, 
from  an  adjacent  village,  and  is  seven 
miles  from  Mens. 

Malta,  an  island  of  the  Mediterrane- 
wn,  between  Africa  and  Sicily,  20  miles 
long  and  12  broad.  It  was  formerly 
reckoned  a  part  of  Africa,  but  now  be- 
longs to  Europe.  It  waa  anciently  lit- 
tle else  than  a  barren  rock  ;  but  such 
quantities  of  soil  have  been  brought 
from  Sicily,  that  it  is  now  become  a  fer- 
tile island,  though  it  does  not  grow 
corn  sufficient  to  support  the  inhabi- 
tants. Here  are  cultivated  large  quan- 
tities of  lemon  trees,  cotton  trees,  and 
vines,  which  produce  excellent  wine. 
The  heat  is  so  excessive,  that  the  wa- 
ter breeds  g^eat  numbers  of  gnats, 
which  are  the  plagtie  of  the  country. 
The  number  of  tlie  inhabitants  is  said 
to  be  90,000.  The  common  people 
•peak  Arabic,  but  tlie  better  sort  Italian. 
After  the  taking  of  Khodes,  the  enijic- 
ror  Ch:irlcs  V.  gave  this  island  to  tlie 
^rand  master  of  the  order  (d"  St.  John 
ofjerusulcm.  It  was  attacked  in  1566 
by  the  Turks,  who  were  obliged  to 
abandon  the  enterprise,  with  tlie  loss 
of  30,000  men.  In  1798  the  grand  mas- 
ter treacherously  delivered  up  Malta  to 
the  French  under  the  command  of  Buo- 
naparte, but  it  w-as  taken  by  the  Eng- 


lish after  a  blockade  of  neartwot^can, 
■and  is  still  possessed  by  tliem.  The 
knights  of  Malta,  formerly  oiiMisted  of 
cigiit  nations  ;  but  now  they  are  but 
seven,  the  English  having  for  .  !:en 
them.  They  are  obliged  to  sup,.ress 
all  pirates,  and  arc  at  perpetual  war 
with  the  Turks  and  otlier  Mahometans. 
They  are  all  under  a  vow  of  celibacjr 
and  chastity  ;  and  yet  tliey  make  no 
.scruple  of  taking  Grecian  women  for 
mistresses.  Malta  is  60  miles  S  of  Si- 
cily.    Valetta  is  tlie  capital. 

Malta,  Melita,  or  Citta  Vecchia,  an 
ancient  city  of  the  island  of  Malta.  The 
city  of  Valetta  has  certainty  tbe  happi- 
est situation  tiiat  can  be  imagined.  It 
stands  upon  a  peninsula  between  two 
of  the  finest  ports  in  the  ^fvnrld,  which 
are  defended  by  almost  impregnable 
tbrtiticatiuns.  That  on  the  toudi  side 
of  the  city  is  the  lai'gest.  It  runa  about 
two  miles  into  the  heart  of  the  island ; 
and  is  so  very  deep,  and  surrounded  ^r 
such  high  grounds  and  fortifications, 
that  they  assured  us  tlie  largest  ships 
of  war  might  ride  here  in  the  moat 
stormy  weittber,  almost  without  a  ca- 
ble. Tliip  beautiful  bason  is  divided 
into  6ve  distinct  hftrbours,  all  equally 
sale,  and  each  capable  of  containing  aa 
immense  mimber  of  shipping.  Tlie 
mouth  of  the  harbour  is  scarcely  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  and  is  com- 
manded on  each  side  by  batteiies  that 
would  tear  the  strongest  ship  to  (Heces 
before  site  could  enter.  Besides  this, 
it  is  fronted  by  a  quadruple  battery, 
one  above  the  other,  tlie  lai*gest  of 
wliich  is  a^u-  d''eau,  or  on  a  level  .with 
the  water.  These  are  mounted  with 
about  80  of  their  heaviest  artillery  :  so 
that  this  harbour  I  think,  may  reaUy  be 
considered  OS  impregnable  :  and  indeed 
the  turks  have  eve  inund  it  so,  and  I 
believe  ever  will.  The  harbour  on  the 
N  side  of  the  city,  although  they  onty 
use  it  for  fishing,  and  as  a  place  <h 
quarantine,  wrould,  in  any  otiier  part  of 
the  world,  be  considered  as  inestima- 
ble. It  is  likewise  defeMled  by  vcrf 
strojig  works  ;  and  in  the  centre  of  the 
bason  is  an  -island  on  which  tliey  have 
built  a  castle  and  a  lazaret  The  forti- 
fications of  Malta  are  indeed  a  moat 
stupendous  work.  All  the  boasted  ca- 
tacombs of  Rome  and  Naples  are  a  tri- 
fle to  the  immense  excavations  that 
have  been  made  in  this  little  island. 
The  ditches,  of  a  vast  si?.e,  arc  all  cut 
out  of  the  solid  vock..    These  extend 


M  A  L 

blockade  of  near  two  jrcan, 
[■osgessed   by   tliem.     The 
if  ulta,  t'ormerly  cinwistrd  of 
»  ;   but  now  they  are   but 
£ng'liiih    having    for  :^en 
y   we  obliged  to  sup,.reig 
nd  arc   at  perpetual  war 
rkit  and  other  Mahometans. 
II  um'er  a  vow  of  celibacy 
and  }et  tliey   make  no 
aking  Grecian   women  for 
Malta  is  60  mile*  S  of  Si- 
ta  is  tlie  capital. 
telUa,  or  Citta  Vtechia,  to 
of  the  island  of  Malta.  Tlie 
tta  has  certainly  tlte  happi- 
I  tliat  can  be  imafpned.     It 
a  peninsula  between  two 
.  ports  in  the  wnrld,  which 
:cl   by  almost  impregnable 
I.     That  on  the  soudi  eide 
I  the  lai-gest.   It  runs  atiout 
iitu  the  heart  of  the  island ; 
ry  deej>,  and  surrounded  bjr 
.^rounds   and  fortifications, 
isured  us  tlie  largest  ships 
>'ht   ride   here  in  the  most 
ther,  almost  without  a  ca- 
beautiful   bason  is  divided 
tinct  harbours,   all  equally 
ch  capable  of  containing  aa 
timber  of  shipping.      The 
the   hsirbnur   is  scarcely  a 
L  mile  broad,  and  is  com- 
oach  side  by  batrteiHcs  that 
:hc  strongest  ship  to  pieces 
:ould  enter.     Besides  this, 
d  by  a  quiidruple  b.tttery, 
the  other,  tlte   largest    of 
hw  d'eau,  or  on  a  level  'With 
These   are  mounted  with 
tlieir  heaviest  artillery  :  so 
-hour  I  think,  may  rcaily  be 
m  impregfnable  :  and  indeed 
ve  eve'-  tbund  it  so,  and  1 
will.    The  hurbour  on  the 
e  city,  althouf^h  they  only 
fishing,  and   as  a  place   of 
would,  in  any  otiier  part  of 
be  considered  as  inestima> 
kewise  defended  by  very 
s  ;  and  ill  the  centj«  of  the 
island  on  which  they  have 
!  and  a  lazaret     The  fi>*ti- 
Mnlta  are    indeed  a  mowt 
work.     All  the  boasted  ca- 
lonie  »iul  Naples  are  a  tri- 
mmenae  excavations    that 
nade   in  this  little  island. 
,  of  a  vast  si7.e,  arc  all  cut 
■olid  rock.-   These  extend 


M  A  L 

for  a  great  many  miles,  and  raise  our 
astonislimcnt  to  th  nk  that  so  small 
;it«tc  iiiis  ever  been  able  to  make  the 
It  is  seated  on  A  hill  in  the  centre  of  thi 
island  and  was  formerly  twice  as  large 
as  at  present.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  bishop,  and  the  cathedral  is  a  ve- 
ry fine  structure.  Near  this  city  are 
the  catacombs,  which  are  said  to  ex- 
tend 15  miles  under  ground;  and  a 
.small  church  dedicated  to  St.  Paul, 
luljoining  to  •A^hich  is  a  statue  of  the 
saint,  with  a  viper  in  his  hand,  said  to 
be  placed  on  the  spot  where  he  shook 
the  viper  otl',  without  having  been 
hurt ;  and  close  to  it  ii  the  grotto  in 
which  he  was  imprisoned. 

Matton,  a  borough  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  i»  seated  on  the  Uerwent,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge,  and  is  composed  of 
two  towns,  the  New  and  the  Old, 
containing  three  churches.  It  is  a  po- 
pulous place,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  20  miles  N  E  of 
York,  and  216  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  54  9  N. 

Malvaiia,  a  small  island  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  on  the  E  Coast  of  the  Mo- 
rea,  remarkable  for  its  exC  llent  wines, 
that  are  called  Malmsey,  being  brou{,..t 
hence.  The  capital  is  Napoli-di-Mul- 
vnsia. 

Mal'.,n,  Great,  a  village  In  Worces- 
tershire, eight  miles  W  by  S  of  Wor- 
cester. It  li.id  once  an  abbey,  And  here 
are  two  noted  chalybeate  springs,  re- 
commended as  excellent  In  scrofulous 
complaints. 

Malwrn,  Little,  t  village  in  Worces- 
tershire, seated  in  a  cavity  of  Malvev 
Hills,  three  miles  from  breat  Malvorn. 
Henry  VII.  adorned  the  church  with  u 
great  number  of  painted  glaSB  windows, 
part  of  which  remain,  Uicugh  in  a  mu- 
tilated state. 

Maltem  Cha0e,  an  extensive  chase  in 
Worcestershire,  containing  7356  acres 
in. that  county,  61^  in  Herefordshire, 
and  103  in  Cloucestefslure. 

Malvern  fftUtt  lofty  mountains  in  the 
S  W  of  Worcestershire,  dividing  this 
part  of  the  c«Aility  from  Herefordshire. 
They  rise  one  above  another  for  abmit 
seven  miles,  ahd  rwn  frt)m  N  to  S  ;  the 
highest  point  is  1313  feet  aliove  the 
surface  of  the  Severn,  and  they  appear 
to  be  of  limestone  and  quartz.  On  the 
sumniitofone  of  these  hills,  on  (lie 
Herefordshire  side  is  the  camp  of  Ow- 
en Glendowr  ;  a  famous  Welsh  ^bicf. 


MAN 

Malung,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
vovince  of  Uulecarha.  Lon.  15  20  £, 
at.  60  30  N. 

Mciliua,  a  province  of  Hiiiduostaii 
Proper,  bounded  on  the  W  bj'  Guzerat, 
on  the  N  by  Agimere,  on  the  Ji  In  Al- 
lahabad and  Orissa,  and  on  the  S  by 
Candcish.  It  is  one  of  the  mosc  >  xteii- 
sive,  elenr^ted,  and  higiily  divcrsiiied 
tracts  in  Mindoostaiujuul  is  di>idc<l  u- 
hiong  tlie  chiefs  of  Hie  Poonali  Mali- 
i-uttas.  OugciH  and  Indore  arc  tlic 
principal  towns. 

Maniara,  an  ancient  town  of  Frarce, 
in  the  department  of  Surte  and  lute 
|.i-ovi:ice  of  Maine,  seated  on  tiie  Dive. 

Man,  an  island  in  the  Irish  Sen,  30 
iihtes  in  length,  and  eight  in  bicadih. 
It  contains  17  parishes  ;  and  ti.e  thief 
towns  are  Ruthen,  Dauglas,  and  Peel. 
I'he  air  is  healthy,  the  inliabitaiUs  live 
to  a  very  old  age,  and  are  a  tuixt.ire  of 
English,  Scotch,  and  Irish,  tlie  soil 
,jruduces  more  com  than  is  sufficient 
to  maintain  them,  i'hey  have  a  bishop, 
called  the  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  ; 
but  he  has  no  seat  in  the  British  parli- 
ament, I'he  commodities  of  this  isUand 
are  wool,  hides,  and  tallow.  The 
duke  of  Athol  wus  formerly  lord  of  this 
stand,  the  snveieignty  of  which  h6 
sold,  in  1765,  to  the  crown,  reserving. 
However,  the  manoral  rights,  &c.  It  itt 
12  miles  S  of  Scotland,  30  N  of  An- 
glesey in  Wales,  35  W  of  Cumberland,, 
and  40  E  of  Ireland. 

Manackia,  an  ancient  and  considera- 
ble town  of  Natolia  Proper,  anciently 
called  Magnesia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  u  castle.  It  was  formerly  the  ca- 
nital  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  and  ik 
.seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  foot 
o\'  a  mountain,  on  die  river  Sarab.it,  22 
miles  N  of  Siiiyi-na.  Lon.  37  25  E,  lat. 
38  45  N. 

Manor,  an  island  of  the  East  Indiei, 
on  the  E  coast  of  the  island  of  Cejlon.' 
The  English  took  it  from  the  Dutch  ift 
1795.     Lon.  80  45  B,  lat  9  0  N. 

Manataulin,  an  island  of  North' Ame- 
rica, 10(J  miles  long  and  eight  broad,  on 
the  N  side  of  Lake  Huron.  Its  name 
signifies  a  Place  of  Spirits  ;  and  it  i« 
held  sacred  by  the  Indians. 

Maiiliel,  a  small  town  of  Persia,  160 
miles  f^>lll  Is;>ahan. 

Munbone,  a  city  of  Africa,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  seated  at 
'•e  mouth  of  the  chaimel  of  Mosan- 
Inqiie    Lon.  .32  19  E,  lat.  20  55  N. 

Mancetter,  a.  village   in   Wavwiok- 


MAN 


MAN 


\  u 


•  If  -      T 


Vi 


shire,  near  Athci'stime  aiul  the  river 
Ai)fci!r.  It  Wis  ;i  Roman  stat/'Hi  cmtl  ( 
Wiiiiiiii;  .^ii.  I  i,  .iiul  here  sc\eral  coii  • 
have  brcn  dug-  up. 

M.ihc/iti,A  territory  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  l)t'tween  the  river  Guudiiiiu 
and  AnilttlKslu.  It  is  .1  mountainous 
covptpy  i  and  it  w^s  liere  that  Cervan- 
tes mafic  Don  Qjiixote,  perfbrm  his 
chii'f  cxfiloits. 

Munclie.  or  Channel,  a  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Normaiidy  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded hy  the  Rnf^lish  Channel,  and 
ConViiices  is  tiie  CJipital. 

M..:ic/,etter,  a  larg-c  and  populous 
town  ^if  l.uncushire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  between  the 
rivers  Irk  ami  Irwell,  and  is  a  place  of 
great  aLiicjiity.  It  has  been  lonjj  nu- 
ted  f  )r  v;a-ioas  branches  of  the  linen, 
•ilk,  and  cotton  niimiifictiires,  and  's 
now  principally  conspicaous  as  the 
centre  of  the  cdttun  trade,  which  has 
been  much  improved  by  the  invention 
of  dying  and  printing.  The  labours  of 
a  very  j.opulous  neighbourhood  are 
collected  at  Manchester,  whence  they 
are  sent  to  London,  Liverpool,  Hull, 
&c.  These  consist  of  a  great  variety 
of  cotton  and  mixed  goods,  of  which 
they  export  vast  quantities  particularly 
to  the  West  Indies,  knd  the  coast  of 
Guinea.  The  manufactures  of  tapes 
and  otlier  small  wares,  of  silk  goods, 
and  of  hats,  are  also  carried  on  at 
Mui'chester  ;  from  which  various  sour- 
ces of  wraith  it  has  attained  greater 
opulence  than  almost  any  of  the  trad- 
ing towns  in  Eigland.  Its  chief  orna- 
ments are  tlie  college,  the  exchange, 
the  collegiate  church,  another  large 
church,  and  a  spacious  market-place. 
B'-the  Ii-well,  over  which  is  an  ancient 
and  lofty  stone  bridge,  it  has  a  commu- 
nication' with  the  Mersey,  and  all  the 
late  various  extensions  of  inland  navi- 
gation, particidaily,  the  duke  of  Bridge- 
water's  canal  which  is  seven  miles 
from  it.  It  sends  no  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  67  miles  W  S  W  of 
York,  and  182  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  80  W,  lat.  53  30  N, 

Manchester,  a  town  in  Bennington 
county,  Vermont,  22  miles  N  of  Ben- 
nington, and  44  N  E  of  Troy  in  New 
YMrk,  With  1400  inhabitants,  and  a  post 
office. 

Mivchester,  a  post  town  in  Essex  couii  • 
ty  Massachusetts,  a  lew  miles  N  £  of 


Beverly,   with   luOO  inhabitants,  and  a 

[£>st   tkcc. 

ff  Muiichrtter,  a  town  in  Ciiesterneld 
mmty,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  S  side 
(if  J:inies  river,  opposite  to  Kiehniuiid, 
and  3.i  miles  N  W  of  Williamsburg. 
Here  is  a  post  oflice. 

Manciet,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gers  and  late  jirovinte  of 
Gascony.     Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Mandml,  a  seaport  town  of  Chri.stian- 
sand  in  Norway.  Lon.  7  42  E,  lat.  582  N. 

Maiukrscheit,  a  town  of  Germany ,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Hhine,  and  elector- 
ate of  '1  reves,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  24  miles  N  of  Treves. 
Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Mandria,  a  small  desert  island,  in  the 
Archipelago,  between  .Samos  and  Lan- 
gos.       It  gives  name  to  the  sea  near  it. 

Manehach,  a  snull  village  of  Siiabia, 
pleasantly  seated  on  the  lake  of  Con- 
stance. 

Manfredoma,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Capitaiiata,  w.tli  a  castle,  a  good  har- 
bour, and  an  archbisiiop's  sec.  It  was 
burnt  by  tiie  Turks  in  1620 ;  and  is  sea- 
ted  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  50  miles 
N  of  Cirenza,  and  100  N  d  of  Naples. 
Lon  16  12  E,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Mangatore,  a  seaport  of  Canara,  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar,  witli  an  excellent 
road  for  ships  to  anchor  in  while  the 
rainy  season  lasts.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Gentoos  and  Mahometans.  The  for- 
mer, on  their  festival  day  s,  carry  their 
idols  in  triumph,  placed  in  a  waggon, 
adorned  on  alt  sides  with  flowers  ;  and 
on  the  wheels  are  several  sharp  crook- 
ed iron  hooks,  upon  which  the  mud  de- 
votees tlirow  themselves  and  arc  crush- 
ed to  pieces.  It  is  the  most  trading 
place  in  the  kingdom,  and  tlic  Portu- 
guese have  a  factory  here  for  rice,  and 
a  large  chiu-ch  frequented  by  black  con- 
verts. The  adjoining  fields  bear  two 
cro[)s  of  corn  in  a  year;  and  the  higher 
grounds  produce  pepjjer,  betel-nuts, 
sandal  wood,  iron,  and  steel.  It  is  sea- 
ted on  a  rising  ground,  100  miles  N  by 
W  of  I'ellicherry.  Lon.  75  24  E,  lat, 
13  8  N. 

Mangetii^  an  island  in  tlie  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  about  five  leagues  in  circumfe- 
rence. In  the  interior  parts  it  rises  in- 
to small  hills,  and  captain  Cook  repre- 
sents it  as  a  fine  isl:ind,  and  the  interior 
of  the  country  is  diversified  by  hills  and 
vallies.  The  hostile  appearance  of  its 
inhabitants  obliged  him  to  leave  it  soon. 
Lipn.  158  16  W,  Ut.  21  27  S. 


IAN 

loOO  inhabitants,  and  • 

u   town   in  Cliislei-neld 
ia,  situuted  on  the  S  side 

,  n|>p<isite  to  Kicliiii<<;id, 

N    W  of  Williamsburg. 

oflicc. 

wn  of  France  in  the  de- 
crs  and  late  iirovinie  of 
1.  0  5  W,  lat.  43  38  N. 
:aport  town  of  Ciiriiitian- 
Lon.7  42E,lat.582N. 
,  a  town  of  Germain ,  in 
>wer  Hbine,  and  elector- 
rapital  of  a  county  of  the 
t  is  34miie«i  N  of  Treves, 
at.  50  10  N. 

iniall  desert  island,  in  the 
)ctween  Snmos  and  Lan- 
I  nainu  to  tlie  sea  neiir  it. 

snull  village  of  Suabia, 
ted  on  tile   lake  of  Cun- 

I  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
.th  a  cuatlc,  a  j^xid  bar- 
rclibi»lio|)'s  sec.  It  was 
urlcs  in  1620  ;  and  is  sea- 
'  the  same  name,  50  miles 
and  100  N  jb^  of  Naples, 
lat.  41  35  N. 
a  sea|M)rt  of  Canara,  on 
alabar,  wltii  an  excellent 
s  to  anchor  in  while  the 
lasts.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Maliometans.  Tlic  for- 
festival  da>  s,  can-y  their 
)h,  placed  in  a  waggon, 
sides  with  flowers  ;  and 
are  several  sharp  crook- 
upon  which  the  mad  dc- 
liemselves  and  arc  crush- 
It  is  the  must  trading 
ungdom,  and  tlie  Portu- 
ictory  here  for  rice,  and 
frequented  by  black  con- 
Ijoining  fields  bear  two 
1  a  year;  and  the  higher 
ice  pepijcr,  betel-nuts, 
nn,  and  steel.  It  is  sea- 
ground,  100  miles  N  by 
rry.     Lon.  75  24  E,  lat. 

t  island  in  tlic  S  Pacific 
ive  leagues  in  circutnfe- 
intcrior  parts  it  rises  in- 
uhI  captain  Cook  repre- 
e  isl:ind,  and  the  interior 
is  diversilied  by  hills  and 
lostile  appearance  of  its 
iged  him  to  leave  it  sooo. 
,  lat.  21  27  S. 


MAN 

ifiingushlat,  a  town  of  Turcomania, 
on  t.'ic  i^  ciiust  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Its 
ciiinnicrce  is  conKiderubIc  ;  the  neigh- 
bounn)^  Tartars  bringing  hither  the  pro- 
ductions of  their  own  country,  and  even 
(if  Uokharia ;  siich  as  cotton,  yarn, 
stntfs,  furs,  skins,  and  rhubarb.  It  is 
3T  miles  H  W  of  Astracan.  Lon.  48  29 
K,  hit.  44  45  N. 

Manhartzberg,  the  northern  part  of 
Lower  Austria,  separated  from  the 
sons'iern  by  the  river  Danube,  and  boun- 
dL'd  on  the  \V  by  Upper  Austria,  on 
the  N  I)y  llohemia  and  Moravia,  and 
on  tlie  ii  by  Hungary. 

Maii/ieini,  a  strong  and  beautiful  city 
of  Gcrmuny,  in  tho  jiolatinate  of  tl»e 
Ktiine.  It  is  a  very  regularly  built, 
liaiulsome  city,  containing  about  25,000 
inlialiitunts.the  streets  being  all  straight, 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  fortitications  are  good ;  and  tlic 
t  iwn  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  Neck- 
Mr  and  tlie  Rhine.  The  palace  of  the 
elector  palatine  is  a  magnificent 
!.i.riu'tiirc.  Manheim  surrendered  to 
the  French,  in  September  1795,  but 
was  retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  No- 
vember following.  It  is  six  miles  N  E 
of  Spire,  and  10  W  of  Heidelberg. 
Lon.  8  31  £,  lut.  49  26  N. 

Mimica,  an  inland  kingdom  of  Africa, 
It  has  on  tile  N  Monomatupa,  on  the  E 
Jiufola,  and  on  the  S  and  W  unknown 
rogi.ms.  This  country  is  little  known 
to  Europeans,  but  it  is  said  to  abound 
witii  mines  of  gold,  and  to  have  a  great 
number  of  elephants.  j 

ManiMurg,  a  small  town  of  the  Dcc- 
*Mn,  in  the  county  of  Berar. 

Mjmcipour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Pr<)|)er,  68  miles  distant  fi-om  Luckiiow. 
r.on.  81  45  E,  lat.  37  26  N. 

Mjiiiel,  a  mountain  of  St.  Domingo, 
"'J  miles  in  circumference,  and  so  high 
and  craggy,  that  it  is  almost  inaccessi- 
ble. 
Manilla.     See  Lvconia. 
Manilla,  a  large  and  populous  city, 
cipital  of  Luconia  and  the  other  Philip- 
pine Islands.     Most  of  the  public  struc- 
lures   are  built  of  wood,  on  account  of 
tlie   fretpient  earthquakes,   by  one  of 
which,  in  1617,  a  mountain  was  levelled; 
in  1625  a  third  part  of  the  city  was  over- 
thrown by  another,  when  3000  persons 
[icrished  in  tlie  ruins ;   and,  the  next 
\rar,    thers    v»as  anotlier  less  violenc. 
Tills  city  is  seated  on  the  SE  side  of  the 
island,  wiicre  a  lar;fe  river  falls  into  the 
•■>•;«.  aiidforms  a  noble  bay  30  leagues  in 


MAN 

compass,  to  which  tlic  Spaniards  have 
givtn  the  name  ol'  B:iliia,  because  the 
river  runs  out  of  tlie  great  lake  li.ilii, 
which  lies  at  the  distance  of  six  leagues 
behind  it.  In  compass  it  is  two  miles, 
in  length  one  third  of  a  mile  ;  the  siiujie 
irregular,  being  narrow  at  both  ends, 
and  wide  in  the  middle.  C>n  the  S  it 
is  washed  by  tlie  sea,  and  on  the  N  and 
E  by  the  river  ;  being  also  strongly  iw- 
tilled  with  walls,  bastions,  forts,  and 
batteries.  Manilla  contains '  about 
30,000  souls,  who  are  a  very  motly 
race.  Here  stands  tiie  arsenal  where 
the  galleons  are  built,  fur  which  there 
are  from  300  to  600  or  800  men  con- 
stantly emplojed,  who  are  relieved  eve- 
ry month,  and  while  upon  duty,  are 
maintauied  at  the  king's  expence.  Tiic 
royal  revenue  is  computed  at  -'  out  half 
a  million  pieces  of  eight  e}<.iiisive  of 
casualties.  Lon.  120  53  K,  lat.  14  36  N. 
Manlius,  a  post  town  ofOnondago 
county,  andtlieprincipalt.eat  of  justice  : 
it  is  situated  between  the  salt  lake  and 
lake  Oneida,  42  miles  W  of  Whites- 
town  on  Mohock  river. 

Afanningtree,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the  river 
Stour,  which  is  here  called  Manning- 
tree-watcr.  It  is  11  miles  W  of  Har- 
wich, and  60  E  N  £  of  London.  Lon. 
1  12  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Manotque,  a  populous  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  with  a 
castle.  It  had  lately  a  commandery  of 
the  order  of  Malta,  and  is  seated  onth* 
Durance,  10  miles  S  of  Forcidquier,  and 
350  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon,  5  55  E,  lat. 
43  51  N. 

Manreta,  on  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  tlte  Cardonera  and  Lobbregat,  15 
miles  S  E  of  Cardona,  and  20  N  W  of 
Barcelona.  Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 
Mans,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  ca> 
pital  of  the  department  of  Maine.  It 
formerly  contained  18000,  but  now  only 
14000  inhabitants.  It  has  excellent 
poultry,  and  its  wax  and  stuff's  are  fa- 
mous. It  is  seated  on  a  high  hill,  on 
the  Sarte,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Huisne,  20  miles  S  of  Alencon,  and  75 
W  by  N  of  Orleans.  Lon.  0  14  E,  lat,, 
41  .58  N. 

Mitniaroar,  a  lake  of  Thibet,  from 
which, (according  to  major  Reiinel)  ia> 
sues  the  soutliernmost  head  of  the  Gi^ 
ges.  It  is  115  miles  in  circumferenco^ 
and  lies  in  about  79"-'  E  lon.  and 34°  N )ak,.\ 
Geo  :i" 


MAN 


MAR 


Aliiiufthl,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  llic 
oircli-  ot  Upper  Suxony,  ciipital  of  a 
viiimtx  (;ttlie  same  uunie,  o.i  miles  S  W 
of  M;'i;;(lebiirg.  Lon.  12  6  K,  lat.  51 
■H  N. 

Maiisjicld,  a.  town  in  Noltingliam- 
bhire,  with  a  market  cii 'I  limsilay.  It 
has  a  ^'i-eat  tnale,  iii.il  is  fnioiin  for 
vor^^  i.ncl  malt,  and  piirticipateH  in  the 
stoik:!),^  maniir:icltire.  ll  in  a  pretty 
larjre  ])lacc,  and  is  sealed  on  tlie  edge 
of  the  forest  of  SlierwiKid,  \2  miles  N 
of  Nottingliam,  and  140  N  bv  \V  of 
Lomioii.     I.on.  1  \)  \\.  lat.  63  10  N. 

Muiisilla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
1j  niiies  S  VV  ol'tlK!  citvof  Leon.  Lon. 
4  55  W,  hit.  42  JON. 

Mantnca.  See  Mataca. 

MiiiUi'/ie%j  Taitars,  a  branch  of  tlie 
M<>j.|,iil  Tartars,  whose  ancehtors  eon- 
(jiicred  Cliina  in  the  13th  century,  but 
were  e?,pelk'd  by  the  Cliinese  in  13(58. 
Their  country  is  divided  into  tiiree  dis- 
tricts, viz.  E  Cliinese  Tartary,  called 
Leoa-tong',  Kirin,  and  Tcitcicar.  Tiiey 
retain  the  customs  they  broug'lit  from 
Ciiinn. 

Mantes,  a  considerable  town  of 
I'rancc,  in  the  department  of  Seine  and 
Oisc  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of 
France.  It  is  famous  for  its  wines,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Seine,  and  over  it  is  a 
bridge,  the  great  arch  of  which,  al- 
Ihonj^h  elliptic,  is  120  feet  wide.  It  is 
'31  miles  N  \V  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  51  E, 
lat.  49  1  N. 

Mantua,  or  Mantuan,  a  dutchy  of  It- 
aly, lyingalong  the  river  Po,  which  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Veronese,  on  the  S  by  the 
dutchies  of  Ref;:po,  Modena,  and  Mi- 
tandola ;  on  the  E  by  tlie  Ferrarese  ; 
and  on  the  W  b)'  the  Cremonesc.  It  is 
50  miles  lonij  and  27  broad,  and  fruit- 
ful in  corn,  jiastures,  flax,  fruits,  and 
f.xcellent  wine.  Charles  IV.  duke  of 
Mantua,  a  prince  of  the  empire,  having 
taken  part  with  the  French,  in  ihe  dis- 
pute relating  to  tlie  succession  of 
Spain,  wa.s  put  under  the  ban  of  the 
empire,  and  died  in  ITOS.  Having  no 
heirs,  the  emperor  kept  the  Mantuan, 
and  the  duke  of  Savoy  had  Montferrat, 
vrlii'^h  were  conliriiied  to  them  by 
subseqtient  treatii's.  After  the  death 
o;  the  emperor  in  1"40,  his  eldest 
daughter  the  empress  queen,  kejjtixis- 
aessicm  of  the  Mai\tuan,  and  the  gover- 
nor of  the  Milanese  had  the  administra- 
tion of aiVairs.  'Mio  Mantuan  coiiriie- 
h*ndt;  th«  dut4.'hiei  of  Mantua  aud  Sa- 


liioncta  j  the  principalities  of  Casiigfi- 
one  Solforina,  and  Dosolo ;  likewise 
the  county  of  Nnvcllaru.  The  priiici)ial 
riv-jrs  of  this  country  are  the  Po,  the 
Oglio,  and  the  Minchio. 

Mantua,  ti.e  capital  of  a  dutchy  of 
the  same  name,  in  Italy,  with  an  arch- 
iii.shop's  sec,  and  a  university,  seated 
on  an  island  in  the  middle  of  a  lake. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  straight, 
and  it  has  eight  gates,  21  parishes,  40 
convents  and  nunneries,  u  (piarter  for 
the  Jews  to  live  in,  and  above  16,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  very  strong  by  situa- 
tion as  well  as  by  art,  and  there  is  no 
coming  at  it  but  by  two  causeways, 
which  cross  the  lake  ;  for  which  rea- 
son it  is  pne  of  the  most  considerable 
fortresses  in  Eiu-opc.  It  was  greatly 
noted  for  its  silkS;  and  silk  manufac- 
ttires,  which  are  luiw  much  decayed. 
The  air  in  the  summer  is  very  un- 
wholesome ;  and  the  kke  is  formed  by 
the  inimdations  of  the  Mincio.  Virgil 
was  born  at  a  village  near  this  city. 
Mantua  was  besieged  by  the  French, 
for  above  six  months,  in  17S6.  and  sur- 
rendered to  them,  the  2<1  February, 
1797.  On  the  recommencement  of  the 
next  campaign,  it  surrendered  to  the 
Austrian  and  Russian  armies  after  a 
short  siege  on  the  30th  July,  1799.  It 
is  35  miles  NE  of  Parma,  22  S  W  of 
Verona,  and  220  N  by  W  of  Rome. 
Lon.  10  50  £,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Maracaybo,  a  lake,  or  arm  of  the  sea, 
in  Terrs  Firma,  lying  in  about  70°  W 
lon.  and  10°  N  lat.  It  opens  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  is  defended  by  strong 
forts,  and  has  several  Spanish  towns 
seated  on  the  coast. 

Maracaybo,  a  considerable  town  of 
South  America,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Venezida.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  skins  and  chocolate,  which  is 
the  best  in  America  j  and  it  has  very 
fine  tobacco.  It  is  seated  near  a  lake 
of  the  same  n-tme.  Lon.  70  45  E,  lat, 
10  0  N. 

Maragal,  a  town  of  Persia,  42  mile* 
from  Tauris.  Lon.  47  ^2  E,  lat.  37 
36  N. 

Maragnan,  a  province  of  South  Amer- 
ica, in  llrasil,  which  comprehends  a 
fertile  ])opulous  island,  112  miles  in 
circumference  The  French  settled 
here  in  1612,  and  built  a  town;  but 
they  were  socn  expelled  by  the  Portu- 
guese, who  have  possessed  it  ever  since. 
It  has  a  castle,  a  harbour,  and  a  bish- 
op'd  see.     Lon.  5^  55  W,  lat.  1  20  S. 


A  R 

incipulitics  of  Ciisligfl- 
und   Bobolo ;    likewise 
nvcllura.    The  priiicipiil 
)iintry  are   tlic   Po,  the 
Mincliio. 
capital  of  a  diitchy  of 
in  Italy,  with  an  arch- 
id  a   uiiiviTsity,   seated 
the   middle    of  a  lake, 
re   bniud    and    straight, 
(fatt!*,  21  parishes,  4l> 
niiinerie.s,   a  (piarter  for 
in,   and    above    16,000 
is  very  strong'  by  sittia- 
y  art,  and  tiiere  is  no 
but   by   two  causeways, 
e  lake  ;  for  which   rea- 
'  the   most  considerable 
iiirope.     It   was   gi'catly 
ilks.   and  silk   manufhc- 
ire  now   much  decayed, 
e  summer   is    very   un- 
nd  the  luke  is  formed  by 
s  of  the  Mincio.     Virgil 
village   near  this   city, 
lesieged  by   the    French, 
iionths,  in  17S6.  and  sur- 
Ihem,   the   2d  February, 
;  recommencement  of  the 
1,  it  surrendered  to  the 
Russian   armies  after  a 
I  the  30th  July,  ir99.     It 
E  of  Parma,  22   S  W   of 
220   N   by   W  of  Rome, 
lat.  45  10  N. 
a  lake,  or  arm  of  the  se.i, 
nna,  lying  in  about  70°  W 
>J  lat.     It  opens  into  the 
a,  is  defended  by  stronjy 
s  several   Spanish  towns 
coast. 

a  considerable  town   of 

:a,  capital  of  the  province 

It  carries  on  a  great 

and  chocolate,  which  is 

America  ;  and  it  has  very 

It  is  seated  near  a  lake 

lame.     Lon.  70  45  £,  lat. 

I  town  of  Persia,  42  mile* 
Lon.   47   02  E,  lat.  37 

a  province  of  South  Amer- 
1,  which  comprehends  a 
)us  island,  112  miles  in 
p  The  French  settled 
!,  and  built  a  town  ;  but 
'n  expelled  by  the  Portu- 
iivc  possessed  it  ever  since. 
.",  a  harbour,  and  a  bisli- 
n.  54  55  W,  lat.  1  20  S. 


MAR 

Mvano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
Friiili,  with  a  strong''  citadel.  It  is 
seated  in  a  niiirsh,  wlncli  rondL-rs  it 
ditli'Mili  of  access,  and  at  llie  bottuni  of 
tlic  jjiilf  of  Venue,  'J,T  miles  S  by  E  of 
LMina.     Lon.  13  5  E,  l.ii.  45  :>-i  N. 

M.trani,  aj-icli  town  of  France  in  tlic 
<lL'|).U'linent  of  L'.iw^'i"  Chaivnte  and 
late  i)r(>viuce  of  Ani^oiiiihiii,  seatc'd  a- 
nioiig  s  Jt  niarslics  near  tiic  livii-  Sc- 
vre.  It  carries  on  a  great  tn.de  in  corn 
and  is  12  miles  N  E  of  Kocliellc.  Lon. 
0  53  \W,  lat.  46  20  N. 

M.inuch,  a  popiilous  town  of  Nato- 
lia,  c'lcoinpasseil  by  tlic  in  luatuins  of 
Taurus  and  Auti-taurus,  and  the  river 
Kuplirates.  Lon.  .58  Jj  E,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Manithim,  a  villa,i;'e  of  I.ivadia,  for- 
merly a  city,  10  miles  from  Athens.  It 
is  f.iinoiis  for  the  victory  obtained  by 
Miltiades,  with  10,0i*J  .Athenians,  over 
.iJJ.OJO  Persians,  wlio  lost  above  100, 
000  men. 

M.iravJna,  a  river  of  Guiana,  which 
•sep.irates  Surinam  from  the  French  co- 
lony of  Cayenne.  A  curious  pebble, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  .Vlarawina 
dianitind,  |g  (oiind  here  wliich,  when 
))olislied,  i^  often  set  in  rings.  Sic.  It 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  lon.  oi  48  W, 
U.  5  58  N. 

Marhach,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  S'.iabia,  in  the  dutchyof  Wir- 
lemburg,  seated  on  the  Ncckar.  It 
was  burnt  by  the  French  in  1693.  It 
is  12mile.i  S  of  Hiiilbron,  and  13  N  of 
Stutgard.     Lon.   9  25  E,  hit- 48  59  N. 

MarbcUa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, sealed  at  the  month  of  the  Rio 
Verde,  28  miles  S  \V  of  Malaga.  Lon. 
5  55  \V,  hit.  35  29  N. 

JMarblelwaJ,  a  considerable  se.iport 
and  post  town  in  Essex  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, 4  miles  S  E  of  Salem,  and  19 
N  E  of  Boston,  in  the  bt.  of  42°  i5'  N 
and  t«n,  69°  50  .  The  town  contains 
5200  inhabitants  and  die  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  a  battery. 

Marca,  a  small  island  in  tlie  gulf  of 
Venice,  five  miles  from  Ragiis.!,  on 
which  it  depends.  It  luid  formerly  a 
bishop's  sec ;  but  the  town  is  now  in 
ruins. 

MarcelUn,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  departmen*^  of  Isere  ami  late  pro- 
vince of  Daup'iiny.  It  is  a  handsome 
place  agreeably  seated  on  the  Isere,  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill,  in  a  country  that  pro- 
duces excellent  wine.  It  is  five  miles 
from  St.  Antoin«,  and  253  S  by  E  of 
Paris.    Lon,  5  32  E,  lat  45  14  N. 


MAR 

MarcdlUio,  a  small  river  of  SiciU, 
in  the  Val-di-Woto,  wiiichfallj  into  the 
sea,  two  miles  from  Augusta. 

Al.irccUtin,  a  post  town  of  Onoudago 
county.  New  ^  ork  ;  4  miles  N  E  ot  a 
small  lake  called  Skalkeatulcs,  and  a- 
bout  12  S  of  Seneca  river. 

M  irc'w,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  ou  tlie  N  by  Uerry,  on  tlic  E 
by  Auvtrgne,  on  the  W  by  An;^ou- 
mois,  and  on  tiio  S  by  Limu.<in.  It  is 
55  miles  in  length  and  25  in  breaJlh, 
and  is  pretty  fertile  in  corn  an;l  wine. 
It  now  forms  the  department  of  Creusc. 

Marclie,  a  town  of  France  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  the  Vosges  and  late  pro, 
vince  of  Lorrain,  20  miles  S  of  Neuf- 
chatcau,  and  40  S  by  W  of  foul.  Lon. 
5  50  E,  lat.  48(")  N. 

jV/i/rc/if,  or  M irclte-en-Fiimine,  a  town 
of  LiLiicniburg,  sealed  on  tlie  Mar- 
sette,  45  miles  N  N  W  of  Luxem- 
biirgh. 

Mxinhena,  an  .incient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  with  the  title  of  a  dutchy 
and  a  suburb  as  large  as  the  town  ; 
seated  in  llie  niiddh;  of  a  i)lain,  partic- 
ularly fertile  in  olives,  though  dry  for 
want  of  wiitcr.  It  is  18  miles  VV  of  Se- 
ville.    Lon.  5  44  W,  hit.  oT  34  N. 

Marchicniws,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  the  county  of  Namur, 
seated  on  both  sides  of  the  Sambre, 
four  miles  W  of  Charlcroy,  and  22  S  VV 
of  Namur.     Lon.  4  22  E,  lat.  50  2J  N. 

Mtnkkm'.es,  a  village  of  France,  ill 
the  department  of  the  Nurth  and  late 
province  of  French  Flanders,  with  a 
late  abbey,  sealed  in  s.  morass,  on  the 
river  Scarpa,  between  Douay  and  St. 
Aniand. 

Murdipur^,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Stiria,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, seated  ou  the  Drave,  18  miles  W 
of  Peitaw,  and  25  S  S  W  of  Gratz. 
Lon.  15  19  li,  Ut.  46  44  N. 

Marcigtiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  seven  miles  E  of  Na- 
ples, between  Nola  and  Accrra.  Lon, 
14  30  E,  hit.  40  51  N. 

Mank,  a  territor)-  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  VVestpludhi,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  bishopric  of  Munstcr,  on 
the  east  by  the  dutchy  of  Westphalia, 
and  on  the  S  and  VV  by  that  of  Berg. 
It  is  pretty  fertile,  and  belongs  to  tlie 
king  of  Prussia.  Ham  is  the  capital. 
At.trchci,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
arclidut.hv  of  Austria,  24  miles  d.^ant 
from  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58  K,  Uit.  48 
17  N. 


MAR 


MAR 


Marctnlihcini,  a  town  (rf  France  in 
tlie  (le|>arlm'.iit  of  the  Lower  Kliiiic 
and  liitu  province  of  Alsace.  Lon.  7 
27  IC,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Marco,  St.  a  town  of  Itnly  in  Naples, 
in  Cali.hriu  CitcriorL,  witli  a  biHliup's 
8CC,  seated  on  the  river  Seiiito,  22 
miles  N  of  Coscn/.a.  Lon.  16  JO  £,  lat. 
59  41  N. 

Marroii,  St.  tw  isli. 'Js  in  the  Enr- 
lisli  (  .nnel  i  "  es  fi  m  the  coast  of 
Fra'ic  .'h  i  s  ^'  t  to  the  F.  .ij- 
lisli,  i  ^  <:  lu  liV'jthe)  \vre  ultocked 
by   the    i-'-vrinii    ■.,'•    were   repulsed. 

Lo    1  ir  'V,  !.it.  '.'  n  N. 

Manlike,  •  •  liufye  ■  "  ranee,  In  the 
tlcj;arlnient  111  the  Novt:  celebrated 
canal,  (in  vvhieii  it  is  seateu.  takes  its 
name  tVom  it;  it  is  fuurmiles  VV  by  S 
of  D'liikirk. 

M.ircb,  a  small  town  of  Arabia  in 
the  I  roviiice  of  Yemen.  Lon.  27  30  E, 
lat.  15  44  N. 

Mtiree,  Locli,  a  fresh-water  lake  of 
Kos.sliirc.  It  is  18  miles  long,  and,  ir 
some  parts,  four  broad.  It  contains 
many  small  i.ilands,  and  abounds  with 
Kulinon,  char,  and  trout. 

Man-ni^o,  a  villa^^e  in  Italy,  near  Mi- 
lan, reni.-u-kable  for  a  bloody  and  des 
pcrate  iietion  between  the  French  and 
Austrians  under  Generals  Melus  and 
Ilon;ipartc.  ir  July,  1,30(1,  which  la.sted 
.iU  day,  wherein  the  former  were  vic- 
torious, though  the  loss  was  pretty  e- 
ipial  on  both  sides.  This  battle  was 
decisive  of  the  campaign  and  for  the 
;<resent  of  the  fate  of  Italy. 

Mitrenncs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Chareiite  and 
late  province  of  Saintonge,  remarkable 
for  the  i^reen  finned  oysters  found  near 
the  coast,  and  the  salt,  it  sends  to  o- 
tlier  places.  It  is  seated  near  the  At- 
lantic, 32  miles  N  W  of  Saints,  and 
272  S  \V  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  49  VV,  lat. 
46  15N. 

M,.retivio,  an  island  of  Italy,  on  the 
W  const  of  Sicily.  It  is  lo"  miles  in 
circumference,  hr.s  a  castle,  with  a 
few  farm-house:!,  and  produces  much 
lioncy.     Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Margaretta,  /in  island  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  AndjUisia  near  Terra  Firma, 
di.scovere<l  by  Columbus  in  1498.  It 
is  40  miles  in  length  and  15  in  breadth. 
The  continual  verdure  renders  it  plea- 
sant i  but  it  is  not  considerable  since 
the  Spaniards  retired  thence  to  Terra 
l-'ivma.  The  present  inhabitants  we 
muUltoes,  tuid  Uui  original  natives.    It 


was  taken  in  16'J6  by  the  Dutch,  who 
demolished  the  castle,  Lon.  63  12  E, 
lat.  10  46  N. 

Margate,  a  se.'.port  in  Kei  ,  in  the 
isle  of  Thanet.  It  has  much  increased 
of  late  years,  by  the  great  resort  to  it 
for  sea-bathinj^.  Great  (piantities  of 
corn  are  exixirted  hence,  and  veat^eU 
are  frequently  passing  to  and  from  \'.-y 
cuast  of  Flanders.  'I  liere  arc  «l»i  re- 
gular '-as."=age  b(.:'.ts,  to  and  from  Lon- 
don, H  uie  of  which  are  eleg;intly  fitted 
up.  It  is  14  miles  N  of  Deal,  and  72 
E  l)v  S  of  Loudon.  Lon.  1  28  £,  lat. 
51  24  N. 

Miirgeniheim,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  c  rcle  of  Franconia,  subject  to 
the  grand  masterof  the  Teutonic  order, 
seated  on  the  river  Tauber,  16  miles 
S  \V  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  8  50  E,  lat. 
49  30  N. 

Margozza,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, situate  near  a  small  lake  from 
which  it  takes  its  name. 

Marian  hlanda.  See  Ladronet. 
Maria,  St.  an  island  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  live  miles  from  Madagascar.  It 
is  27  miles  in  length  and  five  in  breadth ; 
■vcll-watered,  and  surroumled  by  rocks. 
The  air  is  cxtremel)  moist,  for  it  rains 
almost  every  d;iy.  It  is  inhabited  by 
about  600  negroes,  but  seldom  visited 
by  shi)>s  passing  that  way. 

Maria,  St.  the  most  southern  of  the 
Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  in  the 
Atlantic,  producing  plenty  of  wheat, 
and  has  about  5000  inhabitants. 

Maria,  St.  a  considerable  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andidusia,  with  a  small  cas- 
tle. It  was  taken  by  the  Engl'sh  antt 
Dutch  in  1702;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Guadalcta,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  a 
tower,  and  a  battery,  18  miles  N  of 
Cadiz.    Lon.  6  6  W.'lat.  36  39  N. 

Maria,  St.  a  considerable  town  of 
Terra  Firma  Proper,  in  the  audience 
of  Panama,  built  by  the  Spaniards  af- 
ter they  had  discovered  the  gold  mines 
that  are  near  it,  and  soon  after  taken 
by  the  English.  It  is  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  the  gulf  of  St  Michael,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  navigable  river  of  the 
same  name.  Lon.  78  12  W,  lat.  7  43  N. 
Mariagalante,  one  of  the  Leeward 
Carihbee  Islands,  in  the  W  Indies, 
subject  to  the  French,  sstending  16 
miles  from  N  to  S,  and  four  from  E  to 
W.  It  is  fidl  of  hills,  and  along  the 
E  shore  are  lofty  perjiendicular  rocks, 
that  shelter  vast  ntimbers  of  tropical 
birds.    It  has  several  large  cavernsj, 


4  A  R 


MAR 


MAR 


1626  by  tlic  Dutch,  who 
ic   ciLStlc.     Lou.  6j  12  E, 

se.'.port  in  Kcr-,  in  tlic 
I.     It  lias  much  incixascil 

l)y  tiu"  (^eat  result  to  it 
1^.  Givat  quHiititlcs  of 
K)rte(l  hence,  and  vea^ela 
y  pussinfr  to  and  from  li? 
lers.     'I  iiiTe  arc  «!»i   re- 

bc.M.tsi,  to  anil  from  Lon- 
wiiich  are  ek-j^imtly  fitted 
miles  N  of  Deal,  and  72 
>ndon.     Lun.  1  2U  £,  lut. 

m,  a  town  of  Germany, 
of  Fnuuonia,  subject  to 
lerof  the  'leutonic order, 
e  river  Taiiber,  16  miles 
zburg.    Lon.  8  50  E,  hit. 

a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Mi- 
i:  near  a  small  lake  from 
i  its  name. 
amts.  Sec  Ladront). 
an  island  of  the  Indian 
liles  from  Mad.ngascar.  It 
ength  and  five  in  breadth ; 
,  and  surrounded  by  rocks, 
trenifly  moist,  for  it  rains 
diiy,  It  is  inhabited  by 
rroes,  but  seldom  visited 
njr  that  way. 
the  most  southern  of  the 
IVcstern  Islands,  in  the 
hieing  plenty  of  wheat, 
5000  inhabitants, 
a  considerable  town  of 
lalusia,  with  a  small  cas- 
taken  by  the  Eng-l'sh  anit 
J'Ji  and  is  seated  on  the 
:  the  mouth  of  which  is  a 
.  battery,  18  miles  N  of 
6  6  W,'lat.36  39N. 
a  considerable  town  of 
Proper,  in  the  audience 
uilt  by  the  Spaniards  af- 
liscovcred  the  gold  mines 
it,  and  soon  after  taken 
sh.  It  is  seated  at  the 
:  gulf  of  St  Michael,  at 
■  a  navigablQ  river  of  the 
.on.  78  12  W,  lat.  7  43  N. 
te,  one  of  the  Leeward 
!inds,  in  the  W  Indies, 
c  French,  extending  16 
to  S,  and  four  from  E  to 
of  hills,  and  along  the 
lofty  perj)endicular  rocks, 
vast  numbers  of  tropical 
3  several  large  caverniti 


I 


■wit*^  -ny  little  strcims,  arrl  pon  Is  of 
fivi  itLT.  It  is  cove. vd  with  trt'  i, 
anil  I  .     ii'f'arly  abounds  with    I'iacco 

1(1  II  '  wildciiinanion-tree.  It  is  30 
niil'-^  'i  of  Dominica,,  :l  40E  of  Cau- 
dal ■  .   0.  Lon  »U  11  W,  lut.  15  52  N. 

li  'ciVo,  a  Kiuall  town  of  Italy,  in 
Nil   '   s,  in  the  province  of  Bari. 

■lark-uiix- Aline.!,  a  town  of  r'ance, 
in  the  (!epaftm<  nt  of  tl-  V  ,  .gi.s  and 
late  province  ut  Lonviin,  divided  fa 
two  by  the  rivcf  Leber.  It  is  famous 
for  its  silver  niliK's,  and  is  25  miles  N 
W  of  New  Bnsacli.  Lon.  7  24  E,  lat. 
4!i  16  N. 

Mai-'i'iiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
UppiT  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  rcniarkablt- 
for  its  rich  silver  mines.  It  is  seatc<l 
among  the  mountains,  on  the  confines 
of  Bohemia,  28  miles  S  S  W  of  Dres- 
den.    Lon.  13  35  E,  hit.  50  49  N. 

Maiienbiirg,  an  ancient  and  strong 
town  of  Poland,  in  Western  Prussia, 
capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Nagct,  on  a  branch  of  the  Vistula, 
30  miles  S  W  of  Elbing,  and  ,10  S  E  of 
r   ntzic.     Lon.  19  15  E,  lat.  54  9  N. 

Marienburg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late 
French  Hainault,  formerly  a  strong 
place,  but  dismantled  by  tJie  French, 
after  it  was  ceded  to  them  by  the 
treaty  of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  ten  miles, 
S  W  of  Charicmont.  Lon.  4  28  E, 
lat.  50  2  N. 

Marierutadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
West  Gothland,  seated  on  the  lake 
Wenner,  35  miles  S  E  of  Carlstadt, 
and  162  S  VV  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  14 
25  E,  lat.  58  28  N. 

Mariemverder,  a  town  of  Western 
Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  20  miles  S  S  W 
of  Marienburg.  Lon.  19  5  E,  lat.  5i 
49  N. 

Marietta,  a  fortress  and  a  post  town 
in  the  state  of  Ohio ;  situated  on  the 
W  bank  of  Muskingham  river,  near 
its  junction  with  the  Ohio,  and  about 
ten  miles  above  Vienna  in  Virginia, 
in  the  lat  of  39  25  N,  and  lon.  8220  W. 

Marignano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Milan,  remarkable  for  the 
defeat  of  the  Swiss,  by  the  French,  in 
1,'>15.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lambro,  10 
miles  S  of  Milan. 

Marino,  St.  a  strong  town  of  Italy, 
capital  of  a  small  republic,  surrounded 
by  the  dutchy  of  ITrbino,  under  the 
protection  of  tl^e  pope  ,\vith  three  cas> 


.'  s.  Jt  chusc's  ts  own  magistrate* 
.ind  officers,  ■mil  is  scaled  on  u  n\i)un- 
tain,  10  mill"!  S  VV  of  Kiniiiii,  and  14 
N  W  of  Urbiuc  Lon.  12  3 J  E,  lat. 
43  54  N. 

Marino,  St.  .i  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  ill  Homii,  with  a  castle,  10  niilen 
E  of  I.onie.  Lon.  12  46  E,  Lit.  51  34  N. 

Maik,  St.  a  seaport  on  the  VV  side 
of  St.  Ooiningo.  rhf  houses  arc  all 
built  of  freestone,  which  is  fuimd  in 
great  plenty,  in  the  neiglibnuring  coun- 
try. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  Juiiu< 
ary,  ir94,  and  is  4J  inllcs  N  N  W  of 
Port-aiiPrincc.  Lon.  72  40  VV,  lat. 
19  20  N. 

Marlbormigh,  a  post  town  in  Che- 
shire county,  Ni-w  H.inipsliirc,  11  milen 
E  of  Connectifiit  rivi-r,  and  36  E  of 
Bennington  in  Vurniunt.  It  has  1200 
inhabitants. 

Marlboro'',  a  town  in  Middlesex, 
county,  Massachusetts,  28  miles  \V  of 
Boston,  conialiiing   17o5  inhabitants. 

MarUxiro^,  a  post  town  in  Wiiulham 
county,  Vermont,  nine  miles  S  vV  of 
Brattlcboro',   and  27  E  of  Bennington. 

Marhet-yew.     See  Mcrazion. 

Marlborough,  a  borough  in  Wiltn, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  This 
town  has  often  suffered  by  fire,  par- 
ticularly in  1690.  It  gives  title  to  a 
duke,  contains  two  churches,  and 
about  500  houses,  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  seated  on  a  chalky 
soil,  on  the  Kcnnet,  43  miles  E  of 
Bristol,  and  74  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1 
26VV,  lat.  5128  N. 

Marlborough,  Fort,  an  English  facto- 
ry, on  the  W  coa.st  of  the  islcmd  of 
Sumatra,  three  miles  E  of  Bencoolen, 
mid  300  N  VV  of  Batavia.  Lon.  102 
9E,  lat.  3  49N. 

Marloiv,  a  Uorough  in  Btickingham- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Thames,  over  which 
is  a  bridge  into  Berkshire.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  has  a 
manufacture  of  bonelace,  and  is  17 
miles  S  of  Ailesburv,  and  31  W  of 
London.    Lim.  0  45'  W,  lat  51 35  N. 

Matli,  a  village  of  France,  between 
Versailles  and  St.  Germain,  seated  in 
a  valley,  near  a  forest  of  the  same 
name.  Here  was  a  royal  palace  noted 
for  its  fine  gardens  and  water-works, 
there  being  a  curious  machine  on  the 
Seine,  which  not  only  supplied  them 
with  water,  bat  also  those  of  Versailles. 
It  is  ten  miles  N  W  of  Paris, 


I 

I 


m 


MAR 


MAR 


Marman.ie,  a  town  of  Franrp,  in  the 
(\e|iai'liiii.-nl  ut'  l.o*  uiid  (jai'oiiiic  unit 
latf  |irovincc  of  Gtiifiiiic.  It  carni's 
oil  a  jjri'Ut  truile  in  orn,  wine,  itiiil 
Brandy,  unil  is  seated  on  tin.'  Garonne, 
40  ni  I'cs  SE  ofDonrik'idix,  and  3J0  S 
l)v  VV  of  Paris.  L:)n.  0  IJ  E,  lat.  44 
20  N. 

Marmora^  n  sea  Ix'twcun  Eiifopt; 
and  Asia,  which  t(»nmmniratc»  with 
the  Aichi))clapi,  b;  llic  strait  of  Galli- 
poli  nu  the  S  \V,  and  wilii  tlic  Ulaclc 
ISe.'i.hy  the  strait  of  C'jnHl:intinoj)le  on 
th'.-  .'»  '.'•■  It  has  iW'i  castlca,  one  on 
the  Asian,  and  one  on  tlie  Eiiro|)ean 
•itU',  is  IJO  inih's  in  k'ngtli,  and  5(J  In 
broadtli,  aiul  was  ancii-ntly  called  the 
I'ropontis. 

Marmora,  tlic  name  of.timr  ishmds 
in  the  sea  of  the  siune  name.  1  he 
largest  is  ahunt  JO  miles  in  eircnm- 
fercncc,  and  tlicy  all  produce  corn, 
vine,  and  I'rnits. 

Marmora,  a  ctlchratcd  cascarie  of 
ItMly,  in  tlie  dutiliy  Sp-ilttto,  three 
)nilc->  from  'I'eini. 

Mariie,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chora/.in. 

Mnrne,  u  department  of  France,  in- 
clxiding  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Chain[)i>i^nc.  It  tnkcs  its  name  from  a 
river  wi.ich  tises  near  Lnnffros,  and 
flowinjr  N  W  joins  the  Seine,  a  little 
above  Paris.  Kheinis  is  t'le  arrliicpis- 
eojnil  ^e<",  l>iit  Chal.ms  is  the  capital. 

Mir/it,   Ufiper^     a     department    of 
Tri'iie,   iiRuidiiij^  part  of  the  late  pri. 
vince  of  Cli.onpajjne.     Chuumont  is  the 
Cii|>ital. 

Marnhtdl,  n  village  in  Dorsetshire, 
on  t!ie  Stoiir.  The  church  is  an  ancient 
lofty  hviildingi  the  tower  of  which 
fell  down  in  1710,  in  time  of  divine 
service,  but  was  lunu.sonicly  rebuilt. 

Maro,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast 
of  Genoa,  in  a  valle>'  of  tlic  same  name, 
eight  miles  N  W  of  Oneg-lia,  and  48 
W  S  W  of  Genoa.  Lou.  7  41  E,  lat. 
44  55  N. 

Marogna,  a  town  of  Romania,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see,  seated  near 
the  Mcdittrranean,  150  miles  S  W  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  25  41  £,  lat.  40 
S9N. 

Marntier,  a  toN\'n  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  with  a  late  Bene- 
dicthie  abbev,  18  miles  N  W  of  Stras- 
burg.     Lon.r  33  F.,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Marpurg,  a  strong  town  of  Get  many, 
in  the  landjfi-avate  of  Ucsac  Casscl^ 


with  a  university,  a  castle,  a  palace, 
a  handsome  sipmre,  and  a  niag;iiili<'ent 
town-house.  It  is  seated  on  liie  river 
Luhn,  15  miles  S  of  Waldeck,  and  47 
S  \V  of  Casscl.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  50  35 
N. 

Marquesas,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  S  I'acilic  Ocean,  of  wliich  the  most 
considerable  are,  St.  Christina  anri  St. 
Pedro.  Captain  Cook,  in  his  second 
voyage,  lay  some  time  at  the  tiisl  of 
these,  which  is  situate  in  lon.  13'.'  y  VV, 
and  lat.  'J  55  S.  'I'hc  products  of  tiiese 
islands  are  breadfruii,  bananas,  ]ilan- 
tains,  cocoa  nuts,  scarlet  boan*,  paper 
mulberries,  of  the  bark  of  which  their 
cloth  is  made,  casiiunnas,  with  other 
tropical  plants  and  trees,  and  with 
hogs  and  fowls.  'I'luy  have  also  ])len- 
ty  of  (isli.  Mr.  Foster  says  he  never 
saw  a  single  deformeil,  or  even  ill-pro- 
portioned man  among  the  natives  ;  all 
were  strong,  tall,  well  limbed,  and  ac- 
tive in  the  liighcst  degree.  Their 
arms  ate  clubs  and  spears,  and  their 
goveninieiit,  like  ttiat  of  the  Society 
Islands,  monarchical.  But  they  are  not 
(jiile  so  cleanly  as  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Society  Isles,  whu,  in  that  rtjs|nct, 
surpass,  periiaps,  any  other  people  in 
the  wf)rlcl.  The  drink  of  the  Martpic- 
sans  is  purely  water,  cocoa  nuts  'a  ing 
rather  scarce.  Tl-.cy  arc  m»ich  given 
to  iiilfering,  like  the  lower  sort  among 
tlic  Ot.ilieitans.  Their  music,  musi- 
cal instruments,  dances,  and  canoes, 
very  much  resemble  those  of  Otaheite. 
In  short  the  inhabitants  of  the  Mar- 
(jiicsas.  Society,  and  Friendly  Islands, 
Easter  Island,  and  New  Zealand, 
seem  to  have  all  the  same  origin,  their 
l.-mguage,  manners,  customs,  &c.  bear- 
ing a  great  affinity  in  many  respects. 

Miir- Forest,  a.  district  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, consisting  of  vast  wootlland 
mountains,  which  occupy  the  western 
angle  of  the  county.  The  river  Dee 
rises  among  these  mountains. 

Marsal,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mcurthc  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  remarkable  for  its  salt- 
works, and  seated  on  the  Sellc,  in  a 
marsh  of  difficult  access  ;  which,  with 
the  fortifications,  renders  it  an  impor- 
tant place.  It  is  17  miles  N  E  of 
Nanci.    Lon.  641  E,  lat.  48  49  N. 

Martala,  a  populous  and  strong  town 
of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Mazara.  It 
is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Lilybncum,  53  miles  S  W  of  Palermt^ 
Lou.  12  29  £,  lat.  as  4  N. 


A  R 

ty,  a  castle,   a  palace, 

Kirc,  itiul  :t    riiag^\ili('(-i)1 

t  iH   Hcati'd  on  ijic  nvcr 

b  of  Waldtck,  uiul  47 

Lou.  9  0  E,  lat.  50  35 

a   (ri'oiip  of    islaniU   in 
can,  of  wliirli  the  moat 
',    Si.  Clirislinu  and  St. 
in    Cook,  in  his    Nocond 
im-  liniL'    at  the  lirst  of 
situate  in  Ion.  13'.)  <■.)  VV, 
'I'lic  produi'ts  of  tiiese 
adfruii,  baiiuna!),  plan- 
its,  scarlet  bean*,  pa])cv 
the  l)ark  of  which  their 
,  casiiarnias,  witii  other 
s    and   trees,  and    with 
'riu-y  have  also  pleti- 
•.   roster  says  he  never 
eformed,  or  even  ill-pro- 
anion)^  the  natives  :  all 
all,  well  linihed,  and  ar- 
ijjlicst    <lcj^ree.      Their 
!  and  s|)eHrs,    and   their 
ke  tliat   of  the    Soiiety 
•chical.  But  they  arc  not 
ily  us  the  inhabitants  of 
es,  whn,  in  that  rosixcl, 
ips,    any  other  jieople  in 
he  di'ink  of  the  Marcpie- 
water,  cocoa  nuts  '.i  iiip 
They  arc  much  j^iven 
kc  the  lower  sort  anninp 
s.     Their   nuisic,  musi« 
ts,  dances,  untl  canoes, 
enible  these  of  Ota-ieite. 
inliabitunts  of  the  Mar- 
y,  and  Friendly  Islands, 
i,     and     New   Zealand, 
ill  the  same  orij^in,  their 
iners,  customs,  jjic.  bear- 
inity  in  many  respects, 
a  district  in  Aberdecn- 
i'mg    of  vast    woodland 
licli  occupy  the  western 
:ounty.    The  river  Dee 
icse  mountains. 
)wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
[curthc  and  late  province 
emai-kable    for  its   salt- 
*tcd  on  the  Selle,  in  a 
ult  access  ;   which,  with 
ins,  renders  it  an   impor- 
t  is    17  miles    N  E   of 
341  E,  lat.  48  49  N. 
wpulous  and  strong  town 
c  valley  of  Mazara,     It 
le  ruins  of  the   ancient 
miles  S  W  of  Faleriq(tv 
,  lat.  28  4  N. 


MAR 

Marsar/uiver,  or  Mortalquivtr ,  a 
^iruntf  and  ancient  town  of  Africa,  on 
tlio  coast  of  Uaibary,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Altfieis,  with  one  of  the  best  har- 
bours in  Africa,  It  was  taken  by  the 
Sjiunlards  in  17.S2;  and  in  seated  on  a 
io<  k,  near  a  ba)  of  the  Mediterranean, 
tlirce  nidcsfrom  Oraii.  Lon.  0  10  W, 
111!   36  1  N. 

Miinciliet,  a  strong  city  of  France, 
ill  till?  departnieiit  of  the  Mouths  of 
the  Klione  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence. It  was  lately  an  episcopal  lee  i 
and  ilie  iiihiibilaiits,  before  the  late  re- 
volution were  computed  at  lOO.OUO, 
Imt  now  arc  only  80,000.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Meditcrraneaii,  at  the  up- 
per end  of  a  gulf,  covered  and  de- 
fended by  many  small  ishinds  -,  and  it 
i:i  jiartly  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  and 
j>artly  in  a  plain.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Old  and  the  New  Town.  The 
houses  are  not  so  well  built  in  the 
Old  as  in  the  New,  tlie  first  appears 
like  an  amphitheatre  to  the  vessels 
which  enter  the  port  j  but  the  streets 
arc  dirty,  narrow,  and  steep  In  this 
part  is  the  principal  church,  built  by 
the  Goths,  on  the  ruins  of  the  temple 
of  Diana.  The  New  Town  is  a  \w.v- 
feet  contrast  to  the  Old,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  a  most  beautiful 
street  ;  and  its  other  streets,  the 
S({uares,  and  the  public  buildings  arc 
be.iutifnl.  The  variety  of  dresses  and 
languages  which  .arc  seen  .and  heard 
tiere,  are  surprising,  and  on  that  ac- 
count this  city  has  been  called  Europe 
in  Miniature.  The  port  is  a  basin  of 
an  oval  form,  3480  feet  long,  by  960 
in  its  widest  part,  with  18  or  20  feet 
depth  of  wjiter  ;  and  is  defended  by  a 
liludel  and  a  fort.  In  1649,  the  plague 
I  aged  with  great  violence,  and  with 
still  greater  in  17^0,  wlien  it  carried 
iiir  50,000  of  the  inhabitant.*.  In  1 79,3, 
Mai'.soilles  revolted  against  the  French 
National  Convention,  but  was  very  scon 
reduced.  It  is  13  iniiis  N  VV  of  Tou- 
lon, and  362  S  bv  V.  of  Paris.  Lon,  5 
J7  E,  lat.  43  18  N. 

MunlifiM,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachiisi-tts  s  Kituatcd  near 
JMar.slilicld  point,  .'>6  miles  S  i".  of  Bos- 
ton. 

Mjnhfcld,  a  town  in  Gloucciitcr- 
shire,  with  ,i  market  on  Tuesday,  seat- 
ed on  tlie  C<,tcswold  Hills,  II  liillcs  E 
"f  Bristol,  and  lO'J  W  of  London.  Lon. 
■'  15  W.  lat.  51  30N. 
-Vurvca  <V;?i>-j.i,  a  totvn  of  Xaple.i,  in 


MAR 

Principato  Citrrioic,  with  a  bishor't 
see.  It  is  «''ated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
peiinines,  near  the  river  Agn,  73  milca 
S  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  49  E,  Ut.  40 
28  N. 

Maritniml,  a  small  island  in  the  Cat- 
legate,  wliii'h  for  its  strength  is  called 
the  Gibraltar  of  Sweden,  is  a  rocky 
island,  about  two  miles  in  circumfei>> 
cnce  I  the  town,  which  lies  on  the  eas- 
tern side,  contains  about  160  houses, 
anil  about  1,200  inhabitants.  .Since  the 
peace  the  commerce  has  greatly  dimi- 
nished, and  the  inhabitants  now  chiefly 
;Uibi>i8t  by  the  herring  fishery.  The 
harbour  is  extremely  Bccurc  and  commo- 
dious, but  of  diiilcult  entrance,  and  in 
tempestuous  weather  dangerous,  with- 
out a  pihit  of  the  place.  It  is  capable 
of  containing  200  vessels,  and  of  suffi- 
cient depth  for  the  largest.  It  is  23 
miles  N  W  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  11  30 
E,  lat.  57  59  N. 

Marta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  and  in  the  dutchy  of 
Castro,  seated  on  n  lake  of  the  same 
name,  called  also  Holseiia,  35  miles  N 
of  Rome.  Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Martabtm,  a  (jrovincc  of  Asia,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Pegu,  on  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, The  soil  is  fertile  in  rice,  fruits, 
and  wines  of  all  kinds.  It  is  subject 
to  the  king  of  Burmah,  who,  in  1754, 
subdued  the  kingdom  of  Pegu,  and 
rendered  it  a  depeiidai>t  province, 

Martaban,  the  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name  in  Pegu,  In  the  wars 
between  Pegu  and  Siam,  ships  were 
sunk  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  t<» 
choke  it  up,  before  which  it  was  a 
trading  place.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay 
of  llengul,  (10  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Pe- 
gu.    Lon.  96  56  E,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Mortapj,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  tlic  pro- 
vince of  I.cou. 

Jfdrtc!,  a  town  nf  France,  in  the  dc- 
paitinent  of  I,(;t  and  late  province  of 
(iuerci,  seatril  ■■ear  the  Dordogne,  18 
miles  E  of  barlal.  Lou.  1  44  £,  l«t. 
44  51  N. 

Mi:>t,'u7,  .V,'.  u  lU'iviiiec  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  bouiuli'd  on  the  N  by  the  Ca  rib- 
bean  Hi;a,  on  tliL-  K  by  Venezuela,  on  the 
.S  liy  Ni  w  Gran-.ula,  ^.rd  on  the  W  by 
Ciir'tii.Tp,ena.  It  is  300  miles  in  length, 
niul  -^W  in  hrcuilili  ;  is  u  mountain- 
oils  c(.;i!.try,  .ind  the  land  very  high. 
Here  tin;  farioiis  ridjrc  of  mountain* 
begin,  ci'Ucd  tlu-  Corilinera-de-los-In- 
du3,  or  the  Andes,  which  run  thn 
whole  len^-th  of  South   Amotica,  ti"op» 


^  „■ 


■^^^ 


liA 


MAR 

N  to  S.  It  aboiiiKU  with  fi'iiits  prnpei' 
to  the  illmiili;,  uml  there  arc  iiiiiifit  of 
gold  uiid   precious  itonca,   ami    salt- 

Miirt/ia,  St.  the  capita)  of  a  province 
of  the  name  name  in  'i'crra  Kinna,  with 
uhinho])'*  see,  and  a  harbour  surround- 
ed by  hij^h  mountuiiis.  It  was  once 
flouriMhing  »n<l  popiilouH,  when  the 
Spnni.sli  gallcoMH  were  sent  th"thcr, 
bnt  is  now  ahnimt  come  to  notniiigf. 
Tlic.  air  Hboiil  the  town  is  wlioleii>)n»e 
and  the  hoiiscH  arc  built  of  cune.s,  and 
covered  mostly  with  palmcto  leaves. 
It  is  sealed  on  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  1000  miles  W  by  S  of 
Rlo-de-la-Hacha.  Lon.  73  56  W,  lat. 
11  24  N. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  nn  island  of  North 
America,  near  the  coast  of  Massachu- 
setts, 80  miles  S  of  Boston.  The  in- 
hsbitants  apply  themselves  chictly  to 
their  fisheries,  in  which  they  have 
great  success.  Lon.  70  22  W,  lat  41 
16  N. 

Marthalen,  a  consideraiile  town  of 
Swisserlaml,  in  that  part  of  the  county 
of  Kvburg,  subject  to  Zuric.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  tlic  Rliine,  six  miles  S  of 
Schatfhausen. 

MartigHti,  a  seaport  of  Franco,  in 
the  depiirtnient  of  the  Moiltiis  of  the 
Rhone  and  late  province  of  Provence. 
It  is  St  jted  near  a  lake,  12  miles  long 
and  live  broad,  which  is  navipal)le 
thi'O'ighout,  but  less  conaiderable  than 
it  was  formerly,  but  whence  they  (,'cl 
very  fine  fish  aiid  excellent  salt.  Mar- 
tiRi'ies  is  2J  miles  N  VV  of  Marseilles. 
Lon  5  2  E,  lat.  43  19  N. 

Mirth,  Cipe,  a  promontory  of  Va- 
lencia, in  Spam,  which  separates  the 
ijulf  of  Valencia  from  that  of  Alicant. 
Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  38  54  N. 

Martin,  St.  a  town  of  France  in  the 
isle  of  Rhe,  with  a  luu-bour  and  strong- 
citadel,  15  miles  W  of  Rochellc.  Lon. 
1  17  \V,  lat.  15  10  N. 

Marti:i,  St.  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca- 
ribbean Islands,  in  t!ie  \V^;st  Indies, 
lyini'  to  the  N  \V  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
and  to  the  S  \V  of  Aiiguilla.  It  is  42 
miles  in  circtimt'ci-enee,  has  neither 
barb.wr  nor  river,  but  several  salt-pits. 
It  was  lonfj  jointly  possessed  by  the 
French  and  butch  ;  but  at  the  com- 
mencement of  tlie  present  war,  the 
former  were  exp-flied  by  the  latter. 
Lon.  63  0  \V,  bit,  3  U  K. 

Miirtinicn,  or.e  of  tha  V.^ndward 
Caribbce  Island-,   in  tiie  West  Indies, 


MAR 

40  miles  in  len)rth,  an<t  100  in  circnni- 
ferenre.  It  was  taWen  by  the  Eofrlisli 
from  tlie  Fiench  in  1794.  I'herv  are 
many  high  mountains  covered  with 
trees,  us  well  as  several  rivers  and  fer- 
tile vallies,  but  they  will  not  bear  ei- 
ther wheat  or  vines  i  however,  the 
former  is  not  much  wanted,  for  tlic  na- 
tives prefer  cassava  to  wheat  bread.  It 
produces  sujjHr,  cotton,  ginger,  indigo, 
chocolate,  aloes,  pimento,  plantains, 
and  other  tropical  fruits ;  and  is  ex- 
tremely populous,  some  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  still  remain.  It  has  several 
safe  and  commodious  harbours,  well 
fortified.  Fort  St.  I'ierre,  the  princi- 
pal place,  is  in  lon.  61  20  W,  tat.  14  14 
N. 

Martinaburg,  a  post  town  in  Berkley 
county,  Virginia,  19  miles  S  W  of  IIu- 
gerstown  in  Maryland,  and  about  18  N 
VV  of  Harper's  ferry  on  the  Potowmac. 

Martintvil/e,  the  capital  of  Guilford 
county.  North  Carolina,  36  miles  W  of 
Hillnlioro',  and  about  the  same  distance 
E  of  Hethania.  It  has  a  post  office  and 
about  300  inhabitants. 

Martoraiw,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
labria Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
ei{;ht  miles  from  the  sea,  and  13  S  of 
Coscnza.     Lon.   16  20  E,  lat.  .39  6  N. 

Martord,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Noya  and  Lobragal,  18  miles  N  W  of 
Barcelona.     Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Martus,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, with  u  fortress  seated  on  a  rock, 
eight  miles  S  of  Anduxar. 

MarvejiiU,  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  .the  department  of  Lozere 
and  late  province  of  Gevaudan,  seated 
in  a  vallev,  on  the  river  Colange,  10 
milci  N  W  of  Mende,  and  300  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  23  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Marftille,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse  and  late  dutchy 
of  Uar,  seated  on  the  Oshcim,  thrcfe 
miles  N  of  Jametz. 

Maryborough,  a  borough  of  Ireland, 
capital'  of  (^leen's  county,  17  miles  S 
of  Phihi'stown.  Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Maryland,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  174  miles  long,  and  110 
broad  i  bomided  on  the  N  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  E  by  the  slate  of  Dela- 
ware, on  the  S  E'  and  S  b;  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  and  on  the  S  andfVV  by  Vir- 
ginia. It  is  divided  into  18  co'.uitieSj 
10  of  wliich  are  on  the  western,  and 
eight  on  tlu!  eastern  shore  of  the  Che- 
sapcuk.    Wheat  and  tobacco  are  tlif 


A  R 

li,  uikI  too  in  circitiii- 

taken  by  tlie   Eiiiflitli 

in    1794.     There  are 

intainit    covcicd    witli 

(icverul  rivem  hmcI  fcr- 

lliey   will   not  bear  ci- 

vine*  (     lidwovor,  the 

icli  wanted,  for  tlic  na. 

:ivii  to  wliciit  bread.   It 

lotton,  ifingcr,  indijfo, 

pimento,    plautainn, 

al  t'ruiti  i  and  in    cx- 

8,  some  of  the  ancient 

'eniniii.     It  han  several 

ndioiiH  harbours,  well 

■it.  Pierre,   the   princi- 

m.  61  20  W,  lat.  14  14 

post  town  in  Berkley 
,  19  miles  S  VV  of  Ila- 
'ylund,  and  about  18  N 
irry  on  the  Potowmac. 
:hc  capital  of  Guilford 
arolina,  36  miles  W  of 
bout  the  same  distance 
It  has  a  post  office  and 
tunts. 

town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
,  with  a  bishop's   tee, 
the  sea,   and   15  S  of 
16  20  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 
wn  of  Spain,  in   Cata- 
the   confluence   of  the 
agal,  18  miles  N  \V  of 
I.  1  56  K,  lat.  41  36  N. 
•n  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
ress   seated  on  a  rock, 
Anduxnr. 

commercial  town  of 
department  of  Lozere 
:  of  Gevaudan,  seated 
lie  river  Colange,  10 
Icnde,  and  300  S  of 
3  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 
wn  of  France,  in  the 
[eusc  and  late  dutchr 
>n  the  Oshcim,  tlirc6 
tz. 

I  boroujjh   of  Ireland, 

i'»  county,  17  miles  S 

.oil.  7  0  \V,  lat.  53  2  N. 

of  the  Ujiited  States 

miles  Ions',   ""^  HO 

on  the  N  by  Pennsyl- 

y  the   sliUe   of  Dc'la- 

;   and  S  bi  the  Allan- 

1  the  S  and|VV  by  Vir- 

led  into    18  co;lntie.?i 

on   the  western,   and 

ern  shore  of  the  Clie- 

aud  tobacco  are  Uif 


MAS 


fit.iple  commodities  (if  this  state,  which, 
in  most  irsperts,  rcn'mbles  Vir|finia. 
Aniiupiilis  is  thccaiiltnl. 

Miirv'i  /fiver,  St.  a  river  of  the  Uni- 
tt'd  .Slates,  in  Cicnrg'ta.  It  In  navi)fable 
I'lr  vi'-tseU  of  <-'iii<iiderable  burden  for 
niiK'ty  miles  ;  ana  its  banks  uHord  im- 
mense J|iiantilies  of  fine  timl>er  suited 
til  the  West  Iiiilia  misi-kots.  It  forms  a 
piirtoftlie  soutlieiii  boundary  of  the 
United  Stute-i,  and  cnlcrt  Amelia 
Sound,  in  IhI.  3U  44  N. 

Murn't  Stniit,  St.  a  strait  in  North 
America,  whi'li  forms  the  communlca- 
ti  111  lielweon  Liike  Superior  and  Lake 
Huron.  It  is  abo  it  40  miles  louf;  ;  and 
at  the  U|>|)er  end  is  a  rapid  fall,  which, 
when  ciiiidurteil  by  careful  pilots,  may 
be  descemled  without  dun(fcr. 

M.irsa  Sirocco,  a  gulf  on  the  S  side 
of  I. IP  isle  of  Malta.  The  Turks  land- 
ed here  in  1565,  when  they  went  to 
be.si(v^'e  Valetta  ;  for  which  reasoa  the 
prunil  maiitcr  ordered  tlircc  forts  to  be 
built,  two  at  the  entrance  of  llie  gulf, 
and  one  on  the  point  of  land  that  ad- 
rancei*  into  the  middle  of  it. 

M irzil.'a,  a  haiulsouie  town  of  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Navarre,  seated  near 
the  river  Arragon,  30  miles  S  of  Pam- 
pehina. 

Maibntc,  one  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands, almost  in  tlic  centre  of  the  rest. 
It  is  7S  miles  in  circumference,  and 
tliu  natives  are  tributary  to  tlie  Spani- 
ards.    I.on.  122'25E,  lat.  11  36  N. 

I  Mathrmii^h,  a  nourishing  village,  in 
Yorkshire,  on  the  river  Don,  adjoining 
the  bridge  of  Kotherham,  All  sorts 
of  liammercd  and  cast  iron  goods  are 
made  here,  from  the  most  triHing  arti- 
cle to  a  large  cannon,  of  which  great 
quantities  are  e.\|>orted. 

Maicate,  a  town  of  Asia  on  the  coast 
of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a  castle  on  a 
»ock.  It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a 
Minall  bay,  and  was  forlTied,  in  1650, 
by  the  Portuguese  ;  but  afterward  ta- 
ken by  the  Arabs,  wiio  put  all  the  gar- 
rison to  the  sword,  excep  18,  who 
turned  Mahometans.  Itisvi  strong 
both  by  nature  and  art,  th>-  -ti  the 
b'liUlinga  are  nie.w.  The  cuiii.-driU, 
huilt  by  the  Portuguese,  is  noi  the 
king's  palace.  There  are  neitherii  .'es, 
shrubs,  nor  grass  to  be  seen  on  the  sea- 
coast  near  it,  and  only  a  few  date-trees 
in  a  valley  at  the-  back  of  the  town, 
though  they  have  all  tilings  in  plenty. 
The  weather  is  so  hot  from  May  to 
September,  that  no  people   are   to  be 


«^ 


MAS 

seen  in  the  Htrrets  from  ten  in  th« 
morning  till  f  nu'  ui  the  afternoon.  'I'ha 
l>a/:ars  or  market  places  are  covered 
with  the  lca\es  of  dale-trees,  laid  uu 
beams  which  reurii  from  the  housetop* 
on  one  side  to  those  on  the  other.  I  he 
religion  of  the  inhabitants  is  Mahonic- 
tanism,  and  yet,  contrary  to  the  custom 
of  the  Turks,  they  suffer  any  one  to  go 
into  their  moscpies.  The  products  oi' 
the  country  arc  horses,  dates,  fine 
brimstone,  coflee,  and  ruinoss,  a  root 
tliat  dies  red.  I.on  57  26  E,  lat.  24  0  N. 

MiuJJ'Aul,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Arricge  and  late 
county  of  Foix,  with  a  lute  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
vulet Rise,  eight  miles  S  W  of  Pu- 
miers. 

Mattetyne'a  hies,  a  group  of  small 
but  beautiful  islands,  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  lying  ofV  the  S  F,  point  of 
Malicollo,  one   of  the  New  Hebrides. 

Aftuta,  an  ancient  and  popidous  town 
oflluly  in  Tuscany,  capital  of  a  small 
territory  of  the  same  name,  witli  the 
title  of  a  principality,  whose  sovereign- 
ty is  independent  of  the  grand  duke. 
It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is  famous 
for  its  quarries  of  fine  marble.  It  is 
seated  on  a  p!:.in,  three  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  55  VV  bv  N  of  Florence.  Lon. 

10  OE,  lat.  44  0'N. 

Miisia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra- 
di-Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated 
near  the  sea,  20  miles  S  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  18  E,  lat.  40  31  N. 

Massa,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sien- 
nese,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a 
mountain  near  the  sea,  25  miles  S  W 
of  Sienna.     Lon.  10  48  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Matta  or  Mazzi,  a  town  of  the  Ve- 
ponese,  in  Ituly,  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  the  Po,  40  miles  E  of  Mantua.     Lon. 

11  50  E,  Lit.  45  20  N. 
Massiichuaetti,    one  of  the    United 

States  of  America,  150  miles  long  and 
65  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  on  the  W  by 
New  York,  on  tlie  S  by  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  on  the  E  by  tjiat  ocean  and  Massa- 
chusetts Bay.  '  It  'is  divided  into  14 
counties  ;  produces  plenty  of  Indian 
corn,  flax,  hemp,  f;opper,  andiron,  and 
they  have  manufaetories  of  leather,  li- 
nen, .".nd  woolleB  cloth.  Boston  is  tlije 
capital. 

McusachuscUs   Bay,  a  bay  of  North 
America,   wliif;I>   sprcails   eastward  of 
Boston,  and  is  compreUcftcJd  betweeu 
U  li,h 


MAT 


M  A  U 


.;.f 


II 


Cape  Ann  on  tlie  N,  and  Cape  Cod  on 
the  '}.  It  is  so  iiuincd,  us  well  as  the 
whole  .st:ite  of  MassatliuseUs,  from  a 
tribe  of  I  idlaiisof  llie  same  imme,  thai 
formerly  tiveii  rouiidtiiis  bay. 

MnssaJ'ra,  a  slrong  town  of  Italy  in 
the  king'dom  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'O- 
tranto,  wi*"  bisiiop's  see,  scaled  al 
the  fiiol  CI  e  Appeiiniius,  16 miles  N 
N  W  of  1  urento.  Lon.  17  20  E,  hit. 
40  50  N. 

Mitsterano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Pied 
mont,  capital  of  a  small  principality  of 
the  same  name,  held  by  its  prince  as  a 
fief  of  the  cliiircli.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  40  miles  N  E  of  Turin.  Lon. 
8  14E,  lat.4J38  N. 

Mastico,  or  Capo  Mastico,  a  cape  "n 
the  S  side  of  Scio,  one  of  tlic  islands  of 
the  Archipelago. 

Mastiah,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  situ- 
ate on  an  island  on  the  coast  of  the  Red 
Sea.  The  houses,  in  general,  are 
built  of  poles  and  bent  grass,  as  in  the 
towns  in  Arabia ;  and  a  few  are  of 
stone,  some  of  them  two  stories  high. 
Lon.  39  36  E,  lat.  15  35  N. 

Masulibatam,  a  populous  and  former- 
ly a  commercial  seaport  of  Hindoostan, 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  .".istna, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  but  its 
trade  has  now  declined.  It  is  200  miles 
N  of  Madras.  Lon.  81  12  E,  lat.  16 
€  N. 

Mataca,  or  Mantaca,  a  commodious 
bay  on  the  N  coast  of  t!ic  island  of  Cu- 
ba, 35  miles  E  of  Havanna.  Lon.  81. 
16  W,  lat.  23  12  N.    . 

Matagorda,  a  fortress  of  Spain,  seat- 
ed at  the  entrance  of  the  liarbour  of 
Cadiz. 

Matalona,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples 
and  m  Terra  di  Lavori,  eight  miles  N 
W  of  Capua,  and  19  W  bv  S  of  Bene- 
%-ento.     Lon.  U  14  E,  lat."  41  12  N. 

Mataman,  acounty  of  Africa,  hound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Benguela,  on  tlic  E  by 
parts  unknown,  on  the  S  by  tlie  coun- 
try of  the  Hottentots,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  There  is  no  town 
in  it,  and  the  inhabitants  live  in  mise- 
rable lutts,  it  being  a  desert  country, 
little  vi?ited  by  the  Europeans. 

Miitan,  <)v M.irtaii,  oneof  the;  Philip- 
pine slands.  The  inhabitants  have 
thrown  off  the  yoke  of  Spain  and  here 
Majrellan  was  killed  in  1521. 

Matapan,  Cube,  the  most  southern 
promontory  of  the  Morea,  between  tlic 
gtdfof  Coron  and  that  of  ColocUina. 
Lon.  22  40  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 


Matarm,  a  large  town  of  Asia,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  an  empire  of  that 
name,  in  the  island  of  Java.  It  is  strong 
by  situation,  and  seated  in  a  fertile  and 
populous  country,  s'lrrovmded  by  moun- 
tains.    Lon.  ill  55  E,  lat.  7  15  S. 

Mataro,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalo- 
nia, remarkable  for  its  glass-works, 
:ieated  on  the  Mediterranean,  15  miles 
N  E  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  39  E,*  lat, 
41  36  N. 

Miitcoviitz,  a  strong  town  of  Upper 
Hungarj,  intlie  county  of  Sccpus,  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  185  miles  N  E  of 
Presb'.irgh. 

Muteika,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  15  miles 
S  of  Jesi. 

Mutcni,  a  considerable  town  of  Italy 
in  Naples,  and  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Ca- 
napro,  35  miles  N  W  of  Tarento.  Lon. 
16  54  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Matloct,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  si- 
tuate on  tlie  Derwent,  with  a  bath 
whose  water  is  milk  warm,  which  is 
pretty  much  frequented,  four  miles  N 
of  Wirksworth.  It  is  an  extensive 
straggling  place,  biilit  in  a  t'otnanttc 
style,  on  the  steep  side  of  a  mountain, 
the  houses  rising  regularly  one  above 
Muother.  There  are  excellent  accom- 
modations tor  the  company  who  resort 
to  the  baths :  and  the  poorer  inliabi- 
tants  are  supported  by  the  sale  of  pe- 
trifactions, crystals,  and  notwithstand- 
ing the  rockiness  of  the  soil  the  clilfs 
of  the  rocks  jjroduce  a  great  number  of 
trees,  whose  foliage  adds  greatly  to 
the  beauty  of  the  place. 

Matviai.     See  yeso. 

Mattheo,  St.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Ar- 
ragon,  10  miles  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  55  N  of  Valencia,  t  on.  0  36 
W,  Lit.  40  12  N. 

Mattheu),  St.  an  island  of  Africa,  420 
miles  S  by  W  of  Cape  Palmas  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  It  was  planted  by 
the  Portuguese,  but  is  now  deserted. 
Lon.  6  10  W,  lat  1  24  S. 

Matthevj,  St.  a  small  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  Lon.  123  51  E,  lat  5 
23  S. 

Matuin.^y,  a  seaport  in  the  island  of 
Jeso,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  tributary  t"  Japan.  Lon.  138  55 
E,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Maubeuge,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  French  Hainault.  In  Sep- 
tember 1793,    tlie  Aiistiians  formed 


I  A  U 


MAW 


MAY 


large  town  of  Asia,  for- 
till  of  an  empire  of  that 
sliiml  of  Java.  It  is  strung 
and  seated  in  a  fertile  and 
trv,  s'lrrounded  bv  inoun- 
11  55  E,  lat.  7  15  S. 
;own  of  Spain  in  CatalO' 
ble  for  its  glass-works, 
Mediterranean,  15  miles 
I'lona.     Lon.  2  39  Ei*  lat. 

a  strong-  town  of  Upper 
he  county  of  Sccpus,  seat- 
itain,  185  miles   N  £   of 

in  ancient  town  of  Italy, 
sate  of  Ancona,  15  miles 

considerable  town  of  Italy 
id  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto, 
)'s  see,  seated  on  the  Ca- 
es  N  W  of  Tarento.   Lon. 

40  59  N. 

village  in  Derbyshire,  si- 
Derwent,    with   a  bath 

is   milk  warm,  which  is 

frequented,  four  miles  N 
rth.  It  is  an  extensive 
lace,  built  in   a  tuinantic 

steep  side  of  a  mountain, 
•ising  regularly  one  above 
lere  are  excellent  arcom- 
r  the  company  who  resort 
s :  and  the  poorer  inliabi- 
pportcd  by  the  sale  of  pe- 
rystals,  and  notwithstand- 
ness  of  the  soil  the  cliifs 
produce  a  great  number  of 
;  foliage  adds  greatly  to 
"the  place. 
See  yeso. 

it,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Ar- 
iles  from  the  Mediterra- 
N  of  Valencia,  t  on.  0  36 
JN. 

It.  an  island  of  Africa,  420 
/  of  Cape  Palmas  on  the 
inea.  It  was  planted  by 
ise,  but  is  now  deserted. 
,  lat  1  24  S. 

St.  a  small  island  in  the 
n.     Lon.   123  51  E,  lat  5 

a  seaport  in  the  island  of 
of  a  province  of  the  same 
iryt"  Japan.     Lon.  138  55 

a  town  of  France,  in  the 
if  the  North  and  Ute  pro- 
inch  Hainault.  In  Scp- 
,    tlic   AiisUians  formed 


the  blockade  of  this  place,  but  were 
driven  from  their  position,  in  the  fol- 
lowing  month.  It  is  fortified  accord in;j 
to  Vauban,  and  is  seated  on  the  Sambre , 
12  miles  S  of  Mons,  and  40  S  W  of 
Brussels.    Lon.  4  5  E,  lat  50  15  N. 

Mauldah,  a  handsome  city  of  Hlr 
dooston  Proper,  in  Bengal,  situate  on 
a  river  that  communicates  with  the 
Ganges.  It  arose  out  of  the  ruing  of 
Gour,  which  are  in  its  neighbourhood ; 
and  is  a  place  of  trade,  particularly  in 
silk.  It  is  190  miles  N  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  88  28  E,  lat.  25  10  N. 

Mjuleon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Bcarn,  with  a  castle, 
it  is  situate  on  the  river  Gare  on  the 
frontiers  of  Spain,  20  miles  S  W  of 
Pau,  and  40  S  E  of  Dax.  Lon.  0  31  W, 
lat.  43  10  N. 

Mauieon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou,  with  a  late  famous  Au- 
l^uBtine  abbey  :  it  is  seated  near  the  ri 
vulet  Oint,  52  miles  N  E  of  Rochelle, 
and  52  N  W  of  Poitiers.  Lon.  0  36 
W,  lat.  46  54  N. 

Jtlaura,  St.  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, hear  the  coast  of  Albania,  15 
miles  N  E  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia. 
Lon.  20  46  E,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Maure,  St.  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire 
and  late  province  of  Toiu-aine,  \7  miles 
S  of  Tours,  and  148  S  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  47  9  N. 

Afauriac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Cantal  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  with  some  trade 
And  famous  for  excellent  horses.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Dordogne,  27  miles  S 
E  of  Tulles.     Lon.  216  E,  lat.  4515  N. 

Maurice,  St.  a  town  of  Swisserlund, 
in  the  Vallais.  It  lies  between  tvirf) 
high  mountains  and  is  situate  on  the 
Rhone,  IG  miles  N  W  of  Martigny.  It 
guards  the  entrance  into  tlie  Lower 
Vallais. 

Mmirienne,  a  village  of  Savoy,  50 
miles  in  length,  extending  to  Mount 
Cenis,  which  sepai'atcs  it  from  Pied- 
mont. St.  John  is  the  capital  town. 

Mauritius.  Sec  Isle  of  France. 

Maurua,  one  of  tlie  Society  Islands, 
in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  14  mi!es  VV  of 
Bolabola.     Lon.  152  32  W,  lat.  16  '^6  S. 

MaKs,  St.  a  l)orough  in  Cornwall, 
which  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, hut  has  no  church,  chapel,  nor 
market.      Henrv^vju.  built. a  eastle 


here,  opposite  Pendennis  castle,  on  the 
Si  side  of  Falmouth  haven,  for  the  bet ; 
UT  security  of  that  important  port.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament  and 
'S  three  miles  E  of  Falmouth,  and  250 
\V  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  56  W,  lat. 
50  8  N. 

Maxitnin,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vai-  and  late  province 
of  Provence.  Before  the  revolution, 
here  was  a  convent  for  Dominicans, 
on  which  they  pretended  to  preserve 
the  body  of  Mary  Magdalen,  which 
brought  them  great  riciies  by  \\k  re- 
sort of  superstitious  visitors.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Argens,  20  miles  N  of 
Toulon.     Lon.  5  57  E,  lat.  43  30  N. 

May,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  seven 
miles  S  E  of  Crail.  It  is  surrounded 
by  rocks  which  render  it  almost  in- 
accessible. It  has  a  lighthoui^e,  of 
great  benefit  to  vessels  entering  the 
frith. 

Maj,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  Ameri-  " 
ca,    on  the    N   side   of  the  mouth   of 
the    Delawiu-e.     Lon.  75  W,  lat.  39  0 
N. 

Maahoun,    a    very    ancient    city  of 
Peg  le.  Situated  on  the  Irrawaddy.     It 
stretches  two  miles  along  the   margin 
of  the   river,   and  is  distinguished  by 
numerous  gilded  temples,  and  spacious     ,..._ 
convents,  and  a   great  variety  of  tall 
wide-spreading  trees    gives  it    an  air 
of  venerable  grandeur.     Its  quays  are 
frequented  by  great   numbers  of  trad- 
ing boats  some  of  them  of  60  tons  bur- 
den.   The  neighbourhood  is  fruitftd  in 
rice,  of  which  large  quant  ties  ar«  ex-    »?^ 
ported  to  Umrncrranipoora,  the  capital        i 
of  the  Birman  dominions. 

Mjyence.     See  Mentz. 

Mayeime.     See  Maine. 

Mato,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  tlie 
province  of  Connaught,  62  miles  long 
and  52  broad  ;  boimded  on  the  E  by 
Roscommon,  on  the  S  by  Gal  way,  oijtf;*^_ 
the  W  and  N  by  the  Atlantic,  and  oft'**' ' 
the  N  E  by  Sligo.  It  is  a  fertile  coun- 
try, and  abounds  in  cattle,  deer,  hawk3, 
ami  honey.  It  co'itains  75  parishes, 
and  .sends  four  members  to  parliament. 
The  principal  tqwn,  of  the  same  name, 
is  much  decayed.  Lon.  9  39  W,  lat. 
53  40N. 

M.tyo,  or  the  Isle  of  May,  one  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  300  miles  from  Cape  de  Verd 
in  Africa,  about  17  miles  in  circumfer- 
ciicc.    The  8oU  in^neral  is  very  bwr 


I . 


,#. 


M  E  A 

r«n,  md  wnter  scarce  ;  but  there  are 
plenty  of  beeves,  goats,  and  asses  ;  as 
also,  some  corn,  jams,  potatoes,  plan- 
tains, <igH,  and  watermelons  The 
chief  conimodity  is  salt,  with  which 
many  English  ships  are  frei^^'hted  in 
the  summer  time.  Pitiosa  is  the  prin 
cipal  town,  and  has  two  rliiirches.  1  he 
inhabitants  are  neproes,  who  speak  thi 
Portuguese  language,  and  many  ot 
them  go  naked.  Lon.  23  0  W,  lat.  15 
10  N. 

Mazagan,  a  strong  town  of  Africa  in 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  sc;.tO(l  near 
the  Atlantic,  eight  miles  W  of  Aza 
nior,  and  120  N  of  Morocco.  Lon.  8  15 
W,  lat.  33  12  N. 

Mazara,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicil' 
cajjital  of  a  fertile  valley  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  good  harbour  and  a  bish- 
op's see,  25  miles  S  W  of  Trapani. 
Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  37  53  N. 

Meaco,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Ni- 
phon,  in  Japan,  of  which  it  was  former- 
ly the  capital.  It  is  the  great  maga- 
zine of  all  the  manufactures  in  Japan, 
and  t!ie  principal  place  for  tradp  The 
inhabitants  are  said  to  ha  600,000. 
Lon.  134  25 E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Mectdia,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
banuat  of  Temeswar,  seated  on  tiie  N 
side  of  the  Danube,  15  miles  E  of  Bel- 
grade.  It  v/as  dismantled  by  the 
Turks  in  1738.  Lon.  12  0  E,  lat.  45  0 
N. 

Meadsvilk,  the  principal  town  of 
Crawfoi'd  county,  Pennsj  Ivania,  situate 
on  the  E  side  of  French  creek,  25  miles 
N  W  of  Fort  Franklin.  Here  is  a  post 
office. 

Mcao,  a  small  island,  one  of  the  Mo- 
luccas, in  the  Indian  Ocean,  with  a 
good  habour.  Lon.  127  5  E,  lat.  1  12 
N. 

Mearnn.  Sec  Kincardinethire. 
Mcath,  or  East  Meath,  a  county  of 
Ireland,  in  tiie  province  of  Leinster,  36 
miles  long,  and  35  broad ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cavan  and  Louth,  ou  the  E 
by  the  Irish  Sea  and  Dublin,  on  tlie  S 
by  that  county  and  Kildare,  and  on  the 
W  by  West  Meath.  It  contains  139 
parishes  and  sends  14  members  to  par- 
liament.   Trim  is  the  capital. 

Meath,  Wnt,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  I..einster  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cavan,  on  the  N  E  and  E  by 
East  Meath,  on  the  S  by  King's  coun- 
ty, on  the  W  by  Roscommon,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Shannon, 
and  on  the  N  W  by  Longford.    It  is 


MEG 

one  of  the  most  populous  and  fertile 
counties  in  Ireland,  contains  62  parish- 
es, and  sends  ten  members  to  parlia- 
ment.   Mullenger  is  the  county  town. 

Meatix,  an  ancient  and  lately  an 
efiscopal  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
|;artnicnt  of  Seine  and  Mame  and  late 
province  of  the  Ifle  of  France,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Mame  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts.  It  is  10 
miles  N  W  of  Colomiers,  and  25  N  E 
of  Paris.     Lon.  2  58  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Mecan,  a  large  river  of  Thibet.  It 
rises  in  that  coimtry  and  flowing  S  E 
tlirough  Laos  and  Cambodia,  falls  by 
two  moutlis  into  the  Eastern  Ocean, 
and  forms  an  island  below  the  city  of 
CaT:  bodia,  which  here  gives  name  t^ 
the  eastern  branch. 

Mecca,  an  ancient  and  very  famout 
town  of  Asia,  in  Arabia  the  Happy  } 
seated  on  a  barren  spot,  in  a  valley, 
surrounded  with  little  hills,  ahoiit  a 
day's  journey  from  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  a 
place  of  no  strength,  having  neither 
walls  nor  gates,  and  the  buildings  are 
very  mean.  That  which  supports  it  is 
the  resort  of  a  g^eat  many  thousand 
pilgrims  annually,  for  tlie  shops  arc 
scarcely  open  all  the  year  besides.  The 
inhabitants  are  poor,  Very  thhi,  lean, 
and  swarthy.  The  hills  about  the 
town  are  very  numerous,  and  all  con- 
sist  of  a  blackish  rock,  and  some  of 
them  are  half  a  mile  in  circumference. 
On  the  top  of  one  of  them  is  a  cave, 
where  they  pretend  Mahomet  uauallj 
retired  to  perform  his  devotions,  and 
hitlier  they  affirm  tlie  greatest  part  of 
the  alcoran  was  brought  hint  by  the 
angel  Gabriel.  The  town  has  plenty 
of  water,  and  yet  little  garden  stuffs 
but  there  are  several  sorts  of  good 
fruits  to  be  had,  such  as  g-rapes,  mel- 
ons, water-melons,  and  cucumbers. 
There  are  also  plenty  of  sheep  brought 
thitlicr  to  be  sold  to  tlie  pilgrims.  It 
stands  in  a  very  hot  climate,  and  .the 
inhabitants  usually  sleep  on  the  tops  of 
their  houses,  for  the  sake  of';oolness. 
The  temple  of  Mecca,  has  42  doors, 
and  its  form  resembles  the  Royal  Ex- 
change in  London,  but  is  near  ten 
times  as  large.  It  is  open  in  tlie  mid- 
dle, and  the  ground  covered  with  gra- 
vel, except  in  two  or  three  places  that 
led  to  the  Beat- Allah  through  certain 
doors,  and  these  are  paved  with  siiort 
stones.  There  are  cloisters  all  round, 
and  in  the  sides  are  little  rooms  or 


'^t^ 


E  G 

populous  and  fertile 
lid,  contains  &Z  parisli- 
n  members  to  parlia- 
er  is  the  county  town. 

ncient  and  lately  an 
)f  France,  in  the  de- 
ic  and  Mame  and  late 
jle  of  France,  with  a 
ted  on  the  Mame  which 
two  parts.  It  is  10 
oloniiers,  and  25  N  E 
2  58  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

gc  river  of  Thibet.  It 
itry  and  flowing  S  E 
nd  Cambodia,  fulls  by 
,0  the  Eastern  Ocean, 
md  below  the  city  of 
h  here  gives  nume  t# 
ch. 

icient  and  very  famous 
in  Arabia  the  Happy  } 
rcn  spot,  in  a  valley, 
h  little  hills,  about  a 
am  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  a 
en^h,  having  neither 

and  the  buildings  are 
at  which  supportii  it  is 
I  great  many  thousand 
ily,  for  the  nhopg  are 
1  the  year  besides.  The 
poor.  Very  thin,  leafl. 

The  bills  about  the 
lumeroiis,  and  all  con- 
h    rock,    and  some  of 

mile  in  circumference, 
ane  of  them  is  a  cave, 
;tend  Mahomet  usually 
irm  his  devotions,  and 
•m  tlie  greatest  part  of 
I  brought  hint   by  the 

I'he  town  has  plenty 
ret  little  (rarden  stuff; 
several  sorts  of  good 
,  such  as  gTapes,  mel- 
lons,  and  cucumbers, 
plenty  of  sheep  brought 
d  to  tiie  pilgrims.  It 
'  hot  climate,  and  the 
illy  sleep  on  the  tops  of 
Pthe  sake  of';oolness. 
Mecca,  has  42  doors, 
cmbles  tlie  Royal  Ex- 
ndon,  but    is  near  ten 

It  is  open  in  tlie  mid- 
juiid  covered  with  gra- 
wo  or  three  places  tiiat 
Allah  through  certain 
i  are  paved  with  siiort 
are  cloisters  all  round, 
;s  are  little  rooms  or 


"^ 


M  E  C 

*clls  for  those  that  live  a  monastic 
life.  Tlie  Beat-Allah  sUnds  in  the 
middle  of  the  temple,  is  a  square  struc- 
ture, each  side  about  20  paces  long, 
and  24  feet  high  ;  covered  all  over 
from  top  to  bottom  with  a  thick  sort  of 
silk,  and  the  middle  embroidered  with 
letters  of  gold,  each  letter  being  about 
two  feet  in  length,  and  two  inches 
broad.  The  door  is  covered  with  sil- 
ver plates.  And  there  is  a  curtain  be- 
fore it  thick  with  gold  embroidery. 
This  Beat  is  the  principal  object  of  the 
pilgrims  devotion,  and  is  open  but  two 
days  in  the  space  of  six  weeks,  namely, 
one  day  for  the  men,  and  the  next  for 
the  women.  Within  the."e  is  oflly  two 
wooden  pillars  in  the  middle  to  support 
the  roof,  with  a  bar  of  iron  fastened 
thereto,  on  which  hang  three  or  four 
silver  lamps.  The  walls  on  the  inside 
are  marble,  and  covered  with  silk,  un- 
less when  the  pilgrims  enter.  About 
12  paces  from  the  Beat  is  the  sepul- 
chre of  Abraham,  as  they  pretend,  and 
they  affirm  that  he  erected  the  Beat- 
AUab.  The  tomb  is  handsome  enough, 
and  not  unlike  those  of  people  of  fash- 
ion in  England.  Whey  they  have  per- 
formed their  devotions  here,  tliey  re- 
pai!"  to  a  gibel  or  hill,  which  however 
is  not  large  enough  to  contain  them  all 
at  once,  for  there  are  no  le^  than 
70,000  pilgrims  every  year.  When 
certain  ceremonies  are  over,  they  then 
receive  the  title  of  hadgies  or  saints, 
and  the  next  morning*  they  move  to  a 
place  where  they  say  Abraham  went 
to  offer  up  his  son  Isaac,  which  is  about 
two  or  three  miles  from  Mecca ;  here 
they  pitch  their  tents,  and  then  throw 
seven  small  stones  against  a  little 
square  stone  building.  This,  as  they 
atlirm,  is  performed  in  defiance  of  the 
devil.  Every  one  then  purchases  a 
sheep,  which  is  brought  for  that  pur- 
pose, eating  some  of  it  themselves,  and 
giving  the  rest  to  the  poor  people  who 
attend  upon  tlie  occasion.  It  is  25 
miles  from  Jodda,  the  seaport  toy^n  of 
Mecca,  and  220  S  E  of  Medina.  Lon. 
40  53  E,  lat.  21  45  N. 

Alecilenburgh,  a  dutchy  of  Germatiy, 
in  the  circle  of  Lower  Sasony  ;  bound- 
ed oil  the  N  by  the  Baltic,  on  tlie  E  by 
Fomerania,  on  tiie  S  by  Brandenburg, 
and  on  the  W  by  Holsteiii  and  Lunen- 
burg. It  extends  135  milej  in 
leyi!;;-tli,  and  90  w!irre  broadest.  It  is 
a  fruitful  co-Jiitry  well  wiiteied  with 
iuland  lak^s  and  rivers,  and  abounds  In 


M  E  C 

com,  pastures,  and  game.  Its  sltua-* 
lion  on  tlie  Baltic,  renders  .1  very 
convenient  for  foreign  trade.  'I'his 
coimtry  was  formerly  sulijcct  to  one 
prince,  but  hi  1592  on  the  deatli  of 
the  sovereign,  it  was  divided  between 
his  two  sons,  the  one  possessiiiG^  the 
dutchy  of  Mecldenbui'g  Scliwcrin, 
and  the  other  the  dutchy  of  Mcck< 
lenbiirgh  Strelitz. 

Mectienburg  a  post  town  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Mecklenburg  countj-,  Virginia; 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Roanoke  riv- 
er, about  65  miles  S  W  of  Petersburg, 
on  the  Appomatos. 

Mecklin,  a  city  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, capital  of  a  district  of  Uie 
same  name,  with  an  archbishop's  .see. 
It  consists  of  se\  erul  small  islands  made 
by  artificial  can.ils,  over  which  are  a 
great  many  bridges  ;  and  its  cathed- 
ral is  a  superb  structure,  with  a  very 
high  steeple.  Here  is  a  great  foundry 
for  ordnance  of  all  kinds ;  and  it  is  fa- 
mous for  fine  lace,  and  a  sort  of  beer  ; 
which  is  sent  into  the  neighbouring 
provinces.  The  territory  of  this  town 
is  a  lordship,  which  comprehends  two 
small  districts,  containing  nine  towns 
of  little  consequence,  and  some  villages. 
It  submitted  to  the  didce  of  M.irlbo- 
rough  in  1706,  and  was  taken  by  tlie 
French  in  1746,  but  restored  in  1748. 
In  1792,  the  French  again  took  it,  eva- 
cuated it  the  iie.xt  year,  and  re-entcrejl 
it  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Den- 
der,  ^0  miles  N  E  of  Brussels,  and  15 
J  E  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  34  E,  lat.  51 
2N. 

Mechoachan,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Mexico  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  W  by  New  Biscay,  on  the  N 
E  by  Paiuico,  on  the  E  by  Mexico 
Proper,  on  the  S  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  on  the  W  by  New  Galicia.  It  is 
200  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  ve- 
ry rich,  abounding  in  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life.  It  has  also  mines  of  silver 
and  copper,  great  plenty  of  cocoa  nuts, 
and  much  silk. 

Mechoachan,  or  Valtadolid,  a  consid- 
arable  town  of  New  Spain,  ca|)ital  of 
the  province  of  Mechoacin,  with  a 
bishop's  sec.  It  is  seated  near  a  great 
lake  1 10. miles  W  of  Mexico.  Lon. 
102  23  W,  lat.  20  5  N. 

Medley,  a  province  of  Asia,  subject 
to  the  king  of  Burmah.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Ass^m,  on  the  E  by  Chi- 
na, on  the  W  by  Bengal,  and  on  tlie  ft 
by  ResUaau  aud  4«VD>sdi.  \. 


MED 

Mecran,  aprovince  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed oil  tlie  N  by  Sejfestaii  and  Canda- 
har,  on  the  E  by  Hindoostan,  on  t..; 
S  by  tlie  Indian  ocean  and  on  the  VV 
by  Kerniun,  The  covuury  is  almost  a 
desert  and  very  little  known. 

Mecrihoi;  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Tra  los  Monies,  15  miles  N  N  E  of 
Torre  de  Moncove,  and  24  S  E  of 
Mirandela.     Lon.  6  3  W,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Medebuch,  a  town  of  Westplialia,  32 
miles  W  of  Cassiel.  Lon.  10  1  E,  lat. 
51  8N. 

Medelin,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estraniadura,  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, on  the  river  Giiadiana,  22  miles  E 
of  Mcrida.  Lon.  5  38  VV,  lat.  34  41 
N. 

Meiie/padia,  a  maritime  province  of 
Sweden  in  Norland,  and  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.  It  is  mountainous  and  woody 
■witJi  fruitful  vallies  and  fine  pastures. 
Sundswall  is  the  capital. 

Media,  now  the  province  of  Ghilan  in 
Persia,  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful 
empire. 

Medemblkk,  a  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  New  Holland,  seated  on 
the  Zuider-Zee,  witli  a  good  harbour. 
It  is  nine  miles  N  of  Hoorn,  and  22  N 
E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  52 
47  N. 

MeJford,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
coiiniv,  Mass.achusetts,  on  the  Mystic 
river,' five  miles  N  W  of  Boston,  witli 
1114  i!i  habitants  in  1800. 

Medina,  a  town  of  Arnbia  Deserta, 
celebrated  for  being  the  burial  place 
«f  Mahomet.  It  is  a  small,  poor  plKce, 
but  walled  round,  and  has  a  large 
mosque,  but  nothing  like  the  temple  at 
Mecca.  In  one  coi;ier  is  a  place  14 
paces  square,  with  great  windows,  and 
brass  gates  ;  and  in  the  middle,  tiie 
U)mb  of  Malumiet,  iivcloscd  with  cur- 
tahis,  and  lighted  by  a  great  many 
lamps.  The  timib  is  not  exposed  to 
any,  except  the  eunuchs  appointed  to 
take  care  of  it,  and  to  light  the  lamps  ; 
but  the  story  of  its  biing_  suspended 
in  tlie  air  by  a  loadstone  is  known  to 
he  a  fiction.  Medina  is  called  the  ci- 
tv  of  the  Prophet,  becaiise  here  he  was 
protected  by  the  inhabitants  when  he 
tied  from  Mecca ;  and  here  he  was 
lirst  invented  with  regal  power.  The 
time  of  his  deatli  was  in  637  ;  I'Ut  the 
Mahometan  epoch  I'cgins  in  622,  from 
tiie  time  of  his  (light.  It  is  seated  oti 
;  ^ilain,  abouiidhig-  in  ])alm-trees,  2U0 


MED 

miles  N  W  of  Mecca.    Lon.  39  33  E, 

'at  24  20  N. 

Melina-Celi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the  same 
name ;  seated  near  the  Xalong,  ten 
miles  N  E  of  Siguenxa,  and  75  S  W 
of  Saragossa.  Lon.  2  24  W,  lat  41 
12  N. 

Mudiiia-de-las-Torrea,  an  ancient  but 
small  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura, 
with  an  old  castle,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mo!mtain  near  Badajoz. 

Me  lina-del-Campo.  a  rich  and  com- 
mercial, town  of  Spain,  in  he  kingdom 
of  Leon.  It  has  great  privileges,  and 
is  seated  in  a  country  aboimding  with 
corn  and  wine,  37  miles  S  E  of  Zamor* 
and  75  N  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  24  W, 
lat.  41  20  N. 

Medina-del-Ifio-Secco,  an  ancient  town 
of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon,  seat- 
ed on  a  fertile  plain,  35  miles  N  W  of 
Valladolid,  and  50  S  E  of  Leon.  Lon. 
4  33  E.  lat.  42  6  N. 

Medina-Sidonia,  an  ancient  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  castle,  36 
miles  N  N  W  of  Gibraltar,  and  20  NE 
of  Cadiz.     Lon.  5  36  E,  lat.  36  40  N. 

Mediterranean,  a  sea  between  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Europe,  extehding  from 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar  to  the 
coasts  of  Syria  .ind  Palestine  above 
2000  miles,'  but  of  unequal  breadth. 
It  conimtinicates  witli  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  the  straits  of  Gibraltar ;  and 
with  tlie  Black  Sea  by  the  strait  of 
Gallipoli,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
strait  of  Constantinople.  There  is 
no  tide  in  this  sea  and  a  constant  cur- 
rent sets  in  from  the  Atlantic  through 
the  straits  of  Gibralt.ir.  It  contains 
many  isLinds,  several  of  them  large, 
as  Majorca,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sici- 
ly, Candia:  and  Cyprus.  The  eastern 
part  of  it,  bordering  upon  Asia,  is 
sometimes  called  the  Levant  Sea.  Lon. 
6"  W  to  72°  E,  lat.  31  to  44»  N. 

Medniki,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
province  of  Samogltia,  with  a  bishop's 
see  i  seated  on  the  Warwitz,  40  miles 
E  of  Memel.  Lon.  22  49  E,  lat.  55 
42  N. 

Mudua,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  seated  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  corn,  fruits,  and  flocks  of  sheep. 
It  is  175  miles  S  W  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
0  13  E,  lat.  3445  N. 

Medway-  a  river  which  rises  in  Ash- 
down  Forest,  in  Sussex;  entering 
Kent,  it  passes  by  Tunbridge,  and 
Maidstone.    It  is  narigablb  to  Kochea- 


E  D 


M  E  I 


MEL 


Mecca.    Lon.  39  33  E, 

a  town  of  Spain,  in  OH 
of  a  dutchy  of  the  same 
near  the  X  along,  ten 
iiguenza,  and  75  S  W 
Lon.  2  24   W,  lat  41 

s-Torres,   an  ancient  but 
.S|)ain,  in  Estriunadura, 
til?,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
;ir  Uudajoz. 

impo,  a  rich  and  com- 
of  Spain,  in  he  kingdom 
as  great  privileges,  and 
country  abounding  with 
,  3"  miles  S  E  of  Zamora 
f  Madrid.  Lon.  4  24  W, 

?io-Secco,  an  ancient  town 
e  kingdom  of  Leon,  seat- 
plain,  35  miles  N  W  of 
[1  50  S  E  of  Leon.  Lon. 
6N. 

nia,  an  ancient  town  of 
dusia,  with  a  castle,  36 
of  Gibraltar,  and  20  N  E 
1.  5  36  E,  lat.  36  40  N. 
in,  a  sea  between  Asia, 
Europe,  extchding  from 
of  Gibraltar  to  the 
ia  and  Palestine  above 
)ut  of  unequal  breadtli. 
iitcs  with  the  Atlantic 
straits  of  Gibraltar ;  and 
ck  Sea  by  the  strait  of 
Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
istantinople.  There  is 
sea  and  a  constant  cur- 
om  (he  Atlantic  through 
Gibndtar.  It  contains 
several  of  them  large, 
Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sici- 
d  Cj'prus.  The  eastern 
)rdering  upon  Asia,  is 
led  the  Levant  Sea.  Lon. 
,  lat.31  to44»N. 
town  of  Poland,  in  the 
mogilia,  with  a  bishop's 
1  the  Warwitz,  40  miles 
Lon.   22  49  E,  lat.  55 


kingdom 
abound 


of 


)wn  of  the 
d  in  a  country 
lits,  and  flocks  of  sheep. 
I  S  \V  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
45  N. 

iver  which  rises  in  Ash- 
in    Susae.Y  i     entering 
es  by   Tunbridge,    and 
L  is  narigablie  to  Kochea- 


lar  i  below  which  it  divides  itself  into 
two  branches,  the  western  one  enters 
the  Thames,  between  the  isles  of  Grain 
and  Shcpey,  and  is  defended  by  tlis  fort 
at  Sheerness;  in  this  branch  at  Chat- 
ham is  a  station  for  the  royal  navy.  The 
eastern  branch  called  the  East  Swale, 
runs  to  Milton,  and  Fevcrsham,  be- 
low which  it  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean. 

MeJixay,  a  post  town  ii»  Norfolk 
cocMty,  Massachusetts,  about  25  miles 

5  W  of  Boston,  and  about  the  same 
distance  NE  of  Providence,  R.  Island. 

Me.hui,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
provmce  of  E  Gothland,  called  the 
Swedish  Spa,  on  account  of  its  waters, 
which  are  vitriolic  and  stUphureous. 
The  lodging  houses  form  one  street  of 
uniform  wooden  buildings  painted  red. 
The  wullu  and  rides  are  delightful, 
particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  Wet- 
ter.    It  is  three  miles  from  Wadstena. 

Medziboz,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the 
|)aUtinate  of  Volhinia,  seated  on  the 
river  Bog,  20  miles  S  of  Constantinow. 

Megara,  an  ancient  town  of  Greece, 
formerly  very  large,  but  now  incon- 
siderable. Here  are  some  fine  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  and  it  is  20  miles 
AV  of  Atliens.     Lon.   23  30  E,  lat.  38 

6  N. 

Megen,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  Maese,  15  miles  S  W  of 
Nimcguen.     Lon  5  26  E,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Mi'gesviir,  a  town  of  Transylvania, 
capiul  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
remarkable  for  its  good  wines.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Kotcl.  Lon.  25  20 
E,  lat  4G  50  N. 

Mcgiers,  a  town  "of  Transylvania, 
subject  to  Austria,  28  miles  N  of  Her- 
iiianstadt.     Lon.  24  41  E,  hit.  46  53  N. 

Meliran,  the  principal  of  the  channels 
into  which  the  river  Indus  divides  it- 
self, near  Tatta,  in  Hindoostan  Proper. 

Mehun-Sur-Tevre,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Cher  anil 
late  province  of  Berry.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  ca.stle  built  by  Charles  VII. 
iis  a  place  of  retirement.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Yevre, 
10  N  W  of  Bourges,  and  105  S  of  Par- 
is.     Lon.  2  17  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Mehun-sur-Loire,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Loiret,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Orleanois,  seated  on  the  Loire, 
10  miles  S  W  of  Orleans.  Lon.  1  48 
E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Meilkrie,  a  village  of  the  dutchy  of 
Chablais.    It  is  seated  on  the  S  aide  of 


the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  the  recess  of  a 
small  bay,  at  the  foot  of  impending 
mountains  in  Savoy.  This  place  is  an 
interesting  scene  in  the  luloisaof  Roiis- 
scau. 

Meinau,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  the 
Bodiiier  Sea,  or  middle  lake  of  Con- 
stance, one  mile  in  circumference.  It 
belongs  to  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  and  pro<luces  excellent  wine, 
which  forms  the  chief  revenue  of  the 
commander.  It  is  five  miles  N  of  Con- 
stance. 

Meiiitn,  or  Misnia,  a  margravate  of 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Saxony; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  dutcl'.y  of 
Saxony,  on  the  E  by  Lusatia,  on  tlie  S 
by  Bohemia,  and  on  the  W  by  Thur- 
ingla.  It  is  100  miles  in  length,  and 
80  in  breadth  ;  and  is  a  very  fine  coun- 
try, producing  corn,  wine,  metals,  and 
all  tilings  tliat  contribute  to  the  plea- 
sure of  life.     The  capital  it  Dresden. 

Mfiuen,  a  considerable  town  in  the 
electorate  of  Saxony  Proper,  and  in  tlie 
margravate  of  Meissen,  with  a  castle, 
and  a  famous  manufacture  of  porce- 
lain. It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  ten 
miles  N  N  W  of  Dresden,  and  37  E  S 
EofLeipsick.  Lon.  13  33  E,  lat.  51 
15  N. 

Melazzo,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia. 
It  has  a  bishop's  see,  and  here  are  al- 
so some  curious  monuments  of  anti- 
quity. It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the 
Archipelago,  60  miles  S  of  Smyrna. 
Lon.  27  25  E,  lat.  37  28  N. 

Melci,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  tlie  circle  of  Lower  Austria. 
Her*  is  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey, 
seated  on  a  hill,  47  miles  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  15  20E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Mekomb-Regis,  a  borough  in  Dor- 
setshire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday 
and  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  an  arm  of  the 
sea,  and  is  united  to  Weymouth  by  a 
wooden  bridge,  in  which  there  is  a 
drav'bridgc  for  the  admission  of  ships 
into  the  western  part  of  the  harbour. 
Melcomb  is  beatcd  in  a  flat,  and  lias  a 
market  place,  with  good  streets  and 
)  ards  for  their  merchandise.  The  two 
towns  were  incorporated  together, 
in  the  roign  of  Elizabeth,  are  governed 
by  a  mavor  ;  and  send  four  members  to 
parliament.  Melcomb  is  eight  miles 
SofDorccstcr,  and  129  W  S  W  of 
London.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  50  37  N. 
See  Weymouth. 

Meldela,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Uomag. 
na  bcbnging  to  ita  own  prince.    It  is 


SJ 


MEL 


MEM 


m 


iliJl 


eipflit  miles  S  W  of  Kavciina.     Lon.  11 
4i>  .••..  lat.  -M  22  N. 

Md.  ii:'t,  11  town  of  AusU'ian  Bra. 
b3';t,  10  mnesi  !i  £  of  Louvuin.  Lon. 
4  4i  E,  Ut.  50  45  N. 

Mitiiorp,  i  cuiisuleiMble  town  of 
Li.wei-  Saxony,  in  tl.c  dvitcliy  of 
Hc.li'tein,  8e!ite<I  lu-ur  tlie  Milde,  15 
miles  S  of  Tuningen,  and  45  W  of 
Hi.mburg',     Lcn  9  6  E,  lat  54  10  N. 

Mclji,  A  conside'.-iible  town  of  Na- 
ples, m  Balsllicaia,  with  an  ancient 
custle  sealed  on  a  rock,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  16  miles  N  E  of  Conza  and  72  of 
Kai.lts.     Lon.  15  52  E,  lat.  41  2  N. 

Mttida,  an  isl.ind  of  Dalniatia,  in 
tilt  ^r.IC  of  Venice,  m\A  in  the  rcpub- 
Ul  of  Hjigusa  It  IS  25  miles  in  length, 
ajiil  ithoiinds  in  oriiiigcs,  cit.-ons,  wine, 
ana  tisli.  It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey, 
six  v'liages,  and  sc^ei•al  harbours. 

Meiiila,  an  ancient  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Fez.  It  WHK  taien,  in  1496, 
by  tliC  Spaniards  ;  but  it  was  restored  to 
the  Moors  It  is  seated  near  the 
Mediterranean,  75  miles  W  bv  N  of 
Tremesen.  Lon.  2  57  Vf,  latl  34  48 
N. 

Mi'iiiida,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on 
tlic  coast  of  Zar.piiabur.  It  produces 
plenty  of  rice,  sujfar,  cocoa  nuts,  and 
other  tropicHl  frnits.  The  capital  town 
is  of  the  satiio  name,  and  seated  at 
tho  n.iottth  of  ti.<'  river  Qiiilmanci,  in  an 
agreeable  plain.  It  is  a  huge,  popu- 
lous pluie,  m  which  the  Portuguese 
have  17  churches,  9  convents,  ami 
vrare-houses  well  pr-ivided  with  Euro- 
pean };o<;ds  It  is  surrounded  on  all 
side,-  «-■  '  fine  };ardens,  and  has  a  good 
harbour,  uefended  by  a  fort.  'I'h';  in- 
habit.ints  consist  of  Christians  and  ne- 
groids, which  last  have  tlitir  own  khig 
and  religion,  and  the  number  of  both  i.t 
said  (o  Mn oiint  to  200,000.  Lon.  39  38 
E,  lat.  2  15S, 

Melita.     See  Malta. 

Mc.ui-iUi,  a  lowii  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di-Noto,  eight  miles  W  of  Lconti- 
ni. 

Mtlito,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ultenoic,  with  a  bishop's  see,  40  miles 
N  of  Retgio.  Lon  16  -^Q  E,  lat.  38  40 
N. 

Mctie,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishoj.ric  of  Osnaburg,  10  miles  E  of 
Osraburg,  Lon.  8  35  E,  lat  52  25  N. 

MeJc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  Je- 
partii.ent  of  the  TwoScviesand  lale 
province  of  Poitou,  13  miles  S  of  St, 
Maixent. 


Mdhr.     Sec  M.der. 

Mc.  iiigeii,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  li  iliwic  of  Baden,  wiiich  before 
their  late  subjugation,  depended  on  the 
cantons  of  Zuric  and  Bern.  II  is  sealed 
in  a  fertile  cniintrv,  on  the  river  Reuss, 
five  miles  S  by  W  of  Baden. 

Mdnkk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
at  tiic  coiiHnencc  of  the  Elbe  and  Mul- 
daw,  18  iTiiles  N  of  Prague.  Lon.  14 
50  E,  lat   50  22  N. 

Mt'.oue,  a  town  of  Upper  Epypt, 
sealed  on  the  Nile,  from  whence  it  ha» 
a  fine  appearance.  Lon  31  55  E,  lat. 
27  30  N. 

Melrose,  a   town  of  Scotland  in  Rox- 

biiig;ishire,  close   by    which    are    the 

mag'nihcent  remiiins  of  Melrose  Abbej-, 

founded  in  1136,  by  David  I.     Nothing 

of  tliis  abbey   the  most   magnificent  in 

the  kingdom  now  remains,  excepting  a 

part    of  the  cloister    walls,  elegantly 

carved  ,  but  the   ruins   of  the  church 

ari.  of  uncommon  beauty  and  elegance. 

Part  is  still  used  for  divine  service,  the 

j'esi   is  uncovered.     Melrose  is  seated 

;  near  the  Tweed,  28  miles  S  E  of  Ediji- 

i  buijdi.     Lon.  2  43  W,  lat.  55  38  N.  _ 

j      Melnclittadt,  *a  town    of  Franconia, 

'  in  the  bishopric  of  Wurtzburg.     It  is 

seated  on    the    Strat,  20  miles  N   of 

Schweinfurt. 

Melton  M(jfwbray,  a  town  in  Leices- 
tersuire,  witii  a  market  on  Tuesda}', 
considerable  for  cattle,  hogs,  ,'ind  sheep-. 
It  is  seatt^in  a  fertile  sod  on  the  river 
Ej  e,  over  wliich  are  two  stone  bridges, 
15  n:iles  S  bv  E  of  Nottingham,  and 
106  N  by  W'of  London.  Lon.  0  50  \V, 
lat.  52  48  N. 

Meliin,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marrie 
and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
seated  on  the  Seine,  25  miles  S  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Membritlo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  14  miles  S  of  Alcantara. 
Lon.6  0  W,  lat. 39  12  N. 

Memhury,  a  towii  in  Devonshire,  on 
tlie  S  VV  side  of  the  Chard,  has  the  ruins 
of  a  castle,  is  noted  for  the   best  Dev- 
onshire cheese,  and  has  a  fair  on  Au- 
i  gust  10. 

Mtviel,  a  strong  town  of  Eastern 
Prussia,  with  a  castle.  It  has  the  finest 
harbour  in  the  Balti?,  and  an  exten- 
sive commerce.  It  is  seattd  on  the  N 
extremity  of  the  Ciirische  Haf,  an  in* 
let  of  the  Baltic,  70  miles  in  length, 
wliich  is  here  joined  to  the  sea  by  a 
narrow  strait.    On  tlie  N  E  side  of  tl»e 


MEM 

PC  Atsler. 

a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
nf  Baden,  wi.ich  bi-fore 
ijiigatioii,  depeudi'il  on  tlie 
trie  and  Bern.  II  is  sealed 
iiintn,  on  tlie  river  Reuss, 
)>'  W"  of  Budcn. 
t.Dwii  of  Boliemia,  scnted 
;mc  of  the  Eliie  and  Miil- 
s  N  of  Prague.  Lon.  14 
22  N. 

town  of  Upper  Eg'\pt, 
;  Nile,  fn)m  whence  It  ha» 
*nce.     Lon    31   55  E,  lat. 

town  of  Scotland  in  Rox- 
close  by  which  are  the 
■eiiiiiins  of  Melrose  Abliej', 
136,  b_v  David  I.     Nothing 

the  most  magiiilicenl  in 
now  remains,  excepting  a 

cloister    walls,  elegantly 

the  ruins  of  the  church 
mon  beauty  and  elegance, 
iscd  for  divine  service,  the 
vered.  Melrose  is  seated 
eed,  28  miles  S  E  of  Ediji- 
.  2  43  W,  lat.  55  38  N. 
dt,  *a  town  of  Franconia, 
jric  of  Wurtzburg.  It  is 
he    Strat,  20  miles  N  of 

'wbray,  a  town  in  Leices- 
th  a   market  on  Tuesday, 

for  cattle,  hogs,  !ind  sheep, 
n  a  fertile  soil  on  the  river 
lich  are  two  stone  bridge's, 
y   E   of  Notting'iam,  and 

of  London.    Lon.  0  50  \W, 

ancldnt  town  of  France,  in 
lent  of  Seine  and  Marrie 
ince  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
le  Seine,  25  miles  S  E  of 
2  35  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 
,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
14  miles  S  of  Alcantara, 
lat.  39  12  N. 

a  towii  in  Devonshire,  on 
of  the  Chard,  has  the  ruins 
s  noted  for  the  best  Dev- 
se,  and  has  a  fair  on  Au- 

stronjp  tov;n  of  Eastern 
1  a  castle.  It  has  the  finest 
lie  Baltic,  and  an  exten- 
ce.     It  is  seated  on  the  N 

the  Curische  H.if,  an  in' 
Itic,  70  miles  in  length, 
re  joined  to  the  sea  by  a 
t.    On  the  N  E  bide  of  Uj* 


MEN 

entrance  into  the  liarbour  is  a  light- 
house, erected  in  17y(i  It  is  76  luile-i 
N  N  E  of  Roningsberg,  and  140  N  L 
of  l)aiit/.ic.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lut.  55  46  N 

Mciiiiningen,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia, 
near  which  the  emigrants  under  the 
prince  of  Conde,  were  m  Aug'ust  17'J5. 
defeated  by  tlie  French  republicans.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fert.ie  plain,  24  miles  S  £ 
of  Ulm,  and  35  S  '.V  of  Augsburg.  Lon. 
10  16  E,  lat.  48  i  N. 

Menim  a  large  river  in  the  kingdom 
of  Siam,  which  runs  througli  it  from  N 
to  S,  passes  by  the  city  of  Siam,  ujmI 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Siam,  behvw  Ban- 
cock.  There  are  several  singular  tish- 
es  in  it,  besides  crocodiles,  which  &re 
common  in  these  parts. 

Menancabo,  a  town  in   the  island  of 


iM  E  N 

Menehould,  St.  an  ancieit  and  con4t' 
derable  town  of  France,  in  the  dep  a't- 
inent  of  Marne  and  late  province  o^ 
Ciiampagnc.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass, 
en  the  river  Aisne,  between  two  rocks, 
with  a  castle  advantageously  situate  ; 
it  has  siiHiered  several  sieges,  but  its 
f»rtifications  are  now  demolished.  It 
was  here,  on  September  20,  1792,  the 
virtorious  Prussians  were  first  cheeked 
6y  the  French,  by  which  they  were  at 
Ust  compelled  to  a  disgraceful  retreat. 
St.  Menehould  is  20  miles  N  E  of  Cha- 
lons, and  110  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  59  E, 
lat:  49  2  N. 

Menie.     See  Mania. 

Jtenin,  a  strungl)  fort' fled  town  of 
AuMrian  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis.' 
In  1585,  it  was  almost  entirely  destroy- 


Sumatra.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  small ;  ed  b^;.  hre.  It  is  the  key  of  the  coun- 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  and  seated  j  try  :  and  in  every  war,  from  the  middle 
on  the  S  coast,  opposite  tlie  isle  of  of  the  17th  centurj',  the  possession  of 
Nassau,  250  miles  from  the  strait  of}  it  lias  been  always  of  the  utmost  con- 
Sunda.  sctjuence.    It  was  taken  by  the  French 

Menat,  a  town  of  Fritnce,  in  Auvexg- .  in  April  1794,  when  the  garrison  (in 
ne,  andin  the  late  diocese  of  Clermont.  I  order  to  save  tike  iiiiiiappy   emigrants) 

Meiicte,  an  ancient  town  of  Franere,  \  briively  forced  tiieir  way  through  the 
capital  of  the  department  of  Lozese  i  enemy.  It  is  enght  miles  S  E  of  Yprcs, 
and  late  province  of  Gevaudan,  with  a  ;  and  10  N  of  Liaie.  Lon.  3  9  E,  lat.  59 
bishop's  see.     It  is  very  populous  ;  itak  i  48   N. 

manufactures  of  serges  and  other  woo^-  i  Mentmi,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  princi- 
len  stuffs  i  and  is  seated  on  the  Lot,  |  pality  of  Monacis,  with  a  castle,  and  a 
35  miles  S  W  of  Puy,  and  210  S  by  E  |  consiilerable  trade  in  fruit  and  oil.  It 
of  Paris.     Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  44  31  N.      I  is  seated  near  the  sea,  five  miles  E  NE 

Meudip-HilU,  a  mountainous  tract,  in  '•  of  Monaco,  and  eight  W  S  W  of  Venti- 
the  N  E  of  Somersetsliire,  famous  for  i  miglia.     Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 
its  coal,  calamine,  antl  lead  ;  tlie  latter  [      Mentz,  an  archbislionric  and  electo- 
said  to  be  of  a  hai-der  quality  than  that  j  rate    of  Germany,   in  the  circle  of  the 

Lower  Rhine,  ^nd  lying  upon  that  riv 


of  other  counties.  Copper,  mangan- 
ese, bole,  and  red  ochre,  are  also  found 
in  these  hills.  On  their  summits  are 
large  swampy  flats,  dangerous  to  cross. 

Mendteshmn,  a  small  town  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  raurket  on  Friday,  18  miles  E 
ofBury  Sc.  Edmunds,  ind  82  N  E  of 
London.     Lon.  1  12  E,  lat  52  24  N. 

Mendon,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  37  miles  S  W 
of  Boston,  and  12  N  of  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  with  1628  inhabitants. 

Mendrah,  a  province  of  the  kingdom 
of  Fezzan,  with  a  town  of  the  satne 
name,  60  miles  S  of  Moiirzook.  -  Al- 
(lioiigh  much  of  the  land  in  this  pro- 
vince is  a  continued  level  of  hard  and 
barren  soil,  the  quantity  of  trona,  a  spe- 
cies of  fossil  alkali,  tiiat  floats  on  the 
surface,  orsettles  on  the  banks  of  its  nu- 
m.^roii.i  smoaking  lakes,  has  given  it  a 
higher  importance  than  that  of  the 
most  fertile  dLstrlcU. 


er.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Weter*' 
avia  and  Hesse,  on  the  S  by  Franconia, 
and  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  oa 
the  W  by  the  electorate  of  Treves  ;  is 
50  miles  long,  and  30  broad ;  and  is  ve- 
ry fertile.  The  elector  is  also  sove- 
reign of  Eichsfeld,  EisseVd,  or  Eifeld 
(a  country  surrounded  by  Hesse,  Thu- 
ringia,  Grubenhagen,  and  Calenberg) 
and  of  the  city  and  territory  of  Effort, 
in  Tluiringia. 

Mentz,  ';;  Mqyence,  a  considerable 
city  of  Germany,  (;apital  of  the  elccto- 
ri'.te  of  Mentz,  with  a  university,  and 
an  archbishop's  see.  The  archbishop 
is  an  elector  and  arch-chancellor  of  the 
empire,  keeper  of  the  archives  and  di- 
rector  of  the  general  and  particular  as. 
semblies.  The  northern  part  of  the 
city  is  built  in  an  irregular  manner, 
but  there  are  three  regular  streets  cal- 
led the  Blachen,  wliich  run  parallei  to 
1  i  1 


,?■    , 


M  E  C^ 


each  other  from  the  Uliii-.c.aml  ara  cut 
regdlailv  by  cross  hlrcets.  Here  is  a 
cut  :i'ili^.l,  wl:icli  is  suid  to  be  I'.ie  Juri- 
es! .ii  Gl'i  tiiuiiy,  ill  wiiicii  there  is  u 
valiiiblc  tifiisury.  MeiUz  is  one  of  the 
towns  wiiich  cliiini  the  iiiveiilion  of 
piintiiig-.  It  \Ya8  iiltiicked  by  the 
French  in  V,'d3,  but  tlay  were  iltfeid- 
eil  btfcirc  it,  both  in  Aj^nl  and  Octo- 
ber, tiy  tlic  Auslriuns.  w'lo  also  reliev- 
ed it  Ironi  a  hloiiiadi-  ol  two  months, 
in  .September  IT'-fi.  Many  of  tlie 
churciies,  i.iiliJlc  biiildings,  und  private 
luuises  were  destroyed,  or  (freaVly  in- 
jured, (luring  tlie  siege,  as  well  as 
some  fine  vilhij^es,  viueyaida,  and 
country  I  ouxes.  Ment/.  is  seated  on 
the  Uliine,  just  below  its  confluence 
tvitli  tl)u  Maii)e  j  and  opposite  to  it,  on 
tlie  E  side,  is  the  strong  town  of  Cus- 
sel,  connected  with  it  b\  -u.  brid(,;e  of 
boats.  It  is  15  milcE  W  o!' Francfort, 
and  75  E  of  Ireves.  Loii.  b  10  E,  lat. 
4y  ~G  N. 

Mcjjken,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
c'rcie  of  Westplialia,  whicli  depends 
un  the  bishop  of  Miiuster,  seated  on  the 


M  E  R 

S  side,  ivnd  is  (fuarded  by  several  hun« 
drcds  of  black  eunuclis,  who  are  clean- 
ly dressed,  and  their  knives  uiid  scimi- 
tai  s  are  covered  with  wrought  silver. 
The  bouses  are  very  good,  but  the 
streets  exceedingly  narrow,  aiul  liavdiy 
any  of  the  windows  to  be  soen.  Th« 
light  comes  in  the  back  of  the  houses, 
where  there  is  a  square  court,  in  the 
middle  of  which  is  a  fountain,  if 
the  house  belong  to  n  person  of  any 
rank.  They  are  Hut  at  the  top  ;  so  that 
ill  many  places  they  coji  walk  a  great 
way  upon  Uieno.  The  women  live  i«. 
the  upper  apartments,  and  oi\en  vinit 
each  other  from  the  tops  of  tlie  houses. 
When  these  go  abroad,  they  have  their 
heads  covereil  with  their  outward  ga«- 
nieiit,  which  comes  down  close  to 
their  eyes ;  und  underneath  they  tie 
a  piece  of  white  clotli,  to  hide  the  low- 
er part  of  their  face.  They  are  quit« 
covered  all  over,  except  their  legs, 
which  are  generally  naked  ;  but  with- 
in dours  the^  appear  in  their  hair,  and 
li^ve  only  a  single  fillet  over  theii'  fore- 
heads. Their  customs  and  maunervare 


Embs,  15  miles  N  of  Liiigon,  and  6U  ;  much  the  same  as  those  of  other  Mai>o- 
N  W  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  36  E,  lat.  i  metans.  Mequinez  is  66  miles  W  of 
52  45  N.  Fez.     Lon.  6  6  W,  lat  33  16  N. 

Mei/uinenza,  an  ancient  town  ofj  Mtr,  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
.Spam,  in  Ai  ragon,  str(,iigly  defended  department  of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late 
by  a  good  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  '  province  of  Blaisois,  10  luiles  N  £  of 
conf  iie'ice  of  the  Ebro  and  Segra,  in  a  |  Blois. 

handsome  trading  tai}vn  of 


fertile  country,  oO  miles  N  W  of  Tor- 
tosa,  and  180  N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0 
29  E,  lat  41  36  N. 

Mt(fiinez,  a  city  of  Fez,  in  the  em- 
piic  oi  A!')r'>cco,  seated  in  a  delightful 
plain,  having  a  serene  and  'lear  ;;lr  ; 
for  which  reason  the  emperor  resides 
in  tliis  jihice  in  preference  to  F'.>/.  In 
the  ini(i(li<    of  the  city,  Jie  Jews  ha'-e 


g  place  to 
which  are 
there    is  an  jiMai'i 


Meraii,  a 
Germany,  in  the  Tirol,  capital  of  Ersch- 
lund,  seated  on  the  Adige,  12  miles 
W  of  Salisbury,  and  100  VV  by  S  of 
Longon.     Lon.  2  25  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Mcniin,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Oiari 
beck,  with  a  castic  which  passes  for 
inijiregnable  ajid  an  arehbisliop's  see. 
The  country  abotit    it  produces  a  great 


themselves,    the   gates   of '  deal  of  cotton.     It  is  45  mileti  S  £  of 
iwrked  every   night ;    and  i  Diurbekar,  Lon.  39  59  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 


to  pi-ottct  then)  a- 


gainst  the  common  iieoplc,  who  other- 
wise would  pluudt  I-  thtir  substance  It 
is  death  for  theni  to  cui-se,  or  lift  up  a 
hand  iigainst  the  n.t  i.nest  Moor ;  and 
thev  are  obligi:d  to  wt  it.r  black  clothes 
and  eaps,  and  to  pull  otr  their  shoes 
whenever  tlic-y  puss  b;,  a  n.osqvo. 
Close  by  Me((uine.',,  on  tlie  N  \V  side, 
stands  a  laj'ge  iicj;i-o  town,  which  Likca 
up  as  much  ground  as  ti.e  city,  but  the 
li0\iscs  are  not  so  his''')  m"-'  ■'■"  v^<-'" 
hu.lt.  '1  lie  inhabitants  are  all  hhi'ks, 
or  of  a  dark  tawnv  colour  ;  and  tin  nrc 
the  eniperor  iti  hs  the  soldiers  for 
Lis  court.    TLi«       l-.^e  stands  on  the 


MtrfcZ;  a  town  of  Poland  in  LitllU- 
ania,  seated  sX.  the  confluence  of  the 
Berezino  and  Merecz,  30  miles  N  of 
Grodno,  Lon.  24  10  E,  lat.  50  ON. 

Merida,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  it) 
Estraiiiiidura,  said  to  have  been  built 
by  the  Homaiis,  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  Here  are  fine  remuns  of  anti- 
(piity,  particularly  a  triumphal  ar<h.  It 
is  seated  in  an  extensive  and  fertile 
plan.,  45  miles  S  by  E  of  Alcaiit..ura. 
L.  r.    6  4  W,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Meritii,  a  town  of  North  Anierica. 
ill  New  Spain,  capital  of  the  province 
..f  Yi.i  utjui,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
inhabited  by  the  Spaniaidi  wd  native 


unjwuimiiiuin  II.'  '' 


E  R 

larclcd  by  several  hun« 
muclis,  wlio  Mc  I'leiuJ- 
tla'ir  luvivcK  aiiil  scimi- 
d  Willi  wi-oiiifht  silver. 
.  very  {food,  but  tlie 
gly  narrow,  uiid  liai-digf 
i)W»  to  be  soen.  Th» 
he  b»ck  of  the  bouses, 
a  square  court,  in  the 
;h  is  a  fountain,  if 
ng  to  ^  person  of  any 
Bat  at  the  top  ;  so  tliat 
they  cwi  walk  a  great 

0.  The  women  live  in. 
tments,  and  oilen  visit 
tiie  tops  of  tl)e  houses. 
;j>ioad,  they  have  their 
ftith  their  outward  g»e- 
comes  down  close  to 
id.  underneath  they  Ue 
;  clotli,  to  hide  the  low- 
p  face.  They  are  quit* 
er,  except  their  leg«, 
:rally  naked  ;  but  with- 
ippear  in  their  hair,  and 
gle  fillet  over  their  fote- 
ustoms  and  manners,  are 
1  as  those  of  other  ^iRi^o- 
iiinuz  is  66  miles  W  of 
i  W,  lat  33  16  N. 

1  town  of  France,  in  the 
Loir  and  Cher,  and  late 
laisois,  10  miles  N  E  of 

andsome  trading  Kxjvn  of 
le  Tirol,  capital  of  Ersch- 
jn  the  Adige,  12  miles 
ry,  and   100  VV  by  S  of 

1.  2  25  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 
own  of  Turkey,  in  Diari 

castle  which  passes  for 
and  an  archbishop's  see. 
ibout    it  produces  a  great 

I.  It  is  45  mile<j  S  £  of 
,on.  39  59  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 
own  of  Poland  in  Litliu- 
at  the  confluence  of  the 
I  Merecz,  30  miles  N  of 
.  2410E,  lat.  50  ON. 
strong  town  of  Spain,  w 

,  said  to  have  been  built 
aus,  before  the  birth  of 
e  are  tine  remains  of  anti- 
ilarly  a  triumphal  ar<  h.  It 

an  exteruive  and  fertile 
Ics  S  by   E   of  Alcaiitura, 

lat.  38  42  N. 

town  of  North  Ar>erica 

II,  capiuii  of  the  province 
with  a  bi.shop's  see.  It  is 
'  the  Spaniaidi  *nd  native 


M  t:  R 


M  E  S 


1 


Americnn*  t  and  is  30  miles  S  of  the 
gnlf'if  Mexico,  und  IJO  N  E  of  Cam 
pc.iohy.  Lon.  89  58  VV,  lat  20  45  N. 

Merida,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  New  Granada,  seated  in  a  country 
ab  )uniliiij»  with  :iil  kinds  of  fruits,  1,10 
miles  N  E  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  71  0 
W,  b.t.  8  m  N. 

Merionethshire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Carnar- 
vonshire and  Denbighsliire,  on  the  E, 
by  tiic  county  of  Montgomery,  on  the 
S  bv  Cardiganshire,  and  on  the  VV  by 
the  Irish  Sea.  It  is  36  miles  long  and 
34  broad.  The  face  of  this  county  is 
varied  throughout  with  a  romantic  mix 
ture  of  all  the  peculiar  scenery  belonging 
to  a  wild  and  mountainous  regi(m.  The 
prinoipid  rivers  are  the  Dee  and  Dovy  ; 
and  it  liaa  a  great  mountain,  the  Cader 
Idris,  one  of  the  highest  in  Wales. 
The  air  of  this  county  is  sharp  but  it 
feeds  gi'eat  herds  of  cattle.  Merion- 
ethshire contains  six  hundreds,  four 
market-towns,  37  parishes,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament  Harlech 
ia  the  capital. 

Meritz,  Meritch,  or  Merrich,  an  im- 
portant fortress  and  city  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  situate  near  the  N  bank 
of  the  river  Kistna,  70  miles  S  W  of 
Visiapour. 

Merk,  a  river  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
which  running  N  by  Breda,  afterward 
turns  W,  and  falls  into  the  Macse,  op. 
posite  the  island  of  Overflackee,  in 
Holland. 

Mero,  a  strong  town  of  Asia  in  the 
peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges,  and  in 
the  king^lom  of  Pegu,  140  miles  S  VV 
of  the  town  of  Pegu  Lon.  98  36  E, 
lat.  16  0  N. 

Merou,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Kora- 
san,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  which 
produces  salt,  112  miles  S  VV  of  Bok- 
hara,    Lon.  64  25  E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Mers.     See  Bertoicishire. 

Mersburg,  a  town  of  the  circle  of 
Saxony,  in  Misnia,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  has  a  Lutheran  bishopric  .ind  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sal'a,  10  miles  S  of  Halle, 
and  56  N  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  6  E, 
Lit.  .51  28  N. 

Mersey,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the 
N  extremity  of  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire, 
passes  by  Warrington,  and  receives 
the  Weaver  at  Frodsham,  where  it 
forms  a  broad  estuary,  below  Liver- 
pool, and  enters  the  Irish  Sea.  This 
river  not  only  affords  a.dinon,  but  is  vi- 
sited by  annual  shoals  of  smelts,  here 


called  sparlings,  of  a  remarkable  size 
and  flavour.  It  s  connected  by  the 
Stal.Didsiiirc  canal  with  tlic  '1  rent  and 
in  CO' rso  with  the  Irish  Sea  ai\d  the 
Go,  man  Ocean. 

M\:rsct  Island,  an  island  in  Essex, 
between  the  mouth  of  the  Coin  and  the 
entrance  of  Bliickwater  Bad.  It  has  two 
parishes  called  E  and  VV  Mersey. 

Mcrspurg,  u  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Snabia,  and  bishopric  of  Con- 
stance, stated  on  the  N  side  of  the 
lake  of  Constance.  It  is  the  bishop's 
usual  place  of  residence,  and  is  11  miles 
from  the  town  of  that  name.  Lon.  9 
26  E,  lat.  4-  45  N. 

Mertnlu,  a  strong  lo\vn  of  Portugal, 
in  Aientcjo,  seated  ne.ir  the  Giiudiano, 
60  miles  S  of  Evora,  and  100  S  E  Of 
Lisbon.     Lon.  7  40  VV,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Merton,  a  village  near  Oxford,  sitii- 
ated  near  two  military  ways.  There 
were  intrenchments  in  the  neighbour- 
ing woods,  supposed  to  be  thrown  up 
by  king  Ethelred  or  the  Danes,  whom 
he  defeated  in  871. 

Merton,  a  village  irt  Sufry,  seated 
on  tlie  Wandel,  seven  miles  S  VV  of 
London.  It  had  a  celebrated  abbey, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Henry  1.  m 
which  several  important  transactions 
took  place  J  particularly  at  a  parliament 
held  here,  in  1236,  were  enacted  the  fa- 
mous Provisions  of  Merton  (the  mo^t 
ancient  body  of  laws  after  Magna  Ch-if- 
ta)  and  the  barons  gave  that  celebra- 
ted answer  to  the  clergy,  Noluvvis  le- 
ges Angliie  miitare — W^c  will  not  change 
the  laws  of  England.  Nothing  remains 
of  this  abbey,  but  the  E  window  of  a 
chapel  ;  and  the  walls  that  surrounded 
the  premises,  which  are  built  of  flint, 
are  nearly  entire,  and  include  about  60 
acres.  Upon  the  site  of  tliis  abbey  are 
two  calico  manufactures,  and  a  coi:pcr- 
niill ;  and  about  1000  persons  ,ire  now 
cmj)loj('d  on  a  spot  once  the  abode  of 
monastic  indolence.  Merton  is  7  mdcs 
S  VV  of  London. 

Move,  the  N  branch  of  the  river 
Maese,  on  which  the  city  of  Rotter- 
dam, in  Holland  is  !,eated. 

Mervil/e,  a  t:)wn  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  French  Flanders,  sealed  on 
the  Lis,  10  miles  S  EofCassel.  Lon. 
2  43  E,  hit.  .50  57  N.     • 

Mesched,  a  cinsiderablc  town  of  Per- 
si;i,  .11  K'lrus.m,  f  irtified  witli  sever.il 
t.jwers  and  famous  f<ir  the  niupn'l'u cnt 
sepulchre  of  Imaii  Kisa,  of  tlic  family 


M  E  S 


M  E  U 


'li^t- 


ot'Ali,  towhiiUtlie  Persians  pay  ffreat 
devotitm.  It  is  scatetl  on  ii  uiDnntuiii, 
in  vliicli  urc^  rmmd  tine  Tiircuis  btones, 
180  miles  S  E  ot'tlie  Caspian  seu.  Lon. 
57  45  E,  lat.  37  0  N 

Mean,  a  small  seapoit  »f  Hussia,  in 
the  jjincinnicnt  of  Arcliai'Rvl,  capital 
of  a  district  of  tlic  same  iiiiine.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Meseii,  i>ii  the  E 
coast  of  the  White  Sea,  160  miles  N  of 
Archangel.    Lon.  44  25  E,  !iit.  GS  50  N. 

Metiirk,  a  hanilscjiiie  tnwii  (if  G':r- 
manv  in  tlic  Circle  of  Siiahia,  in  the 
country  of  Fuistenbuig,  15  miles  N  of 
Uherlingcn. 

Mcmi,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kinjjtii.m  of  Morocco.  It  is  composed 
of  tliree  fortified  towns,  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  each  other,  and  a  temple, 
built,  (its  the  inhabitants  suppose)  with 
the  boaes  of  tlie  whale  which  swallow- 
ed  Jonah.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
Mi.iiiit  Atlas,  165  miles  S  W  of  Morocco. 

MenserOurg,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
coii;.l\,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  N  mountain,  17  njlcs  S 
W  of  Chambershurg,  and  about  12  N 
W  of  Hagcvstown  Maryland. 

M'Contuf/stffim,  m  post  town  in  Bed- 
ford county,  Pannsjlvania  ;  situated  in 
♦he  Great  Cove,  30  miles  E  by  S  of 
Bedford,  the  county  town. 

Messina,  an  ancient  city  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Demoiia,  with  a  citadel,  se- 
veral forts,  a  spacious  harbour,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  live  miles  in 
circumference,  and  has  four  Ur^c  su- 
burbs. The  harbour,  whose  quay  is 
above  a  mile  in  length,  is  one  of  the 
safest  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  the 
form  of  a  half  moon,  five  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  extremely  deep.  The 
viceroy  of  Sicily,  resides  here  six 
months  in  the  year  i  and  it  is  a  place 
of  great  trade  in"  silk,  oil,  fruit,  corn, 
and  excellent  wine,  especially  since  it 
has  been  declared  a  free  port.  Messi- 
na, in  1783,  was  almost  totally  destroy. 
ed  by  an  earthquake,  most  of  the  pub- 
lic plates  and  streets  being  laid  in  rn- 
ins,  but  the  buildings  have  since  been 
considerably  increased,  so  that  more 
than  one  half  of  the  city  !l^s  been  re- 
built, and  the  people  have  taken  pos- 
session  of  the  new  houses.  It  is  seated 
on  the  sea-side,  IIU  miles  E  of  Paler- 
mo, and  180  S  E  of' Naples.  Lon.  15 
50  E,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Meatre,  a  town  of  Italy,  i,i  the  doga- 
do'  of  Venice,  16  miles  N  E  of  Padua. 
Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 


Mesurata,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tripoli,  in  Africa.  The  caravan  to 
I'cz/un,  and  other  interior  parts  to- 
wards the  S  of  Africa,  depnrts  from 
this  place.  It  is  'Zt'i  miles  N  of  Mouz- 
rouk.     Lon.  15  5  E,  li.l.  31  3  N. 

Meleiin,  r.n  islr.nd  of  the  Archipela- 
go, iinciently  called  Lesbos,  to  the  N 
of  Scio,  and  almost  at  the  entrance  of 
the  gnll'of  Giiestro.  The  soil  is  very 
good,  and  the  mountains  arc  cool,  be- 
ing covered  with  wood  in  many  pla- 
ces. It  prodiues  ^jdod  wheat,  excel- 
hnt  oil,  and  the  best  figs  in  the  Archi- 
pelago; nor  have  their  wines  lost  any 
tiling  of  their  ancient  reputation.  It 
is  subject  to  the  Turks,  and  Castro  is 
the   capital. 

Mrthii'old.  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  '1  ucsday.  15  miles  N  VV  of 
1  hetfiird,  and  86  N  N  E  of  LondoJI. 
Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Me/tirg,  a  strong  town  and  castle   of 
Germany   in  the  circle  of  Austria,  and 
dutchy  of  Carniola,  seated  on  the  Kiilp,  , 
40  miles  S  E  of  Lubach.    Lon.   15  10 
E,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Metro,  a  river  of  Ital;-,  which  rises 
in  the  territory  of  the  Church,  rons  in- 
to  the  dutchy  of  Urbino,  and  falls  in- 
to the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  Fano. 

Metz,  an  ancient,  large,  and  strong 
town  of  France,  in  tlie  department  of 
Moselle  and  late  province  of  Lorrain, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  whose  bishop  as- 
sumed the  title  of  a  prince  of  the  cm- 
l)ire.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  fi- 
nest  in  Europe.  The  Jews  live  in  a 
part  of  the  town  by  themselves,  where 
they  have  a  synagogue,  and  they  may 
amount  to  about  3000.  The  sweet- 
meats they  make  here  are  in  high  es- 
teem. Metz  is  strongly  fortified,  and 
has  one  of  the  strongest  citadels  in  E\i. 
rope.  The  inhabitants  are'  computed 
at  40,0C0,  besides  a  numerous  garrison, 
who  have  a  noble  barracks.  It  is  seat. 
ed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Moselle 
and  Seillc,  25  miles  N  W  of  Nanci,  37 
S  of  Luxemburg,  and  19  0  N  E  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  6  16  E,  lat.  497  N. 

Meulan,  an  ancient  town  cf  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Olse, 
and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
built  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre, 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Seine,  over 
which  are  two  bridges,  20  miles  N  W 
cf  Paris.     Lon.  1  57  E, lat.  49  1  N. 

Meurs,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,    seated   on  tlie 


E  U 

icaport  of  the  kingtinm 
fi'Ica.  'Hie  carRvan  to 
lirr  interior  partH  to> 
Arricii,  ili'prrlH  iVoin 
JO'J  mile»  N  of  Mnuz- 
■)  K,  li,l.  31  3  N. 

iid  of  the  Arcliipeltt- 
i'<l  I.cNbnH,  to  tlie  N 
list  at  llic  enlranci:  of 
sti'i.     Tile  soil  in  vi-ry 
mountain!)  arc  cool,  be- 
ll   -wontl  in    mitiiy  pil- 
es j;(!0(l  wheat,  excel- 
beht  fig!)  in  the  Archi- 
e  their  wines  lost  any 
ancient  reputation.     It 
Turks,  and  Castro  is 

own  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
iduy,  15  miles  N  \V  of 
86  N  N  £  of  London. 
I.  52  34  N. 

'ong  town  and  castle   of 

c  circle  of  Austria,  and 

ola,  seated  on  the  Kulp, 

Lubach.     Lon.    15  10 

;r  of  Ital",  which  rises 
of  the  Cliurcii,  runs  in- 
f  Urbino,  and  falls  in- 
Vcnice,  near  Fano. 
icicnt,  large,  and  strong 
•e,  in  the  department  of 
tc  province  of  Lorrain, 
)  see,  whose  bishop  as- 
:  of  a  prince  of  the  em- 
liedral  is  one  of  the  fi- 
e.  The  Jews  live  in  a 
'11  by  themselves,  where 
najfogue,  and  tlicy  majr 
Hit  3000.  The  sweet- 
u-  here  are  in  high  ea- 
I  strongly  fortified,  and 
strongest  citadels  in  Eu- 
labitants  are'  computed 
Ics  a  numerous  garrison, 
lie  barrarks.  It  is  seatx 
fluence  of  the  Moselle 
miles  N  W  of  Nanci,  37 
g,  and  19  0  N  E  of  Pa- 
E.  l.(t.  49  7N. 
ncicnt  town  cf  France, 
L-nt  of  Seine  and  Oise, 
:e  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
m  of  an  amphitheatre, 
if  the  river  Seine,  over 
bridges,  '20  miles  N  W 
1  57E,lat.  49  1  N. 
yn  of  Germany,  in  the 
tphalia,    seated   on  tlie 


M  E  X 


Rhine,  15  miles  N  W  of  Dusseldorf. 
1.1)11.6  41  E,  lat   51  25  N. 

Mtmtiit,  a  depurtnient  in  France,  in- 
cluding piirt  of  the  late  [irovinoi!  ol 
i.orrain.  It  is  so  c alltd  from  u  river 
that  rises  in  the  department  of  the 
Vosges,  and  wutcring  Lunevilli;  anil 
Nanci,  fulls  into  the  Moselle  Nan- 
ci is  the  episcopal  sec  of  this  depart- 
ment. 

Mcuae,  a  de|)artiticnt  in  France,  in- 
rinding  the  late  dntrliy  of  Bar.  It 
takes  Its  name  from  the  river  Meiise, 
or  Maese.  Bar-le-Duc  is  the  capital. 
See  M,eae. 

Mmari,  a  considerable  town  of  Jk- 
paii,  in  the  Island  of  Niplion,  with  s 
royal  palace,  where  the  king  sometimes 
rcsiiles.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill  at  the 
foot  of  which  are  vast  fields  of  wheat 
and  rice,  with  fine  orchards,  full  of  ex- 
cellent plums. 

Meviat,  a  hilly  and  woody  tract  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  lying  on  the  S  VV 
of  Delhi,  and  on  the  W  of  Agra, 
confining  the  low  country,  along  the 
W  bank  of  the  Jumna,  to  a  compara- 
tively narrow  slip,  and  extending  west- 
ward about  130  miles  in  length.  From 
N  to  S  it  is  90  miles.  Although  si- 
tuate in  the  heart  of  Hindoostan,  with- 
in 25  miles  of  its  former  capital, 
(Delhi)  its  inhabitants,  the  Mewatti, 
have  been  ever  characterised  as  tiie 
most  savage  and  brutal  -,  and  their 
chief  employment  has  been  robbery 
and  plunder.  In  1265,  100,000  of 
these  wretches  were  put  to  the  sword  ; 
but  they  are  still  so  famous  as  thieves 
and  robbers,  that  parties  of  them  are 
taken  into  pay  by  the  chiefs  of  Upper 
Hindoostan,  in  order  to  distress  the 
countries  that  are  the  seat  of  warfare. 
Mewat  cont.^ins  some  strong  forti'es- 
ses  on  steep  or  inaccessible  hills,  and 
WHS  almost  entirely  subject  to  the 
late  Madajee  Sindia,  a  Maliratta  chief 

Mebct-Ali,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac- 
Arabia,  famous  for  the  superb  aiul 
rich  mosque  of  Ali,  to  which  the  Per- 
sians go  m  pilgrimage  from  all  parts. 
However  it  is  not  so  considerable 
as  it  was  formerly  It  is  100  miles 
S  W  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  42  57  E,  lat. 
32  0  N. 

Mexiit-OceJii-,  a  considerable  town  of 
Asia,  in  Persia,  which  takes  its  name 
from  ii  mosque  dedicated  to  Ocem, 
the  son  of  Ali.  It  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  on  the  river  Euphrates, 


M  E  X 

I  about  40  miles  from  Bagdad.    Lon.  48 
57  E,  l..t.33  0  N. 

Meihaiu),  or  Ai/ayes,  a  river  of  North 
Ainericu,  in  Loiiisiuna,  which  empties 
ilscH  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mexici,  u  town  of  North  America, 
rapiti'.l  iif  New  Sjiain.     It  was  a   llou- 
rishiiig  place  before  the  Spaniards  en- 
tered the  country,  seated  on  an  island, 
in    a    sult-waier  lake,  to  which  ihera 
was  no  entrance,  hut   by  tlirce  cause, 
ways,  two  miles    in    length  each.     It 
cdiituined  about   80,000   houses,    witU 
several  large  teinjiles,  full  of  rich  iihils, 
and  three  palaces,   where  the  emperor 
resided.     Mexico  was  taken  by  Cortez, 
in   1521.      As  the   Mexicans  deiendcd 
lliemsehes  from  street  to  street,  it  was 
almost    ruined,  but   afterward  rebuilt 
l.\v  the  S|janiards.     It  is  now  the   ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Mexico   Pro- 
per, of  the  audience  of  Mexico  and  of 
all  New  Spain.     The  streets    arc    so 
straight,  and  so  exactly  disposed,  tliat, 
in  point  of  regularity,  it  is  the  finest 
city    in    the    world ;     and    tlic    great 
causeways  leading  to  it,  with  the  want 
of  walls,  gates,  and    artillery,  render 
Mexico    extremely    remarkable.     The 
great  square  in  the  centre  of  the  city, 
and  the  public  buildings,   are   magnU 
ficent.      There  are  29  cathedrals  and 
churches,    and    22    convents,    of  the 
riches  of  which  an  idea  may  be  form- 
ed from  the   revenues    of  the   grand 
cathedral  amounting  to  80,000/.  a  year, 
of  which   the  archbishop  has  15,000/. 
There  is  also  a  tribunal  of  the  inqui* 
sition,  a  mint,  and  a  university.    I'he 
goldsmiths   here  are   immensely  rich, 
and  it  carries  on  a  great  trade  to  Eu- 
rope  by    St.    Juan    de  Ulhua,  and  tu 
Asia  by  Acapulco.      This   place  was 
overflowed  by  an  inundation,  in  1629, 
in  which  40,000  persons  were  drown- 
ed.   I'his    obliged   the    Spaniards    to 
make  a  gi'eat  conduit  through  a  moun- 
tain,   in    order    to   empty   tiie    lake  : 
which    being  done,   part  of  the  town 
became  seated  on  dry  land.      Mcxic« 
is  supplied  with    fresh    water   by   an 
aqueduct  three  miles  hing     It  is  200 
niles  £  N  E  of  St.  Juan  de  Ulhua,  and 
250  N  E  of  Acapulco.     Lon.  100  34  W, 
lat.  20  2  N. 

Mexico,  or  Nevi  Spain,  an  extensive 
counti-y  of  North  America,  hounded  on 
the  N  by  New  Mexico,  and  on  the 
S  E  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  on  the 
W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  E 
by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Carib- 


/' 


M  E  X 


M  I  C 


'I  11* 
u 


Vewi  Sea.  It  lie*  between  83  and 
no'"'  \V  loll,  uiul  ckiuncU  i.oiii  r  30  t( 
2U40  N.  lat.  ht'iii^  zOOU  liiili  N  loii)^',  .,n<'> 
i'lom  liUO  lo  Ou  lii'b^iU  111  ^uiicrul, 
il  ih  h  iiioiiiituilKiiiH  couiiu;. ,  iiitiiniix- 
c<l  witii  niuMv  I'icli  xullit's  ,  but  the 
IiiffhcHl  niuuiituiim  ui<:  iiciii'  tiic  couitt 
oi'tiic  PuciHc  Orc'uii,  iiikiiy  ot  wliicli 
arc  vdicunocii.  '1  lie  fU8ierii  Klion-  is  si 
Hat  cuuntry,  i'lill  of  hn^n  ami  Miii.aiisc'ii, 
nvcriiuwcd  in  Hit--  I'fciiiy  tciuuii,  wliicii 
is  Ht  tiie  HMini'  tiiiii:  iiittiiirsiiniii.i.'r.  At- 
tli()U)^'li  Mexico  is  witliiii  tliu  turnu 
aunc,  liiC  tliiiiuie  il  teinpciatc  uiid 
heuliiiy.  No  country  uboiiiidM  iiioru  with 
grain,  fruits,  roots,  and  vt'HTlMbles  ; 
muny  ol'thcm  peculiar  to  the  countrj, 
or,  at  least  to  America.  It  is  celebra- 
ted tiir  iiB  mines  <it'  (^old  and  Kilvcr, 
and  has  quiu-ries  of  jasper,  porphyry, 
Ami  rx(|uisite  marble.  Cucliinual  is  nl- 
mosi  pfcuhar  to  this  country  ;  its  indi- 
go  and  cocoa  arc  superior  to  any  in  A- 
merica  ;  and  its  lof^woixl  has  lon|f  been 
an  iiiipi>rtaiit  article  of  coniinerce.  '1  he 
domestic  animals  of  Europe,  partiio- 
larly,  horned  cattle,  haie  niiiltipheu 
here  alinoBt  with  incredible  lapiili- 
ty.  Numbers  of  these  havin;^'  been 
■utlered  to  run  wild,  now  raii^jc  vwr 
the  vast  plains,  in  herds  of  from  jO  lo 
4ll,UUU  ;  thoy  arc  killed  merely  tor  tin 
■akr  of  their  hides,  vrhicii  are  annually 
«x|Hii'tcd,  in  v;ist  q'laiiiities,  lo  kurt/pe. 
34ew  Spain  isdin.ied  into  the  three  an 
fiitiiccn  of  Guiidal.i.|ara,  Mexico,  and 
Gnatmiuta.  The  wiiolt  couiun  is  go- 
Verncd  by  a  viceio),  the  e.Mciit  ot 
•whose  jurisdiction.  hovvcKcr,  lias  been 
%Ttsclv  circuninci  ibcd,  in  tlie  course  of 
this  century,  b)  tlie  erection  of  the  four 
jciiiote  provinces  of  Sunora,  Cinaloa, 
CaUtbruia,  and  New  Navarre,  into  a 
separ.ite  (government. 

Mexico,  Nevi,  a  large  country  of 
North  America,  bounded  on  the  \V  by 
tlie  gulf  (><■  California,  on  the  S  by  New 
Spain,  on  the  E  by  Louisiana,  and  on 
tile  N  by  imknown  coimiries,  so  tliat 
ks  extent  cannot  be  ascertained.  The 
air  is  very  temperate,  and  the  soil  ge- 
nerally fertile,  its  mines  are  rich  and 
its  productions  various  and  valuable. 
This  country  lies  within  the  temperate 
zone,  and  it  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  native 
Americans,  hitherto  unsubdued  by  tlie 
S]>aniard.s.     Santa  Fe  is  the  capitsd. 

Mexico,  GuiJ  if,  that  part  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  coast  of  North  A- 
mcrica,  bounded  on  the  S  and  W  by 
Mesico,  and  on  the   M  by  W   ait4  £ 


Florida  i  the  entrnnce  lyinjf  to  the  K, 
I'd  wren  the  S  coaHt  of  E  Florida,  and 
i'  e  iN  K  point  ol  the  Yucatan. 

Me  entirij^,  a  town  of  U(>per  Saxony, 
in  lite  niurche  of  Prcgnitz,  6U  miles 
N  N  W  of  Berlin. 

Ale  eiifri..!,  a  town  in  the  country  rif 
the  Gi'isoiis,  ^r.<ted  on  the  Hhine,  in  a 
lileasHiit  voiintry,  fertile  in  excellent 
wine,  15  miles  N  E  of  Coire.  Lon.  'J 
J6  E,  lut.  4/  2  N. 

Mezieiet,  a  town  nf  France,  in  the 
department  ot  Arjleiipei  ard  late  pro- 
vince ot  Champafriic,  with  a  citadeV, 
sei.tcd  on  the  Mciise,  12  iiiilea  N  W 
of  .-icdan,  and  127  N  E  of  Faris.  Lon. 
4  48  K,  hit.  49  46N. 

Mc^iii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partuieiit  of  Lot  and  Garonne  and 
lute  province  of  Gnieiiiie  ;  scaled  in  a 
country  that  abounds  in  wlcatj  with 
'  iiH  s,  fri'in  wliidi  tliey  principally 
make  bruiuly  ;  and  witli  the  cork-tree, 
which  they  sell  both  in  its  natural  state, 
and  in  corks  It  is  nine  miles  N  W  of 
Condom. 

Mm  or  Mijah,  a  larpe  town  of  Ja- 
|).-iii,  Stated  on  the  S  ci  ast  of  t!  c  Isle 
.ifNiphon,  with  a  fortified  palace.  Lon. 
in  40  ..,  lilt.  35  oO  N. 

Mt:ha,  a  cii|  e    of  Ijulmatia,    which 
.idviiiues  iiiti)  the  (^uU  of  Venice,  near 
iic  town  of  2arii. 

Michael,  St.  the  most  fertile  and' 
i  i.|.ulou»  of  the  Azores  or  WestcrU 
Islands,  containing  about  25,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  producing  wheat  and  Pux. 
I  Its  two  principal  harbours  arc  P.vnta 
Oclgfida  and  Villa  Frunca:  the  for- 
mer is  the  capital  of  the  island.  Lon. 
25  42  \V,  lat.  37  47  N, 

Michael,  St.  a  boroueh  in  C/ttnwaU, 
which  has  neither  market  nor  fair  but 
sends  two  members  to  parli';*ment.  It 
is  eijiht  miles  S  VV  of  St.  Oolf.mh,  and 
249  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  32  W, 
lat.  50  23.  N. 

Michael  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse  and  late  dutchjr 
of  Bar.  U  is  remarkable  for  its  hospi- 
tal, and  the  rich  library  of  a  late  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  scaled  on  the 
Mcusc.  20  miles  N  E  of  Biu'-le-Duc, 
and  165  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  38  E,  lat. 
48  51  N. 

Michael,  St.  «  seaport  of  New  Spain" 
in  the  province  of  Guatimala,  seated  on 
a  small  river,  180  miles  S  E  of  New 
'Gnatimala.  Lon.  87  45  W,  lat.  12  25  N 

Michael,  St.  a  toWn  of  Peru  in  the 
Iproviuco  of  Qiiito.    It  was  the  first 


M  I  C 


ciilrnnce  lyinjf  to  tlie  E, 
S  fouHt  of  E  Floridu,  Mid 
t  oi  the  YiiCBtun. 
u  town  of  Upper  Snxony, 
■  of  Prc|piit/,  6U  milci 
eriiii, 

,  II  town  in  the  rountry  rtf 
^e.ltt■^i  on  the  Hliine,  in  a 
ntiy,  fertile  in  exci-licnt 
t;s  N  E  of  Coirc.  Lon.  !> 
2  N. 

I  town  of  Fr«nce,  in  tlie 
if  Ardennes  iiiid  latu  pro- 
unipajjne,  witli  r  citadel, 
e  Mcuse,  12  niileH  N  W 
I  137  N  C  of  Fui  iit.  Lon. 
9  46  N. 

i)\vn  of  P'rancc,  in  tlie  de- 
Lot    and    Gnronnc    and 
of  Guiciine  ;  scaled  in   a 
iihouiids   in  wiciili  witli 
which    they     principally 
■ )  and  witli  the  cork-tree, 
icll  both  in  its  natural  state, 
It  is  nine  miles  N  W  of 

tijith,  a  large  town  of  Ja- 
in the  S  ec  ast  of  tl  c  Isle 
itli  a  fortified  palate.  Lon. 
:.  35  50N. 

ciij  e  of  Ijuhnatia,  which 
()  the  (fuU  of  Venice,  near 
Zmw. 

St.  the  most  fertile  and 
the  Azores  or  WestcrU 
aining  about  23,000  inbaW- 
roduting  wheat  and  Pax. 
icipal  harbours  are  P.inta 
d  Villa  Franca:  the  fof- 
apital  of  the  island.  Lon. 
t.  37  47  N. 

St.  a  boroueh  in  C<»tnwall, 
cither  market  nor  fair  but 
lembri  s  to  parli'^ment.  It 
s  S  W  of  S(.  Oolumh,  and 
of  London,     Lon.  4  32  W, 

r. 

Jt.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
of  Meuse  and  late  dutch^ 
s  remarkv.ble  for  its  liospi- 
rrch  library  of  a  late  Bcne- 
ey.  It  is  seated  on  the 
miles  N  E  of  Har-le-Duc, 
f  Paris.    Lon.   5  38  E,  lat. 

St.  a  seaport  of  New  Spaiir 
iiCii'of  Guatimala,  seated  on 
r,  180  milcB  S  E  of  New 
Lon.  87  45  W,  lat.  12  25  N 
St.  a  town  of  Pern  in  the 
f  Qiuto.    It  wft8  the  firrti 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


140 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CiHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  MIcroreproductlons  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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M  I  D 

Spanish  colony  in  Peru  and  is  seated 
uear  tiie  injiitU  of  ilie  Piiira,  225  miles 
S  bv  W  of  Qiiito.  Lon.  80  50  W,  lat. 
iO'S. 

Mickiel  de  Viarra,  St.  a  town  of 
Peru,  in  the  province  of  Qiiito,  60  miles 
N  E  of  (iuito. 

Michael,  Gulf  of,  St.  that  part  of  the 
Pacilic  Ocean,  wuich  lies  to  the  E  of 
Panama.  It  was  first  discovered  by 
the  Spaniards,  after  their  inarch  across 
the  isUimii*  of  Darien. 

Michelonia,  a  country  of  Prussia, 
wliich  is  part  oftlie  circle  of  Culm, 
and  separated  from  the  otlier  part  by 
the  river  Dribents.  It  takes  its  name 
from  tlie  castle  of  Michelow. 

Michigan,  a  lar^e  lalce  of  North 
America,  whw>e  N  E  extremity  commu- 
nicates witli  the  N  W  end  of  Lake 
Huron,  by  the  strait  of  Michillimacki- 
uac. 

Michillimaciinac,  a  strait  of  North 
America,  wliich  unites  the  lake  Michi- 
gan and  Huron,  and  lies  in  85°  W  lon. 
and  46°  N  lat. 

Middleburg,  a  larg«  and  strong  com- 
mercial city  of  the  United  Provinces, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Walcheren,  and 
of  all  Zealand.  The  squares  and  pub- 
lic building's  arc  magniiicent.  It  was 
taken  by  tlie  Dutclt  from  the  Spaniards. 
The  harbour  is  large  and  commodious, 
and  has  a  communication  with  the  sea 
by  a  canal.  Which  will  bear  the 
larg^cHt  vessels.  It  contains  about 
26,000  inhabitants.  It  is  20  miles  N  E 
of  Bruges,  30  N  W  of  Ghent,  and  72  S 
W  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  3  39  E,  lat. 
51  32  N. 

Middleburg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flan- 
ders, wliich  belong's  to  tlie  prince  of 
Issenghein.  It  is  5  miles  S  E  ofSluyg. 
Lon.  3  26  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Middleborough,  a  town  in  Plymouth 
county  Massachusetts  ;  situated  at  the 
head/of  Buzzard's  bav,  in  the  lat.  of 
41  43  and  lon.  of  70  40  W,  at  the 
distance  of  16  miles  N  E  of  New  Bed- 
ford, and  40  S  of  Boston. 

MidJlebroot,  a  post  town  in  Augusta, 
county,  Virginia,  eight  miles  S  W  of 
Staunton,  and  186  ia  the  same  course 
from   Washington. 

Middleburg,  a  town  of  Loudon  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  where  is  a  post  oflice  44 
miles  W  by  N  of  Wathington,  and  32 
S,E  of  Wiiichcster. 

MiddL'hurg.    See  Eaoow. 
Middleham,  a  town  in  the   N  riding 
of  Vorkshirc.    It  iii  seated  on  tlie  Urc, 


M  I  D 

ten  miles  S  of  Richmond,  and  255  "ft" 
N  VV  of  London,  and  ha;i  a  market  on 
Monday.     Lon.  1  3?  VV,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Middle  Haddani,  a  town  in  Middle- 
sex county,  Cu«inecticut ;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  3U 
miles  N  W  of  Now  London. 

■Middlesex,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hertfordshire, 
on  the  £  by  Essex,  on  tlic  .1  by  Survy 
and  Kent,  and  on  the  W  by  Bucking'* 
hamshire.  It  is  the  smallest  county  in 
England,  ejicept  Ru'dandsliire,  extend- 
ing only  22  miles  from  E  to  W,  and  17 
from  N  to  S ;  but  as  it  contains  th* 
two  cities  of  London  and  Westmin- 
ster, is  by  far  the  richest  and  most  popa> 
lous  county  of  Englaiid.  It  contains 
126  parishes,  besides  London,  and  four 
market  towns,  and  sends  eight  mem* 
bers  to  parliament.  The  air  is  very 
pleasant  and  healthy,  to  which  a  line 
gravelly  soil  does  not  a  little  coutri> 
bute.  The  soil  produces  plenty  of 
corn,  and  the  county  abounds  with  ft>rtil» 
meadows  and  gardeners  grounds.  In  a 
word,  the  greater  part  of  the  county  \m 
so  prodigiously  assisted  by  tlie  rich- 
compost  from  London,  tliat  the  whole 
of  the  cultivated  part  may  be  consider- 
ed as  a  garden.  Besides  the  Thames*, 
the  Lea,  and  tlie  Coin,  which  are  it* 
boundaries  to  the  S  and  S  E,  and  the 
W,  Middlesex  is  watered  by  several" 
small  streams;  one  of  which,  called  tli* 
New  River,  i»  artificially  brought 
from  Amwoll,  in  Herts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  London  with  water. 

Middlesex,  a  county  of  North  Anieri* 
ca,  in  the  state  of  Ctjiuiectiout,  wliicht 
with  the  county  of  Tolland,  has  been 
recently  formed  from  that  of  Hartford. 
Middletown  and  Haddam  are  the  coun- 
ty towns. 

Middleton,  a  commercial  town  of 
North  America,  in  the  state  of  Coit- 
necticut.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Connecticut,  15  miles  .S  of  Hartford^ 
It  is  on«  of  the  county  towns,  of  Mid- 
dlesex. 

Middletemit,  a  toyim  of  Middlesex 
county,  in  tlvc  state  of  New  Jersey. 
Sandy  Hook  is  included  in  this-  town- 
ship.  On  the  point  of  the  Hook  stands 
tlie  lighthouse,  100  feet  high,  built  by 
the  city  of  New  York.  Middletown  is 
30  miles  S  W  of  New  York,  and  50  E 
by  N  of  Trenton. 

Middletovm,  a  post  town  in  D.iuphin, 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  W  side 
of  Swatwra  creek,  and  on  tlie  post  rood' 


M  I  L 


M  I  L 


(Vorti  Lancaster  to  Harrisburg;  25  S  £ 
from  the  former,  and  92  VV  from  Plii- 
ladelpliia. 

MiUdletmvn,  a  post  town  on  the  \W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  in  Middle- 
•ex  county,  Connecticut,  15  miles  S 
W  "f  Hartford. 

Mtiidletowi,  a  post  town  in  New 
Castle  coiinty,  Delaware,  18  miles  S 
W  of  New  Castle,  and  24  N  by  W  of 
D(>>'er. 

Middletmm,  a  post  town  in  Frcder- 
ick  ounly,  Maryland,  nine  miles  N  W 
of  Frederick-town,  the  capital  of  the 
county. 

MUdlewich,  !i  town  in  Clieshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Croke,  and  noted  for  its  salt- 
pit*,  And  making  fine  salt.  It  is  24 
miles  K  of  Chester,  167  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Midliurst,  a  town  of  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Thiu-sday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
small  river  which  almost  surrounds  it, 
sends  twi  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  11  miles  N  bv  E  of  Chichester,  and 
50  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  W, 
iat.  51  ON. 

Miechau,  or  Miezava,  a  handsome 
town  of  Poland,  in  Cujavia,  seated  on 
tlie  Vistula  river,  ten  miles  S  by  E  of 
Thorn.     Lon.  18  46  E,  lat.  52  53  N. 

M'lfflinhurg,  a  post  town  in  Northum- 
herland  county,  Pennsylvi -lia,  H  miles 
W  of  Lewisburg,  on  the  W  branch  of 
the  Siisfiuehannah,  and  20  from  Nor- 
tluimberland. 

Miffliutoviin,  a  town  in  Mifflin  coun- 
ty, and  the  same  state  as  the  last  arti- 
cle ;  ■  situated  on  the  N  bank  of  Ju- 
niata river,  45  miles  N  W  of  Harris- 
burg, and  12  from  Lewistown  the  capi- 
td  of  tl>e  county. 

jWlan,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
dutcny  of  the  same  name.  It  was  tlie 
ancient  capital  of  Lombardy,  and  al- 
though it  is  thought  rather  to  exceed 
Naples  in  size,  it  does  not  contain 
above  half  the  number  of  inhabitants. 
It  is  seated  in  a  deliglitful  pliiin,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Adda  and  Tesin ;  is 
ten  miles  in  circumference,  and  called 
by  the  Italians,  Milan  the  Great.  It 
contains  many  fine  palaces,  bat  that  of 
the  governor  is  the  most  magiiiiiceiit  j 
and  a  great  number  of  churclios,  con- 
vents, hospitals,  and  sdiools.  The  ca- 
thedral is  in  th-:  centre  of  the  city,  and 
though  it  is  not  so  large  as  St.  Pctcr'.i, 
at  Rome,  it  fir  excels  it  in  the  num- 
ber ;uid  excellQiice_^  of  its  iculptures 


and  beauty  of  its  ornament*.  This  vast 
fabric,  wliich  the  Milanese  call  the 
eighth  wonder  of  the  world,  is  entirely 
built  of  solid  white  marble,  and  t\\er 
roof  which  is  vastly  high  is  supported 
by  160  colvimns  cf  marble  so  lar^c  that 
tiu-ee  men  cannot  fathom  them.  From 
the  roof  hangs  a  case  of  crystal,  inclos- 
ing a  nail,  which,  they  say,  is  one  of 
(hose  by  which  our  Saviour  was  fixed 
to  the  cross.  The  treasury  belonging 
lo  this  churcii  is  reckoned  the  richest 
in  Italy,  next  to  that  of  Loretto.  The 
odllege  of  St.  Ambrose  has  a  library, 
which,  besides  a  prodigious  number  of 
manuscriijts,  contains,  45,000  printed 
books ;  and  its  superb  gallery  is  adorn- 
ed with  rich  ])aintings.  Milan  has 
considerable  commerce  in  grain  (espe- 
cially rice)  cattle,  and  cheese ;  and 
has  manufactures  of  silk  and  velvet 
stufl's,  stockings,  handkerchiefs,  ri- 
bands, gold  and  silver  lace,  and  em- 
broideries, woollen  and  linen  cloths, 
glass,  and  eartiienware  in  imitation  of 
China.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
from  the  Austrians  in  1800.  It  is  the 
see  of  an  archbishop  ;  and  is  70  miles  N 
of  Genoa,  72  N  E  of  Turin,  and  145 
N  AV  of  Florence.  Lon.  9  16  E,  lat. 
45  28  N. 

Milan,  the  dutchy  of,  a  considerable 
country  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
tlie  Swiss  and  Grisons  ;  on  the  E  by 
the  repubiii?  of  Venice,  imd  by  the 
dutchies  of  Pm-ma  and  Mantua;  on  the 
S  by  tlic  dutchy  of  Parma  and  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa  j  and  on  the  W  by 
Piedmont  and  Montferrat  ;  being  150 
miles  in  length,  and78  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  every  where  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
fruits,  rice,  and  olives  j  there  are  also 
plenty  of  cattle.  The  rivers  are,  the 
Secchia,  the  Tesin,  the  Adda,  and  the 
Oglio.  There  are  likewise  several 
lakes,  the  three  principal  of  whirli  are 
those  of  Maggiore,  Como,  aiul  Lugano, 
This  country  was  formerly  posaossed 
by  the  French,  Spaniards,  and  Ger- 
mans, who  have  stamped  a  character 
on  the  inhi'.bitants  of  tjiis  dutchy,  dif- 
ferent from  wiiat  prevails  in  any  other 
part  of  Italy.  This  dutchy  was  entirely 
subdued  by  the  French  in  1796,  but 
was  reconquered  in  1799  by  the  Al- 
lies under  Suwarrov»',  and  taken  pos- 
session of"  by  B.Hiaparte  .n  1300. 

Miliizzo,  a  strong  seaport  of  Sicily, 
in  tlie  Val-di-Demona.  It  is  divided 
into  tlie  upper  and  lower  town  j  tlie 
upper  is    very  strong,  and  the  lower 


M  I  L 

its  ornaments.    This  vast 

the  Milanese  call  the 
!•  of  the  world,  is  entirely 

wliite  marble,  and  the 
vastly  high  in  supported 
IS  bt°  marble  sniarg'cthat 
not  fathom  them.  From 
a  case  of  crystal,  inclos- 
ich,  they  say,  is  one  of 
h  our  Saviour  was  fixed 
The  treasury  belonging' 
is  reckoned  the  richest 
to  that  of  Loretto.    The 

Ambrose  has  a  library, 
s  a  prodigious  number  of 
ontaiiis,  45,000  printed 
1  superb  gallery  is  adorn- 

paintings.  Milan  has 
ommerce  in  grain  (espe- 
tttlc,  and  cheese ;  and 
ures  of  silk  and  velvet 
igs,  handkerchiefs,  ri- 
nd silver  lace,  and  em- 
lollen  and  linen  cloths, 
lienware  in  imitation  of 
18  taken  by  the  French 
rians  in  1800.  It  is  the 
ishop  ;  and  is  70  miles  N 
N  E  of  Turin,  and  145 
nee.     Lon.  9  16  E,  lat 

utchy  of,  a  considerable 
y,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
.  Gi'isons  ;  on  the  E  by 
of  Venice,  imd  by  the 
rma  and  Mantua;  on  the 
,'  of  Parma  and  the  terri- 
i  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Montfcrrat  j  being  150 
,  and?8  in  breadth.  The 
lerc  fertile  in  com,  wine, 
d  olives  ;  tiiere  are  also 
e.  The  rivers  are,  the 
''esin,  tiie  Adda,  and  the 
;  are  iikewisc  several 
e  principal  of  which  are 
lore,  Como,  and  Lugano, 
vas  formerly  posaoisecl 
II,  Spaniards,  and  Ger- 
'e  stamped  a  character 
mts  of  tiiis  dutcliy,  dif- 
lat  prevails  in  any  other 
i^his  dutchy  was  entirely 
e  French  in  1796,  but 
ed  in  1799  by  the  Al- 
varrov,-,  and  taken  pos- 
.>[iap<trtc  III  1800. 
itrong  seapi)rt  of  Sicily, 
3emona.  It  is  divided 
and  lower  town  ;  the 
strong,  and  the  lower 


MIL 

has  a  fine  squai-e,  with  a  superb  foim- 
tuin.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  on  the  W 
side  of  a  bay  of  the  same  natnc,  13 
miles  W  of  Messina.  Lon.  15  o4  K, 
lat.  33  12  N. 

Milborn-port,  a  borough  in  Somer- 
setshire, which  has  no  markets.  It 
sends  two  mumbers  to  parliament,  and 
is  seated  on  u  branch  of  the  Parrot, 
two  miles  E  by  N  of  Slierborn,  au'l  llo 
"\V  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  38  \V,  lat. 
50  53  N. 

Mitdenhall,  a  large  populous  town  in 
Sutlolk,  with  a  market  on  F.iday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Luike,  a  branch  of  the 
Ou.se,  13  miles  N  by  E  of  Newmarket, 
and  69  N  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  26 
E,  lat.  52  29  N. 

MUeiburg,  a  post  town  in  Centre 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  Bald 
Eagle  creek,  60  miles  VV  of  Nortii- 
uinberland,  and  11  N  of  Centre  Fur- 
nace. 

Miteto,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriorc,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  five  miles  from  the  city  of  Nicotera. 

Mi'ford,  a  town  of  North  America, 
in  the  state  of  Delaware,  and  county  of 
Sussex,  of  which  it  is  the  little  empo- 
rium. It  is  seated  at  the  source  of  a 
small  river,  15  miles  from  the  bay  of 
Delaware,  and  150  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Miiford  Haven,  a  deep  inlet  of  the  I- 
rish  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Pembroke- 
shire, generally  allowed  to  be  the  safest 
and  most  capacious  harbour  in  Great 
Britain.  It  branches  off  into  16 
deep  and  safe  creeks,  five  bays  and  13 
roads,  in  which  it  is  said  1000  ships 
may  ride  in  perfect  security  and  at  a 
sufficient  distance  from  one  another.  At 
the  entrance,  on  the  W  point,  called 
St.  Ann's,  is  an  old  lighthouse  and  a 
blockhouse.  Here  the  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, afterward  Henry  vii.  landed, 
on  his  enterprise  against  Hichard  iit. 
A  packetbnat  sails  from  hence  every 
day,  except  Tuesday,  for  Waterford,  in 
Ireland. 

Mi/ford,  a  town  in  New  Haven  coun- 
ty, Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Housatonic  river,  near  it's 
mouth,  10  miles  S  W  of  the  city  of 
New  Haven. 

Miiford,  a  post  towni  in  Kent  county, 
ndawarc,  19  miles  S  by  E  of  Dover, 
llie  capital  of  the  State,  and  about  30 
miles  N  W  of  Cape  Henlopen,  con- 
taining about  600  inhabitants. 

Mi  fold,  a  post  town  in  Wayne  coun- 
ty, P«nnsylvania  J  situated  on  the  W 


M  I  L 

side  of  Delaware  river,  about  55  miles 
N  by  E  of  E.iston,  and  about  30  miles 
VV  of  Go.shen  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

Miliiine,  a  town  of  tiie  state  of  Al- 
giers, in  Iremesen,  with  a  casile.  It 
is  seated  in  a  countr)  fcrtdc  in  (n'an)ies, 
citrons,  and  other  fruits,  the  best  in  all 
Biirbarv.    Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Milliatid,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  A  veiron  and  Lte  province 
of  Rouerguc,  seated  on  the  'I'arn,  50 
miles  N  VV  of  Montpellier,  and  142  S 
of  Paris.     L(m.  3  11  E.  hit.  44  3  N. 

MiUentvan,  a  post  town  in  Cumber, 
land  county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Juniata  river,  15 
miles  above  its  continence  with  the 
Susquehanna,  and  30  N  VV  of  Harris- 
Durgh. 

Milo,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
50  miles  in  circumference,  with  one  of 
the  best  and  largest  harboiU's  in  the 
Mediterranean.  It  produces  excellent 
fruits  and  delicate  wine  ;  abounds  in 
very  good  cattle,  especially  in  goats  j 
and  has  mines  of  iron  and  sulphur.  In 
the  spring,  the  fields  are  enamelled 
with  anemonies  of  all  sorts.  In  this 
island  are  curious  subterranean  galle- 
ries, formed  of  ancient  stone  quarries. 
The  Wi^Us  on  each  side,  which  are  six 
feet  high,  are  covered  with  alum,  form- 
ed by  the  spontaneous  operations  of  na- 
ture. It  is  the  fine  and  genuine  capil- 
lary or  plume  alum.  This  beautiful 
substance  which  is  here  found  in  a  state 
of  crystallization,  rises  in  threads  op 
fibres  like  those  of  a  feather,  whence 
It  derives  its  name.  Here  are  two  bi- 
shops i  one  of  the  -Greek  and  the  other 
of  the  Latin  church.  On  the  £  side  of 
the  island  is  a  dirty  town  of  the  same 
name,  containing  five  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  60  miles  N  of  Candia.  Lon, 
25  6  E,  lat.  3'i  41  N. 

MiiUtone,  a  post  town  of  Somerset 
county,  New  Jersey;  situated  on  the 
river  Millstone,  about  14  miles  N  of 
Princeton,  and  about  8  W  of  New 
Brunswick. 

Miltenberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the 
Maine,  20  miles  S  E  of  Aschafienburg. 
Lon  9  19  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Milthorp,  a  village  m  Westmoreland, 
seated  on  a  river,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ken,  five  mues  S  of  Kendal.  It  ig 
the  only  port  in  the  county,  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Ken  being  obstructed  by  a 
cataract  near  its  mouth.  From  this 
place  the  fine  Westmoreiau^  slates  arc 

K    K    K 


■'t**' 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


r 

y 

u  ■ 


exported  to  Liverpool,   London,  Hull, 
&r. 

Mi/ton,  A  town  In  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Satni'day  It  is  seated  on  the  E 
braiicli  of  the  Medway,  and  noted  fof 
excellent  oysters.  It  is  14  miles  N  E 
of  Maidstone,  and  4'2  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  52  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Milton,  a  town  in  Kent,  incorporated 
with  Giiivescnd,  from  wlilch  it  is  one 
mile  distant.  Henry  viii.  raised  a 
bl  ickhoiise  here,  for  the  defence  of 
Gr.nesend. 

Milton  Ahhey,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  mi.rkct  on  I'liesday.  It  is  an  an- 
cient place,  and  fiinioifs  fur  a  ruinoiiu 
abbe',  built  by  kiiipf  Athelstan,  and  for 
a  mapiificent  Giliiic  church.  It  is  14 
miles  N  E  of  Dortiieslcr,  and  112  W 
bv  S  of  Lon(h>n.  Lon.  2  32  W,  lat.  S\^ 
50  N. 

Milton,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk  coun 
ty,  Massachusetts ;  7  miles  S  of  Bos- 
ton, containing  1143  inhabitants,  at  last 
census. 

Milton,  a  post  town   in    Albemnrle 
county,  Virginia;  (  n  the  E  side  of  Hi 
vanna  rivi  ;•,  5  miles   E   of  Monticello, 
and  81  N  \V  of  Richmond. 

Milton,  a  post  town  on  the  E  bank  ot 
the  \V  branch  of  Susquehanna,  in  Nor- 
thumberland county,  Pennsylvania;  at 
the  distance  of  11  miles  N  of  North- 
umberland. 

Minch,  agreatsoimd,  or  channel,  on 
tlie  VV  coast  of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W  by  the  islands  of  Lewis  and 
Harris,  N  and  S  Uist,  and  Bara,  on  the 
W  ;  and  on  the  E  by  the  isle  of  Skye. 
Mindanna,  the  largest  of  the  Philip- 
pine  islands,  next  to    Luconia.     It  is 
180  miles  long  and  120  broad,  and  is 
governed  by  a  sidtan,  who  is  absolute. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  full  of  hills 
and  vallies  ;  and  the  mould  is  generally 
deep,  black,  and  fruitfid.     The  sides  of 
the  hills  and  vallies  arc  stony,  and  yet 
there  are  tall  trees,  of  kinds  not  known 
in  Europe  ;.sonieof  tlie  mimntains  yield 
▼erv  good  gijld,  and  the  vallies  are  well 
watered  with  rivulets.     The  libby  trees 
jiroduce  the  sago,  which  the  poor  peo- 
ple eat   instead  of  bre:<d,  three  or  four 
months  in   tl-.e  yc.uv     It  produces  all 
sorts  of  fruit,  proiiertothe  climate,  be- 
si<les  plcnt.v  of  rice.     '1  he  air  is  tempe- 
rate ;  and  tlie    winds   are  easterl)'  one 
part  of  the  year,  and  westerly   tie  o- 
ther;  while  the  forniir  hh  w,  it  is  fair 
weall^cv;  Ivit    wir.U-   the   hvter,    it  i^ 
lain},  htoim>,  si.d  it  ni,  tsiU(  us.     '1  i 


inhabitants  are  of  a  mean  low  stature, 
with  small  limbs  and  little  heads.  I'he 
chief  trades  are  goldsmiths,  black- 
smiths, and  carpenters,  and  they  can 
build  pretty  good  vessels  for  the  sea. 
The  sultan  has  a  queen,  beside  20  other 
women,  and  all  the  men  have  se  nal 
wives  ;  for  their  religion  is  Mahoaie- 
tanism.  Their  houses  are  built  on  posts, 
from  14  to  20  feet  high  ;  and  they  have 
ladders  to  go  up  out  of  the  streets  :  they 
ha\e  but  one  tloor,  which  is  divided  in- 
to several  rooms,  and  tlie  roofs  are  co- 
vered with  palineto  leaves.  The  capi- 
tal is  a  large  city  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  east  side  of  the  island. 
Lon.  125  0  W,  lat.  6  0  N. 

MinJcllieim,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Sunbia,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  the  ca])ital  of  a  small  territory  be- 
tween the  rivers  lUer  and  Lech,  sub- 
ject to  the  house  of  Bavaria.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Austrians  after  the  battle  of 
Blenheim,  whoeretted  it  into  a  princi. 
polity  in  favour  of  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough ;  but  it  returned  to  the  house  of 
Bavaria,  bv  the  treaty  of  Rastadt.  It  is 
30  miles  S  E  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  42  E, 
lat.  48  3  N. 

Minden,  a  considerable  town  of  West- 
phalia, capitalofaterritory  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  the  Weser,  which 
renders  it  a  trading  place.  Near  this 
tf>wn  prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick 
defeated  the  French,  in  1759.  It  is 
subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  se- 
cularized the  bishopric,  27  miles  E  by 
S  of  Osnaburg,  and  37  W  of  Hanover. 
Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Mindora,  one  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands,  50  miles  in  circumference,  se- 
parated  fi'om  Luconia  by  a  narrow 
channel.  It  is  full  of  mountains,  which 
abound  in  palm-trees,  and  all  sorts  of 
fruit.  The  inhabitants  are  idolaters, 
and  pay  tribute  to  the  Spaniards,  to 
whom  this  island  belongs. 

Minehead,  a  borough  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  has  a  good  harboiir  for  sliips  of  hir;,'e 
burden  :  and  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  wool,  coal,  and  herrings.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  31  miles  N  of  Exeter,  and  161  W  by 
S  of  London.  Lon.  3  34  W,  lat  51  12 
N. 

Mingrelia,  a  province  of  Asia,  which 
makes  part  of  Georgia;  bounded  on 
the  W  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  E  b\ 
lincritia,  on  tlie  S  by  a  part  of  Geor/V'a, 
and  on  the  N   bv  Circassla.     It  is  go- 


Vf  I  N 

or  K  mean  low  stature, 
bs  and  little  lieuds.    The 
are    (roUlamitlis,    black> 
iirpenters,  and  tliey  can 
><)d    vesseU  for  tlie  sea. 
u  qireen,  beside  20  ot'ier 
11  the  men  have  se  cial 
ir   religion  is  Malinme- 
louscs  are  built  on  posts, 
eet  liigli ;  and  they  have 
outofthe  streets :  they 
oor,  wiiich  is  divided  in- 
and  tiie  roofs  are  co- 
ineto  leaves.     The  capi- 
;ity  of  the  same  name, 
east  side  of  the  island. 
,  lat.  6  0  N. 
a  town  of  Germany  in 
uabia,  with  a  castle.     It 
of  a  small  territory  he- 
rs lUer  and  Lech,  sub- 
e  of  Bavaria.     It  was  ta- 
strlans  after  the  battle  of 
o  eret  ted  it  into  a  priiici> 
of  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
returned  to  the  house  of 
e  treaty  of  Rastadt.  It  is 
of  Ulrfi.     Lon.  10  42  E, 

nsiderable  town  of  West- 
ofa  territory  of  the  same 
on  the  Weser,  which 
rading  place.  Near  this 
""erdinand  of  Brunswick 
French,  in  1759.  It  is 
king  of  Prussia,  who  se- 
bishopric,  27  miles  E  by 
;,  and  37  W  of  Hanover, 
t.  52  22  N. 

(ne  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
L's  in   circumference,  se- 
Luconia    by    a  narrow 
ifidl  of  mountains,  which 
Im-trees,  and  all  sorts  of 
ihabitants   are    idolaters, 
itc  to  the   Spaniards,  to 
ind  belongs, 
borough   in   Somerset- 
market  on  Wctlnesday. 
larbour  for  sliips  of  luri.'e 
can'ies  on  a  considerable 
coal,  and  herrings.     It 
nbers  to  parliament,  anil 
if  Exeter,  and  161  W  by 
Lon.  3  34  W,  lat  51  12 

province  of  Asia,  which 
r  Georgia ;  houndod  on 
:  Black  Sea,  on  the  E  by 
le  S  bv  a  |)art  of  Geor;vKi, 

by  Clrcassia.     It  is  e;o- 


M  I  O 

verned  by  a  prince,  who  is  tributary  to 
the  sovereign  of  Iiui-ritia.  'I'lie  face  (<f 
this  country  is  covered  with  trees,  aiul 
it  lias  very  little  ground  til  for  tillage  j 
its  products,  and  tiic  customs  and  niun- 
ners  of  the  inliabitants,  arc  similar  to 
those  of  Georgia. 

JUiiio,  a  river  of  Spain,  wiiichhasits 
source  in  Galicia,  near  Caslrodel  Rey, 
aiul  passing  by  Lugo,  Orteiise,  and 
Tey,  it  then  divides  Galicia  from  Por- 
tugal, and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
at  Caminlia. 

Miniato,  St.  an  episcopal  town  of 
Tuscany,  seated  on  thi;  Arno,  20  niiies 
S  W  of  Florence.  Lon.  10  45  E,  lut. 
43  40  N. 

Miiwrbinoy  a  smalltown  of  Naples  in 
Italy,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bigho]>'s 
see,  26  miles  N  uf  Cirenza.  Lon.  16 
19  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Minorca,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, lying  50  miles  to  tlie  N  E  of  Ma- 
jorca. It  is  30  miles  in  length,  and  12 
in  breadth  ;  and  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, with  some  fruitful  vallics,  where 
there  are  excellent  mules.  Cittadella 
is  the  capital ;  but  greater  consequence 
is  attached  to  the  town  of  Mahon  on 
account  of  its  excellent  harbour,  which 
is  defended*" by  Fort  St.  Piiilip,  one  of 
the  strimgest  forti-esses  in  Europe,  and 
on  the  fate  of  which  the  w'.iole  island 
depends.  Minorca  wis  taken  from  the 
Spaniards  by  the  English,  in  1799. 
Lon.  3  48  E,"  lat.  39  50  N. 

Aliiiori:  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Princi- 
pato  Citeriorc,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  between 
the  town  of  that  name  and  Amalsi. 

Miiisingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  VVirtemburg,  with  a  hand- 
some castle.     L<m.  9  35  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Minski,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  capital 
of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with 
two  citadels,  one  of  whicli  is  seated  in 
a  morass.  The  country  is  pretty  fer- 
tile, and  has  forests  containing  vast 
numbers  pf  bees,  whose  honey  makes 
part  of  its  riches.  Minski  is  65  miles 
N  of  Sluczk,  and  100  S  E  of  Wilna. 
Lon.  26  48  E,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Miolant,  a  fortress  of  France,  in  tlie 
depai-tment  of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock,  in  the  valley  of  Barcelonetta. 
Lon.  6  20  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Mima,  a  lake  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Hedcmarke,  80  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  divided  by  a  large 
peninsula,  fuid  is  fruai  12  to  ii  miles 


/ 


M  I  S 


broad.  It  contains  one  island  about  10 
miles  in  circiimlt.renre,  fertile  in  corn, 
pasliire,  and  wood,  and  Sjirinkled  with 
'•everal  farm  houses 

Mi/ueUm,  a  siiiall  desert  island,  SW 
of  Cape  May  in  Ni  wfoiindlaml,  ceded 
to  ti'.e  French  by  tlie  peace  of  1763,  fur 
drying  and  curing  tlieir  lisli.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Enjfhsh  in  1793.  Lon.  56 
10  W,  'lat.  46  42  N. 

Mirandu-deDouao,  a  fortified  town, 
of  Portugal,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Tralds-M  Miles,  witlia  bishop's  see.  It 
i..  seated  on  a  rock,  near  tlie  confluence 
of  the  Houero  and  Fresna,  208  milei 
N  by  E  of  Lisbon.  Lju.  6  0  W,  lat. 
41  40  N. 

Miraitda-i's-Ebro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  with- a  strong  castle,  seat- 
ed in  a  country  that  produces  excellent 
wine,  on  the  river  Ebro,  over  which 
is  a  handsome  bridge.  It  is  34  miles 
S  of  Bilboa,  and  160  N  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  42  49  N. 

Mirande,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cers,  and  late  province 
of  Gascony,  seated  on  a  moiiiitain  nc.ir 
the  river  Baise.  Its  principal  articles 
of  commerce,  are  wool,  down,  and 
geese  feathers.  It  is  15  miles  S  W  of 
Auch,  and  340  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
26  E,  hit.  43  30  N. 

Mirandota,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
a  dutchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a 
well  fortihcd  place,  subject  to  the 
house  of  Austria,  and  20  miles  N  E  of 
Modcna.     Lon.  11  19  E,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Mirvheau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vienne.  Its  asses  Uavc 
long  been  famous  ibr  their  beauty  and 
strength.  It  is  16  miles  N  of  Poitiers, 
and  175  S  W  of  Paris. 

Miiecourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dei)artnient  of  the  Vosges,  famous  for 
its  violins  and  tine  laces.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Modon,  27  miles  S  of  Naiw 
ci,  and  30  S  E  of  Toul.  Lon.  6  4  E, 
lat.  48  15  N. 

Miieinont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne.  Near  it  is  a 
remarkable  cavern,  called  Cluseau.  It 
is  seated  near  the  river  Vizere,  15 
miles  E  of  Bcrger-ic. 

Mirepoix,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  UpiJcr  Pyrenees.  It 
was  lately  an  episco|)al  town,  and  is 
seated  im  the  Gers,  15  miles  Nof  Foix. 

Miseiio,  a  ca])e  of  Italy,  in  the  Ter- 
ra di  Lavori,  between  Pii/.zoli  and  Cu- 
ma.  On  it  arc  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Misenum. 


r.VBWU  ' 


■ 


M  O  C 

Mistrden,  a  village  in  Gloiicester- 
sliirc,  six  miles  N  \V  of  Ciri-iiccster, 
fuimms  for  a  park,  in  h  valley  of  wliiel) 
is  11  mount  of  circiilai"  form,  now  over 
grown  with  trees.  This  was  the  site 
of  an  ancient  castle,  hnilt  in  the  reij^n 
of  King  John  ;  ami  part  of  the  moat, 
-which  encompassed  the  building,  is 
Still  to  be  seen. 

Mttitra,  a  very  ancient  and  celebra- 
ted vovvn  of  Greece,  capital  of  the  Mo- 
reu,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's  sec, 
and  a  caslle.  It  is  divided  into  f  nir 
parts,  the  castle,  the  town,  and  two 
large  suburbs.  The  church  is  one  of 
the  Imest  in  the  world,  and  the  Turks 
lia\e  turned  it  into  a  moacjiie,  near 
wliich  is  a  magniiicent  hus|)ital.  There 
is  a  great  number  of  Ctu"i»tians,  and  so 
many  Jews,  that  they  have  three  syna- 
gogues. It  was  taken  by  the  Veneti- 
ans in  1687  J  but  the  Turks  retook  it. 
ll  is  seated  on  the  Vasilipotamo,  100 
nules  S  W  of  Athens,  and  90  N  by  E 
of  Lepanto.     Lon.  22  30  E,  lat.  37  6  N. 

Misnia.     See  Meiuen. 

MUstuippi,  a  river  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, which  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Ohio  and  Illinois  from  the  E,  and  of 
the  Missouri,  and  other  rivers  from 
the  W.  It  rises  from  a  considerable 
lake  in  the  central  mtnmtains ;  its 
length,  to  its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  is  supposed  to  be  upward  of 
3000  miles.  It  is  the  E  boundary  of 
Louisiana.  In  this  river,  in  lat.  44  30 
N,  are  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  wliere 
the  stream  more  than  250  yai-ds  wide, 
falls  perpendicularly  about  30  feet. 

Mintouri,  a  river  of  North  America, 
wh.>se  source  is  unknown.  It  joins 
the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  N,  but  is  a 
longer,  broader,  and  deeper  river,  and 
is,  in  fact,  the  pruicipal  stream.  It  has 
been  ascended  by  the  French  traders 
upwards  of  1200  miles,  and  from  its 
depth  and  breadth  at  tl)at  distance, 
appeared  to  be  navigable  much  higher 


MOD 

The  women,  except  a  small  number  of 
the  lonimon  sort,  never  appear  in  the 
streets  in  the  day  time,  but  visit  each 
other  in  the  evening.  When  they  meet 
any  man  in  the  way,  tiiey  stand  dose 
up  against  the  wall  to  let  them  pass. 
Their  dress  is  much  like  that  of  other 
women  of  the  East,  and  over  alt  they 
wear  a  large  veil  of  painted  calico,  so 
thin  that  tliey  can  see  through  it,  with- 
out being  seen.  They  have  also  little 
buskins  of  M<n-occo  leather.  It  carries 
on  a  great  trade,  especially  in  coftee  ; 
and  the  inliabitants  are  computed  at 
10,000,  witiiout  including  the  poor 
Armenians,  or  the  Jews,  who  inhabit 
the  suburbs.  Mocha  is  seated  in  a 
sandy  country,  near  the  straits  of  Ba- 
belm'andel  240  niiles  S  S  W  of  Sauna, 
and  560  S  S  E  of  Mecca.  Lon.  44  35 
E,  lat.  14  0  N. 

Modburry,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  u  market  on  Thursday.  It  is 
seated  in  a  bottom,  lietween  two  hills, 
36  miles  S  S  W  of  Exeter,  and  208 
VV  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  54  W,  lat. 
50  23  N. 

Mmleita,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  ca- 
pital of  the  Modenese,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  the  usual  residence  of  tlie 
duke,  and  stands  in  a  pleasant  and 
fruitful  country,  is  large  and  populous, 
but  the  streets  are  nai-row  and  the 
houses  unequal.  The  catliedral,  seve- 
fid  of  the  churches,  and  some  of  the 
monasteries  are  handsome  structures  ; 
and  the  ducal  palace  is  an  elegant 
structvue,  richly  furnished,  and  con- 
tains fine  paintings  ;  among  others,  a 
famous  night-piece  of  Corregio.  The 
citadel  is  very  regidar,  but  has  been 
often  take'!,  particular^  by  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  in  1742.  The  inhabitants  are 
said  to  be  40,000 ;  and  they  make  here 
the  best  masks  for  masquerades  in  all 
Italy.  It  is  seated  between  the  rivers 
Secchia  and  Panaro,  22  miles  W  by  N 
of  Bologna,  34  S  by  E  of  Mantua,  and 


Mitcham,  a  village  in  Surry,  seated   60  N  N  W  of  Florence.    Lon.  11  0  E, 


on  the  Wandle,  on  which  are  some 
snuff-mills,  and  two  calico-printing  ma- 
nufactures. It  is  eight  miles  S  W  of 
London. 

Mittau,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  the 
capital  of  Courland,  remarkable  for  its 
large  ducal  palace.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bolderau,  45  miles  E  of  Goldingen, 
and  270  N  N  E  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23 
50  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Mocha,  or  Moka,  a  considerable  town 
of  Arabia  Felis,  surrounded  by  walls- 


lat.  44  34  N. 

Mo.lena,  or  Modenese,  a  dutchy  of 
Italy,  bounded  on  the  W  by  tliat  of 
Parma,  on  the  N  by  the  dutchies  of 
Mantua  and  Mirandola,  on  theE  by  the 
Uolognese  and  Ferrarese,  and  on  the  S 
by  Tuscany  and  the  republic  of  Lucca. 
It  is  50  miles  in  length,  and  40  in 
breadth  j  and  the  soil  is  very  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  oil,  and  fruits  of  dificrent 
kinds.  It  also  feeds  a  great  number  of 
cattle. 


O  D 


M  O  G 


M  O  G 


cept  a  small  number  of 
rt,  never  appear  in  tlie 
iiy  time,  but  visit  cacfi 
i\'v\fr.  When  they  meet 
wiiy,  tiiey  stand  close 
wall  to  let  them  pass, 
inich  like  tliat  of  other 
East,  and  over  all  they 
il  of  painted  calico,  so 
an  see  through  it,  with- 

Tliey  have  also  little 
:)cco  leather.     It  carries 

especially  in  coftee  ; 
tants  are  computed  at 
It  including^  the  poor 
the  Jews,  who  inhabit 
Mocha  is  sciited  in  a 
near  tlie  straits  of  Ba- 
i  miles  S  S  W  of  Sunna, 
of  Mecca.     Lon.  44  35 

town  in  Devonshire, 
t  on  TJiursday.  It  is 
om,  between  two  hills, 
V  of  Exeter,  and  208 
don.     Lon.  3  54  W,  lat. 

ncient  city  of  Italy,  ca- 
denese,  with  a  bishop'g 
usual  residence  of  tiie 
tnds  in  u  pleasant  and 
is  larjce  and  populous, 
s  are  narrow  and  the 
I.  The  catliedral,  seve- 
ches,  and  some  of  the 
e  handsome  structures  ; 
I  palace  is  an  elegant 
ily  furnished,  and  con- 
tings  ;  among  others,  a 
iece  of  Corregio.  The 
regular,  but  has  been 
rticularl.>  by  the  king  of 
42.  The  inhabitants  are 
UO ;  and  they  make  here 
for  masquerades  in  all 
ated  between  the  rivers 
uiaro,  22  miles  W  by  N 
S  by  E  of  .vlantua,  and 
Florence.    Lon.  11  OE, 

Modenese,  a   dutchy  of 

on  the   W  by  tliat  of 

N  by  the  dutchies  of 

[irandola,  on  the  E  by  the 

Ferrarese,  and  on  the  S 

d  the  republic  of  Lucca. 

i  in  length,  and  40  in 

the  soil  is  very  fertile  in 

,  and  fruits  of  difi'crent 

I  feeds  a  great  number  uf 


Mrxlica,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  river 
of  tlif  same  name,  25  miles  S  W  of 
Syracuse.     Lp,i.  15  9  E,  lat.  36  48  N. 

MoMm,  a  scrong  town  of  the  Morea, 
with  a  safe  harbour  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  aproninntory,  l)rojectn)g 
into  the  sea  of  Sapienza,  1 J  miles  E  of 
Coron,  and  95  S  W  of  Nnpoli-di-Uoma- 
Ilia.     Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  36  56  N. 

Moitzir,  a  town  of  Pohmd  in  Lithu- 
.viiii,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Pry- 
pec  in  a  fertile  country,  85  miles  S  E 
of  Slnczk.     Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  5.?  5  N. 

Moffat,  a  town  in  Dumfriesshire, 
near  ilie  river  Annan,  notctl  for  its  mi- 
neral springs,  which  were  formerly  of 
great  repute,  and  attracted  numbers  of 
genteel  company.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  coarse  woollen  stuHs,  and  is  20 
mdes  N  by  E  of  Dumfries. 

Moffat  HilU,  the  higliest  mountains 
in  the  S  of  Scotland  They  occupy  the 
N  part  of  Annandale  ;  and  from  tlicsc 
descend  in  diflerent  directions,  the 
Tweed,  Clyde,  and  Annan,  whose 
sources  are  but  a  little  distance  from 
each  other. 

Mogador,  an  island  and  castle  of  Af- 
rica, in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  near 
cape  Ozem.  There  are  mines  of  g^old 
and  silver  in  one  of  the  mountains. 
Lon.  9  35  W,  lat.  31  38  N. 

Mogult,  Country  of  the,  or  Western  Chi- 
vete  Tartary,  is  bo\mded  on  the  N  by 
Siberia,  on  the  E  by  EiiStem  Tartary, 
«n  the  S  by  the  great  Wall  and  Leao- 
tong,  and  on  the  '.V  by  Independent 
Tartary.  The  Mogul  Tartars  have 
neither  towns,  villages,  nor  houses  : 
they  form  themselves  only  into  wander- 
ing hordes,  and  live  under  tents,  which 
tliey  transport  from  one  place  to  ano- 
tiier,  according  as  the  temperature  of 
the  different  seasons,  or  the  wants  of 
their  flocks  require :  they  pass  the 
summer  on  the  banks  of  their  rivers, 
and  the  winter  at  tlie  foot  of  some 
mountain  or  hill,  which  shelters  them 
from  the  cutting  N  wind.  They  are 
naturally  clo»'nish,  and  dirty  in  their 
dress,  as  well  as  in  their  tents,  where 
they  live  amid  the  dung  of  their  flocks, 
which  when  dried,  they  use  for  fuel 
instead  of  wood.  Enemies  to  labour, 
they  choose  rather  to  be  satisfied  with 
till!  food  with  which  their  flocks  sup- 
pi;,  them,  than  take  the  trouble  of  culti- 
vating tlie  earth  ;  it  even  appears  that 
tlicy  neglect  agricidlure  from  pride. 
Dui'ing  the  summer,  they  live  only  on 


milk,  which  they  get  from  their  flocks, 
using  witiiout  liistinction  that  of  tlie 
cow,  marc,  ewe,  goat,  and  camel. 
Their  ordinary  drink  is  wurm  water,  in 
which  a  little  coarse  tea  ha:<  been  infu- 
sed ;  with  this  they  mix  cream,  milk, 
or  butter,  according  to  their  circum- 
stances. They  have  also  a  method  of 
making  a  kind  of  spirituous  liquor  uf 
sour  milk,  especially  of  that  of  tlie  mare. 
The  Moguls  are  free,  open  and  sincere. 
They  pride  themselves  chietly  on  their 
dexterity  in  handling  the  bow  and  ar- 
row, mounting  im  iiorseback,  and  hunt- 
ing wild  beasts.  Polygamy  is  permit* 
ted  among  them ;  but  tiiey  generally 
have  only  one  wile.  They  are  unac- 
quainted with  the  use  of  money,  and 
trade  only  by  barter.  fhey  use 
sheepskins  for  cloathing,  wearing  the 
wool  inmost,  and  the  skin  on  the  out- 
side, from  winch  exhales  a  rank  and 
disagr-.-eable  smell,  on  which  account 
they  are  called  by  the  Chinese,  Stink- 
ing Tartars.  The  religion  of  liic  Mo- 
gul Tartars  is  confined  to  the  worsliip 
of  Fo.  They  have  the  most  supersti- 
tious veneration  for  tlicir  lam^ts,  who 
are  clownish,  ignorant,  and  licentious 
priests,  to  wliom  they  utiribiite  the 
power  of  calling  down  hail  or  rain.  All 
the  Mogids  are  governed  by  khans,  or 
particular  princes,  independent  of  each 
other  ;  but  all  subject  to  the  emperor 
of  China,  whom  they  consider  as  the 
grand  klian  of  the  Tartars.  The  limits 
of  their  respective  territories,  and  the 
laws  by  wliich  they  are  at  present  go- 
verned, were  settled  by  the  emperor 
of  China.  These  tributary  khans  have 
not  the  power  of  condemning  their  sub- 
jects to  death,  nor  of  confiscation ;  these 
two  cases  aPe  reserved  for  the  supreme 
tribunal  established  at  Peking  for  the 
affairs  of  the  Moguls,  to  which  every 
individual  may  appeal  from  the  sen- 
tence of  his  prince,  who  is  obliged  to 
appear  in  person  wherever  he  is  cited. 
The  best  cultivated  canton  of  all  the 
Mogul  territories  is  the  district  of 
Cart-ching,  near  the  great  Wall,wiiere 
the  emperor  goes  every  year  to  enjoy 
the  pleasure  of  hunting,  and  wliere  he 
generally  passes  the  summer:  fur  that 
purpose  he  has  caused  several  beauti- 
ful pleasure  houses  to  be  built  there, 
the  principal  of  which  is  Geho.  All 
the  Mogul  nations  iindertlieCliine.se 
government,  mav  be  <lividecl  iiiio 
tour  principal  tribes,  wliieh  are  the 
Moguls  properly  so  ekllcd,  the  Kalnus, 


'5:  •» 


M  O  H 


M  O  L 


the  Ortonn,  and  tlip  Tartars  of  Kokonor. 

Miiluttz,  a  town  ofLowfi'  Hun(fiirv, 
in  tlie  coimly  of  Biu'iiiiiwur,  Ncaleil  Ht 
tlie  icmHiicncf  of  the  rivers  Duiuibe, 
and  Corasse,  17  iiiilen  N  VV  of  lisacck. 
I.on.  1<)  56  E,  lat  45  46  N. 

Aloha'wi  Jfiver,  u  river  of  Nortli  A- 
menca,  wliicli  rises  in  tlie  state  of  New 
Vork,  and  empties  itself,  i>J  two 
moiitiis,  into  Hudson's  River.  About 
two  miles  above  its  junctiun  with  tliitt 
river  it  has  a  cataract  where  the  stream, 
lUO  yards  wide,  falls  perpendicularly 
about  70  fret. 

Miilunvis,  a  once  powerful  tribe  of 
Indians,  in  Nortli  America,  livin)r  on 
the  Moliawks  River.  Only  one  famdy 
are  left  of  them  in  the  state  of  New 
Vork,  the  rest  huvintj,  in  1776,  emi- 
j^rated,  with  sir  John  Johnson,  into  Ca- 
nada. 

MMlla,  or  Muhilia,  one  of  the  Co- 
mora  Islands,  between  the  N  end  of 
Madagascar  and  tlie  continent  of  Afri- 
ca. The  inland  parts  are  mountainoua 
and  woody,  and  there  are  villages  scat- 
tered here  and  there,  whose  houses  are 
made  of  reeds  and  straw.  The  people 
are  blacks,  with  great  heads,  large 
lips,  flat  noses,  sharp  chins,  and  strong 
limbs.  They  go  quite  naked,  except 
only  a  few  leaves.  Their  skins  are  cut 
and  pricked,  so  as  to  make  several  fi- 
gures on  all  parts  of  their  bodies.  Some 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Mahometans, 
who  have  a  Ifev  wretched  mosques, 
built  of  wood  and  straw  without,  and 
matted  neatly  within.  This  island  a- 
bouiuls  in  animals,  such  as  buffaloes, 
goats,  tortoises,  hens,  large  bats,  and 
ramelions;  and  here  are  a  great  num- 
ber of  birds,  whose  names  are  not 
known  in  Europe.  It  produces  plenty 
of  rice,  peas,  honej ,  cocoa-nuts,  plan- 
tains,  oranges,  lemons,  citroiw,  pine- 
apples, cucumbers,  tuinarind.s,  and  su- 
gar-canes. There  arc  several  fine 
streams,  and  the  g^ass  and  trees  are 
green  all  the  year,  so  that  in  short  it 
is  a  kind  of  paradise.  Lon.  45  0  £,  lat. 
11  55  S. 

Mohilef,  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  part  of  Lithuania,  dis- 
membered from  Poland,  in  1772 ;  which 
contains  11  districts. 

Miih'drf,  a  populous,  strong  and  well 
built  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  Russian 
government  of  the  same  name.  It  has 
a  considerable  trade,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Dnieper,  35  miles  S  of  Ortza.  Lon. 
31  2  E,  lat.  54  15  ». 


MoUtac,  an  ancient  town  of  Franr c, 
in  the  departnient  of  Lot.  IChasagreut 
trade  in  corn  anil  flour,  and  is  sealed 
on  the  Tarn,  near  the  Garonne,  LI 
miles  N  W  of  Montauban.  Lon.  1  17 
E,  lat.  44  6  N. 

Miiia,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  where  they  pretend  to 
shew  the  rujiisof  Ciceio's  lioustt,  seat- 
ed on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  14  miles  E 
of  Bari. 

MnU,  a  town  in  Flintshire,  where 
the  assises  arc  held,  ll  is  five  mile* 
S  of  Flint. 

Mnhiitvia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  270  miles  long  and  210  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Poland,  from 
which  it  is  also  divided  on  the  N  E  by  the 
Dniester  ;  on  the  E  by  New  Ruasua; 
on  the  S  E  by  Bessarabia  j  on  the  s  by 
Bulgaria,  fiom  which  it  is  parted  by 
the  Danube  ;  on  theS  W  by  VValachiaj 
and  on  the  W  fjy  Transylvania  and  Hun- 
gary. The  other  principal  rivers  are  the 
Pruth,  Moldau,  and  flar>'alach.  The 
soil  is  rich,  and  it  abounds  in  goodpas- 
ture.i,  which  feed  a  great  number  of 
horses,  oxen,  and  sheep :  it  also  pro- 
duces com,  pulse,  honey,  wax,  fruits, 
with  plenty  of  game  and  fowls.  The 
sovereign,  who  is  styled  Hospodar,  is 
tributary  to  the  grand  seignior,  and  is 
obliged  to  raise  a  large  body  of  troopt 
at  his  own  expcnce  in  time  of  war.  The 
inhabitants  are  Christians  of  the  Greek 
church,  andjassyis  the  principal  town. 

Mo/e,  a  river  in  Surry,  which  runr. 
to  Darking,  and  passing  beneath  Box 
Hill,  is  believed  to  disappear  in  its  vi- 
cinity, and  to  rise  again  near  Leather- 
head.  Hence  it  is  supposed  to  derive 
its  name  :  bi.t  the  fact  is,  that  in  very 
dry  seasons  the  waste  water  is  absorb- 
ed'by  a  tract  of  soft  ground,  two  miles 
in  length,  called  the  Swallows,  in  ca- 
verns in  tlie  sides  of  the  banks  ;  but  not 
so  as  to  prevent  a  constant  t-.i'eam  from 
flowing  in  an  open  channel  above 
ground.  The  Mole  enters  the  Thames 
at  E  Moulsey. 

Mo/e,  St.  Nicholat.  See  Nicholas,  St. 

Mh'en,  a  strong  town  of  Germany  in 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Law- 
enburg,  belonging  to  the  city  of  Lubec. 
It  is  se&ted  on  the  Stekiness,  12  miles 
E  of  Lawenburg.  Lon.  10  50  E,  lat. 
53  38  N. 

M'lfetta,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Bali,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
the  title  of  a  dutchy.  It  is  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  N  W  of 


O  L 

J  Hiicient  town  of  Prunr p, 

liciitof'Lot.  ItliasH  great 

|uiul  Hciur,  and   it   SLMtctl 

near  tin-    Garonne,    M 

MoMtitubun.      Lun.  1  17 

licient  town  of  Naples,  in 
ji,  where  they  prcten<l  to 
jsofCiieui'ii  hoiiHit,  seat- 
M'  of  Venice,  14  miles  E 

Iwn  in  Flintshire,  where 
]i'c   held.     Il  is  live  mile* 

I>rovince   of  Turkey  in 
liles  long  and  210  broud  ; 
the    N   by   Poland,   fiom 
)  divided  on  the  N  E  by  the 
the   E  by  New  Hussiai 
liessarubia  j  on  the  s  by 
m    which  it  is  paiied  by 
on  theS  W  by  VValachiaj 
by  Transylvania  and  Hiin- 
ler  principal  rivers  aretlie 
and  fiai'.'alacli.     The 
id  it  abounds  in  g'ood  pas- 
feed  a  great  number  of 
and  slieep:  it  also  pro. 
ulse,  honey,  wax,  fruits, 
■  game  and  fowls.     The 
10  is  styled  Hospodar,  is 
le  grand  seignior,  and  ii 
Be  a  large   body  of  troops 
pence  in  time  nf  war.  The 
e  Christians  of  the  Greek 
ussy  is  the  principal  town, 
ler  in  Surry,  which  runs 
ind  passing  beneath  llox 
ved  to  disappear  in  its  vi- 
rise  again  near  Leather- 
;  it  is  supposeil  to  derive 
.  the  fact  is,  that  in  very 
le  waste  water  is  absorb- 
>f  soft  ground,  two  miles 
led  the  Swallows,  in  ca- 
des of  the  banks  ;  but  not 
nt  a  constant  i-.i-eam  from 
n    o|]en    channel    above 
Mole  enters  the  Thames 

'icholat.  See  Nicliolas,  St. 
•ong  town  of  Germany  in 
,  in  the  dutchy  of  Law- 
f  ing  to  the  city  of  Lubec. 
the  Stekiness,  12  miles 
urg.     Lon.  10  50  E,  lat. 

town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
'ith  a  bishop's  see,  and 
lutchy.  It  is  seated  on 
snice,  10  miles  N  W  of 


MOM 

Bari.     Lnn.    IG   53  E,    lat.   41    28   N. 

Miiliires,  a  town  of  Franco  in  the  de- 
purlnicjit  of  I.r.t  and  lute  province  of 
Qiitra.     Lon.  1  Ju  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Muliiui,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
New  Custile,  si-aled  on  tiie  river  Gal- 
lo,  in  a  territory  abounding  in  )>astureH, 
is  miles  S  E  of  Siguen.ta,  iind  88  E  N 
E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  53  W,  lat.  40  50 
N. 

Motiit,  a  territory  of  Naples,  lying 
between  Terra-di-Lavora,  Abru/zoCi- 
teriore,  Capitanuta,  and  I'rincipato  Ul- 
teriort.  It  is  in  tiie  form  of  a  triangle, 
wiiose  sides  are  J9  miles  in  lengtii  and 
is  a  mountainou*  country,  but  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  satlron,  and  silk. 

Maine,  a  town  of  Naples,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name,  but  not 
populous.  It  is  30  miles  N  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  43  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

MoUheim,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  llhinc  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the 
Bruscb.  It  is  10  miles  W  bv  S  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  228  E  of  Paris.'  Lon.  7  35 
£,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Muluccai,  or  Spice  hlandt,  a  cluster 
of  Islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  E 
of  Celebes.  The  principal  are  Ternat, 
Amboyna,  Tydore,  Machian,  Motyr, 
and  Bachian,  the  largest  of  which  is 
hardly  30  miles  in  circumference.  They 
produce  neither  com,  rice,  nop  cattle, 
except  goats  ;  but  they  have  oranges, 
lemons,  and  other  fruits;  and  are  most 
remarkable  for  spices,  especially  cloves. 
They  have  large  snakes,  which  are  not 
yenomous ;  but  very  dangerous  land 
crocodiles.  The  natives  are  idolatrous  ; 
but  there  are  many  Mahometans.  They 
were  discovered,  in  1511,  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, who  f(n-med  some  settle- 
ments ;  but  the  Dutch  drove  them  a- 
way.     See  Banda. 

Molwitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
province  of  Grotska,  remarkable  for  a 
battle  which  the  Prussians  gained  over 
the  Austrians  in  1741.  It  is  40  miles 
S  of  Breslaw,  Lon.  17  14  E,  lat.  50 
33  N. 

Mnmbaza,  a  town  of  Africa,  with 
a  citadel,  seated  in  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  eastern  coast  oppo 
site  to  Zanguebar,  75  miles  S  S  W  of 
Melinda,  and  subject  to  Portugal.  Lon. 
48  0  E,  lat.  44  0  N. 

Mombitza,  a  country  of  Africa,  sub- 
ject to  the  Portuguese  ;  hence  thcv  ex- 
port sla\'c3,  gold,  ivory,  rice,  floli, 
and  other  provisions,  wltli  wliirh  t-tiry 


M  O  N 

supply  tlie  Mcttlements  in  Brasil.  'I'lie 
king  of  Melinda,  beingaChri.ttian,  li..d 
a  quarrel  with  the  Portuguese  gouin- 
or,  took  the  caHtle  of  Moniliuza  by  an- 
sault,  turned  Mahometan,  and  mui'dcr- 
ed  all  the  Cliristiaus,  in  Ib.U  ;  lint  in 
1729,  the  Portuguese  became  masteri 
of  this  territory  again. 

Mono,  an  island  of  .  enmark,  in  the 
Baltic,  seated  to  the  S  VV  of  the  isle  ol 
Zealand,  from  wiiieii  it  is  separated  by 
a  narrow  channel.  Lon.  12  30  E,  lat. 
55  20  N. 

Mmaco,  a  small,  btit  handsome  and 
strong  town  of  Italyi  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  witli  a  castle, 
a  citadel,  and  a  gnoil  harbour.  It  ia 
naturally  very  strong,  being  seated  on 
a  craggy  rock  thaf  projects  into  the  sea. 
It  has  its  own  prince,  under  the  pro- 
tcction  of  France,  and  is  8  miles  W  S 
W  of  Vintimiglia,  and  12  E  N  E  of 
Nice.     Lon.  7  36  E.  lat.  43  48  N, 

Monaghan,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Ulster,  32  miles  in 
lengtii  and  22  in  breadth ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Tyrone,  on  the  E  by  Ar- 
magh,  on  the  S  E  by  Louth,  and  on 
the  W  by  Fermanagh.  It  is  full  of 
woo<ls  and  bogs,  and  a  third  part  of  it 
taken  up  by  Lough  Earne,  It  contains 
24  parishes,  and  sends  four  members 
to  parliament. 

Monaghan,  a  borough  in  Ireland,  and 
capital  of  a  countv  of  the  same  name, 
40  miles  S  W  of  Belfast,  and  60  N  N 
W  of  Dublin. 

Monaater,  an  ancient  town  of  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  pleasantly 
seated  near  the  sea,  70  miles  S  E  of 
Tunis.     Lon.  11  6  E,  lat  35  50  N. 

MontcalUer,  a  tfiwn  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia, 
and  seated  on  the  Po,  five  miles  S  E  of 
Turin.     Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

Moncalvo,  a  small  but  strong  town 
of  Italy,  in  Montferrat,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  12  miles  S  W  of  Casal.  Lon. 
7  19  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Mnncaon,  or  Momortf  a  very  strong. 
\\  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entrc- 
Douero-e-Minho,  with  a  castle.  The 
Spaniards  have  often  attempted  to  take 
it  but  in  vain .  It  is  8  miles  S  E  of  Tuv, 
and  26  N  of  Braga.  Lon.  8  28  W,  lat. 
42  8  N. 

Monchnbnu,  a  city  of  Asia  in  the  king- 
dom of  Burmah,  which,  in  1755,  was 
the  residence  of  the  king,  before  the 
court  removed  to  Avathe  present  capi- 
tal, from  which  it  is  distant  39  niiks. 


\ 


I 


M  O  N 

Mimcim,  or  M<mzon,  a  utrniij^'lv  fov- 
tifiid  liivvnnC  S()iiiii,  in  Arrui^on,  scitrd 
at  tfic  coiiHuenre  (if  the  Sotli  uiiil  Cin- 
ca,  ^\\  iiiilcs  S  i)f  B:tlbuiitrci,  iiiul  50  N 
E  of  .SannfoKb*.  Loii.  0  ','8  E,  lut. 
42  i  N. 

Muncontmir,  a  town  of  Frimcc,  in  tlii' 
ilo|iailiiic'iil  uf  Iiilc  unci  Vilitine  uiid 
l:itf  province  of  Bretajj^ne,  39  miles  h 
WdfSt.  Malo.  Lon.  2  36  K,  lut.  48 
15  N. 

Moncion,  a  pi/  t  town  in  Addison 
countv,  \  erniont,  ,.T>  miles  S  by  E  of 
Uui'li'i^-ton  on  lake  Chumpluin,  and 
1 3  N  of  Vergcnnei,  witli  lUUO  inliubi- 
titnts. 

Mondego,  a  river  of  Portugal,  wliicli 
lias  its  source  near  Guarda,  and  cross- 
'\\\^  the  provincx-  fieira,  passes  by 
Cdinibra,  and  fulls  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  near  a  cape  of  the  same  name. 

MonMiiier,  a  small  town  of  Franco, 
in  the  department  of  Somme  and  late 
province  of  Picardy,  wliere  tliere  was 
formerly  a  palace.  It  is  seated  (m  a 
mountain,  34  miles  S  E  of  Amiens,  and 
57  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  34  W,  hit  49 
39  N. 

Mondonneiln,  R  town  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
cla,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  a  small  river,  60 
miles  N  E  of  Com]>ostulla.  Lon.  7  10 
W,  hit.  43  30  N. 

Mondoubteau,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Loir  and  Cher  and 
late  province  of  Blasois.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, and  is  13  miles  N  of  Vendome. 

Mondoxii,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with 
a  citadel,  a  university,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  April 
1/65.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous town  of  Piedmont,  and  is  seated 
on  a  mountain  near  the  river  Elero, 
eight  miles  N  W  of  Ceva,  and  35  S  E 
of  Turin.     Lon.  8  6  E,  lat.  44  33  N. 

Moiiforte,  a  town  oi'  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  30  miles  N  by  E  of 
Portalegra.  Lon.  7  21  W,  lat.  39  32 
N. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Alentejo,  20  miles  S  of 
Portalegra.  Lon.  7  31  W,  lat.  33  47  N. 

M'.mgltir,  a  largi'  town  of  Hindoos, 
tan  Proper,  witliim  old  tort.  It  i.s  gene- 
rally made  a  statimi  ("or  part  of  the 
English  troops,  and  is  seated  o\\  the 
Ganges  110  miles  K  by  S  of  Patna, 
and  275  N  W  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  83  M 
E,  lat.  25  15  N. 

Mongii/s.     Set;   MoguU- 

Moiilieim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 


M  ON 

Havana,  10  miles  from  Weisscmbcry. 
Lon.  HUE,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Mimii'^eUum,  a  s(^l|>orl  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  New  Holland.  Seated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Monick  into  the 
2uider-Zce,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Am- 
sterdam. Lon.  4  5b  E,  lat  52  29  N 

Alunjoy,  a  sra.kll  town  of  Germany  in 
the  I  ircle  of  Westphalia  and  dutchy 
.if  Jiiliers,  20  u.iles  from  Julicrs.  Lon. 
6  7  E,  lat.  50  39  N. 

MiiiiUtrot,  a  'own  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Upjier  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Vclay.  Lon.  4  6  E,  lut.  4i 
17  N. 

Mimnwiilh,  the  county  town  of  Mon- 
mouthshire, with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  pleasantly  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Wye  and  Mynnow, 
which  almost  surround  it,  and  over 
each  of  wliicli  there  is  a  bridge.  It 
contains  two  parish  churches,  and  here 
was  born  the  warlike  Henry  V.  It  is 
a  handsome  town,  carries  on  a  good 
trade  with  Bristol  by  the  Wye,  sends 
one  member  to  parliament,  and  is  21 
miles  W  of  Gloucester,  and  128  W  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  2  46  W,  lal.  51  49 
N. 

Monmnuth,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  15  miles  W  by  N  of 
Auffustaon  the  river  Kennebec,  and  23 
N  W  of  Pittston  on  the  same  water. 

Monmouth,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey  ; 
situated  22  miles  N  E  of  AUentown, 
and  13  S  W  of  Shrewsbury.  This 
was  the  scene  of  a  warm  engagement 
between  the  American  army  under  Gen. 
Washington,  and  the  British  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  on  the  27th  of  June 
1778,  which  was  one  of  tlie  hottest 
days  in  that  year  ! 

Mnnmoiuhshire,  a  county  of  England, 
in  the  diocese  of  Landatf,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Hertfordshire,  on  the  E  by 
Gloucestershire,  on  the  S  E  by  the 
mouth  of  the  Sevcjii,  !ind  on  the  W 
and  S  W  by  tlie  counties  of  Brecknock 
and  Glamorgan.  Its  extent  from  N  to 
S  is  about  24  miles,  and  from  E  to  W 
20.  the  aip  is  temperate  and  healthy, 
and  the  soil  fruitful,  though  mountain- 
ous and  woody.  This  county  is  ex- 
tremely well  watered  by  8e\eral  fine 
rivers  ;  for  besides  the  Wye,  the  Myn- 
now, and  the  Rhyney,  or  Rumney,  thi.s 
county  has  almost  peculiar  to  itself 
the  river  Usk,  which  runs  southwai-d, 
and  falls  into  t!ie  Severn,  and  divides 
it  into  two  luiequal  portions  ;  all  tUcs^ 


A  ON 

ilcs  frrirn  Weisscmbcry. 
lut.  48  M  N. 
,  14  8(:.i|<(>ri  ot'tlie  Unitud 
New    Hitllaiid.     Seulcil 
c  oftlio  Monick  into  tlie 
tflit   iiiilcM  N  E  of  Am- 
4  5b  h,  lat  5'2  29  N 
n.kll  town  of  Germany  in 
Westphalia   uiul  dutc-liy 
i.iles  fi'om  Julicrs.   Lon. 
39  N. 
'own  of  France  in  tlie 
Upjier  Loire   uiiil  late 
lay.     Lon.  4  6  E,  lut.  4i 

lie  county  town  of  Mon- 
illi  a  market  on  Satur- 
muntly  seated  at  the  con- 
le    Wye    and   Mynnow, 

siirroiiiul  it,  and  over 
1  tliere  is  a  bridjfc.  It 
urisli  churches,  and  here 
warlike  Henry  V.  It  is 
•wn,  carries  on  a  g'ootl 
stol  by  the  Wye,  sends 
to  parliament,  and  h  'il 
oiioester,  and  1^8  W  by 

Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  51  49 

»  post  town  in  Kennebec 
,  15  miles   W   by    N  of 
!  river  Kennebec,  and  23 
on  on  the  same  water. 
I  post  town,  tlie  capital 

county.  New  Jersey  ; 
es  N  E  of  AUentown, 

of  Shrewsbury.  This 
'  of  a  warm  engagement 
iiierican  army  under  Gen. 
nd  the  British  imder  Sir 
I,  on  the  27th  of  June 
vas  one  of  tlie  hottest 
ar! 

ire,  a  county  of  England, 
uf  Laiidatt',  boimded  on 
fordshire,  on  the  E  by 
c,  on  the  S  E  by  the 
Sevciii,  and  on  the  W 
a  counties  of  Brecknock 
I.  Its  extent  from  N  to 
liles,  and  from  E  to  W 
temperate  and  hcaltliy, 
litful,  though  mountain- 
y.  This  county  is  ex- 
watered  by  8e\eral  fine 
ides  the  Wye,  the  Myn- 
Ihyney,  or  Rumney,  thi.» 
nost   peculiar    to   itself 

which  runs  southward, 
le  Severn,  and  divides 
qual  portions  ;  all  tUest^ 


M  O  N 


rivers  part'icularly  the  Wyp  and  Usk, ' 
ahdiiiid  with  fish,  especially  salmon 
and  trout.  'I'lie  custi-rn  |)ftrt,  and  tiie 
larj^rst,  is  a  tract  fertile  in  corn  and  i 
p:isl.iie,  and  well  wooded  j  and  it' 
ahiiuiuU  with  limestone.  The  Wist- 
rrn  ;iortion  is  mitnntainoiis,  and  in 
great  part  imfavourahle  for  ciltivation  ; 
wlieue  it  is  devolid  to  the  fi  edni);'  of 
sheep  uiid  goats,  Moiiiiiouthiiliire  w.»s 
fi)riiierl\  reckoned  one  of  the  counties 
nt'  Wales  i  and  it  is  now  compreliend- 
rd  in  tlie  civil  division  of  t!ic  I'oi'iiicr. 
■Jlic  higher  ranks ;^cnerally  speak  Enjj^- 
li'..!,  hut  llie  eoininim  people  use  the 
Welsh  langii;;go.  The  mamifaclure  of 
thi-i  county    s  Hunnels. 

Afrwoiiirii.ipa,  a  kingdom  on  the  E 
coast  of  Afi  ioa,  b'lUiKh  il  nn  tlic  N  by 
\li)ii;);iiiii^-i,  on  the  E  by  the  Moxani- 
hKi'ic,  on  the  S  by  Sofala  and  Manica, 
iinil  on  the  W  by  unknown  regions. 
It  is  watered  by  sevcrnl  rivers,  of 
wliicli  Zainbera  is  the  chief.  The  air 
is  temperate,  and  the  soil  fertile  in 
rice  and  sugar  canes,  which  last  grow 
witiiout  cultivation.  There  are  a  great 
maiiv  ostriches  and  elephants,  with 
several  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  The 
inhabitants  are  negroes,  who  havj  as 
numy  wives  as  tliey  can  get.  Their 
religion  is  jiaganisin  ;  but  they  believe 
in  one  God  tliat  rrraled  the  world. 
The  army  of  the  king  consists  only  of 
foot,  for  tlicy  have  no  horses  in  the 
('(nnitr\.  The  Portuguese  had  a  set- 
tiiinent  here  in  1560,  but  they  were 
;ill  murdered,  or  forced  away.  It  lies 
kiiween  23  and 33"  E  lon.  and  14  and 
19°  S  lat. 

M'mm.v.igi,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  ly- 
in;^nc,irthe  equator,  between  Abys- 
sinia on  tiie  N,  ZaMgticbar  on  the  E, 
Monoinotapa  on  the  S,  and  Congo  on 
the  W.  Tills  country  is  very  little 
kiinwn  to  the  Europeans. 

Mommgahela,  a  river  of  Nortl!  Amer- 
ica, wiiieh  takes  its  rise  in  Virj;-inia, 
and  running-  N  meets  tlie  Allegany 
wliere  their  united  streams  are  called 
the  Ohio.  It  is  deep  and  gentle,  and 
navigable  for  barges  50  miles  from  its 
montll. 

Mo'iopoH,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Bari,  seated  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  28  miles  S  E  of  Bari. 
Lon.  \7  37  E,  lut  41  21  N 

Moiis,    an  ancient  large    and  stroig 
city  of  Austrian    Ilain'ioU,  with  a  con 
siderable  inanufaeture  of  woollen  stulis, 
and  a  good  trade.    It  has  been  frc- 


GaiidiMiiu,  .ii 
7  32  VV 


M  O  N 

quontty  taken  and  retaken ;  the  hut. 
tune  by  the  French  iii  I7'.l4.  It  stamls 
partly  on  a  liill,  and  partly  on  a  plain, 
at  the  conilui-nce  of  the  Haisiie  ami 
Ti'i)uille,  by  which  the  country  around 
it  may  be  overflowed  at  pleasure.  It 
is  17  miles  N  &  of  I'ournay,  37  VV  of 
Nannir,  and  143  N  of  Furig.  Lon.  4 
3  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Md/uaiito,  a  strongly  fortified  fron- 
tier  town  of  Spain,  in  F.stramaduru. 
L(m.  5  50  W,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Moiuiitraz,  a  town  of    Portugal,    ill 
Alentcjo,  scii'.eil  on   the 
mil(?s  S  W   of  Klvas.     Lon. 
lat.  33  26  N. 

Mmsterlierg,  or  MuMterbcrg,  a  towi\ 
of  Germany  in  Silesia,  in  a  province 
of  the  same  nam*,  20  miles  N  E  of 
Glats,  !uid  27  S  of  Breslaw.     Lon.  17 

16  E,  lat.  50  3,7  N. 
JMiinatier.     See  Moutier. 
Mor.tiiliour,   a  small  fortified  town, of 

Germany,  in  the  electorite  of  Treves, 
between  Coblentz  and  Limburg.  Lon. 
r5(>E,  Lit.  50  30  N.  » 

Miintucitiac,  a  considerable  town  of 
Natolia,  on  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade,  especially  in 
fruits,  and  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  70  miles  S  S  E  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  40  0  N. 

Mortrigue  Islaiul,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  S  Pacific  ocean  near 
Sandwieh  Island.  Lon.  168  31  £,  lat 
\7  26  S. 

A£mtaigii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poiiou,  24  miles  VV  of  Mau» 
Icon.     Lon.  I  30  VV,  lat.  47  0  N. 

MititMlhtn,  a  strong  town  of Si>aln, 
in  .'Vrragon,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on 
the  Hio-.VI.iitin,  44  miles  S  of  Saragos- 
sa,  and  92  N  bv  \\  of  Valencia  Lon.  0 
30  \V,  lat.  41  9  N. 

Muntitichui,  a  small  populous  town  of 
Tusc.iny,  in  the  .Slenncse,  with  a  bi- 
shop's sec.     It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 

17  miles  S  S  E  of  Sienna,  and  45  S  £ 
of  Florence.     Lon.  11  30  E,  lat.  43  7  N, 

MvttaUo,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  iiiarqiiisate  of  Aiicona,  seated  on 
the  river  Monacio,  ten  miles  N  of  As. 
coli,  and  45  S  of  Ancona.  Lon.  13  30 
E,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Moiitat/ras,  a  frontier  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Alentejo,  about  32  miles  distant 
from  Lisbon,  Lon.  624  \V,  lat.  i9  30  N. 

Moutargil,  a  small  town  of  Portugal 
in  the  province  of  Estramadura.  Lon» 
8  11  W,  lat.  .39  30  N. 

L    I,    L 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


Mont,  St.  Andre,  a  town  of  Brabant  in 
the  late  Austrian  Netherlands,  three 
mile.i  N  of  Ranullics.  Lon.  4  46  £,  bi. 
5  41  N. 

Montargis,  a  consiileruble  town  of 
France,  in  tiie  de|)artmeiit  of  Loiret 
end  lute  province  of  Orleanois,  fiimous 
for  its  excellent  mustard  and  cutlery. 
It  is  seated  on  tiic  river  Loire  from 
•which  it  has  a  navigriblc  canal  to  the 
Seine,  near  ufine  foieat,  15  milis  S  of 
Nemours,  and  62  S  by  E  of  Paris. 

Muntauban,  a  consider.'iblo  commer- 
cial towii  wf  France,  in  tlie  depiirtment 
of  L(.t,  lately  tlie  episcopal  sec  oftlie  pro- 
vim  c  of  C^ierci.  The  inhabitants  anicunt 
to  ..(>,UOU:  and  lu'.ve  manr.f:.ctures 
of  siliv  stockings  and  stuHs,  serj^cs, 
slialoons,  &.C.  It  is  seated  on  an  cmi- 
iience,  on  the  river  Tarn,  ZH  miles  N 
of '1''  l''i.sc,  and  30  S  of  Caliors. 

Montbazon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loir"-  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  agreeably 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  whicli 
is  an  ancient  castle,  135  miles  S  VV 
of  Paris.     Lon.  0  45  E,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Montbel  iiird,  a  handsome  strong 
town  of  France,  capital  of  a  principality 
of  tiK-  Gt'iman  empiie  of  the  same 
name,  between  the  department  of  the 
Donbs  and  that  of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is 
sealt:l  at  tlie  foot  of  a  ruck,  on  wliich 
is  a  .  .ladcl.  It  was  taken  in  1674  by 
the  French,  who  demolished  the  Kiiti- 
ficalions  ;  but  it  was  restored  to  the 
prince.  It  is  seated  near  the  AhiiUi.' 
and  Doubs,  33  miles  W  of  Basle,  and 
45  N  L  of  Besancon.  Lon  6  50  E,  lul. 
4  31  N. 

ftloM  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain 
of  the  Alps,  in  Savoy,  being  15,66J 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is 
called  Mont  Blanc  from  i»s  uncommon- 
ly white  appearance.  Tjie  summit  was 
deemed  inaccessible  till  ITSG,  wiien 
Dr.  Paccard  ascended  it. 

Mont  Blanc,  the  French  have   given 
tlie  name  of  this  mountain  to  the  con 
quered  dutcliy    of  Savoy,    as    eight}' 
rourth  department  of  France. 

Montblanc,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata 
lonisi,  15  miles  N  of  Tarragona.  Lon. 
1  5  E,  lat.  41   10  N. 

Montbrison,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Forez,  seated  on  the 
Velize,  40  miles  W  of  Vienne,  and  C 
50  S  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  27  E,  lai 
45  32  N. 

Mvntdiniphin,  a  town  of  France,  in 


the  department  of  the  Upper  Alps  and 
latp  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  a 
craggy  mountain,  almost  surrounded  by 
tiie  Durance,  eiglit  miles  N  E  of  Km- 
brini.     Lon.  6  45  E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Muiit-(le-Mi!rsan,  u  town  of  France 
and  Capital  oi  tlie  department  of  Lan- 
des  and  late  provnu'e  of  Gascony.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  Midousc,  30  miles  N  E 
of  Dax.     Lon.  0  .30  VV,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Mimte-Ciis^ino,  a  mountain  of  Naplc-:, 
on  the  top  of  wiiicli  is  a  celebrated  bc- 
nedictine  abbey.  Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  41 
i<)  N. 

Moiitecchio,  a  considerable  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  d\itchy  of  Heggio.  The 
French  defeated  the  Aust;  lans  near 
this  plai.e,  August  3,  1796.  It  iseigiil 
miles  N  VV  of  Kcggio.  Lon.  15  o4  £, 
lat.  38  8  N. 

Monw-l\iiCo,  a  town  of  Itnly,  in  the 
territory  of  the  church  and  dutchy  of 
Spalatto,  scaled  on  ainountain  near  the 
river  Clitunno,  12  miles  VV  of  Spalatto. 
Lon.  22  40  E,  lat.  42  58  N. 

Monte-Falcone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Vc- 
netian  Friidi,  witli  a  castle  near  the 
ri\er  Ponzano,  12  miles  N  VV  of  Triest. 
Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  46  4  1il. 

Monte-f'iascnne,  a  small  popnloue 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the 
Church,  with  a  bishop's  sec,  seated  on 
a  mountain  near  the  lake  Bnlsena,  in  a 
countrv  al)ouuding  with  e.'icellent  wine. 
Lon.  12  4  E,  lat  42  26  N. 

Momvgo,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  and 
iie.'wt  to  Kingstown  the  most  flom-ish- 
nig  in  the  island  ;  the  harbour  is  capa- 
cious, but  inconveniently  exposed  to 
the  N  wind,  and  it  carries  on  a  consi- 
derable commerce  with  Britain  and 
America. 

Mante-Leone,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Na- 
ples, which  was  almost  entirely  ruin- 
ed by  the  earthquake  of  1638. 

Mnntetimar,  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Drome 
and  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  has 
.11;  aucient  citadel,  and  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  pi:  '•i,  25  miles  S  of  Valence, 
.m\  325  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  "i 
E.  lat.  44  33  N. 

Monte- Alarano,  a  populous  town  ol 
Ital} ,  in  Naples,  seated  on  the  Galore, 
18  miles  S  of  Benevento.  Lon.  15  0 
E,  hit. 40  48  N. 

Monte-Mor-o-Novo,    a    considerable 
(iwn  of  Portugal  in  Estramadura,  50 
ni  les  E  b\  S  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  9  35  VV, 
lat.  38  42' N. 

Monte-Mor-o-Velho,  a  town  of  Portvir 


t.'-^;:.*J^.»  . 


M  O  N 

rtment  of  the  Upper  Alps  and 
■iiice  of  Daiiphiny,  seated  on  a 
noiintrtin,  almost  surrounded  by 
ance,  ci^lit  miles  N  E  of  Em- 
,011.  6  4d  E,  lilt.  44  40  N. 
de-Miirsan,  a  towu  of  France 
tal  of  the  department  of  Lan- 
late  provmt'e  of  Gascony.  It  is 
n  the  Midousc,  30  miles  N  E 

Lon.  0  .30  VV,  lat.  43  55  N. 
■■Ciisnino,  u  mountain  of  Naples 
I)])  of  which  is  a  celebrated  bi- 
c  abbey.     Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  41 

icchio,  a  considerable   town  of 

1  the    dutchy  of  Reggio.     TJic 
defeated   the  Ausuians    near 

L'e,  August  3,  1790.     It  iseigiil 

;  VV  of  Kcggio.     Lon.  15  54  E, 

5N. 

e-i'.ikn,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 

y  of  the  ciuu-ch  and  dutchy  of 

■),  scaled  on  aniountuin  near  the 

litunno,  12  miles  \V  of  Spalatto. 

2  40  E,  lat.  42  58  N. 
e-Falcone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  V'c- 
Friuli,    witl)   a  castle    near  the 
onzano,  12  miles  N  W  of  Triest. 

3  0  E,  lat.  46  4  N. 
te-Fiascone,  a  small  popidous 
jf  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the 
1,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on 
itain  near  the  lake  Bolsena,  in  a 
■■  ubouiidhig  with  excellent  wine. 
3  4  E,  lat  42  26  N. 

H-go,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  and 
I  Kingstown  the  most  flourish- 
the  island  ;  the  harbour  is  capa- 
biit  inconveniently  exposed  to 
wind,  and  it  carries  on  a  con  si- 
e  commerce  with  Britain  and 
ca. 

ite-Leone,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Na- 
which  was  almost  entirely  I'uin- 
the  earthquake  of  1638. 
ite/imar,  a  commercial  town  of 
e,  in  the  department  of  Drome 
te  province  of  Dauphlny.  It  has 
lent  citadel,  and  is  seated  in  a 
pl:-.i,  25  miles  S  of  Valence, 
35  S  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  '5 
,  44  33"N. 

nte-Marano,  a  populons  town  ot 
in  Naples,  seated  on  the  Calore, 
lies  S  of  Benevento.  Lon.  15  0 
.  40  48  N. 

oiite-Mor-o-Novo,    a   considerable 
of  Portugal   in   Estramadura,  50 
E  b\  S  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  9  35  W, 
8  42'N. 
me-Mor-o-Velho,  a  town  of  Portvb 


M  O  K 


M  O  N 


jj-al,  in  Boira,  with  a  very  l.irgc  castle, 
it  is  seated  in  a  very  fertile  country, 
and  is  83  miles  N  of  Lisiion.  Lon.  8  9 
W,  lat.  40  5  N. 

Moiite-I'etosa,  an  cijiscopal  town  of 
Naples  in  Basllicata,  scaled  on  a  moun- 
tain, near  tl.e  river  IJasiento,  14  miles 
E  of  Cirenza.  Lou.  16  18  E,  lat.  40  46 
N. 

Monte-Pnlsiano,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Tuscany,  seated  on  a  mountain  near 
llie  river  Chiana,in  a  country  noted  for 
excellent  wine,  50  uiiks  S  bv  E  of  Flo- 
rcMce.     Lon.  11  49  E,  lat.  43  10  N 

Montesa,  a  very  strong  town  of  .Spain, 
in  Valencia.  It'is  the  se;:t  of  an  order 
of  knighthood  of  tlie  same  name  ;  and 
is  five  "miles  N  W  of  Xativa.  Lon.  0 
10  W,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Monte- Sancti),  formerly  called  Movnit- 
Athos,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  is 
called  Montc-Sancto,  or  the  Holy 
Mount,  because  there  are  22  mcnaste- 
ries  thereon,  in  which  are  4000  monk.s 
•wiio  never  suffer  a  woman  to  come 
near  them.  It  is  17  miles  S  of  Saloni- 
chi.     Lon.24  39E,lat.  40  27  N. 

Monte-Verde,  an  episcopal  town  of 
K  pies,  in  Principato  Ulteriore,  60 
miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  42  E,  lat. 
40  51  N. 
Mont-Ferrand.  See  Clermont. 
Montferrat,  a  dutchy  of  Italy  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  Milanese  and  Ge- 
noa, on  the  N  and  W  by  Piedmont,  and 
on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
from  which' it  in  separated  by  the  Ap- 
pennines.  It  contains  200  towns  and 
castles,  is  very  fertile  and  well  cultiva- 
ted, aboinuling  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and 
silk  i  and  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia.    Casal  is" the  capital. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  16 
miles  W  of  Versailles.  Lon.  2  50  E, 
lat.  48  45  N. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isle  and  Vilainc  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Men,  and  is  12  miles  \V  of 
Rennes.    Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Montfort,  a  strong  towm  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  in  Utrecht,  with  an 
ancient  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ys- 
sel,  seven  miles  S  by  E  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.5  0E,  lat.  52  4N. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  country  of 
l*ie  same  name,  subject  to  UiS  liOUB©  of 


of  Llndau 
Lon.  9  54 


Austria.  It  is  16  miles  S 
.<ud  the  lake  of  Constance. 
1'4  hit.  47  22  N. 

Montfortde  Lemos,  an  ancient  town 
of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  with  a  magnificent 
c.'stle.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
trv,  25  mile.-i  N  E  of  Orense,  and  55 
S  E  of  Compostclla.  Lon.  7  9  W,  lat. 
42  23  N. 

Montgatz,  a  town  of  Lower  Hunga- 
ry, in  the  county  of  Pereczas,  with  a 
fortress  comj)osed  of  three  casUes, 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock.  It  is  encom- 
passed by  a  great  morass  ;  ar.d  art  and 
nature  liavc  rendered  it  almost  im- 
pregnable. It  was  defended  by  the 
princess  Rngotsky,  wife  of  count  Te- 
klli,  when  besieged  by  an  ai-my  of  Im- 
periali.sts,  who  were  oL:.„--d  to  raise 
tlie  siv'ge  in  1668. 

M:intgn>riery,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
niii,  33  miles  long,  '.ind  16  \w:'\<d  It 
contains  upwards  of  25000  inhabitants. 
Norristown  is  the  capital. 

Montgomery,  a  village,  with  a  post- 
office,  in  Montgomery  countv,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  17  miles  N  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Montgf^nery,  a  post  town,  ajid  the 
capital  of  Montgomery  coimty,  ^'^irgi•^ 
nia. 

Montgotjiery,  a  post  town  in  Montgo- 
merv  county,  Marvhaid,  28  miles  S  E 
of  Frcdericktown.'and  38  S  W  of  Bal- 
timore. 

Montgomery,  the  county-town  of 
Montgomeryshire,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday.  It  sends  one  member  to 
parliament  and  had  once  a  tower  and  a 
castle,  which  were  demolished  in  the 
civil  wars.  It  is  pleasantlv  and  health- 
fully seated  on  the  ascent  of  a  hill,  and 
in  a' fertile  soil,  :6  miles  S  W  of  Here- 
ford,  and  1 61  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3  5  W,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Montgomervthire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  36  miles  long,  and  36  broad, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Merionethshire 
and  Denbighshire,  on  the  N  E  and 
E  by  Shropshire,  on  the  S  by  Radnor- 
shire, and  Cardiganshire,  and  on  the 
W  by  Merionethshire.  It  contains 
five  market  towns  and  47  parishesj 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
This  county  is  full  of  high  hills,  with  a 
few  valleys  and  mea  lows  fit  for  com 
and  pasture.  Its  riches  proceed  I'rom 
its  sheep  and  w..  \  the  hilly  tracts  be- 
ing almost  env.j-f..  sheepwalks  ;  and 
the  flocks,  like  'hose  „f  Spain,  ai-e  dri- 
ven from  distant  parte  to  f«edon  Mo&m. 


(*!; 


iT^.'yr 


\ 


I 


\ 


% 


MAT 


during  the  summer.  This  county  al- 
so uliurds  niincriil  treasures,  parVleu- 
larh  lead  j  and  it  abounds  witii  ^il;lle 
and'  lime  ;  but  Uicre  is  no  coal,  'llie 
river  Severn  lias  its  rise  im  the  tojj  of 
Prnnilion  hill,  besides  wliicii  it  has  j 
tlie  Vyrncw,  and  Tannat,  which  are 
remark ;d>lu  for  Salmon.  ,  ' 

Moniiei,  formerly  an  e|)iscoi)al  town 
of  Spain  in  New  Castile,  18  miles  from 
]^e;:rza. 

Muhtilla,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
viuce  of  Cordo\a,  olmiles  N  of  Gra- 
nada. 

Montivilliers,  a  town  of  France,  m 
the  '.'.ep.irtnu -it  of  I,  >\ver  Seine  i.nd 
laie  j.rovii'.ce  of  No:n.und\,  95  miles 
N  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  20  \V,  lat.  49 
3^  N.  .      , 

Muntlotiis,  a  town  of  1  .ance,  m  tlie 
depurtmeui  ol  the  Eastern  Pyrenees 
wid  hite  province  of  RovislUou,  with  a 
sti'oi'i'  citadel  at  the  foot  of  a  rock, 
buUt  bv  Lewis  XIV.  It  is  430  miles 
5  of  pins.     Lon.  2  5  K,  hit  42  30  N. 

Montluet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ain  and  late  (jrovince  ol 
liressc,  seated  In  a  fertile  country,  on 
the  Serainc,  12  niiies  N  E  of  Lyons, 
and  205  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  *  8  E,  lat. 
45  4'.)  N. 

Montluzon,  or  Muiittua»  i   ot 

France,   in   the    depavlmen  Wicr 

ajid  late  province  of  Boi,  .on'  >■ 
seated  on  the  river  Cher,  '.ji)  miles  b 
of  Palis.     Litn.  2 45  E,  lat.  46  22  i. 

McmtmeJi,  a  small  but  strong  l^wn 
of  Fr-iuce,  in  the  department  of  Meuse 
and  late  dutchy  of  Bur,  seatcl  on  the 
river  Chier,  which  divides  it  into  the 
upper  and  lower  town.  It  is  170:niles 
N  E  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  23  E,  lat.  49  32 

N. 

Monfineliaii,  fr>i  merly  a  strong  town 
ofSuv'iv,  but  the  Ficnch  in  1705,  de- 
mol  shed  the  fortihcations.  It  is  eight 
jniles  S  E  of  Chaniberrv.  and  27  N  E 
ofGrpnnble.    Lon.  6  15  E,  lut  45  30N. 

Mo:ttmoie>\d.  atdwn  of  France,  ve- 
H)a-.kiihlc  f  >r  the  tombs  of  the  ancient 
duhcs  of  Montmorenci.  It  is  seated 
on  .1  hill,  near  a  large  valley,  famous 
for  i«s  cherries,  and  is  seven  miles  from 
St.  Dennis,  and  10  from  Paris. 

Montmorillnn,  a  town  of  France,  m 
the  department  of  Yienne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  ri- 
ver Gartemjie,  over  wiiieh  it  has  a 
handstme  bridge,  24  miles  S  E  of  Poi- 
tiers. 

JiontpsUitr,  a  city  Qf  Ui«!  dqjartreuent 


M  O  N 

of  Herault  and  iate  province  of  Lan- 
guedoe      It    is    -ne  of  the  largest  ami 
most  beautiful  cities  in  France,  and  has 
a  citadel;  a  bishop's  see  ;  a  university, 
and  a   botanic    garden,  the   first  esta. 
blisl-.ed  In  Europe.     The  cathedral  was 
ruintd  by  the    Hugonots,  but  has  been 
jiiiitly  re'biiilt.    The  number  of  inhabi- 
i  lants  IS  cotiiputed  st  30,000.    Its  trade 
consists  in  slllvs,  blankets,  cotton  goods, 
printed  calicoes,  gauzes,  hides,  but  it 
is  chiefly  fam..ii»    for  its  drugs   and 
cordials,  perfumed   waters,  hair-pow- 
der, andverdigrease.  This  city  contains 
200   apothecaries,  the  air  is  exti cinely 
healthy,  and  many  invalids  resort  hi- 
tlier  from   all   paits,  to  recover  their 
health.     Montpellier  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
five  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the   Lez,  a  small  navigable   river,  and 
on   the  rivulet  Merdanson,    whlcl;   is 
convev  ed  into  dilierent  parts  of  the  ci^ 
ty   by'  subterraneous   canals.     It  is  27 
miles  S  W  of  Nisn.es,  47  N  E  of  Nar- 
boiuie,  and  180  S  by  \V  of  Paris.    Lon. 
3  38  E,  lat.  43  37  N. 

MontpeUer,  a  post  town  in  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont!  situated  on  the  N  E 
side  of  Onion  river,  34  miles  S  E  of 
Burlington  on  lake  Champlain,  ar,d  12 
miles  N  of  Wdliamston,  in  Orange 
county. 

Mtmtpensier,  a  town  of  France,  in 
he  department  of  Puy  de  Dome  and 
.ate  province  of  Auvergne,  seated  on 
a  Irll,  210  miles  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
14  E,  lat.  46  4  N. 

Mimtrtiil,  a  fertile  islam'  of  North 
Aiiierica,  in  Canada,  in  the  i;iver  St. 
Lawrence,  28  miles  long,  and  10  broad. 
It  ;va»  surrendered  by  the  French  to 
ihe  English,  in  1760,  without  firing  a 
gun.  It  has  a  fortified  town  of  the 
same  name,  built  on  the  side  of  the  ri- 
ver, whence  there  is  a  gradual  easy  as- 
cent to  what  is  called  the  Upper  Town. 
'I'he  inhabitants  carry  on  a  trade  in 
skins  with  the  savages.  It  is  110  miles 
N  of  Albanv,  and  120  S  W  of  Quebec. 
Lon.  71  20  \V,  lat.  45  55  E. 

MuntreJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Ariagon,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Xilof  a,  25  miles  N  N  W 
of  Ten'ucl,  and  40  S  by  E  of  Calatajud. 
Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  40  53  N. 

Montreal,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Sicil  ,  in  the  valley  of  Mazara,  seated 
on  a  rivulet,  five  miles  \V  of  Palcimo, 
and  50  N  E  of  Mazara.  Lon.  13  31  E, 
lat.  38  14  N. 
I     Muntreai,  or  Mimtrojal,  a  fortr^^ss  pt 


O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  R 


:.ite  province  of  Lan- 

iic  of  tlie  largest  lUid 

ilies  in  France,  and  liua 

lit)])'s  see  ;  a  universily, 

jfarden,  the   first  csta. 

\>c.     The  cathedral  wai 

Hugonots,  but  has  been 

The  number  of  inliabi- 

ted  .-it  30,000.     Its  trade 

blankets,  cotton  jjfjods, 

s,  {gauzes,  hides,  but  it 

us    for   its   drugs    arid 

inied   waters,  hair-puvv- 

jrease.  This  city  contain* 

ies,  the  air  is  extremely 

many   invalids  resoit  lii- 

paits,  to  recover  their 

peliier  is  seated  on  a  hill, 

1  the  Mediterranean,  near 

lall  navigable   river,  and 

t  Merdunson,    whicl:    is 

dilierent  parts  of  the  ci- 

'.meous   canals.     It  is  27 

Nisn.es,  47  N  E  of  Nar- 

10  S  by  \V  of  Paris.    Loii. 

5  37  N. 

a  post  town  in  Caledonia 
lont  ;  situated  on  the  N  E 
1  river,  34  miles  S  E  of 
lake  Chaniplain,  ar>d  12 
VVdliamston,    in  Orange 

•,  a  town  of  France,  in 
:nt  of  Piiy  de  Dome  and 

of  Auvergne,  seated  on 
Ies  S  £  of  Paris.  Lou.  3 
4  N.  _ 

I  fertile  islam'  of  North 
Canada,  in  the  i;iver  St. 
I  miles  long,  and  10  broad, 
ndered  by  the  French  to 

in  1760,  without  firing  a 

a  fortified  town  of  the 
juilt  on  the  side  of  the  ri- 
:here  is  a  grailual  easy  as- 
is  called  tlie  Upper  Town. 
mts  carry  on  a  trade  in 
c  savages.  It  is  !10  miles 

and  120  S  W  ofQiiebcc. 
^,  lat.  45  33  E. 
a  town   of  Spain,  in  the 
Ari'agon,    with   a  castle, 

Xilota,  25  miles  N  N  W 
id  40  S  by  E  of  Calatajud. 
lat.  40  53  N. 
m  archiepiscopal  tov/n  of 

valley  of  Mazark,  seated 
five  miles  W  of  Palei  mo, 
i'  Mazara.     Lon.  13  31  £, 

ir  Muntrojal,  a  fortress  of 


Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
seated  on  the  river  Moselle,  22  miles 
NEof  1  reves.  Lon.  7  6  E,  lat  4V>  59  N. 

Muiitniiii,  a  fortified  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Ca 
lais  and  late  province  of  Picardy.  It 
has  a  castle  and  is  Kcated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Canche,  10  miles  N  \V 
of  Hesdin,  and  117  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  53  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

M.mtreuil-Bieiay,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Maine  and  Loire 
and  late  province  of  Anjou,  seated  on 
the  river  Touet,  155  miles  S  VV  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  0  9  VV,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Montrichard,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Loire  and  Cher  and 
late  province  of  Blasois.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle and  is  seatetl  near  the  Cher,  12 
miles  S  E  of  Amboise,  and  112  S  W 
of  Paris.    Lon.    1  22  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Muntrose,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Angiishire,  near  the  estuary  of  the 
South  Esk.  Over  this  river,  a  new 
bridge  was  erected  in  1795.  At  high 
water  the  town  is  almost  surrounded  by 
the  sea;  and  the  harbour  is  a  fine  scHii- 
circiilar  basin,  with  a  stone  pier.  The 
buildings  are  neat  ;  and  the  most  re- 
markable are  the  town-house,  the 
church,  an  elegant  episcopal  chapel,  an 
hospital  for  lunatics,  and  its  parish 
church  is  the  largest  in  Scotland  except 
the  parish  church  of  Glasgow.  A  great 
number  of  trading  vessels  belong  to 
tliis  tow  .  and  a  considerable  trade  is 
carried  on  to  (he  Baltic,  Hamburg,  Ri- 
ga, Archangel,  &c.  Malt  is  likewise 
maile  here  in  great  quantities,  and  its 
manufactures  of  sailcloth,  linen  and 
thread  of  late  years  have  become  very 
extensive.  Ti.e  salmon  fisheries  on  the 
N  and  S  Esk  form  a  valuable  branch  of 
commerce.  The  inhabitants  of  Mint- 
rose  are  said  to  be  about  10.000,  and  it 
is  48  miles  N  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2 
.".2  W,  lat.  56  40  N 

Moil,  St.  Michel,  a  strong  town  of 
France,  in  thedepa"tmentof  the  Chan- 
nel and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
built  on  a  rock  in  the  sea,  which  is  as- 
cended at  low  water.  This  place  gave 
name  to  the  late  military  order  of  St. 
Michel,  founded  by  Lewis  xi.  1479. 
It  is  10  miles  S  W  of  AvrancheN,and  180 
W  of  Pi.ris.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Moi'.uujton,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
depai  tment  of  Upper  Marne  and  lati 
pro\iiu-c  of  Champagn(?,  145  mile-. 
S  F.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  16  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Mmtscrrat,  a  mountain  of  Spain,  in 


Catalonia,  on  which  is  a  famous  Dif/ 
nastcry  and  cliapcl,  dedicated  to  the 
Virgin,  resorted  to  by  numbers  of  pil- 
grinis.  It  is  inhabited  by  monks  of  seve- 
ral  nations,  who  entertain  all  that  come 
out  of  devotion  or  curiosity,  for  three 
days  gratis.  This  mountain  is  said  to 
be  10  miles  in  circumference,  and  five 
high,  and  the  country  around  is  seen 
fi>r  150  miles.  It  is  25  miles  N  VV  of 
Barcelona. 

MoiiUerrat,  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca- 
ribbee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  dis- 
covered, in  1493,  by  Columbus,  and  so 
named  by  him  from  its  resemblance  to 
the  mountain  mentioned  in  the  ])rece- 
ding  article.  It  is  about  nine  miles  in 
length  and  breadth  :  and  supposed  to 
contain  50,000  acres,  and  the  hills  are 
covered  with  cedar  and  other  trees.  U 
carries  on  a  great  trade  to  England  and 
Ireland  in  rum,  Sec.  belongs  to  the 
English,  and  is  30  miles  S  VV  of  An- 
tigua.    Lon    62  34  W,  lat.  16  54  N. 

Moma,  a  town  of  It:dy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, seated  on  the  Lambro,  eight 
miles  N  E  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  20  E,  l«l 
45  33  N 

Momingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Khine,  12  miles  W 
on  Creutznach,  and  42  E  of  Treves. 
Lon  7  14  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Mmn,  Mountains  of  the,  mountains 
of  Africa,  extending  between  Abyssi- 
nia and  Monomotapa.  They  are  high- 
er than  those  of  Atlas. 

Moorefields,  a  post  townj  the  capital 
of  Hardy  eouiity,  Virginia;  lying  oa 
the  E  side  of  tJie  south  branch  of  Po- 
lowmai  k,  75  miles  VV  by  S  of  Win- 
Chester,  and  about  50  S  of  Cumberland, 
in  AlK'fflieny  county,  Maryland. 

Afoorestmim,  a  pleasant  village  in  Bur- 
lington county.  New  Jersey ;  9  miles 
E  by  N  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  tame 
distance  VV  by  S  of  Montholly. 

Moonhtdabad,  a  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  the  capital  of  Bengal  before 
the  establishment  of  the  English  pow- 
er. It  is  seated  on  the  western  arm  of 
the  Gauges,  120  miles  N  of  GalcutU, 
Lon.  83  2«  E,  lat  24  15  N 

Mootiipilley,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Guntoor  Cir  ar, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Gondegama.  Lon. 
80  10  E,  lat.  15  45  N. 

Morn,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  C:^> 
iile,  18  miles  S  E  of  Toledo.  Lon.  3 
4  VV,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Morant,  Pointt  the  most  easterly  pr»> 


^l|al-'l:^ 


■■'SS?^- 


M  O  R 

montory  of  Jamuica.     Lon.  75  56  W, 
lat.  17  56  N. 

Mi'iut,  a  commtrcial  town  of  Swis- 
seilai.tl,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the 
sunie  name,  bclongini^  to  tlic  cantons 
of  Bern  and  Fi-iburg,  with  a  castle.  It 
it  is  cclcbnited  foi-  the  slope  it  sustani- 
ed  a^^uinst  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of 
Biiiv.iindy,  which  was  followed  bv  the 
batiie  ofMorat,  in  1476,  in  which  the 
duke  was  totally  routed.  It  is  10  miles 
■\V  of  Bern,  aiid  10  uiiles  N  F.  of  Fri- 
bur-.     Lon.  6  53  E,  hit.  46  52  N. 

Morut,  a  hike  of  Sw'isicrland,  in  a 
baihwK"  of  tiie  same  name.  It  is  six 
miles  long  and  two  broud,  lyinj^  paral- 
lel M'itli  the  lake  of  Neuchatel,  into 
which  it  empties  itself  by  the  river 
Uroye. 

Moratalaz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  22  miles  E  of  Ciudad  Real. 
Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  40  32  N. 
*  Miiratalla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Mur- 
cia,  34 miles  S  S  VV  of  Chinchilla.  Lon. 
1  50  E,  lat.  38  31  N. 

Morava,  or  Moravi,  a  river  of  Ger- 
many, which  hus  its  source  on  the  con- 
fines of  Bohemia  and  Silesia.  It  cros- 
«es  'Moravia,  where  it  waters  Olmutz 
and  Hradisch,  and  rereivinpf  the  Teya, 
from  the  confines  of  Lower  Hungary 
and  Upper  Austria,  separates  these 
two  countries  as  far  as  the  Danube,  in- 
to which  it  fidls. 

Morave,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, which  rises  in  Bulgaria,  and  run- 
ning' through  Servia,  by  Nissa,  falls 
into  the  Danube,  at  Semendriah. 

Moravia,  a  marquisate  annexed  to 
Bohemia,  by  which  it  is  bounded  on 
the  W,  by  that  kingdom  and  Silesia  on 
the  N,  by  Silesia  and  Hungary  on  the 
E,  and  by  Austria  on  llic  W.  It  is  a 
wiountainous  country,  yet  very  fertile 
and  jjopulous,  and  watered  by  a  great 
number  of  rivers  and  brooks.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  river  Morava,  which 
puns  through  it ;  and  hence  the  sect  of 
Christians,  called  Moravians,  take  their 
name,  their  doctrines  havmg  been  first 
taught  here.  Olmiitz  was  the  capital, 
but  now  Brinn  claims  that  honour. 

Morbach,    or   Murbach,    a    town    of 
France,  in   the  department   of  Lower 
Riiine.    42  miles   S  E   of   Strasburg 
Lon.  8  25  E,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Morbegiio,  a  town  of  the  country  nf 
the  Orisons,  in  the    ^'aIte^me,    wlierc 
the   governor   and  tlic  regency    resMt 
It  is  thi'  lianilsopicslavid  mb.st  cmnici 
ciai  town  in  the  Valteliiie,  and  seated 


M  O  R 

on  the  Adda,  12  miles  S  E  of  Chiaven- 
na,  and  20  N  E  of  Lecco.  Lon.  9  31 
li,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Murbihan,  a  department  df  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagne.  Vannes  is  the  capital  of  thin 
department,  whicli  takes  its  name  from 
a  small  hay  between  that  town  and  the 
island  of  Betleisle.  Its  entrance  is  nar- 
row i  but  it  expands  within,  and  con- 
tains about  30  little  islands. 

Morconc,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Molise,  19  miles  S  S  E  of  Molise.  Lon. 
14  54  E,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Morea,  the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  a 
neninsula  on  the  S  part  of  Greece,  to 
which  it  is  joined  by  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth,  lying  between  the  gulfs  of 
Lcpan  o  and  Engia.  It  is  180  miles 
long,  and  130  broad,  and  divided  into 
three  large  provinces.  The  air  is  tem- 
perate and  tlie  soil  fertile,  except  the 
middle  where  there  are  many  moun- 
tains. It  is  watered  by  several  rivers, 
of  \  liich  the  Alpheus,  the  Vasi!i-Po- 
tamo,  and  the  Stromio  are  the  chief. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Venetians  from 
the  Turks  in  1687,  and  retaken  in 
1715.  The  Sangiack  of  the  Morea  re- 
sides at  Modon. 

Morella,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, whicli  was  almost  destroyed,  in 
1705.  by  the  army  of  Philip  V.  It  is 
seated  among  high  mountains,  80  miles 
N  of  Valencia. 

Moresby,  a  harbour,  a  little  N  of 
Whitehaven,  in  Cumberland ;  in  and 
about  which  many  remains  of  antiqui- 
ty have  been  dug  up,  such  as  altars 
and  stones,  with  inscriptions  on  them  ; 
and  several  caverns  have  been  found 
called  Picts'  Holes. 

Moret,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Loire,  35 
miles  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  52  E,  lat. 
4825N. 

Moretta,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  situ- 
ate on  a  small  river,  which  runs  into 
the  Po,  16  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
44£,  lat.  44  48  N. 

MorgantovM,  the  capital  of  Burke 
county. 

Margnntcnvn,  a  post  town  in  North 
Carolina,  lyingon  the  S  side  of  Cataw- 
ba river,  45  miles  N  W  of  Lincolnton, 
an<l  30  N  of  RuthcrfonUnn. 

Morgiintavin,  the  county  town  of 
Monongaiiclacounty,  Virginia ; situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Monongahela  river, 


TSv 


O  R 


2  miles  SE  of  Chiaven- 
i  of  Lecco.     Lon.  9  31 

department  df  France, 
of  the  lite  proviiu'e  of 
lies  is  the  capital  of  this 
liicli  tukcs  its  name  from 
ween  that  town  and  the 
ile.  Its  entrance  is  nar- 
pands  within,  and  con- 
little  islands, 
own  of  Naples,  in  the 
■s  S  S  E  of  Molise.  Lon. 

24  N. 

mciunt  Peloponncsiii,   a 

Ihc  S  part  of  Gi-cece,  to 

ined  by  the    isthmus   of 

between  the   jfulfs  of 

Eiigia.     It  is   180  miles 

broad,  and  divided   into 

viiiccs.     The  air  is  teni- 

soil  fertile,   except  the 

there  are  many   moun- 

;itered  by  several  rivers, 

Vlpheus,   the   Vasi!i-Po- 

Stromio  are  the   chief. 

by   the  Venetians   from 

1687,  and    retaken    in 

ngiack  of  the  Morea  re- 

II. 

)wn  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
s  almost  destroyed,  in 
rmy  of  Pliilip  V.  It  i$ 
high  mountains,  80  miles 

harbour,  a  little  N  of 
In  Cumberland;  in  and 
lany  remains  of  aiitlqui- 
dug'  up,  such  as  altars 
til  inscriptions  on  them  ; 
iverns  have  been  found 
loles. 

icient  town  of  France,  in 
It  of  Seine  and  Marne, 
leated  on  the  Loire,  35 
aris.     Lon.  2  52  E,  lat. 

iwn  of  Piedmont,  situ- 
river,   which  runs   into 
es  S  of  Turin.    Lon.  7 
N. 
the   capital   of  Burke 

a  post  town  in  North 
on  the  S  side  of  Cataw- 
e«  N  W  of  Lincolnton, 
ithcrfordton. 

the  rovinty  town  of 
)unty,  Virg'inia ;  situated 
of  Monongahela  river, 


M  O  R 

25  miles  S   by  W  of  Union,  in  Penn- 
sylvanla. 

Morget,  a  commei-cial  town  of  S wis 
sci'luiul,  in  the  Canton  of  Bern,  and 
capital  of  a  bailiwic,  sealed  ,n  a  beau- 
tiful bay  ofthe  lake  of  Geneva.  By  its 
caniil  merchandise  is  transported  trom 
Geneva  to  other  parts.  And  it  is  five 
miles  W  S  W  of  Lausanne.  Lon.  6 
42E.lat.  46  2r  N. 

Mor/uwi;e,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dej)a!'tinfni  of  Moselle  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  200  miles  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  42  £,  lat  48  51  N. 

Mon'ucliia,  a  mountainous  country  in 
Huiig'arian  I)alnuitia,  tiie  iniiabitants 
of  which  are  cailed  Morlacks,  or  Moi-- 
lacclii.  Tliey  inliabit  the  pleasant  vul- 
lics  of  Koter,  along-  the  rivers  Keriia, 
Cetina,  Nareiila,  and  among  the  u.- 
land  mountains  of  Dalniatia.  Thev  are 
said  by  some,  to  be  of  AValachian  extrac- 
tion ;  but  others  think  their  origin  m 
volved  in  the  darkness  of  barbarous 
ages.  The  Morlacchi  are  so  diilercnt 
from  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  sea-coasts 
in  dialect,  dress,  disposition  and  cus- 
toms, that  they  seem  clearly  to  be  of  a 
difterent  original.  With  reg.ird  to 
their  character,  we  are  informed  thai 
they  are  much  injured  by  their  man- 
time  neighbours.  The  inhabitants  of  tiie 
sea-coast  of  Dalmatia  tell  many  friglit- 
ful  stories  of  their  avarice  and  cruelty  ; 
but  these  are  all  either  of  an  ancient 
date,  or  if  any  have  happened  in  latter 
times,  they  ought  rather  to  be  ascribed  to 
the  corruption  of  ,  a  few  individuals, 
than  to  the  bad  dispositon  of  tlie  na- 
tion in  general ;  and  though  tliievish 
tricks  are  frequent  among  them,  a 
stranger  may  travel  securely  throiin^li 
their  country,  where  he  is  faithfully 
escorted,  and  hospitably  treated. 
Friendship,  that  among  us  is  so  sub- 
ject to  change  on  the  slightest  motives, 
is  lasting  among  tlie  Morlacchi.  They 
have  even  made  it  a  kind  of  religious 
jKjint,  and  tic  the  sacred  bond  at  the 
foot  of  the  altar.  The  Sclavonian  ri- 
tual,  contains  a  particular  bened.ction 
for  tlie  solemn  union  of  twomale  or  two 
female  friends  in  the  presence  of  the 
congivgution.  The  mule  friend,  hus 
united  arc  called  Pobratimi,  and  the 
female  Poscstreme,  which  mean  half- 
brotlicrs  and  half-sisters.  Friendships 
between  ti:ese  of  diiierent  sexes  are 
not  ut  t'lis  (lay  bound  wiUi  so  much  so- 
leniiiity,  though  perhaps  in  more  an- 
cient   and    imiocent     ages     it    was 


M  O  R 

also  the  custom.  If  discord  happens 
to  aii.c  between  two  friends,  it  is  talk- 
ed ot  over  all  the  country  as  a  siu.  .dal- 
ous  novelty  ;  and  there  has  been  some 
exAmples  of  it  of  late  years,  to  the 
great  affliction  of  the  old  Morlacchi, 
who  attribute  the  de|iravati(<ii  of  their 
countrymen  to  their  intercourse  wiMi 
the  Italians.  Wine  and  strong  liquors, 
of  which  the  nation  is  beginning  to 
make  daily  abuse,  will  of  course  pro- 
duce the  same  bad  ef.ects  as  antongf 
others.  But  as  the  friendships  of  tiie 
Morlacciii  are  strong  a;!d  sacivd,  so 
their  quarrels  are  comnioiily  iinextin- 
guishable.  They  pass  fr(im  i!ie  f.ther 
to  the  son  ;  and  so  deepi;  is  revenge 
i-(M)ted  in  tlie  minds  oltliis  naticm,  tiiat 
.d!  tile  missionaries  ill  tlic  world  would 
■  ot  be  able  toeradir  iie   t, 

MotUiix,  a  consi,kr..l)le  (-.(Mport  of 
Fiviice,  in  thf  deti.u-tnient  ■)!  Fiiisterre 
and  late  province  of  Bietagn^:,  with 
a  castle  and  a  tide  harbour,  'ihe 
church  of  Notic-Damc  is  a  singular 
structure,  and  tiie  liospilal  \ery  hand- 
some. The  inhabitant.-,  carry  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  linen,  'lenip,  and 
lohacco.  It  is  seated  <:i,  ;.  nvei'  of  tlie 
same  name,  30  miles  N  tl  of  Brest. 
Lon    3  46  \W ,  lat.  48  jj  N 

Morocco,  an  eiiipii'f  rif  Africa,  com- 
preheiulMi^V  a  co!isldei;t!:le  :.art  of  the 
ancient  Mauritania,  lying-  L'etween  28 
and  30°  N  lat.  It  is  iioiindcd  on  the 
W  In  tlie  Atlantic  ;  on  the  E  by  the 
river  Miilvia,  which  separates  it  from 
Algiers  ;  on  tlie  N  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean ;  and  on  tiie  S  by  mount  Atlas. 
Its  greatest  leng-th,  from  N  E  to  S  W, 
is  above  590  miles,  and,  whore  widest, 
not  more  than  26o  broad  '1  ids  empire 
contains  the  kiiigchniisofSus,  Tarudan, 
Morocco  Proper,  Tasilet,  Sugelnies.',a, 
Fez,  and  Mequinez.  The  air  of  this 
country  is  pretty  pure  and  temperdtc, 
especially  nearnumnt  Atlas,  i  he  soil 
thongh  sandy  and  dry  in  some  places, 
is  so  fertile  in  others  ;  and  t!ie  fruits, 
as  well  as  the  pastures,  so  good,  that 
it  would  be  a  delightful  country  il  it  was 
well  cultivated.  The  iiihabilai.is  are 
Mahomet.iiis,  of  a  tawncy  complexion, 
robust,  and  very  skilful  in  managing- at 
horse,  and  wielding  a  lance  ;  but  they 
are  jealous,  ileceitfui,  siii)ei.sliti<itis, 
,uid  cruel.  There  arc  two  s-uts  of  in- 
habitants;  the  Arabs,  wiio  dwell  in 
moveable  villap-es,  composed  ot  about 
100  tents,  and  the  B.i'ibci-ies,  who 
are  the  ancient  inhabitants,   and    live 


■'  (I 


M6  A 


M  d  tt 


lA  cft'wfS  and  towns,    t  here  are  a  great 
lluinber  of  Clu-  stian  slaves,  and  s^.iiiL- 
iSien  :  iints,  upon  tlic  coast,  bus;  ics  a 
miiltil'ide  ot   Jews,   who  caiT'    im  al- 
ihost  ail  tlie  Irude  ;  especially  by   land 
Willi  t!ie  Negroes,   to  whom  lliey  geiid 
large  caravans,   which  travel  over  vast 
deaetts,   almost    destitute    of   witter. 
Thev   carry  with  tliein  woollen  goods, 
<iik,'salt,  &.'c.  and  in  return,  have  slaves, 
goki,  and  rlephants   teeth,   and  out  of 
them  tiie  emperor  recruits  his  cavalvv. 
"jThey  .dso  send  large  cara\ans  to  ^' 
ta every  year/*  pai'tly  out  of  devotion, 
tod  partly  for  trade,  consisting  of  seve- 
i'al  tlio.isandcamels;  horses,  and  mules 
Their   commodities  are  Morocco  lea- 
ther,  iv,di,^>),   cochineal,    and    ostrich 
feathers  ;    in   return   for   wjiich   they 
have   silks,    muslins,   calicoes,   cofVee, 
and  drugs.     The  deserts    abound  with 
lions,    tigers,  leopards,    and  serpents 
6f  several  kinds.    The  fruits  arc  dates, 
figs,  almonds,  lemons,  oranges,  pome- 
rai.iites,  and  many  others.    There  is 
!ls  .  fta.\,  and  hemp,  bill  little   timber. 
Tie  emperor  is  absolute,  his  will  be- 
ing a  law,  and  he  often  exeioises  great 
ir'ielties.      Hi*    naval   foii  e    consists 
cliietly   of  rovers,  who  now   and  then 
take    large     ])rizes.      He     can    bring 
lOO.OOO  n.cii    into   the    field,    half  of 
trluch  are  foot  and  half  horse  ;     but 
they  are  poorly  armed,  and  know  little 
of  the  art  of  war.     It  has  three  capital 
cities,  Mi.rocco,  Mequinez,   and   Fez. 
Morocco,  one  of  the  capital  cities  of 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,   seated   in  a 
bcatitiful  valley,  formed  by  a  chain  of 
mountains  on  the  N,  and  those  of  the 
Atlas  on  tiie  S  and  E.     It  has  nothing 
to  recommend  it  but  its  great  extent, 
and  the  royal   palace,   which  takes  up 
(io   much  groiind  that   it  resembles  a 
iimall  city.     It  is   inclosed   by  strong 
tvalls,  the  circumfei  t-nce  of  which  is 
eight    miles  ;     tiiey    are    flanked    by 
square  towers,  and   surrounded   by  a 
wide  and   deep   ditch.     The   mosques 
are   more  numerous  than  magni'icent. 
The  best  houses  are   enclosed  in  gar- 
dt  ns  ;  but  the  generality  of  them  serve 
only  to  impress  the  traveller  with  the 
idea  of  a  miserable    and  deserted  city. 
The  Jews  have  a  market  of  their  own, 
»nd  live  in  a  separate  town,  walled  in, 
and  shut  up    every  evening  at  nine, 
after  which  no  person  can  enter  or  de- 
part, till  next  morning.     Morocco  is  90 
miles  E  of   Mogador,   and  400  S    of 
Gibraltar.     Lon.  6  45  W,  lat,  31  12  N. 


Moron,  Atavtw  ofSjiain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, .s.'iited  in  a  ()leasant,  fertile  ;ilain. 
In  its  neighbourhood  is  u  mini  uf  (jre- 
citius  stones.  It  is  30  rtiles  .S  E  of 
Seville.     Lon.  5  10  VV,  lat.  37  10  N. 

Morotoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Isles, 
seven  miles  W  N  W  of  Mowee.  Yams 
are  its  principal  produce  ;  but  it  had 
little  wood.  The  coast,  on  the  S  and 
W  sides,  forms  several  bays,  which  are 
tolerablv  sheltered  from  the  trade- 
winds.  ■  Lon.  117  14  W,  lat.  21  10  N, 

Morpeth,  a  borough  in  North  niber- 
land,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  is  an  .  ill  built,  straggling  place, 
seated  on  the  N  bank  of  the  Wents- 
beck,  and  on  the  Ojiposite  side  is  the 
church,  and  a  castle  in  ruins  II 
sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
lias  a  frec-soli.i.il,  founded  by  Edward 
VI.  and  is  15  inilos  N  of  Newv- .title, 
and  287  N  b'  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
28  W,  lat   55  15  N. 

MorrUtoim,  t'le  capital  of  Morris 
coiint\,  New  Jeisey,  20  miles  \V  of 
Newaik,  and  22  E  of  Hackets- 
town.  Thisw-.s  a  lr)ng  lime  ge'icral 
Washington's  head  quarters  in  the 
Revolution  war. 

Mors,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germa- 
ny, in  llie  circle  of  Westphalia,  behnig- 
ing  to  the  dutchy  of  Cleves.  Lim.  6 
40  E,  lat.  57  23  N. 

Mjrtugne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Orne  and  late  pr6vlncc 
of  Perchc,  famous  for  it  serges,  tanne- 
ries, and  coarse  linen  cloth.  It  is  ID 
miles  E  of  See/,,  and  70  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  48  33  N 

Mortagne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
•lepartment  of  the  N  and  late  province 
of  French  Flanders,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Scarpc  and  Scheld,  eight 
miles  S  E  of  Touniay.  Lon.  3  30  E, 
lat.  50  29  N. 

Mortain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channel  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the 
rivulet  Lances,  almost  surrtninded 
by  craggy  rocks,  20  miles  E  of  Avran- 
cites.    Lon.  0  54  W,  lat.  48  37  N. 

Mortara,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  st'ibject  to  the  king  af 
Siirdinia  It  is  22  miles  S  W  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  45  22  N 

Mrtlaie,  a  village  iit  Surry,  seated 
on  the  river  Thames,  six  miles  W  of 
London.  Great  part  of  this  i!i.r<  .ii  is 
inclosed  in  Richm<md  Park ;  i.ud  l.is 
majesty  has  a  fai'm  here  of  80  acrcs» 


I.l(l  (llll 


0  tt 


of  Si)aiii,  111  Andalu- 
pleasaiit,  fiTlile  ,>l:iin. 
1(11x1  is  u  mini  .,)■  prc- 

is    30   irtiles    S  V.  of 
10  VV,  lut.  37  10  N. 
iftlie  Sandwich  Isles, 
>I  VV  of  Mowee.  Tarns 

produce  ;  but  it  haA 
e  coast,  on  the  S  and 
icvcral  bays,  which  are 
;red  from  the  trade- 
7  U  VV,  lat.  21  10  N. 
•oiigh  in  North  niber. 
arket  on  Wednesday, 
jilt,  straggflinjr  place, 
r  banl;  of  the  Wents- 
:    Oj)positc   side   is  the 

castle  in  ruins  It 
nbers  to  parliament, 
il,  fouiKlod  by  Eriwurd 
liles  N  of  Newca.itle, 
V  of  London.  Lon.  1 
)  N. 

lie  capital  of  Murris 
CI  scv,  20  mill's  \V  of 
22  E  of  Hackcts- 
s  a  loni^  lime  g^e'icral 
lead  quarters    in    the' 

and  castle  of  Gorma- 
of  VVeslplialia,  belong. 
■hy  of  Cleves.     Lon.  6 

N. 

town  of  France,  in  the 
3pne  and  late  prdvince 
us  for  it  serges,  tannc- 
:  linen  cloth.  It  is  19 
:/„  and  TO  W  of  Paris. 
,.  48  33  N 

)\vii  of  France,  in  the 
he  N  and  Lite  province 
crs,  seated  at  the  con- 
cai-pc  and  Scheld,  eight 
Miniay.    Lon.  3  30  E, 

iwn  of  France,  in  the 
the  Channel  and  l.\te 
niandy,  seated  on  the 
.  almost  surrounded 
,  20  miles  E  of  Avran- 
.  VV,  lat.  48  37  N. 
ronff  town  of  Italy,  in 
siibject  to  the  king  af 
J2  miles  S  VV  of  Milan. 
:.  45  22  N 

llagc  in  Surry,  seated 
anies,  six  miles  W  of 
part  of  tills  jii.ri  lii  is 
limimd  Park  ;  itiul  iiis 
i-m  here  of  80  acres. 


M  O  S 

ill  his  own  occupation,  and  in  excellent 
t'liitivation. 

AlortUch,  a  village  in  Banfrshirc,  six 
miles  li  W  of  Ki'ith.  Here  iMalcom  II. 
in'memory  of  a  victory  gained  over  the 
Danes,  founded  a  bisliopric,  wliich  was 
translated  to  Aberdeen  by  Uavid  I. 

Morton,  or  Murtoii  HiiiHf><stfad,  a  town 
in  Devonshire,  with  a  noted  market 
Hh-  yarn  on  Suliirday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  skirls  of  Dartmoor,  185  miles  VV 
bv  S  of  London.  Lat.  3  46  VV,  lat.  50 
39  N. 

Mcrton,  or  Morton  in  Mjrah,  a  town 
in  Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday.  It  is  seated  in  a  fossw.iy, 
nnd  is  83  miles  VV  N  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  1  36  VV,  lat.  52  ON. 

Mortedro,  a  town  of  Spain,  inValen. 
cla,  on  tlie  site  of  the  ancient  .Sagun- 
tum.  There  are  still  to  be  seen,  the 
ruins  of  a  Homan  amphitheatre.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15 
miles  N  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  10  £,  lat. 
39  38  N. 

Morven,  a  district  in  Argyleshirc,. 
whose  mountains  are  beautifully  cele- 
brated in  the  songs  of  Ossian,  as  the 
country  of  Fingal. 

Mosa,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  25 
miles  N  E  of  Mocha. 

Moaamliique,  a  strait  or  channel  of 
the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  between  the  E 
coast  of  Africa  and  the  island  of  Mada- 
gascar, and  between  1 1  and  25"  S  lat. 
It  is  240  miles  over,  in  its  narrowest 
place . 

Mozambique,  a  kingdom  of  Africa, 
on  the  W  side  of  a  channel  of  the  sr.nie 
Qame,  and  on  the  coast  of  Zangueba. 
consisting  of  three  islands.  The  prin- 
cipal island,  called  Mosambique,  is  nut 
more  than  three  miles  in  length,  and 
half  as  much  in  breadth,  and  is  abuiit 
two  miles  fromtiie  continent.  Tlie  air 
of  this  country  is  very  unwholesome 
where  it  is  but  tiiin  of  people,  and  tiie 
Portuguese  st.iy  only  on  account  of 
their  trade.  It  was  seized  by  tlie  Por- 
tuguese in  1497,  and  they  ha\c  kept 
possession  of  it  CKcr  since. 

Mosavihique,  the  capital  of  an  island 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa.  It  is  a  large  well  i'jrtificd  place, 
having  a  strong  citadel  for  tlie  defence 
of  the  harbour.  It  belongs  to  the  Por- 
tuguese, who  have  gener:illy  a  good 
garrison  here,  and  trade  witli  the  na- 
tives for  gold,  elephant's  teeth,  and 
slaves.  They  have  built  several  church- 
es Mid   monasteries.     Thcif  yliips  al- 


M  O  S 

ways  call  here  in  going  to  the  E  Li- 
dies  ;  and  the  harbour  is  so  couiniodi- 
ous,  tlial  wiiote  fleets  may  aiuliorhere, 
and  refit  their  vessels,  us  wcif  us  pro- 
vide themselves  witli  all  neccssaiics, 
and  tiiey  have  a  large  iiospital  fiii'  sicli 
sailors.     Lon.  40  lu  K.  lat.  15  5  S. 

Mosbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  tlie  Rhine,  wltli  an  ele- 
jfant  castle,  seated  on  the  Nci-kar,  25 
miles  E  N  E  of  Heidelberg,  l-oii.  9  21 
E,  lat.  49  28  N. 

Moibttrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Iser  and  Ambert,  9  miles  VV  of 
Landschut.   Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  48  JO  N. 

Moscovji,     See  Hussia. 

Moscow,  one  of  the  most  considera- 
ble governments  of  Russia,  containing; 
15  districts,  bounded  on  the  N  by  tiio 
governnient  of  Tver,  on  the  E  by  that 
of  great  Volodimir,  on  the  S  by  the 
governments  of  Kalugo  and  R«8an,  and 
on  the  VV  by  those  of  Tver  and  Smol- 
cnsko.     Its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

M.jsciKo,  a  large  city  of  Russia,  ca- 
pital of  the  government  of  Moscow, 
and  formerly  of  the  whole  empire.  It 
may  be  considered  as  a  town  built  up- 
on the  Asiatic  model,  but  gradually  be- 
coming more  and  more  European  j  ex- 
hibiting, in  its  present  state,  a  motley 
mixture  of  discordant  architecture.  lb 
is  divided  into  five  parts.  1.  Kremlin, 
which  is  in  the  central  and  highest  part 
of  the  city,  near  the  confluence  of  tha 
Moskva  and  Neglina,  which  wash  t\v  > 
of  its  sides,  is  of  a  triangular  form,  s< 
rounded  by  high  walls  of  stone  ami 
brick,  about  two  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. This  division  is  not  deformed 
by  wooden  houses.  It  contains  the  an- 
cient palace  of  the  czars,  novif  oiUy  re- 
markable for  being  tlie  birtlipluce  of 
Peter  the  Great ;  also  sever-ol  churches, 
two  convents,  the  patriarchal  palace, 
and  the  arsenal  now  in  ruins.  2.  The 
second  division,  called  Khitaigo- 
rod,  which  is  much  larger  tiian  tlie 
Kremlin  ;  it  contains  the  university,  the 
printing  house,  and  many  ol'ier  public 
buildiiig.4,  with  all  the  tradesmen's 
8hi)|)s.  TIic  houses  are  inoHlly  stueco- 
e  J  or  white-washed  ;  and  it  has  the  on« 
ly  street  in  Moscow  in  which  the  hou- 
ses stand  close  to  each  olhcr.~  3.  The 
Bielgorod,  or  White  Town,  which  runs 
round  the  two  preceiling  divisions:  it 
is  supposed  to  derive  its  name  from  a 
white  wall,  by  which  il  was  formerly 
surrounded,  and  of  wlaclksonie  rcmauis 

M    M    M 


ixl  f,!i ' 


mm 


M 


M  O  S 


M  O  S 


Are  still  to  be  seen.  4.  Scmlainogofod, 
wliich  environs  all  the  otlier  three 
qiiaricTS,  is  so  jlcnominatcd  from  a  cir- 
cular raiiinart  of  earth  by  which  it  is 
cncotnpassf  (1.  The  last  t  wo  divisions 
exhibit  a  {grotesque  (jroup  of  churches, 
convents,  palaces,  brick  and  wooden 
houses,  and  mean  hovels.  5.  The  Slo- 
boda,  or  suburbs,  wiiich  form  a  vast 
exterior  circle  roiuid  all  tlic  parts  alrea- 
dy <lcscribed,  and  are  invested  by  u  low 
rampart  and  ditch.  These  sub\irbs  con- 
tain, besides  buildings  of  all  kinds, 
corn-tields,  mucli  open  pasture,  and 
Some  smull  lakes,  which  give  rise  to 
the  Negliiia.  The  Moskva,  from  whicii 
the  city  takes  its  name,  flows  through 
it  in  a  wuulin^^  channel  t  but,  except- 
ing in  spring,  is  only  navigable  fur  rafts. 
It  receives  the  Yausa  in  the  Semlaino- 
gorod,  and  the  Neglina  at  tlie  western 
extremity  of  the  Kremlin ;  but  the  beds 
of  both  these  last  mentioned  rivulets 
are  nearly  dry  in  summer.  Moscow  ex- 
hibits an  astonishing  degree  of  extent 
and  variety,  irregularity  and  contrast. 
The  streets,  in  genei-al,  are  very  long 
and  broad.  Some  of  them  are  paved  j 
others,  particularly  in  the  suburbs,  are 
formed  with  trunks  of  trees,  or  are 
boarded  with  planks  like  the  floor  of  n 
room.  Wretched  hovels  are  blended  j 
with  large  palaces ;  cottages  of  one ! 
story  stand  ne.-^t  to  the  most  stately  I 
manBions ;  many  brick  structures  are  I 
covered  with  wooden  tops  ;  some  of  the  I 
wooden  houses  are  painted  ;  others 
have  iron  iloors  and  roofs.  Numerous 
•  churches  api)car  in  every  quarter,  built 
in  a  peculiar  style  of  architecture : 
some  with  domes  of  copper,  others  of 
tin,  gilt  or  painted  green  j  and  many 
are  rooltd  with  wood.  In  a  wor»l,  S')mc 
parts  of  this  vast  city  have  the  appear- 
ance of  a  seipiestered  desert;  other 
quarters,  of  a  populou.s  town  ;  some, 
of  a  contemptible  villiiL-L- ;  otiiers,  of  a 
great  cajiltal.  Moscnv.'  is  certainly  the 
largest  city  in  Europe  j  its  circumfe- 
rence wltliin  the  rampart,  which  incloses 
the  sui)urbs,  being  26  n^ilos;  but  it  is 
built  in  so  disjointed  and  straggling  a 
manner  that  its  population  correspomls, 
innodcgri'c,  with  its  extent.  It  contains 
within  tlie  ramparts,  and  in  tlie  adja- 
cent vilLigcs,  300,000  soids,  and  is  the- 
most  poijulous  city  in  tht-  empiie.  Tiir 
])l:ice9  of  divine  worship,  at  Moscow, 
ai-e  extremely  nunteroiis  ;  including  the 
cha|KJ8,  thcv  amount  to  abo^e  1000; 
there  are  4ii'i  public  giuirciioj ;  199  of 


which  are  of  brick,  stuccoed,  or  white 
washed  ;  and  the  others  of  wood,  paint- 
ed red.  Some  of  their  hi-lls  wliicli 
form  no  inconsiderable  pai;t  of  divine 
worship,  are  of  a  stupendous  si^c;  they 
are  hung  in  belfries  detached  from  the 
church,  are  fixed  immovcably  to  the 
beams,  and  rung  by  a  rope  tied  to  the 
clapper.  It  has  always  been  esteemed 
a  meritorious  act  of  religion  to  present 
a  church  with  bells;  and  the  piety  of 
the  donor  has  been  measured  by  tl»eir 
magnitude.  Accordingly,  Boris  Godu- 
nuf,  who  gave  a  bell  of  288,000  pounds 
to  the  catliedi'al  of  Moscow,  was  the 
mo.st  pious  sovereign  of  Uussia,  till  he 
was  surpassed  by  the  empress  Aone, 
at  whose  expence  a  bell  was  cast, 
weighing  432,000  :  pounds,  and  is  tlie 
largest  in  the  known  world.  In  the-  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Michael,  the  sovereigns 
of  Russia  were  formerly  interred:  th'* 
bodies  are  deposited  in  raised  sepul- 
chres, mostly  of  brick,  in  the  shape  of 
a  cofKn,  above  the  pavement,  and  a- 
bout  two  feet  in  height.  Each  tomb 
has,  at  its  lower  extremity,  a  small  ail- 
ver  plate,  upon  wiiich  is  engraved,  tjic 
name  of  the  deceased  prince,  and  the 
era  of  his  death.  They  are  covered 
with  palls  of  red  cloth  or  red  velvet  ; 
but  upon  g^eat  festivals,  all  these  se- 
pulchres are  covered  with  rich  palls,  of 
gold  or  silver  brocade,  studded  with 
pearls  and  jewels.  The  cathedral  of 
the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin  Mary  is 
the  most  magnificent  in  the  city,  and 
has  been  long  ajipropriated  to  the  coro- 
nation of  the  Russian  sovereig^ns  ;  fr^m 
the  centre  of  the  roof  hangs  an  enor- 
mous chandelier  of  massy  silver  of  En- 
glish workmanship.  Moscow  is  the 
centre  of  the  inland  commerce  of  Rus- 
sia, particularly  connecting  the  a-ade 
between  Kurope  and  Siberia.  The  na- 
vigation to  liiis  city  is  formed  solely  by 
the  Moskva,  wiiich  falling  into  the  Occa, 
near  Colonma,  communicates,  by  that 
river,  with  the  Volg^a.  But  as  the 
Mi>sk\'a  is  navigubifi  in  tlie  spring  only, 
ii|>an  the  melting  of  the  snows,  the 
principal  merchandise  is  conveyed  upon 
sledges  in  winter.  This  city  is  SSS 
miles  S  S  E  of  Petersburg,  and  1200  N 
i)v  E  of  Coustantinuplc.  Lon.  37  31  £. 
lat.  55  45  N. 

Moselle,  a  dcp.irtnicnt  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  I.or- 
i-ain.  It  taii.'s  its  name  from  a  river 
which  rises  ir,  tlie  Vosges,  w.ilers  Epi- 
nal,  receives  llic  MeurUie  below  Nan- 


Ii  o  s 

rick,  Btuccocdi  or  white 
he  others  of  wood,  paint- 
of  their,  hi-lls    wliicli 
iisidcrablc  piiut  of  divine 
f u  HUi[)L-mloug  si^e;  they 
fifries  (Ivtuched  from  tlie 
ixcd   immovcubly  to  the 
ingf  by  a  rope  lied  to  the 
IS  ulways  been  esteemed 
act  of  religion  to  present 
bells;    and  the  piety  of 
been   measured  by  tlipir 
\ccordinj^ly,  Boris  Godii- 
a  bell  of '^88,000  poqmls 
■al  of  Moscow,  was  tiie 
vereign  of  Russia,  till  he 
d  by  tile  empress  Anne, 
pence   a  bell   was    cast, 
2,000  :  poimds,  and  is  the 
kiiovvi)  world.     In  the-  ca- 
Michucl,  the  sovereign!) 
•e  formerly  mterred:  tii'- 
eposited  in  raised  septil- 
'  of  brick,  in  the  shapQ  of 
vo  the  pavement,  and  a- 
t  in   height.    Each  tomb 
rer  extremity,  a  small  sil- 
)n  which  is  engraved,  the 
.  deceased  prince,  and  the 
eath.    They  are  covered 
red  cloth  or  red  velvet ; 
'eat  festivals,  all  these  se- 
covered  with  rich  palls,  of 
er  brocade,  studded  with 
iewels.     The  cathedral  of 
ion  of  the  Virgin  Mary  is 
^'iiiKcent  in  the  city,  and 
r  a))propriated  to  the  eoro- 
Kiissian  sovereigns ;  fr(,>m 
the  roof  hangs   an  cnor- 
licr  of  massy  silver  of  En- 
tanship.     Moscow  is  the 
inland  commerce  of  Iliis- 
irly  connecting  the  irade 
■ope  and  Siberia.     The  na- 
ils city  is  formed  solely  by 
which  fulling  into  the  Occa, 
la,  communicates,  by  that 
the  Volga.      But  as   tlie 
uigublfi  iu  tlie  spring  only, 
citing  of  the  snows,  the 
rchandise  is  conveyed  upon 
winter.     This   city  is   655 
[)f  Petersburg,  and  1200  N 
tantinoiilc.     Lon.  3r  31  E. 

department  of  France,  in- 
)fthe  late  province  of  i^or- 
v.'s  its  mune  from  u  river 
n  the  Vosges,  waters  fipi- 
;  the  Meurthe  below  Nan- 


M  O  S 

cl,  and  passing  by  Met/,  Thionvillc, 
ami  Treves,  fails  into  the  Rhine  at  Cob- 
\cT\cz  Metz  is' the  capital. 
■  M>.it<^-  Sec  M.ielatrnoiu: 
Mnsffuito  Shnrci  a  country  of  New 
Sjiuiu,  in  North  America,  lying  on  the 
yjtiantic  Ofcan.  The  interior  part  of 
the  country  is  bounded  by  the  l;il;e  Ni- 
r!fra;;iia,  and  fenced  by  mountains 
stretching  to  tiu-  west.  In  m»gnit\idc 
it  exceccls  Poftui^al ;  is  well  watered 
l>y  navig'ablc  rivers  ai«l  lakes  ;  abotmils 
iii  fish,  ivame,  and  provisions  of  all 
sorts ;  fumi.shcs  every  necessai-y  for 
raisinp;'  ci'ttle  and  stock,  on  plantations 
of  every  kind,  and  to  any  extent:  and  is 
dothed  with  woods,  producing  timber 
for  c\'cry  purpose  at  land  or  sea  The 
sod  IS  superior  to  tliat  of  the  West  In- 
dia  islands:  the  air  aii'd  climate  are 
more  saliihrlii\is  ;  and  tl;e  ilcstructive 
ravf.TfS  of  h'.ii'riciuies  mid  earthquakes 
have  never  '  been  known  here.  The 
Spaniards  esteem  it  a  part  of  the  jjrin- 
•ipality  of  Honduras,  tlinuprh  they  liave 
no  colonics  in  the  Mosquito  country. 
When  they  first  invaded  this  part  of 
Mexico,  t!iey  ma8H;icred  the  greatest 
part  of  the  natives,  whicli  gave  those 
thatescai>ed  into  the  inac'cesslble  part  of 
the  country  an  insuperable  aversion  to 
them  ;  and  they  have  alwa3'8  appeared 
ready  to  join  any  Europeans  that  come 
upon  their  coasts  affainst  the  Spaniards, 
and  particularly  the  English,  who  frc- 
qneVitly  come  hither  j  and  the  Mosqui- 
to men  bcinjj'  excellent  marksmen,  the 
English  employ  them  in  striking  the 
marateefish,  &c.  and  many  of  the  Mos- 
quito IndiaiVs  crtine  to  Jamaica,  and  «ail 
with'thc  Englisli  in  their  voyages.  The 
Mosquito  Indians  are  so  .'lituatc  between 
tyinrasses  and  inaccessible  mountains, 
and  a  coast  full  of  rocks  and  shoals, 
that  no  attempts  afSfainst  them  by  the 
Spaniards,  could  ever  succeed.  Never- 
theless, they  afe  a  mild  and  inoflensive 
people,  of  great  probity,  and  will  ne- 
ver trust  a  man  who  has  once  deceived 
them.  They  had  so  (yrcat  a  veneration 
for  the  Etiglish,  that  they  spontaneously 
put  themselves  tmder  the  protection  of 
the  crown  of  GrePt  Britain.  This  was 
first  done,  when  the  duke  of  Albemarle 
was  governor  of  Jamaica;  arid  the  king 
of  the  Mosquitoes  received  a- commis- 
sion from  his  grace,  under  the  seal  of 
that  island  ;  since  which  time,  they 
w<»re  not  only  steady  in  their  allia.  re 
with  the  English,  but  warm  in  their  af 
l%ctiun,  and  very  useful  to  them  on  ma- 


M  O  U 

ny  ocrnsions.  When  the  king  died, 
the  male  h';ir  went  to  Jitmaicn,  to  cer- 
tify that  he  was  next  in  blood  and  re- 
ceived a  commission  in  form  fioni  the 
governor  of  Jamaica,  to  he  king  of  ilic 
Mosquitot'S  ;  till  which,  he  coidd  not 
be  acknowledged  as  such  by  his  coun- 
trymen. So  fond  were  they  of  every 
thing  English,  that  the  common  people 
were  ]iroucl  of  every  ChristlHii  or  sur- 
name given  them  by  our  seamen,  who 
conferred  on  their  eliief  nun  the  titles 
of  some  of  our  nobility.  But  the  con- 
nection between  the  English  and  the 
Mosquitoes  no  longer  subsistM.  By  ii 
convention  with  Sjoain,  in  1'  ',  the 
English,  in  cousic'crution  of  certain  ces- 
sions on  the  coast  of  Honduras,  agreed 
to  evacuate  this  country  totally  ;  and  it 
is  now  a  province  of  Spain.  See  Hon- 
iliiras. 

Moatngan,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  the  kingdom  of  Alj,;iers,  witli  a  cas- 
tle and  a  good  harbour,  50  miles  N  E 
of  Oran.     Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Mostiir,  a  considerable  town  of  Turk- 
ish Dalmatia,  with  a  Greek  archbish- 
op's sec.  It  belongs  to  tlie  Turks,  20 
miles  N  E  of  Naronta.  Lon,  18  3r  E, 
lat.  43  48  N. 

Mosul.  Sec  Mouiul. 

Motala,  n  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  15  miles 
N  W  of  liuunto.  Lon.  \7  14  E,  lat. 
40  46  N. 

Motyr,  an  island  of  Asia,  one  of  the 
Moluccas,  of  great  value  to  the  Dutch, 
on  account  of  its  spices.  Lon.  128  20  E, 
lat.  0  10  S. 

Motril,  a  se.iport  town  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  witli  a  good  harbour,  seated 
on  tlie  Mediterranean,  57  miles  S  E  of 
Granada.     Lon.   3  28  W    lat.  36  32  N. 

Mouiib,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Ar:ibia  Fe- 
lix, capital  of  Yemen,  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile  couutrv,  80  miles  S  of  Sanaa.  Lon. 
46  35E,  lat.  16  20  N. 

Moudon,  one  t)f  the  most  ancient 
towns  of  Swisserland,  caiiitnl  of  a  baili- 
wic  of  the  same  niimc,  in  the  Pays  de 
Vaisd,  and  formerly  of  all  that  part  of 
the  country  which  belonged  to  the  duke 
of  Savoy.  The  baililV,  appointed  by  the 
canton  of  Bern,  resides  in  the  castic  of 
Lucens,  built  on  the  summit  of  a  moun- 
tain. It  was  formerly  called  Minodu- 
mum.  It  is  12  miles  N  hv  E  of  Lausanne. 
Lon.  6  58  E,  lat.  46  41°N. 

Moiig-dejt,  or  Chen-yav,  the  capital  of 
the  country  of  the  Mantchew  Tartars, 
in  East  Chinese  Tortary.    It  is  built  ou 


■11 


W 


M  O  U 


M  O  U 


an  eminence,  and  ■%valle(l  in  by  wall*  ,T 
IcHf^ties  in  rircniiiference.  It  is  440 
mill-It  N  E  of  I'ukin.  Lon.  122  45  E, 
lat.  41  55  N. 

Mouliiis,  an  cpisropal  town  of  France, 
in  the  (k'liartiiicnt  of  Allicr  anil  latu 
province  of  Bonrhomiois.  It  lias  ft 
bridjfe  over  the  Aliiir  on  wiiich  it  i» 
scaled,  uiul  takeo  its  name  from  the 
great  number  of  mills  (monlins)  that 
were  formerly  in  its  neifvlibonrhood  ; 
and  rontaiiiN  above  16,0()O  irhftbitantM. 
Its  nianiifaetnre  of  cullery  is  in  threat 
esteem.  It  is  30  miles  S  of  Nevers. 
Lon.  3  2.5  K,  l.>t.  46  34  N.      ♦ 

Miiiiiiiis-Eni-ii/iert,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Nievre  and  lnU- 
province  of  Nivernois.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  llie  mountains  of  Morvan, 
and  is  ,'5  miles  S  \V  of  Chateau-Cliinon. 

Alonlti'.n,  a  provi;ice  of  Hiiulnostan 
Propiir,  boui.dcd  on  the  N  by  Lalion-, 
on  the  K  b\  Uclhi  and  Ajriniere,  on  the 
S  by  Gn/.eiMt,  ai)d  on  tin:  W  by  Persia 
and  C.-indaliar.  It.s  tirodtirts  are  cotton, 
siijfar,  opium,  piiils,  brimstone,  &C. 
It  was  sulijei't  to  the  Selks  ;  but  its  ca- 
pital, Mocdtan,  has  been  {Garrisoned  by 
the  king;  of  Candahar,  ever  since  1779. 

Mdultan,  one  of  the  most  ancient  ci- 
ties of  Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  of 
small  extent  for  a  capital,  but  stronply 
fortified,  and  has  a  Hindoo  temple  of 
great  celebrity.  The  trade  of  Moidtan 
has  been  (jreatly  lessened  on  arcoimt  of 
the  river  liavinj,'- been  choaked  lip.  Here 
is  a  particular  sect  of  Hindoos,  called 
Catry  ;  a  tril;"  <if  warriors  supponefl  to 
be  the  Catheri  or  Cathei,  with- whom 
Alexander  warred  on  the  hanks  of  the 
Malli.  Mnultan  is  seated  on  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Indus,  210  miles  S  W 
of  Laliorc,  and  .310  S  E  of  Candahar. 
I.on.  70  40  F.,  ht.  29  52  N. 

Moultoii,  South,  a  corporate  town  in 
Devonsliire,  with  a  n-arket  on  Satur- 
day. In  the  reiij'n  of  Edward  I.  N  and 
S.  Moulton  badtlie  priviletfe  of  sending' 
members  to  parliament,  and  was  a  roy- 
aX  <lemesne.  It  is  ffoverned  by  a  mayor, 
and  has  manufactures  of  serjjes,  shal- 
loons, and  fflt.  It  is  sealed  on  the 
Mo\d,  12  miles  S  E  of  Ua'-nstaplc,  and 
177  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  55  W, 
lat.  515  N. 

Mir.iiU  E.lgccunihc,  a  prodip^ious  ppiik, 
on  tliu  ^vcst  side  of  tlu'  i-ntrancr  of 
Cook's  Strait,  m  New  i-Jealand.  Its 
hpit^'lit  is  fiiip]iosed  to  be  \ery  little  in- 
fci'ior  to  that  of  the  peak  of  Tenerifl". 


Moniholly,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
nnrbn)^on  county.  New  Jersey;  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  Ancocus 
creek,  about  12  miles  E  by  S  of  Uur- 
liuf^'ton. 

Mmnt  P!e(uattt,  a  post  town  in  Weit 
Clieste'-  comity.  New  York ;  lyin|f  on 
the  K  side  of  Hud.soii  river,  and  con- 
tuininpf  2745  inhabitants. 

Moiinttha:,  a  buy  on  the  S  coast  of 
Cornwall,  between  the  Land's  End  and 
the  Li/ard  Point.  It  is  so  named  i'ritnx 
the  lofty  mountains  of  Mount  St.  Mi. 
rhael,  which  rises  within  it.  Among 
the  rocks,  'III  this  part  of  the  coast, 
breeibi  the  Cornish  eho<i<;h,  or  red  leg. 
H'lid  crow,  notfd  for  steuling  and  car. 
ryinif  away  whatever  it  linds.  In 
Minintsbay  is  a  considerable  pilchard 
fishery. 

Moiintsoncl,  a  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, so  iianird  from  a  high  mount  or 
rock,  of  a  sorrel-eoloi.rcd  stone,  ex- 
tremely hard.  Of  rough  stones,  hewn 
out  of  this  rock,  the  town  is  built.  It 
has  a  market  on  Monday,  and  is  seateil 
on  the  Stour,  20  miles  ii  S  E  of  IJerbv, 
and  105  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1*9 
W,  lat.  52  45  N 

Mount  Fernon,  the  seat  of  the  late 
General  Washington,  and  his  favourite 
retreat  from  the  fatigues  of  public  em- 
ployment ;  pleasantly  sftuated  on  the 
W  bank  of  Pntowmack  river,  18  miles 
below  the  city  of  Washington,  and  9 
below  Alexandria. 

Mount  I'enion,  a  post  town  in  Kenne« 
bee  county,  Maine,  14  miles  N  W  of 
Augusta,  or  Kennebec  river. 

Moura,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tcjo,  witii  an  old  castle  i  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Ardita  and 
Gtiadiana,  87  miles  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
5  59  W,  lat.  3»  0  N. 

Moiirzooi;  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in 
Africa,  situated  on  a  small  river,  and 
supplied  with  water  from  a  multitude 
of  springs  and  wells.  Being  formerly 
built  of  stone,  it  still  retains  the  appel- 
laticm  of  9  Christian  town ;  and  the 
medley  which  it  presents  to  the  eye,  of 
the  vast  ruins  of  ancient  buildings,  and 
the  bumble  cottages  of  earth  and  sand 
that  form  the  dwellings  of  its  present 
Arab  inhabitants,  is  singularly  gro- 
tesque and  strange.  It  is  surrounded 
bv  a  high  wall,  which  not  only  affords 
the  means  of  defence,  but  enables  the 
government  to  collect,  at  its  three 
galea,  ataxon  all  goods  'provisions  ex- 
cepteil)  that  are  brought  for  the  supply 


o  u 


MOW 


M  U  H 


post  town,  the  capital  of 
itVi  New  JiTiey  j  »itu- 
(ii'tli  side  of  AiicdCii* 
miles  E  by  S  ut'  Bur- 

Mt,  a  poHt  town  ill  We»t 
New    York  i  lyinfi^on 
iiiidsoii  river,    ami  coii> 
nbitantii. 

I>uy  un  the  S  coast  of 
en  the  Lun<i'i<  Enil  ami 
nt.  It  is  so  named  from 
ins  of  Mount  St.  Mi- 
ses  within  it.  Among 
tills  part  of  tlie  coast, 
'iii!>li  though,  or  red  Icg- 
tcd  for  stvuling  and  car- 
whiitever  it  linds.  In 
a  considerable  pilchard 

a   town   in    Leicester- 

'd  from  a  high  mount  or 

rrel-coloi.red   stone,   ex- 

Of  rongli  stones,  iicwn 

k,  tlic  town  is  built.     It 

!i  Mondav,  and  is  seated 
'.'()  miles  fi  S  E  of  lierby, 
VV  of  London.     Lon.  1  9 

N 

on,  the    ficat  of  the  late 

lington,  andliis  favourite 

he  fatigues  of  ptililic  em- 

rasantly   sftiiated   on  the 

itowmack  river,  18  miles 

y  of  Washington,  and  9 

idria. 

Ml,  a  post  town  in  Kenne. 

i^aine,    14  miles  N  W  of 

Kennebec  river. 

I  wn  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 

old  castle  ;  seated  at  the 

the  rivers  Ardita  and 
miles  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
38  ON. 

tlic  capital  of  Fezzan,  in 
cd  on  a  small  river,   and 

water  from  a  multitude 
I  wells.     Being  formerly 

it  still  retains  the  appel- 
:hristivn   town ;    and  the 

it  presents  to  the  eye,  of 
of  ancient  buildings,  and 
ittages  of  earth  and  sand 
dwellings  of  its  present 
ints,  is  singularly  gro- 
trangc.  It  is  surrounded 
II,  which  not  only  affords 
defence,  but  enables  the 

0  collect,    at   its   three 

1  all  goods  'provisions  e%- 
;re  brought  for  the  supply 


of  its  people.  A  Caravan  acts  out  an- 
nually ii'oni  Mcsurata  to  this  place  (  and 
liciucthc  Fc//.anncrs  thenmelves  dii- 
piitcli,  every  yuar,  a  caravan  to  Cashna, 
and  another  to  Hornou.  Mour/ool^  is 
262  miles  S  of  Mesurata,  630  N  W  ot 
Uornnii,  and  710  N  by  E  of  Caslina. 
Lat.  27  20  N,  lon.  15  3  E. 

Mossy,  a  river  of  Hindooston,  which 
crossing  tlic  counln  of  Coiconda,  runs 
into  liic  Kistna  on  the  conllnes  of  the 
circitr  of  Pulnaml. 

Mtmitien,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
ilepartment  of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  is  noted  for 
a  niamifacture  of  line  porrelain,  and  for 
a  once  famous  pilgrimage,  called  Our 
Lady  of  Bcauve/.er,  seated  between 
two  very  lofty  ami  crag^'v  nionntains. 
Mnustiers  is  five  miles  N  E  of  Rieic, 
and  47  W  N  W  of  Nice. 

Mousul  or  Mosul,  a  town  of  Turkey 
in  Asia,  in  Diarbeck,  seated  on  the  W 
bank  of  the  river  Tigris.  It  is  a  large 
place,  surrounded  by  high  walls,  and 
defended  by  a  castle,  and  citadel  :  but 
the  houses  are  in  several  places  gone  tu 
ruin.  It  has  a  great  trade,  particularly 
in  cloth,  and  all  sorts  of  cottons  and 
silks.  At  some  distance  from  Mousul 
is  a  mosque,  in  which  they  pretend  the 
prophet  Jonah  lies.  The  inhabitants 
are  Mahometans  ;  but  there  are  a  great 
number  of  Christians.  In  1743,  it  was 
besieged  by  the  Persians,  but  to  no 
purpose.  In  1758,  this  city  and  the 
adjacent  country  were  visited  by  a 
dceadful  famine,  in  consequence  of  the 
preceding  hard  winter,  and  of  the  in. 
numerable  locusts  by  which  the  fruits 
of  the  earth  were  destroyed.  It  is  J30 
miles  S  E  of  Diarbekar,  and  190  N  W 
of  n;igilad.   Lon.  41  15  L,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Moutier,  or  Munstier,  a  town  of  .Sa- 
voy, capital  of  Tarc'itcsia,  with  an 
archiepiscopal  palace.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Isere,  62  miles  N  W  of  Turin. 
Lon.  6  23  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Moiuon,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Ardennes  and 
late  province  of  Champagne,  with  a 
late  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  tlte  Meuse,  eight  miles  S  E  of 
Sedan,  and  110  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
10  E,  lat.  49  37  N. 

Mmive,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook,  is  162 
miles  in  circumference.  A  low  isth  ■ 
nuis  divides  it  into  two  circular  pen!n- 
sglas,  of  which  the  Eastern  is  double 
the  size  of  tlie   Western.    The  moiui- 


taina  In  both  rise  to  a  very  great  height, 
and  may  be  seen  at  more  than  the  dis- 
tance of  30  leagues.  The  N  shores  af- 
ford no  soundings,  but  thecotintry  pre- 
sents an  appearance  of  verdure  and 
fertility.  Near  the  W  point  of  the 
•mnllcr  peninsula  is  a  spacious  bay, 
^ith  a  sandy  heach  shadccl  with  cocoa- 
nut  trees  :  the  country  behind  has  a 
most  romantic  appearance,  the  hillK 
rising  in  a  a  great  variety  of  peaked 
forms  ;  Kiid  their  steep  sides,  and  the 
deep  chasms  between  them,  are  cover- 
ed wlfli  trees.  The  inhabitanU  arc 
compiite<l  at  65,000.  Lon.  175  56  W, 
lat.  20  53  N. 

Moyci:vic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
deparlnient  of  Meurthe  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  remarkable  for  its 
salt-pits.  It  is  three  miles  from  Vic, 
and  10  S  S.E  of  Nanci. 

_  MuzcU[nv.<,  a  strong  town  of  Lithua- 
nia, capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name.  It  \<'as  almost  ruined  by  the 
Russians  in  1660,  but  is  rcbiiilt.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sofz,  22  miles  S  of  Smo- 
Icnsko.     Lon.  32  32  E,  hit.  54  28  N. 

Muchetn,  a  town  of  Upper  Sa.\ony, 
in  Thiiringia,  six  miles  Nof  Freyhurg, 
and  eight  S  W  of  Mersburg.  This 
town  was  burned  in  1621,  by  the  Im- 
perialists under  the  command  of  Count 
Tilly.     Lon.  11  39  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Mucheliiey,  a  village  in  Somersetshire, 
where  are  the  remains  of  a  rich  and 
ancient  abbey,  part  of  which  is  now 
chiuiged  to  a  farm  house.  It  is  two 
miles  S  by  E  of  Langport. 

Mucidan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  seated  on  the  river 
Isle,  18  miles  S  W  of  Periguex. 
_  Muther,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg, 
crosses  Stiria,  passing  by  Judcnburgh, 
Liiben,  Muelir,  and  Gratz,aiul  falls  in- 
to the  Drave,  near  Kanisca,  in  Hunga« 
ry. 

Muehr,  or  Muenra,  a  considerable 
town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  dutcliy  of  Sti- 
ria, on  the  rnerMuehr,  25  miles  N  W 
ofGratz,  and  40  S  W  of  Neustadt. 
Lon.  15  4  E,  lat.  47  16  N. 

Miig^ia,  or  Miiglia,  a  town  of  Italy, 
■w)  Venetian  Istria,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  five 
miles  S  E  of  Tricst.  Lon.  14  2  E,  lat. 
45  52  N. 

Muhlberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxotv, 
in  the  margravate  of  Meissen.  It  U 
situate  on  the  Elbe,  has  a  castle  and 


I 


^vl, 


M  U  C 


li  19  miles  N  VV  of  Meissen  onil  31 1 
N'^ir'of  Dresden.  Loii.  13  9  E,  lat.'il' 
2JN. 

•  Muhlrote,  a  town  of  Upper  Snxony, 
in  tlic  mi'ltllc  marclic  of  llpandenbur^. 
11  is  conveniently  situated  nine  mile* 
.S"W  of  Ffankfitit  on  tlie  Oler,  on  u 
cflnal  wliirh  forms  a  navi(fable  commu- 
nication from  Hambiir(f  to  llrciilaw. 

Muirkirt,  a  town  in  Ayriiliii'c,  seated 
on  tlic  river  Ayr,  imd  noted  for  aeon- 
Hidcrahle  iron-work. 

Mull,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scot- 
land, is  an  island  of  conMidcrable  si/.e, 
hcinpf  25  miles  in  lentftli,  and  in  Hon\e 
placus  of  e((ual  l)rca<Uh.  There  are 
many  g'ood  natural  hiirboiirs  ;  but  there 
is  only  one  vilUge,  called  Tobermorey, 
•wtiepi'  a  fishing  station  has  been  lately 
estiiblisbed  bv  the  British  society.  The 
noil  is,  for  the  most  part,  rocky  and 
barren  ;  it  is  fertile  in  com  and  grass 
but  lias  no  wood  ;  the  hills  abound  with 
•prints,  and  are  covered  with  cattle  : 
these,  with  the  fishery,  and  a  conside- 
rable (plantity  of  kelp,  arc  the  only  ar- 
ticles of  commerce.  The  ruins  of  se- 
veral ancient  castles  are  seen  on  this 
island. 

itlull  ofCantyre.     Sec  C.vityre. 

MuUofGallm\s(iy,  a  rocky  promonto- 
ry, the  most  southerly  ix.int  of  Scot- 
land, in  the  county  of  Wigton. 

MuldtiKu,  a  river  of  Bohemia,  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Moravia,  and 
running  by  Budwcis  and  Prague,  falls 
into  th«^  Elbe,   at  Mehiick. 

'  MuUnrf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishojiric  of  Saltzburg,  seated  on 
the  Ijm,  o7  miles  N  W  of  Saltzburg, 
and  40  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  25  E, 
lat.  48  10  N. 

Muthausen,  an  imperial  and  hanseat- 
ic  town  of  Gerinimy  in  Thuringia,  un- 
der the  jjvotection  of  the  elector  of 
Saxony.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, on  the  Unslrutht,  15  niiles  N  E  of 
Eisenach,  and  45  E  bv  S  of  Casset. 
Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Mulhaiisen,  a  considerable  town  of 
Germany  in  Alsace,  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  a  republic  in  alliance  with  the 
Swiss,  and  entitled  to  all  the  privileges 
of  the  Helvetic  confederacy.  The 
•walls  of  the  town  inclose  a  circumfer- 
ence of  not  more  than  two  miles;  and 
its  whole  territory  is  colifined  within 
a' precinct  of  eight  miles.  The  town 
contains  6000  inhabitants,  wlio  are  pro - 
testants  ;  and  there  are  2000  subjects 
ai}  its  adjacent  Tillages.    It  owes  its 


present  flo  irishiiig  utaie  to  it*  manu- 
Wtiirts,  which  arc  chietly  of  primed 
linens  and  cottons.  I'be  government' 
i*  8ristt)-<lemocratir,'»l.  The  supreme 
power  reside*  in  the  great  and  little 
council,  consisting  t'igcllier  of  78  jier- 
sons,  and  drawn  fVom  the  BdrghcTn, 
whose  number  amounts  to  7U'J,  distli- 
t)uted  Mito  8ix  tribes  It  i*  well  huilt, 
adoinod  with  handsome  structure.t  und 
seated  in  a  picasunt  fertile  country  on 
an  island  formed  h\  tlie  river  III.  It  is 
15  miles  N  VV  of  Basle,  und  20  E  of 
Befort.     Ivin.  7  24  E,  Int.  47  48  N. 

Miithiem,  a  town  of  Gtrm.my,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  near  the 
Hbinc,  three  miles  from  Cologne. 
Here  the  few  protcstants  in  Cologne 
are  obliged  to  go  to  perlbrin  divine  ser- 
vice. 

Mn/lfras,  a  town  of  Gevmanv  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandcnbiirgn,  seat, 
ed  on  a  canal  cut  between  the  Spree 
and  Oder,  40  miles  S  E  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
14  31  K.  lat.  52  14  N. 

MiilUngar,  the  county  town  of  West 
Mcath,  in  Ireland  It  holds  a  ifre.tt 
wool  mart,  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  and 
formerly  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fmle, 
38  miles  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  50  W, 
lat.  53  30  N. 

Mulvia,  a  large  river  of  Africa,  which 
has  its  source  in  Mount  Atlas,  and  di- 
viding the  empire  of  Morocco  from  the 
kingd6m  of  Algiers,  falls  into  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea,  to  the  W  of  Marsal- 
quiver. 

Afunda,  an  ancient  totrn  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  30  miles  W  N  W  of  Malaga, 
Lon.  4  .35  W,  lat.  36  50  N. 

MiiniUriingen,  a  townofSuabia,  seat- 
ed oh  the  river  Danube,  25  miles  S  W 
of  Ulm.  LOn.  9  43  E;  lat.  48  15  N. 

Mundu,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  Pt-oper, 
in  the  province  of  Mnlwa,  of  which'  it 
was  anciently  the  capital.  It  was  then 
a  prodigious  city,  22  miles  in  circuit, 
and  contained  many  momiments  of  an- 
cient magnificence  j  but  it  is  fallen 
much  to  decay.  It  occupies  the  top  of 
a  large  and  lofty  mountain,  in  a  bold  s!-" 
tuation,  46  miles  S  of  Ougein,  and  454 
N  E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  75  4,7  E,  lit.  22 
50  N. 

Mungatt,  or  Muniati,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  with  an  itn- 
pregnable  castle,  erected  on  a  high  and 
steep  rock,  50  miles  N  E  of  Tokayl 
Lon.  22  OE,  lat.  48  30  N.  ' 
I     Muclort,  a  town  of  Cabul  in  Hindoo** 


# 


f  u  c 


liiii)(  Mtair  to  !tii  manti- 
h  arc  chii'lly  of  primed 
(tons.  I'lie  jfovrnimtnt 
iri'iitiral.  'I'lic  suprpine 
in  the  great  uiul  little 
inif  t'))fi'tli(.'r  (if  78  jier- 
wii  from  the  Bdr^'in'M, 

:il)l(>lllUs   to    7Uli,  (listl'l- 

trilicH      It  IK  well  liuilt, 

lUMdHomc  structures  uiid 

ujtiint   fi'Ttile  roiinti  V  on 

I  h\  tlio  river  III.     It  i» 

oflJuHle,  1111(1  ;!0  E   of 

7  24  E.  lit.  47  48  N. 

town  of  Germany,  In  the 

loiopnc,  iieatpd   nesir  the 

mile*     from     Cnloj^no. 

priitcstants  in   Colojfnt; 

go  to  pcrCorin  divine  ger- 

town  of  Gcrmanv  in  the 
!  of  Drnndciibiiriyn,  scut- 
c«t  between  the  Spree 
Tiilcs  S  E  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
2  14  N. 

lie  eoimty  town  of  West 
dund      It  huhU    a  ifreat 

place  of  pood  trade,  and 
two  memnerg  to  the  Irish 
t  is  sout(d  on  the  Fmlc, 
I'  Dublin.     Lon.  7  50  W, 

rgc  river  of  Africa,  which 
in  Mount  Atlag,  and  di- 
pire  of  Morocco  from  the 
Igicrs,  falls  into  the-  Me- 
la, to  the  W  of  Marsal- 

indent  toT\ii  of  Spain,  in 
iiiles  W  N  W  of  Malaga, 
,  lat.  36  50  N. 
•n,  a  town  of  Suabia,  seat- 
r  nanube,  25  miles  S  W 
J  43  E;  lat.  48  15  N. 
ty  of  Hindoostan  PW)pcr, 
c  of  Malwa,  of  which  it 
the  capital.  It  was  then 
ity,  22  miles  in  circuit, 
many  monuments  6f  an- 
lence'i  but  it  Is  fallen 
'.  It  occupies  the  top  of 
\y  mountain,  in  a  bold  si- 
es  S  of  Ougcin,  and  454 
y.     Lon.rs  47E,Ut.  22 

r  Muniatt,  an  episcopal 
■  Hungary,  with  an  itn- 
:1c,  erected  on  a  high  and 
0  miles  N  E  of  Tokayl 
It.  48  30  N.  ■ 
>wn  of  Cabul  in  Hindoo(< 


'Al  U  N 


tan,  130  mile»  from   Cushnierc.     Lon. 
7U  15  E,  lat.  34  UN. 

Atunia,  or  Mmir,  an  ancient  oiid  con 
gidiTublc  towii  ■>!'  Kgypi.  l  lie  veHNelg 
that  pi  down  tlic  Nile  are  ohliged  to 
gtoplRTc.undpaj  certain ('uties.  Ihere 
ai'e  several  nios(|uei  und  a  great  niimbef 
ot  grunitt  pilluij.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Nile  UU  mile*  S  of  Cairo.  Lon.  13  20 
E,lat.2r45  N.  ; 

Munich,  one  of  the  most  elegant  an<l 
popul'iug  cltieg  ill  Gerumny,  capital  of 
the  diitchy  of  Bavaria.  The  liouseh 
are  high,  and  the  streets  large,  and 
spacious,  with  canals,  riinninif  tlmmgi. 
many  of  thuni.  Ihe  palace  of  the  elec- 
tor palatine  of  the  Rhine,  aa  duke  of 
Bavaria,  is  a  stupendous  structure, 
ma;;nilicuntly  adorned,  and  is  thought 
to  be  one  of  the  largest  and  most  coni- 
modiuiis  palaces  in  Europe,  'i'lie  cabi- 
net  of  curiosities,  the  librarj,  the  arse- 
nal, and  diicul  gardens  merit  attention. 
Tlic  tiithedral  contains  25  chapels,  and 
30  altarh  )  also  the  torn!)  nf  one  of  the 
emperors,  of  black  luarblc,  Hd(jriied 
witli  siutue^  of  Bron/e.  Theniarket 
place  is  very  beautiful ;  and  here  arc 
manufactures  of  silk,  velvet,  woollen 
cloth,  and  tapestry.  This  place  has 
.  been  often  taken  and  retaken  in  tlie 
wai's  of  Qeraiany  i  and,  in  September 
1796,  it  was  attacked  by  tlie  Fiench, 
but  the  Austrians  compelled  them  to 
retreat.  It  is  seated  on  the  Iser,  15 
miles  S  E  of-Augsbiug,  and  62  S  by  VV 
of  Rutisbon.  Lot  11  36E,lat.48  10  N. 

MuniierttaM,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
tlic  circle  of  Franconia.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Laucr,  and  is  31  miles  from 
Bamberg.    L.m   10  9  E,  lat  50  7  N. 

Miinny-pour,  a  town  of  Asia,  ui  the 
district  of  Meekly,  2fi4  miles  from  Ara- 
can.  Lon  9  20  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Mwiie/,  a  post-town  in  Lycomir.g 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the 
S  side  of  .Munsey  creek,  at  its  jimctioii 
with  the  Susquehaniiah,  and  27  miles 
N  dl'  r^orthuinberland. 

Musiiigen,  a  towi»  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  ijf  Su'ibiaanddutchv  ofWurlem- 
burg.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Minister,  u  |)ruvii\ce  of  Ireland,  135 
miles  long  a:id  120  broad;  bounded  on 
the  N  b\  Cuiiiiauglit,  on  tlie  Eby.Lein- 
ster,  .and  on  the  S  and  W.by  the  Wes- 
tern ocean.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Sure,  Au(llullc,  hec,  Biinde,  Leaiie, 
ami  CashoM.  There  are  a  giniat  mail) 
bay  ;i  and  harbours,  and  many  i-icli  l(j  wii», 
and  the  air  is    mild   and  temperate. 


Somd  places  arc  mountatnont,  but  ^t!ie 
vallies  are  fruitful.  The  most  gent.ral 
commodities  ate  corn,  rattle,  wixmI, 
wool,  and  lish.  U  contains  sixrountiis, 
viz.  Clare, 'fiuperary,  Waterfyrd,  Cork, 
Limerick  and  Kerr), one  archhiiih'opric, 
and  Kvc  bishoprics.  The  principal  iAvin 
is  Cork  ., 

Muniier,  a  sovereign  bishopric  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Westphatiii, 
120  miles  in  length,  and  80  in  'breadt^. 
The  river  Embs  runs  through  \i'tv%n 
E  to  W.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N'&y 
the  counties  of  Kentlielin  and  i>ie'at- 
fort,  on  the  E  by  the  blslioprics  of 
Osnabu'rgh  and  Pvdurbotli,  on  the  S 
by,  the  county  of  'Marck,  and'  on  tlie 
\V  by  the  diitchy  of  Cleves  iAi'id  coilitty 
i>f  Z'ltphen. 

Mniitter,  a.  large  uniX  populous  'city 
of  Germany,  capital  of  the  bishopric  of 
Miiustci'  and  of  all  Wcstphaliai' w|i(^* 
bisiiop  is  one  nf  the  sovereigns  of  ttte 
empire.  It  was  a  free  and  imperial 
city  (  but  a  citailel  was  built  in  1661  to 
kee|;  the  inlialiitavts  in  awe,  which 
stands  distinct  fr<»m  the  city.  "The  'fa- 
mous treaty,  called  tt^e  treatv  of 
Westphalia,  was  ctmcluded 'ficrc'"iri 
1648,  which  ended  the  religious  wars 
iif  .30  years  continuance.  ^It  is  neHt'ed 
on  the  Aa,  70  niiles  N  by  E  of  (J.'/tog- 
ne,  and  77  S  by  W  of  Oremen.  Lon. 
7  Jf9  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Mumter,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
(leparlm(;iit  of  Upper'  Rhine  and  lute 
province  (if  Alsace,  with  a  late  r{ch 
Benedictine  abbey,  3d  miles  SW'of 
Slrasl^urg.     Lull.  7  i  E',  h\t.  48  8  N. 

Mumtcrburg,     See  Monaterb^rg. 

Afuntter-Mcliife'J,  a  tovrn  pf  Ger- 
many, in  the  electorate  of  Trevqs,  12 
Hides  S  W  of  C'oblcutz.  Lon.  7  18  E, 
Ut.  50  19  N.     _ 

Muruiio,  an  island  and  town  of  Italy, 
a  mile  from  Venice,  fo^-merly  a  very 
flourishing  place,  but  it  is  now  in  a 
state  of  decay,,  .The  island  is  said'to 
contain  20,0u6  inliabltunts.  Lon.  13  5 
E,  lat.  45  2^  N.. 

Munia,  a  province,  forme;rIy  a  king- 
dom of  Spain;  bounded  on  the  K. by 
New  Custilc,  on  the  E  by  Valencia,  on 
the  Why  Andalusia,  and  Granada, and 
on  the  Shy  the  Mediterranean.  It  is"  62 
miles  l()ng  and  58  broad  ;  and  the  prin« 
ci|>al  river  is  Scgura.  The  soil  is  dry, 
and  it  procluces  little  corn  or  wine  ;  but 
tliere  is  plenty  of  oranges,  citrons,  \6m- 
I, MS,  olives,  almonds,  mulberries,  rice, 
p'djic,  and  sugar.    It  has  also  a  gi'ciit 


M  U  R 


MY  E 


deal  of  silk.  The  air  of  this  province 
is  very  healthful,  and  the  principal 
town  is  of  tlie  same    namn. 

Murcia,  a  populous  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  hishop's  see.  It  lius  a  superb 
Cathedral,  tlie  stairs  of  whose  steeple 
hre  so  contrived,  that  a  man  may  ride  up 
to  the  t'>p  cither  on  horscbacic  or  in 
a  coach.  There  are  line  gardens 
uLou'-.  the  city,  in  which  are  the  best 
fruits  in  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  che 
Segura,  27  miles  N  of  Carthagcna, 
and  212  S  £  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  3d 
W,lat.38  2N. 

Mtiret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Garonne  and 
late  province  of  Gascany,  seated  on 
the  Garonne,  10  miles  S  of  Toulouse. 
X.on.  1  18  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Murfreetborough,  the  capital  of  Gates 
County,  North  Carolina  i  situated  in 
Mehot-rin  River,  50  miles  N  by  W  of 
Edenton,  and  238  from  Washing- 
ton. 

MurOf  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Basilicata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennines,  12  miles  S  E  of  Conza. 
Lon.  15  45  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Murray  Frith,  a  considerable  inlet  of 
the  sea,  on  the  E  coaL:t  of  Scotland, 
between  Tarbetncss,  in  Kosshirc,  on 
tlie  N,  and  Borough  Head,  in  Murray- 
shire,  on  the  S. 

Murrayihire,  or  Elgiiishire,  is  sub-di- 
vided into  Murray  and  Strathspey,  and 
is  bounded  on  tlie  E  and  S  E  by  tlie 
river  Spey,  which  divides  it  from 
Bamfishire  ;  on  the  S  by  Aberdeen- 
shire and  Invernesshire  ;  on  the  west 
by  Invernesshire  and  Nairnshire ;  and 
wn  the  N  by  Nairnshire,  and  the  Firth 
of  Murray,  being  30  miles  from  E  to 
W  and  nearly  tlie  same  from  N  to  S. 
Its  air  is  salutary,  and  the  Winter 
milder  than  any  other  (lart  in  the  N 
of  the  kingdom.  The  S  side  is  moun- 
tainous, but  abounds  with  pasture,  as 
tlie  low  country  does  with  corn.  Here 
are  several  woods  of  iirs  and  oaks. 
The  soil  is  generally  fruitful  and  pro- 
duces the  fniits  ripe  soon.  Its  principal 
rivers  are  the  Spey,  the  Lossie,  Nairn, 
and  Findhorn ;  all  of  which  produce 
vast  q\iantities  of  salmon.  The  chief 
tt)\vTis  are  Elgin  and  Forres. 

Mirrhart,  a  town  of  Suabia  in  the 
dutcl\y  of  Wirtcmbcrg,  with  a  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Mur,  eight  miles  S  of  Hallo.  Lon. 
.i)  51  £,  lat.  49  14  N. 


_  Musidan,  a  town  of  France,  in  Up  • 
per  Perigord,  which  sustained  a  fa- 
mous siege  in  1579.  Lon.  0  20  E,  1;.^. 
45  5  N. 

Miua,  a  populous  town  of  Arabia  in 
the  i)rovince  of  Yemen.  It  is  fortified 
and  siirrotuided  witli  walls,  18  milct 
E  of  Morlia. 

Musselberg,  a  seaport  in  Edinburgh- 
shire, on  the  fi-ith  of  Forth,  at  tlie 
mouti)  of  the  river  Esk.  Here  a  victo- 
ry was  obtained  by  the  English  over 
the  Scots,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
It  is  six  miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  5  VV,  lat.  56 ON. 

Mtuvieli  Hill,  a  village  In  Middle- 
sex, live  miles  N  of  London.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  famous  well  on  the 
hill,  which  belonged  to  the  fraternity 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusakm,  in  Clerkeii- 
well.  This  well  still  belongs  to  the 
parish  of  Clerkenwell. 

Mitttagain,  a  seaport  of  the  khtgdoin 
of  Algiers,  with  a  castle,  140  mileii 
W  of  the  city  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  3  VV, 
lat.  3630  N. 

Musacra,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  G.\i- 
nada,  witli  a  strong  ceslle,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  27  miles  N  E  of  Almeria, 
and  62  S  W  of  Cartiiagena.  Lon.  1  3G 
W,  lat.  :i7  UN. 

Mutuela,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the 
province  oi  Andalusia,  seated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Guadalquivcr,  50  miks  N 
of  Granada. 

Mutichen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
Circle  of  Upper  Saxony  and  territory 
of  Leipsic  in  the  vicinity  of  whitfli 
tliey  find  a  species  of  crystal  called 
Mutschen  diamonds.  It  is  20  miles 
E  N  E  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lal. 
51  40  N. 

Mujden,  a  town  of  Holland,  seated 
on  the  Vecht,  on  the  S  coast  of  tlie  Zu- 
ider-2ce,  seven  miles  E  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  5  1  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Mycene,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  fa- 
mous kingdom  in  the  Morea,  which  is 
now  reduced  to  a  small  village. 

Mjcont,  an  island  of  tlie  Archipela- 
go, 30  miles  in  circumference.  The 
harbour  is  very  open,  and  deep  enough 
for  the  largest  ships,  where  they  may 
ridj  secure  from  tiie  N  wind.  The 
soil  is  dry,  and  the  moimtains  are  of 
great  height.  Water  is  very  scarce  in 
summer;  but  in  tire  town  is  a  large 
well,  the  only  one  in  the  island.  Here 
arc  plenty  of  partridges,  quails,  wood- 
cocks, turtledoves,  rabbits,  and  wheat- 
ears  ;    also  excellent  grapes  and  figs- 


MY  E 

tsiJan,  a  to\vn  of  France,  in  Up- 
^erigoi-d,  which  sustained  a  fa. 
siege  ill  15r9.    Lon.  0  20  E,  i... 

:^. 

tta,  a  populous  town  of  Arabia  in 

'ovince  of  Yemen.     It  is  fortified 

iirroiuided  witli  wulis,  18  milot 

klorlia. 

tssetberg,  a  seaport  in   Edinburfj;li- 

on  the  fiitii  of  Forth,  at  tlie 
1  of  tlie  river  Eak.  Here  a  victu- 
as  obtained  by  the  English  over 
cots,  in  tlie  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
ix  mdes  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
/,  lat.  56 (/N. 

itxuell  Hill,  a  village  !n  Middle- 
ive  miles  N  of  London.  It  takts 
nme  from  a  famous  well  on  tlie 
which  belonged  to  the  fraternity 
.  John  of  Jerusakm,  in  Clerken- 

This  well  still  belongs  to  the 
l>  of  Clerkenwell. 
litagatn,  a  seaport  of  tlie  khtgdoin 
igicrb,  with  a  castle,  140  mile« 
■  the  city  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0 3  VV, 
6  SON. 

uacra,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  G.  a- 
witli  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  a 
itain,  27  miles  N  E  of  Almeria, 
>2  S  W  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  1  36 
at.  2,7  11  N. 

U3uela,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the 
nee  of  Andalusia,  seated  on  the 
s  of  the  Guadalqulver,  50  miks  N 
ranada. 

utichtn,  a  town  of  Get  many  in  the 
le  of  Upper  Saxony  and  territory 
<eipsic  in  the  vicinity  of  whi(?li 
find  a  species  of  crystal  called 
ichen  diamonds.  It  is  20  miles 
E  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat 
)  N. 

ujdeii,  a  town  of  Holland,  seated 
ic  Vecht,  on  the  S  coast  of  the  Zu- 
Zee,  seven  miles  E  of  Ainsterdani. 
5  1  E,  lat.  52  2'2  N. 
feme,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  fa- 
I  kingdom  in  the  Morcu,  which  is 
reduced  to  a  small  village. 
fcone,  an  island  of  the  Archipela- 
30  miles  in  circumference.  The 
DUi"  is  very  open,  and  deep  enough 
he  largest  ships,  where  they  may 
secure  fi'oin  the  N  wind.  The 
is  dry,  and  the  mmmtains  are  of 
t  height.  Water  is  very  scarce  in 
ncr;  bat  in  tire  town  is  a  large 
the  only  one  in  the  island.  Here 
plenty  of  partridges,  quails,  wood- 
s,  turtledoves,  rabbits,  and  wlieat- 
;    alsu  excellent  grapes  and  figs- 


N  A  S 

Almost  all  the  inhabitants  arc  Greeks, 
who  have  50  churcl.e*  in  all  j  but  many 
.nrc  chapels  ;  iind  some  monasteries. 
Loa  25  51  E,  lat.  37  28  N. 

My.tore,  a  kinjfdom  in  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  subject  to  a  celebrated 
prince,  named  lippoo  Sultan,  who 
styles  himself  rtfi-cnt  of  the  country. 
His  dominions  coini)rehend,  generally, 
the  provinces  of  Mysore  Proper,  Bed- 
nore,  Coimbettorc,  Canara,  and  Dindi- 
gul ;  besides  the  conquests  of  his 
father  Hyder  Ally  (who  usui-ped  the 
throne)  to  the  northward,  which  arc 
Meritz,  Soonda,  Chittledroog,  Harpoii- 
clly,  Sanore,  Bancapour,  Roydroog, 
Gooty,  Condanore,  Canoul,  and  Ciidda- 
pa,  The  extent  of  his  territory,  from 
N  to  S,  is  550  miles  ;  its  breadth,  in 
the  widest  place  (the  N  part  of  the 
peninsula)  330  miles,  but,  proceeding 
to  the  S,  it  diminishes  till  it  ends  in  a 
point.  Its  area  has  been  compared  to 
that  of  Great  Britain.  By  the  peace  of 
1782,  Hyder  Ally  w.is  to  relinquish 
il.ll  but  bis  ancient  possessions.  How 
SUr  his  successor  fultilled  the  terms  of 
that  treaty,  cannot  easily  be  ascertain- 
ed ;  but,  on  the  termination  of  the  war 
ill  1792,  that  prince  agreed,  over  and 
above  a  largo  payment  i:\  money,  to 
cede  one  half  of  his  dominions  to  the 
English  E  India  Company,  and  their 
idlies,  the  Mahrattas,  and  the  nizam  of 
the  Deccan.  A  new  war  broke  out  in 
1799;  when  Seriig.ipatam,  Tippoo's 
capital  was  taken  by'tlie  English  troops, 
and  he  himself  killed  in  tile  assault ; 
in  consequence  of  which  his  dominions 
have  been  divided  between  the  East 
India  company  and  their  allies.  My- 
sore, in  general  is  dry,  rugged,  moun- 
tainous, and  barren.  It  lies  between 
10  and  16°  N  lat.  The  capital  is  Ser- 
ingapatam. 

Mjsore,  a  town  and  fortified  post  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  the  an- 
cient capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  eight  miles  S  of  Seringaiiatam, 
♦lie  present  capital. 


N. 


'M'  iSS,  a  borough  of  Ireland  in    the 
■^ '^county  of  Kildare,  17  miles  S  W  ot 
Dublin  and  26  N  W  of  Leinstcr.     It  is 
the  shire  town  of  that   county   find   al 
iicrnatclv  with  Atliv  the  assizos  town. 


NAG 

It  has  Ave  fairs  in  the  year,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  This 
place  was  anciently  the  residence  of 
the  kings  of  Leinster. 

Nabal  ,a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tii- 
nis,  remarkable  for  remains  of  antiquity. 
Near  it  are  several  celebri'led  potte- 
ries. It  is  situated  near  the  seacoast 
32  miles  from  Tunis.  Lon.  10  19  E, 
lat.  53  13  N. 

Nublont,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
and  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name  in  Syria,  which  was  anciently 
cc-lcbrated  under  the  name  of  the 
kingdom  of  Samaria.  It  is  situated 
on  the  ruins  of  the  Niepolis  of  th« 
Greeks,  and  is  the  residence  of  a 
sheik,  who  is  s-iibordinate  to  the  pacha 
of  Damascus,  from  wliom  he  farraa 
the  trihuie  of  the  province.  The  soil 
of  the  country  is  fertile,  and  produces 
a  great  deal  of  cotton,  olives,  and  some 
silk.  It  is  24  miles  N  of  Jerusalem, 
and  90  S  S  AV  of  Damascus.  Lon.  35 
24  E,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Naburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  th© 
palatinate  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
river  Nab,  10  miles  S  E  of  Amberg. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  59  23  N. 

Nadeegsda.     See  Kuriles. 

Nitefels,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  cantons  of  Gluris.  It  is  remarka- 
ble for  a  celebrated  victory  gained  by 
the  inhabitants  over  the  Austrians,  in 
memory  of  which  a  chapel  was  built  on 
the  spot,  which  was  rebuilt  in  1799. 

Naerden,  a  strong  town  of  Holland,  a6 
the  head  of  the  canals  of  the  province. 
It  was  taken  by  Fernando  de  Toledo, 
son'  of  tlie  duke  of  Alva  in  1572,  wlieii 
all  the  inhabitants  without  distinction 
of  age  or  sex,  were  massacred.  It  is' 
seated  on  tiie  Zuidcr  Zee,  14  miles  E 
of  Amsterdam,  and  15  N  of  Utrecht, 
Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Nagera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, with  a  fort,  three  miles  N  W  of 
Calahorra,  and  138  N  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
2  10  VV,  lal.  42  14  N. 

NagoU,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
diitchy  of  Wirtembcrg,  with  a  strong 
castle  ten  miles  \V  of  Tubingen. 

Ntigure,  a  t  iwn  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per ill  the  countrv  of  Agimore,  40  miles 
N  W  of  Agiinerc.  Lon.  74  10  E,  lat. 
27  8  N. 

K.igpoiir,  a  city  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hinili>ost.in,  rajjital  of  that  part  of  Be- 
rar  which  is  subject  to  a  chief  of  t!ie 
ICasturn  Mahr.ittas.  It  is  a  city  of 
niodorn  date  ;  Wuttb9U|j;h extensile  Mid 

N   N   \    ., 


«. 


I,,  4 


NAM 

]|ppuluu3,  is  but  meanly  bui'.l ,  and,  ex« 
♦icptiiij^  n  small  citiulel,  is  open  and 
dtfeiicelfss.  It  is  560  miles  W  by 
S  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  79  46  E,  lat.  21  8  N. 
Niigybmja,  atown  Hungary  celebrat- 
ed for  its  (j<il(l  and  silver  mine-works 
which  arc  of  great  produce.  It  is  a 
metal  town  and  one  of  the  roy^l  free 
towns,  and  is  30  miles  N  E  of  Tamai-. 
Lon.  22  54E,  lat.  48  10N. 

Nahe,  a  river  of  the  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  which  running  by  JJirkcnfeld, 
Oberslein,  Kreuzenach,  ai>d  Bingcn, 
falls  into  the  Rhine. 

Nairn,  a  borough  and  seaport,  the 
county -town  of  Nairnshire  i  seated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  frith  of  Mvirray,  10 
miles  E  of  Inverness,  and  104  N  of 
Edinburgli.  Lon.  3  51  W,  lat.  55  33  N. 
Nainuhire,  a  small  coi'nty  of  Scot- 
land,  bounded  on  the  by  Nortli  Murray 
Firtii  J  on  the  E  and  S  by  Murrayshire  ; 
and  on  tbe  VV  by  Invernesshire  Its 
greatest  length  is  not  above  12  miles, 
nor  its  breadth  above  ten.  It  is  fruit- 
ful, and  its  corn  soon  ripens,  has  seve- 
ral woods  of  firs,  and  several  lakes  and 
mountains,  yet  is  weU  peopled.  Its 
chief  town  is  Nairn. 

Naisivan,  a  city  of  Armenia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween the  towns  of  Erivan  and  Tauris. 
Lcm.  45  30  E,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Nmnari,  a  mountain  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di-Demona,  between  Messina, 
Tfaormina,  and  Mela/.zo. 

Nainptwkh,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  marktt  on  Satu.day  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  large  church,  in  the  form  of 
a  cross,  with  the  tower  in  the  middle. 
Here  are  salt  springs,  on  the  banks  of 
a  fresh  water  stream,  from  which  are 
made  gfreat  quantities  of  white  salt,  in 
wlticli  article  and  thecse  this  town 
carries  on  a  considerable  tr.ide.  _  Tlie 
principal  dairies  of  Cheshire  are  in  its 
neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weaver,  26  miles  S  E  of  Chester,  and 
162  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  25  W, 
lat.  53  6  N. 

Kamitr,  »  county  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  divided  by  the  river 
Sambre  and  Macse  into  three  equal 
parts,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Brabant, 
Qn  the  E  and  S  by  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,    and  on   the   \V   by    Haiuault. 


Tills  province    is  pretty   K  rtile  ;     has 
sevci-al  forests,    marble   quarries,  and 
mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  coal. 
ti^niur,  a  city  of  the  Austi'iaa  Ncthef- 


N  A  N 

lands,  capital  of  the  county  of  Namur, 
with  a  strong  castle,   several  forts  and 
a  bishop's  see.     This  castle  is  built  lu 
the  mii^'le  of  tlie  town  on   a  craggy 
rock.     In    1692,  this  place  was  taken 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  person,  after  a  siege 
of  six  days  only  ;  but  in  1695,  it  was  ta- 
ken by  king  William,  after  a  long  and 
bloody  siege,  although  it  was  defended 
by  16,000  men  under  the   command  of 
marshal  Boufflers,   and   marshal  Villc- 
roy  was  in  the  neighbourhood,   at   the 
bcatl  of  100,000.     On  the  dei>th  of  Chs. 
II.  king  of  Spain   the  French  seized 
this   city,     but  it  was   ceded  to  the 
house    of   Austria    by    the   peace    of 
Utrecht.  In  1715,  it  was  allowed  to  be 
garrisonedby  Dutch  troops,  as  one  ofthe 
barrier  towns  of  tlie  United  Provinces* 
In  1746,    it   was  again  taken  by  the 
French,  but  restored  at  the  peace  of 
Aix-la-Cha|)elle.  In  1781,  the  emperor 
Joseph  II.  destroyed  tlie  fortification* 
of  all  the  barrier  towns,  except  these  of 
Namur,  from  which,  however,  in  viola- 
tion of  solenui  treaty,  he  expelled  the 
Dutch  garrison.     In  1792,  it  was  once 
more  taken  by  the   French  ;  but  they 
were  compelled  to  evacuate  it  the  fol- 
lowing year.     It  soon  afterwards,  how- 
ever, again  fell  into  their  hands.     It  is 
seated  between  two  mountains,   at  the 
confluence  of  the  Maese  and  Sambre, 
24  miles  W  S  W  of  Liege,  and  32  S  E 
of  Brussels.    Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50  29  N. 
.y<3«c/,   a  famous  city  of  France,  in 
the   department  of  MeiiPthe  and  late 
dtitchy  of  Lorrain,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  conUins   74,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
divided  by  a  canal,   into  the  old  tow» 
and  new.     The  first  though  irregular- 
ly built,  is  very  populous,  and  contains 
tbe    ducal     palace.      The    priniatial 
church  is  a  magnificent  structure,  and 
in  that  of  the  Cordeliers  arc  the  tombs 
of  the  ancient  dukes  of  Lorrain.     The 
new  town  wliose  streets  are  perfectly 
straight,  was  already  one  of  the  finest 
in    Europe,     before    the    magnificent 
works  with  which  Stanislaus  I,  titular 
king  of  Poland,  and  duke  of  Lorrain, 
enriched  it.    The  cathedral  is  a  superb 
structure.     Nanci   is  25  miles  S  by  E 
of  Mctz,  iind  212  E  of  Paris.     Lon.  6 
17  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

KaKjio,  an  island  ofthe  ArchipcKigo, 
a  little  til  the  N  of  that  of  Santorini. 
It  is  16  miles  in  circimiference,  and  a- 
bounds  with  partridges,  but  has  no  bar- 
hour.  The  mountains  are  nothing  but 
bun-en  rocks,  and  tlicro  ate  no  springs 


A  N 

the  county  of  Naniur, 
astlc,  several  Ibrts  and 
Thi$   castle  is  built  iu 
tlie  town  on   u  crai^gy 
2,  this  place  was  taken 
in  person,  after  a  siege 
;  but  in  1695,  it  was  ta- 
/'jlliam,  after  a  lon^  and 
Uhouj^l)  it  was  defended 
under  the   command  of 
ers,   and   m^shal  Ville- 
neighbourhood,   at   the 
0.     On  thcdei^thof  Cha. 
pain   the  French  seized 
it  it   was   ceded  to  the 
stria    by    the   peace    of 
15,  it  was  allowed  to  be 
.)utc!i  troops,  as  one  of  the 
of  tlie  United  Provinces* 
vas  again  taken  by  the 
'estored  at  the  peace  of 
le.  In  1781,  the  emperor 
stroycd  tlie  fortifications 
er  towns,  except  tliesc  of 
which,  however,  in  viola- 
treaty,  he  expelled  the 
HI.    In  ir92,  it  was  once 
r  the   Fi-eneh ;  but  they 
ed  to  evacuate  it  the  fol- 
It  soon  afterwards,  how- 
ill  into  their  hands.     It  is 
en  two  mountains,   at  the 
the  Maese  and  Sambrc„ 
i  W  of  Liege,  and  32  S  £ 
Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50  29  K. 
amous  city  of  France,  in 
<nt  of  Meurthe  and  latr 
■rain,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
'4,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
canal,   into  tlie  old  town 
lie  first  though  irregutar- 
ry  populous,  and  contains 
palace.      The    priniutial 
lagnificcnt  structure,  and 
Cordeliers  arc  the  tombs 
t  dukes  of  Lorr.iin.     The 
lose  streets  are  perfectly 
already  one  of  the  finest 
before    the    magnificent 
irhicli  Stanislaus  I.  titular 
d,  and  duke  of  Lorrain, 
I'he  cathedral  is  a  superb 
Janc'i   is  25  miles  S  Uv  E 
212  E  of  Paris.    Loii.  ft 

n  N. 

island  of  the  Archipclajjo, 
le  N  of  that  of  Santorini. 

in  circumference,  and  a- 
jai'tridgcs,  but  has  no  har- 
unmtains  are  nothing  but 

and  tlicri:  ace  no  springs 


M  O  N 

8i'ffici«ht  t6  water  tlie  fields.  The  in- 
hahitants  are  all  Greeks,  and  their 
trade  is  in  onions,  wax,  and  honey. 
'I'he  niins  of  the  temple  ofA|>olloare 
jet  to  be  seen,  and  consist  chiefly  of 
marble  columns.  Lon.  26  lU  E,  lut. 
36  15  N. 

Nangasacki,  a  city  of  Japan  in  the  is- 
land of  Ximo-Fiscn,  with  a.  well  fre- 
quented harlinur.  The  inhabitants  car- 
ry on  a  great  trade  with  the  Chinese 
and  Dutch.  The  latter  are  never  suf- 
fered to  come  into  the  city,  unless 
when  their  ships  arri»e,  and  then  they 
deliver  up  their  guns,  helms,  and  sails, 
as  pledges  of  their  good  behaviour. 
Lon.  128  32  E,  lat.  33  32  N. 

Kang-iang-foii,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  built  on  lake 
Poyang,  and  containing  four  cities  of 
the  third  elass  under  its  Jurisdiciion. 

Nwijemoy,  a  post  town  in  Cliarles 
ooimty,  Maryland ;  situated  on  the  N 
E  side  of  Nanjemoy  river,  six  miles  W 
by  S  of  porl  Tobacco,  and  4-1  S  of  the 
city  of  Wiiahingtnn. 

Nan-ting,  or  Kiang-ning-fou,  a  city 
of  China,  and  capital  of  the  |)rovince 
of  Ki:uig-nan,  and  said  to  liave  been 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the 
world.  It  is  still  the  largest  in  China, 
being  17  miles  in  circumference,  and 
three  distant  from  the  river  Vang-tise- 
kiang,  from  which  canals  are  cut,  so 
large,  that  vessels  may  enter  the  town. 
Nan-king  has  lost  much  of  its  ancient 
splendotir ;  it  had  formerly  a  magnili- 
cent  palace,  no  vestige  of  wliirh  is  now 
to  be  seen  ;  an  observatory  at  present 
neglected,  temples,  tombs  of  the  em- 
perors, and  ovher  huporl)  monumonts, 
of  which  nothing*  '-...uiins  but  the  re- 
membrance. A  third  of  the  city  is  de- 
serted, but  the  rest  is  well  inhabited. 
Some  quarters  of  it  are  extremely  po- 
pulous, and  full  of  business.  The 
streets  are  not  so  broad  as  those  of  Pe- 
king ;  they  are,  however,  very  beautiful, 
well  paved,  and  bordered  with  rich 
shops.  The  public  buildings  are  mean 
except  a  few  temples,  the  city  gates, 
and  a  tower  of  porcelain,  200  feet 
high.  It  is  500  miles  S  S  E  of  Pckin. 
Lon.  119  25  E,  lat.  32  46  N. 

Nan-ngan-fnu,  a  beautiful  anil  populous 
city  of  China  in  the  most  southern  part  of 
tlie  province  of  Kiang-si;  it  is  a  beau- 
tiful, populous  and  commercial  city,  and 
muc!i  frequented.  It  contains  in  its  dis- 
trict, four  cities  of  the  third  class.  It 
h  200  miles  N  bv  E  of  Canton 


NAN 

Nan-tchang-fon,  a  city  of  China,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Kiang-si.  It  is 
the  residence  of  a  viceroy,  -.i  A  ( om- 
prehends  eight  citits  in  its  distiirt. 

Nantesf  an  ancient  rich  aiidvcrr  con- 
siderable town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  and  hue  pro- 
vince of  Bretagnc.  It  formerly  had  r 
university,  and  »  bishop's  sec,  and  was 
tlie  rcsidencosiof  the  dukes  of  Bretagne, 
who  built  a  strong  castle  on  the  side  of 
the  river  which  still  exists.  The  ca- 
thedral  contains  the  tombs  of  the  an- 
cient ilnkcH.  The  bridges  over  the 
Loire,  in  which  are  some  islands,  are 
almost  a  league  in  length.  Tlie  suburbs 
are  so  large  that  they  exceed  the  city. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  60,000. 
Since  the  peace  in  1783,  Nantes  h.is 
had  a  considerable  sliare  in  the  com* 
merce  with  the  United  States.  A  great 
quantity  of  salt  is  made  in  theteiTitory 
of  Nantes,  both  at  tlic  bay  of  Boiirgneuf, 
and  in  the  salt  marshes  of  Geurandc 
and  Croisis  Large  ves.sels  can  come 
no  higher  than  port  Lunn,Vi,  where 
they  are  unloaded  into  sni.illcr  vessels 
which  go  up  to  Nantes,  bt  ,g  a  dis- 
tance  of  12  miles.  It  was  in  this  place 
tliat  Henry  IV.  promulg.ited  tlie  finvMis 
edict,  in  1598,  in  favour  of  liie  Protes- 
tants, which  was  revoked  in  1685,  by 
Lewis  XIV.  !n  1796,  the  theatre  here 
took  fire,  during  a  time  of  perform- 
ance, and  several  persons  lo.st  their 
lives.  Nantes  is  58  miles  S  by  E  of 
Renncs,  and  217  S  \'r  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  45  W,  Lit.  47  13  N. 

Kanttia,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  situate  at  tlie  extremity  of  a 
great  lake  of  the  same  name,  18  miles 
S  E  of  Bourg.  Here  Charles  the  Bold 
was  int''rred. 

Nantucket,  an  island  of  North  Ameri- 
ca,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  of 
which  it  is  a  county.  The  inhabitants 
of  which  have  a  considerable  whale 
fishing  on  the  coast,  and  even  in  Green- 
land. It  lies  to  the  S  of  Cape  Cod,  and 
is  a  low,  sandy,  and  barren  island,  tho 
inhabitants  depend  almust  entirely  on 
the  watry  element  for  subsistence.  It 
contains  5617  inhabitants, 

Nantucket,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Nantucket,  situateu  on  a  baion,  the 
north  side  of  the  island,  in  the  Lit.  of 
41°  18'  N,  and  long,  of  70"  10'  W,  at  the 
distance  of  120  miles  S  E  of  Boston.' 
It  is  a  post  town  and  port  of  entrv. 
The  islwidcontainn  5fil7  in'.inhitants,  andl 


si;- 


NAP 


N  A  P 


bclonj^g  to  the  state  of  Massacliusetts. ' 
Napul,  a proviiKC  of  Hindooston  Pro- 
per, bounded  Oi  the  S  by  Ualiar  on 
the  W  by  Oude  and  Rohilcund,  on  the 
N  W  by  Siiinagur,  andonlhe  NE  and 
E  by  the  ridge  of  Mountains  called  Him- 
iiialcli,  by  wiiicli  it  is  sipariited  from 
Tliibet.   Catinandu  is  tlie  capital. 

Niplcs,  a  kingdom  of  Itily,  compre- 
hendmg  llie  ancient  countries  of  Sam- 
ninni,  Campania,  Apulia,  and  Magna 
Gra:cia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  W  by 
the  L;cclesia8tirid  State,  on  the  S  and 
"\V  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  tiie 
Ebv'the  gulf  of  Venice.  Its  eMcnt 
from  N  \V  to  S  E  is  280  miles,  and 
from  N  .1  to  S  W  from  96  to  100.  It  is 
divided  into  12  prcAinces  ;  namely,  'I'er- 
ra  ni  Lavora,  (the  aiicJent  Canijjania 
felix)  Principalr)  Citeriore  and  Ulie- 
vlorc,  Molisc,  BasilicHta,  Cal.'ihria  Ci- 
teriore and  L'iteriore,  Ahruzzo  Cite- 
riore anfl  Ulleriwre,  Capilanata,  Ter- 
ra di  Bari,  and  li-rra  d'Otranto  ;  the 
last  three  forming  the  ancient  Apulia, 
now  called  Piiglia,  on  the  K  side  ot 
the  kingdom.  After  many  rcvohitiouH, 
the  Normans  became  masters  of  this 
••(mntry,  in  the  eleventli  century  i  aiid 
the  sovereigns  \vere  called  counts,  then 
tlukcs,  a'ld  afterwards  kings  of  Puglia: 
but  in  1282,  Peter  III.  king  of  Arra- 
Ifon,  caused  all  the  Normans  in  the 
island  of  Sicily  to  be  massacred  ;  and 
this  massacre  was  called  the  Sicilian 
Vespers.  After  this,  Puglia  was  join- 
ed to  Sicily  i  and  hence  tlie  sovereigns 
took  the  title  of  King  of  the  Two  Sici- 
lies. It  lias  also  hetn  called  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  from  the  city  of  that 
name  which  is  its  capital.  France  and 
Spain  contended  for  the  sovereignty  in 
the  setpiel,  and  bloody  wars  and  revo- 
hitiona  ciisued.  The  country  wa.'i  then 
torn  by  the  contentions  of  Prance  snd 
Spain  for  its  sovereignty.  The  French 
being  defeatcdhy  the  Spaniards  in  1504, 
Lewis  XII.  was  obliged  formally  to 
ji-ive  up  all  pretensions  to  the  crown, 
and  the  country  was  governed  by  Span- 
ish viceroys.  In  164",  happened  the 
dreadful  insurrection  of  Massauiello  in 
the  city  of  Naples,  by  which  the  Span- 
iards were  nearly  expelled.  The  peo- 
ple, however,  retm-ning  to  their  alle- 
giance, on  the  assassination  of  Massa- 
nicllo,  the  Spaniards  continued  in  peace- 
a|jle  possession  of  the  kingdom  till 
1707,  when  it  was  conrj^iered  by  prince 
Eugene,  ard  ceded  to  the  Emperor  by 
J^c  treaty  of  Hastadt,  in  1714.    U  was 


recovered,  however,  by  the  Spaniardsr 
in  1734,  i  and  the  eldest  son  of  the  king 
of  Spain  is  now  king  of  Naples  and  Si- 
cily.    The  title  of  the  king's  eldest  son 
is  prince  of  Calabria.     The  climate  of 
N.ipleB  is  extremely  hot,  esijecially  in 
July,  August,   and  September  ;  and  in 
said  to  be  one  of  the  most  inconstant 
and  unfavourable  to  valetudinari.ins.  In 
some   seasons  it  rains  every  day  for  six 
or   seven    weeks   together.    In   winter 
there  is  seldom  any  ice  or  snow  except 
on  the  mountains.     But  the  most  disa- 
greeable part  of  the   climate  is  the  si- 
rocc,  or  S  E  wind,  which  is  very  com- 
mon in  May,  and  is   infinitely  more  re- 
laxing, and   gives   rise  to  vapours  in  a 
much  iiigher  degree,  than  the  worst  of 
the  rainy  montli  of  November,  in  Great 
Britain.     In  winter  there  is  seldom  any 
ice  or  snow,  except  on  the  mountains. 
The  country,  on  account  of  its  fertility, 
IS  justly  termed  a  terrestrial  paradise  : 
for    it   abounds  with  ."  sf  .i»  of  gi-ain, 
the  finest  fruits  and  rit   ,  flax,  oil,  and 
wine,   safli-on,    garden  productions    of 
eiery  kind,  with  m.auna,  allum,  vitriol, 
sulphur,    rock-crystal,    marble   in   the 
greatest  plenty  and  perfection.     It   af- 
fords also  wool   and  silk,   and   sever.al 
sorts  of  minerals.     Besides  the  manu- 
factures noticed  in  the   account  of  the 
city  of  Naples,  waistcoats,  caps,  stock- 
ings,  and   gloves  are  also  made  of  the 
hair  or  filaments  of  a  shell-fish,   which 
are  warmer  than  those  of  wool,  and  of 
a  beautiful  glossy  green.    The  princi' 
pal    mountains    are    the    Appennines, 
which  traverse  this  from  S  to  N,    and 
the   cclebr.ited   volcano.   Mount  Vesu- 
vius, five    Italian  miles    froiii    Naples. 
One  of  the  greatest   inconveniences  to 
which  this  kingdtnn  isexi)osed  is  earth- 
quakes   (see  C'i((iil>ria)  which  tiie  erup- 
tions of  Mount  Vesuvius  contribute,  in 
some   measure,   to  prevent.     Another 
inconvcniency   is  the  gi  eat  number  of 
reptiles  and  in.sects  engeiulored  by  the 
heat,  some  of  which  are  very  poisonous. 
The  established   religion  is  the  Roman 
catholic  i  and  the  clergy  and  convents 
were    said    to    possess   formerly   two 
thirds  of  the  whole  kingdom.     The  in- 
habitants  of  this   country  have,  at  all 
times,  borne  hut  an  indiflercnt  charac- 
ter among  other  nations.  Provisions  arc 
plentiful  and  cheap,   therefore  the  low- 
er class   of    people    work   but   little ; 
their  delight  is   to  bask  in  the  sun  imd 
to   do  nothing.     Persons  of  a   middle 
rank  pass  too  much  of  their  time  in  cof- 


1  A  P 

vcvcr,  by  the  Spaniardir 
le  eldest  son  of  tlie  king 
kiii(»'  of  Naples  and  Si- 
of  tlie  k'nif^'s  tiUlest  son 
iilabrm.    'I'iie  climate  of 
eniely  hot,  eij|)eclally  in 
iind  September  ;  and  i» 
of  tlie  most  inconstant 
le  to  valetudinarians.  In 
t  rains  every  day  for  six 
ks   together.    In    winter 
any  ice  or  snow  except 
ns.     But  tliC  most  disa- 
)f  the   climate  is  the  si- 
ind,  which  is  very  com- 
iiid  is   infinitely  more  re- 
ives  rise  to  vapours  in  a 
k'};-iTe,  than  the  worst  of 
li  tii  November,  in  Great 
inter  there  is  seldom  any 
xcept  on  the  mountains. 
«n  accoimtof  its  fertility, 
^d  a  terrestrial  ])aradise  : 
with  v"  sr.is  of  (jrain, 
is  and  rii   ,  flax,  oil,  anil 
g'ai'den  productions    of 
itii  manna,  alhim,  vitriol, 
crystal,    marble   in    the 
y  and  perfection.    It   af- 
il  and  silk,   and  several 
als.     liesides  the  manu- 
ed  in  the   account  of  the 
,  waistcoats,  caps,  stock- 
)vcs  are  also  ma<ic  of  the 
Its  of  a  shell-fiah,   wliicli 
lan  those  of  wool,   and  of 
lossy  (jreen.    The  princi' 
1    are    the    Appennincs, 
iC  this  from  S  to  N,    and 
il   volcano.   Mount  Vesu- 
ian  miles    from    Najiles. 
eatcst  inconveniences  to 
pdoiii  is  exposed  is  earth- 
','iii'uaria)  which  the  erup- 
t  Vesuvius  contribute,  in 
;,  to  prevent.     Another 
is  the  gi  eat  number  of 
Ksects  enpciukred  by  the 
which  are  very  poisonous. 
;d   rcliijion  is  the  Honian 
the  clerg-y  and  convents 
I    possess   formerly    two 
^•hole  kiii(>-doni.     'i'lie  in- 
his   country  have,  at  all 
lilt  an  indifl'crcnt  char.-.c- 
:r  nations.  Provisions  arc 
lieap,   therefore  the  low- 
leoplc    work   but   little ; 
s    to  bask  in  the  sun  and 
'.     Persons  of  a   middle 
nucli  of  their  time  in  cof- 


NAP 

fee-houses,  and  places  of  public  resort; 
few  pursue  their  rallin{i^s  with  the  7,eal 
»iul  activity  we  are  wont  to  meet  with 
ill  the  professional  men  of  colder  coun- 
tries. {Jlu'iloiiy  is  a  mucli  more  pre- 
floininant  vice  tlian  ehriety,  of  wiiich 
instances  arc  extremely  rare.  In  tlie 
female  sex,  the  passion  for  finery  is  al- 
niost  superior  to  all  others,  anil,  not- 
withstandinfj  any  cllect  tlie  genial 
warmth  of  the  climate  may  have  on  ll\e 
constitution  of  a  Neapolitan  woman, 
Mr.  Swinburne  doubts  whether  s!ic 
would  not  nine  times  out  of  ten  prefer 
a  present  to  a  lover  ;  yet  I  apprehend 
rhastity  is  r.ot  tli';  characteristic  virtue 
of  this  place  more  than  it  is  of  any  other 
populous  metropolis  ;  that  fiuious  jea- 
lou.sy  for  which  the  natiim  was  so  re- 
markable some  generations  ago,  is  al- 
most eradicated  ;  the  breach  of  tin; 
conjugal  vow  sometimes  occasions  quar- 
rels and  assassinalions  a;nong  people  of 
an  infarior  station,  but  t!ic  case  i«  rare, 
and  rivalry  between  lovers  is  moic  frc- 
qucntly  productive  of  such  scene  s.  Of 
these  vices,  many  are  doubtless  owing 
to  the  slavery  and  oppression  under 
wliich  they  gro.an,  and  to  a  radical  dc- 
Ffct  in  the  administration  of  justice. 

Naples,  an  ancient  and  large  com- 
mcrciid  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  with  an  arehbi. 
shop's  see,  and  an  university,  Ivingin 
the  province  called  Terra  di  Lr.vora. 
It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  the  b.iy  of 
Naples,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  in 
the  world,  being  almost  of  a  round  fi- 
gure, of  about  .30  miles  diameter,  ami 
tlirce  parts  of  it  sheltered  with  a  noble 
lircuit  of  woods  and  mountains.  Il  iu 
built  in  the  form  of  a  vast  iuiijihithta- 
fre,  sh)ping  from  the  hills  to  the  sea. 
Allliougli  the  style  "f  arrhitectvirc  is 
infi  rior  to  what  prevails  at  Koine,  and 
it  cannot  vie  with  that  city  in  the  num- 
l)or  of  palaces,  or  in  the  magnificence 
nf  the  churches,  the  private  houses,  in 
gencrHl,  arc  better  built.  The  circum- 
ference, including  the  suburiis,  is  said 
not  to  be  less  than  18  Italian  miles,  and 
the  number  of  the  inhabitants  therein 
little  less  than  400,000.  The  houses 
are  of  stone,  flat -roofed,  and  generally 
lofty  and  tmiform ;  but  many  of  Ihein 
have  balconies,  with  lattice-windows. 
The  streets  arc  well  paved  ;  but  they 
are  not  liji^-lited  at  night,  and  in  the  day- 
time are  disfigured,  in  many  places,  by 
st.'dis,  on  which  provisions  are  exposed 
to  sale.     Here  arc  a  great  number  of 


NAP 

fine  cliurchcs,  convents,  fountains,  ami 
jialuces  of  the  nobility,  many  of  whom 
constantly  reside  here.  It  is  usual  to 
walk  on  the  tops  of  tiic  houses  in  the 
evenings,  to  breathe  the  sweet  cool 
air,  after  a  hot  sultry  day.  'I'he  cli- 
mate here  is  so  mild  and  warm,  even 
in  the  winter,  that  plenty  of  green 
pease,  artichokes,  asjjarag-.is,  and  other 
vegetables,  may  be  had  so  early  as  the 
beginning  of  tlie  new  year,  and  even  all 
the  winter,  'i'he  fortress  of  St.  Klino 
is  built  on  amoiimainof  the  same  name, 
and  h.as  the  entire  command  of  the 
town.  Lower  down  on  the  same  moun- 
tain, in  a  delightful  situation,  is  a  con- 
vent of  Carthusians,  on  wiiicl;  much 
e.xpence  has  been  lavished,  to  render 
the.  building  and  the  gardens  equal  to 
the  situation.  Naples  is  admirably  si- 
tuate fiir  commerce,  and  has  all  tiie  ne- 
cessaries and  lu.vuries  of  life  in  great 
profusion  ;  but  trade  is  in  a  languishinjf 
condition.  Pictures,  statues,  and  anliqui- 
tl(  b,  are  not  so  comniin  in  Na[)le»  as 
might  be  expected  in  so  great  and  an- 
cient a  city,  many  of  Uie  most  valuable 
pieces  having  been  sent  to  Spain  by  the 
vicerojs.  Owing  to  tlie  populousnesB 
of  the  place,  n;any  of  its  streets  are 
more  crowded  than  those  of  London, 
and  a  g-rcat  proportion  of  the  poorest 
fort  are  obliged  to  spend  the  night  in 
them  fiir  want  of  habitations.  There 
is  not  a  city  in  tlie  world,  |)crhaps, 
with  the  same  iiui'ihi  r  of  inhabitants, 
in  which  softwi ■oiurihiilc  to  the  wealtli 
of  the  cominiinity,  by  useful  and  pro- 
ductive labour,  as  Naples  ;  for  tlie 
number  of  |)ri'!sts,  monks,  fiddlers,  law- 
yers, noliilily,  footmen,  and  lazzarnni, 
or  vagabonds,  KiirjiasKes  all  rcasimablo 
proportion  j  and  liie  last  alone  are  com- 
puted at  above  ;;0,000.  The  greater 
part  of  these  wretches  have  no  dwel- 
ling-houses, bu'i.  sleep  every  night  un- 
der porticos,  piazzas,  or  any  kind  of 
shelter  they  can  .Hnd.  Those  of  tliem 
who  ha\e  wives  and  children,  live  in 
the  suburbs  of  Najilcs  near  Peusilippo, 
inliuts,  or  in  carerns  or  chambers  dug 
out  of  that  mountain.  They  are  genc- 
r.ally  repre.seiitf d  as  a  lazy,  licentious, 
and  tiirl)ulent  set  of  pco|)!o,  as  indecil 
by  farthc  greater  jjartof  llie  rabble  are, 
who  piofcr  beggingor  robbing,  or  tun- 
ning errands,  to  any  fixed  and  pcrnia- 
nint  cm)iloynitntm^Yclfllieri.-  are  in  Na- 
))los  some  fli'uriii'iing  manufactures, 
particularly  of  silk  sto' kings,  soap, 
uJl'-boses  of  tortoise  shells,  and  the 


iT  AP 


N  A  R 


lavtt  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  tables,  and  or-  < 
namental  furniture  of  m.wble.    The  ci- 
ty   ii   supplied   witli  a  vast  quantity  of 
wiftiT,  by  means  of  a  vi-ry  costly  aque-  ( 
duif,  from  tlie  foot  of  Mo'unt  Vesuvius. ; 
The   nobility   are  excessively   find  of 
Splendoiu-  and  sliow ;  as  appears  by  the  j 
brilliancy  of  their  equi]iaj>cs,  the  num  i 
her  of  their  attendants,  the  richness  of  j 
their  dress,  and  the  grandeur  of  their 
titles.    The   k\n^,  it  is  said,  counts  a 
hundred  persons  with  thetitle  of  prince, 
«nd  still  a  greater  luunbcr  with  that  of 
duke,  ainoiipf  his   siihjccls.     A  few  of 
tliese"  have  estates,  from  10  to  13,000/. 
A  year;  a  considerable  number  have 
fortunesofab(nit  half  that  amount;  and 
the  annual  revenue  of  many  is  luulci' 
2000/.    The  inferior  orders  of  nobilit> 
arc   much   poorer;    many  counts   and 
marquises  not  havinp  400/.  a  year  pa- 
ternal estate  ;  many  still  less  ;  and  not 
a  few  enjoy  the  tillc  without  any  estate 
whatever.'  Althonjjli  the  churches  and 
convents  of  Naples  arc  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  those  at   Rome  in  point  of 
wchitccture,  they  surpass  them  in  rich 
jewels,  and  in  the  quantity  of  silver  and 
golden  crucifixes,  vessels  and  other  or- 
naments.   Of  all  the  palaces,  that  ff 
the  king  is  not  only  the  m  ;st  magnifi 
cent,  but  also  in  the  best  style  of  ar- 
chitecture.    The  cathedral  though  Go. 
thic  is  a  very  splendid  edifice.     Here 
.ire  kept  the  "head  and  blood  of  St.  Ja- 
iiuarius,  the  tutelary  saint  of  Naples  ; 
the  latter  in  two  glass  or  crystal  vials. 
The  ))retcnded  Hquefiiction  of  the  dry 
Jjlood,  as   soon   as    brought  ne.ir  the 
head  of  the  saint,  is  well  known  ;  and 
Mr.  Addison  s.tys,  it  is  one  of  the  most 
bungling  tricks  he  erer  saw.  The  har- 
bour, which  is  spacious,  is  kept  in  good 
rc]i«ir.    It  is  protected  by  a  mole,  two 
castles,  and  several  batteries,  but  these 
rould  not  protect  the  city  from  a  bom- 
bardment.   The    mole  runs    above    a 
quarter  of  a   mile  into  the  sea,  and  at 
the  extremity  has  a  high  lantern  to  di- 
i\  ct  ships  safely  into  the  harbour.   Na- 
ples is  110  miles  S  E  of  Rome.  217  S 
S   E  of  Fl'irence,  and   300  S  by  E  of 
Venice.    Lon.  U20  E,  lat  40  55  N. 

Napoli-di-Mahasia,  a  seaport  of  Tur- 
key in  the  Morca,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Malvasia,  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  of  Napoli-di-Rrma- 
ui.  It  is  very  strong,  and  defended  by 
a  good  citadel  ;  has  a  Pne  harbour,  and 
a  long  wornlen  bridge  which  joins  it  to 
th£  mainland.    It  jpves  name  tq  tUat 


excellent  wine  called  Malmsey)  Mft 
was  anciently  noted  for  the  temple  of 
i€scul;tpius.  It  is  42  miles  S  E  of  Na- 
poli-di-Romania.  Lon.  23  22  £,  lat. 
56  57  N. 

N:tpoli-di'Romania,  a  seaport,  and 
an  archienlscopal  town  of  Turkey  in 
the  Morea,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  .i 
bay  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  large 
harbour,  with  a  narrow  mouth,  through 
which  one  ship  only  can  enteral  a  tune, 
and  is  inhabited  bv  60,000  Greeks,  be- 
sides  people  of  dittisrent  nations,  and 
very  strong  both  by  nature  and  art.  It 
is  56  miles  S  W  of  Athens-  Lon.  234 
E,  lat.  37  36  N. 

If  lira,  a  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island 
of  Niphon,  with  -i  magnificent  castle, 
25  miles  N  VV  of  Meaco.  Lon.  134  15 
E,  Lit.  35  50  N. 

Nurbath,  a  town  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  hag 
an  old  ca.stle,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  12 
miles  N  E  of  Pembroke,  and  229  W  by 
N  of  London.  Lon.  4  46  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Ncrbnnne,  an  ancient  city  <tf  France, 
in  the  department  of  Aude  and  iute 
province  of  Lower  Languedoc.  Before 
the  revolution  of  1789,  it  was  an  archi- 
epi.scopal  see.  In  the  time  of  the  Ho- 
mans,  it  was  the  capital  of  thatpart  of 
Gaul,  called  Gallia  Naibonensis s  and 
here  the  emperor  Marcus  .\ureliii8  wns 
born.  Some  Roman  inscriptions,  in 
different  parts  of  the  city,  are  still  visi- 
ble i  and  the  canal,  from  the  river 
Aude,  through  the  citv,  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, by  which  vessels  come  close 
lip  to  it,  was  cut  by  the  Romans.  Nar- 
bonne  is  famous  for  its  hon^y,  and  the 
cathedral  is  remarkable  for  its  noble 
choir.  It  is  fi\-e  miles  from  the  Medi- 
!crrane.in,  and  75  F.  bv  S  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  3  6E,  lat.  43 H'n. 

Narberough,  an  island  of  South  A- 
merica,  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  so  called 
because  Sir  John  Narborough  refresh- 
ed his  men  here,  when  sent  to  the  S 
Sea  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Lon. 
74  35  W,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Narcondam,  a  barren  rock  rising 
abrtiptly  out  of  the  Indian  ocean,  unin- 
habited, and  seemingly  destitute  of  ve- 
getation. It  is  about  20  leagues  E  of 
the  Andamans 

Nardo,  .an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Ten-a  d'Otranto.  In  this  little  town 
there  are  8000  inhabitants  ;  it  is  20 
miles  N  W  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  16  E, 
lat.  40  18  N. 

Narntta,  n.  town  of  Turkey  in  Dal-' 


guii 


TAR 

;   called   Malmsejrt  m) 
noted  for  the  temple  of 
It  is  42  miles  S  E  of  Na- 
iu.     Lon.  23  22  £,   lat. 

vmania,  a  seaport,  and 
opal  town  of  '1'iirk.ey  in 
ealed  at  the  bottom  of  a 
|ne  name.  It  has  a  larg^e 
a  narrow  motitli,  throuj;h 
ponlvcan  enter  at  a  tune, 
;db\' 60,000  Greeks,  be- 
of  ciiH'crent  nations,  and 
It!)  by  nalvirc  and  art.  It 
W  of  Athens.  Lon.  234 
N. 

vn  of  Japan,  in  the  island 
riilj  .1  marpiilicent  castle, 
r  of  Meaco.  Lon.  134  15 
M. 

town  in  Pembrokesliire, 

on  Wednesday.     It  has 

and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  X2 

Pembroke,  and  229  \V  l)y 

Lon. 4  46  W,  lat.  51  50  N, 

m  ancient  city  of  France, 

tment  of  Aiide  and  i;ite 

owep  Lanfruedoc.   Uefore 

I  of  1709,  it  was  an  !irchi> 

In  the  time  of  tlic  Uo- 

the  capital  jf  that  part  of 

Gallia  Narboncnsis;  and 

?ror  Marcus  Aurcliiis  n'lis 

Roman   inscriptions,    in 

s  of  the  city,  are  still  visi. 

e   canal,    from   the  river 

fli  the  city,  to  the  Medi- 

which  vessels  come  close 

cut  by  the  Romans.  Nar- 

lus  for  its  honey,  and  the 

remarkable  for*  its  noble 

ive  miles  from  the  Medi- 

d   75  F.  bv  S  of  Toidoiise. 

lat.  43  UN. 

,  an  island  of  South  A- 
c  coast  of  Chili,  so  called 
ohn  Narboroiigli  refresh- 
here,  when  sent  to  the  S 
ijyn  of  Charles  II.  Lon. 
45  ON. 

,  a  barren  rock  rising 
)f  the  Indian  ocean,  unin- 
seemiitgly  destitute  of  ve- 
is  about  20  leagues  E  of 
s 

■piscopal  town  of  Naples, 
ranto.  In  this  little  town 
DO  inhabitants  ;  it  is  20 
'  Otrimto.     Lon.  18  16  E, 

town  of  Turkey  in  Daf-' 


I?  A  R 

natia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a 
eulf  of  the  same  name,  46  miles  N  E 
ef  Ragusa.   Lon.  18  27  K,  lat  43  35  N. 

Narnalla,  a  town  of  tlie  Dcccan,  in 
tlie  province  of  lierar,  72  miles  E  of 
Bui-nampuur.  Lon.  77  34  E,  lut.  21 
35  N. 

Kami,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  ni 
Italy,  in  Sabina.  Here  are  th»  ruins 
of  a  marble  bridge,  built  by  AugustuH, 
one  of  'vvhose  arches  was  150  feet  high, 
and  200  broad  ;  as  also  of  an  aqueduct 
titat  brought  water  from  a  spring  at  tl>e 
distance  of  15  miles.  It  contains  a 
great  many  noble  families,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  tl.c  Ncra,  20  miles  S  W  of  Spo- 
Ictto,  aad  40  N  E  of  Home. 

Niirtna,  a  river  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, wliich  issues  from  the  lake  Pei- 
pus,  and  watering  Narva,  Hows  into 
the  gulf  of  Finland,  eight  miles  below 
tliat  town.  It  is  noted  for  two  pictur- 
esque water-falls, pompously  described 
by  travellers,  but  far  infwior  to  that  of 
tlie  Rhine,  at  Schalt'hauscn.  The 
breadth  of  the  river  is  about  200  feet, 
and  the  perpendicular  height  of  tlic 
fails  scarcely  exceeds  20  feet. 

Naraingapatun,  a  town  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Hiadoostun,  in  tlie  tei-ritury  of 
Bi.snagur.  It  was  the  residence  for- 
merly of  a  king,  and  is  situate  4U0 
miles  S  E  of  Bombay.  Lun.  76  10  E, 
lat.  15  30  N. 

N.irva,  a  strong  town  of  the  Hussian 
cm, (ire,  in  Ingria,  or  the  government 
of  I'etcrsbiirgli.  Tiie  houses  are  built 
of  bricL,  stuccoed  white  ;  and  it  has 
more  the  appearance  of  a  German  than 
of  a  Rus.sian  town.  In  the  suburbs, 
called  Ivangorod,  or  John's  town,  the 
colossal  remains  of  an  ancient  iortress, 
built  by  Ivan  Vassilievitch  the  Great, 
impend  in  a  picturesque  manner  over 
the  steep  banks  of  the  Narova.  Near 
Narva  is  the  spot  celebrated  fin*  the 
victory  which  Charles  XII.  in  the  19th 
year  of  his  age  gained  overthe  Russian 
army  in  1700.  The  town  was  taken  by 
the  czar  about  five  years  after,  wlio 
traversed  the  streets  on  horseback  with 
liis  drawn  sword  in  his  hand,  restrain- 
ed his  troops  from  pillage,  and  placed 
guards  at  the  doors  of  the  principal 
Ik.mscs,  and  before  the  churches.  Tlic 
principal  exports  from  Narva  are  hemp, 
flax,  timber,  and  corn  ;  the  imj)oi'ts, 
sail,  tobacco,  wine,  suited  hcrring.s, 
«i)ices,  tea,  S'l^.iv,  and  otlier  grocer> 
vai'Otf.    U  ifl  sittMteii  on  the  Nai-ova, 


N  A  t 

•!ght  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  100  W 
of  Petcrsbui-gh.  Lon.  27  52  E,  lat.  59 
18  N. 

Nurwah,  or  Narviha,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  the  jn'ovince  of  A- 
gra,  seated  a  little  above  the  confluciic* 
of  the  Sinde  with  the  Jumna.  It  vt 
127  miles  S  of  Agra.  Lon.  79  17  E* 
lat.  25  4C  N. 

ifuatby,  a  village  in  Nortliamptonl* 
shire,  famous  for  the  decisive  victory 
gained  by  the  army  of  the  pailinmenb 
over  that  of  Charles  I.  in  1645.  It 
is  12  miles  N  of  Northampton. 

NathviUe,  tb'.  capitid  of  Davidson 
count) ,  T^ncs;.ee  ;  situated  on  the  S 
bank  of  Cumberland  river,  33  miles  S 
by  VVof  Gallutine,  185  Wof  Knoxville, 
tliC-  eripital  of  the  State,  and  737  S  W 
of  Wuihington.  It  contained  346  inha- 
bitunts  at  the  last  census  ;  it  is  a  post 
town,  and  supports  a  considerable  trada 
with  New  Orleans. 

Nassau,  a  county  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine  i  bounded  on 
titc  N  by  Westphalia,  on  the  E  by  '^iie 
county  of  Solnies,  on  the  S  by  the  ter« 
ritory  of  Mentz,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
electorate  of  Treves.  It  is  very  fertile, 
and  contains  miues  of  iron,  coi>per,  and 
lead.  4 

Nittsati,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  ii.tme,  the  house 
of  whose  .sovereign  is  divided  into  seve* 
ral  branches.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Lahn,  12  miles  S  E  of  Coblentz.  Lon. 
7  42  E,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Nassuct,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per,  in  the  province  of  Guzerat,  128 
miles  W  of  Aurungabad,  and  95  S  S 
W  of  Sural.  lA»i.  7i  49  E,  lat.  19 
30  N. 

Ncstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  18  miles  S  E  of^ 
Coblentz,  and  22  N  W  of  Mentz.  Lon. 
7  36  E,  lat,  19  50  N. 

Nata,  a  seaport  of  South  America, 
in  the  government  of  Panama,  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  bay  of  Pa- 
i-ila,  70  miles  S  W  of  Panama.  Lon. 
81  15  W,  lat.  8  10  N. 

Natal,  a  country  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa,  lying  N  E  c)f  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  inhabited  by  the  B.ishman  Hot- 
tentots.    See   Hottentots,    Country  of  the, 

Niitchitocltes,  a  river  of  Louisjjuu, 
which  falls  into  the  Mississippi  at 
Point  Coupee. 

Natalia,  a  country  fornjerly  called 
Asia  Minor.  ItistUe  most  western  part 


IMt 


N  A  V 


N  A  X 


of  Turkey  ill  Ahia,  extending  from  tlie  I  &c.  well  cunstructcd  ;    and   they  arc 


EiiplinitfN  as  t';.r  iin  tlu-  Arcliii)olHtj,-o, 
tlif  straiL  of  G!illi|M)li,  tlic  sl-ii  of  Mar- 
nioni,  and  the  strait  of  Constuiit'moiilc. 
It  is  hi.imdcd  on  tin;  N  l)y  tliu  lllaclt 
Sea,  ami  on  tlic  S  by  the  Mcditeiranc- 
»n.  The  air  m  temperate  and  wliole- 
»oiiie,  and  the  soil  iffiu-rally  fertile. 
It  's  crossed  by  a  eliaiii  of  iiuiuntuins, 
fomierly  culled  Taurns,  from  E  to  ^V. 
and  wulcred  by  u  i,'reat  niliiiber  of  ri- 
»ers. 

Niittaw,  a  town  and  fortress  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hi»^ihK)stun,  in  the  coiuw 
try  of  Madura,  18  miles  N  of  Madura, 
aiid 45  S  S  W  of  'Irichinopoly.  Loii. 
78  18  E,  It.  10  ION. 

A'ui'i/Wno,  a  strong' and  popidous  town 
of  llie  Morea,  with  an  e.\cellent  largjc 
harbour,  defended  by  two  forts.  It  is 
ieatcil  on  a  hill,  near  the  sea,  eight 
miles  N  E  of  Modon,  and  IT  N  W  of 
Curon.     l.on.  :J1  40  E,  l;,t.  37  2  N. 

I\\ivam;  a  kingdom  of  Eurojie,  lyinj? 
between    France    and  Spain,   and  divi- 
ded  into  the  Upper  and   Lower.     The 
Uplfcr  belongs  to  Spain,  and  is  75  miles 
in  length,  and  60  in  bi-eadth.    The  air 
is  more   mild,  temperate,  and  whole- 
some, than  in  the  neighboiuing' provin- 
ces of  Spain  ;  aiu!,  Ihoitj^h  a  mountain- 
ous country,  it  is  pretty  litrtile,  abound- 
ing  in  all   sorts   of  game,  and  in  iron 
nuncs.     It  is  divided  into  five  districts, 
■wliose   capital  towns  are    Pampcliina, 
Estella,  Tudela,  Olita,  and  St.  Cucsca. 
Lower  Na\arre  belongs  to  Eraiice,  and 
now  forms  the  territory  of  B.isques,  and 
dejiartmcnt  of  the  Lower  Pvrenees.    It 
is  separated  from    Sp misli    Navarre  by 
the    Pjrenecs,    ai:(l   ts   a  mountainous, 
barren  country,  20  m.Us  in  length  ami 
12  in  breadth.     From  this  country,  the 
li.te  king  of  France  took  his  otiier  title 
of  the  king  of  Navarre.     See  Patc.is,  St. 
Nuvuirtb-.s,  a  town  of  France  in   the 
department   of  the     Lower    Pyrenees 
and  late  territory  of  Beam,  seated  on 
th«    Gave-d'Oleron,    26   miles   S   E  of 
Bayenne.     Lon.  0  45  W,    lat.  43  19  N. 
Niitiiilad,   a   seaport   of  New  Spain, 
'seated  on  thcPaciiic  Ocean,  350  miles 
W  of  Mexico.     Lon.  106  0  W,  lat.  19 
ON. 

Nitvigiiton-  Islands,  a  cluster  of  Is- 
lands in  the  South  Paciiic  Ocean.  The 
iiihibilants  are  a  strong  and  handsome 
race  ;  scarcely  u  man  to  be  s(;en  among 
them  less  than  .six  feet  hi.^h,  and  well 
proportioned.  Tiie  women  are  deli- 
catclv  bcantif'.d  ;  theiv  «-i;uoes,  liottses 


much  moi  .  advanced  in  internal  |)olicy, 
than  any  of  the  islands  in  this  ocean. 
'I'h'jy  are  surrounded  by  a  coral  reel, 
but  boats  may  land  with  great  safety. 
Lon.  Ui'JO  W,  lat.  14  19  S.  See  Maouna. 
Nitueii,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  Mulille  Marche  <if  Brandenburp. 
Lon.  12  52  E,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Nauenhnf,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  circle  of  Lcipsic,  eight  miles  E 
of  Leipsic. 

Nmimbuig,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  14  miles  W 
S  W  of  CasscI,  and  36  S  W  of  Got- 
tingen.     It  is  situate  on  the  Eder. 

Niiumfmi-g,  a  town  o4'  Ujjpcr  Saxony, 
cajiital  of  tUe  dutchy  of  Saxe  Naum- 
burg,  seated  on  the  Sala,  37  miles  N 
E  of  Erfort,  and  60  W  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

K<tx/.-o-x;  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Laland,  with  a  harbour  com- 
modious for  trade,  imd  a  plentiful  fishe- 
ry here.  It  is  60  miles  S  \V  of  Coi)en- 
hagen.     Lon.  11  31  E,  lat.  54  52  N. 

Mixo»,  or  Ntixia,  a   considerable  is- 
land of  the   Archipelago,   25  miles  in 
length   and  83   in  circumference.     IV 
abounds  with  orange,  olive,  lemon,  ce- 
dar, citron,  pomegranate,  fig,  and  mul- 
berry-treeR;  and  though  it  has  no  har- 
bour, carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  barley,  wine,  oil,  cheese,   figs,  cot- 
ton, silk,  flax,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,   and 
mules.     It  is  inhabited  both  by  Greeks 
and    Latins,   has    four    archiepiscopal 
sees,  and  a  great  many  villages ;    but 
the  whole  island  does  not  contain  above 
8000  inhaimants,  the  highest  mountain 
is  Zia,  which  signifies  the  mountain  of 
Jupiter;    but  there  are   no  antiquities, 
except  some  small  remains  of  u  tem- 
ple of  Bacchus.     The  female  dress  of 
tliis  island  has   something  ridicidous 
in  its  appearaice.    The   two   wings  "♦' 
black  velvet,   which  they  fix  behind  to 
their  shoulders,  are  altogether  prejios- 
terous.     The  Greek  women  at  Smyr- 
na  cover  their  breasts   with  a  single 
gauze  ;  at  Naxia,  they  wear   a   heary 
stomacher  or   breast  piece   of   velvet, 
covered    with    embroidery   and   small 
pearls.      They   add   to    this   romantic 
cumbrous  dress    all   the    cocpictry  of 
behaviour   they    can    assume.      They 
paint,  blacken'thelr  ejebrows  and  eve - 
lushes,   and    cover    their    faces    with 
patches,  nuule  of  a  black  shining  talc, 
which   thcv  Snd   in  the   island.     This 
island  wasauciciitly  famous   for  a  fo.vt 


A  X 

Istructed ;  and  they  are 
llvancetl  in  internal  \m\k\; 
llie  iiiluniU  in  tliist  oci'k'ii. 
[rounded  bv  n  coral  r(!er, 
land  with  (;reat  saR-ty. 
I,  lat.  14  19  S.  See  Maoiim 
|)\vn  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
^1ar<•llC   (if  Brandenburi;^. 

lat.  52  37  N. 

town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
)f  Lcipsic,  eight   miles  E 

a  town   of  Germany,   in 
of  Mentz,    14  miles  W 
iti,  and  36  S  VV  of  Got- 
siluatc  on  the  Edor. 
a  town  o4'  Upper  Saxony, 
diitchy   of  Saxe    Naiini- 
!  on  the  Sala,  37   miles  N 
and  60    W   of  Dresduii. 
,  lat.  51  12  N. 
town  of  Denmark,   in  the 
nd,   with  a  harbour  com- 
rade, and  a  plentifid  fishe- 
H  60  miles  S  W  of  Copen- 

11  31  E,  lat.  54  52N. 
Naxia,  a  conHidcrablc  is- 
Archipelaijo,  25  miles  in 
88  in  circumference.  1; 
h  oranjjc,  olive,  lemon,  ce- 
■)omegfi'anate,  fig,  and  mtil- 
and  though  it  has  no  har- 
s  on  a  considerable  trade 
inc,  oil,  cheese,  figs,  cot- 
,x,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  and 
s  inhabited  both  b}'  Greeks 
has  four  archiepiscupal 
great  many  villages  ;  but 
land  does  not  contain  above 
ants,  the  highest  mountain 
1  si;.;uilies  the  mountain  of 
t  there  are  no  antiquities, 
c  small  remains  of  u  tcni- 
us.  The  female  dre.ss  of 
has  something  ridicidous 
a-.ice.  The  two  wings  "*" 
,  which  they  fix  heiund  to 
crs,  are  altogether  prepos- 
E  Greek  women  at  SmjT- 
eir  breasts  with  a  single 
Juxia,  they  wear  a  henry 
>r  breast  piece  of  velvet, 
h  embroidery  and  small 
cy  add  to  this  i-omantic 
ress  all  the  cof^uctry  of 
icy  can  asstime.  They 
\\  their  cycbi-ows  and  eye- 
covfr  their  faces  with 
le  of  a  black  sliining  lalc, 
find  in  the  i.-iland.  This 
ijciciUly  i';iMiou3   for  a  fiut 


N  E  A 

of  marble  called  ophilus,  from  llii  being 
Hp  ttcil  like  tile  skin  ol' a  serpent,  willi 
Ifjvcn  .111(1  wiiile  sfMls,  (),i  I  lie  num.i- 
Isiiiis  near  the  roasH  of  iho  .Mcililer- 
rancan  is  tiiund  the  l)i>8l  emery,  wiience 
the  iieijriibi'  iriri^-  piMinnilDn  is  by  tlie 
ll.ilijni  (uiled  Cape  SnK'ri)'.'liii.  On 
tin;  .S  side  of  the  isluiul  is  a  town  ile- 
Icnded  by  a  castle.  About  a  g^in.slioi 
t'niiii  lieiice  is  ii  line  iiiiiililc  lower  on  a 
r.ir.'v,  in  the  Miildle  of  a  lie.i))  otstatch 
riiiiiH  iif  liiaibl'-  and  i^ramli',  priibulily 
tlic  reiiuiins  ot  ii.it clius's  u  iiij.le.  L«ii. 
l'()  10  !<;,  lat.  ,16  41  N. 

iV./vj*,  or  Niixiri,  the  capital  of  t!ie 
isle  of  Naxos,  with  a  castle  :iii4  tw.) 
a:'<iiie;)isco(i.il  sf(  s,  the  one  liieck  laxl 
tlic  otiicr  l.aiin.  The  grculesl  pait  nt' 
tin:  inhitbitunts  are  Greeks.  Lon.  '2i 
a')  K,  lat.  37  a  N. 

Xuztirvtii,  a  tnwn  of  I'.ilestinc,  fU- 
moiis  for  bcin;j  tlie  residence  of  Je>iis 
('hi'ist,  in  the  e.a-ly  part  of  his  \\\\j. 
It  is  now  notlinig  bi.t  a  vilhi^e,  where 
tile  monks  of  St.  Francis  iia\e  a  con- 
vent.    Lon.  35  20  E,  hit.  32  30  N. 

Nazareth,  a  post  town  in  iNoithamp- 
tnii  county,  Pciinsylviiiiia,  behniging  to 
the  Unitas  Fratriini,  or  society  of  Mo- 
ravians :  it  is  situ.ited  ten  miles  N  of 
Bethlehem,  eight  W  by  Nof  Easton  on 
the  river  Uelawai-e,  and  (Ji  N  of  I'hi- 
ladeljiliia.  In  lUOU  it  contained  311  in- 
habitants,  distingnislied  fiir  tlieir  in- 
(Uiitry  and  regularity  of  manners,  as 
this  religious  society  generally  is. 

Naze,  or  Cape  Liu  le:ias,  the  most 
soiitliern  promonto'.-v  of  Norway.  Lon 
7  20  E,  lut.  57  30  N. 

Nmigh,  I.ou^h,  a  lake  of  Ireland 
situate  in  tlic  counties  of  Arniagli, 
Down,  Antrim,  Londondeiry,  and  I'y- 
rone.  It  is  the  large.st  in  Europe, 
those  of  Ladoga,  and  Onega  in  Russia, 
and  that  of  Geneva  in  Swisserland,  ex 
cepted,  being  20  miles  1  Mig  and  15 
broad.  It  is  remarkable  fur  a  healin.;' 
virtue,  and  also  for  petrifying  wood, 
which  is  not  otily  fuiiiid  in  tlic  water, 
but  in  the  adjacent  soil,  at  a  considera 
b!e  dcjitli.  On  its  shores  several  beau- 
tifiil  gems  have  been  discovered. 

2ft\ith,  a  corporate  town  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday 
It  is  situate  on  the  Neath,  over  which 
is  a  bridge,  where  small  vessels  conn 
to  luad  coal.  On  the  other  side  of  tin 
river  are  tiie  ruins  of  a  fine  nionaslery. 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  iroi. 
forges,  smelting  works  for  copper,  ami 
coal  mines.     It  i.s  governed  by  a  por- 


NEE 


(reeve,  wlio  is  swiu-ii  In  by  (lie  ilcputy 
idiist.ible  of  liie  c.tstle  of  iNeuth,  anil 
S(  jted  near  the  llrislol  Cli.i  im  I,  ii 
iiiiiei  N  'W  of  l.aiiiiail,  and  2oU  U  hv 
.N  ot  L  .:ulon.  Lon.  3  45  VV,  li.t.  51 
4. J  N. 

iV.'..-/i,  a  river  in  Gl.-.inorganshirc, 
wiiii'i  r.ilis  into  the  MiistolCliiiiinel,  be- 
l.iw  llie  town  ot  Neiitli. 

Neil,  a  ri\tr  in  the  isle  of  Man,  which 
runs  iiilo  il'c  Insh  sea,  at   I'eel  Castle. 

Ne.im,  III'  Nv/juio,  a  ri.ii'eil  city  on  liie 
\V  >nU-  oftlie  island  of  Cn-suii,  wtli  a 
liislmp's  see.  Whose  bishop  rcsitles  ut 
SI.  I'i'  renzo,  a  mile  distant. 

Ncbra,  a  tow. I  in  the  urcle  of  Upper 
.Sa.M>ny,  in  'i  hiiiiiif-ia.  It  is  12  miles 
N  VV  I'f  Naunibnig.  Lon.  11  26  E, 
lat.  51  13  N. 

Ni\'ktir,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  III  ti.e  hliick  Forest,  crosses  the 
di:(eliy  of  vVirtemhurg,  and  tlic  paluti- 
iiate  >-if  the  Kiiine,  and  falls  into  the 
iiliine,  at  Manheim. 

Ncctiirs-Centuiul,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  palatinate  of  tin;  Khiiie,  seated 
on  llie  Neckar.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  49 
2t)  N. 

Nfckara-Ulm,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Franco  lia,  seated  on  tlie 
Neckar.  It  belongs  to  the  grand-mas- 
ter of  the  Teutonic  order.  Lon.  9  5E, 
l..t.  4'J  22  N. 

Nt:Jrjm:i,a  city  of  Algiers,  remarka- 
ble for  its  magnificent  ruins.  Lon.  0 
38  W,  lat.  S3  40  N. 

NeeUnam,  a  town  in  SuiFolk,  with  n 
market  on  Wotlnesdiiy.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Oiwell  ami  has  some  trade  in 
Siilliilk-bhies,  and  cloths  ;  and  women 
are  employed  in  spinn:ng  and  weaving 
lioiitlacc.  It  is  ten  miles  N  VV  of  Ip&- 
witii,  and  7S  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
1  23  E,  lat.  52  15  W. 

Ncciiies,  two  ro(  ks  in  Hampsliire,  N 
of  the  isle  of  Wight  so  called  from 
vlieir  sharp  extremities. 

Nie/iee/ieow,  one  of  the  Sandwiciv 
islands,  five  leagues  VV  of  AtooL 
I'lic  E  coHSL  is  high,  and  rises  abrupt- 
ly from  the  sea  j  the  rest  of  it  consists 
,)!'low  ground,  except  a  round  hlufT 
lead  on  the  S  E  point.  It  prvihices 
■leiity  of  yams,  and  contains  about 
10,000  inliiibitaiits. 

Ncerwiiulcn,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Urabant,  a  Ittle  N  by  \V  of  Landen. 
i^ere  were  fought  two  celebrated  bat- 
les  which  are  bonietlnics  called  by  the 
lanie  of  Neerwinvlcn  ;  the  ow:  in  1693, 
ihe  other  in  1793  wUdi  the  French 
O  o  o 


N  E  G 


N  E  M 


9rfre  cotnpclU-d  in  evocnnte  the  Aui- 
tr'un  NellK'i'hiiiil.t.     See  L.mfcn. 

Kiftii,  u  town  of  tl>e  kMij,'<l"ni  of  Tu- 
nis, 'J.50  miUs  S  l)>  W  of 'liinis.  Loll. 
9  25  E,  lilt  ;U  0  N. 

Nigapatiim,  u  city  of  ilic  poninmilii 
of  MiiulooHtun,  on  tlie  roust  of  Con'- 
m.iii(U'l.  It  wan  fii'Ht  11  folonj  of  tht- 
1*  i'tii)fuo»c,  hilt  W1.8  taken  by  the 
t)t<trh  who  were  tiispoHsessul  of  it  h\ 
the  tnfrlisli  in  1782;  h.t,  by  tlie  peiire 
ofl,*H3,  It  wuii  aj^ircd  lo  bo  restored 
to  tlie  Dutch,  whenever  the\  shoiihl 
gpi\e  an  equivalent  for  it.  Nej^iipatani 
IS  183  TDdrit  S  of  Madrus.  Lun  /9  56 
E,  hit.  10  46  N. 

Ne^unibo,  a  seaport  on  the  W  coast 
of  the  isU*  of  Cc\lon.  It  has  a  fort 
built  bj  the  Portiipiicsi',  which  was 
taken,  in  1640,  by  the  Dutth,  who 
were  tbrccd  to  give  it  up  to  the  Eng- 
liiih  in  February  1796.  Lon.  83  45  E, 
lat  7  30N. 

Negrait,  a  seaport  on  the  E  side  of 
the  bay  of  Ben{j:il,  240  miles  VV  S  \\ 
of  Pegu.     Lon.  94  4E.  lat.  15  50  N. 

Negrii-poiiit,  the  most  westerly  pro 
moiiiory  of  the  island  of  Jamaica. 

tffgro,  Cupr,  a  promontory  of  Africa, 
on  the  W  coast  of  Angola,  being  the 
most  southerly  country  to  which  the 
Ei'.'-opeans  iistiallv  resort  to  purchase 
slav;-s      'on.  10  40  E,  h<t.  15  54  N. 

Negro..  lalanU,  one  of  the  Philippine 
Island.i,  between  Pannay  and  Zvbu. 

KigroUmd,  or  Nigritia,  a  country  of 
Africa,  through  which  the  river  Nipper 
is  supposed  to  run.  It  has  the  great 
desert  of  Zahara  on  the  N,  and 
fltrctthes  far  to  the  S,  but  the  inland 
parts  are  very  little  known  The  Eu- 
ropeans have  man>  settlements  on  the 
coast,  where  they  barter  Eiiropeai) 
giiods  for  slaves,  gold  dust,  and  ele- 
phants, teeth. 

Nrgropont,  an  island  of  Tiirksy  in 
Europe,  the  largest  in  the  Archipela. 
go.  It  was  anciently  calh-d  Eubwa, 
and  is  near  the  N  coast  of  L  vadia, 
8er>aruted  from  it  b\  the  strait  of 
Negropoiit,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  It 
is  90  miles  in  length,  and  25  in 
breadth,  though  in  soine  places  much 
narrower.  It  abounds  in  corn,  wine 
and  fruitft. 

Negroboiii,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  an 
island  of  tlie  same  name,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  good  liar- 
J>our,  which  is  commonly  the  station 
of  the  Turkish  ships  The  walls  of 
th«  city  ia  wbi«k  the  Turks  uiid  Jews 


resiiV,  are  two  miles  and  a  half  io 
circumference  ;  but  the  subuihi, 
where  the  christian*  live,  are  niiich 
larger.  It  was  taken,  in  1469,  frnm 
the  Venetians,  who  attemi'led  to  re- 
take it  in  1688,  without  elicet.  It  ii 
Healetl  on  a  strait  of  the  same  name, 
30  miles  N  £  of  Athens,  and  260  S  W 
•if  Constantinople.  Lon.  24  H  £,  lat. 
38  30  N. 

NcviihatuI,  an  ancient  town  of  Persia, 
in  Inic  Ap^mi,  famous  for  a  buttle 
fought  near  it,  between  the  ralilt  Omar 
and  Yez  DegenI,  king  of  Persia,  in 
1()3H,  when  he  lost  that  kingdom.  It 
is  170  miles  N  W  of  Ispahatn.  Lun. 
47  lOE,  Int.  34  20  N. 

Niiiiemm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
elerti)r*te  of  Mentis,  situated  on  the 
Jaxt.  It  is  33  MiilcR  £  S  £  of  Heidel- 
berg. 

Nridenburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with 
a  castle  on  a  mountain,  75  miles  £  of 
Culm. 

NeiUtnn,  a  village  in  Renfrewsliire, 
to  the  S  of  Pairlcy,  It  is  noted  for  a 
cotton  mituufactory.  Lon.  30  20  E, 
lat.  53  22  N. 

Ntiite,  a  town  of  Silesia,  surrounded 
by  thick  walls  and  dee[>  ditches.  1  he 
bishop  of  Breslaw  generally  reside* 
here,  and  has  a  magnificent  palace. 
The  inhabitants  curry  on  a  considera- 
ble trade  in  linens  and  wine.  This 
place  sufiiered  greatly  in  1/29,  by  an 
inundation  and  a  fire  It  was  taken  by 
the  Prussians  in  1741,  who  after  the 
peace,  in  1743,  built  a  citadel,  to  which 
thev  gave  the  numc  of  Prussia.  It  il 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  27 
miles  N  Eof  Ghitz,  and  35  SE  of  Bre»< 
law      Lon.  17  35  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Ntci'ei.uurg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capita! 
of  a  landgiaMite  of  the  same  name,  20 
miles  N  of  Constance,  and  20  N  E  uf 
Schal.  huusen.   Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47  59  N. 

Nelson,  an  English  settlement  in 
Ni;rth  America,  on  the  ',V  side  of  Hud- 
son's Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
N'elfion,  '25(.>  miles  S  E  of  Churchill 
Fort.  It  belongs  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  who  carry  on  a  great  trude 
i:i  beaver  and  other  skins.  Lon.  92  35 
W,  lat  57  7  N. 

Ne7ii(T(i,  a  village  of  the  Morea,  fa- 
mous for  the  Nenia^un  games  anciently 
celebrated  here. 

Nemours,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
(kpavtment  of  Seine  and  Marne  and  iiite 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  an 
old  castle,  between  two  hilla.    It  ia 


I     IW|».li|,l» 


E  M 


N  E  R 


NET 


Kvd  miles  and  a  lialf  in 
Ic  ;  but  the  mibiiihi, 
I'lii-iiitiuiii  live,  nre  nincU 
lis  tkkcn,  in  1469,  iVdm 
wild  uttt-mi'tcd  to  le- 
m,  without  cliect.  It  it 
itriiit  of  the  Hunie  nume, 
of  AthciiH,  aixl  .26U  S  VV 
[lople.     Lon.  '24  8   £,  lut. 

an  ancient  tnwn  of  Persia, 
mi,  famoiiii  for  a  battle 
t,  between  the  ralilt  Omar 
leijenl,  kinfir  of  Hemiu,  in 
he  lost  tliut  kin)rdom.  It 
N  W  of  Igpahtttn.  Lon, 
34  20  N. 

a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 

Meiit^,   Mitiiiiteil   on    the 

S3  inileM  K  S  b  of  Hcidci- 

a   town  of  Priisgia,  with 
I  mountain,  73  miles  E,  of 

villapre   in  Renfrewahire, 

Vaiflcy.     It  is  noted  for  a 

ufactory.      Lon.  20  20  E, 

lown  of  Silesia,  surrounded 
lis  and  dcej)  ditches.  1  he 
Bi-eskw  generally  resides 
las  a  maipiificeiit  palace, 
ants  curry  on  a  consider*- 
II  linens  and  wine.  This 
■ed  (rreatly  in  1/29,  by  an 
intl  a  fire  It  was  taken  by 
US  in  1741,  who  after  the 
43,  built  a  citadel,  to  which 
he  numc  of  Prussia.  It  is 
river  of  the  same  name,  27 
i'  Glutz,  and  35  S  E  o(  Bret- 
17  35  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 
,',  a  liiwn  u{  Subbia,  capital 
ivate  of  the  same  name,  20 
Constance,  and  20  N  E  of 
n.  Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47  59  N. 
in  English  settlement  in 
pica,  on  the  \\  side  of  Hud- 
al  the  mouth  of  the  river 
.'  miles  S  E  of  Churchill 
■loii(rs  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
vUo  earrj  on  a  great  tnide 
d  other  skins.  Lon,  92  o5 
'  N. 

I  village  of  the  Morea,  fa- 
:  Nenia^an  games  anciently 
lere. 

a  town  of  France  in  the 
if  Seine  and  Marne  and  i;ite 
he  Isle  of  France,  with  an 
between  two  hills.    It  i« 


tested  on  the  Loing,  10  miles,  S  of  Foii- 
tuiohleuii,  uiid  15    S  E  of  Ptirit.     Luii. 

3  .i;  E,  lat.  48  16  N. 

Nen,  the  principal  river  of  Northanip- 
toiisiiire,  which  rises  in  the  VV  pai  t  of 
the  comity.  It  is  made  iiaviguhle  at 
Mcirtlianipton,  leaves  the  county  at  Pe 
terborou^^h,  and  cntsHing  the  isle  of 
Ei- ,  forms  part  of  the  VV  lioumlary  of 
Norfilk,  uii'l  fulls  into  the  Lincoln- 
ihii-e  Wash.  It  likewise  coinnuini 
cates  by  several  channels,  with  tlie 
Great  Uiise. 

Neocattru,  a  fort  of  Tui  key  in  Europe, 
in  lliiniiiniu,  wliere  the  'I'lirks  always 
keep  u  good  garrison.  It  is  seated  in 
tiie  initldlu  of  the  strait  of  Canslantinu- 
pie,  \2  miles  fi-oni   tliat  city.     Lun.  29 

4  iL,  lat.  41  lU  N. 

Neou,  St.  a  t'lwii  in  Huntingdon- 
a'l.re,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  a  well  built  town,  has  a  considera- 
ble church,  With  a  tine  steeple,  and  a 
consiclerahle  trade  in  coal.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Oii.ie,  over  which  is  a  tine  stone 
bridge,  20  miles  VV  S  W  of  Cambridge, 
and  56  N  N  W  uf  London,  Lon.  0  30 
\V.  lat  52  7  N. 

Nrpean  Itlami,  an  island  of  the  South 
PaeiHc  Ocean,  opposite  Port  Hunter, 
on  the  S  coast  of  Norfolk  Island,  con- 
sisting entirely  of  one  mass  of  sand, 
Ill-Id  together  by  the  surrounding  clillii, 
wiiicli  are  a  border  of  hard  rocks. 
The  surface  was  covered  with  a  kind 
of  coarse  grass,  and  upwards  of  200 
fine  pines  were  growing  on  it. 

Nvfii,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrmion}  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bi.ihop's 
see,  seated  on  the  Triglia,  20  miles  N 
of  Home.     Lon.  11  34  E,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Nenic,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  Garonne  and  Lte 
province  of  Guiennc.  It  is  situated  im 
the  river  Baise,  which  is  navigable 
here,  and  is  divided  by  that  river  into 
great  and  little  Nerac.  In  the  feudal 
times,  this  was  the  residence  and  capi- 
tal of  the  lords  of  Albert  Their  stu- 
peiidf. us  castle,  where  Henry  I\^.  spent 
part  of  his  youth,  is  now  in  ruins.  In 
the  16th  century,  the  greatest  part  of 
its  inhabitants  ent>braced  the  reformed 
religion,  but  were  obliged  to  surren- 
der to  Louis  XIII.  in  1621.  Nerac  is 
20  miles  S  W  of  Agen,  and  380  S  bv 
W  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  13  E,  lat.   44  2  N. 

Nerbudda,  a  river  of  India,  which  is- 
sues from  a  lake  on   the  southern  con 
fines  of   the    province    of    Allahabad, 
forms  the  boumlury  between  Hindoos- 


tan  Proper  and   the   Uercan,  and  falls 
iiiti)  till  giilfof  Cainbu),  beh>w  Baroiich, 

iVeWcdi,  a  sniidivision  of  Sweden 
Proper,  bounded  on  the  N  bv  VVcitiiia 
nia,  on  the  E  by  Siinderiiiaiiia,  on  tlie  S 
by  E  Gothland,'  and  on  the  VV  by  VV 
Gothland  Oiebo  is  the  capital,  and  the 
most  considerable  place  in  it. 

AV/'ij,  an  island  in  the  E  Indies,  the 
second  of  the  llaiida  Islands,  wiiere 
the  Uiiti'h  lia\e  a  fort  called  Foi-t  Nas- 
sau. Here  are  large  serpents,  but  nut 
venenioiis,  and  the  inoiiiitains  are  cover- 
ed with  tiees,  in  which  are  birds  of 
a\er\  siii^tilur  kind.  Lon.  129  45  E,Ut, 
4  40'N. 

Ni>u;'iiiiit,  one  of  the  four  provinces 
oftiie  llussiaii  government  of  Irkutzlc 
Its  capital,  of  tliL  same  name,  is  seated 
oil  the  Ncrtcha,  which  falls  into  the 
Schilka. 

A'tiic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sominc  and  late  province 
of  Picardy.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lingon, 
eight  miles  N  E  of  Hoycs,  and  66  N 
bv  E  uf  Paris.  Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  49 
51  N. 

Kett,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in  Inver- 
nesshire,  22  miles  in  length,  und,  for 
the  most  part,  one  in  breadth,  tho' 
sometimes  two.  It  is  sheltered  on  the 
N  VV  by  the  high  mountains  of  Ur- 
cpihart  and  Meali'ourvoney,  und  edged 
with  coppices  of  birch  and  oak. 

Nes4,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  is 
the  outlet  of  Loch  Ness,  and  fulls  into 
the  frith  of  Murray,  a  little  below  the 
town  of  Inverness. 

Netherlandt,  or  Law  Countries,  a  large 
country  of  Europe,  anciently  culled 
Gallia  Belgica.  In  the  ninth  century, 
the  sons  of  the  emperor  Lewis  the 
Pious  having  divided  the  dominions  of 
their  father,  who  possessed  Germany, 
France,  and  Italy,  a  new  kingdom  was 
formed,  roniprehending  Germany  und 
France,  and  a  part  of  the  Netherlands. 
It  was  culled  L»tharia,  but  did  nut 
long  subsist ;  fur  it  was  soon  divided 
into  two  i  and  that  seated  near  the 
Mediterranean  was  culled  the  king- 
dom of  Burgundy  ;  while  the  other,  to 
the  N,  had  the  name  of  Austrasia.  Nei- 
ther did  this  last  continue  lung,  it  being 
divided  into  17  provinces,  under  did'er- 
ent  names,  which  still  depended  on  the 
empire  of  Germany,  and  were  called 
Lower  Germany.  In  process  of  time,  the 
house  of  Burgundy  purchased  many  of 
them,  aiid  was  about  to  form  them, 
with  jiurgundy,  iiilo  a  lungdom ;   but 


NET 


NET 


I  i 


CIviHm  thp  Dnlil,  the  loitil'ike  ofBur- 

fiiiiily,  bi'inif  kiilril  h\  tlii'  Swinm,  Iji 
•trr,  lii!.  pint  of  tin-  Ntllioiliindu  tli'- 
rolxrd  (III  Mill)  liin  oiilv  i  liilil  :  \sliii, 
niarrviii);  tlic  riiipi'l-or  Miixiiuiliiiii,  iIjo 
Nt'tlicrlaiuU  Ic-ll  to  the  hoiiHC  of  Aiih- 
tfiit  I'lif  t'iii|ifi'or  C  pitilot  v.  kin(^  of 
Sl'uiii,  in  l.iAj, iiliiliriitfil till'  Novtrcinii- 
tv  iii'tlic  N('llifi'l.iii<U,  i.iut  hixiii  ului', 
tlic  ^iiaiiiNli  CMiwn,  in  tii\oiii'  of  Iiin  huh 
Pliilil).  'I  lie  tv  liinnv  oflliiK  cniil  Inn'ot, 
Piilip  II.  >vli(i  I'lcli: Miiii'i'il  to  iiilro- 
diire  tlif  in(nii>itii'n  into  111?  Low 
Conntrii's,  with  t lie  liiubi.ntifs  of  tli'- 
dukf  of  Aim,  f.\as[itTat<'il  the  people 
to  siiihii  <l(i;v(f,  tliiiMlie_>,  miller  the 
CoMihiet  of  Williiiiii  1.  pi'iiicc  of  (Jraiijfe, 
filmed  ll.c  fit;. oils  h  njjiie  of  IJireelil, 
In  l.J7'.',  wliieli  |)i'oveil  the  touncliitioii 
ttf  tlie  l'ej)iil)lie  of  llie  Stvtii  Unileil 
Pr  iviiie(  s.  Aft(  !•  :i  loiitf  uiul  blooil\ 
W».  J  I'le  Spiiiii.ii'iis  ii|.;-ict'(l  to  a  time 
wi'li  the  Uniu  cl  I'loxiiiees,  the  \erv 
fiist  iir»i  le  'f  wlii'.h  iielinowledjfed 
tl  em  to  he  free  iiud  iiulepcndt  nt  stat«:s. 
Tlic  Uiif  wiis  I'enuwed  in  llUl  ;  lint,  at 
lii(.t,  hy  tlu'  Ireiily  of  Westphalia,  in 
16-18,  I'liilip  IV.  of  Spain  exiiiensly  re- 
lioi.ioed  ill  elaini  to  goveici^tity 
Over  the  I'nited  Provim-es.  '1  he  (jlher 
let!  iil'oviiKeH,  however,  returned  nii- 
tler  the  dominion  of  Spain,  but  with 
Very  tavot  vable  Ktii'iihit'ons  with  le- 
»pc(  t  to  their  i.neic  lit  hiws  i.ild  liler- 
tie.s.  Oil  the  death  of  ChurleN  II.  kintr 
of  Spain,  and  tlie  snb.sefpient  iieression 
of  a  brand)  of  the  house  of  Bniulxin  to 
that  moniirrln,  it  wasKtipuhiteil,  by  the 
trealv  of  lladen  in  1714,  that  tlie  Span- 
ish Netlicrlands  Klionid  return  to  the 
GcriTiun  brancii  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria. Some  eons'derable  ]iai  ts,  howev- 
tr,  fell  by  roivpiest,  or  cession,  to  the 
French  and  Uutihi  the  province  of 
Arto's,  the  Cambresis,  iind  part  of 
Lu.senibnrj'',  Flanders,  and  Hainault, 
were  in  the  hands  of  the  Fiei'.ch,  and 
called  the  French  Netherlands;  while 
the  Dutch  possessed  the  N  part  of  lira- 
bant  iin.l  Flanders,  from  them  denorni- 
nate<l  Hutch  Brabant  and  Flanders. 
The  empeior  Charles  VI.  left  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands  to  his  daug-liter  Ma- 
ria Theres.M,  f|iieen  of  Huni^ary  and 
Bohemia,  w!io  married  Franci.^,  (jrand 
fluke  of  Tuscany,  afterwards  em|)cror. 
Unrin!--  her  rei)>ii,  no  sovcrei;fn  coidd 
tie  more  beloved  j  no  pe()[)le  more  con- 
lent  and  happy.  But  lier  son,  Joseiili 
II.  I  avin(»  I  lojt'cted  many  itiiiinalions, 
m  tlie  contiitutluns,  butli  in  church  and 


state,  and  enforcinjf  ihelB  with  violence, 

an  uiiiverhiil  spirit  nf  n.oll  hrokr  oul . 
an  army  of  4U,0(jU  men  rose,  us  if  liy 
mag'ie,  to  Hiippoit  the  renunciution  of 
all  ulle)(iance,  whieh  soerul  of  llio 
(irovinces  now  openly  nuidc  i  a  eon. 
^l'l'ss  was  formed  fiom  the  diliereiit 
Miiites,  in  uhiin<  the  i(ii|iienie  (loveni. 
Hunt  Wiis  vested  i  aiid  by  the  i  iid  i.i 
Deceiiilier  li'JU,  tiie  Ausliiun  fones 
w.ie  entirely  expel. ed  li'oiii  the 
iNellierlaiuU.  '  The  new  (rinei  iimeiit, 
luiwcver,  w:is  ii'it  of  h.li^',•  dupati<'ni 
>or  which,  ihdei  d,  the  ni. inner  in  whidi 
the  eongress  c.\eiii«ed  its  powers  wus 
r.ir  from  hei"^'  caleiilated.  Li'opolil 
11.  (tlie  siieeessor  of  tlie  capricious  aiii! 
uidiil  tii'ii.le  J"S<'pli,  who  (lied  in  tin; 
iiiilj  pi.rt  of  l/'-H))  was  eiiidiled,  p.M'l- 
\\  hy  fori  e  ol  i.rnis,  parllv  by  coiuIImi'ii 
ry  liuasi  res,  and  partly  by  the  iiied'a- 
tioii  of  tl,'- C'liir's  of  Lor.d'iii,  hei'iii.  | 
ami  lliijric,  to  recover  the  entire  |  "»• 
session  of  his  antlioriiy  in  these  [i  u- 
\iiRe»,  and  that,  in  a  ^reat  measure  tu 
ilie  satisfiiclioii  of  ti.e  jiedple  i  the 
ministers  of  the  mediiitinjr  courts  hav- 
in(7  guarai'.l«edtlierehloratlonof  the  an- 
cient Belpir  constitution,  u.s  enjoyed  un- 
der the  bajiiiy  rcitjii  of  the  emprcsi 
(pieen  Maria  Theresa.  In  1792,  dm 
French  overrun  the  Netherlands,  and 
ni(Uii\oured  to  ellerl  unolher  revu- 
lilt  ion,  but  were  driven  out  of  the 
country  in  1793.  In  1794  they  afiain 
recovc  ed  jiossession  ;  and  in  1793 
(he  Netherlands  weie  decreed  to  form 
.1  |iart  of  the  territory  of  the  French 
republic.  The  Netherlands,  in  jjene. 
lal,  are  360  'tides  lon)f,  and  'JliU 
bnad;  Ivinjj  h  en  12  and   7°  K  Ion. 

and  l.')  aiiil  54°  N  lat.  They  are  bounded 
on  tl  e  W  iind  N  by  the  German  Ocean, 
on  the  E.  by  Germain,  and  on  the  S  hy 
France,  'i  hey  once  constituted  a  part  of  j 
the  Gerinun  empire,  ui'der  the  name 
of  tlic  circle  of  Burgundy.  The  jirin- 
cipal  rivers  are  the  Scheldt,  Khinc, 
Maesc,  Moseile,  and  Lis ;  and  there 
are  many  fine  navip^able  canals,  wliicii 
are  of  fjrcat  advaiitati^e  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  coiintiy.  '1  he  air  is  tem- 
perate ;  but  the  months  of  the  rivers 
and  harbours  are  fro/.eii  up  in  the  win- 
ter. The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn 
and  pastures;  and  there  are  several 
fine  tnanufiicturcs  of  lace,  lawns,  cam- 
brics, tapestry,  {^^c.  See  United  I^rmin- 
ces  <;f  the  Kctlierlart'lt. 

Nvtc/ii-iiii,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  I 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  terrii* 


J  E  T 


N  E  U 


N  K  V 


DiTiiiif  ili'-m  willi  violence, 
piril  lit  11. Ilk  lirtikr  oiii . 
tU,(>UO  men  roiir,  uit  it'  hy 
i|)|)()it  llif  rt'iiuntiation  nl 
wliirli  Htvcrul  of  llic 
w  ii|)<iily  imulf  i  u  •■'III- 
iiniril  I'lDiM  till!  clilifiTiil 
on.  the  siii'ii-iiif  ndvcni. 
•  .ii-il ;  Mill  Ity  tlio  inil  (-1 
,  \n),  till-  Aiistiiuii  liincs 
',\       i'\|)(l.i.-il     li'iiin      llif 

i'llf  IllW  (fii\Hllllltllt, 
;S  1!' t  i:l'  li.ii(,;-  tllirulioll; 
il((  il,  (!.<■  uiuiiiipnii  wliirli 
cMUi«L<l  ilM  powiiii  was 
.iii^-  iMlnilulc'il.  l,i'(il«iM 
i-isHi»r  i)t'  tlie  rapriciiius  m.i! 
JnHlpIl,  \v!ll>  iliiil  in  tin: 
if  l/'jD)  wuH  I'iKib'.cd,  piii'l- 
(.1  1.1111S,  partly  bs  coiuilfii'n 
•s,  uiul  piiilly  lis  lUo  uicd':!- 
C'nir'8   of  Lor.il'in,   bci'in, 

,    to  VfCOVOP  III*!    flltil'l'     1  'i»- 

bis   milhoi'iiy   in   tbcai-  [I'j- 
,1  tbal,  ill  a  gnat  Micuauif  U< 
clion    of    llic    Jieoplf  i     tbi' 
I  tbo  nutliiitiiij.;  courts  luiv- 
t  tcil  tiic  reslovation  of  tlic  an- 
\r  ciiiistilutitin.usoiijoycdun- 
*pi)V   rcitt"   «'♦'  tl'*'    i-inpicsi 
iriii' TliuiTsii.    In     179:2,  Uii! 
erniii  the   NitlicHaiuls,  and 
c(l    to    cllerl     unollicr   lexo. 
it     were  (IriM-n    otit   of  tiic 
179J.     Ill  Uy-t   they    iifrain 
])oshessi<)ii  ;      aiul    in    1"9J 
rluiKU  wfif  (IccrciJ  to  form 
the  tcrriKiry  of  tlic    Fri.'iii:li 
Tiic    Nethcilamls,  in    jjfiu-. 
360     'Tiili's   loiiff,     «iul     Ml 
injr  li  en  2  and   7°  ^-  '"n 

I  54°  N  lat .  Tiicy  are  bounded 
and  N  by  tlic  German  Ocean, 
:)\  Gerniunv,  and  on  the  S  by 
1  licy  onre  constituted  a  part  of 
an  empire,  mnler  the  name 
lie  of  Bnrgiipdy.  The  i)riti- 
■rs  are  the  Scheldt,  Khinc, 
Moseilc,  and  Lis  i  and  there 
'  iiiie  naviffable  canals,  wliicii 
i-cat  advanla}^e  to  the  com- 
the  coniiti y.  '1  he  air  is  tern- 
Jilt  the  mouths  of  the  rivers 
uirs  are  fro'.en  up  in  the  win- 
soil  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn 
urcs;  and  there  are  seveial 
iifactures  of  lace,  lawns,  cani- 
lestry,  ike.  See  United  Proiln- 
Kctlierl-.imh. 
ail,  :i  town  of  Germany  in  the 
\Jl>[>ti:  Saxony,  iu  the  terrilo 


ry  of  S  Voif^lind,  irateil  on  the  Cole' , 
rj  niih'H  S  \V  of  ZwirlkOii. 

Nttluiui,  u  town  of  [\.\\,  in  CuMij  .i^- 
nu  ili  Hoinu.  Iu-.  but  tiiinly  iieo|/lid, 
tlioiijrli  heated  in  a  fertile  soil,  at  lIii 
inoiitli  of  llie  l.or.iciiia,  and  tin  iuhabi- 
taiits  are  alninsl  all  IiuiiIivh.  It  is  '2\ 
liilli's  S  of  Koine.  Lo:i.  1_>  i'i  L,  hit, 
4.'  M  a. 

Nev,i,  a  river  of  Hussia,  which  is- 
sues from  the  lake  Lailoj^a,  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  uf  I'inlaud,  below  l\'terb> 
biuxli. 

Ncubiirg,  the  (lulc!i)' of,  in  Germany, 
ati<l  circle  oi'U,<\aria,  dl tided  into  two 
parts,  K  and  W.  'Hie  \V  i,  about  30 
mill's  Ion);,  and  H  broad,  the  Iu  is  about 

17  miles  ion)(,  and  the  sinie  broail. 
Neiiiiiir^',  II   town   of  Sii.diia,  in    the 

Brs^iiW,  »  dijeil  to  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria. It  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  IJ 
miles  N  of  Uasle  and  1.?  S  of  lirikuch. 
Lon.  7  J.)  K,  lat.  47  47  N. 

Nfii/iurg,  u  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Austria,  with  a  famous  inoiuui. 
tery,  seated  im  the  Unmibe,  live  miles 
froin  X'ienna.  I. on.  16  20  K,  lat  48  U  N, 

Ntulitirji,  a  town  of  Gerin:ni\,  in  tiie 
duti.l.\  of  Wii'te'iibiirK',  with  a  c:  stie, 
seated  on  tlie  K'lt/,  25  m'les  W  of  .Stut- 
g-.ird.     Lo;i.  8  .34  K,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Ncuuurg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  biivaria,  unil  eui'ital  of  adutcliy 
of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the  elec- 
tor palatine.  It  is  28  miles  N  E  of 
Au^f»bui|^-li,  and  40  .S  \V  of  Ratisbon. 
Loll.  11  10  K,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Nfiit/ur^;,  a  Ktron(f  tov/n  of  Denmark, 
on  the  (.i.slv'in  coast  of  t.'ic  isle  of  Fu- 
ncn,  with  a  famous  Itarbour,  63  miles 
S  Wof  Cojienbagen.  Lon.  11  1  E,  lat. 
55  30  N. 

Ntuchutel,  a  territory  of  S  wi8.scrland, 
wliich,  with  that  of  V;d!eii(jiii,  forms 
one  principality,  between  the  lake  of 
Neiichatel  and  the  borders  of  F.-ance  ; 
exlendiii;;   36  miles  fivnii  N  to  S,   and 

18  in  its  nicalest  breadlli.  By  the 
death  of  the  duteliess  of  Nemours,  in 
17U7,  the  sov(■lel^;nty  of  Ncueiuitei  and 
Vallennin  wns  claimed  by  Fredi  rifk  I. 
of  Prussia,  as  heir  to  the  prince  of  O- 
run^fe  J  and  bis  rif;i't  was  acUnowledj.'ed 
by  the  stales  of  the  country.  The  eon 
utilution  is  a  kind  of  limited  monarch  ,-. 
The  inbaliitants  are  pr'testaiils,  except 
in  the  two  districts  of  Lar.deron  and 
Cressier.where  there  are  luo.st  catholics. 
In  1529,  this  Jirincipalily  entiredintnan 
allialice  with  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Fri- 
burjj",  Soicure,  and   Luctrn.     The  air 


in  heolthy  iind  tempcrnto  i  hut  the  toil 

is  not  eipi;dl»  temperale  evepi  where, 
however  there  are  lur^fe  ^illc\.lrds  that 
produce  white  and  red  wine,  whlcti 
last  is  excellent.  The  pastures  on  tl.p 
iiiountiiiiin  feed  a  ffreat  nendicr  ol  all 
sorts  of  cattle,  and  llien-  are  |.lenty  of 
di'ci  in  the  forests,  luiil  it  y^VKi,\.  many 
li^ll  in  the  hd.'cs  and  rivers.  'I'he  peo- 
ple are  inj^'enious,  polite,  active  and  in  > 
dosirioiis. 

Nc'irluitel,    a   town   of  Swisserland, 

Rapitul   of  u   principality   of  the   same 

name.     It  contains  not  more  than  3  lOO 

hoiils,  and  is  situate  partly  itn  the  phiiii 

bclweeii  the  lake  of  Neiifhatcl  and  the 

Juru,  and  partly  (jii  the  derbvity  oCtI  ut 

}  mountain.     The  ohief  artii  le  of  espor- 

tutloii  is  wine,   wbii  h  is  much   rsinm- 

|ed,  and   produced  tVom   the  viu<\.ir<ls 

I  in  its  vicinit\  i  aodl'iere  are  here  iv;  n- 

lifaetures  of  printed  linens  M'i'  ci;tt' i>s. 

I  Amoii);-  the  nuiny  oublic  works  w'tich 

'  have  been  latel\  exccnte(f  here,  ari't'ie 

new    town-bou>ie,  and  a  superb  ea'sc- 

wav  leadinif  toward  tiie  v:dley  of  St  Imi- 

ep.  Nenchi  tel  isn'o\ei"ed  bv  a  |(ic;  I   lod 

I'ttle  council  ;  the    firs!  is  composed  of 

40  persons  j  the    secnd  consists  of  24 

.member?,  comprebeiidinj;    the    m-vor, 

'  who    is    presideiit.     It  is  '25  n  i!es  N  E 

fif  I^iiMsanne.  and  25  VV  of  Bern.     Lon. 

,7  0  !•:.   bit   47  5  N. 

'  Neii'/i.ilet,  or  Vvtnluu,  n  lakeof  S«Is. 
serbuu',  which  t  kes  its  name  fiom  a 
town  of  till'  SMiie  nanu',  stie'cl  (..i  a- 
bont  20  miles  ifi  lei'.(rth  tiorn  the  t'  wii 
ofYverilunto  tluit  of  Neo(  li.'itcl.  in  a 
direction  from  S  W  to  N  f'.,  :'t  whirji 
extremitv  it  has  a  comnuiuir.tion  with 
the  lake  of  Bienne  bv  a  narrow  outlet, 
and  is  17  niiles  lonp  and  5  broad 

Nt;veni,  a    vil',".(ri'  in  Peinbroke.'ibire, 

near   m    river  of  the    »vmf  name,  one 

mile  N  E  of  Newport.     There  are  se- 

I  vcral  nniuomenlsof  aiitifjoitv  in  this  jia- 

.  rish,  and  a-i'ong'the  rest  a  sin^fle  stone, 

,oPa  stpiare  form,   13  feet  hi;.i;h  am'  two 

1  broad,   with    a    cirnilar    t^;),    ebar.'ed 

with  across,  and  all  the  sides  arene.'it- 

ly   carved  with   knot   work  of  vaiious 

patterns, 

Ntveri,  a  considerable  ep'sroral  town 
of  France,  in  the  de' aitnn  nt  ofN'e'ro 
and  late  nrovince  of  >;ive:  iiols,  .sealed 
on  ibe  Loire  over  whiidi  it  Ins  a  iu'pd- 
some  bridfrc  The  town  is  built  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheatre,  cont.iininfj 
ni'inv  eleprant  buildinjr.s,  anvii'ir  whicli 
is  the  ancient  palace,  in  wb  i  h  John 
Cutiimer,  king-  of  I'olaud,  c:ki'/ircd  in 


N  E  U 


N  E  U 


1675.  It  is  145  miles  S  E  of  Paris. 
Li)i..  3  14  E,  i;ii.  46  59  N 

Ncufchatel,  a  Ikwh  of  France,  in  \\\c 
«Je|]:iVtinent  of  Lower  Seiiif  and  late 
province  of  Norniandv',  noted  fur  excel- 
lent cheese,  coinmodioiisly  seated  on 
the  river  Arqites,  20  miles  S  E  of  I)i- 
cjipe,  and  75  N  VV  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  30 
E,  hit  4'.>  46  N. 

Neufcluitenu,  a  town  of  Anstrian  Lnx- 
cnihirj;,  27  mi'i-s  W  N  W  of  Liixem- 
buvT.     I.on.  5  30  K,  lat.  49  53  N. 

Neufcketeii,  a  (■o:nniei'''ial  town  of 
F;-.iiK-e,  in  the  department  of  the  \'os- 
}fc-i  and  late  province  of  Lorrain.  It  is 
sciiti'd  in  a  soil  fi-rliK'  in  corn,  wine, 
and  all  the  nc css.iries  of  life,  on  die  ri- 
ver .Mo;i/nn,  25  mill's  S  \V  of  Nunei, 
and  laij  !  hv  S  of  Paris.  Loii.  3  47  K, 
lat .  't 8  24  N. 

Naruiu-i,  a  stronif  town  of  Bohemia, 
in  the  circle  (-f  Bechi'i,  with  a  castle. 
L m.  15  30  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

iVccK?;/*,  a  town  of  GeriTiany  in  the 
rii  'ic  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  diitehv  of 
'Ei-onicn.  It  was  once  a  place  of  threat 
tra-le,  and  hid  a  commodious  harbour 
at  the  month  of  t!ic  Oste,  bnt  a  sand 
bi'ik  accimnlat'n'^  .n  it,  at  the  issue  of 
the  Oste,  into  the  Elbe,  its  trade  was 
al  i.ost  anniliilated,  and  it  is  now  of 
irui  h  less  rotiseqnencc  than  fopnierly. 
It  is  r.)  niles  N  N  W  of  Slade.  Loii. 
8  -'"  ."•;,  htt.  5'i  52  N. 

Kctihauiel,  a  strong'  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  on 
the  river  Nevtraeht,  15  miles  N  VV  of 
Comora,  and  40  S  E  of  Presbiirg.  Lon. 
18  10  E,  lit.  48  1  N. 

Neviii,  or  Nevjtii,  a  town  in  Camar- 
Tons'iire,  with  a  market  on  S.atiirday. 
It  iii  scatef!  on  the  Irish  Sea,  20  miles 
S  l>v  \V  of  Carnarvon,  and  249  W  N  \V 
of  r.ondon.     Lon.  4  25  VV,  lat.  32  52  N. 

Hcvis,  one  of  the  Leewanl  Caribbee 
Island.s,  n  the  West  Indies,  divided 
from  the  E  end  of  St.  Christophers  by 
*  narrow  channel.  It  hasbtitonc  moun- 
tain, which  is  in  the  middle,  very  hi(yh, 
and  covered  with  larg'e  trees  tip  to  the 
top.  Here  are  spring's  of  fresh  water 
and  a  hot  bath,  much  of  the  same  na- 
ture as  those  of  Bath,  in  F.njjfland.  It 
i«  a  sma'l  island,  b'.it  very  frnitfnl,  and 
svbjert  to  the  Englissli.  Charleston  is 
the  eanital. 

Ke.wmait,  a. own  of  Tr  isylvania,  on 
the  river  Merisch,  56  miles  N  of  Clait- 
Bcr'Mirjv.     Lon.  23  35   E,  lat.  47  19  N. 

"f'uvtr.'.;  a  towii  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  liavai'ia,  30  inilcs  N  N  W  of 


Ratisbnn.     Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Nrus,  a  river  of  North  Carolina, 
wiiieh  enters  Pamlico  Sound,  below 
Newberii|  where  it  is  a  mile  and  a  half 
broid. 

Nmsaltz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Glojjan,  12  miles  N  \V 
of  Glopfaii. 

NfusiiHc;  a  town  of  Himg'ary,  24 
miles  S  \V  of  Presburjy,  sitiifite  on  a 
lake  of  the  same  name. 

Ntusnl,  a  townof  U|>per  Himfrary,  it 
has  a  larf^e  castle,  in  which  is  a  chnrcli, 
covered  w'lh  copper  It  is  noted  for 
the  j'l'reatest  copper  mines  in  all  Hnn- 
pary,  which  are  in  its  iieighboiirhood, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Gran,  10  miles  N 
of  Cremnitz,  and  50  N  E  of  Leopold- 
stadt.     Lon.  19  29  E,  lat.  49  9  N. 

NcustnJt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  tiic  diitchv  of  H  )'stein,  seated  on 
tlie  B.dtic,  22  miles  N  N  E  of  Liibec. 
Lon.  U  OE,  lat  54  ION. 

NfiLitadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dtitchy  of  Mecklenburg',  15  miles 
S  of  Schwerin.  Lon.  11  50  E,  lat.  53 
24  N. 

Neustndt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
inthedotrhy  of  Bninswick-Lt'.nenbnrp, 
with  a  strong'  castle,  15  miles  N  VV  of 
Hanover.     Lrm.   9  55   E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

NeiistaJt,  an  episcopal  town  of  Low- 
er Austria,  witii  a  castle,  and  an  arse- 
nal, 30  m'les  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  27 
E,  lat  47  48  N. 

Neustadt,  a  town  of  Francoiiia,  in  the 
bisho]>ric  of  Wiirtzbnrj^h,  seated  on 
the  S.ale,  12  miles  N  E  of  Schweinfttrt, 
Lon.  10  25  E    lat  50  24  N. 

Neustadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dntchy  of  Wirtemberg',  seated  on  the 
Kochcr,  12  miles  N  N  E  of  Halibron. 
Lon.  11  20  E,  lat.  49  17  N. 

Nei,!tadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a 
small  chain  of  mountains  nine  miles  N 
bv  W  of  Landau.  Lon.  8  7  E,  lat.  49 
40  N. 

Ncu^'il/e,  a  to'wn  of  Swinserland,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Basle.  Before  Swis- 
serland  was  invaded  by  tlie  French,  it 
was  governed  by  two  burghermasters, 
and  a  small  and  great  council,  each 
consisting  of  twenty -four  members. 

Neti-i'ieJ,  a  flourishing comme.cialci- 
ty  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Up- 
per Hhine,  capital  of  the  principality  of 
VVeid.  It  contains  between  6  and  7*000 
inhabitants.  Netiwled  is  10  miles  N  N 
VV  of  CobUiitz.  Lon.  7  35  E,  lut.  5» 
32  N. 


i. 


N  E  U 

on.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 
,  u  river  of  North  Curolma, 
enters  Fuiiilico  Sound,  below 
I'll,  wliere  it  is  a  mile  and  a  liulf 

altz,  a  toAvn  of  Silesia,  in  the 
ality  of  Glogaii,  12  miles  N  VV 

(^■iiii. 
d.'e,    a  town   of    Hiing'ary,    24 

S  W    of  Pi'esbur(f,  situate  on  a 

f  the  same  name. 
ol,  a  town  of  Upper  Himjrary,  it 
irj^e  castle,  in  which  is  a  chnreh, 
1    w'lh   copper      It  is  noted  for 

reiitest  copper  mines  in  all  Hiin- 

whioh  are  in  its  iieighljourliond, 
seated  on  the  Gran,  10  miles  N 

[;mnil/,   and  50  N  E  of  Leopold- 
Lon.  19  29  E,  lat.  49  9  N. 

stm/t,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
diitchy  of  Ho'stein,  seated   on 

dtie,  22  miles  N  N  E  of  Liibec. 

11  OE,  lat.  54  ION. 

utadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 

ilutchy  of  Mecklenburjf,  15  miles 

Scliwerin.     Lou.   11  50  E,  lat.  Si 

istndt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
dutrhy  of  Bninswick-Lunenburp, 

I  stroi'iy  castle,  15  miles  N  \V  of 
ver.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 
istnJt,  an  episcopal  town  of  Low- 
istria.  witii  a  castle,  anil  an  arsc- 
50  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  27 
t  47  48  N. 

iistadt,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
pric  of  VVurtzburtfh,  sealed  on 
ale,  12  miles  N  E  of  Sch  weJnftirt, 
10  25E  lat  50  24N. 
\iatadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
ly  of  Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the 
cr,  12  miles  N  N  E  of  Halibron. 

II  20  E,  lat.  49  17  N. 

i.uadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 

iiate   of  the   Rhine,    seated  on  a 

chain  of  mountains  nine  miles  N 

'  of  Landau.     Lon.  8  7  E,  lat.  49 

iml/e,  a  town  of  Swinserland,  in 
ish.ipric  of  Basle.  Before  Swis- 
!id  was  invaded  by  tlte  French,  it 
governed  by  two  burghermasters, 
a  small  and  great  council,  each 
sting  of  twenty -four  members. 
u-i'ivd,  a  fionrishingcomme.cialci- 
Gormany,  in  the  circle  of  the  U|>- 
Ihine,  capital  of  the  principality  of 
1.  It  contains  between  6  and  7000 
litants.  Neuwied  is  10  miles  N  N 
■  CobUiitz.    Lon.  7  25  E,  lat.  59 


NEW 

ifeiD  Antrifti,  a  [jost  town  in  Orange 
county,  New  York ;  situated  on  the 
post  and  stage  road,  from  Niw  York 
to  Albany,  34  miles  N  by  W  of  the  Ku-- 
mer,  and  So  S  E  of  Goshen. 

NeviarJt,  a  handsome  post  town  of  Es- 
sex county.  New  Jersey;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  P.issaic  river,  6  miles  N 
of  Elizabeth  town,  and  10  W  b\  N  of 
tliceityof  New  York.  It  liasaeollei;e, 
instituted  in  1792,  and  carries  on  the 
niunufaclure  of  shoes  in  an  extensive 
manner 

Newark  upon  Trent,  a  borough  in  Not- 
tinghamshire, with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  is  seated  on  the  Trent, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  and  once  had 
a  handsome  castle,  now  in  ruins.  New- 
ark has  a  giMid  trade,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  is  17  miles  N  E  of  Notting- 
ham, and  124  N  by  W  of  London.  Lun. 
0  45  W,  kt.  53  6  N. 

Nevu  Be  tfurU,  a  post  town  in  Bristol 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  an 
arm  of  Buzzard's  bay,  59  miles  S  of 
Boston  nd  30  N  E  of  Newport  in 
Rhode  Island.  It  has  a  safe  harbour, 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  foreign 
trade.  The  inhabitants  in  1800  amount- 
ed to  4361. 

Nevibern,  the  cai)ital  of  Craven  conn 
ty.  North  Carolina;  situated  on  the  S 
bunk  of  the  river  Nuse,  in  the  lat.  of 
35°  20'  N,  and  long,  of  77°  5'  W,  35 
miles  S  of  Washington,  on  Pamptico 
river,  and  81  S  by  W  of  Edenton,  on 
Albemarle  sound.  This  is  a  |)ost  town 
and  p>irt  of  entry,  the  most  popuhuss  in 
tlie  State,  and  was  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment before  the  revolution.  The  quan- 
tity of  lumber,  Indian  corn,  tar,  ])iteh 
and  turpentine,  exported  annually  from 
this  town,  is  very  considerable.  The 
inliabitants  are  e.itimated  at  2467,  one 
moiety  at  least  being  blacks  and  miilat- 
toes. 

Neu'biggin,  a  fishing  town  of  Nortli- 
umbcrland,  seven  miles  E  of  Morpeth. 
It  is  situated  on  the  N  side  of  the  bay 
of  Newbiggin. 

Ne^u  Bruiimvici.  a  post  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex county.  New  Jcrsc>  ;  situated 
on  the  .S  bank  of  the  river  Rariton,  30 
miles  N  E  cf  Trenton,  and  oii  S  W  <>{' 
the  city  of  New  York.  In  IMdO  the  ei- 
ty  contained  30U0  inlnibitaiits.  The 
bridge  built  over  the  Harit<'n,  al  this 
place,  is  distinguished  for  its  excellent 
woi-kinaiiship. 

NeTuiturg,  a  corporate,  town  in  the  i.sle 


NEW 


"f  Anple-cy,  with  a  market  on  Tiie*. 
day.  It  is  goveined  l)\  a  mayor,  a;iil 
sealed  on  liie  river  liialit,  l.'>  miles  S 
\V  of  Beauiii— ;,  and  J.)/  N  VV  of  Lon- 
ihm.     1 4  '.17   .V,  lat.  .5.>  10  N. 

NeiUltiini,  a  j-etly  vilhig- in  Nortlmin- 
lierlaiid,  on  ihe  \V  side  of  Newiai'Je, 
inhabited  !)v  Coiiiers.  Here  a  part  of 
the  aniiy  of  Cliailes  I.  under  loid  Con- 
wav,  was  defeated  bv  tlie  Scoleli  in 
1640. 

NevJiiiri',  a  corporate  town  in  Berk- 
sliire,  with  a  market  on  1  hursday,  its 
poor  are  ehietlx  eni|)lo)ed  in  spinning. 
Two  battles  were  fought  near  tliis  town 
with  dnbions  success,  between  the  (i'r- 
ces  of  Charles  I.  ami  the  parliament,  in 
1643,  and  164-1.  Newbury  is  comnio- 
dioiisly  sealed  on  the  river  Keiinet,  26 
miles  "S  of  Oxf  ird,  and  56  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Nrixlmrv,  a  post  town  in  Oi-ange  coun- 
ty. New  York;  on  tlie  W  side  of  Hud- 
son's river,  64  miles  .S  by  E  t,f  the  city 
of  Hudson,  and  67  N  of  New  York, 
with  about  400  inliabitants. 

Neu'/iury,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Orange  county,  Venuont ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  40 
miles  N  of  Dartmouth  college,  and  5 
N  VV  of  Haverhill,  in  New  Hampshire  ; 
it  contains  1304  inhabitants. 

Newbtirv-port,  a  coiisidi'rable  port  of 
entry  and  post  town,  in  Essex  county, 
.Massachusetts  ;  situated  at  the  niiiutli 
of  the  river  Mevriniack,  in  tlie  lat.  of 
42°  47'  N,  and  long,  of  70°  47'  W  It 
lies  at  the  '-i-i^mce  of  40  miles  N.  from 
Bostin,  and  22  S  from  Portsmouth,  in 
New  Haiiijisiiire  ;  in  point  of  foreign 
commerce,  it  is  tiie  third  port  i'l  the 
State  J  the   irihabitants  are  about  6U0(). 

Nni'ciixf:'i;  a  town  in  Carmartlien- 
s'.iire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is 
a  poor  town,  and  its  once  fine  castle  ia 
now  in  ruiiis.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tyvy, 
17  mdcs  N  VV  of  Carm.ii'tlien,  and'2l9 
\V  N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  4  oO  W,  laU 
52  4  N. 

XeiL'castl.'  under  Line,  a  borough  in 
Staiiordshiro,  wltii  a  .market  on  Mon- 
day. It  iiad  four  eliurclies,  now  redu. 
rnd  to  one  ;  Mid  tl;o  castle,  whence  it 
took  its  n.inu!,  !••  (juite  demolished  It 
has  a  manr.taclnrc  of  liats,  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  mend)ei?  ;o 
parliament.  It  is  a  large  place  with 
broad  paved  streets  and  is  famous  for 
more  stone -ware  being  made  iie.v  it 
than  at  any  place  in  iMiglauil.  I'  isse.'icd 
ou  a  rivuict,  15  miles  of  Stafiiird,  uni 


NEW 


Lon.  2  2  W, 


149  N  N  W  of  Loiuloti 

hit.  53  12  N.  ,  ^ 

J\r.;i'i-.ii-.^',   nl-  Newcastle  ufion  T  nc.  a 
lai'wc-   b.ir  m  .-ii    and  scu  \r.n  m  Noilli- 
,iH;;jcH..n(l,  siuulc  Dl-Iwccii  ti>e   Hicls 
W.'.i    ..'Ml  llie    Ivae.     lac  nvcr  is  t.i 
di-cp,  tiMt    ships'  of  600  tons  biirt  ..i. 
niity   Kiiiit-   lip  t"  '•'"'  '•"^^"'  '"  '"'"•'.'*'^ 
b;it  tiiL-  CDllicrs    wait   at    Stiieids    tor 
tlK-li'  Uling  .vi  Kh  IS  bvoiigiit  clown  tlie 
river  111   lig-iitcrs.     'nic   town  ni,.y   hK". 
cou-'.divd  us  a.vModir.U)  two  p^.rts,  ot  . 
w!iii-i;  G;.ti-siH-u<i,  .m  tlie  Duniain  bule,  ^ 
is  .);ic  ;  and  o»t;i  were  j  )inL-d  by  ;i  stone; 
hnd^c-,  wliic-l.    o  i-iMuily   consisted    ot , 
12   iiiclies;  but  by  tlie  en.bankment  ot  ■ 
t!,e   river   to  form  tbe  quays  on  tne  N  • 
side,  tbev  were  reduced   to  nine.     In  ; 
1771,   a 'dreadful   ilood   ciirned   away 
iimr  of  those  arclies,  w.tb  some  houses 
that  stood  upon  tljeiii  ;  and  tlio  brKl^e 
was  entii-elv  rebuilt  in  1779.     'l"l  '     o|> 
tius  place  went  part  of  that  wall  which 
extended  from  sea  to  sea,  and  was  b.nlt , 
by   the  Unmans  to  defend  t'.io  BnUms  1 
au-ainst  tne  incursions  <,f  the  I'lcts.    The 
to    •'    was  defended  by  a  str(mg  wall, 
in  w/ich  were  seven  ^aies,  and  as  ma- 
ny   turrets,     with    several    casements^ 
bomb  pro.  f  i  but  the   castle  and  walls  ; 
are  now  in  ruins.     Here  is  a  noble  ex-; 
cliaiiK-e  ;  and  the  iinest  quay  in  EuR-land  j 
except  that  of  Great  Yarmouth,   bein^- 
longer  than  that  of  London  and  Bristol., 
Here  are  four  parish  churches,  beside  , 
one  at  Gateshead.     St.  Nicholas  church  , 
stands  on  the  top  of  a  high  hill,  and  has 
a  loftv  steeple  of  curiou!i  architecture.! 
Amoiiff  the  other  public  buildings  is  a: 
mansion  house  for  the   mayor,  who  is 
allowed  600  a  vear  for  his  table,  besides 
a  coach  and  'barge,  a  liall  for  the  sur- 
geons ;  a  large   hosjiital,  built   by  tlie 
contribution  of  the  keel  iticn,  fir  tlie 
maintenance  of  the  po.ir  ol  their  Irrter- 
nity,  and  several  charitable  foundations, 
situate  in  the  centre  of  the  great  col  i- 
eries,  which  have  f>r  centuries  suppli- 
«;d  London   and  most  of  tlie  southern 
parts  of  the  kingdom  with  coal.     'I  his 
is  the  staple  trade  of,  and  has  been  the 
source  of  gre.it    wealtli  to  Newcastle, 
the    coals   carried  tiieiice  annually  are 
computed  to  amount  to  1,1«.'.^'^^  '-""'* ' 
it  also  inaiuifacf.ires  steel,  iron,  glass, 
■woollen   cloth  i    earthen    ware,    wii.t': 
lead,  milled  lead,  tic.  toa  great  extent, 
and  here   i.?  a  round  tower  for  the  ma- 
nuf.ictory   of  patent   shot  ;    it  <-xporli 
larve  quantities  of  lead,  salt,  sa  nion, 
butter,  tallow,  luul  is  particularly  U- 


NEW 

mows  for  its  grindstones,  that,  scarce  a 
vessel  goes  iVom  thence  without  some 
■  if  tiiem  ;  hence  the  provcib,  "  Hint  a 
"  Scotchman  and    a  .KJcwcastle  grmd- 
'•  slme    travel    all    the     w^.rld    over. 
Ships  a  e  sent   hence  to  the  Greenland 
tl.herv,  and  the  trade  to  tae  W^st  1"- 
dies  lia.s  become  verv  consulerabie.  1  lie 
streets  in  the  old  part  of  the  town  are 
narrow,  and  vci^  uneven,  being   built 
on  the  dedivitv  of  a  steep  lull,  but  the 
Upper  or  N  l)art  of  the  town,  whicn  m 
'  inhab.ted  bv  tiio  politer  sort  ot  people, 
I  is  much  pleasanter  aiu'.  has  several  le- 
vel, Well   built,  and   spacious   streets. 
The    suburbs  are  chiciiy  used  as  glass 
h(«ise3,  ir<m  manufactories,  and  brew- 
eries, where    beer  is   made  which  has 
obtained  great  reputation,  and  they  are 
inhabited  bv  keel  men  a  rough  and  stur- 
dy race,  emploxed  in  carrying  the  coal 
down  the  river  in  keels,  or  lighters,  to 
the   large   shijis.     The  annual  revenue 
of  the  customs  he  e  is  computed  to  a- 
moniit  to   near    100,000/.      New'-stle 
was  made  abo.ough  by  Williun.  1.  and 
the  first  chartrr  for  digging  coal  was 
granted   bv  Henry  III.  i"  li.'39.     It  is 
34  miles  S'of  Alnwick,  94  N  ot   York, 
and  271  N  by  VV  of  London.   Lon.  127 
W,  lat.  55  3  N. 

Newcastle,  a  post  town  and  the  cnpi- 
tnl  of  Newcastle  county,  Delaware, 
situated  <,n  the  W  bank  of  Dclawar? 
river,  '.  miles  S  of  Wilmington,  andj4 
S  W  of  Philadelphia.  Although  one 
of  the  oldest  townis  on  the  river,  bei  g 
planted  by  the  Swedes  in  16'27,  it  has 
long  been  on  the  decline  ;  the  hundred 
con'tainmg  at  last  census  but  2438  in- 
habitants It  lies  in  lat.  39°  30'  N  and 
long.  75°  18'  \V.  . 

Ni-KCMfle,  a  post  town  in  I-incol.i 
countv,  Maine  ;  45  miles  N  E  ot  Port- 
land, 'and  12  of  VVlscasset.  in  nearly  Uie 
same  direction.  ,  . 

Nt-..'1-astie,  a  town  of  Virginia,  seat- 
ed on  the  P.munkev,  a  brunch  ol  York 
riv.T,  40  milci  N  W  of  Williamsburg. 
Nev.'isate,  a  village  in  Surry,  with 
a  me<lici.al  sjiring  of  the  same  nature 
as  tiiat  of  Epsom.  .  .     <• 

Nfiienh.  «i,  Cape,  a  rocky  point  ot 
c  ns  .leruble  height,  on  the  W  coast  ot 
Ns.rth  America.  It  was  discovered  by 
ea;  tain  Co  .k  in  1778.  Lon.  102  24  W, 
lat.  58  42  N. 

J\'-«ic«.  a  town  m  Gloucesteishue. 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  seated  near 
.,,  |„.;mcl,  ..f  t'>e  Se^ern,  eight  rnilcs  N 
W  of  Gloucester,  and  lU  W  N  W  ol 


T?r^ 


E  W 


rindstones,  tJiat  scftrce  it 
[roiti  tliiMicp  witlioi.t  some 
ice  the  proverb,  •'  tliiit  a 
iuul    a  Newcastle  {jriiid- 
I    sdi    tlie     w^ii'iil    over." 
It   lieiiee  to  the  Greenland 
e  tr.tdf  to  tiiC  Wp.st  lii- 
|iiu-  verv  considerable,  i  lie 
old  purl  of  the  town  are 
ver\  uneven,  bcin)^  built 
Sty  of  a  steep  lull,  Ijiit  the 
):vrt  of  tlic  town,  which  iv 
tiie  politer  sort  of  pei.jjle, 
anter  and  lins  scveial  Ic- 
ilt,  and   spacious   streets. 
i  are  rliieiiy  used  as  >;lass 
manufactories,  and  brew- 
beer  is   made  which  hag 
at  reputation,  and  they  are 
keel  men  a  rough  and  stur- 
i|ti_\ed  in  carryinj''  the  coal 
er  in  keels,  or  liyliters,  to 
lips.     The  annual  revenue 
lis  he  c  is  cnmpuled  to  a- 
ear    100,000/.      New<Tstle 
boroiij"!)  by  Williuni  1.  ami 
irtrr  for  digging  coal  was 
Henry  III.  in  1239.     It  is 
if  Alnwick,  94  N  of  York, 
)y  VV  of  London.   Lon.  127 
5  N. 

,  a  post  town  and  the  capi- 
k'castlc  county,  Delaware, 
the  VV  bank  of  Dclawarie 
cs  S  of  Wilmington,  and  ."4 
iilladelphia.  Although  one 
t  townis  on  the  river,  bei  g 
the  Swedes  in  1627,  it  has 
n  the  decline  ;  tlic  hundred 
it  last  census  but  2438  in- 
It  lies  in  lut.  39°  30'  N  and 
;'  VV. 

,  a  post  town  in  IJncol.i 
inc  ;  45  miles  N  E  of  Port- 
I  of  VV^lscasset,  in  neai-ly  the 
ion. 

,  a  towm  of  Virginia,  seat- 
.munkev,  a  brunch  of  York 
ilci  N  VV  of  Williamsburg. 
!,  a  village  in  Surry,  with 
sjiring  of  the  same  nature 
psom. 

11,  Ctipe,  a  rocky  point  of 
.;  heigiit,  on  the  W  coast  of 
lieu.  It  was  discovcreil  by 
ii  in  1778.     Lon.  !02  24  W, 

town  in  GIouc>!stei  shire, 
ket  on  Friday,  seated  near 
t'le  Severn,  eight  miles  N 
ester,  and  114  VV  N  VV  of 


NEW 

London.  Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  51  56  N. 
NemfidUr-Sta,  a  lake  of  Hungary,  17 
miles  long  iind  six  I. road,  20  niiies's  by 
W  of  Prcsburg,  ana  28  E  S  K  of  Vicu- 
na. 

Kevj  Forett,  a  for'.st  in  Hampshire, 
situate  in  that  part  '.f  the  county  which 
is   bounded  on  the  E  by  Soutlwmpton 
Water,  and  on  the   S  by  the  English 
Channel.     It  was  alibrested  by  William 
tlie  Conqueror,  who  expelled  the  inha- 
bitants for  that  purpose,  and  was  then 
10  miles  longer  than  it  is  now.   His  son 
William  Rufiis  was  killed  in  this  forest, 
by  an   arrow  shot  by  Walter  Tyrrcl, 
which  had  accidentally  glanced  against 
a  tree.     The  spot  ia  |K)inted  out  by  s 
triangular  stone,  its  timber  is  now  ap. 
propriated  to  the  use  of  the  royal  navy. 
Nevifoundland,  a  large   island  on  tlie 
E  coastof  North  America,  iietweer.  47 
and  52°  N  kt.     Its  form  is  triangular  ; 
the  N  point  i«  separated  from  Labrador 
by  the  strait  of  Belleisle,  and  from  tliis 
apex   it  is  350   miles  in   length  to  the 
base,  which  is  200  in  breadth.     It  is  i 
mountainous  country,  and  the  climates 
rather  severe,  the  ground  being  cover- 
ed with  snow  five  months  in  the  year. 
The   coasts   are   high  and  the  shores 
most  remarkably  wooded,  and  the  hills 
are  clothed  with  birch,  hazel,  spruce, 
fir,  and  pine.     In  some  parts  of  it  there 
arc    trees    sufficiently    large    for    the 
building  of  merchantmen,  the  hull  is 
made  of  juniper,  and  the  pine  furnishes 
masts  and  yards,  but  no  masts  have  yet 
been  found  for  a  large  cutter.  It  seems 
to  have  no  inhabitants  of  its  own,  but  in 
•Jie  summer  time  is  visited  by  the  Esqui. 
maux  Indians.     It  has  several  bays  and 
liarbours,  and  there  are     about    500 
English  families    who    continue    hare 
all  the  year,  besides  the  garrison  of  St. 
Jclm's  Placcntia,  and  other  forts.    The 
great  importance  of  this  island  arises 
ftom  its  fishery,  which  begins  in  May 
and  ends  in  September  ;  the  great  fish- 
ii>g-banks  t       •>  S  E  of  this  island,  are 
resorted  to  by  at  least  10,000  people, 
and  8  or  900  sail    .t  ships,  anil  the  fish 
when  cured  are   exported    to  Spain, 
Portugal,  Italy,  and  the  West  Indies.  In 
winter  tiie  chief  employment  of  the  in- 
habitants  is  to  cut  wood ;  and  the  small- 
est  kind,    used  for  fuel,  is  drawn  by 
their  large  dogs,  trained  up  and  l>ar. 
iiesscd  for  that  purpose.  There  is  great 
plenty  of  game,  fish,  and  fowl,  butvt- 
I'y  little  -orn,  fruit,  or  cattle.  St.  John's 
'^  the  princi')al  settlement. 


NEW 

Nen  Garden,  a  tovnship  in  Clie?*eT 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  where  there  is 
a  post  office,  12  miles  W  b  N  of  Wil- 
mingtnn.  Delaware,  and  125  from  the 
city  of  Waahington. 

Nnv  Garden,  a  settlement  of  friends, 
in  Guilford  county.  North  Carolina,  26 
miles,  E  of  Salem,  the  Moravian  lown. 
Ne^u  Geneva,  a  post  town  of  Fay«tte 
county,  Penns)  Ivnnia,  on  the  W  side  of 
Monongahela  river,  13  miles  N  of  Mor- 
gantown  in  Virginia,  and  45  S  of  PitU- 
burg. 

Njw  Germantman,  a  post  town  in 
Hunterdon  county.  New  Jersey,  28 
miles  N  W  of  New  Brunswick,  and 
20  WofEli'jabethtown. 

Nem  litmcetler,  a  post  >wn  in  Cum- 
berlund  county,  Maine  ;  M  miles  N  by 
V  of  Portland,  containing  1378  inhabi- 
tanth  when  last  census  was  taken. 

JV«i!  HmforJ,  a  post  town  in  Litch- 
field  county,  Connecticut,  22  miles  W 
by  N  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  and  12 
miles  N  E  of  Litchfied,  the  shire  town. 
i^evi  Hampton,  a.  post  town  of  Hun- 
terdon county.  New  Jersey,  21  miles 
N  by  W  of  Flemington,  and  -tO  N  W  of 
Brunswick. 

Neyhaven,  a  town  of  Sussex,  at  tlie 
mouth  of  the  river  Ouse,  with  a  quay 
on  the  E  side,  where  ships  may  ride 
secure   in  foul  wcatlier     it  is  chiefly 
inhabited  by  maritime   people,   and  is 
seven  miles  S  by  L  of  Lewes,  and  56 
S  of  London.    Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 
Atw  Zfrtwn,  the  capital  of  New  Ha,, 
ven  county,  Connectitut,  and  alternate- 
ly with  Hartftrd  the  seat'^of  i;tate  gov- 
ernment.    It  is  delightfully  situated  at 
the  head  of  a  small  Ikiv  in  Long  Island 
Sound,  in  the  lat.  of  ^l*"  18'  N,  and  Ion. 
of  72°  56'  W,  at  ihi  distance  of  40 
miles  r.  by  W  of  Hartford,  and  54  W 
of  New  London.     It  is  built  with  con-    " 
sidcrable  elegance,  the   streets  being 
generally  laid  out  in   reguia.-  squares, 
and  many  «.f  them  shaded  with  rows 
of  trees.  Yale  College  instituted  in  this 
city,   in   1700,  is   a  seminary  in  high 
credit.     The   students   are  about  150 
in  number,  and  the  total  of  the  inhabi- 
tants 4050,  of  whom  one  in  70  i.i   sup. 
posed  to  die  annually.     Here  is  a  post 
office,  and  a  bank.     The  foreign  trade- 
is   very  considerable,   the   exports    of 
one  year  having  amounted  to   iro,00« 
ilollars. 


M-vi  Holland,  a  p<5st  town  in  Lancas- 
ter county,   Pcnnsvlvanirt,  15  miles  N 


NEW 


N  E  W 


^  !l 


fL  of  the  boronpli  of  Lancaster,  and  50 

W  l)>    N  of  l'lilhtucll>!:i!l. 

.Nm  IpfiL'i'-l',  !»  r'''!*'  t'JW"  '"  Hills- 
bnr(i„gii  louiilv,  Ktw  Hampsliiie  s 
alj<ii\l  55  r.iilcb  N  >V  ot  boston,  witli 
XiWi  inhiJi  Hints. 

Nav    Le/iaivn,   a 
roiini',  ^l■w  York 

S  K  (.V  i  loy,  rvikv  V,<v  i  rt  li  ut   tUviiii.'.s 
tliiH  su.if  fioin  Massi.Llii.sitis. 

J^e\i  Lnit-im,  a  ( \\)  in  I-i  w  l-op<!r,n 
roiinl' ,  CtmncctUil  ;  scali'il  on  H'-  W 


cmintv,  Maine,  it  the  liracl  of  Shee^r- 
gul  rivci,  15  miies  N  by  \V  of  WUcaii- 
set.  . 

Ne%'}  Mi/fcrd,  a.  I'O^t  town  in  Litch- 

liclil  c(nii,t\,  Conixclicnt,  15   miles  N 

ot  Danbinv,  and  18  S  W  of  Litchfield, 

town   in  CoUitnl/m  on  lite  N  iL  sule  of  Hnussatanick  river, 

silui.lnl   JO  n,ilcslcoi't«inintri,bout300O  inlmbltaiits. 

ife-unhum,  a  coiporate  town  m  Gloil- 
( I  .sltml.ire,  witli  a  market  on  Friday. 
It  is  sratcil  <)!  tl:c  Severn,  eiplit  niile» 
S  W  of  GlmireBtcr,  and  112  W    N   W 


I  "c  oi  nu.  rn  cr  •!  lu.n,. s,  .n  l.t .41"  2^'    of  London.     Lon.  2  23  \V  ,  lat.  5    40  K 

.      .  .  !->       .   .■      ...  m.       I-  1 i.  X' j.^.^       ..      Kiii*rtiin-lk      III      IhP       IHIC      Ol 


jird  Ion.  72"  15'  W-  It  bes  aboi  t 
tbri.f  n.'.lcH  of  Long'  IsIjihI  hound,  50 
N  1.  oC  Huitford,  ar.d  ntfiiy  tbi- sanie 
disl:.r.ie  K  "f  New  Haven.  'Hie  en- 
tmnre  f.ftlie  lu.rbin.r  ib  defended  by 
two  forti<itatiov..s,   one  on  eiiib  bark  o( 


the  river      'I bis  is  one  of  the  iiinciral    nim<lle  of  the    island,     on    tlie 


tjoits  oi'  entry  in  Connecticnt,  tlie  lor 
eign  trade  iiarticidarly  to  the  West 
Indies  bcinj;  verv  consideralile.  The 
iriliabit:.iits  at  the  last  enumeration 
were  46u0 

AV-y  London,  a  small  post  town   m 
C;im|bcll  eonnfv.   Virgin's,  250    miles 


Kcwport,  a  boronwb  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  a  large  i>opnlou8 
and  well  frequented  town  governed  by 
a  niavor,  ar.d  sends  two  members  to 
pailiiiment.  It  is  seated  almost  in  the 
middle  of  the  island,  on  the  river 
Cowcs,  which  is  n.ivigable  for  small 
vessels,  17  miles  S  by  li  of  Southamp- 
ton, and  91  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
15  W,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Snvjjurt,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
which  has  no  market,  but  sends  two 
members  to   parliament.     It  is  three 


Cnmi  be  1  eonnfv.   Virgins,  :jdu    nines    iiiemovi!.    i...   ,-...„,..>.....     --    -    ",  r 
SW  01  Washington,  about   12  miles    miles  N  ot  Launceston,  and  214  \V  by 
,.    ri ,..-,.,„  S  ot   London.     Lon.  4  36  W,   lat.  5J 


S  ofjin  es  river. 

Nmnit:iiet,  a  town  partly  in  Cam- 
fft-idi^esbire,  and  partly  in  S.iflolk,  with 
a  m'lirlet  on  'Ihnisday.  II  has  one 
parish  in  lucb  county,  but  all  the  town 
is  in  Suholk.  It  is'tlie  most  relebrat- 
pd  place  in  England  for  horse-races  ; 
and  here  ChaiKs  H.  built  a  bouse  for 
tic  sake  of  tliis  division.  It  has  two 
cliarit>  scliools  settled  h\  (iiieen  Anne 
w.th  50/.  a  jeareach.  It  is  14  mile.s 
E  of  t.[;i)d)ridKc,  and  60  N  by  E  of 
London.     Lon.  0  25  E,  li.l.  52  20  N. 

Kt'.v  3/fl;/cf,  a  post  tt.wn  in  Rorimp^- 
hani,  county.  New  Hampshire,  eight 
miles  N  hv  E  of  Exeter,  and  15  W  ot 
i'nrtsnK'Uth,  with  l(>i7  inhahitunts. 

Ni-^v  Miirht.  a  post  town  in  Fredcr- 
hk  county  Miiryhuid,  nine  miles  east- 
ward of  Frcderickt(Avn. 

NeKM  M.irht,  a  post  town  in  Shenan- 
doj.il  countv.  Viriylnia,  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Hobinso'n  river,  132  miles  W 
fcy  S  of  irushiiipiin 


Netv  Market,  a  village  in  Dorchester 
county,  Mr.ryhind,  Iving  on  the  E  side 
ofNuntlcoke  rivtr,  nine  miles  above 
Vienn;!  on  the  same  stream.  Here  is 
a  post  ofiice. 

^'e1v  Mil!),  a  thriving  village,  with  a 
post  oflbe,  in  nurlington  county.  New 
Jersey,  about  i'.ve  miles  E  of  Montholh. 

iftti  Mil/'i-d,  u  post  town  ill  Lincoln 


S  of  London.     Lon.  4  36  W, 

i3  N.  ... 

Nm-fmrt,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  witl* 
a  market  on  Saturday  and  a  handsome 
fiecschool,  17mdesE  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  140  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  18 
W,  lat.  52  45  N. 

^.'nvport,  a  seaport  town  in  Mon- 
mouthshiie,  with  a  n -;rk;'t  on  Satur- 
da\,  it  h.id  once  a  strong  castle  which 
is  m.w  demolished.  It  is  seated  on 
the  live.  Usk,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some brUlpe,  19  milts  S  S  W  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  152  W  by  N  of  Londoi\. 
Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Ke'ijport,  a  cov]  orate  town  in  Pem- 
brckcshire,  with  ;;  market  on  Saturday, 
w,d  the  ruins  of  a  castle.  It  is  govern- 
ed bv  a  minor,  and  seated  at  the  iiiot 
of  a"liij;li  bill,  at  the  Ixittom  of  a  bay 
of  the  same  nr.'ue,  18  miles  N  E  of  St. 
David's,  :ind  2;;5  W  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  4  iO  W,  lat   52  6  N. 

NeM:pvit,  a  post  town,  and  port  of 
entrv,  in  Newport  county,  Rhode 
Island,  and  forn  eily  the  metropolis  of 
the  prcv.nv  ..  'lids  city  stands  on  the 
S  W  corner  of  the  i-laiid,  in  lat.  41  29 
N,  and  loll.  71°  10'  W.  The  harbour 
which  is  between  Goat  Island  and  the 
town,  is  one  of  liie  best  and  largest  ia 
the  United  States,  but  this,  added  to 
beauty  of  situation  and  salubrity  oi  air. 


^flm 


E  W 

iit  the  limd  of  Sheets* 
lies  M  by  W  of  VViscas- 

a  jost  toMrn  in  Litch- 

(inixrtii'iit,  16   miles  N 

18  S  \V  of  LitcliHeld, 

of  HnuRsutanick  river, 

itSOOO  iiiliultitaiitH. 

coiporatc  town  in  Glou- 

itl)  a  niurkrt  on    Friday. 

I;c  Severn,  cipiit  nii\e» 

slcf,  :iii(l  112  W    N   W 

on.  '2  23  W  ,  lilt.  51  46  N. 

l><)roii»'li   in   the    IhIc   of 

niurket  Oii  Wednesday 

It  is  a  large  |)optdouB 

entod  town  governed  by 

iicnd.s   two   mi-inbers  tu 

It  is  seated  almost  in  the 

island,     on    the    river 

Ii    is  navigable  for    small 

Ilea  S  by  E  of  Southamp- 

W   of  London.     Lon.  1 

40  N. 

borough    in    Cornwall, 

'i  maiket,   but   sends  two 

parliament.     It  is  thre* 

iiunceston,  nn<l  214  W  by 

.     Lon.  4  36  W,   Ut.  5v> 

town  in  Shropshire,  witli 

Sa'iu'day  and  a  handsome 
7  miles  E  of  Shrewsbury, 
V  of  London.  Lon.  2  18 
iN. 

i  seaport  town  in  Mon- 
willi  a  n'-.ikit  on  Satur- 
nre  a  strong  castle  which 
lolislied.  It  is  seated  on 
V,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
,  19  milis  S  S  W  of  Mon- 

\o2  \V  bv  N  of  Londoft. 
,  lat.  51  36  N. 
1  c'((i|xiiite  town  in  Pem- 
ivitli ;;  jiK-rketon  Saturday, 
i  of  a  castle.  It  is  gove rn- 
•r,  and  si-iitcd  at  the  fcr-t 
1,  at  tlic  bottom  of  a  bay 
n::'nc,  18  nides  N  E  of  St. 
I  2;55  W  N  VV  of  London. 
^  lut  52  6  N. 

I   post  town,   and  port  of 
Nevport    county,    Rhode 

forneily  llie  metropolis  of 
..     'f  I'.is  citv  stands   on  the 

of  the  ivlhiKl,inli.t.4l''29' 
n°  10'  W.  The  harbour 
'tween  Goat  Island  and  the 
oftiic  best  and  lai'iyeBt  i« 
Stiitfs,  b'.it  this,  added  to 
tuutiun  and  salubrity  of  air. 


NEW 

Km  not  prevented  the  city  from  de- 
clining'; iiwm{^  in  soii>e  ini'ii!<ure  to  the 
removal  of  the  seat  of  pnveriiment,  but 
more  to  the  loss  of  foreijrn  traile : 
thotig:h  planted  in  16.3'.),  the  iiiliabitunts 
hardly  amount  to  70UO  at  this  time. 
The  entrance  of  tiie  iiurboiir  is  defend- 
ed by  a  fortilicittion  on  Goat  Island. 

I^eiofiort,  a  po.st  town  in  Now  Castle 
coiMily,  Delaware,  three  miles  .S  W  of 
Wilmin^on,  tiiul  abmit  tUe  same  dis- 
tance N  W  of  New  Ca.stlc.  It  has  a- 
boiit  3W  iiiliabititnts,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  wheat  and  tlour, 
between  the  adjacent  comities  and 
P'liiladelplii'i. 

Nmiport-Piumel,  a  town  in  Bncking'- 
hamshire,  with  a  inarlcet  on  Saturday. 
It  has  a  niaiKifactiire  ot  boiielace,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  over  wiiicli  it 
has  two  bridges,  14  miles  E  N  E  of 
Bucking'ham  and  jl  N  N  VV  of  London 
Lon.  0  4.3  W,  lat   .5.^  4  N. 

Nevi  kivcr,  for  siipplyinji^  London 
with  water.  This  river  has  its  rise  at 
Amwell,  near  >Vure,  in  Herts,  and 
was  formed  by  the  great  Sir  Hugh 
Middleton,  wliu  was  obliged,  in  order 
to  avoid  the  eminences  and  vallies  in 
the  ^♦ay,  to  maive  it  run  a  course  of 
about  39  iiiilc-a,  and  to  carry  it  over 
two  vallies,  in  lung  wooden  troughs 
lined  with  lead ;  that  at  Bi^shill  being 
660  feet  in  leiigtii,  and  30  in  height  ; 
under  which'  is  an  arch,  capaciius 
enough  to  admit  tlic  largest  waggon 
leaded  with  h.iy  or  straw.  In  stunt, 
over  and  under  this  river,  which  some- 
times rises  thus  high,  and  at  others  is 
conveyed  under  ground,  runs  several 
considerable  currents  of  land  waters, 
ami  both  above  and  below  it  a  great 
nmiiber  of  brooks,  rills,  and  water- 
courses have  their  passage. 

Ne-M  Rochelle,  a  post  town  in  West 
Chester  county.  New  York,  planted 
originally  by  French  Hugonots.  It 
lies  20  miles  N  E  of  the  city  of  New 
York. 

Nirviry,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
eoiinty  of  Down,  situate  on  the  side  of 
a  steep  hill,  at  the  foot  of  wiiich  i^ 
Newry-watcr,  having  over  it  twa 
stone  bridges ;  and  there  is  a  third 
bridge  over  a  navigable  canal,  by  wliicli 
it  has  a  communication  with  Lougii 
Neagh  and  Carlingford  bay.  It  has 
sufitrcd  greatly  by  the  rebel'ions  in 
Ulster,  and  was  burnt  by  the  duke  of 
Berwick  in  1689 ;  but  it  is  now  go  much 
improved  in  trade  and  buildings,  tt^at  it 


NEW 

I  !s  the  largest  town  in  the   countv.     It 
is  49  mileH   N  of  Dublin.     Lon.'  6  20 
,  W,  Int.  J4  15  N. 

Newry-watcr,  a  river  of  Ireland, 
which  separates  the  counties  of  Ar- 
magh and  Down,  and  watering  Newry, 
enters  Carlingford  buy. 

New  Siiieiii,  a  town  of  Ham])shire 
county,  Massarlicsclla  Here  is  .i  post 
oliii-e  34  miles  N  W  of  Worcester, 
and  81  in  the  same  course  from  Uoston. 

NifxvsJiain,  a  village  in  Dcrlia:n,  siiii- 
ate  on  tiie  Tecs,  live  miles  ironi  D.irl- 
iiigton  This  being  "he  usual  find  over 
the  river  from  the  S,  the  bisliop  of 
Durham  is  met  here,  at  his  first  com- 
ing to  the  see,  when  the  hu-d  of  Stotk- 
bourn,just  beh/w  it,  being  .it  the  head 
of  the  country  geiitlt-men,  advances 
into  the  middle  of  the  river,  with  his 
truncheon,  and  |)resent.s  it  to  tiu-  bishop^ 
who  returns  it,  and  is  then  conducted 
along uniid  the  acclamations  uriho  popu- 
lace.    Hfie  was  formerly  a  nunnery. 

AVju  .y/.i/njij,  a  post  town  in  Kenne- 
bec county,  Maine,  on  the  N  side  of 
Sainiy  river,  34  miles  N  \V  of  Augus- 
ta  on  the  river  Kennebec. 

Ne-xiiiii,  a  borough  in  Lancashire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  :>ends 
two  members  tu  parliament,  and  is  fi\e 
miles  N  of  Warrington,  and  ISO  N  W 
of  London.     Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  53  'iH  N. 

Neutvn,  a  borough  in  the  Isle  of 
W  ight,  which  sends  two  members  to 
partianieiit,  but  has  no  market.  It  is  14 
inilt  s  S  of  Southampton,  and  93  S  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Ncwjtoii,  a  town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on 
the  Severn,  seven  miles  S  W  of  Monfr^ 
gonierv,  and  169  W  N  W  of  London. 
Lon  3  12  W,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Ncivtowiilii  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  22  miles 
N  of  Philadelpliia,  containing  u  gaol, 
court-house,  and  790  inhabitants. 

AVuifowB,  tt  town  in  Fairllfid  county, 
Connecticut,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Danbu- 
ry,  and  35  N  W  of  New  Haven  .  the 
township  contains  about  3000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Nc'ijUkm,  a  town  in  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey,  39  miles  N  £  o''  E^iStun 
in  Pennsylvania. 

Netottfwu,  a  town  in  Tioga  county. 
New  York,  situated  on  the  N  side  oi 
Tioga  river,  20  miles  S  E  of  Painted 
Post,  conta'ning  1333  inhabitants. 

Newton- lituhei,  a  town  in  Devoif 
shijc,  with  a  markejt  on  Wcdneadaj 


■*v 


NEW 


N  I  A 


•e»ted  on  the  Tcign,  IS  miles  S  by  W 
of  Exeter,  and  188  W  S  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  3U  W,  lat.  50  3?  N. 

^reu)tnn^texuart,  a  town  in  Wigton- 
Bhire,  situate  on  the  navigable  river 
Crec,  over  w^iich  there  is  a  handsome 
bridg-e,  and  whose  mouth,  in  Wigton 
Buy,  aflbrds  a  valuable  salmon-fishery 
Several  manufactures  have  been  com- 
menced with  success  in  this  to\vn.  It 
is  26  miles  E  by  N  of  Fort- Patrick. 

Nfwion,  a  village  in  Renfrewshire, 
to  the  S  of  Paisley.  It  is  noted  for 
several  large  jirint-fields. 

Ntfwtou'ii  Limavmly,  a  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  tiie  county  of  Londonderry, 
sruted  near  the  E  coast  of  Lougli 
Fojie,  15  miles  E  N  E  of  Londonderry. 

NeK-VeiirU-  Harbour,  a  part  of  Staten 
Land,  in  South  America.  Lon.  6411 
W,  lat.  54  48  S. 

Nevs-Tears-Islandi,  small   islands,  of 
South  America,  on  the  N   side  of  Sta 
ten  Land.     Great  numbers  of  sea  lions, 
seals,  8ic.  rea«i't  to  these  islands. 

NnvVork,  the  metropolis  of  the  coun- 
ty and  state  of  New  York,  situated  on 
the  point  of  York  Island,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  Hudson  and  Ea.st  rivers,  in 
lat.  40°  42'  N,  and  lon.  74°  10'  W.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1615,  and 
called  New  Amsterdam — incorporated 
by  tire  British  government  in  1696^ 
and  is  nowgoverned  by  a  mayor,  alder- 
men, and  common  council.  The  city 
is  divided  into  seven  wards.  The 
streets  are  extremely  irregulai",  and 
most  of  them  inconveniently  narrow ; 
though  it  can  bo.ist  of  one  or  two,  that 
■re  superior  to  those  of  any  city  in  the 
Vnited  States.  The  buildings  are 
mostly  of  brick  or  stone,  and  some  of 
the  public  edifices  are  constructed  with 
considerable  elegance  and  grandeur, 
particularly.  Federal  Hall,  the  New 
State  Prison,  and  one  or  two  places  of 
religious  worship.  In  point  of  popu- 
lation this  is  tlic  second  city  in  the 
United  States,  containing  60,000  in- 
habitants, and  in  respect  of  trade,  the 
first ;  the  exports  in  1801  having  been 
estimated  at  13,792,276  dols.  The  har- 
bour is  safe  artd  spacious,  with  water  suf- 
ficient for  an  80  gun  ship  j  and  the  navi- 
gation is  seldom  interrupted  by  ice. 
There  is  a  college  liberally  endowed, 
four  banks  and  several  insurance  offices. 
The  water  consumed  by  the  inhabitants 
is  conveyed  principally  through  pipes 
from  springs  at  the  north  end  of  the  ci- 
<v,  as  that  m  the  common  wells  is  hard- 1 


ly  potable.  The  distance  from  New 
York  to  Philadelphia  is  96  miles,  to 
Boston  252  i  to  Baltimore,  197 ;  and  lo 
Wathington  242. 

Neyland,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  says  and  bays.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Stotn-,  over  which  ia  a  bridge,  16  miles 
S  W  of  Ipswich,  and  57  N  £  of  Lou- 
don.    Lon.  1  5'£,  lat  52  1  N. 

Neytracht,  a  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, capital  of  a  connty  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  sect- 
ed  on  the  Neytra,  40  miles  N  E  of 
Prcsbnrg.     Lon.  17  49  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Ngan-King-fou,  the  capital  of  the 
western  part  of  the  province  of  Kiang- 
nan  in  China  ;  its  sittuttion  is  delight- 
ful. It  is  governed  by  a  particular 
viceroy,  who  keeps  &  large  garrison  in 
a  fort  built  on  tlie  banks  of  the  river 
Yang-tse-kiang.  The  commerce  and 
richts  of  tiiis  city  render  it  very  con- 
siderable ;  and  every  thing  that  goes 
from  the  southern  i)art  of  Cliina,  to 
Nan-king  must  pass  through  it.  AU 
the  country  belonging  to  it  is  level, 
pleasant,  and  fertile.  It  has  under  its 
jurisdiction  only  six  cities  of  the  third 
class.     Lon.  116  45  E,  lat.  30  35^. 

Ngan-io-fou,  a  rich  and  populous  ci- 
ty of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou- 
quang,  containing  in  its  district,  two 
cities  of  the  second  and  five  of  the 
third  class.  It  is  425  miles  W  by  S  of 
Nanking. 

Niagara,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  forms  the  communication  be- 
tween Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario, 
and  nms  from  S  to  N  about  30  miles. 
At  the  entrance  of  this  river,  on  its 
e.istcrii,  shore,  ia  Foi-t  Niagara  ;  and 
18  miles  N  of  this  are  those  remarka- 
ble falls,  which  are  reckoned  among 
the  greatest  natur-il  curiosities  in  the 
world.  Above  the  falls  in  the  middle  of 
the  river,  is  an  island  800  or  900  feet 
long ;  the  lower  end  of  which  is  just 
at  tlie  pcipendicular  edge  of  the  fall. 
On  both  sides  of  this  island  all  the  wa- 
ters that  come  from  the  lakes  of  Canada, 
rush  with  astonishing  grandeur,  down 
a  stupendous  precipice  of  137  feet  per- 
pedicular ;  and  in  a  strong  rupid  that 
extends  to  the  distance  of  nine  miles 
below,  fall  near  as  much  more.  Be- 
fore the  water  comes  to  this  island,  it 
runs  but  slowly  compared  witi)  its  mo- 
tion afterwards,  whenit  grows  tlv  most 
rapid  in  the  world.  'Before  it  comes 
to  the  &11  it  is  perfectly  white  and  in 


'Jim 


N  I  A 


N  J  C 


NIC 


)f 


The  distance  from  New 

adelpliia  is  96  miles,  to 
:o  Baltimore,  197 ;  and  lu 
[■2. 

town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
'iday,  and  a  manufacture 
ays.  It  is  seated  on  the 
.liich  ia  a  bridge,  16  miles 
vicb,   and  57  N  £  of  Lou- 

5  E,  lat.  32  1  N. 
town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
a  county  of  the  same 

bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ieytra,  40  miles  N  E  of 
Lon.  17  49  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

■fbu,  the  capital  of  the 
t  of  tlie  province  of  Kiang- 
, ;  its  sitiwtion  is  delight- 
fToverncd  by  a  particular 
)  keeps  u  large  garrison  in 
on  tlie  banks  of  the  river 
mg.  The  commerce  and 
is  city  render  it  very  con- 
and  every  thing  that  goes 
outherii  part  of  China,  to 
mst  pass  through  it.     All 

belonging  to  it  is  level, 
d  fertile.  It  has  under  its 
only  six  cities  of  the  third 
.  116  45  E,  lat.  30  35*N. 
jM,  a  rich  and  populous  ci- 
,  in  the  province  of  Hou- 
tuining  in  its  district,  two 
lie  second  and  five  of  the 

It  is  425  miles  W  by  S  of 

a  river  of  North  America, 
ns  the  communication  be- 
e  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario, 
om  S  to  N  about  30  miles, 
trance  of  this  river,  on  its 
ore,  is  Fort  Niagara  ;  and 
f  of  this  are  those  remarka- 
•hlch  arc  reckoned  among 
It  natur.il  curiosities  in  the 
jve  the  falls  in  the  middle  of 
s  an  island  800  or  900  feet 
lower  end  of  which  is  just 
pendicular  edge  of  the  fall, 
ies  of  tliis  island  all  the  wa- 
ime  from  the  lakes  of  Canada, 
astonishing  grandeiir,  down 
us  precipice  of  137  feet  per- 
and  in  a  strong  rupid  that 
the  distance  of  nine  miles 
1  near  as  much  move.  Be- 
ater comes  to  this  island,  it 
lowly  compared  witl>  its  mo- 
•ards,  whenit  grows  thi  most 
.he  world.  'Before  it  comes 
it  is  perfectly  white  and  in 


many  places  thrown  high  up  intothe  uir 
;iii(l  seems'  to  outHy  an  arrow  in  swift- 
msH.  The  river  tlien  loses  itself  in 
Lake  Ontario.  I'he  noise  of  the  Nia- 
gara Falls,  in  a  clear  day  and  fair  wind, 
may  be  head  at  the  distance  of  45  miles. 
When  the  water  strikes  the  bottom,  it 
rebounds  to  a  great  height,  and  cau.scs 
a  thick  cloud  of  vapours,  on  which  the 
sun,  when  it  shines,  paints  a  be.^utiful 
rainbow. 

Niagara,  a  post  town  in  Gennrsce 
county.  New  York;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Niagara  river,  at  its  junction 
with  lake  Ontario,  in  Int.  43*  15'  N. 
and  long.  79°  W.  This  important  place 
was  strongly  fortified  by  tlie  British 
while  it  was  in  their  possession,  and 
delivered  to  the  Americans  in  the  same 
good  condition.  It  is  370  miles  N  W 
of  Philadelphia,  and  544  N  N  W  of 
Wathington. 

Niat,  a  small  island,  in  the  East  In- 
dies :  the  women  are  remarkable  for 
tiicir  beauty,  and  are  purchased  as 
slaves  by  the  Dutch  and  Portuguese, 
It  is  situated  at  the  W  end  of  Sumatra. 
Lon.  97  0  E,  lat.  1  10  N. 

Nibano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dutchy 
ofParmt,  57  miles  W  of  Parma.  Lon. 
10  OE,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Nicaragua,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Guatimala,  bounded 
on  Uie  N  by  Honduras,  on  the  E  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S  E 
by  Costa  Rica,  and  on  the  S  W  by  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  being  about  400 
miles  from  E  to  W,  and  120  from  N  to 
S.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fruitful  pro- 
vinces of  Mexico,  and  is  well  watered 
by  lakes  and  rivers.  The  air  is  tempe- 
rate and  wholesome  ;  and  the  country 
produces  plenty  of  sugar,  cochineal, 
and  fine  chocolate.  Leon  de  Nicara- 
gua is  the  capital. 

Nicaragua,  a  lake  of  New  Spain,  in 
a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  200 
miles  in  circumference,  has  some  islands 
in  it,  and  stretcliing  from  the  city  of 
Leon  N  W  to  SE,  communicates  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  river  St. 
Juan. 

Niearia,  an  island  of  the  Archipela- 
go, between  Samos  and  Tina,  ancient- 
ly called  Icaria,  50  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. A  chain  of  mountains  covered 
with  wood  and  full  of  rocks,  which  the 
inhabitants  who  are  very  poor,  make 
their  abode,  runs  through  the  middle 
of  it,  and  supports  them  witli  water. 
They  are  of  the  Greek  religion,  about 


3000  in  number,  and  apply  themselves 
to  swimming  and  diving  for  sponges, 
and  for  gooils  lostbv  Hiiipwrcck.  Lon. 
26  30  E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Nicasvo,  nn  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Ulteriorc,  17  miles  S 
of  Coscnza.     Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  M  3  N. 

Nice,  a  county  of  Italy,  bounded  on 
the  VV  by  the  river  Vur  and  the  Mari- 
time Alp.H,  which  divide  it  from  Trance  ; 
on  the  N  by  Piedmont  -,  on  the  E  by 
the  territories  of  Genoa  j  and  on  the  S 
by  the  Mediterranean.  It  was  ancient- 
ly an  appendage  of  Provence,  in  Franee, 
but  has  for  many  years,  belonged  to  tlie 
king  of  Sardinia.  In  1792,  it  was  con- 
quered by  the  French.  The  inhabi- 
tants supply  Genoa  with  timber  for 
ship  building,  and  carry  on  a  trade  m 
paper  and  other  articles.  It  is  6U  miles 
long  and  30  broad,  and  contains  about 
125,000  iniialiitants. 

Nice,  an  ancient  and  considerable  ci- 
ty of  Italy,  cajjital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  strong  citadel  and 
a  bishop's  sec.  It  is  of  a  triangular 
form,  and  confined  in  its  situation,  hav- 
ing a  high  rock  on  the  E,  the  river  Pag- 
lion  on  the  VV,  and  the  Mediterranean 
on  tlie  S  i  from  wliich  last  it  is  separa- 
ted by  a  beautiful  and  extensive  ter- 
race, used  as  a  public  walk.  The  bar- 
hour  is  on  the  E  side  of  the  rock,  and 
called  Limpia,  from  a  small  river  that 
falls  into  it.  The  exports  are  silk, 
sweet  oil,  wine,  cordials,  rice,  oran- 
ges, lemons,  and  all  sorts  of  dried  fruits. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  by  the 
French,  and  last  of  .ill  in  1800.  '  It  is 
four  miles  E  of  the  mouth  of  the  Var, 
and  83  S  bv  W  of  Tiu-in.  Lon.  7  23  E, 
lat.  43  42  N. 

Nice,  a  city  of  Asia.     See  Isnic. 

Nichaburg,  a  city  of  Persia,  and  the 
largest  and  richest  in  Korusan,  famous 
for  a  mine  of  turcois-stones  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. It  is  37  miles  S  of  Mes- 
ched.     Lon.  57  48  R,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Nicholas,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mcurthe  and  late  pro- 
vince of  I.orrain,  with  a  handsome 
church,  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  t<» 
which  pilgrims  formerly  resorted,  from 
all  quarter.s.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meur- 
tlie,  five  miles  S  E  of  Nanci,  and  265 
E  of  Paris. 

Nicholai,  St.  a  se.ijiort  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Archangel,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  D^iia,  on  the 
White  Sea,  six  miles  S  of  Archanj^I. 

Nicholas,  St.  or  Mo!e  St,  Nicholas,  a 


N  I  C 


N  I  t 


V 


town,  harbour,  anil  cape  of  tlie  West  I 
liKlicH,  at  the  N  W    extremity   of  St.  I 
.U"niiii)^u,  c  iinniaiidini^llii-  Hlrait  called  ' 
thi?   U  iii(l\vai'(l  Pussat^c.    The  harbour  I 
is  \ory  cu|>u('ioiis  at  tlic  entrance ;  and  I 
shi))H  of  any  burden  may  ride  at  anchor 
ill  llif  basin,  ilurin)rllic  tri-er.test  storm, 
it  wa.s  taken  by  the  Knjjlish,  aide<l    by 
ilii;  hiviich  rovulihts,  inl^'J3.     Loii.  73 
50  VV,  lat.  li/  15  N. 

Nicileiburg,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in 
Moravia,  widi  a  castle,  27  miles  N  of 
Vienna. 

Nicubar  hlaudi,  several  islands  at 
the  entrance  ot'  t!ie  (^df  of  Bengul. 
They  are  ahiiosl  entirely  uncultivated  j 
but  tlic  cocoa-nut,  tlic  nieUori  or  lerum 
(a  lvin<l  of  bread-fruit)  and  other  tropi- 
cal fruits,  (jrow  bi)ontiineo<isly  to  tlie 
greatest  pcrfixlion.  Tlie  hir(fest  of 
these  islands  is  aliout  4U  miles  lonf]^,  15 
bi'oud,  an'd  the  inhabitants  are  said  to 
be  a  huruiless  sort  of  people,  hiw  in 
stature  but  very  well  raxde,  and  sur- 
prisingly active  an<l  strong-.  Tiiey  are 
naturally  p)od  hiinioiired  and  gay,  and 
arc  very  fond  of  silting  at  table  with 
KiU'opeans,  and  eat  most  enormously. 
There  subsists  among  them  u  perfect 
equality.  A  few  aged  people,  have  a 
little  more  respect  paid  them,  but  there 
is  no  appi'urance  of  authority  over  one 
another.  Tjicse  islands  extend  north- 
ward, from  the  N  point  of  Sumatra. 
Tt|fciU»rgest  of  theni,  which  gives  name 
to  the  rest,  is  40  miles  in  length  and  15 
in  breadth.  Us  S  extremity  is  in  .'on. 
94  23  E,  lat.  SON. 

Kicula.1,  St.  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  between  St.  Lu- 
cia and  St.  Jago.  It  is  75  miles  in 
h'ligtii  ;  and  the  land  is  stony,  )noun- 
tainous,  and  barren.  Loii.  14  10  W, 
lat.  16  32  N. 

Nicoto,St.  the  most  considon.blc  iind 
most  populous  town  of  the  isle  of  i're- 
mcli,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  has  a 
hiirbour,  defended  by  a  fortress,  in 
which  is  an  aUbev  and  a  church.  Lun. 
15  37  E,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Nicomedia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia 
in  Nalolia,  now  called  Ischnrch,  or 
Schniit.  It  was  foi'merly  a  large  place, 
as  appears  by  the  tine  ruins  ;  and  now 
conUtins  30,000  inhabitants,  who  con- 
sist of  Greeks,  Armenians,  and  Turks. 
It  is  still  a  ]>lace  oi'  (-(.nsecjuence  and 
carries  on  a  trade  in  silk,  cotton,  glass, 
and  earthen  ware.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop,  and  is  50  miles  S 
W  of  Constantiacplo.  Lon.  3'J  30  E, 
jtot.  40  30  N. 


Kicopoli,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  famnui^ 
for  the  (irst  battle  fought  between  the 
Turks  and  the  Christians  in  1396,  wlivn 
the  cmpei-or  Sigismund  lost  the  day, 
and  had  20,000  men  killed.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  IJunube,  130  miles  N  W  i.f 
Adrianople.  Lon.  25  iA  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Nicofmli,  or  Glanith,  an  ancient  toMrti 
of  Armenia,  built  bj  Pompcy  the  Great, 
in  memory  of  a  victory  gained  over  Mi- 
thridatcs.'  It  is  seatetl  on  the  Ccraii- 
na,  165  miles  S  VV  of  Erzerum.  Lon. 
37  55  E,  lut.  3tl  15  N. 

Niania,  a  strong  town,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  and  the  residence  of 
a  Turkish  bashaw,  delightfully  seated 
between  the  mountain  Ulympus  ami  a 
chain  of  other  mountains.  It  was  for- 
merly well  fortified  by  the  Vcn»tian«, 
but  now  the  works  are  in  ruins.  It  i« 
three  miles  in  circumference  ;  and  there 
arc  plantations  of  olives,  almonds,  le- 
mons, oranges,  mulberries,  and  Cyprus- 
trees,  interspersed  among  the  houi.-s, 
which  give  the  town  a  delightful  ap. 
pearance.  The  church  of  St.  Sophia  is 
an  old  Gothic  structure,  which  the 
Turks  have  turned  into  a  mosriue,  and 
destroyed  the  ornantents.  It  is  100 
miles  'W  of  Tripoli,  and  160  S  \V  of 
Aleppo.     Lon.   34  45  E,  lat.  34  54  N. 

Nicotera,  a  seajKirt  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
labria Ulteriure,  with   a  bishop  s  sec, 

35  miles  N  E  of  Reggio,  and  185  S  E 
of  Naples.     Lon.  16  M  E,  Int.  38  34  N. 

Nicoya,  a  town  of  New  Sjjain,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  at  tlie  bottom  of  u  bay, 
45  miles  S  E  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua. 
Lon.  88  0  VV,  lat.  10  15  N. 

Nicara,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Tiirkev  in  Asia,  in   Carainania.     Lon. 

36  9  E,  lat.  3y  25  N. 

NiJwui,  or  NiJmv,  a  handsome  town 
of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  situate  on  the  lake 
of  Bienne,  15  miles  N  VV  of  Bern,  and 
60  S  W  ofZuric. 

Nidda,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  the  Upper  Uliine,  20  miles  N 
E  of  Frankfort,  and  38  E  N  E  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  58  E,  lat.  50  17  N. 

Nidecieii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  VVestphalia  and  dutchy  of  Ju- 
iiers.  It  is  situate  on,  and  surrounded  by 
rocks,  and  is  13  miles  S  S  E  of  Juliers. 
Lon.  6  16  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Nidjibabad,  a  small  town  of  Hindoos- 
ton  Proper,  80  miles  N  N  E  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  78  41  E,  lat.  29  35  N. 

Niebla,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  (gated  ou  the  Uio  Tintu, 


N  I  t 

nu-n  of  Biil(;par!«,  famoiin^ 
luttle  fought  Ijetwcen  llie 
Cliristiatiii  in  1396,  wlicn 
Si^rixmiind  lost  the  diiv, 
0  men  killed.     It  i«  acaV.. 
niibe,  130  miles  N  W  i.f 
on.  25  3li  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 
Giuiiith,  an  ancient  town 
irilt  by  Pompey  the  Great, 
victory  ^im-d  over  Mi- 
is   seated  on  the  Ceraii. 
S  VV  ol"  Lrzerum.     Lon. 

\5  N. 

rong  town,  capital  of  the 

Ills,  and  tlie  residence  of 

iliaw,  delightfully  seated 

mountain  Ulympug  iimi  a 

r  mountains.     I*  w:ih  fur- 

H'tified  by  the  Venetians, 

works  are  in  ruins.     It  1« 

circumference  J  and  there 

IS  of  olives,  almonds,  le- 

J,  mulberries,  and  Cyprus- 

erscd  among'  tlie  hoiis,"!, 

he   town  a  delightful  ap- 

he  cluircli  of  St.  Sophia  is 

c    structure,    which    the 

unied  into  a  mos((ue,  and 

i   oninments.      It  is   100 

Tripoli,  an.l   160  S  \V  of 

1.   34  45  E,  lat.  34  54  N. 

8ea|)ort  of  Naples,  in  Cu- 

>rc,  with   a  bishop  s  sec, 

of  Heggio,  iiiid  185  .S  K 

.on.  16  30  E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

iwnof  New  Sj)uin,  on  the 

>,  at  ti.'e  bottom  of  a  bay, 

of  Leon   <!e   Nicaragua. 

lat.  10  15  N. 

I   archiepiscopul   town  of 

sia,  ill   CiU'aniania.     Lon. 

9  25  N. 

NiJow,  a  handsome  town 
d,  ca])ital  of  a  bailiwitr  of 
le,  in  tiie  canton  of  Bern, 
It  is  situate  on  the  lake 
miles  N  W  of  Bern,  and 
ric. 

)wn  of  Germany,  in  the 
Jppcr  Rhine,  20  miles  N 
t,  and  38  E  N  E  of  Mentz. 
lat.  50  17  N. 

town  of  Germany,  in  the 
itplialia  and  dutcliy  of  Ju- 
late  on,  and  surrounded  by 
13  miles  S  S  E  of  Jidiers. 
lat.  50  46  N. 
a  small  town  of  Hindons- 
0  miles  N  N  £  of  Delhi. 

lat.  29  35  N. 
incient  town  of  Spain,  in 
ated  oil  the  Rio  Tinto, 


N  I  G 

¥)  milei  W  of  SeTille.    Lon.  S  56  W, 

lui.  3-  26  N. 

Sietcr'jUhr,  a  village  of  Germany, 
in  the  principality  of  XVicd,  three  miles 
fruin  Neuwied.  Many  valuable  anti- 
(juities,  and  the  traces  of  a  Koinai.  ci- 
ty, were  discovered  liere  in  iTill. 

Niemecz,  a  strong  town  of  Moldavia, 
between  S(H-<oway  uiid  lirassaw,  being 
2.)  miles  from  each.  Lon.  26  16  £,  lat. 
Kd  58  N. 

Niemen,  a  large  river  of  Poland, 
which  rises  in  Lithuania,  and  passes 
by  Bielicu  and  Groilna :  it  afterward 
runs  through  part  of  hamogilia,  and 
tastcrn  Prussia,  where  it  falls  into  tlie 
arm  of  the  sea,  called  the  Curisch-haft', 
liy  scv(U-al  ni.xiths,  of  which  the  most 
iiortiicrn  is  called  the  Russ,  being  the 
name  of  the  town  it  passes  by. 

Nienburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  d'.tchy 
of  Brunswick-Lunenburg,  with  u  strong 
castle.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  corn  and  wool,  and  is  a  rich 
and  strong  town  is  seated  on  tiic 
Weser,  30  miles  N  W  of  Hanover, 
am  37  S  E  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9  26  E, 
lat.  52  43  N. 

Nien  C'iosttr,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Scliwerin,  tliree 
niiies  E  <'f  Wismar. 

S'lenUuis,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  bishopric  of 
Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  20 
miles  E  of  Lipstadt.  Lon.  8  55  E,  lat. 
51  50  N. 

Niepcr.     Sec  Dnieper. 

Niesta'it,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  diltchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, 15  miles  S  of  Scliwerin.  Lon. 
1146E,  lat.  53  59  N. 

Nieitadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marchc  of  Brandenburg,  seat- 
ed on  the  Fuyhre,  25  miles  N  K  of 
Ilerlin.     Lon.  14  1  E,  lat.  52  49  N. 

Nieater.     See  Dniestfr. 

Neuport,  a  seaport  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ilei;s,  seated  on  the  German  Ocean,  at 
the  mouth  of  tiie  Yperlce.  It  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  in  various  wars,  the 
last  time  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is 
nine  miles  S  W  of  Ostciid,  .ind  16  N  K 
uf  Dunkirk.     Lon.  3  45  E,  lat.  51  7  V>. 

^Iger,  a  large  river  of  Africa,  for- 
merly very  little  known.  In  order  to 
ascertain  the  rise,  coiise,an(l  u?nnliia- 
tioii  of  the  Niger,  Mr,  Parke  w.is  sent 
'lut  by  the  African  assniation  in  17<.'5. 
I'lic  course  of  this  rivei-  whieli  was  f.i-- 
•lerly  suppasgd  to  be  kfiin  E  -o  V,  is 


N  IL 


now  determined  by  Mr.  Pwke  to  he 
froip  VV  to  E.  In  tracing  the  rise  of 
the  Niger  Mr.  Parke  proceeded  as  far 
as  Silla,  the  end  of  his  journey  East- 
ward i  he  was  disabled  from  proceed- 
ing farther  by  sickness,  hunger  and  fa- 
tigue ;  particularly  as  he  must  have  re- 
lied on  tlie  charity  of  the  Moors,  if 
lie  had  continued  his  journey,  who 
seemed  to  be  a  set  of  merciless  fana- 
tics. So  great  is  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  Niger  traverses  the  empire 
of  Cashna,  that  no  vessel  can  ascend 
the  stream  ;  and  in  t!ie  rainy  season,  it 
swells  above  its  banks.  Hoods  tlie  adja- 
cent lands,  and  often  sweeps  before  it 
the  cattle  and  cottages  of  the  inha- 
bitants. 

■ffigritia.     Sec  Ncgro/anJ. 

Nitopiiig,  a  town  of  Denmark,  capital 
of  the  island  of  Falster,  or  Hulster,  in 
the  Baltic,  with  a  strong  fort,  55  miles 
S  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  7  E,  lat. 
54  50  N. 

Niioping,  a  town  of  Sweden  iir  Su- 
dennania,  60  miles  S  W  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  58  40  N. 

J^ile,  a  large  and  celebrated  river  of 
Africa,  to  which  the  coiiiilry  of  Egypt 
owes  its  fertility  ;  and  the  exploring  of 
whose  sources  has,  from  the  remotest 
ages,  been  accounted  an  impractieabla 
undertaking.  Thi.s  discovery  has  how- 
ever, been  lately  made  by  Mr.  h^^, 
who  spent  several  years  at  the  <^i^U)f 
Abyssinia,  and  I'ythe  favour  of  the  em- 
peror and  great  pcojile  of  the  country, 
was  enabled  to  accomplish  tliis  r,rd\ioiis 
task.  In  the  niidiUe  of  a  inaisli,  near 
the  bottor.i  of  the  mountain  of  Gees.'i, 
arises  a  hillock  of  a  ciicular  form,  about 
three  feet  from  tlie  surface  of  the 
marsh  itself,  thougli  apparently  founded: 
much  deeper  in  it.  The  diameter  of 
this  is  sometliing  sliort  of  twehc  feet ; 
it  is  surrounded  by  a  siialiow  trench, 
whicli  colleets  tlie  \v;'.ter,  and  voiils  it 
eastward  ;  it  is  nrmly  built  with  sod  or 
earthen  turf,  brought  from  tlii  sides, 
and  constantly  kept  in  repair,  :  nd  thin 
is  the  altar  upon  which  all  tliei  rcligi- 
ous  ceiemonics  are  performei'  This 
mouth  or  opening  of  the  source,  i.<» 
some  parts  of  an  inrli  less  ttian  three 
fee*,  in  diameter,  and  tlie  wale:-  stood 
about  two  inches  from  llie  Im  or  brim. 
This  spring  is  about  s'X  iiiciies  deep. 
Tills  is  the  (ir^.t  fountr.in  of  tlie  Nile. 
Ten  foet  distant  from  tlie  first  <.  f  tliesft 
springs,  a  little  to  tlio  west  of  south,  is 
tiig  sucred  ibt^jitain,  about  eleven  inches 


^\^j>!^n  t^'Moeuia. « .«&.& 


N  I  L 


N  I  L 


if  (liAmoter ;  but  thiii  is  eight  feet  three 
.•s  ik'e|).  Ami  aboia  twenty  f«.-et 
li.  "t  I'loin  tlie  tirst,  is  thu  third 
kuii  ',  it8  motitii  buiii)^  Koiiicliiin)^ 
iiior^  I.  all  two  feci  lai'ijf,  and  it  is  five 
fet't  (■i;'-ni  Indies  deep,  'i'hc  Nile  ihim 
furnii.- 1  bv  the  union  (jf  Kti'cunis  from 
thes,-  tlirce  tbuntuiiiN,  runs  li  tor  ubuut 
30  yiirds,  with  very  little  inci-cuiic  of 
w:iter,  ItU  it  is  turned  (fiMiluully  N  E 
and  then  K  by  the  f^russy  brink,  of  tliu 
land  dcsccndiii)!'  fnnn  Sucala.  Here  it 
re(  L.vcs  the  a<ldilion  of  several  sinr'  igs, 
und  becomes  capable  of  turiunp^  a  coin- 
>uon  mill.  Fruin  this  it  lurnii  W  about 
four  iiiiles  farther,  wiierc  is  a  catar&.ct 
of  about  six  feet,  after  which  it  leaves 
the  mountainous  country,  and  takes  itii 
course  thro'  the  plains  of  Goutto.  Here 
it  flows  so  gently,  that  its  motion  is 
scarcely  discernible,  and  its  direction 
is  so  winding,  that  it  forms  more  than 
20  shar|>  angular  peninsulas,  in  a  course 
of  live  miles.  Its  course  then  inclines 
to  the  N  £  and  £,  when  it  falls  down 
another  cataract,  and  then  receives  the 
Jenima,  a  stream  not  inferior  in  size  to 
itself.  Proceedinjf  to  the  N,  it  crosses 
the  southern  part  of  the  lake  Tzana,  or 
Dcmbca,  and  issues  out  at  the  W  side 
of  it  in  the  territory  of  Dara.  After 
emerging-  from  thi.t  lake,  it  first  receives 
the  name  of  tlic  Nile  The  banks  in  the 
coi||^^f  a  fcwmilcs  become  very  high, 
and iNKovered  with  the  most  lieauliful 
and  variegated  verdure  that  can  be  con- 
ceived. It  is  now  confined  by  the 
mountains  of  Bejcmder  till  it  reaches 
Alata,  where  ii>  tlie  third  cataract, 
which  is  represented  by  Mr.  Bruce  a» 
the  most  magnificent  sight  he  ever  be- 
•held.  The  river  had  been  considerably 
increased  by  rains,  and  fell  in  one  sheet 
of  water  without  ary  interval,  about 
h.alf  an  English  mile  in  breadth,  with  a 
force  and  noise  that  was  truly  terrible, 
and  which  stunned,  and  made  him  for 
a  time,  perfectly  ilizzy.  A  thick  fume, 
or  haze,  covered  the  fall  all  roinid,  and 
hung  over  the  course  of  the  stream  both 
r.bovc  and  below,  marking  its  track, 
t!iou;;h  the  water  is  not  seen.  The  ri- 
ver, though  swelled  with  rain,  prc- 
S'-rved  its  natural  clcirness,  and  fell,  as 
far  as  he  could  discern,  into  a  deep 
pool,  or  b.nson,  in  the  solid  rock,  which 
was  full,  and  in  twenty  diflierent  eddies 
to  the  very  foot  of  tlie  precipice  ;  the 
stream  when  it  fell,  seeming  part  of  it 
to  run  back  wit!  j;re:it  fury  upon  the 
rock,  as  -.vcU  us  forwai'd  in  the  line  of 


its  roiirsr,  raising  a  wave,  or  violent 
ebullition,  by  cliaKng  aguiuftt  cui-ji 
other.  About  half  a  mile  below  tli;- 
cataract,  the  Nile  is  confined  l>etweiii 
two  rucks,  where  it  runs  into  u  luirrow 
chaimel  with  impetuous  velocity  iiml 
great  noi^c.  Uelow  this  tremendouit 
walerfull  the  Nile  ttkea  a  S  E  direc- 
tion along  the  W  side  of  Begemdcr 
and  Aniliara,  on  the  right  inclosing  the 
province  of  Gojani.  lit  receiver  a  great 
number  of  streams  from  both  sides,  and 
after  several  turns  takes  at  last  a  direc- 
tion almost  due  N.  and  approaches 
within  6'2  miles  of  its  source.  It  now 
seems  to  have  forced  its  passage 
through  a  gap  in  some  very  high  moun- 
tains, which  bound  the  country  of  the 
Ganges,  and  falls  down  a  cataract  2Hu 
fest  high,  and  immediately  below  this 
are  two  others  of  very  considerable 
height.  It  now  runs  close  by  Scnnaar, 
in  a  direction  nearly  N  and  S,  and  af- 
terwards makes  a  sharp  turn  to  the  E. 
Leaving  Sennaar,  it  passes  by  many 
large  to\vns  inhabited  by  Arabs,  anil 
turning  to  the  N  E  it  joins  the  I'ecaxzc, 
and  passes  a  large  and  populous  town 
named  Chcndi,  Having  at  length  re- 
ceived the  great  river  Atbara,  it  turns 
directly  N  for  about  two  degrees  j  it 
then  turns  to  W  by  S  for  more  than  two 
degrees  in  longitude,  and  arrives  at 
Korti.  From  Korti  it  runs  almost  S  W 
till  it  passes  Dongola,  after  which  it 
comes  to  Moscho.  From  thence  turn- 
ing to  the  N  E,  it  meets  with  a  chain  of 
mountains  in  about  22°  15'  of  N  lat. 
where  is  the  seventh  cataract  named 
Jan  Adel.  This  is  likewiKC  very  tre- 
mendous, though  not  above  half  as  higii 
as  that  of  Alata.  This  course  is  now 
continued  till  it  falls  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean, there  being  only  one  other  ca- 
tai-act  in  the  whole  space  which  is 
much  inferior  to  any  of  those  already 
described.  The  Nile  overflows  regu- 
larly every  year  ;  the  causes  of  its-inun- 
dations are  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Bruce.  The  sun  being  nearly  station- 
ary for  some  days  in  the  tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn, the  air  tiiere  becomes  so  muck 
rarified,  that  the  heavier  winds,  charg- 
ed with  watery  particles,  rush  in  upon 
it  from  the  Atlantic  on  the  W,  and 
from  the  Indian  ocean  on  the  E.  Hav- 
ing thus  gathered  such  a  quiintity  of 
vapours  as  it  were  to  a  focus,  the  sun 
now  puts  them  in  motion,  and  drawing 
them  after  it  in  its  rapid  progress  north- 
ward, on  the  '7x.h  of  Jaimiu-y,  for  t\v« 


N  I  L 

raisinff  »  wave,  r,r  violent 
l>y  chaKiig  n^uiiiHt  cui-lt 
lilt  Imlf  a  mile  below  tli? 
ic  Nile  i«  confiiicd  iielweni 
wluTe  it  run»  into  u  iiiirro\f 
III  impcluuiis  velocity  anil 
Uelow  thiit  trcmeiulouH 
ic  Nile  t^kcll  a  S  E  dircc 
the  W  side  of  Beeemder 
'I,  on  the  rifflit  inclo8in(^  tlie 
Oojam.  It  receives  a  gfrcai 
ircuin*  from  both  sides,  uiid 
il  turns  takes  at  last  a  direc- 
due  N.  and  approaches 
nilvs  of  its  source.  It  now 
have  forced  its  passage 
^ap  in  some  ver}'  high  moun- 
Il  bound  the  country  of  tliu 
d  falls  dovn  a  cataract  2Hu 
and  immediately  below  thin 
;her»  of  very  considerabk: 
now  runs  close  hy  Scnnaar, 
ion  nearly  N  and  S,  and  af- 
lakes  a  sharp  turn  to  the  £. 
ennaar,  it  passes  by  many 
s  inliabited  by  Arabs,  unil 
he  N  E  it  joins  the  I'eca/zc, 
a  large  and  populous  town 
ndi.  Having  at  length  re- 
great  river  Atbara,  it  turns 
for  about  two  degrees  t  it 

0  VV  by  S  for  more  than  two 
longitude,   and  arrives  ut 

m  Korti  it  runs  almost  S  W 
es  Dongola,  after  which  it 
loscho.    From  thence  turii- 

1  £,  it  meets  with  a  chain  of 
in  about  22°  15'  of  N  lat. 
he   seventh  cataract  named 

This  is  likewise  very  tre- 
lough  not  above  half  as  high 
Alata.  This  course  is  now 
ill  it  falls  into  the  Meditcr- 
k'e  being  only  one  other  ca- 
he  whole  space  which  is 
ior  to  any  of  those   already 

The  Nile  overflows  regu- 
year  ;  the  causes  of  itsiniin- 
;  thus  described  by  Mr. 
le  sun  being  nearly  station- 
e  days  in  the  troi)ic  of  Ca- 
:  air  there  becomes  no  muck 
it  the  heavier  winds,  charg- 
tery  particles,  rush  in  upon 
i  Atlantic  on  the  W,  and 
idian  ocean  on  the  £.  Hav- 
alhcred  such  a  quantity  of 
it  were  to  a  focus,  the  sun 
lem  in  motion,  and  drawing 
it  in  its  rapitl  progress  nortti- 
tbe  '7tli  of  Janmu-y,  for  t\v» 


N  I  N 

^(  ;iri  tigtthcr,  sremod  tii  have  c\tcnd- 
1  il  ilM  powii'to  till"  iilmospliiTe  ofGoii- 
ilup,  when  for  tlic  first  tiini;,  tlu'rc  ap 
p(  arcil  ill  the  slsv  wliiti-,  du|i|ih'(l,  lliin 
<'lciud.s,  tlic  sun  hciii^'  then  (ll.staiil  ;Vl" 
I'ruiii  the  KcniUi,  wilbmit  :in)  (.iic  clmi- 
<ly  or  (lark  s|H:ck  having  hoiii  seen  for 
several  nioiitlis  lirCoic.  Atlvanciiig  to 
llif  liiii"  with  increased  velocity,  and 
(li'scrlbingi.ui'gci'S|iiral>,  the  sun  brings 
•  II  a  few  dr(i|is  of  rain  at  Gondar  liic 
Isl  of  Marrli,  being  then  distant  ;>° 
(Vmn  the  zenith  ;  these  are  greedily  ab 
surged  by  the  thirsty  soil ;  and  this 
it'iMus  to  he  tlif  farthest  extent  of  the 
Sim's  iiiHueiire,  capable  of  causing  rain, 
v.  hich  then  only  tails  in  large  drops,  and 
lasts  t)ut  n  few  minutes  :  the  rainy  S'.'a- 
sDii,  however,  begins  in;)st  seriously 
upon  its  arriv.il  at  the  zenith  of  every 
place,  and  tiiese  rains  continue  constant 
and  increasing  after  he  has  passed'  it, 
ill  his  progress  northward.  In  April, 
all  the  rivers  in  Ainhara,  Begemder, 
and  I.asta,  first  discoloured,  and  then 
lieginning  to  swell,  join  the  Nile  in  se- 
veral parts  of  its  course  nearest  them  ; 
llie  ri\er  then,  from  the  height  of  its 
angle  of  inclinaticm,  forces  itself  through 
the  stagnant  lake  without  mixing  with 
\t.  In  the  beginning  of  May,  hundreds 
of  streams  pour  themselves  from  Go- 
jum,  Daiiiot,  Maitsha,  and  Dembea, 
into  the  lake  F/.ana,  which  had  become 
low  by  intense  evaporation,  but  now  be- 
gins to  fill  insensibly,  and  contrib'itcs 
a  large  (piantlty  of  water  to  the  Nile, 
before  it  fulls  down  the  cataract  of  Ala- 
ta. In  the  beginnini^  of  June,  the  sun, 
having  now  i)asse(l  all  Abyssynia,  the 
rivers  t.iere  arc  all  full,  and  then  is  the 
lime  of  tiic  greatest  rains  in  Abyssinia, 
while  it  is  for  sonic  da>s,  as  it  were, 
stationary  in  the  tropic  of  Cancer. 

^V/MM'^'MfM,  a  larg.,  and  conniiercial 
city,  capit.ll  of  Dutch  Guelderla.ld, 
with  a  citadei,  an  ancient  palace,  and 
several  forts.  It  is  noted  for  the  peace 
concluded  here  in  169j;  and  has  been 
often  taken  and  ret.'iken,  the  last  time 
hy  tiie  French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Waal,  35  miles  S  E  of  Utrecht, 
and  70  N  E  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  S  45  P:, 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Ning-Kotie-fm,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  i)rovince  of  Kiang-nanj  notejl  for  its 
inainif'actures  of  paper,  made  of  a  spe- 
eies  of  reed  ;  and  containing  in  its  dis- 
trict six  cities  of  the  third  class. 

yi  :<;  fo-foii,  called  hy  the  Europeans 
Li,iiUi>!i,  an  excellent  seaport  of  China, 


N  I  S 

on  the  E  const,  opposite  to  Japan,  in 
the  province  ofTehe-kiang.  The  silLa 
iiianiifuctured  here  are  iiiiich  cilrrmed 
in  liireign  eouiitrii-s,cspi'ciall\  in  Japan, 
where  they  are  exehaiigeil  hy  the  Chi- 
nese for  copper,  gold,  and  silver.  '1  hit 
city  has  four  others  iimler  itn  jurisdic- 
tion, htsidi'S  a  great  number  of  for- 
tresses. It  IS  H30  mites  S  E  of  Pckin. 
Lon.  IJO  IH  E,  lat.  "J'J  57  N. 

Niiiffoiiia,  a  city  of  Eastern  Chinese 
Tart.iry,  in  the  <le|iartnieiit  of  Kirin.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  wooden  wall,  com- 
posed of  plain  stakes  driven  into  the 
earth.  Without  this  pulisudo,  there  in 
another  of  the  same  kind,  a  league  In 
circumference,  which  has  four  gates, 
currcspoiiding  to  the  four  caidinal 
points. 

Niiiove,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Dender,  with  an  abbey,  13 
miles  W  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  5  E,  lat. 
50  52  N. 

Nit,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to 
the  S  of  Naxia,  anciently  called  Io».  It 
IS  35  miles  in  elreuBifercnce,  and  fertile 
in  corn,  b\it  has  very  little  wnod  or  oil. 
It  has  several  commodious  harbours, 
and  is  remarkable  fur  nothing  but  Ho- 
mer's tomb,  who  is  said  to  be  buried 
here.     Lon.  25  35  W,  lat.  36  43  N. 

Niort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment or  the  Tw">  Sevres,  and  late 
province  of  Poitou.  Its  dry  swe.4l|kat« 
are  much  esteemed,  and  it  is  notcdfoir 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  goods. 
It  is  2K  miles  N  E  of  Uochclle.  Lon. 
0  33  W,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Nip!:nn,  the  largest  island  of  Japan, 
600  milck  long,  and  150  broad,  contain* 
ing  55  provinces.  It  was  discovered, 
in  1542,  by  the  Portuguese,  who  werr 
cast  on  shore  by  a  tempest.  The  chief 
town  is  Jedo,  It  is  134  miles  E  of 
China. 

Nisherei-Nomtgnrod,  an  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Russia,  in  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Volga  and  Occa,  280  miles  E  by  N  of 
Moscow.     Lon.  46  30  E,  lat.  56  34  N. 

Msi/ien,  or  Ncsbin,  a  very  ancient 
and  celebrated  town  of  Diarbeck,  now 
only  the  shadow  of  what  it  was,  ami 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  70  miles  S  W  of 
Diarbekar.     Lon.  38  26  E,  lat.  36 10  H. 

Nhitti,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Naples,  very  fertile,  and  wiuld  be 
more  so  but  for  the  great  number  of 
rabbits.  It  hat  a  U.arl»»uj-,  (wUcd  P»rli«» 
Pavone. 

a 'I  "., 


ii' 


K  1  V 


N  O  O 


Mtmet,  aflouriiliing  city  of  France 
III  tlie  (li-iiartmeiilof  GartUiiil  Ute  pro- 
Tiiuo  of  l.miKuctloc,  with  u  biihop't 
dec.  Here  aro  levoral  iiiomimenta  of 
antiquity,  of  which  the  amphitheatre, 
built  by  the  Homuni,  ih  thu  principal. 
'I'he  Mui»on  Qiurrcc,  (»r  the  aquare 
liDum-,  IH  u  piece  of  architecture  of  Uic 
Coriiithittii  Older,  and  one  of  the  fin- 
cit  in  tlie  worlil.  The  temple  of  1)1. 
ana  in,  in  part,  t;iine  to  ruin.  Niaitie* 
wan  taken  l)y  the  En|rli«li  in  Ul7.  The 
inhabitHntfi  were  all  Calviniats  i  but 
I.ewia  XIV.  ilrmoliiihail  tlieir  church, 
ill  1C35,  and  built  u  custlc  to  keep  them 
in  tiwc.  I'bc  population  of  Niamea  ia 
4'oiiiputcd  ttt  nciir  50,000.  It  in  *«attd 
ill  li  plain,  abounding  In  wine  and  oil, 
12  milea  N  W  of  Aries,  and  75  N  E  of 
Kurbonne.     Lon.  4  26  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Xusa,  or  jVfMflwa,  a  town  of  Turkey 
ill  Euroj)c,  in  Servia,  itciitcd  on  the  Mo« 
raviu.  It  vas  burnt  b^  the  Imperialiitta 
in  1689,  and  is  '20  mile*  E  of  Procop, 
and  120  S  £  of  Belgrade.  Loii,  22  33 
E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

>'irA,n  river  in  DunifricsRhire,  which 
iKvueH  from  a  lake  in  the  mountains  to 
the  N  W,  and  paising  the  towns  of 
Siinquhar,  Morton,  an«l  Drumlanrig', 
joiiiH  tiie  Caii-n,  a  little  above  Dumfries, 
and  their  united  streams  form  a  fine  es- 
tuary in  Solway  Frith. 

JmkKlak,  a  division  of  Dumfries- 
shire, Scolliind,  lying  to  the  W  of  An- 
n'liulalc.  It  is  .1  large  and  mountainous 
country,  and  derives  its  name  from  the 
fiver  Nith.  It  was  formerly  shaded 
ivltli  nolile  forests,  which  are  now  al- 
most destroyed.  It  yields  lead,  and  the 
mountains  are  covered  with  sheep  and 
black  cattle. 

Ifitria,  a  famous  desert  of  Egyjit,  57 
miles  in  length,  on  the  coast  of  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea,  It  had  formerly  a 
great  number  of  monasteries,  ■which 
are  notr  reduced  to  four :  and  it  takes 
its  name  from  a  salt  lake,  out  of  which 
is  got  the  natrum  of  the  ancients. 

Nivelle,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
remarkable  foi  it»  abboy.of  noble  canon- 
essess,  whose  abbess  is  styled  princess 
of  Nivellc.  Here  al.io  is  John  of  Ni- 
velle,  so  nuirh  aihnired  by  the  common 
people. ;  which  U  the  figure  of  a  man  in 
iron,  standing^n  the  top  of  a  tower 
Hear  the  clock,  who  strikes  the  hours 
with  s  liammer.  The  place  enjoys 
great  privileijcs,  iindh.'s  a  manufacture 
of  cainbries.  It  is  15  miles  S  E  of 
£ruk^«ls.    Lon.  4  3$  £,  lat,  SQ  ii  N. 


NivernoU,  a  Ute  province  of  Prance, 
between  Burgundy,  Bourbonnois,  and 
Berry.  It  is  pretty  fertile,  contains 
mines  of  iron,  and  is  watered  by  a 
great  number  of  rivers,  of  which  th? 
Loire,  Allier,  and  the  Yonnc  are  the 
principal.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievrc. 

Nixabnnr,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Ko- 
rasaii,  80  miles  8  E  of  Mesched.  Loii. 
61  :i2  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Nixapa,  a  considerable  town  of  New 
Spain,  with  a  rich  Dominican  convent. 
The  country  near  it  produces  a  great 
deal  of  indigo,  cochineal,  and  sugar.  It 
is  30  miles  S  E  of  Antequiera.  Lon. 
<i7  15  VV,  lat  16  42  N. 

Nixonton,  a  post  town  in  Pasquotank 
county.  North  Carolina ;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Little  river,  36  miles  N  E  of 
Edcnton,  and  13  S  W  of  Jonesburg  on 
FascpiotJUik  river.  This  is  the  capital 
of  the  county,  and  principal  se«t  of 
justice. 

Nizza-drlla-Paglia,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  Moiitfcrrat,  seated  on  the  Belbo,  15 
milee  S  W  of  Alexandria.  Lon.  8  36 
£,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Noanagur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  situated  on  the  S  const  of  the 
gulfof  Cutch.  It  is  capital  oi'a  district 
inhabited  by  a  piratical  tribe,  called 
Sangarians.  It  is  300  miles  N  W  of 
Bombay. 

Nocera,  an  ancient  tr  wn  of  Italy  in  the 
dutchv  of  Spoletto,  witli  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  18 
milea  N  E  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  12  49  £, 
lat.  43  1  N. 

Niicera-di-Pagani,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavora,  15  miles  S  of  Na- 
ples.    Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Nogarcot,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, noted  for  a  celebrated  pago<la.  It 
lies  in  the  province  of  Napoul,  and  is  50 
miles  N  £  of  CaUnandu.  Lon.  85  12 
E,  lat.  28  40  N. 

Nogayant,  the  name  of  a  Tartar  na- 
tion wliicli  occupy  the  deserts  on  tiie 
northern  side  of  the  Euxine  and  the 
Caspian  sea,  and  on  the  northern  side 
of  Mount  Caucasus}  besides  several 
settlements  to  the  W  and  N  W  of  the 
Euxine  ;  in  sui.h  a  manner  that  they  oc- 
cupy the  lower  part  of  Volga,  the  ri- 
vers Terek,  Kouma,  and  Kouban,  the 
environs  of  tlic  Palus  Macotis,  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Taiiais  in  the  peninsula  of 
Krimea,  and  the  banks  of  the  Borys- 
thencs  and  ilie  Dniester,  to  the  oUier 
»id«  of  the  Danube^. 


NOG 


N  O  N 


NOR 


«  Ute  province  of  France, 
tgundy,  Bourbonnois,  itnd 
pretty  fertile,  contains 
'on,  and  is  watered  by  h 
r  of  river*,  of  which  th? 
ir,  and  the  Yonnc  are  the 
now  forma  the  depart- 
vre. 

a  town  of  Peraia,  in  Kn- 
ilea  8  E  of  Meached.   Luii. 
35  40N. 

conaiderable  town  of  New 

a  rich  Dominican  convent. 

near  it  produces  a  greut 

Ifo,  cochineal,  and  sugar.   It 

S  E  of  Antequiera.    Lon. 

lat  16  43  N. 

a  post  town  in  Pasriuotank 

th  Carolina;  situated  on  the 

ittle  river,  36  miles  N  £  of 

>nd  13  S  W  of  Jonesburg  on 

|c  river.    This  is  the  capital 

nty,  and   principal  seat  of 

•Ua-PagUa,  a  town  of  Italy, 
rat,  seated  on  the  Belbo,  15 
of  Alexandria.     Lon.  8  36 
5N. 

r,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
:uatcd  on  the  S  const  of  the 
Lch.  It  is  capital  of  a  district 
by  a  piratical  tribe,  called 
i.    It  is  300  mil<.s  N  W  of 

»n  ancient  tr  wn  of  Italy  in  the 
Spoletto,  witli  a  bishop's  see ; 
Jie  foot  of  the  Appennines,  IB 
:  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  12  49  E, 
I. 

ii-Pagwii,  a  town  of  Naplcfi, 
li  Lavora,  15  miles  S  of  Na- 
I.  1430  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 
t,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro. 
I  for  a  celebrated  pagoda.  It 
provinre  of  Napoitl,  and  is  50 
I  of  Catmandu.  Lon.  85  12 
40  N. 

It,  the  name  of  a  Tartar  na- 
h  occupy  the  deserts  on  tiie 
lidc  of  the  Euxine  and  the 
ea,  and  on  the  northern  side 
Caucasus »  besides  several 
;8  to  the  W  and  N  VV  of  the 
n  such  a  manner  that  they  oc- 
ower  part  of  Volga,  the  ri- 
k,  Kouma,  and  Kouban,  the 
f  tlic  Palus  Mocotis,  tlie  bor- 
e  Tanais  in  the  peninsula  of 
nd  the  banks  of  the  Borys- 
1  the  Dniester,  to  the  ot4ter 
i  Danube^. 


Niignt-nr-Seinr,  a  town  of  FraiTCc, 
in  tiie  department  of  Aude  and  late 
province  of  Champagne,  seated  on  the 
.Seine,  2.1  miles  N  W  of  Troycs.  Lort. 
3  40  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Niigent-le-RniKiii,  n  pretty  populous 
town  of  Frnnrc,  in  tlio  dc  partmeilt  of 
Kiirc  ntid  Loire  and  late  ])rovinoe  of 
Ile.'iiicr,  nentcd  nn  tid-  Huisne,  3.1  miles 
N  E  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  48  a«  N. 

Kuir,  Capt,  a  promontory  of  South 
Amei  ica,  at  thi--  S  cMremilv  of  Terra 
.lei  Fiugo.     Lon.  7i  3  W,  liit.  5432  S. 

Niiinjioiier,  an  island  of  France,  near 
the  month  of  the  river  Loire.  It  is  17 
miles  in  length  and  eight  in  breadth, 
lull  of  bogs,  and  yet  there  are  good 
pastures.  Tlie  EnglisJi  attacki-d  it 
without  success  in  17U5.  The  principal 
town  is  of  the  name  name.  Lon,  3  10 
W,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Nola,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  sec, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Naples.  The  ruins  of 
its  ancient  edlliccii  arc  almost  obliter- 
ated, mul  nothing  remains  of  the  two 
umpiiiihcutres  but  some  brick  walls, 
the  marble  casing  having  been  taken 
away  by  ai\  earl  of  Nola  to  build  his 
palace.     Lon.  14  28  E,  lat.  10  Sd  N. 

Noli,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a 
good  harbour.  It  is  five  miles  N  Eof 
Final,  and  30  S  W  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  41 
E,  lat.  44  18  N. 

Nombrc-de-Dini,  a  town  of  Terra 
Firma,  in  the  prwinco  of  Darien,  a 
little  E  of  Porto-Bcllo,  to  which  its 
once  flourishing  trade  is  now  transferr- 
ed.   Lon.  78  35  W,  lat.  9  40  N. 

Nanieny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mcurthe  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Selle, 
\S  miles  N  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  15 £,  lat. 
48  56  N. 

Non,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Africa, 
ojiposlle  tl)c  Canary  Islands.  It  was 
long  considered  by  the  Portuguese,  in 
their  attempts  to  explore  Africa  as  an 
impassable  boundai-y  denoted  by  its 
name.  But  tliey  doubled  it  at  last,  in 
1412.     Lon.  10  30  W,  lat  28  30  N. 

Nona,  a  amall  but  strong  town  of 
Hungarian  Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated,  near  the  sea,  seven 
miles  N  by  W  of  aara.  Lon.  16  10  E. 
lat.  44  35  N. 

Nontron,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dortlogne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  21  mUn  N  wi"  Peri- 


gnettt,  and  .10  S  S  W  of  Limn{^s.   L'm 
0  A2  E,  lat,  45  32  N. 

Nuopoiir,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Fro. 
per,  in  the  province  of  Guwrat,  .15 
miles  E  of  Surat,  and  142  W  of  Uur- 
hamponr.    Lon.  73  .10  E,  lat.  21  U  N. 

Nooiikii,  a  considerable  town  of 
Westphalia,  \i  miles  N  of  Eiiibdcn, 
Lon.  7  5  Ey  lat.  53  38  N. 

NiKitto.     Sffe  King  Gearge'i  Suiinil. 

Norherg,  a  town  of  .Sweden,  in  Wrst. 
manland,  34  miles  N  of  Stroemshulm. 
In  it*  vicinity  are  the  best  iron  mine* 
in  the  province.  Lon.  16  12  E,  lat.  60 
2N. 

Norcia,  a  tovm  of  Italy,  Inthcdutciiy 
of  Spoletto.  It  is  a  kind  of  republic, 
and  seated  among  the  mountains,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  13  4  E, 
lat.  42  36  N. 

Nun/.     Sec  Niirta. 

Nardhurg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  attlie 
N  extremity  of  the  isle  of  Alsen,  with 
a  castle,  nine  miles  N  N  Wof  Sunder- 
burg. 

I'ltrdgaxit.  See  Bavaria,  Upper  Pala. 
tinate  of. 

NorJhauten,  an  imperial  to  i  of  Low. 
er  Saxony,  under  tlic  protii  lion  of  the 
elector  of  Saxony.  The  Inh;  itants  are 
protestants.  It  is  25  miles  S  W  of 
Halbcrstadt.   Lon.  11  3  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Nordhdm,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Brunswick,  situate  be. 
tween  the  Huhnte  andLcina,  ten  miles 
N  of  Gottingen,  and  45  S  of  Hanover, 
It  carries  on  a  pretty  considerable  com. 
merce.     Lon.  9  32  E,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Nordkioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
E  Gothland.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  commercial  provincial  towns 
in  Sweden,  and  covers  a  large  space  of 
ground,  being  10  miles  in  ciiTumfe* 
rence  i  but  the  houses  are  scattered| 
and  the  inhabitants  do  not  exceed  10,000. 
The  river  Motala  flows  througfi  the 
towti,  forms  a  series  of  cataracts,  snd 
is  divided  into  four  principid  streams, 
which  encircle  several  rocky  islands, 
covered  with  buildings:  at  the  extrem. 
ity  of  the  town  it  is  navigable  for  small 
vessels.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
cloth,  which  employ  1600  men  ;  thre« 
sugav-houses  ;  one  of  snuff ;  fifly  mills 
for  grinding  corn,  which  is  exported  in 
large  quimtitiea  ;  and  a  brass  foundery. 
They  have  also  a  salmon  fishery  which 
gives  employment  and  riches  to  many 
of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  90  miles  S  W 
of  Stockholm,  fcon.  15  50  E,  lat.  5;^ 
38  N. 


Nnpnm 


NOR 


NOR 


( 


■?1   ! 


WW/rtNif,  a  province  of  Nortliem  Nor- 
way, includc'l  ill  the  government  of 
Drontheim. 

Nardlingen,  a  commercial  and  free 
imperial  Kwn  of  Suabiu,  seated  on  tlie 
Aigre,  38  miles  N  W  of  Augsburg. 
Lon.  11  49ii,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Nunlstrand,  an  ishmd  of  Denmark, 
in  t!ie  dutchy  of  Sleswick,  >|fhicli  was 
entirely  O'erflowed  in  1634".  *  Lon,  9  15 
E,  lat  54  40  N. 

Norf.dh,  a  county  of  England,  77 
miles  long  :ind  45  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  and  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on 
the  VV  l)y  CiUT'bridjTeshirc  and  Lincoln- 
shirt-,  and  on  tiir  S  and  S  E  by  Suffolk. 
It  contains  31  hundreds,  one  city,  32 
market-towns,  and  660  parishes  ;  and 
•sends  12  members  to  parliament.  The 
air  diiiers  indillcrent  parts  of  the  coun- 
ty according;  to  tlie  soil,  which  in  some 
places  is  marshy,  especially  on  the  sea 
coast,  and  there  the  air  is  foggy  and 
unwiioloso.-ne  ;  ■  in  others  it  is  clayey 
and  <:iiullty,  ))oor,  lean  and  sandy,  and 
the  e  the  air  is  good.  Tlie  county  is 
almost  all  clium|iaign,  except  in  some 
places  where  rise  gentle  hills.  The 
marsh  hmds  yield  rich  pasture  for  cat- 
tle ;  tlie  clay  grounds,  pease,  rye  and 
l?arl?y  ;  and  the  sandy  heaths  feed  vast 
flocks  of  large  sheep,  of  which  some 
villages  are  said  to  keep  4000  or  5000. 
These  heaths  also  abound  in  rabbits  of 
a.  silver  grey  co'.onr.  Great  quantities 
of  mi'ckarel  and  herrinp;  are  caught  up- 
on the  coaFt  of  this  ciuinty,  the  former 
in  the  spring;  ard  the  latter  in  Septem- 
ber ;  especially  at  Yarmouth,  where 
they  arc  cured  in  a  particular  manner, 
and  to  great  perfection.  Wood  and  ho- 
ney aro  also  very  plentiful  in  this  coun- 
ty, and  on  the  coasts  jet  and  amber- 
g'reaseare  sometimes  found.  Turnips 
are  also  more  generally  grown  here 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  country  ; 
likewise  buckwheat,  which  is  used  for 
feeding  swine  and  poultry.  The  ma- 
nufactures of  the  county,  which  is  ex. 
ceedingly  populous,  are  chieHy  woollen 
and  worsted  stuH's  and  stockings,  for 
■which  they  are  well  supplied  with  wool 
from  ttie  vai;t  flocks  of  sheep  fed  on  it. 
The  county  is  well  watered  and  suppli- 
ed with  fisii  by  the  rivers  Yare,  Tliyrn, 
Waveney,  the  Greater  and.  Lesser 
Oiise,  and  the  Bure,  besides  rivulets 
Turkies  are  reared  here  to  a  larger 
size  ^han  elsewhere,  and  there  is  a- 
biindancc  of  game  especially  pheasant):. 
'Norwich  is  the  capital. 


Norfolk,  a  port  of  entry  'an'  post  town 
in  Norfolk  county,  Virginia  ;  as  well 
as  the  capital  of  the  county,  it  is  Heat- 
ed on  the  E  side  of  Elizabeth  river,  a- 
bout  20  miles  VV  of  Cape  Henry,  18  S 
(,.  Hampton,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  bay,  and  .54  S  E  of  Williamsln'rg, 
in  lat.  36°  55'  N.  ami  long.  76°  25'  W. 
This  is  a.  very  thriving  town,  being 
finely  situated  for  foreign  trade,  and 
possessing  more  of  it  than  any  other  in 
the  State  of  Virginia.  The  exports  of 
one  yeiu'  liave  amounted  to  2,000,000  of 
dollars,  and  those  principally  of  domes- 
tic produce.  It  ii  a  borough  town,  and 
governed  by  a  Mayor  and  Aldermen. 
The  inhabitants  in  1800  were  reckoned 
6,946,  one  third  of  w!iom,  at  least, 
were  slaves. 

Nurfnlk  Island,  an  island  in  the  P,1- 
cific  Ocean,  lying  E  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  settled  by  a  colony  of  con- 
victs, subordinate  to  that  government. 
It  is  very  hilly,  but  some  of  the  vallies 
arc  tolerably  large.  Mount  Pitt,  the 
only  remarkable  hill,  is  12,000  feet 
high.  The  island  is  well  watered  ;  at 
or  near  Mount  Pitt,  rises  a  copious 
stream  which,  flowing  through  a  very 
fine  valley,  divides  itself  into  several 
branches,  each  of  which  retains  siiffi- 
cient  force  to  be  used  in  turning  mills. 
The  whole  island  is  covered  by  a  very 
thick  forest,  choakedwith  underwood, 
and  the  principal  timber  tree  is  the 
pine,  which  is  very  useful  in  building, 
and  seems  to  be  durable.  The  woods 
are  inhabited  by  innumerable  tribes  of 
birds,  many  of  them,  very  gay  in  plu- 
mage. The  loil,  when  cleared,  may 
be  rendered  very  productive  ;  and  the 
air  is  very  wholesome.  The  sjiring  is 
perceptible  in  August  ;  but  the  trees 
are  in  a  constant  succession  of  flower- 
ing and  fruiting  the  year  round.  In 
summer,  the  heat  is  excessive  j  from 
February  to  August  may  be  called  the 
rainy  season  ;  and  the  winter,  from 
A])ril  to  July,  is  ^  cry  pleasant.  The 
dills  round  the  coast  are  240  feet  high, 
quite  perpendicular;  and  the  want  of  a 
safe  harbour  is  a  great  inconvenience. 
The  settlement  is  formed  in  Sidney 
Bay,  on  the  S  side  of  the  island,  in  lon. 
168  12  E,  lat.  29  4  S. 

Norfolt  Sound,  is  a  very  extensive 
place  ;  it  lies  in  Lon.  135  36  W.  lat.  57 
3  N.  How  far  it  stretches  to  the  N  is 
not  known. 

Norland,  one  of  the  five  general  di- 
visions of  Swed<^n,  comprehending  the 


••^'5 


NOR 

W>,  aportofenlry'an-l  post  town 
rf'olk  county,  Virginia  ;  as  well 
cupital  of  the  county,  it  is  licat- 
Ithe  E  side  of  Eli/abeth  river,  a- 
[O  miles  VV  of  Cape  Henry,  18  S 
mpton,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
ly,  and  .54  S  E  of  Williamsbiirj-, 
36°  55'  N.  and  long.  76°  25'  W. 
is  a  very  thrivinjj  town,  being' 
situated  for  foreign  trade,  and 
smg  more  of  it  than  any  otiier  in 
ate  of  Virginia.  The  exports  of 
;u-  liave  amounted  to  2,000,000  of 
s,  and  those  principally  of  domcs- 
iduce.  It  ii  a  borough  town,  and 
ned  by  a  Mayor  and  Aldermen, 
nliabitants  in  1800  were  reckoned 
,  one  tliird  of  w'lom,  at  least, 
slaves. 

rfnlh  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pa- 
Ocean,  lying  E  of  New  South 
s,  and  settled  by  a  colony  of  con- 
subordinate  to  that  government. 
VL>ry  hilly,  but  some  of  the  vallics 
tolerably  large.  Mount  Pitt,  the 
remarkable  hill,  is  12,000  feet 
.  The  island  is  well  Wi.tcred  ;  at 
ear  Mount  Pitt,  rises  a  copious 
,ni  M-hich,  flowing  through  a  very 
valley,  divides  itself  into  several 
dies,  each  of  which  retains  suffi- 
t  force  to  be  used  in  turning  mills, 
whole  island  is  covered  by  a  very 
t  forest,  choakedwith  underv.-ood, 
the  principal  timber  tree  is  the 
,  which  is  very  useful  in  building, 
seems  to  be  durable.  The  woods 
inhabited  by  innumerable  tribes  of 
3,  many  of  them,  very  gay  in  plu- 
c.  The  «)il,  when  cleared,  may 
:ndered  very  productive  ;  and  the 
i  very  wholesome.  The  spring  is 
eptible  in  August ;  but  the  trees 
in  a  constant  succession  of  flowcr- 
and  fruiting  the  year  round.  In 
mcr,  the  heat  is  excessive  ;  from 
•luu-y  to  August  may  be  called  the 
'  season  ;  and  the  winter,  from 
I  to  July,  is  very  pleasant.  The 
;  round  tlie  coast  are  240  feet  high, 
:  l)eri)endicular ;  and  the  want  of  a 
harbour  is  a  great  inconvenience, 
settlement  is  formed  in  Sidney 
on  the  S  side  of  the  island,  in  Ion. 
12  E,  hit.  29  4  S. 

irfolk   Sound,    is   a  very  extensive 
i  ;  it  lies  in  Lon.  135  36  W.  lat.  57 
How  far  it  stretches  to  the  N  is 
mown. 

irtand,  one   of  the  five  general  di- 
ns of  Swedin,  comprehending  the 


NOR 

jirovinccs  of  ^cstrikeland,  Helsingland, 
Medclpadia,  Uiemtland,  Hcrjedalia, 
Ongermaria,  and  West  Bothnia. 

Niintiandy,  a  late  province  of  France, 
hounded  on  the  VV  by  the  Atlantic,  on 
ilie  N  by  the  English  Channel,  on  f!ie 
K  by  Picardy  and  the  Isle  of  trance, 
;iiul  on  the  S  by  Perch,  Maine,  and 
Hretagnc.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile 
in  France,  and  abounds  in  all  things 
i.'xcept  wiue,  but  that  defect  is  suppli- 
ed by  cyder  and  perry.  It  contains  iron, 
copper,  and  u  great  number  of  rivers 
and  harbours,  I'liis  province  now  com- 
prehends the  departments  of  Calvados, 
Eiirc,  the  Channel,  Orne,  and  Lower 
Seine. 

NorridgcKoch,  a  post  town  in  Kenne- 
bec county,  Maine,  lying  on  tlie  S  si<le 
<-f  Kennebec  river,  35  miles  N  W  of 
Augusta,  with  633  inhabitants. 

NurristmMii,  the  capital  of  Montgome- 
ly  county,  Pennsylvania;  17  miles  N 
i)y  W  of  Philadeipliia;  situated  on  the 
N  E  side  of  Schuylkill  river,  and  con- 
taining 922  inhiibitants.  The  Delaware 
and  Schuylkill  canal  passes  between 
this  town  and  Schuylkill. 

Nortelga,  or  Nor  Telge,  a  m.iritime 
town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Up- 
l.md,  nctr  which  is  a  forge  for  making 
tire  arms.  It  was  much  injured  by  the 
Kussians  in  1719,  who  ravaged  the 
town.  It  is  30  miles  N  E  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  10  32E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

North,  or  Nod,  a  department  of 
France,  which  comprehends  the  late 
iiench  Provinces  of  Hainault,  Flan- 
ders, and  the  Cambrcsis. 

North  Cape,  the  most  northern  pro- 
montory of  Europe,  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way.    Lon.  25  57  E,   lat.  71  20  N. 

North  Coast,  a  department  of  France. 
See  Cotes  du  Nord. 

North  Ferry,  a  small  town  at  the  N 
side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  Qiioen's 
ferry  passage.  It  formerly  had  a  cha- 
pe! endowed  by  Robert  I. 

Northallerton,  a  borough  in  the  N  ri- 
ding of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  a  small 
brook,  which,  a  mile  below,  runs  into 
the  river  Wisk.  It  is  a  well  built  trad- 
ing place,  30  miles  N  N  W  of  York, 
and  223  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
20  W,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Northampton,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
ni:i,  HI  miles  long  an(l  35  broad.  By 
a  computation  of  the  inhabitants  mai^^ 


NOR 

in  1790,  it  contained  24,250.  Eastoa 
is  the  capital. 

Northampton,  a  post  town  in  H.imp- 
shire  (.'ounly,  Massacliuselts  ;  m\  the 
W  side  of  Coniicclii'iit  river,  48  miles 
W  ofWorcestt-r.  and  40  N  of  lli.rtt'ord, 
in  Connecticut.  It  has  2I90inhabit:uit.s. 

Niirthumpton,  the  coitiity-town  of 
Northamptonshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Non, 
which  is  navigable  to  Lynn.  Its  tuirs 
are  noted  f<)rh(U'ses  botliforthe  draught 
and  saddle  ;  .and  it  is  bcsiilos  a  great 
thoroughfare  for  the  VV  and  N  r()a<ls. 
Its  prinrip.al  manufactures  is  shoes,  of 
which  great  numbers  are  sent  beyond 
sea;  ;»".d  the  next  to  that  stockings  ami 
lac".  The  horse  market  is  reckoned 
to  exceed  all  others  in  tlie  kingdom,  it 
bf  ing  deemed  the  centre  of  all  its  horse- 
•  Markets,  and  horse-fairs,  both  for  sad- 
dle and  liarncss,  and  the  cliief  reiide;<- 
V0U8  ofthcjockies  from  York  and  Lcm- 
don.  It  is  a  handsome  town,  has  a 
spacious  market-ph'ce,  and  had  seven 
churclfes,  which  are  now  reduced  to 
four.  It  was  almost  entirely  destroyed 
by  fne  in  1675,  btit  was  soon  rebuilt. 
It  sends  two  niendiers  to  parlianieit., 
is  governcil  by  a  mayor,  and  has  a  good 
free-school,  and  a  county  inilrmary  and 
gaol.  In  the  meadows  below  the  town, 
a  b.attle  was  Cottght,  in  14G0,  bctv/cen 
Henry  VI.  aiid  the  Yorkists,  in  which 
the  former  was  defeated  and  made  pri- 
snner ;  and  ne.ar  it  is  a  line  Gothic 
structure,  called  Qiieen's  Cross,  erec- 
ted by  Edward  I.  in  memory  of  his 
queen  Ele.inor.  This  town  is  30  miies 
S  E  of  Coventry,  and  66  N  VV  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  11  W,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Northamptonshire,  a  couiUy  of  Eng- 
land,  60  miles  long  and  22  where  broad- 
est ;  boimded  on  the  S  by  Burks  and 
Oxfordshire,  on  the  VV  by  that  county 
and  Warwickshire,  on  the  N  VV  by 
Leicestershire,  and  Rutlandshire,  on 
the  N  by  Lincolnshire,  and  on  tlie  E  by 
the  coimtics  of  Canibiidgc,  Hunting- 
don and  Bedford.  It  lies  in  the  diocese 
of  Peterborough,  contains  20  hundreds, 
one  city,  12  market  towns,  and  330  pa» 
rishes,  and  there  arc  150,000  inhab  - 
tants.  As  this  county  is  dry,  well  cul- 
tivated, free  from  marshes,  except  the 
fens  oif  Peterborough,  in  the  cenirc  of 
the  kingdom,  and  of  course  at  a  distance 
from  sea,  it  enjoys  a  \er>  pure  and 
wholesome  air.  Inconsequence  nf  this 
it  is  very  populous,  and  so  full  ol"  towns 
igi''  churches,  th.it  30  spires  or  steeples 


i 

I 


NOR 


NOR 


i' 


'jia^be  seen  in  many  places  at  one  view; 
anJ  even  in  the  i'ens  the  inhabitants 
Boem  to  enjoy  a  g<|od  state  of  health, 
Mid  to  be  little  uficcted  by  tlie  water 
wlitch  trcqucntly  overtiows  their 
grounds,  especially  in  winter,  but  it  is 
never  suHcrcd  to  remain  long  upon  it. 
lis  soil  is  fertile  both  in  corn  and  pas- 
turage in  wiiich  it  is  peculiarly  cele- 
brated ;  but  it  labours  under  a  scarcity 
of  fuel,  as  it  doth  nut  produce  much 
wood,  and  by  lying  at  a  distance  from 
the  sea  cannot  be  easily  supplied  with 
coal.  Horned  cattle,  and  other  animals, 
arc  fed  to  extraordinary  sizes ;  and  ma- 
ny horses  of  tlie  large  black  breed  are 
reared.  Woad  for  the  dyers  it  cvUti- 
vated  here  ;  but  the  county  is  not  dis- 
tinguished fiir  manufactures.  Besides 
many  lesser  brooks  it  is  well  watered 
by  the  river*  Nen,  Well  and  Olise, 
Leam,  Clierwell  and  Avon,  tlie  tliree 
Hrst  of  which  are  for  the  most  part 
navigable. 

Horthcuny,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  Tone,  20  miles 
S  W  of  Wells,  and  134  W  by  S  of 
London.     I.on.  SOW,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Narthfield,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  K  bank 
of  Coimecticut  mer,  ntarly  opiwsite  to 
Greenfield,  and  80  miles  W  by  N  of 
Boston. 

Northfieet,  a  village  in  Kent,  seated 
on  the  'i'hames,  one  mile  W  of  Graves- 
end,  and  21  from  London.  The  church 
is  very  large,  and  contains  fragments  of 
inonumcnts,  as  ancient  as  the  fourteenth 
century.  Vast  quantities  of  lime  arc 
made,  and  great  numbers  of  extraneous 
jfossils  have  been  dug  up  here. 

Northjurd,  a  town  in  New  Haven 
founty,  Connecticut,  10  miles  £  of 
New  Haven.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Nortlilech,  a  corporate  town  in  Glou- 
jccstershiie,  with  a  m.irket  on  Wednes- 
day, several  almshouses,  and  a  free 
grammar-school.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Lech,  25  miles  E  of  Gloucester,  and  80 
W  bv  N  of  London,  Lon.  1  43  W,  lat. 
51  46  N. 

Narthumhcrland,  a  county  of  England, 
which  received  its  name  from  being 
situate  N  of  the  Humber.  In  the  Saxon 
hrptarchy  it  was  a  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Northumbrians,  which  contained 
also  the  counties  of  Yprk,  Lancaster, 
Durham,  Cumberland,  and  Westmore- 
land. It  forms  the  N  extremity  of 
England,  and  is  bounded  on  the  ~ 


the  German  Ocean,  on  (|ie  S  by  the 
bishopric  o.'*  Durham,  on  tjie  S  W  and 
W  by  C.  niberland,  r«nd  on  the  N  W 
and  N  by  Scotland,  from   which   it  is 
separated  by  the  Tweed.     It  extends 
70  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  50  from  E, 
to  W.   It  lies  in  the  diucesii  of  Durham  ; 
contains  12  market-towns,  and  460  pa- 
rishes ;  and  sends  eight  members  to 
parliament.    The  air  of  liiis  county  is 
not  so  cold  as  might  be  imagined  from 
the  Lit.  in  which  it  lies  ;  for  its  situation 
between  two  seas,  in  ihe  narrowest 
part  of  England,  gives  it  the  advantage 
of  having  the  cold  moderated  by  the 
vapours  of  each ;  and,  for  this  reason, 
tlie  snow  seldom  lies  !ong  in  this  coim- 
ty,  except  on  the  tops  of  high  hills. 
The  air  is  very  iie^.ltliful,  and  the  peo- 
pie   who  generally  live  to  a  great  age, 
are  seldom  afflicted  witli  sickness.  I'ho 
soil  is  various,  the  eastern  part,  wliich 
is  fruitP"!,  having  very  good  wheat,  and 
most  sorts  of  corn,   and  has  rich  mea- 
dows on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  ;  but 
tlie   western  part  is  generally  barren, 
it  being  mostly  heathy  and  mountainous. 
The  S  E  part  abounds  with  pit-coal,  oi" 
which  658,858  chaldrons  are  computed 
to  be  annually  shipped  from  thence  to 
London.    There  are  also  large  quanti- 
ties of  lead  and  timber.     I'he  river* 
cause  the  country  to  be  well  watered, 
and  afibrd  great  plenty  of  salmon  and 
trout.    The  principal  of  these  are  the 
Tyne,  the  Tw^ed,   and  the    Cocket. 
Alnwick  is  the  county  town,  but  tlie 
largest  is  Newcastle. 

Northumherland,  a  county  of  Penn- 
sylranii,  180  miles  long  and  80  broad. 
A  com  )Utation  was  made  of  its  inhabi- 
tants in  ir90,  when  it  contained  17,161. 
No-  thumberla\id,  the  capital  of  North- 
u:r.berland  county,  Pennsylvania  ;  siti  - 
ated  at  the  ,  -influence  of  the  E  and  W 
branches  of  the  river  Susquehannaii, 
77  miles  N  W  of  Reading,  and  57  N  of 
Harrisburg.  It  has  a  post  office,  an 
academy,  and  about  700  inhabitants. 

Northvikh,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  ,  It  is  seated  on 
the  Weaver,  near  its  conflux  with 
the  Dane,  and  is  not«d  for  its  salt- 
works.  The  stratum  of  salt  lies  about 
40  yards  deep  and  some  of  them  are 
hollowed  into  the  form  of  a  tei  \At. 
Va.  pits  of  solid  rock  salt  have  been 
dug  here  to  a  great  depth,  IVom  wh'ch 
immense  quantities  are  raised)  and 
murh  of  it,  in  its  crude  state,  goes  to 
rpool  by  tlie  river  Weaver,  to  bo 


O  R 


NOR 


NOR 


Ocean,  on  t|ie  S  by  the 
~urhain,  on  the  S  W  and 
lerlund,  rtfid  on  the  N  W 
tland,  from  which  it  is 
the  Tweed.    It  extendi 
N  to  S,  and  50  from  E, 
in  tlic  diocesn  of  Durham ; 
aricet'towns,  and  460  pa- 
sends  eight  members  to 
The  air  of  tiiis  county  ii 
might  be  imagined  from 
ick  it  lies  ;  for  its  situation 
seas,   in  ihe  narrowest 
.nd,  gives  it  the  ndvantugt; 
e  cold  moderated  by  the 
ich ;  and,  for  this  reason, 
dom  lies  long  in  this  coun- 
n  the   lops  of  high  hills, 
ery  lie.^.ithful,  and  tiie  peo- 
ncrally  live  to  a  great  age, 
fflicted  wiO;  sickness.  I'lio 
>8,  the  eastern  pait,  which 
iving  very  good  wheat,  and 
f  corn,   and  has  rich  mca> 
banks  of  the  rivers  ;  but 
part  is  generally  barren, 
ly  heathy  and  mountainous, 
t  abounds  with  pit-coal,  of 
>58  clialdrons  are  computed 
lly  shipped  from  thence  to 
here  are  aUo  lar£^  quanti- 
l  and  timber.    The  riven 
:ountry  to  be  well  watered, 
great  plenty  of  salmon  and 
:  principal  of  these  are  the 
Tw^ed,   and  the    Cocket, 
the  county  tovm,  but  tlie 
fewcastle. 
hedand,   a  county  of  Penn> 

0  miles  long  and  80  broad, 
tion  was  made  of  its  inhabi- 
0,  when  it  contained  ir,161. 
'lerla^id,  the  capital  of  Nortli- 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  siti- 
-•■influence  of  the  E  and  W 

the  river  Susquehannaii, 

W  of  Reading,  and  57  N  of 

It  has  a  post  office,  an 

id  about  700  inhabitants. 

k,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 

1  Friday.  ,  It  is  seated  on 
er,  near  its   conflux   with 

and  is  noted  for  its  salt- 
le  stratum  of  salt  lies  about 
ep  and  some  of  them  are 
nto  the  form  of  a  tei  jile. 
'  solid  rock  salt  have  been 

a  great  depth,  fh>m  vrhich 
uantities  ar^  raisetli  and 
in  its  crude  state,  £^es  to 
y  tlie  river  Weaver,  to  bo 


exported.  Northwich  is  20  miles  M  E 
of  Cheater,  and  173  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  36  W.  lat.  53  16  N. 

North  Taniuiuth,  a  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Maine ;  situated  in 
Casco  bay,  14  milcg  N  of  Portland,  and 
14U  £  of  Boston. 

Norton,  or  Chipping  Norton,  a  corpo- 
rate town  in  Oxfordshire,  wiih  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  Koman  coins  have 
V«en  frequently  found  here.  It  is  12 
miles  S  W  of  Banbury,  and  74  N  W 
oi'  London.    Lon.  1 17  W,  lat.  51  55  U. 

Norton  Sound,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on 
tlie  W  coast  of  N.  America,  discovered 
by  Captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage. 
I'herc  is  no  good  harbour  in  all  the 
aound,  nor  even  a  tolerable  station  for 
•hips.     Lon.  162  47  W,  lat.  64  55  N. 

Norviali,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut  i  situated  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  12  miles  S  W  of  Fairfi,<!ld, 
and  50  N  £  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Norviay,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  the 
most  westerly  part  of  tlie  ancient  Scan- 
dinavia, lying  between  tlic  57th  and 
72d  degrees  of  N  lat.  and  between  the 
5th  and  o^st  degrees  of  E  lon.  extend- 
ing in  length  afa^ut  1000  miles  in  a  di- 
rect line  from  Lindifnaes,  in  tlie  dio- 
cese of  Christiansand  to  the  N  cape  at 
the  extremity  of  Finmark.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N  and  W  by  the  Northern 
Ocean,  m  the  E  by  Swedish  Lapland 
and  Sweden,  and  on  tlie  S  by  the  Cate- 
gate.  Its  breadth,  which  is  very  un- 
equal, ia  from  3U  to  380  mUec.  It  is 
dividad  into  the  four  governments  of 
Aggerhuys  or  Christiaiiia,  Christian- 
sand,  Bergen,  and  Orontheim.  From 
its  rocky  soil  and  northern  position, 
Norway  is  not  populous  in  praportion 
to  its  extent  Mr.  Coxe  has  calculated 
Ihe  nuinbcrof  inhabitants  to  be  750,000, 
but  he  is  supposed  to  have  overrated 
tfaein  considerably.  They  maintain  tlicir 
own  ai*niy,  which  consists  of  34,000 
foot,  and  6000  cavulrv.  Their  troops 
arc  much  esteemed  for  their  bravery, 
and,  like  the  Swiss  mountaineers,  are 
exceedingly  attached  to  their  country. 
Norway  is  blcssesl  with  a  particular 
code,  called  the  Norway  Law,  compiled 
by  Griefielfeld,  at  the  command  of 
Christian  V.  the  great  legislator  of  his 
Country,  tiy  this  law  peasants  arc  free, 
a  few  only  excepted,  on  some  iio'u\'  es- 
tates m;ar  Fredericstadt  i  and  tiie  be- 
nefits of  this  code  arc  visible  in  the 
grciit  diiterence,  in  ilieir  appearance, 
between  Uut  iri«e  pcas^iU  in  Norwajr 


and  the  enslaved  vassals  of  Denmark, 
though  botli  living  uiu'tcr  the  same  go. 
vemmcnt.  The  Norwegians  arc  gene- 
rally well  formed,  tall,  sturdy  and  ro- 
bust, brave,  hardy,  honest,  hospitable 
and  ingenious ;  yet  savage,  rash,  quar- 
relsome and  litigious.  Their  women 
are  well  shaped,  tall,  comely  remarka- 
bly fair  and  obliging.  The  mountaineer! 
acquire  surprising  strength  and  dex- 
terity by  hard  living,  cold,  laborious 
exercise,  climbing  rocks,  skaitingoii 
the  snow,  and  handling  arms.  Tiiose 
who  dwell  in  tlic  niarii.ime  parts  of 
Norway  exercise  tlie  employment  of 
fishing  and  navigation,  and  become  very 
expert  mariners.  The  pcas.tnM  never 
employ  any  handicraftiimcn  for  neces- 
saries totliemselves  and  families;  they 
are  their  own  hatters,  shoemakers,  tay- 
lors,  tanners,  weavers,  carpenters, 
smiths,  and  joiners ;  they  are  even  ex- 
pert ill  ship-building ;  and  some  of  tliem 
make  excellent  violuis.  Oreat  pail  of 
Norway  is  covfi<:d  with  forests  of 
wood,  which  constitute  the  principal 
article  of  commerce  in  this  country. 
They  chiefly  consist  of  fir  and  pine,  for 
which  great  sums  are  received  from  fo- 
reigners, who  export  an  immense  num- 
ber of  masts,  beamsr  planks,  and  Li-ards. 
The  climate  of  Norway  is  very  diflcrcnt 
in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom.  At 
Bergen  tlie  winter  is  so  moderate,  that 
the  seas  are,  always  open  and  practica- 
ble, except  in  creeks  and  bays.  On  the 
E  side  of  Norway,  from  the  frontiers  n( 
Sweden  to  Filefield,  tiic'coUl  generally 
seta  in  about  the  middle  of  OctulieV 
with  great  severity,  and  lasts  till  thr 
middle  of  April.  The  soil  of  Norway 
varies  in  diHcrcnt  places,  according  to 
the  situation  of  rock  or  vkUcv.  The 
mountains  are  bare  and  barren  ;  but  the 
eartli  washed  down  from  them,  enrich- 
es and  fertilizes  the  vallics.  In  these 
the  soil  generally  consists  of  black 
mould,  sand,  loam,  chalk  and  gravel, 
lyl  ig  over  one  another  in  unequal  strata. 
T'le  face  of  the  country  i.s  in  many 
places  deformed  by  large  swuinps  and 
marshes,  very  dangerous  to  tiie  tra- 
veller. The  plougl'f  d  lands  in  respect 
to  mountains,  woixis,  meadows  ar.d 
wastes  do  not  exree  1  tiie  jiropoi  tion  of 
1  to  80,  so  lliiit  the  v'liole  couiitry  doer 
not  produce  corntor.iuintain  !lb()^e  Iinlf 
tlic  number  of  its  inhubituntB.  'i  he 
principal  trees,  as  noticed  nbove,  ai'e 
the  fir  and  jiinc  j  it  pr<Hluces  likewise 
oak,  plenty  of  elm  trees,  ash,  hazel,  and 


NOR 


NOT 


birch.    They  carry  on  a  consiJcrable  ' 
trade  witli  Ibieig-ii  nations.     Tlicir  ex- 
ports  aic    copper    wroiigiit    and    ini- 
wrouglit;  iron  cast  into  cannon,  stoves, 
and   |)ots,   or  forged  into  bars  ;  masts,  ■ 
tinibi-r,     deal-boards,     planks,     mar- 
ble,   niill-sloiies,   iicrring,    cod,     ling, 
flounders,  cow-liides,  poat-skins,  seal- 
skins, tlie  furs  of  bears,  tie.  down,  fea- 
tilers,  butter,  tallow,  train-oil,  lar,  juni- 
I)er  and  oilier  sorts  of  berries  and  nuts. 
Tliey  have    iiiexlianstible   quarries  of 
excellent   marble,  black,  white,  blue, 
jyrcy  and  variegated.    Gold  has  likewise 
been  found  in  a  small  quantity,  and  a 
considerable  silver   mine  is  at  present 
wroiiglit  at  Koningsberg  at  the  risk  of 
his  Danish  majesty.     These  were  visit- 
ed by  Mr.  Coxe,  who  says  that  they  for- 
merlv  produced  70,000^ ;  but  they  now 
produce  only   50,000/.     The  mines  of 
cobalt  and  the  preparation  of  Prussian 
blue   K    much    more    productive.     It 
abounds  in  lakes  and  rivers  ;  the  former 
so  large,  tuat  they  ajipear  like  inlets  of 
the  sea.    Norway  was  formerly  govern- 
ed   by  its   own  hereditary  sovereigns. 
On   t:he   demise  of  Hagen  V.iu  1319, 
without  male  Issue,  his  grandson  in  the 
female   line,   Magnus  Smek,  united  in 
his  person  the  kingdoms  of  Sweden  and 
Norway.     Magnus   was   succeeded  in 
the  kingdom  of  Norway  by  his  son  Ha- 
gen VI.l  usbandofthe  celebrated  Mar- 
gii/et;    and   at  his  decease,    in  1380, 
Norway  was   imited  to   Denmark  by 
tlicir  son  Olof  V.    who  dying  witiiout 
issue,  Margaret  herself  was  raised  to 
the  throne   by  the  unanimous  voice  of 
1  be  nation.    On  her  death,  it  descend- 
ed with  Denmark  and  Sweden,  to  her 
nephew  Eric.    Sweden  was  afterward 
separated  Irotn  Denmark  by  the  valour 
«nd   address  of  Gustavus    Vasa;   but 
Norway  continues  united  to  Denmark. 
The  capital  is  Christiania. 

Ifurviicl:,  an  ancient  and  populous  ci- 
ty, the  capital  of  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wedr.esda}',  Friday,  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  sinrouiided  by  a  wall,  now 
much  decayed,  and  sealed  on  the  Yare, 
which  runs  through  it,  and  is  naviga- 
ble to  A'avmoiith  without  locks. 
'J  hmigh,  as  it  has  been  said,  it  is  a 
populous  city,  yet  there  is  void  enough 
in  it  for  anotlii'r  colony  ;  and,  from  the 
iiUcrmiMuie  of  its  bouses  with  trees, 
it  is  ciiUed  a  city  in  an  orchard.  It 
adds  nv.k  to  the"  trade  of  Yarmouth, 
by  the  vast  ciirc;(;cs  of  coal,  wine,  fish, 
*il,  aiul  ;Ul  oll'cr  heavy  goods,  which 


come  to  it  from  thence  by  the  rUcr 
Yare.    Its  manufactures  are  generally 
sent  to   London,   though  considerable 
quantities  are  exported  from  YarmouUi 
to   Holland,    Germany,    Sweden,    and 
Norway,  &c.     It  is  a   county  of  itself, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members    to  parliament.    There   arc, 
besides    the     cathedral,     36     parish 
churches,  two  churches  for  the  Flem- 
ings, some  dissenting  meeting-houses, 
and  a  Roman   catholic  chapel.     It  has 
a  stately  castle,  on  a  hill  which  is  the 
shire-house,  and  the   cmmty  gaol ;   the 
assizes  for  the  city  being  held  at  the 
Guildhall.    The   city  is  reckoned  six 
miles  in  compass.    It  has   12   gates, 
and  six  bridges  over  the  Yare,  and  con- 
tains about   45,000  inhabitants.    This 
town  is  famous  for  its    worsted  manu- 
facture.     By   a  late  calculation    from 
the  number  of  looms  at  work  in  the  ci- 
ty only,  it  appeared  there  were  no  less 
than  120,000  people  employed  in  their 
manufactures  of  wool,  silk,  &c.  in  and 
about  the  town,   including  those  em- 
ployed in  spinning  the  yarn  used  for 
such  goods  as  are  all  made  in  this  city. 
There  is  a  stocking  manufactory  also 
here,   which  has    been    computed  at 
60,000/.  a   year.    It  is  43  miles  N  of 
Ipswich,  and  109  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
1  20  E.  lat.  52  40  N. 

Norwich,  a  city  in  New  London 
conntv,  Connecticut,  lying  on  the  E 
side  (if  the  river  Thames,  near  its  head, 
and  14  miles  N  of  New  London,  in 
lat.  41°  34'  N,  and  lon.  72°  29'  W. 
This  is  a  thriving  commercial  and 
manufacturing  city,  and  contained  at 
the  iast  enumer.Htioii  3476  inhabitants. 
Norwich,  a  town  of  the  State  of  Ver- 
mont, 182  miles  N  of  New  York.  Lon. 
72  22  W,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Nimen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  situate  on  the 
Muldau,  18  miles  W  of  Dressen.  Lon. 
13  0  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Notchcngong,  a  town  of  the  Deccan 
in  the  province  of  Berar,  75  miles  S  S 
W  of  Ellichpour.  Lon.  79  17  E,  lat. 
20  32  N.  . 

Notelnirg,  a  town  of  Russia,  m  the 
government  of  Petersburg,  seated  on 
an  island  in  the  lake  Ladoga,  at  the 
place  where  the  river  Neva  proceeds 
from  this  lake.  It  has  a  good  citadel, 
and  was  capital  of  Ingria,  before  Pe- 
tersburg was  built.  It  is  25  miles  E  of 
Petersburg.  Lon.  31  9  E,  lat.  59  56  N. 
Nolo,  w»  Wicitiit,  Iwfc-u  and  handsome 


!^  O   T 

i-om  thence  by  the  ri\cr 

nnufuctiires  are  generally 

don,   though  consulerublo 

exported  from  Yarmoutli 

Germuny,    Swcilen,    iiiiil 

It  IS  a  county  of  itself, 

a  mayor,  and  sends  two 

parliament.    Tlicrc   arc, 

catlicdral,     36     parish 

)  churches  for  the  Fleni- 

issenting  meeting-houses. 

catholic  chapel.     It  has 

le,  on  a  hill  which  is  the 

and  the  county  gaol ;  tlu- 

he  city  being  held  at  the 

The   city  is  reckoned  six 

mpass.     It  has   12  gates, 

ges  over  the  Yare,  andcon- 

45,000  inhabitants.    Thin 

3US  for  its  worsted  manu- 

y   a  late  calculation    from 

of  looms  at  work  in  the  ci- 

)peared  there  were  no  less 

)  peo]>le  employed  in  their 

;s  of  wool,  silk,  &c.  in  and 

own,   including  those  em- 

[)inning  the  yarn  used  for 

as  are  all  made  in  this  city. 

stocking  manufactory  also 

h   has    been    computed  at 

year.    It  is  43  miles  N  of 

d  109  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 

52  40  N. 

a  city  in  New  London 
nnecticut,  lying  on  the  E 
•iver  Thames,  near  its  head, 
L-s  N  of  New  London,  in 
/  N,  and  lon.  72°  29'  W. 
thriving  commercial  and 
ing  city,  and  contained  at 
incratioii  3476  inhabitants, 
a  town  of  the  State  of  Ver- 
niles  N  of  New  York.  Lon. 
It.  43  40  N. 

I  town  of  Germany  in  the 
iper  Saxony,  situate   on  the 
miles  W  of  Dressen.  Lon. 
51  2N. 

mg,  a  town  of  the  Deccan 
nee  of  Berar,  75  miles  S  S 
hpour.    Lon.  79  17  E,  lat. 

a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
,  of  Petersburg,  seated  on 
n  the  lake  Ladoga,  at  the 
:  the  river  Neva  proceeds 
ke.  It  has  a  good  citadc'l, 
pitid  of  Ingria,  before  Pe- 
ls built.  It  is  25  miles  K  of 
.  Lon.  31  9  E,  lat.  59  56  N. 
uicJgut,  lar^u  and  liandsome 


NOT 


town  of  .Sicily  and  capital  of  Val-di- 
Noti>.  It  was  ruined  by  an  cai-l!i<i'iake 
in  1(593,  hilt  another  t.wn  was  biiili,  ut 
aiinic  distance  from  it.culkd  NftoNiio- 
Vl^  Itrs22niiI(',sS  W  of  S.i'acuse.  Lon. 
15  1!)  E,  lat.  3i-  50  N. 

Niittclen,  a  town  (.'f  Germany,  in  the 
rirclc  of  Westphalia,  in  the  hisliopric 
of  M  mister,  seven  miles  W  of  Mimstcr. 

Nottingham,  a  town  of  the  United 
.States,  in  Maryland,  five  miles  N  E  of 
Baltimore. 

Nnttiiighatn,  the  county-town  of  Not- 
tlnghanisliire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday .uid  Satiinlav.  It  is  situate  on 
a  rocky  eminence,  crowned  by  its  cas- 
tle ;  a  magnificent  modern  structure, 
belonging  to  the  duke  of  Newcastle, 
and  built  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  for- 
tress, celebrated  in  English  history. 
It  is  a  populous  and  handsome  town, 
distinguished  by  its  s])acious  market- 
place, and  noted  for  its  excellent  ale. 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the 
stocking  manufacture,  particularly  of 
the  finer  kinds,  as  those  of  silk  and 
cotton,  and  has  also  a  manufifcture  of 
coarse  earthen  ware.  It  has  three 
parish  churches,  and  several  meetings 
for  the  dissenters.  The  streets  are 
well  p.ived,  and  from  their  situation 
in  a  rock  always  clean.  It  is  remarka- 
ble for  its  vaults,  or  cellars,  cut  into 
the  rock ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood 
arc  many  coalpits,  which  alii'i-d  plenty 
of  fuel,  at  little  expence.  At  this  town 
Charles  I.  set  up  his  standaiil,  at  the 
ronimenccment  of  the  civil  war.  Not- 
tingiiain  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  .-^n  a  river  which  commimicates 
with  the  Trent,  one  mile  to  the  S. 
It  is  16  miles  E  of  Derby,  and  123  N 
by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  52 
58  N. 

Nottingham,  a  post  town  in  Rocking- 
ham county.  New  Hampshire,  24  miles 
NW  of  Portsmouth,  with  964  inhabi- 
tants. 

Nottingham,  a  post  town  in  Prince 
Georirc.  county,  Maryland,  on  the  W 
si^le  Patuxent  river  27  miles  S  E  of 
H'asliington. 

N.>tti.!gham,  West,  a  town  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county,  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
K  side  of  Mer;-imack  river,  45  miles  N 
by  W  of  Boston.  It  has  a  post  office 
and  12Gr  inhabitants. 

Notiinghaiiuhire,  a  county  of  Eng- 
laiul,  48  miles  long  and  20  broad ; 
b  luiided  on  the   N  by  Yorkshire  and 


NOV 

Lincolnshire,  on  the  E  by  the  latter 
count}',  on  the  S  by  Leicesler.shirc, 
and  ./ii  the  W  by  Devonshire.  It  lies 
ill  the  Uiocese  of  York:  contaiim 
'J5,000  inhabitants,  and  sends  eight 
members  to  jjarliament.  No  county 
in  Kiigland  enjoys  a  pleasanter  and 
healiliier  air.  As  for  the  soil,  it  dif- 
fers widely  in  various  parts  of  the 
coui'.-y.  Towards  the  W  where  lies 
the  fi  •'•est  of  .Sherwood,  which  takes 
up  the  greatest  part  of  it,  it  is  sandy, 
but  the  S  and  E  parts,  watered  by  the 
Trent  and  rivers  that  fall  into  it,  are 
fruitful  both  in  corn  and  pasture ;  but 
the  former  produces  little,  except, 
wood,  coal,  and  some  lead.  The  coun- 
ty has  a  variety  of  manufiictures  and 
commodities,  as  wool,  leather,  tallow, 
stockings,  earthen  ware,  and  strong 
ale.  The  principal  rivers  are  tho 
Trent,  and  Idle  ;  the  former  inferior 
only  to  the  Severn,  Thames,  and  Hum. 
her. 

Ififvalle,  a  small,  but  populous  town 
of  Italy,  ten  miles  N  E  of  Padua,  and 
12  S  W  of  Treviso.  Lon.  12  10  E, 
lat.  45  29  N. 

Novara,  an  ancient  and  strong  twon 
of  Italy,  in  the  dutchy  of  Milan,  capital 
of  the  Novarese,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  i«  seated  on  an  eminence,  12  miles 
N  E  of  Verceil,  and  25  W  bv  S  of  Mi- 
Ian.     Lon.  8  35  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Ntma  Scotia,  or  JciKiia,  a  country  of 
British  North  America,  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  United  States,  on  the  N  by 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  E  by  the 
gulf  of  that  name,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Atlantic  and  bay  of  Fundy  j  being  so 
indented  by  the  latter,  that  its  eastern 
part  forms  a  peninsula.  It  extends 
from  cape  Sable,  its  most  southern 
point,  in  lat.  43  23  to  49  30  N,  and  from 
60  15  to  67  0  W  lon.  In  1784,  part  of 
this  country  wr.s  formed  hito  a  new 
province.  See  AV:o  Bninnvict.  It  is 
very  unliealtliy  on  account  of  the  thick 
fogs  which  obscures  the  atmospliere 
for  a  great  part  of  the  year,  and  for 
four  or  five  months  it  is  intensely  cold. 
The  most  part  of  the  country  is  one 
continued  tract  of  forest,  and  the  soil, 
except  on  the  rivers'  baniis,  is  thin  and 
barren.     Halifax  is  the  capital. 

Novellnra,  a  town  of  Itsly,  capital  of 
a  sni.'dl  district  of  the  same  name,  svith 
a  cr.stic,  where  the  sovi"e !gn  resides. 
It  is  17  miles  E  bv  N  of  Paiiiia,  and  20 
S  by  W  of  Mahtuft.  Lon.  11  4  E, 
lat.  44  48  N. 


NOV 


NUB 


N'liri,  Ik  town  of  Italy,  in  the  t«>tTito- 
rvof  Grno.i,  22  mil-s  N  W  of  (Jciioa, 
ilon.  8  2^  E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Novi  ffar,c!r,  a  <':)nsi<liT.il>l<'  town  of 
Tiirki-y  ill  Europe,  in  Sci-  in,  nt'isr  tiie 
Oi-f  iL't),  72  miles  W  of  Nissa,  and  lO.i 
S  of  Belgrade.     Loii.  21    1   E,  lat.  43 

35  N. 

Njvlgrad,  a  small  Imt  strong  town 
of  Upper  Htinfjury,  capital  of  a  county 
ofthe  same  name,  with  acasllc,  seated 
on  :i  moimtain,  nrnr  the  Daniiljc,  25 
miles  N  of  Biida.  Lon.  18  20  E,  lat. 
4-  36  N. 

Novign'd,  a  stnmg  town  of  Turkisli 
l");din.itia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a 
lil.-cof  the  sime  name,  near  the  gulf 
o/ Venice,  17  miles  E  of  Nona,  and  25 
N  W  of  Zara.     I-oii.  10  35   E,  lat.  44 

36  N. 

Novigrad,  a.  very  strong  plac  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Servia,  seated  near 
the  Danuhe,  35  miles  N  of  Nissa.  Lon. 
-22  32  E.  lilt.  44  6  N 

tfou-Kian,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Ava. 

N(r.>ngorod,  one  of  the  most  anrie,  t 
cities,  and  once  the  metropolis  of  Rus- 
sia, now  capital  of  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  and  f  >rmerly  called  Great 
Novojforod,  to  distinguish  it  from  other 
Russiun  townsof  the  same  apiiellations. 
It  was  fop  a  long  time,  governed  by  its 
own  dii1;es  j  and  was  in  fact,  a  repub- 
lic, under  the  Jurisdiction  of  a  nominal 
sovereign.  It  was  tlie  great  mart  of 
trade  betweeii  Kiissia  and  the  liauscatlc 
cities,  i.nd  made  the  most  rapid  ad- 
vances in  o])ulenrc  and  pojndation.  Al 
this  period  its  dominions  were  so  e.s. 
tensive,  extending  to  the  N  as  far  as 
the  frontiers  of  Livonia,  and  Findland  : 
romprlsiiig  p-roat  pail  of  llu;  province 
of  Arr!i.".nr;-',  and  a  birge  district  be- 
yond tlx-  N  W  limits  of  Siberia,  its  pow- 
er so  great,  and  its  situation  sn  inipreg- 
nahle,as  to  ;»»ve  rise  to  a  proverb,  Who 
can  resist  the  gods  and  the  Great  No- 
vogorod  ?  It  continued  in  this  flour- 
jsliiiig  slate  til!  the  l.'ith  century,  wiien 
Ivan  Vassclicvitch  grand  Uiil;e  of  Rus- 
sia laid  siege  to  the  town.  The  inliabi- 
tants  were  constrained  to  surrender  and 
<leliver  up  the  charter  of  tiieir  liberties. 
It  still  continued  to  be  the  most  flour- 
jshing  and  commercial  town  of  Russia, 
and  at  this  period  contained  400,001) 
souls.  The  prosperity  of  Novogorod  al 
this  tiir.e  experienced  a  most  fatal  down- 
fal  from  which  it  never  recovered. 
lv»n  having  discovered  a  conspiracy 
hctwecn  tlic  inhabitants  and  tlie   king 


of  Poland,  hiitchered  about  25,008  or 
30,000  of  the  inhabitants.  But  the 
sjilendour  of  this  once  flourishing  town 
was  not  totally  obs  iired,  until  Peter 
the  Great  founded  Petersburg  to  which 
lip  transferred  the  commerce  of  the 
Baltic.  It  now  contains  scarce  7000 
souls  i  but  a  vast  number  of  churchct 
and  convents  stand  melancholy  monu- 
ments of  its  former  magnificence.  The 
town  stretches  on  both  sides  of  the 
VdlkofI',  a  river  of  considerable  depth 
and  rapidity,  which  separates  it  into 
I  wo  div  sions  ;  namely,  the  Trading 
Part  and  the  quarter  of  St.  Sophia, 
which  are  united  by  a  bridge.  Novo- 
gorod is  situate  near  the  lake  Ilmen, 
125  miles  S  S  E  of  Petersburg.  Lon. 
32  45  E,  lat.  58  20  N. 

Novngnrml  Severskoi,  a  town  of  the 
Russian  empire,  in  the  government  of 
rCiof,  seated  on  the  Desna,  140  miles 
N  N  E  of  Kiof 

Novogorodeck,  a  town  of  Lithuania, 
capital  of  a  palatinatfe  of  the  same  name, 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  70  miles  S  of 
Wilna.     Lon.  C6  8  E,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Novomirgorod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Catharincnslaf,  136 
miles  \V  N  W  of  that  place.  Lon.  31 
44  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Nmitra,  a.  small  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  paliitinate  of  Cracow.  It  lies  on 
the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  and  posse.ses 
mines  of  p^ild  and  silver.  It  is  30  miles 
S  of  Cracow.  Lon.  19  49  E,  lat  49 
40  N. 

Noya,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Gallicia,  seated  on  the  Tamara,  15 
miles  W  of  Compostella. 

N-.i^en,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy,  seated  on  the  Serin,  in  a 
valley  surrounded  by  mountains,  where 
there  are  many  vine\avds,  17  miles  SE 
of  Auxcrc.     Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  47  39  N. 

Noycn,  an  ancient  and  formerly  an 
cniscopal  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partnient  el'  Oi'^e,  and  late  province  of 
tlie  Isle  of  I'Vance.  It  gave  birth  to 
the  famous  Galvin  and  is  seated  near 
the  Oise,  22  miles  N  W  of  Soissoiis, 
and  60  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  6  E, 
lat.  49  35  N. 

Nnzcro:,  a  t'?wn  of  France,  in  the 
dcparti'ient  of  Juia  and  late  jn-ovincc  of 
Franchc-CoiMpte,  with  a  cattle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  20  miles  S  V.  of 
Salines,  and  30  S  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6 
13  E,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Kuiia,  »v  Sennar,  a  kingdom  of  Afri- 


"P>(l»il*l"^i(i 


U  B 


NUN 


N  U  R 


itclicrcd  about  25,00d  or 

iiiliiihitants.      But    the 

Ills  once  floiir'mliin)^  town 

ly  oils  iired,   until    I'eter 

bded  Pcterslxirg  to  which 

d    tlic  commerce  of  the 

low  contains  scarce  7000 

vast  number  of  churches 

stand  melancholy  menu. 

|)rmcr  magniKcence.     The 

PS    on   botli  sides  of  the 

cr  of  considerable  depth 

wiiich  separates  it  into 

;    namely,     the  Trading 

!    quarter   of  St.  Sophia, 

ited  by  a  bridge.     Novo- 

uate  near  the  lake  limen, 

S  E  of  Peterfcburg.     Lon. 

58  20  N. 

Sevenioi,  a  town  of  the 
)ii'c,  in  the  government  of 
on  the  Desna,  140  miles 
of 

fcf,  a  town  of  Lithuania, 
aliitinatCof  the  same  name, 
vast  plain,  70  miles  S  of 
1.  C6  8  E,  lat.  53  35  N. 
trod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
ent  of  Catharinenslaf,  136 
\V  of  that  place.  Lon.  31 
I40N. 

small  town  of  Poland,  in 
itc  (if  Cracow.  It  lies  on 
I  (if  Hungary,  and  posseses 
d  and  silver.  It  is  30  miles 
w.     Lon.   19  49  E,  lat  49 

ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
ated  on  the  Tamara,  15 
Compostella, 

town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

Yonne  and  late  province  of 

seated  on  the    Serin,   in  a 

mded  by  mountains,  where 

iny  vinc\avds,  17  miles  SE 

Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  47  39  N. 

ancient  and  formerl)'  an 

iwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 

Oi^e,  and  late  province  of 

Fj-ancc.     It  gave  birth  to 

Galvin  and  is  seated  near 

!   r.iilcs  N  W  of  Soissoiis, 

E   of  Paris.     Lon.  3  6  E, 

I  l';wn  of  France,  in  the 
i)f  Jiifa  and  late  province  of 
>i;!te,  with  a  ca<tle.  Ills 
mountain,  30  miles  S  K  of 
30  S  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6 
1  47  N. 
Seimar,  a  kingdom  of  Afii- 


CR,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Egypt,  on  the 
E  by  the  Red  Sea,  on  iliu  S  by  Al>)s- 
siniu,  and  on  the  W  by  Bornou.  'die 
Nile  run.s  ihruugii  it  ;  on  the  bunlvs  of 
wiiicli,  uiul  of  tiic  other  rivers,  it  is 
fruitful,  but  in  other  places  bari'en, 
gandy,  and  destitute  of  water.  'I'lic  in- 
liabilants  make  their  bread  and  drink 
of  u  siuull  round  seed  called  doea,  or 
seft',  wliich  is  very  ill  tasted.  'I'heir 
houses  have  mud  walLs,  are  very  low, 
and  covered  with  leeds.  'I'lie  dress  of 
the  bettersort  is  a  vest  without  sl(;eves, 
mid  they  have  \u>  covcnugs  t>.i'  their 
lieads,  legs,  and  feet,  i  ho  common 
people  wrap  a  piece  of  lineii  clolli  about 
thchi,  and  lli^  ciuldren  gDcpiile  naked, 
'limy  are  a  stupid  dcl)aiiched  ])cop!e, 
but  profess  to  be  MaiiomcUuis.  'I'lie 
prodactiuns  of  the  country  arc  gtjid, 
ele|iJiant's  teelli,  civet,  and  sandal- 
wood i  and  a  great  many  slaves  are  sent 
into  Egypt,  'i'lie  principal  towns  known 
to  tlie  Europeans  arc  Uungola  and  Sen- 
nar. 

Nuettra  Seiioia-de-ia-Paz,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  Peru,  and  in  the 
audience  of  Los  Charcas,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  in  a  valley  abounding  with 
vines  and  fruits,  which  begin  to  be  ripe 
in  January.    Lon.  64  5  VV,  lat.  16  50  S. 

Nuestra  Setiora-iie-iu-nttoiid,  a  town 
of  North  America,  in  the  province  of 
Mc.vico,  Oil  the  coast  of  the  bay  of  Ciim- 
pcachv,  and  in  the  province  of  lubasoo, 
Lon.  92  35  u',  lat.  18  0  N. 

Niieva  Segovia,  a  towa  of  the  East 
Indies,  in  the  Isle  of  Luzon,  and  one 
of  the  Philippines,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
The  Portuguese  alcaied,  major  of  the 
province,  resides  in  this  place.  It  is 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ca- 
gayan.     Lon.  120  30  E.  lat.  18  59  N. 

Nuitz,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Cote  d'Or  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  famous  for  its  ex- 
cellent wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  15  miles  S  \V  nf  Uijon, 
and  130  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  U  E,  lat. 
47  10  N. 

Nuinaneia,  anciently  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  celebra- 
ted for  a  sieg«  of  14  years  maintained 
against  the  Romans,  who  finally  siib- 
ilued  and  destroyed  it,  in  the  year  133 
11.  C.  The  ruins  of  it  are  still  to  be 
seen,  near  the  head  of  the  river  Doue- 
1*0,  four  miles  above  the  town  of  Soria. 

M/n,  or  Ned  de  Nun,  a  province  of 
Africa,  sepai-ated  on  ttie  S  from  the 


kingdom  of  Sus,  by  a  sandy  dpnert. 
rile  emperor  of  ••forocco  pretends  to 
be  sovereijjii  of  this  coinury,  but  his 
aiiliioniy  is  only  noiuiiial.  this  vast, 
but  desert  province,  is  inhabited  by  dif- 
ferent tribes  of  Ar.ibs,  whc;  are  si  altered 
over  every  part  capable  of  cliki«atioN. 
Nundydroog,  a  town  of  the  peiiiiisiila 
of  HInduostan,  capital  of  a  district,  in 
tlie  Mysore  country.  Its  fortiess  is 
built  on  tile  siiiiiiiiit  u\'  un  almost  in.ic- 
cessible  mountain,  1,"U0  fcet  in  heit;lit, 
but  was  besieged  and  lal^-en  by  tlie  En- 
glish under  lord  Coriiwallis,  in  ir92. 
j  II  is  70  miles  N  ol  Seiingapalam. 
I  Nuiicaioii,  a  town  in  'VV  aiwickshirc, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  ma- 
niifaclure  of  woollen  cloth.  It  was  for- 
merly noted  for  its  mmnery,  and  is 
seated  on  liie  river  Anker,  eight  miles 
N  by  E  of  Coventry,  and  'J9  N  N  \V  of 
London.  Lon.  1  25  VV,  lat.  52  36  N. 
Nunthavi,  a  village,  hvc  miles  E  by 
S  of  Oxfoid  ;  remarkable  for  its  Spin- 
ning Feast,  an  uiuuial  festival,  institu- 
ted by  lord  and  lady  Harcourt,  for  the 
encouragement  oi"  virtue  and  industry. 
Nunity,  a  village  in  Somersetshire, 
two  miles  S  VV  of  Fi-oine,  with  a  fair 
on  November,  It  is  remarkable  for  an 
old  castle  taken  by  the  parliament's  for- 
ces in  1645,  the  shell  ^ii'  which  is  still 
entire  and  a  lino  piece  of  anti(|uity. 

Nur  titnirg,  or  Nuitnibtrg,  a  tree  im- 
perial city  of  Germany,  eaiiital  of  the 
circle  of  Fraiiconia,  with  a  umvcrsily. 
It  is  six  miles  in  circumference,  sur- 
rounded by  high  walls,  flanked  with  365 
towers ;  and  the  river  Pegnitz,  over 
which  are  12  stone  bridges,  runs 
through  the  middle,  and  divides  it  into 
two  ])arts.  The  government  is  aristo- 
crutical  i  and  the  townsmen  are  divided 
into  eight  quarters,  each  of  which  ha< 
a  captain.  The  burgesses  are  very  in- 
dustrious, and  the  best  workmen  in 
arts ;  their  majis  and  prints  are  in  high 
esteem,  as  well  as  their  musical  and 
mathematical  instruments  ;  nor  are  they 
less  curious  in  clockwork,  and  in  die 
several  manufactures  of  ii-«>n,  steel,  ivo- 
ry,  wood,  and  alabaster.  The  best 
toys  are  made  here,  which  are  com- 
monly known  in  England  by  the  name 
of  Dutch  toys.  Here  is  a  famous  aca- 
demy for  painting,  an  anatomical  thea- 
tre, and  a  public  library.  1  he  ancient 
and  Bupurb  castle  or  palace,  which  the 
inhabitants  bought  of  tl-.e  burgraves,  ia 
still  standing  at'the  extremity  of  the  ci- 
ty I  and  the  arsenal  'a  onc^of  the  be. .  in 


N  Y  O 


O  B  A 


(Jprmftny.  TIte bouses  nre  btiilloffrce- 
•Vme,  ami  are  t'imr  ur  five  stories  liijf''- 
llioii^^li  llieir  reli(fi<)ii  is  tlic  Liitlieruii, 
the  cliurcli  of  the  Holy  GiioHl  Iiuk  a  va- 
riety of  relics,  as  also  the  imi>crial 
crown  and  »ce)>trc,  tlic  \r\nhc  oJ  the 
empire,  the  sword  of  St.  Mauvice,  the 
imperial  mantle,  tlic  wliile  rolie  of  the 
emperors,  called  the  dalmatic,  tiie  j^old- 
en  surplice,  the  mantle  of  the  » liolr, 
and  the  jjlovcs,  slippers,  and  heredita- 
ry crown  of  tltc  Emperor  Kodilph  II. 
All  tl.se  rarities  are  placed  in  acliesl, 
which  is  siispciidcd  hy  u  rofic  in  the 
doiiii,  and  they  arc  never  taken  'jwr 
bill  at  Hie  coronation  of  an  emperor,  or 
when  any  pe-rf^n  •!"  1  i(,'h  d'.stiiutl.in 
waiils  U)  s  e  them.  .So  Jews  art  fiuf- 
fered  to  Iodide  n  s;ni.jle  niplit  here  ;  nor 
can  they  enter  the  city  at  all  without 
paunff  ii  certain  tax.  Niirembtir(r,  in 
process  o''  time,  has  (/otuineil  a  consi- 
derable territory,  100  miles  in  circum- 
ference, in  which  are  two  large  forests. 
It  is  55  miles  N  W  of  rtatisbon,  62  N 
of  Aiipsbiirg',  and  250  \V  1  N  of  Vien- 
na.    I.on.  11  12  E,  lat.  4^-  27  N. 

Nurtivgen,  a  town  oi"  Germany  in  the 
circle  (.f  Suabia,  in  the  diitchyof  VVir- 
tembcrjc.  It  is  situate  on  the  Ncckur, 
14  miles  S  E  of  Sttitjrard,  and  60  E  of 
Strasbnrg.     Lon.  -i  12  E,  lat.  48  33  N. 

Niiinerpour,  a  town  of  Hindooston, 
c>.pital  of  a  district  of  tbo  same  name, 
80  miles  N  E  of  Tutta.  Lun.  CB  20  £, 
lat.  2  20  N. 

Na:s,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  17?4  i  and  is  sealed  on 
the  Erfit)  five  miles  S  VV  oi"  iJMssel- 
dorf,  and  20  N  W  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
6  55E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

N  bore,  a  to\vn  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Funen,  seated  in  a  commodious 
bay.  it  has  the  remains  of  an  old  pa- 
lace, in  which  Christian  II.  was  born, 
and  is  10  miles  E  of  Odensce.  Lon.  10 
40  E    lat.  55  30N. 

N.land,  a.  province  of  Sweden,  in 
Finland,  lyinii:  ""  t'',e  ff'lf  "^  Finland, 
to  the  W  of  Carelia. 

N  minir^,  i^  strong  tov/n  of  Bohemia, 
seated  on  the  river  Elb  The  Saxons 
took,  it  bv  assault  in  1634  Lon.  13  26 
E,  lat.  50  8  N. 

N)on,  a  eommercial  town  of  S wi'iser- 
land  in  the  Pays  de  Vand,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas 
tie.  Here  are  a  grea.  man>  Roman  in- 
scriptions, and  it  is  a  rradin;;  place.  It 
;3  seated  nea"  tke  lake  of  Geneva,  10 


iiilcs  N  N  E  of  that  citv.  Lon.  6  12 
E,   lat    46  21   N. 

N.oiin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
p;irtment  of  Dr.ime  I'nd  late  t)rovince 
of  Daopliinv,  seated  on  the  river  A- 
imicsover  whirli  it  has  a  lofty  brids^e 
v)f  one  arch,  tlie  w.>rk  of  the  R'^niaiis, 
and  a  mineral  sprii  i^  nanieil  Pontius, 
and  si.ine  maniifartnres  of  Hoap  anil 
woollen  stulKs.  It  is  eifflit  miles  N  W 
of  Biiis      Lon,  5  1.5  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

jV  itf<,t,  a  stronjY  town  of  Htissia,  itt 
the  government  of  Liv(mia,  with  a  cas- 
llo  It  IS  sei.'.edoi,  ihe  Narova,  anion),' 
'■ii;;>-  marshes,  2U  miles  S  W  ofNalvji, 
and  Ct'.l  N  of  VV'burg.  Lon,  29  10  h, 
lat.  (11  56  N. 

N-xtaut,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  liii. 
h.nd,  noted  for  a  pe;iee  ronrhided 
iiere,  in  1721,  between  the  emperor  oC 
Rtis.sia,  and  the  kin<j  of  Sweden,  and 
i<  is  siiitei]  on  a  b.iy  of  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, 5.1  miles  N  W  of  Abo.  I.,oii.  jl  1 
E,  l.il.  ftl  10  K. 

A  vfe./,  or  Ncitecf;  a  town  of  Den- 
mark, in  tile  island  of  Laland,  with  u 
considerable  trade  to  the  dnt<hy  of 
Mecklenburg  and  other  places  of  Ger- 
many.    Lon.  11  4  E,  lat.  54  43  N. 


o. 


QAKHAM,urOKEHAM.  the  county 
^^town  of  Rutlandshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  Near  the  chm-ch  re- 
main the  decaying  walls  of  an  old  cab- 
tie  ;  and  four  silver  jiennies  of  tlie  later 
Mercian  kmgs  were  foond  here  in  1749. 
It  is  sealed  in  the  centre  ofa  fertile  val- 
ley, called  the  Vale  of  Catmose,  2d 
miles  S  bv  E  of  Nottingham,  a. id  'J8  N 
bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  W,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

Oi^^liavipton,  or  Ockh'  .-npton,  a  bo- 
rough in  Devonshire,  wit.,  a  market  on 
S'ltitrday.  It  sends  two  nic  ibers  to 
parliament,  isgovirm;  !  I)y  a  mayor,  and 
has  large  remains  of  a  cantle,  disi.ian- 
r.ed  by  Henry  VIII.  Itis  seated onthi' 
river  Ock,  24  miles  W  of  Exeter,  and 
195  W  b)  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  5  W, 
lat.  50  48  N. 

Oati  Creek.     See  Canhdarago. 

Oiiuii,  a  villiage  in   Ari-yleshire,  sea 
ted  on  iL;.  scacotti.1,  where  (Uere  ia  an 


O  B  A 


O  C  H 


ODE 


"f  that  citv.     Lon.  6  12 

N. 
iwnofFrnncp,  in  the  de- 

)r.'iiiic  rnd    iutc    province 
neutcil  on  the   river    A- 

ti!<li  it  has  a  hittv  briili^e 
t!i«-  w.>fk  (if  the  K'^niiiiis, 
li  sprii  !{•  imnicd  Poinius, 
iiuiuifartiires  of  mohji  iiml 
It  is  (•i(<'ht  mili-s  N  W 
111,  5  1 .5  E,  l:it.  44  26  N. 
iti'iiir   town   of  Kiissm,  in 

111  of  Livonia,  with  a  cas- 

'.cddi.  (he  Niirova,  anionj,' 
cs,  2U  miles  S  \V  of  N.irv;i, 
W'jiiig.     Lon  29   10   h, 

town  of  Sweden,  in   Tin- 

for    a  peiice     ronrhi.Jcd 

1,  bctwecii  the  emperor  of 

the  l<in«j  of  Swe<len,     an'l 

)n  u  l)avof  ttic  giilf<.fB()th- 

N  Wof  Abo.     Lon.  31  1 

N  eited";  a  town    of  Den- 

isluml  of  Laland,  witii  a 

;    trade    to   the   diitchy   of 

jr  and  other  places  of  Ger- 

I.  11  4  £,  kt.  54  43  N. 


O. 


f,M-OKEHAM.  tlic  county 
Rutlandshire,  witli  a  inur- 
I'duy.  Near  the  chiircii  re- 
cay  inp  walls  of  an  old  eas- 
r  silver  jienuies  of  tlie  later 
gs  were  fooiiU  here  in  1749. 
in  the  centre  of  a  fertile  val- 
the  Vale  of  Catniosc,  I'd 
E  of  Nottingham,  a. id  08  N 
ndon.     Lon.  0  46    W,   lat. 

•on,  or  Octlir  mpton,  a  bo- 
:\unsiiire,  wit.,  a  market  on 
U  sendu  two  nw:  ibers  to 
is  go\  I  rnt  !  by  a  mayor,  and 
^maiiis  of  a  ca.".tle,  disLiaii- 
ryVIII.  It  is  seated  on  the 
i4  miles  W  of  Exeter,  and 
of  London.    I^on.  4  5   W, 


'.     See  Cani'darago. 
lli^isre  in   Arj-yleshire,  sea- 
cacuuLl,  where  cUere  is  an 


excellent  fishing  station  and  a  cttatom- 
hoii^e. 

Ob.Lich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  thfi 
diltchy  of  Stiria,  sealed  at  the  conilit- 
cncc  of  the  rivers  Acli/a  and  rraun, 
three  miles  lulow  the  lake  ChuDzec, 
and  J5  VV  of  Gratz.     Lon.  14  43  E,  lat. 

47  .}  N. 

Oberiirch,  a  town  and  castle  c»f 
France,  in  llie  ilii^artment  of  Lower 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Al.'iuce, 
lately  belongin;<  to  the  arclihislijp  of 
Sirashurg,  trotn  which  phice  it  istiiree 
miles  distant.  Lmi.  7  50  E,  lut.  4U  3i 
N. 

Oberndorf,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suuhia,  in  tlr  Black  Forest, 
subject  to  the  hoii.sp  of  Austria.  U  is 
divided  into  tiie  Uppi!"  and  Lower 
Town,  and  sealed  on  the  Ncckar,  14 
mdes  N  of  Koth  well.    Lop.  8  45  E,  lat. 

48  '22  N. 

Obernpe>f^,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
castle,  sealed  on  '!.c  Inn,  1.^  miles  S  of 
Passau,  to  whose  lusliop  it  belongs. 
Lon,  1.3  36  E,  laf  48  15  N. 

Obcrsteiii.  ".  town  of  Germany,  in  tlic 
palatinate  <d'  the  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
river  >^ahe,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Tr.;vcs. 
Lon.  -  26  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Oberwe^el,  formerly  an  imperial  town 
of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  I'reves 
t.d.en  by  the  French  in  1794,  and  sea- 
ted on  the  Rhino,  40  miles  E  N  E  '..( 
Treves.  Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 

Obtdos,  a  town  of  Fovtiig'al,  in  Estre- 
madiira,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
(in  a  rock,  ,38  miles  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
<J  18  E,  lat.  39  17  N. 

Obollah,  a  strong  town  of  Persi.i,  in 
Irac-Agcmi,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
T'q;ris,  near  Bussarah.  Lon.  45  15  I'., 
lat.  30  15  N. 

Obstayo,  a  bay  of  the  Frozen  Ocean, 
in  Asia.  Lon.  72  25  E,  lat.  70  0  N. 

Obvinsk,  a  towi>  of  Rnssia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm,  It  is  situate  ontlie 
Kama,  60  miles  N  of  P  'rm.  Lon.  56  0 
'.    lat.  58  44  N. 

Oby,  u  iver  of  Rusjin  in  Asia,  which 
rises  in  the  desert  oflschimska,  and 
running  N  joins  the  Irtysh,  near  Tob- 
olsk, and  falls  in'"  the  bay  of  Obskriya. 

Ocano,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  a  plain,  abounding  in 
all  the  necessaries  of  life,  18  miles  E 
of  T<,le(h>.     Lon.  2  50  VV,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Ochsenfurt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Frunconia,  and  in  the  bishop- 
ricof  Wurtzburg,  iieatcdonthe  Maine, 


10  miles  S  E  of  Wtirtzburg.  Lon.  10 
\.)  E,  lat.  49  3,5  N, 

Occa,  a  large  river  of  Rnssia,  which 
f.iUs  rito  the  VoI;.,m,  near  Nishnii  No- 
voijorod, 

Ocluc'liaiusn.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  cinle  of  Siiahla,  It  miles  S  ol'UI- 
nii,  and  40  VV  ,S  \V  of  Auj^sh'U'g.  Lon, 
10  11  E,  lat  48  10  N. 

Ocker,  a  river  of  Lower  Saxony, 
wlikh  rise i  in  the  S  part  .itthc  dutcliy 
of  Uriinswick,  runs  b\  Go%l.ir,  vV.illiii- 
hiitiie,  and  Brunswick,  and  falls  into 
the  Aller,  \V  of  GMiioni. 

Ocii!.t.     See  L:fliri<ta. 

OcZiiimu,  or  Ocz.U'iff,  a  town  and 
fortress,  l.itely  of  I'ari^ey  in  E.uvipe, 
but  now  included  in  tli..-  Xu.ssiaii  jfov- 
ment  of  C/itharinensl.if  It  has  been 
frequently  auobject  ofcoiile.it  between 
tlur  Turks  a'ld  the  Rus.sians,  m.my  tooii- 
sauds  of  whom  on  b.)t!i  s.des,  liave  fdl- 
eii  in  the  (liliereiil  sieges  it  i>as  lUiikr- 
gone.  It  was  taken  In  st.n'.ii  by  v.,a 
Russians,  in  \7iii,  and  was  Coii:iruie(l 
to  Russia,  by  the  subHequeut  pe.ae  It 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Dn.  o.k  r, 
opposite  Kinbaru,  3\)  miles  VV  of  Ctur- 
soii,  and  r.O  M  by  E  (<f  Constantiiioi>le. 
Lon.  30  50  E,  Lit.  46  50  H. 

Ode/htee,  a  cousider.ihle  and  ancient 
town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the  isle  of 
Fiineii,  witii  abishop's  Bee.  Ir  is  «l;:i- 
ted  on  a  small  river,  two  mih  .i  fiyjn 
the  hay  of  Stigcstrand,  ap.d  75  Wof 
Copenhagen.  Lon.  10  17  E.  lat.  55  30 
N. 

Oder,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  h.is 
its  sotirce  near  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  in  Silesia.  It  r\ii(S  N  tiu-ough 
•iiU'sia,  Franckfort,  Lebiis,  Custrin, 
and  Frlnw.ilt,  in  Brandenburg;  and 
G.irt/,  Slot  in,  Cammin,  VVolliu,  U.se- 
dom,  and  Wi<!;,fast,  in  Pomerania,  Be- 
low Stctin  it  forms  a  large  lake,  after- 
wards  falling  into  the  Baltic  Sea  by 
three  mouths  ;  between  which  lie  the 
islands  of  Usedom  and  VVollin. 

Oder,  a  town  in  the  S  W  extremity 
of  Silesia,  at  the  source  of  the  river 
Oder,  16  miles  S  VV  of  Troppaw,  Lon. 
17  30E,  l:it,  50  46N. 

Oderberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  in  the  mid- 
dle iMarche  of  Brandenburg,  situate  on 
the  Oder,  35  miles  N  P>>f  Berlin,  Lon, 
14  15  E,  lat,  52  58  N. 

Odcrburg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  SMted 
near  the  conHuonce  of  the  Oder  and 
Elsa,  10  miles  S  of  Ratibor.  Lon.  18 
10  E,  lat,  50  2  N. 


OFF 


O  H  R 


Oiltmkfhn,  H  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatiiiiUc;  <it'  tlif  Kliinr,  scutcd  oti  tlii' 
SeU^,  JU  niilc.4  S  ut'  Muiilk..  Lun.  U  ^J 
E,  l.,l.  4'J31  N. 

OJih:ii>i,  a  corporate  town  in  Hiunp- 
shiri',  Willi  a  ni:irl\et  ou  Sutiirday,  J-l 
miles  N  Eof  VVin.Jicsi.'P,  Hii(l42  \V  bv 
Sofl.oiulon.    Lon.O  j(j  \V,  l:ii.  51  IHN. 

Oclund,  an  island  of  Swi'<lc-n,  in  the 
Baltic-  Si-a,  separutfd  IVolii  tin-  coast  of 
(ioiidaiid,  hv  a  sli-i.it.  of  10  nidcs  in 
bi(  adth  It  is  84  miles  lonjf,  but  not 
iu)rc  than  nine  broad,  and  very  I'i'rtile. 
U  'ikliolni  is  tile  eliict°l')wn.  Lon.  17  3 
K,  l..t.  .56  44  N. 

fk!fMt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
tho  dutcliy  of  M;ijfdel)!if^,  seated  on 
tiie  Al.i  r,  2j  miles  li  of  Urnnswick. 
Lon.  ll.'J(ji;,  lal.  52  27  N. 

fMtiiitz,  a  town  of  U|jpcr  Saxony  in 
tlie  territory  of  Voiptlunil,  seateil  on 
tlie  Kliler.     Lon.  V2  10  E,  lat.  SO  19  N. 

Otsil,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Livonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
pdt  of  Hijt'u.  It  is  74  miles  lonj^  and  50 
broad,  and  defended  by  two  forts.  It 
formerly  belonged  to  Denmark,  but  now 
to   Hussia.     It8  capital  is  Aren8bur|rii. 

Oeting,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
>vitl>  an  old  chapel.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Town,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Inn,  eipht  jnilcs  N  W  of 
Bnrkhatisen.  Lun.  12  44  K,  lat.  48 
14  N 

Oeting,  or  Oetiiigen,  a  town  of  Siiabia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  sa  .e  name. 
It  is  seated  on  tlie  river  Wirnitz,  12 
miles  N  N  W  of  Donawert,  and  35 
W  N  W  of  In^.lstadt  Lon.  10  40  E, 
lat.  48  58  N. 

OJf.i's  Dite,  an  entrenchment  cast  up 
by  OHa,  a  Saxon  kiiifr,  to  defend  Eng- 
land against  the  incursions  of  the  Welsh. 
It  runs  throuffh  Herefordshire,  Shrop- 
shire, Montgomeryshire,  Denbighshire, 
and  Flintshire. 

Offanto,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naiilcs,  which  rises  in  the  Appennines  j 
passes  by  Conzn  and  Monte  Verde  i  se- 
parates Capitanata  from  Basilicatu  and 
TeiTa-di-Bari  ;  and  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  near  Barlettsu  It  is  the  an- 
cient Aufidius. 

Offenbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Franconia.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  July  1796,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Maine, five  miles  E  of  Francfort. 
Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  49  54  N 

Offenburg,  an  in)])erial  town  of  Suabia, 
under  the  i-roteclion  of  the  house  of 
Austrisu    It  is  seated  on  the  Kintiiy, 


12  miles  S  E  of  Stratburg,  (nd  38  X  of 
Uaden.     Lon.  8  1  E,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Offida,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
•piiHuteof  Ancona,  26  miles  S  of  Lorct- 
to.     Lon.  13  46  E,  lat.  42  53  N. 

Ongeritheiin,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Khine.  It  has  a  villa 
belonging  to  the  elector,  and  is  sitiuUe 
on  the  Khine,  four  niilcii  W  N  W  of 
Manheim. 

O/ielenia,  an  islanil  in  the  S  Pacifir 
Ocean.  It  is  l.i  miles  in  circuit,  and  has 
neither  harbour  nor  anchorage.  It  is 
neither  so  populous  nor  fertile  as  the 
islands  to  the  N  of  it ;  yet  its  m.miifac- 
tiires  are  of  a  superior  kiml.  '1  he  cloth 
is  of  a  better  die,  and  the  spears  and 
clubs  are  better  ci.t  and  polished,  and 
the  carving  is  executed  in  a  better  n-.an- 
ner.  The  people  are  lii.ity  and  well 
made,  and  rather  browner  tlian  those  of 
the  Society  Islands.  Lun  15U  47  W, 
lat.  22  27  S. 

Ohio,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  has  its  source  in  the  Allegany 
mountains,  and  is  called  the  Allegany, 
till  it«  junction  with  the  Monongaliela 
at  Foi  Pitt,  when  it  iirst  receives  the 
name  of  Ohio.  It  bounds  the  slate  of 
Kentucky  in  its  whole  lengtli :  and  the 
only  disadvantage  it  has,  is  a  rapid,  one 
mile  and  a  half  long,  in  lat.  38  3  N. 
about  400  miles  from  its  mouth.  In 
this  place  the  river  runs  over  a  rocky 
bottom,  above  1000  yards  broad,  and 
the  de.scent  is  so  gradual,  that  the  fall 
docs  not  probably  in  tliu  whole  exceed 
10  fert  When  the  stream  is  low, 
empty  boats  only  can  pass  this  rbpid ; 
but,  when  high,  boats  of  any  burden 
may  pass  in  safety.  The  Ohio  carries 
a  great  uniformity  of  breadth,  from  400 
to  600  yards,  except  the  last  150  miles, 
where'  it  is  from  800  to  1000  yards. 
After  a  course  of  near  1200  miles  from 
Pittsburg,  in  which  it  receives  numbers 
of  large  and  small  rivers,  it  enters  tlie 
Mississippi  in  lat.  36  43  N. 

Ohiim,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cijiality  of  Brieg,  in  whose  neiglibour- 
hotxl  they  cultivate  great  (piantities  of 
tobacco.  It  has  a  large  castle  and  is 
situate  on  the  Ohia,  eight  miles  N  W 
of  Brieg,  and  14  S  E  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
17  29  E,  lot  50  56  N. 

Ohrdruf,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Gotha.  It  has  been 
frequently  destroyed  by  fire,  but  baa 
risen  again  like  the  phenix  from  its 
ashes,  and  is  now  in  a  very  flourishing 
state,  and  carries  on  cumiideiablc  iua> 


!W-^ 


■"^ 


H  R 

of  Stracburg'.  and  38  X  of 
[Hit:,  lat.  4H31  N. 
bwii  of  Ituly,  in  the  miir. 
coim,  :26  miles  S  ot'Lorct- 
|1(>  E,  Ut.  42  33  N. 
a  iDwnoi'Ucrinuny  in  tlie 
Kiiiiie.  It  liaK  a  villa 
he  elector,  and  is  sitiutte 
four  niilea  W  N  W  nl 

|n  island  in  the  S  Pacifu- 
.i  niilcit  in  circuit,  and  has 
)ur  nor  anchorajfc.  It  it 
ipiilous  nor  fertile  ai  the 
N  of  it ;  yet  its  inanufac- 
superior  kind.  '1  he  cloth 
•  lie,  and  the  spearn  and 
tor  Cut  and  poiinhcd,  aiid 
executed  in  a  better  man- 
opie  ure  lusty  al\d  well 
ther  browner  than  those  of 
Islands.     Lun   15U  47  W, 

ver    of   North    America, 

:9  source   in  the  Allegany 

ml  is  called  the  Allet^any, 
ion  with  the  Monon^^aiiela 

when  it  first  receives  the 
>.     It  bounds  the  state  of 

its  whole  lengtli :  and  the 
ntagt;  it  has,  is  a  rapid,  one 

half  long,  in  lat.  38  3  N. 
nilcs  from  its  mouth.  In 
lie  river  runs  over  a  rocky 
ve  1000  yards  broad,  and 
is  so  gradual,  that  the  fall 
fjably  in  thu  whole  exceed 
'hen   the   stream    ia   low, 

only  can  pass  this  rt;pid ; 
igh,  boats  of  any  burtlen 

safety.  The  Ohio  carries 
rmity  of  breadth,  from  400 

except  the  last  liO  miles, 

from  800  to  1000  yards, 
so  of  near  1200  miles  from 
which  it  receives  numbers 
small  rivers,  it  enters  tlie 
n  lat.  36  43  N. 
)wn  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
ricg,  in  whoKc  neighbour- 
dtivate  great  ipiantities  of 

has  a  large  castle  and  is 
i  Ohla,  eight  miles  N  W 
I  14  S  E  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
50  56  N. 

town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
ity  of  Gotha.  It  has  been 
estroyed  by  fire,  but  baa 
like  the  phenix  fram   its 

now  in  a  very  flourishing 
UTies  on  cunsidei-able  ma> 


OLD 

Aiifartiires.  It  is  eight  miles  S  S  E  of 
G..lha,  anil  15  S  W  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10 
57  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Ohringen,  a  l'>wn  of  Franconia,  34 
miles  £  S  E  of  Meidelkelg,  and  \iA  S 
of  VVertheiin.    Lt)n.y5i>E.  lat.  49  13  N. 

Oigh,  Loch,  n  lake  in  IiivcrneMslure, 
extending  four  iiules  from  E  to  VV.  It 
contains  some  little  wooded  islands ; 
and  its  waters  How  through  U)cli  Ness 
into  Murray  Frith. 

Oira,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop'i<  see, 
and  an  old  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  AppennincH,  20  miles  N  E 
of  Tarento.    Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  40  38  N. 

Ohaiit,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere  and  late  province  of 
Duuphiny,  28  miles  S  E  of  Grenoble. 
Beauvais  is  the  capital.  Lon.  6  25  E, 
lat.  45  0  N. 

Oite,  a  department  of  France,  incliuU 
■ng  part  of  the  late  province  of  the  Isle 
of  France. 

Oiie,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  Ardennes,  and  falls  into  the  Seine, 
near  Pontoise.  It  gives  name  to  tht: 
above  department. 

Okehain.     See  Oakham. 

Okingham,  or  Wotingham,  a  town  in 
Berkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
eight  milea  S  E  of  Reading,  and  33  W 
of  London.     Lon.  059  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Okotzk,  a  province  of  the  government 
of  Irkutzk,  ill  Russia.  Its  capital,  bf 
the  same  name,  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Okota,  in  a  bay  of  Uie  Eastern 
Ocean. 

Oiileiihurg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
The  churrhof  St.  Lambert  contains  the 
tombs  of  the  last  counts  of  Oldenburg, 
which  are  very  curious.  It  is  noted  for 
its  horses  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Hunta, 
22  miles  W  of  Bremen,  and  45  S  'E  of 
Einbden.     Lon.  8  8  E,  lat.  53  7  N. 

Olilenburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  diitchy  of  Holstein,  scited  near 
tlic  Baltic,  30  miles  N  of  Lubec.  Lon. 
10  47  E,  lat.  54  22  N. 

Otdenilorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  diitchy  of- Lunenburg,  seated  on 
the  Wcnaw'and  Esea.  Lon.  10  35  E, 
lat.  53  16  N. 

OlJemloif,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  territory  of  Schawenbiiri^,  seated  on 
tlie  Weser,  28  miles  S  W  of  Hanover. 
Lon.  9  31  E,  lat.  5J  16  N. 

OMeiiseel,  a  town  of  the  United  Prn- 
viiiees  in  Overyssel,  X)  miles  K  of  l)o- 
^  i:iiter.     Lon.  0  57  E,  lat.  i->  ^'O  N 


O  L  M 

Ohletlt),  a  town  of  Lo\v(  r  Saxony,  in 
llie  diitchy  of  Holstein,  m  i.ttil  xii  the 
lra\e,  17  miles  \V  of  Liilur,  and  25 
\'  E  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  lU  18  E,  lat. 
jj  52  N. 

Old  Tmen,  a  post  town  in  Allegany 
county,  Maryland  i  s.tiiuled  on  the  N 
side  of  Pi>tiim:u'.k  ri^er,  near  the  liioulli 
of  the  S  W  I'l-Biieh,  14  miles  S  E  of 
Cumberland,  and  134  N  VV  of  Wujhing- 
ton. 

0/eroH,  an  isle  of  France,  five  mile* 
from  the  coasts  of  Aunis  uiul  .Saintonge. 
It  is  12  miles  long  and  fiv(:f  broad;  in 
populous  and  fertile,  producing  corn 
and  wine,  and  is  defended  by  a  easitle. 
It  contains  about  10  or  12,000  inhabit 
tants,  and  on  a  headland  is  a  light-house, 
and  on  its  E  side  stands  a  strong  castle. 
In  the  reign  of  Kichard  I.  this  island 
was  (wrt  of  the  possessions  of  the  crown 
of  England ;  and  here  that  monarch 
compiled  tlie  code  of  maritime  laws, 
called  the  Laws  of  Oleron,  which  are 
received  by  all  nations  in  Euroj»e,  ns 
the  ground  of  all  their  marine  const!- 
t<»ti(m«.     Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Oleron,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Beam,  with  a  bi»ho|)'» 
see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gave,  10  miles 
S  VV  of  Pan.    Lon.  0  U  W,  lat.  43  7  N. 

Oletio,  a  town  of  Polan<l,  in  Ked 
Russia,  36  miles  E  N  B  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  25  10  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

O.'iV'.;,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Volhinia, 
with  a  citadel,  20  miles  E  of  Lucko. 
Lon.  26  8  E,  Int.  51  15  N. 

Olinda,  a  town  of  Br.isil,  se-ited  on 
the  Atlantic,  with  a  very  good  harbour. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1630,  but 
the  Portuguese  have  since  retaken  it. 
Lim.  ,15  0  VV,  hit.  8  13  S. 

OUta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
where  their  kings  formerly  resided.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  20  miles 
N  of  Tudela.  Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  42 
22  N. 

Olivd,  :\  celebrated  monastery  of 
Western  Prussia,  three  miles  W  of 
Dantzic.  It  contains  several  tombs  of 
the  dukes  of  Pomerania,  and  is  remark- 
able for  the  peace  coiicl'ided  in  1660, 
between  the  emperor  of  Gerniaiiy  and 
the  kings  of  Sweden  .ind  PoU.nd. 

Olivema,  a  .strong  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alentejo,  seated  nc:a- the  Giiadiano, 
13  miles  S  of  Elvas,  ami  40  E  of  Evora. 
Lon.  7  4  W,  lat.  33  30  N. 

Oimedo,  a  town  of  S])'tin,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  the  Ad;ijn,  SO  inile.s  Si.1 


O  M  E 


ONE 


\i 


Valbdolid.  Lou.  4  29  W,  Int.  41  20  N. 
Gi'iiiiiiz,  iiccMiiiiicrclul  tciwii  of  Mora- 
via,  with  a  bi.slioji'H  fn'c,  and  ii  t.iiiiiiii> 
iinixi  r!.lty.  It  wun  tiikcii  liy  llu-  kiiiffot 
I'll', SIM,  ill  irU.  Ill  lr.)H,  li'-'  lu'Hifjfcd 
il  .'iifaiii  I   hut  WiiN  iil)h;>' I  to  riiisu  th" 

lli<«X'-       It    it    Hl'Ul^-  1  <lll   llu!    M'MMVll,  8o 

n.lli'H  N  h_v  K  nl'  VicMii  I,  an. I    \)7  S   ol 
IJivHhiAr.  ■  L'ln,   ir  .J^  K.  lilt.  4'J  26  N. 

0!;ic  ,  .ii.iwiiiii  H  ;rk*,  with  a  miir- 
htt  on  Mrridin,  mid  ;i  ciinsiikiidilc  nm- 
n'lf.iCturi;  of  hoiudii.  o.  It  is  soaiod  on 
tilt;  {Jum-,  IJ  riiileM  S  K  of  Noi'thump- 
ton.  mid  5<)  N  N  W  of  Lornlou.  Lon. 
0  H  iv ,  lAt.  .5J  .,  N. 

(Jio.ie,  un  i«l..  d,  town,  c:iHtlc,  und 
liaii  mil'  of  Ki\,'i,-e,  in  tiio  (h'liartinL'iit 
I)','  V'l'iulcc  a'l  1  h:U-  pioviivo  of  P  litoii. 
r.O  -iiili-!*  N  \V  of  U'l.  htdli',  and  '2M  S 
^^'  of  I'ui'is.    Lon.  1  43  W,  Lit.  -lO  JO  \. 

OiiKft-:,  il  jrovi-nimcnt  of  lliiH-iiu,  in- 
cl'iilfd  fornicpiv  in  tin-  (fn- trntiicnt  of 
Nov(l^•I)l•nd.  III  ti  in  di.strict  arc  sonii' 
coiisi<U-r:.hl(,'  irdii  works. 

Oltmeta,  11  town  (if  Hiis.sia,  in  a  )fn- 
vcniini  !it  oftlic  s.inu- name,  famous  for 
it>  Milrivsof  iron,  und  iii  minerid  wntfp. 
It  irt  sitniitf  on  tl:v  lAcr  Ohin/ii,  which 
falls  into  the-  lalie  Ladojfa.  Lon.  34  JO 
E,  hit.  01  ^26  N. 

Olse,  Of  OeUn,  a  stronpf  and  consider- 
able town  of  Silesia,  with  a  castle, 
•where  the  duke  (jeiu  rally  resides.  It 
is  1"  niiles  N  V.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17 
26  £.  lat.  .51  19  N. 

0/ti:it-3,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  tciritory  of  Voii^'tlaiid,  seated  on 
the  Kl«'  'r,  CO  miles  S  W  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  12  '27  H,  l.'it.  50  40  N. 

0/teii,  a  town  of  Swi.sserland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwir,  in  the  canton  of  Soleure. 
It  is  dependent  on  the  bislio]i  of  Uasle, 
anil  is  seated  a  little  to  the  N  of  tiie 
A.ir,  hetwc'cn  'Krherfjand  Araw.  Lon. 
7  4.5  E,  lat.  47  16  N. 

0!yrii/j!is,  a  mountain  of  N.itoli.i,  one 
of  the  liifjhest  and  most  considerable  in 
all  Asia.  The  ancients  mipposcd  its 
top  reached  the  heavens ;  and,  frorn 
that  eiroiimstance,  placed  the  residence 
of  the  (T'lds  tjiere,  and  made  it  the  court 
of  Jupiter.  There  are  several  moun- 
tains of  the  same  r.ame. 

Otrl'i-ane,  a  river  of  Italy  which  rises 
in  t!ie  Sienncsc,  and  fulls  into  the  Me- 
diterranean. 

Oin/iinne,  a  town  of  It:'.ly  in  tlie  Sicn- 
nese,  between  the  river  Onibrinic  ami 
the  l»';e  Castigliano,  tiu'ee  miles  S  of 
GrtWRetlo. 

Qmeji.iu,  a  town  oftlic  dutchy  of  Mi 


l:>M,  in  the  Novarcw,  with  •  castle,  live 
iiileH  N  III  Urtv. 

Omf,  St.  a  f.irtififd,  lar^ce,  •nd  po- 
iiil.iiK  tiwii  of  Krani'e,  in  ilic  ilepiirt- 
:licill  of  the  Miraits  of  Ciduis  and  lute 
[irovincc  of  /Vrtois.  It  w  it  aneit  nlK  a 
tillaire,  called  Sithieii,  and  owvs  its 
present  name  and  iniportHnec  toa  Saint, 
who  built  a  nionaNtery  here  in  the  se. 
ventli  century  It  \»  a  f  iitresii  of  con- 
siderable importance,  and  surrounded 
on  one  siile  with  a  larj^e  mor.iss  ;  und 
about  it  there  are  many  sluices,  which 
serve  to  carry  oil'  the  water  when  it  is 
overflowed,  and  in  the  midst  of  the 
morass  ther>*  is  a  sort  of  ttoatinx  islands 
«:oveifd  witn  vcrdiii'e  and  trees.  The 
cathedral  was  a  handsome  slriictiire, 
Mid  there  were  other  fine  buildings, 
with  a  rich  Uenedictine  abbey.  The 
Fr.'nch  became  masters  of  the  place  in 
1679.  '1  liey  produce  pood  pasture; 
and  the  trees  that  ifrow  upon  them  are 
kept  low,  that  the  wind  may  not  have 
too  much  power  over  them  St.  Omer 
is  seated  on  the  Aa,  on  the  side  oi'u 
bill,  eit;ht  miles  N  VV  of  Aire,  and 
1.1.5  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  54 
45  N. 

Ommen,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the 
Veiht,  17  miles"  N  E  of  Deventcr. 
Lon. 6  10  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Ommenbur};^  a  strons^  town  of  Ger- 
many in  the  electorate  of  Mentz,  seat- 
ed on  the  Othern,  nine  miles  S  E  of 
Marpurpf,  and  45  N  E  of  Francfort. 
Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Ominirabili,  a  river  of  Africa,  which 
rises  in  mount  Atlas,  separates  the 
kintcdom  of  Morficco  from  that  of  Fez, 
and  entering  the  Atlantic,  forms  a  ca- 
pacious bay   on  the  E  side  of  Azamor. 

Onano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  seated  between  Ac- 
tpiapendente  and  Pctijfliano,  five  mile* 
from  each. 

One,  a  cape  of  Barbary,  in  Africa, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Mulvia. 

Ontchcim,  one  of  the  Sandwich  is- 
lands, in  the  N  Pacific  Ocean,  five  or 
six  Icapues  W  of  Atooi.  Its  eastern 
coast  is  hi.u;li,  and  rises  abruptly  from 
the  sea,  but  the  other  parts  of  the  is- 
land consist  of  low  pround,  except  a 
round  lilufV  head  on  the  S  E  point.  It 
produces  plenty  of  yams,  and  of  the 
sweet  imit  called  tee.  Lon.  161  0  W, 
lat.  21  50  N. 

Oneg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
crnmcnt  of  Archangel.    It  lies  on  the 


N  E 

lovarene,  with  tcafitlc,  livp 

la  tonified,  larR-e,  aiidpo- 

lot'   Knini-e,  in  ilic  ili|mft. 

utriiitu  of  Culiiis  ari'l  luti; 

lArtoiK.     It  \v:iH  hiu'itiillv  ix 

■il    Silliioii,    jiul   iiwvH  iti 

•  niul  iniijcirtuini'  to u  .Sniiit, 

iiKinuslfry  here  iii  tin-  ne. 

n      It  in  u  f ijtreitii  of  coil. 

jportiiiice,    u'ul  hiiitouikIk! 

Willi   n  l;ir(ff  mor.iijs  i  uml 

Ire  ure  uiaiiv  HJiiicin,  wliicli 

Jr)  oir  till'  w;ili;r  wliuii  it  is 

ikJ    ill    tliu    iiiicLst  of  tlic 

s  a  Mii't  i.f  H(j:iiin(^  islaniU 

11  Mid. ire  ami  lives.     'I'lie 

.IS    u  liandsoiiK.-  Hlnictiirc, 

kvi  re    other  (iiie  huildiii^n, 

Ueiie'lictiiic  ulibcy.     'I  lie 

nic  iii;ister.s  of  the  place  in 

produce    pood    pafttiire ; 

s  that  (fpow  upon  them  are 

lal  the  wind  may  not  liave 

wcr  over  tlieni      St.  Omer 

tiie    Aa,  on  the  side  of  a 

miles    N   VV  of  Aire,   and 

'aris.     Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  54 

.  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
Overyssel,  seated  on  tlic 
miles    N    E  of   Ueventcr. 

lat.  32  32  N. 
r^',  a  stronjf  town  of  Ger- 
eicctorate  of  Mentz,  scat- 
)tliern,  nine  miles  S  E  of 
ind  45  N  E  of  Francfort. 
,  lat.  .50  30  N. 
i7i,  a  river  of  Africa,  wliicli 
iiint  Atlas,  separates  the 
Morocco  from  that  of  Fez, 
f   the  Atlantic,    forms  a  ca- 

011  the  E  side  of  Azamor. 
town  of  Italy  in  the  patri- 
Petcr,  seated  between  Ac- 
i  and  Petijfliano,  five  milet 

ipe  of  Barbary,  in  Africa, 
iitli  of  tlie  river  Mulvia. 

one  of  the  Sandwich  is- 
e  N  Pacific  Ocean,  five  or 
VV  of  Atooi.  Its  eastern 
1,    and  rises  abruptly  from 

the  other   parts  of  the  is- 

of  low  ground,  except  a 
lead  on  the  S  E    point.     It 

Illy  of  yams,  and  of  tiie 
ailed  tee.     Lon.  161  0  W, 

wn  of  Iliissia,  ill  the  f;ov- 
Vrchangel.     It  lies  on  the 


O  N  R 

lake  OncfTj,  nc.ir  the  U'liilc  Sea,  80 
iiiiliM  S  of  Aiclimi^'el.  Lon.  37  '24  E, 
liii.  6.J  3.,  N. 

Onega,  u  river  and  luki-  of  Idissia,  in 
llif  jfinenimeiit  nf  Olmu'l/.  Il  \r>  Util 
niiU's  hiii)(  and  40  broad,  uiulhuH  a  com. 
iiiiiiiicarMiii  with  Luke  Lad>i|.^a,  and 
rciii!ie<i'leiuly  wilh  I'olerslmrjf.  'llic 
rivt  r  g'lvis  its  ii.i'i>e  to  a  iduntry  full 
nf  w  Mill,  and  t.ills  iiilii  the  White  Sea 

Oiif^'.\:i,  a  pniuipalii)  of  liily,  siir- 
riiMiided  by  tlie  tcrrit  iry  of  Ciuiioa,  but 
siilijcrt  to  ti.e  kill);'  of  Sardinia.  It  a- 
Ijoiiiids  in  oli\e  U'let,  I'miiM   ami    wine. 

Oie,{liu,  a  sciip.ilt  ol'  Italy,  in  a  prill- 
ripalily  of  the  same  li.i!iie.  The  I'reiicli 
:iii'l  S|iaiiiurds  li.'id  jiossc^sioii  nf  it  ii. 
.'/ 1 1,  but  wcic  dri\tn  I'lOin  it  l>y  tlir 
I'll  iliiiimiesc.  K  was  taken  In  the 
I'lciuli,  in  IT'.M-  It  is  seated  on  u 
Kiii:ill  river,  3'.>  miles  S  E  of  Cu^iii,  Uiid 
aU  VV  by  S  of  Genoa.  Lon.  7  ol  E, 
lal.  4,3  58  N. 

Oiiei.lu  <ir  Om)i'J.i,:^o,  a  lake  of  N 
America,  in  the  slate  of  New  York.  Il 
is  20  miles  W  of  Fort  Slaiiw  .\,  and  ex- 
tends westward  about  23  inlies  where 
its  outlet,  the  Ouondaifo  ri\er,  runs 
into  Lake  (Jiitario,  at  Oswe^i). 

Oiigiir,  or  (.liifypiiig  Oiij^ar,  a  town  in 
llssex,  with  1.  market  on  Sal'ird.iv,  12 
miles  W  of  Ciielnisford,  and  21  L'N  V. 
of  London.     Lon.  0  Hi  E.  lat.  .^l  43  N 

Ongute,  a  town  of  llmdoo.st:in,  in  ti.e 
Caniatie,  seated  on  a  river  wiiieb  falls 
int)  tln'  Day  of  Bengal,  not  far  from  .Is 
nioiith,  and  is  82'J  miles  S  W  of  Cal- 
ciitla.     Liin.  8U  j  E.lat.  15  .30  N. 

Oium'liigit,  a  Like,  and  river,  in  the 
.itiiK'  of  New  Y(n'k.  The  river  (low.s 
VV  from  the  lake  till  it  meets  the  Selie 
I'a,  when  its  course  turns  N,  to  CJ.->wci;(i, 
wlierc  it  enters  Lake  Ontario.  U  is 
linalable  from  its  month  to  llie  head  ol' 
the  lake,  except  one  l.dl  which  causes 
a  piirtag'C  of  20  yards.  Towards  the 
head  waters  of  ties  river,  salmon  are 
caiii^lit  in  i^rcat  quantities. 

OnonMi^o,  a  small  post  town  in  Onon- 
da-fo  county.  Mew  York,  furmerly  the 
ie.it  of  tiie  {feneral  council  of  the  six 
iKitions;  situated  al)otit  ten  miles  S  l)\ 
E  of  Salt  Lake,  and  60  \V  by  S  of  old 
Fort  Schiijler. 

Oiiare,  a  seaport  of  Canara,  on  the 
coast  of  M.ilabar,  3'.'8  miles  S  b'-  E  of 
bombay.     Lon.  74  45  E,   lat.    14  20  N. 

Oiwth,  a  town  of  Hunfjarv,  50  miles 
N  i;  of  Buda.  Lon.  19  22  E,  lat.  48 
ION. 

Oniust,  a  small  ishind,  at  the  rroutli 


•O  ON 


of  the   liarboiir  of  H.itav'.a,  where  the 
Uiitcli  build  .mil  careen  their  ships. 

Oiitiiiiti,  a  lai.e  of  N  America,  siltiate 
betwieii  /l  and  r4"  W  li.ii.  and  -ll  and 
45°  N  lat.  Oil  its  S  VV  purl  a  le- 
leives  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  (by 
means  (if  the  river  Niaj^ura'i  and  iieur 
the  S  Klhf  Onmidi.jfo  ri\er  ;  and  on  the 
iN  I',  its  waters  enter  the  rivir  Iriapioiii. 
Il  is  60.)  luili'H  In  circnniferei'cc, 
and  ahum!'!'!  with  lisli  of  an  i-xcelU  iit 
ilaMiiir,  iiii.din;-  which  are  tli'  Oswego 
Lai's,  v\eini.iu;f  ibrce  or  fniir  pounds. 

0.j.luiiciiiiii.\iii,  a  town  of  liisdoiislan 
l'lii|/cr,  in  11  lej-.il,  se,.ted  on  the  \V 
h.iiik  of  the  t;  iinjes,  al  llie  CmiI  iif  achaill 
of  hills.  T!.e  silMi.iinn  is  esteemed  nil- 
healthy,  on  ai  coi.nt  of  the  forests  in  its 
vicinity.  It  was  the  si  ut  of  the  jrov- 
riiin.i'i.l  of  lli'iii;id,  under  Sultan  Stijali, 
till  lie  fell  in  the  contest  fur  empire 
with  hi.'i  bi(>l!  er  Ai;run};/ebe.  Tic 
numberless  ruins  here,  and  in  tho 
nei);'hb  lurho'id,  evince  bis  passion  for 
building-,  and  tie  ^leat  e\ti  nt  ef  them. 
1  here  still  rein./insa  paituf  the  palace, 
which,  in  his  lime,  was  iiearh  destroy- 
ed b)  lire.  Here  is  all  elej;;;nl  bridge 
over  the  Gaie.cs,  built  by  the  same 
j-rlnce,  t'ainiins  fur  the  victory  pained 
o\er  Mcei  Cossim,  in  l"(i4,  by  Major 
Adams.  0>.Hltiiiainillali  is  82  niih  s  N 
by  W  of  Moorthedabad.  Lon.  87  55  E, 
lat.  2-<  5b  N. 

Oiiiuil.m/jii,  one  of  the  islands  of 
the  Northern  Archipelai'O,  visited  by 
captain  Cook  in  his  last  vorape.  The 
nalive  inhabitants  of  ibis  islaiul  arc  to 
all  appearam  e  a  ^ery  peaceable  peo- 
ple, bavin,;-  been  miicb  p(ili.-.lieil  by  the 
Hussi.ins,  who  now  keep  them  in  a  state 
of  siihjecUiin.  As  tlie  i:ilaud  furnishes 
lliein  with  subsistence,  so  it  does,  in 
some  measure  with  el.itbiiifj,  which  is 
eiiietly  composiil  of  skins.  Tlie  upper 
yarnu'iit,  which  is  made  like  a  w.ijj- 
j;-(>ner's  frock,  reaches  down  to  the 
knees.  Besides  this,  they  wear  a 
waistcoat  or  two,  a  pair  of  breeches, 
a  fur  cap,  and  a  pair  of  Ixiots,  the  leps 
of  which  are  formed  of  some  kind  of 
strong  put ;  but  tlic  .soles  and  upper 
part  are  of  Russia  leather.  Fisb  and 
other  sea  animals,  birds,  roots,  berries, 
and  even  sea-weed,  compose  tlieirfood. 
They  dry  (piantities  of  fish  durinp  the 
summer,  which  they  lay  up  in  small 
huts  for  their  use  in  winter.  They  did 
not  appear  to  very  be  desirous  of  iron, 
nor  to  want  any  other  instrument  ex- 
cept sewing;'  nccUle.s,  their  owil  being 
S  s  -. 


o 


R  jf 


O  R  A 


formed  of  bone.  With  these  they  sew 
tlieir  canoes,  and  make  their  clothes, 
and  also  work  very  curious  embroidery. 
They  use,  instead  of  tl  pm\,  the  fibres 
of  plants,  which  tiiey  split  to  the  thick- 
ness required.  All  sewing'  is  perform- 
ed by  the  femMlcs,  wlio  are  shoe- 
makers, tai'ors  and  boat-huildcrs. 
They  manufacture  mats,  and  Jaskctsof 
grass,  which  are  botli  strong  and  beau- 
tiful. There  is,  indeed,  a  neatness 
and  perfection  in  most  of  their  works, 
that  shows  that  they  are  deficient  nei- 
ther in  inpenuitv  nor  perseverance. 
Lon.  165  0  VV,  lut'.  53  5  N. 

Ooiodp  and  Ooshei.iieer.     See   Kuri'es. 

Oostborch,  a  town  and  foit  of  Dutch 

Flanders,  in  the  isle   of  Cadsand,   four 

miles  N  E  of  Sluys.     Lon.  3  29  E,  lat. 

51  22  N. 

Oosteiiby,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
jsle  ofOeland,  27  miles  S  of  Borkholm. 

Oporto,  or  Forto,  a  flourisliing'  seaport 
of  Portugal,  in  the  prov'ncc  of  Entre- 
Doucro  c-Minho,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  importance,  and  by 
nature  almost  impregnable  ;  and  is 
noted  for  its  strong  wines,  of  which 
large  quantities  are  exported  to  Eng- 
land ;  whence  al^  red  wines  from  Spain 
or  Portugal  are  called  P(n't  wines 
It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Doucro,  which 
forms  an  excellent  harbour,  and  is  147" 
miles  N  bv  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  821  W, 
lat.  41 10  N. 

Oppe'ifii,  a  strong  town  of  Silesia,  ca- 
pital of  a  d'itciiy  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  The  chief  tribunal  of 
justice,  and  the  first  consistory  of  Sile- 
sia, were  settled  here  in  1742.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Oder,  in  a  pleasant  plain, 
35  miles  S  E  of  Breslaw,  and  40  N  of 
Tri>ppaw.     Lon.  17  5U  E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Oppenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatin:ite  of  the  Rhine,  capital  of 
a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the 
Khine,  eight  miles  S  of  .Mentz,  and  12 
N  of  Worms.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 49  43  N. 

OppUo,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Appennines,  25  miles  N  E  of 
Ueggio.     Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  38  19  N. 

On/cA,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bosnia,  near  tlie  river  Drino,  60 
niiles  S  \V  of  Belgrade. 

Oriin.  a  Rtr;ing  and  important  seaport 
in  the  kingtl  tm  of  Algiers,  and  pro- 
vince of  Tr-.-mesen,  with  several  forts, 
•»•'(]  a   excellent  harbour.     It  I*  seati  d 


partly  nn  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  part- 
ly  in  a  plain,  almost  opposite-  to  Cartlia. 
gena,  in  Spain.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1509,  and  retaken  in  1708. 
In  1732,  the  Spaniards  became  masters 
of  it  again,  and  have  kept  it  ever  since, 
In  1790,  it  was  destroyed  by  an  eaith. 
quake,  nothing  but  the  exterior  wall! 
being  left  standing ;  and  2000  persons 
perished.  The  bey  of  Mascara,  taking 
advantage  of  the  distressed  state  ofilie 
garrison,  attacked  it  with  a  considei'a- 
ble  force,  was  but  compelled  to  retire, 
after  three  ob.stinate  attacks.  It  is  124 
miles  W  by  S  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  8  W, 
lat.  36  2  N. 

Orange,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  de|ja;tmcnt  of  Drome  and  late  pro- 
vince  of  Dauiiliiny,  and  before  the 
French  rev.ihition,  an  episcopal  see.  It 
was  an  ini])ortant  place  in  the  time  of 
the  Romans.  A  triumphal  arch,  200 
paces  from  the  town,  was  formerly 
within  its  limits  ;  and  here  are  also  the 
remains  of  a  fine  amphitheatre,  some 
aqueducts,  &c.  which  escaped  the  fu- 
ry of  the  Goths  and  Saracens.  The 
fortifications  were  demolished  by  Lew- 
is XIV.  in  1682.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine 
plain,  on  the  river  Aigues,  12  miles  N 
of  Avignon,  and  50  N  E  of  Montpellier 
Lon.  4  49  E,  lat.  44  9  N. 

Orangeburg,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  Orange  county,  South  Carolina,  situ- 
ated on  the  E  side  of  Edisto  river, 
aliout  70  miles  N  W  of  Charleston, 
and  43  S  E  of  Columbia,  the  present 
capital  oftlie  state. 

Oranienbaum,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Anhalt  Dessau,  six  miles 
S  E  of  Dessau. 

Oranienbaum,  a  village  of  Russia,  on 
the  gulf  of  Finland  Here  is  a  royi 
palace,  built  by  prince  Menzikoft',  af 
tcrwards  converted  into  an  hospital 
then  into  a  palace  by  Peter  III.  It 
20  miles  W  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  29 
E,  hit.  59  52  N. 

Oranienhurg,  a  town  of  Germany, 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  in  ttic 
middle  Marche  of  Brandenburg, 
present  name  had  its  rl.se  from  a  v 
built  by  the  elector  ;  it  was  ancientl 
called  Brctzow.  A  colony  of  the  Vai 
dols  wa.s  established  here,  in  1699 
who  had  been  driven  from  their  coun 
try  on  account  of  their  religion.  It 
situate  on  the  Havel,  18  miles  N  of  Be 
lin,  and  28  N  N  E  of  Potzdaiii.  Loii 
13  26E,  lat.  52  50  N. 


26 


Its 


O  R  A 


ORE 


O  R  F 


ly  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  part- 
la  pluin,  iihiiost  opposite-  to  Ciirtiia- 
\,  in  Spuin.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Jiarils  in  1509,  and  retaken  in  1708. 
1732,  the  Spaniards  bt- came  masters 
lajjain,  and  have  kept  it  ever  since. 
|790,  it  was  destroyed  by  an  eaith- 
Ic,  notliingf  but  the  exterior  wails 
Iff  lett  standing  j  and  2000  persons 
Ished.  Tlic  hey  of  Mascara,  takinjj 
lintage  of  tlie  distressed  state  of  the 
lisoii,  attacked  it  with  a  considera- 
I  force,  was  but  compelled  to  retire, 
T  three  obstinate  attacks.  It  is  104 
•s  \V  by  S  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  8  VV, 
36  2  N. 

range,  an  aiicient  city  of  France,   in 

dejjurtmcnt  of  Drome  and  late  pro- 

e    of   Daupliiny,    and    before    the 

nch  rev.)lution,an  episcopal  see.    It 

i  an   iniport.-uit  place  in  the  time  of 

Romans.     A  triumphal  arch,   200 

es   from   the   town,    was    formerly 

bin  its  limits  ;  and  here  are  also  the 

lains  of  a  fine   amphitlieatre,  sonic 

educts,  &c.  which  escaped  the   fu- 

if  the   Gotlis  and  Saracens.      The 

jfications  were  demolished  by  Lew- 

CIV.  in  1682.     It  is  seated  in  a   fine 

in,  on  the  river  Aigues,  12  miles   N 

Avignon,  and  50  N  E  of  MontpcUier. 

n.  4  49  E,  hit.  44  9  N. 

Otangeburg,   a  post  town,  the  capit.il 

Orange  count)-.  South  Carolina,  situ- 

d  on  the  E  side    of  Edisto    river, 

mt  70  miles  N  W    of   Charleston, 

1  43  S  E  of  Columbia,  the   present 

lital  ofthe  state. 

iranienbamn ,  a  town  of  Germany, 
he  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  tlie 
chy  of  Anhalt  Dessau,  six  miles 
;  of  Dessuu. 

^ranienbuinn,  a  village  of  Russia,  on 
gulf  of  Finland  Here  is  a  royal 
ice,  built  by  prince  Menzikofl',  af- 
wards  converted  into  an  hospital, 
n  into  a  palace  by  Peter  III.  It  is 
miles  W  of  Petcrsliurg.  Lon.  29  26 
at.  59  52  N. 

>ran/enhiirff,  a  town  of  Germ.iny,  in 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  iii  the 
die  Marche  of  Brandenburg.  Its 
sent  name  had  its  ri.se  from  a  villa 
t  I)y  the  elector;  it  was  anciently 
?d  Brctzow.  A  colony  of  the  Van- 
wa.<  established  here,  in  1699, 
I  had  been  driven  from  their  coiin- 
;)n  account  of  their  religion.  It  is 
iitc  on  the  Havel,  18  miles  N  of  l!er- 
and  28  N  N  E  of  Potzdasti.  Loii. 
'6  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 


Oratavia,  the  capital  of  Teneri IT,  one 
of  llio  Canary  Isl.tnds,  X5\)  miles  W  o! 
the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon.  id  20  W, 
hit.  2a  23  N. 

Or/jiils.in,  a  tov.'u  of  Piedmont,  be- 
tween 'I'urin  and  Pignerol.  Lon.  7  30 
E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

Orbe,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisserlaud, 
ill  the  Pays  de  Vaiid,  capital  of  tlii: 
iMJIiwic  of  Echallcns,  admired  by  tra- 
vellers for  its  romantic  situation,  and 
the  boldness  of  its  sinifle arched  bridLje, 
projecting  over  the  0;l)e.  It  is  24  miles 
W  of  Friburg,  and  40  \V  by  S  of  Bern. 
Lon.  6  43  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Oihe,  a  town  of  (Jcrniany,  in  tiie  elec- 
torate of  Ment/.  In  its  vicinity  are  fa- 
mous salt  works.  It  is  26  miles  E  of 
Fr:inkfort. 

OrbitciiO,  a  strong  sea])ort  of  Tusca- 
ny, in  the  Sienncse,  defended  by  seve- 
ral f  >rts,  and  scaled  near  tlie  Al'.iegna, 
58  miles  S  I.v  ^V  of  Sieniie,  and  85  S 
of  Florence.  Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Orbie,  a  river  of  France,  wliich  rises 
in  tlie  Cevennes,  and  after  watering 
Beziers,  falls  into  tlic  gulf  of  Lyons, 
five  miles  below  that  t'>wn. 

Orcadea.     See  Orkneys. 

Orchies,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and  late 
province  of  French  Flanders,  14  miles 
SE  of  Lisle.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Orchilla,  an  island  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  80  miles  N  of  the  coast  of  Terra 
Firma,  and  160  E  bv  S  of  Curracao. 
Lon.  65  20  W,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Orcheirutnt,  a  t(>w;i  of  Germany,  in 
the  du'cliy  of  Lu.\jmburg,  situate  on 
the  river  Semoi,  18  miles  N  of  Sedan. 

Ordingen,  or  UrUingen,  a  town  of  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  in  Germany,  1 1 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorf,  and  32  N  N  W 
of  Cologne. 

Ordunna,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Bis- 
cay, seated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by 
high  >nountains,  20  miles  S  W  of  Bil- 
bo.    Lon.  3  26  W,  lat.  43  11  N. 

Orehro,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Nericia,  in  Sweden  Proper,  well  known 
in  history,  and  seated  near  the  W  ex- 
tremity of  the  lake  Hiclniar.  It  has  a 
castle  in  tlic  middle  ofthe  town,  situa- 
ted on  a  sm.all  island,  formed  by  two 
branches  ofthe  Swai-t.  It  was  former- 
ly a  royal  residence.  Here  !U'e  m;.nii- 
factnres  of  fire-arms,  cloth,  and  tapes- 
try ;  iind  it  has  a  considerable  trade 
with  Stockholm,  across  the  lakes  Hiel- 
mar  aid  Maeler,  by  means  ofthe  canal 
of  Arboga ;  sending  iron,  vitriol,  and 


red  paint  in  particular.  Orehro  is  95 
miles  S  W  of  Stockliolni.  Lon.  IS  12 
E,  lat.  .^9  12  N. 

Orvgntnd,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on 
the  coast  of  Upland,  in  tlio  gulf  of 
IJDthnia,  oppo-^ite  the  small  island  of 
Giiison,  (50  miles  N  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
18  "=  E,  lat.  60  20  N. 

Orel,  a  government  of  Russia,  once 
a  province  of  the  government  of  Biel- 
gorod. 

Old,  capital  of  the  above  govern- 
ment, is  se.ited  on  the  Occa  and  Orel, 
207  miles  S  S  '>V  of  -Moscow.  Lon.  iS 
20  E,  lat  53  0  N. 

Orellana.  Sec  Amazon. 
Orenburg/!,  one  of  the  t  wo  province* 
of  the  government  of  Ufa,  in  Russia. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  commerce 
and  exercise  several  trades,  and  have 
even  some  manufactories.  Its  capital, 
of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  U- 
ral,  formerly  called  tlie  Yaik,  480  miles 
N  E  of  Astracan.  Lon.  55  C  E,  lat  51 
46  N. 

Orense,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Galicia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  fa- 
mous for  its  hot  baths.  It  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  river 
Minho,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  one 
arch,  47  miles  S  E  of  Coinpostella. 
Lon.  7  36  W,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Orfo,  a  considerable  town  of  Asia, 
in  Diarbcck.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
Persia,  but  is  now  in  the  Turkish  vlo- 
ininions,  and  has  a  good  trade,  partic- 
ularly .n  carpets  of  several  sorts,  some 
of  which  are  made  here.  It  has  a  state- 
ly castle  on  a  hill,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Euphrates,  83  miles  N  E  of  Aleppo, 
iind  100  S  W  of  Diarbckar.  Lon.  38 
20  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Orford,  a  seaport  and  jorough  in  Suf- 
folk, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is 
said  to  have  had  twelve  churches,  but 
now  only  one,  whose  steeple  is  a  sea- 
mark ;  and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an 
old  castle,  a  priory,  and  St.  George's 
chapel.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  seated  on  the  German  Ocean,  be- 
tween two  channels,  18  miles  E  by  Nf 
of  Ipswich,  and  88  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Orford,  a  post  town  on  the  E  bank  of 
Connecticut  river,  in  Grafton  county, 
Newhampshire  i  at  the  dista'ice  of  18 
miles  N  by  E  of  Dartmouth  college, 
•vid  17  S  of  Haverhill.  In  1800  the 
township  contained  1000  inhabitants. 
Orford  Neu,  a  cape  of  Eng^land,   qo 


O  R  1 


O  R  K 


,,,.  S  E   coast  of  suss...  Y:"'!:'-- I '^-.^^ --'•   ^.^  'j^lS'.  tT 


shelter  for  sfiinion  wlu'ii  a  N  E  wiml 
blows  hard  upon  the  s'luro.  Hcrt-  is  a 
li|,'lithoiisf,  I'i  ct  led  lir  the  direction  ot 
sh'ips.     I'on.  1  b  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Of^'diJorJ,  ii  villa.nx',  near  I'oolc,  in 
D..r.selsliire,  noted  I'lr  tlio  q<i.>iility  oi 
penn\ royal  prmliieed  in  the  neighbour 
hood. 

Orgaz,  a  town  i,f  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, with  a  castle,  15  nnles  S  of  Tole- 
do,    Lon.  3  'Z2  W,  lat.  ;i9  .16  N' 

Or^tcl,  a  town  of  Fr.iii^.'C,  m  tlic  de 
partnie:,t  <  i'  J'lni  and  hie   |.ro\ince  of 
FranclieC(pni|.te,  seatetl  at  the  source 
of  the   Viiioii.se,    ."U   miles   N    by   K  oi 
Bourg.     I.oii.  5  39  E,  lat.  46  36  N. 

Orgivah,  a  town  of  Spain,  inthejiro- 
vime  ofGianadu.  25  miles  S  of  Grana- 
da.    Lon.  3  50  W,  lat.  36  43  N. 

Oria,  a  dcca'cil  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  d'Olrimto,  with  a  citadel,  and  a 


niime,  42  miles  N  VV  of  Cngliari.  Lon 

S  ol  K,  l.t  40  2  N. 

Oiiriml,  a  town  of  Schonen  in  Swe. 

den,  '2t  miles  N  ofCliristianstadt.  Lon. 
14  9  K,  lat.  56  48  N. 

(Jrl-ne-i  hlmuls,  a  (Ulster  of  islands  to 

the  N  (if  Sc.llaiid,  from  which  they  are 
^ep.lr:ltl■d  l>y  Pentlund  Fr;ti.  They 
ir':  al)out  30  in  number  ;  but  many  of 
Iheni  are  uninhabited,  the  greater  part 
hemi;  small,  and  producing  only  pas- 
turage for  cattle.  The  principal  islands 
arc  denominated  by  the  names  of  Main- 
land, South  Honaidsha.  Swinna,  Fh)t- 

'  ta,  Copinsha,  Strupenslia,  Stronsa,  San. 
da,  Ike.  Tiic  currents  ai\d  tides  flow- 
ing between  the  islands  arc  extremely 
rapid  and  dargcrous.  Near  an  island 
called  Swinna  are  two  great  whirlpools 
called  the  wells  of  Swuuia,  which  are 
counted  dangerous  by  mariners  espc- 


The  h.rgest  of  these 


Vi«hn')\  see     It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of ,  cially  in  a  caini.      ....„,.-. 

tl  A.pcnmm.s  40m  les  N  W  ol  Olran-  islands  is  ralle.l  Potnona.  m  length  33. 
tiK  Ap  ^"  ■'"' ^  4U m   c^  IN  g  ^  coutaHung  9  pa- 

'"•O.^"  Zp^-:  v££  frcgular!rishchurches,and4excellentiK.rl.m.^ 
an?  handsome  town  of  Fra'nce,  in  the-  The  air  is  ,no,st  on  -—  J.t  c 
department  of  Morbil.an  ami  late  pi;o  [  neighbourhood  of  tl  e  e^  J*'  '  '  i„ 
vinceofUretairne,  built  in  1-20,  l)^  the  and  sm.w  do  not  contimie  .ong.  in 
F.vnch  Fust  n  1  a'conipanv,  whomade  some  places  the  sod  is  bare  ami  m.mn. 
it  the  exclusive  mart  of  Ou-ir  commerce,   tainous,  an.l  mothers  sand;  and  barren. 


The  harbour  is  defended  by  a  citadel, 
opposite  Port  Louis  at  the  bottom  of 
the  same  l>a\-,  but  can  contain  but  a 
small  numhcr  of  men  of  war.  1  he  En 
glish  made  a  fruitless  atten'pt  unon  it 
in  ir46  It  is  five  niiles  S  W  of  Hen- 
nebon.     Lon.  3  20  W.  lut.  47  46  N 


howc  ver,  many  of  the  islands  produce 
lure  ero|;s  of  barlev  and  oats,  but  no 
vviieat  or  other  gram  "excepting  what  ig 
enclosed  in  gardens.  1  hcse,  when  du- 
ly cultivated,  produce  all  kinds  of 
kitchen  hirbs  and  roots,  bringing  even 
fruit-trees  to  mal.irity,  but  out  ot  them, 


^^"  Jr"a  ^>w       •  S  a-:     n  VMen-'intheopen  country,"  there   is  scarce  a 

•       *  ,1    .,  h-X,  \  see    'I  imivcrsitv.Uree  or  shrub  to  be  seen,  except  jum- 

:::^  :      u    Un  .      vkIu  is  ::!;t: ;  >er.  wild  myrtle,  heath,  and  the  cyur 

ed  on  tile  Segura,  3  5  mih-s  N  of  Car-   lH..lcn.     Tiie    Orknevs   produce    gre^^.t 


thagena.     Lon.  1  3  \V,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Olio,  a  town  of  .•^pilin,  in  Guipuscoa, 
.It  tlie  mouth  of  tlic  Orio,  clglit  miles 
S  W  of  St.  Sebastian.  Lon.  2  19  W, 
kt.  43  23  N. 


variety  of  herbs  and  berries,  grass  and 
corn,  "which  last  is  exported  as  far  a« 
Edinbui-gh  In  some  of  the  islands, 
the  natives  have  discovered  mines  of 
tin,  lead,  and   silver,   tliough   none  of 


^- ;;  a  province  of  the  pc,,msula  of  t..Jm^^are    --^''U" -^-^^-ji^,: 


Hind«oslan,  houndtd  on  tlie  N  by  15a- 
harand  Bengal,  on  llic  \V  by  IJerar,  on 
the  S  bv  Golconda,  and  on  the  E  by 
the  bav  of  Bengal.  In  Orissa,  the  dis- 
trict o"f  Midni'ipour  only,  is  subject  to 
the  English  ;  the  rest  being  entirely  in 
the  hands  of  the  Midirattas  and  their 
tributaries. 

Oristtigiii,  an  ancient  town  of  Sardi- 
nia, with  a  good  harbour  ami  an  ju'ch- 
bishop's  see.  It  is  h.v-e,  and  well  for- 
tified, but  thinly  iuhabitiil,  on  account 
«f  Uie  luihcaliliy  air.    It  is  seated  on 


in  others,  we  find  abunaance  ot  marl, 
L^rev  and  red  slate,  cpiarries  of  free- 
stone, and  even  (,f  marble  and  alabas- 
ter. Besides  the  abunilancc  of  little 
horses,  black  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 
rabbits,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Orkneys 
rear  all  sorts  of  domestic  animals  and 
t  ame  poultrv.  The  gentry  of.  the  Ork- 
nevs are  civilized,  polite,  and  hospitti- 
blc;  and  live  like  those  of  Scotland, 
from  whom  thcv  arc  chiefly  descended. 
Thev  live  comfortably,  are  remarkably 
courteous  to  stmngers,    and  drmk  « 


R  K 


O  R  L 


O  R  M 


t,  on  11  l)ay  of  the  same 
li's  N  VV  of  Cajfliari.  Lon 
0  2  N. 

town  of  Sclionen  in  Swe- 
s  N  of  Cliristiunstadt.  I. on. 
56  48  N. 

■imis,  a  clnster  of  islands  to 

itla'id,  from  wlilcli  tlicy  are 

y   Pcntluiut    Fr:tii.      They 

0   inmimbcv;   hut  many  of 

inhabited,  tlie  prcater  part 

[i,  »nd  pi'odnc  lu^  only  pas- 

attic.    'I'lie  principal  islands 

liated  by  the  names  of  Main- 

Honaldsha,  Swinna,  Fh)t- 

1,  Stnipcnsiia,  Stronsa,  San- 

lie  currents  and  tides  flow- 

n  the  islands  arc  extremely 

hii'gcro'is.     Near  an  island 

iKi  are  two  great  whirlpools 

veils  of  Swinna,  which  are 

ir.j^erous  by  manners  esjie- 

ciilni.     The  L.ijjest  of  these 

died  Pomona,  in  length  33, 

Itii  9  miles,  contaitiiiig  9  pa- 

cs,  and  4  excellent  iiarbours. 

s  moist,    on  account  of  the 

lood   of  the  sea  j    and  frost 

do  not  continue   iong.     In 

es  the  soil  is  bare  and  moun- 

(1  in  others  sandy  and  barren  j 

many  of  the  islands  produce 

s  of  barley  and  oats,  but  no 

ither  (frain  excepting  what  is 

II  gardens.      1  hese,  when  du- 

ted,    produce    all    kinds    of 

rbs  and  roots,  bringing  even 

to  niatiirity,  but  out  of  them, 

II  country,  there   is  scarce  a 

iriib  to  be  seen,  except  juni- 

niyrtle,  heath,  and  the  cyur- 

'he    Orkneys   produce    great 

herbs  and  beriies,  grass  and 

:;h    last  is  exported  as  far  as 

I      In   some   of  the    islands, 

■8   have   discovered  mines  of 

and   silver,    t'longh   mme  of 

wrouf^iit  to  any  advantage  ; 

we  hnd  abundance  of  marl, 

red  slate,    t|Harries  of  free- 

l  even  of  marble  and  alabas- 

dcs  the    nbtnulance  of  little 

ack cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 

ic  inhabitants  of  the  Orkneys 

irts  of  domestic  animals  and 

try.     The  gentry  of  the  Ork- 

ivilizcd,  polite,  and  hospita- 

live   like  those  of  Scotland, 

in  they  arc  chiefly  descended. 

comfortably,  are  remarkiibly 

tu  str»ngers,    and  drink  a 


great  quantity  of  wine,  with  which 
tiicir  cellars  are  generally  well  stored. 
The  |)eople  of  Orkney  ex|)oit  annually 
great  numbers  nf  black  cattle,  swine, 
and  -iiiecpj  together  w  th  large  <pian- 
tities  of  corn,  butter,  tallow,  salt,  and 
itidlii  made  in  the  country,  over  and 
above  the  skins  of  seals,  otters,  lambs, 
and  rabbits,  down,  feathers,  writing- 
quills,  hams,  kelp  and  wool  In  the 
Orkney  Islands  they  see  to  read  at  mid- 
night Ml  June  and  July;  and  during 
four  of  the  summer  months  they  have 
frequent  communications,  both  for  bu- 
siness and  curiosity,  with  each  other, 
And  with  the  continent:  the  rest  of  the 
year,  however,  they  are  almost  inac- 
cessible, tbrougli  fogs,  darkness,  and 
storms. 

Orlamund,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Thiiringia,  belong'ing  to  tiie  duke  of 
Saxe-Gotha.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sala, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Oria,  Si)  miles 
S  VV  of  Leipsick.  Lon.  1124E,  lat. 
50  53  N. 

Orlando,  a  cape  on  the  N  coast  of  Si- 
cily, 15  miles  W  by  N  of  Patti.  Lon. 
154  E,  lat.  38  14  N. 

Orleanoit,  a  late  province  of  France, 
now  forming  the  department  of  Loiret. 
It  is  divided  by  the  river  Loire  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower,  and  is  a  very  plen- 
tiful country. 

Orleans,  an  ancient  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Loiret  aiul 
late  province  of  Orleanois,  with  an  epis- 
copal see.  It  stands  about  20  leagues 
S  of  Paris,  on  the  north'-rn  bunk  of  the 
Loire  ;  across  which  there  is  an  elegant 
bridge  of  nine  arches,  the  entrance  by 
which  is  exceedingly  noble  and  strik- 
ing, the  street  which  leads  from  it  be- 
ing composed  of  most  elegant  modern 
buildings.  In  general,  however,  ex- 
cepting this  street,  it  is  very  meanly 
built ;  the  streets  are  narrow,  and  the 
inhabitants  in  general  poor.  It  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  and  fortified  with 
40  towers.  I'lic  streets  almost  all  ter- 
minate at  the  quay  for  the  convenience 
of  trade.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
magnitude;  and  before  the  revolution 
had  several  inferior  courts  of  justice, 
and  an  university  of  no  great  repute.  It 
was  also  a  bishop's  sec  ;  and  the  cathe- 
dral is  a  most  superb  Gothic  structure, 
and  liad  the  finest  steeple  in  France  till 
it  was  damaged  in  the  time  of  the  ci'il 
w.irs.  There  were  22  parishes  in  it, 
and  a  great  number  of  churches,  sonie 
9f  which  were  collegiate,  and  religious 


houses.  There  is  also  a  public  walk, 
planted  with  several  rows  of  trees  ;  and 
there  used  to  be  some  sugar  bakers  j  .i 
manufacture  of  stockings  and  sheep 
skins  ;  a  seminary  in  which  divinity  was 
taught ;  a  great  trade  in  brandy,  wine, 
spices  and  several  manufactures,  which 
with  many  other  commodities  used  to 
be  conveyed  to  Paris  by  means  of  the 
Loire,  and  the  canal  which  takes  its 
nuine  from  the  city.  Under  the  sonsof 
Chjvis,  it  was  the  capital  of  a  kingdom. 
It  stood  u  memorable  siege  in  1428, 
against  the  English,  which  was  raised 
by  the  celebrated  Joan  of  Arc,  culled 
the  Maid  of  Orleans.  Near  the  city  is 
a  forest  containing  iOO,OOU  acres,  plant- 
ed with  oak  and  other  valuable  trees. 
Orleans  is  30  miles  N  E  of  Blois,  and 
60  S  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  59  E,  lut, 
47  54  N. 

Orleans,  Canal  of,  which  is  about  48 
miles  long,  commences  at  the  i-iver 
Loire,  two  miles  above  the  city,  crosses 
the  forest  of  Orleans,  and  terminates  in 
the  Loing,  which  falls  into  the  Seine. 
It  was  hnished  in  1682,  and  has  30 
locks  in  its  course. 

Orleans,  an  island  and  town  of  N. 
America,  a  little  to  the  E  of  Qiiebcc. 
Lon.  69  50  //,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Orleans,  New,  a  city  of  N.  America, 
capital  of  Louisiana,  built  duiingtlic 
regency  of  the  duke  of  Orleans.  In 
1788  seven  eighths  of  this  city  were  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  It  is  seated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  105  miles  from 
its  mouth.     Lon,  89  53  VV,  lat.  30  2  N.- 

Orleant,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  a 
small  peninsula,  between  Eastham  and 
Chatltam,  containing  1095  inhabitants^ 

Orlengii,  a  small  town  of  Russia.  It 
is  situate  in  the  governmcntof  Irkutsk, 
on  the  Lena,  232  miles  N  of  Irkutsk. 
Lon.  105  40  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Orniaa,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county 
of  Asti,  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 
It  is  situate  on  the  Tanaro,  10  miles  S 
of  Ceva.     Lon.  8  9  E,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Ornwnd,  the  northern  division  of  the 
county  of  Tipperary  in  Ireland. 

Oriiisiiri,  a  town  in  Lancashire  with 
a miultet  on  Tuesday,  seated  near  the. 
river  Douglas,  30  miles  S  of  Lancaster, 
and  200  N  N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  3  3 
VV,  lat.  53  37  N. 

Oniiiis,  a  small  island  of  Asia,  in  a 
.strait  of  the  same  name,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  nine  miles  S  of 
Gombroon.     It  was  taken  in  1.)  J/  by  the 


O  R  R 


O  R  V 


i 


PortiiprtiS"  c,  who  fortified  it ;  and  it  was 
iit'U-iw;ir(l  IViqiieiUed  ijy  a  imniber  of 
ricli  ihcicIkuus.  lii  1622,  the  Fcrsiuns, 
In  the  .'issislaiice  of  tile  English,  con- 
f)iicic(l  this  phitf,  iiiul  de.i  olislu-d  tlic 
JKJiises,  wlii<li  were  4(J00  in  niiniher, 
contuiuii)^  40,0U0  inhabitants.  Some 
tioie  after,  tin-  Persuuis  rebuilt  the  fort, 
and  placed  a  ^aiTiscm  in  it ;  but  they 
could  never  brinji-  it  to  be  a  place  of 
trade  as  before;  however  it  is  the  key 
ofttie  pilf  of  i'ci-hia,  on  account  of  tlie 
cominoiliousiuss  of  the  iiarboiu'.  It  is 
almost  deserted  ;  tin*  it  produces  no- 
thing but  salt,  which  sometimes  is  two 
inrhi  s  deep  upon  the  surface  of  the 
CiU'li.     I-oii.  5(i  2J  K,  lat.  27  20  N. 

Orniyah,  a  town  of  tlie  kingdom  of 
Per.siu,  seated  in  the  province  of  Tauris, 
120  nules  S  VV  i,f 'lauris. 

Onums,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs  and  late  province  ot 
Franchc  Comte.  In  its  vicinity  is  a 
well,  the  same  as  that  of  Vesoul,  which, 
during  the  tinieot  great  rams,  overflows 
in  sucli  anuinneras  to  inundate  fe' ad- 
jacent country!  and  lishes  that  it  dis- 
gorges v »  called  uinlires.  Ornans  is 
seated  on  the  Louvre,  eight  miles  S  £ 
of  Besancon. 

Oine,  a  river  of  France,  in  the  late 
province  of  Normandy,  which  has  its 
source  at  the  village  of  Aunon,  and  falls 
into  the  lea  eiglit  miles  below  Caen. 

Orne,  a  department  of  France,  which 
includes  the  late  province  of  Perclie  and 
part  of  that  of  Normandy.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
English  channel  eight  miles  below 
Caen.     The  capital  is  Alencon. 

Ornnoto,  a  river  of  South  America, 
which  rises  in  Popayan,  and  after  a 
course  of  1380  leai>Mies,  enters  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  in  9°  N  lat.  where  its  im- 
petuo.sity  is  so  prcat  that  it  stems  the 
most  powerful  tides,  and  preserves  the 
f\x'shness  of  its  waters  to  the  distance 
of  12  leagues  out  at  sea. 

Ofonsa,  a  small  fertile  island  of  Scot- 
land, one  of  the  Hebrides,  seven  miles 
W  of  Jura.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an 
abbey,  witli  many  sepulchral  statues, 
and  some  curious  ancient  sculpture. 

Oiopeta,  atown  of  S,)ain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 22  miles  E  of  Piaccntia,  and  50  W 
of  Toledo.     L-.Mi.  4  ,;r.  W,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Oropaa,  a  tiwn  of  Peru,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains,  150  miles  N  E  of 
Potosi.     Lon.  (53  30  W.  hit.  18  0  S. 

Orr,  a  river  in  Kircudbrightsliire, 
Scotland,  wiiich  rises  ncur  New  Gallo- 


way, waters  the  town  of  Orr,  and  en- 
ters the  Solway  Frith. 

Oirin^tnn,  a  town  situated  on  the  F. 
side  ol  Penobscot  river,  in  Hancock 
county,  Maine.  It  has  785  inhabitants, 
and  a  )iost  oliice,  30  miles  N  of  Ca&tiiic. 

Grauva,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  the  bannat  of 'leiiieswuk.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  N  side  of  the  Danube,  almost 
opposite  Belgrade,  and  is  sid)ject  to  tlie 
lurks      Lon.  22  0  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Orsuj.',  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  in  the  dutcliy  of 
Cleves,  belonging  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia. It  is  20  miles  S  £  of  Cleves.  Lon. 
6  43  £,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Ort.i,  an  episco]>al  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  seated  on 
the  Tiber,  10  miUs  E  of  Vitcrbo,  and 
30  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  37  VV,  lat.  42 
22  N. 

Oita,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  and  in  the  province  of  Capi- 
tunata,  11  miles  N  N  £  of  Ascoli. 

Ortegal,  a  ca))e  and  castle  on  the  N 
coast  of  G.dicia,  in  Spain,  30  miles  N 
N  E  of  Ferrol.  Lon.  7  39  W,  lat.  43 
46  N. 

Ortenburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Austria,  seated  on  tlie  S  bank 
of  the  Urave,  opposite  its  confluence 
with  the  Liscr.  Lon.  13  38  £,  lat.  46 
52  N. 

Orthez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ol  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Beam,  seated  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Gave  de 
Pau,  17  miles  S  W  of  Pau.  Lon.  0  24 
W,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Orton,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  S  W 
of  Appleby,  and  271  N  N  W  of  Loiv 
don.     Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Ortza,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Witepsk.  It  is  de- 
fended by  a  castle,  and  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  tlie  Oresa  and  Dnieper, 
50  miles  W  of  Smolensko.  Lon.  31  5 
E,  lat.  54  45  N. 

Orvieto,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a 
magniiiccnt  palace,  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name.  In  this  place 
is  a  deep  well,  into  which  mules  de- 
scend, by  one  pair  of  stairs,  to  fetch  up 
water,  and  ascend  by  another.  It  is 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Paglia  and  Chiuna. 
20  miles  N  W  of  Viltrbo,  and  50  N  by 
W  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  20  £,  lat.  42 
42  N. 


:)  R  V 


O  S  N 


O  S  T 


the  town  of  Orr,  and  cn- 
iiy  Fi'itli. 

town  situated  on  tlic  F, 
iliscot  rivei',  in  Hancock 
It  lias  7H5  inhabitunts, 
ICC,  30  niiU'H  N  of  Ca&tiiic. 
uwn  of  Upper  Hungary, 
oi'leniCKWui.  Itisseat- 
iiile  lit'  llic  Danube,  alniiml 
'I'kdc,  and  is  subject  to  tlie 
.  22  0  E,  lilt.  45  30  N. 
wn  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
iliuliu,  in  tlie  dutchy  of 
i|Cin(j  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
miles  S  £  of  Cleves.  Lon. 
128N. 

piscopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
y  of  St.  Peter,  seated  on 
U  miltS  £  of  Viteibu,  and 
ic.     Lon.  12  37  VV,  lal.  42 

\vn  of  Italy  in  the  kingdom 
nd  in  tlie  province  of  Capi- 
ites  N  N  £  of  Agcoli. 
ca]>e  and  castle  on  the  N 
icia,  in  bpaiii,  30  miles  N 
rol.     Lon.  7  39  W,  lat.  43 

a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
stria,  seated  on  tlie  S  bank 
'e,  opposite  its  confluence 
iser.     Lon.  13  38  £,  lat.  46 

town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
ihe  Lower  Pyrenees  antl  late 
Beam,  seated  on  the  decli- 
il,  near  the  river  Gave  de 
es  S  W  of  Pau.  Lon.  0  24 
5  N. 

own  in  Westmoreland,  with 
Wednesday,  12  miles  S  W 
,  and  271  N  N  W  of  Loi»- 
240  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 
Lown  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
Inate  of  Witepsk.  It  is  de- 
castle,  and  is  scate<l  at  the 
if  tlie  Oresa  and  Dnieper, 
of  Smolensko.  Lon.  31  5 
5  N. 

Ill  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
imony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a 
.  palace,  capital  of  a  terri- 
sunic  name.  In  this  place 
well,  into  which  mules  de- 
ne jiair  of  stairs,  to  fetch  up 
ascend  by  another.  It  is 
craggy  rock,  near  the  con- 
ic rivers  Paplia  and  Cliiiina. 
W  of  Vittrbo,  and  50  N  by 
le.      Lon.   12  20  £,  lat.  42 


Orviell,  a  river  in  Suffolk,  which  runs 
S  E  by  Ipswich,  and  uniting  with  the 
Sldiir,  forms  the  line  harbour  of  Har- 
wich. Above  Ipswich  it  is  called  tiie 
Gippinjf. 

OniicU,  a  post  town  in  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  1\  iiig  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Chuinpluiiie,  35  miles  N  \V  of  Kittlaiid. 

Osiica,  a  lui'i^e,  populous,  and  coni- 
mei'ciul  town  of  the  island  of  Niplioii, 
ill  Japan,  with  u  ma;;niticeiit  castle,  aiid 
a  hie  p(i|iiilous  liaibour.  The  hours  of 
tlie  niglit  are  proclaimed  by  the  sound 
of  diilereiit  instruments  of  music.  Lon. 
133  45  E,  lat.  35  2u  N. 

Oseio,  or  Oioro,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  belonging  to  the  Venetians, 
having  that  of  Clierso  to  the  N,  to 
which  it  is  joined  by  a  bridge.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  15 
3U  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Oae;,  an  island  in  Blackwater  Bay, 
near  Maiden,  in  Essex  ;  it  abounds  with 
wild  fowl  at  certain  seasoiisof  the  year 
where  the  coal  ships  for  Maiden  unload 
their  cargoes. 

Osinio,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Anrona,  with  a  rich 
bishop's  see,  and  a  magnificent  episco- 
pal palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Musnne, 
10  miles  S  of  Ancona,  and  110  N  E  of 
Rome.     Lon.  13  34  £,  lat.  43  29  N. 

Osma,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Spain  in  Old  Castile,  with  a  university. 
It  is  almost  gone  to  ruin,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Douero,  80  miles  N  by  E  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  2  12  W,  41  30  N. 

Otnaburg,  a  bishopric  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles 
long  and  30  broad.  It  is  remarkable 
that  this  bisho])ric  is  possessed  by  the 
papists,  and  protestants  alternately,  ac- 
cording to  the  treaty  of  Westphalia. 
The  pi-otostant  bishop  is  always  chosen 
by  the  house  of  Brunswick  Lunenburg, 
and  the  catholic  by  the  papists.  The 
present  bishop  is  Frederick  duke  of 
York,  second  son  of  the  king  of  Great 
Britain.  Tne  inspection  and  ndminis- 
stration  of  eclesiastical  aiVairs,  howev- 
er, belong  to  the  elector  of  Cologne, 
as  metropolitan. 

CMnaburg,  a  rich  city  of  Germany, 
capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  university  and  a  castle  It  is  re- 
markbie  for  a  tre.ity  of  peace,  concliid- 
'Id  between  Germany  and  Sweden,  in 
1648,  in  favour  of  the  protestant  religion. 
Tlie  protestants  have  two  of  t'le 
I'liurchcs.  The  beer  of  this  place  is  high- 
ly  esteemed  ia'Gprmaiiy.  It  is  seated  on 


the  Haze,  35  miles  N  E  of  Munster, 
and  75  \V  of  Hanover.  Lon.  b  20  E, 
lat.  52  24N. 

Osiiuimrg,  an  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  and  nuiiieil  b_\  cap- 
tain VVailis,  in  ir07.  Il  is  cidled  Mia- 
tea  bj-  tlic  natives.  Lon.  147  30  W, 
lat.  17  51  S. 

Otonu),  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Chili,  seated  on  RuiBiicna,  in  a  territo- 
ry where  there  are  iiiiiies  of  gold,  80 
miles  S  of  lialdivia.  Lon.  73  20  VV, 
lat.  4U  58  S. 

Ossetia,  the  country  of  the  Ossi  or 
Osaeti,  one  (;!'  the  seven  Caucasian  na- 
tions between  tiic  Black  Si.'u  and  the 
Casjjian  ;  bounded  on  tiie  N  b)  Great 
Ci.barda,  on  the  £  by  the  l.(-.-.giiis 
Tartars,  and  on  the  S  and  VV  b\  Inu  ri- 
tia.  It  contains  19  districts,  of  vvliich 
one  is  subject  to  Imeiitia,  and  the 
others  to  Georgia.  '1  liese  districts 
are  of  very  uiie(|ual  size  ;  sonje  con- 
taining only  live,  and  ollifis  50  villages, 
each  of  which  conipr  scs  from  20  to 
100  families.  Their  language  has  some 
analogy  with  that  of  the  Persians 
Their  history  is  entirely  unknown. 
The  Circassians  and  Tartars  call 
them  Kusha,  that  is  bones. 

Oison,  tho  western  division  of 
Qiieen's  County,  in  Irel.md. 

Ossunc,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
tov.'n  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
university,  an  hospital,  40  miles  E  of 
Seville.   'Lon.  4  31  VV,  lat.  37  24 N. 

Oitagio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  terri- 
tory  of  Genoa,  15  miles  N  W  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  31  E,  lat;  44  36  N. 

Ostalric,  a  town  of  Spain,,  in  Catalo- 
nia. It  hud  a  strong  castle,  taken  by 
the  French,  and  demolished  in  169.5. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Turdera,  28  miles 
N  E  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  55  £,  lat.  41 
41  N.  V 

Ostencl,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  famous  for  the  long  siege  it 
sustained  against  the  Siianianls,  from 
July  5,  1601,  to  Sei.teniber  22,  1604, 
when  it  surrendered  by  an  honourably, 
capitulation.  In  this  siege  the  Dcitojt, 
lost  50,000,  and  the  Spaniards  80,000 
men.  Upon  tho  death  of  Charles  II. 
king  of  Spain,  the  French  seized  Os- 
tencl, but  it  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  allies  after  the  battle  ofUaniillics  in 
1706.  The  emperor  Charles  VI.  had 
formed  a  scheme  of  establishing  an 
E.ist  India  company  here ;  but  this 
giving  umbrage  to  the  maritime  pow- 
ers, it  was  laid  aside.     Oslciul   V. asta- 


O  S  T 


OTA 


ken  by  the  French  in  1745,  but  wa» 
restored  to  tlie  house  of  Austria  by  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Chiipelli',  in  1748.  In 
the  last  war  us  a  neiitrul  port  it  became 
a  prcal  mart  for  trade ;  and  it  was 
greatly  aujj^inented  both  in  population 
and  building's.  In  1792,  tlie  French 
once  more  took  Ostcnd,  which  tlicy 
were  compelled  to  evacuate  in  17'.'3, 
when  it  was  garrisoned  by  iiritisli 
troops.  It  was  ajjaiu  taken  by  llicni 
in  1794.  OsU-nd  is  seated  anion^  a 
number  of  canals,  and  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  tw:)  ottlic  largest  of  them, 
into  which  shijis  of  {ricat  burden  may 
enter  willi  the  tide.  A  secret  expeili- 
tion  was  sent  out  by  the  Hritisb  g-ov- 
ernment  fin-  the  inirpose  of  destroying 
one  of  these  canals  in  1797;  after  ef- 
fecting'their  purp,)se  they  were  all  ta- 
ken prisoners.  It  is  10  mile*  \V  of 
Bruges,  22  N  K  of  Dunkirk,  and  60 
N  \V  of  Brussels.     Lon.  3  1  E,  lat.  51 

14  N. 

Osteroc/e,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Grubenhagen, 
■oted  for  a  manufacture  of  woollen 
stullis.  it  has  likwisc  a  magazine  of 
corn  for  the  miners  of  Hartz  forest, 
to  whom  it  is  delivered  at  a  fixed  price. 
It  is  16  miles  S  W  of  Goslar.  Lon.  10 
33  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Oaternkte,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Oberlund,  situate  on  the 
Dribent;!.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
a!id  is  65  miles  S  E  of  Dantzic,  and  70 
S  S  AV  of  Koningsberg. 

Qittrxviect,  a  town  of  GerHxiny  in  the 
eii'cle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principali- 
ty of  Halbtrstadt.  It  carries  on  consid- 
erable munutiictures  in  woollen  stufi's. 
and  is  situate  on  the  Use,  13  miles  W 
ef  Halbersladt,  and  15  miles  N  E  of 
Goslar.     Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Ostia,  a  once  cclcbiated  but  decay- 
ed seaport  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di 
Roma,  seated  at  llie  mouth  of  the 
Tiber,  with  a  bishop's  see  :  the  bar- 
hour  is  choaked  np.  It  is  12  niiles  S 
W  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  41  44 
N. 

Oitiglia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dulchy   of  Mantua,   seated  on  the  Po, 

15  miles  E  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  8  E, 
lat.  45  7  N. 

Ostiiighausen,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  situate  on 
the  Alst,  eight  miles  W  of  Lipstadt. 

Ostrogotliiti,  the  eastern  partof  Goth- 
kuul,  in  Sweden. 

Q.\tunt,  a  town  of  Naples,  in   Terra 


d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  16  miles  N  VV  of  Brindici, 
and  24  N  E  (.f  Tarento.  Lon.  17  59  E, 
lat.  40  51  N. 

Ofiuail,  St.  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, on  the  Picts'  wall  N  ol'  Hexham. 
Here  Oswald,  who  was  afterwards 
sainted,  set  up  tlie  brst  cross  in  the 
kingdom  of  Norlhuniberland. 

Oiv-igo,  a  post  t(<wii  and  fortress  in 
I'ioga  county,  New  Vorki  siluatid  on 
the  S  E  side  of  lake  Ontario,  at  the 
mouth  of  Oswego  ri\er,  and  156  miles 
\V  by  N  of  Aloan;,.  This  f<)rt  was 
built  by  the  English,  to  ))rotect  their 
trade  with  the  native  tribes ;  taken 
from  tiiem  by  tl.e  I'lench  in  1755 j  re- 
taken by  the  English  in  1756  j  and 
ceiled  to  Uic  Americans,  at  the  peace 
of  1783. 

Osviticzen,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Cracovia.  It  has  a  great 
tradu  in  salt,  and  is  seated  <m  the  Vis- 
tula, 15  miles  S  W  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
19  44  E,  hit.  59  0  N. 

Osv;estry,  a  coi|)orate  town  in  Shrop- 
shije  with  u  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  had  a  wall,  and  a  castle,  hing  ago 
demolished  ;  and  has  some  trade  from 
Wales  in  llamiels.  It  is  18  miles  N  VV 
of  Shrewsburv,  and  174  of  London. 
Lon.  3  3  W,  lat  52  52  N. 

Os  t/i,  St.  a  village  in  Essex;  here 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  monaste- 
ry, now  the  seat  oftheearlof  Koch- 
ford.  It  is  situate  near  the  sea,  nine 
miles  S  E  of  Colcliester. 

Opaha,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in 
the  S  Pacilic  Ocean.  It  lies  N  of  Uli- 
tea  ;  and  is  divided  from  it  by  a  strait, 
which,  in  the  narrowest  part,  is  not 
more  than  two  miles  broach  This  is- 
land is  smaller  and  more  barren  than 
Ulitea,  but  has  two  very  good  harbours. 

Otdlitite,  one  of  the  Society  Islands, 
in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  in  18°  S  lat. 
and  150°  W  lon.  and  first  discovered 
by  captain  Wallis  in  1767,  who  called 
it  George  the  Third's  Island.  M.  de 
Bougainville  next  arrived  at  it  in  April 
1768,  and  staid  ten  days.  Captain 
Cook  came  hither,  in  1769,  to  obaer\'e 
the  transit  of  Venus  ;  sailed  round  tlvc 
wliiolc  island  in  a  boat,  and  staid  three 
months.  It  has  since  f)een  visited 
twice  by  that  celebrated  navigaloi'. 
It  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  great 
part  of  which  is  covered  with  Woods, 
consisting  j.artly  of  bread-fruit  trees, 
palms,    cocoa-nut     trees,      plantain*, 


OTA 

J-itfi  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
liioiintain,  neur  tlie  gulf  of 
J  miles  N  VV  of  Bi'indici, 
|,f  Tarento.     Lon.  17  59  E, 

a  vilhifje  in  Northumljcr- 

Picts'  wall  N  of  Hexfiam. 

Id,    wlio   Wiis    uficrwiirds 

lip  llio   first  cross  in  tiie 

iNortliiindjcrJHnd. 

post  tijwn  and  fortress  in 

y,  New   York;  siluulid  on 

e  of  l;.ke  Ontario,    at  tl\c 

wcg-o  ri\er,  and  156  miles 

f  Ali):in;, .     Tliis   fort    was 

English,   to   protect  their 

tlie    native  tribes;    taken 

iiy  tl'.e  I'lcnch  in  1T53;  re- 

Kni^lisii   in    1756;     and 

le  Americans,   at  tlie  peace 

I,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
f  Cracovia.  It  has  a  j^reat 
t,  and  is  beuted  on  tlie  Vis- 
Ics  S  W  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
t.  59  0  N. 

a  corporate  town  in  Shrop- 
a    market  on    Wednesdiiy, 
irall,    and   a  castle   loii)^  ago 
1 ;    and  has  some   trade  from 
iinnels.     It  is  18  miles  N  W 
hurv,    and   174  of  London. 
V,  lat  52  5','  N. 
t.  a  villiij^e  in  Essex;    here 
mains  {>f  an  ancient  monaste- 
>e  seat  of  the  earl  of  Koch- 
is   situate  near   the  sea,  nine 
of  Colcliester. 

ine  of  the  Society  islands,  in 

lie  Ocean.     It  lies  N  of  Uli- 

s  divided  from   it  by  a  strait, 

the    narrowest  part,    is  not 

1  two  miles  broaiL     This   is- 

naller  and   more  barren  than 

t  has  two  very  ffood  harbours. 

,   one  of  the  Society  Islands, 

leific  Ocean,  lying  in  1U°S  lat. 

iV  lon.  and  first  discovered 

Wallis  in  1767,  who  called 

the    Third's  Island.     M.  de 

lie  next  arrived  at  it  in  April 

1    staid    ten   days.      Captain 

e  hither,  in  1769,  to  observe 

L  of  Ventis  ;    sailed  round  tl* 

nd  in  a  boat,  and  staid  three 

It   has    since    been    visited 

that    celebrated    navigator. 

s   of  two   peninsulas,    great 

licli  is   covered   with  woods, 

■  j.urtly  of  bread-fruit  trees, 

ocoa-nut     trees,      plantain*, 


OTA 

bananas,  mulberries,  sugar-canes,  and 
others  peculiar  to  the  climate,  parti- 
riihu'ly  a  kind  of  pineapple  and  the 
driia;>>n-trce.  The  people  liave  mild  fea- 
tures, and  a  pleasing  countenance. 
Tlicy  are  about  the  ordinary  si/.c  of 
Eiu'opeans,  of  a  pale  mahogan;  brown, 
with  fine  black  hair  and  eyes,  and 
wear  a  piece  ol'dotli  round  their  mid- 
dle of  their  own  m;in\ifacture,  and  an- 
other wrapped  abiut  the  liead,  in  va- 
rious p!ctures((uo  s'lapes,  like  a  turban. 
The  women  who  are  far  from  being 
ugly  and  iniliands'ime,  wear  a  piece  of 
cloth,  with  a  hole  in  the  middle, 
tliroiigb  which  they  pass  their  heads, 
so  that  one  part  of  the  garment  hangs 
down  behind,  and  the  oth.er  before,  to 
the  knees ;  a  fine  white  cloth,  like  mus- 
lin, passes  over  this  in  various  elegant 
turns  round  the  body,  a  little  below  the 
breasts  forming  a  kind  of  tunic,  of 
which  one  turn  sometimes  falls  grace- 
fully across  the  shoulder  Both  sexes 
are  adorned,  or  rather  disfigured,  by 
those  black  stains,  occasioned  by  punc- 
turing the  skin,  and  rubbing  a  black 
colour  into  the  wounds,  The  birds 
most  common  are  two  sorts  ofparro' 
quets,  one  of  a  beautiful  sapphirine 
bhie,  another  of  a  greeni.-h  colour,  with 
a  few  red  spots  ;  a  king's  fisher,  of  a 
dark  green,  with  a  collar  of  the  same 
hue  round  his  white  throat ;  a  large 
cuckoo;  several  sorts  of  pigeons  or 
doves  ;  and  a  bluisli  heron.  The  only 
quadrupeds  foimd  on  the  island  are 
hogs,  dogs,  and  rats,  which  are  suf- 
fered lo  run  about  at  pleasure.  Their 
houses  consist  only  of  a  roof,  thatched 
with  the  long  pricky  leaves  of  the  palm- 
nut  tree,  and  supported  by  a  few  pil- 
lars made  of  the  bread-fruit  tree.  As 
a  roof  is  sufHcient  to  shelter  the  natives 
from  rains  and  nightly  dews,  and  as 
the  climate  is  one  of  the  happiest  in 
the  world,  the  houses  have  seldom  any 
walls,  but  are  open  on  all  sides.  Their 
cloth  is  made  of  the  fibrous  bark  of  the 
mulberry  tree,  which  is  beaten  with  a 
kind  of  mallet ;  and  a  glue,  made  of 
the  hibiscus  esculentus,  is  employed  to 
make  tlie  pieces  of  bark  cohere.  Some 
of  these  pieces  are  two  or  three  yards 
wide,  and  50  yards  long.  Though  the 
natives  farexcelmost  of  the  Americans 
in  the  knowledge  and  practice  of  the 
arts  of  ingenuity,  yet  they  had  not  in- 
vented any  method  of  boiling  water  ; 
and  !iavin;r  no  vessel  that  could  bear 
the  file,  tliey  had  no  more  idea  that 


O  T  R 

water  could  be  made  hot,  than  that  it 
could  he  made  solid.  Long  nails  on 
the  fingers  arc  a  mark  of  distinction  a» 
mong  them,  as  among  the  Chinese  i  . 
for  they  imply  that  such  persons  only 
as  have  no  occasion  to  work,  could  suf-j 
fer  them  to  grow  to  that  length.  TV- 
two  sexes  here  eat  sep.iratcly,  as  iu 
many  other  countries.  Their  provi- 
sions are  chiefly  fish,  pork,  cocoa-nuts, 
bread-fruit  and  bananas;  aiul  they  employ 
sea-water  as  a  sauce  both  to  fish  and 
pork.  Nothing  can  exceed  their  agili- 
ty in  swimming,  diving,  and  crimH''".^' 
trees.  Mr.  Foster  is  lavish  in  his  prai- 
ses of  the  gentleness,  goodn.'iture,  and 
hospitality  of  this  people  ;  and  also  of 
the  beauty,  elegance,  and  gracefulnesi 
of  the  air,  features  .ind  persons  of  ma- 
ny of  them,  especially  of  the  betten 
sort,  to  whose  voyage,  and  Captain 
Cook's,  in  the  Endeavour,  compiled  by 
Dr.  Hawkesworth,  wc  must  refer  the 
reader,  ai  well  as  to  the  accoitnt  of 
Captain  Cook's  last  voyage,  published 
in  1785,  for  a  more  particular  account 
of  tlieir  dress,  dwellings,  food,  domes- 
tic amusements,  navigation,  diseases, 
religion,  funeral  rites,  wars,  weapons^ 
and  government. 

Otley,  a  town  in  the  W  riduig  oS 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wharf,  under  a  high 
craggy  cliff,  25  miles  W  of  York,  and 
202  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 48  W, 
lat.  53  54  N. 

Ototjue,  an  island  of  South  America, 
in  the  bay  of  Panama.  Lon.  81  10  W« 
lat.  7  50  N. 

Otranto,  or  Terra  WOtranto,  a  pro- 
vince of  Naples,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Terra-di-Bari  and  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  E  by  the  same  gulf,  and  on  the« 
S  and  W  by  a  great  bay,  between  that 
and  Basilicata,  It  is  a  niountainoua 
country,  abounding  in  olives,  figs,  and 
wine.  Here  is  a  kind  of  spider,  called 
a  tarantula,  whose  bite  is  venomous  i 
and  the  country  is  oflen  visited  by  lo- 
custs . 

Otranto,  a  city  of  Ifaples,  capital  of 
Terra  d'Oti'anto,  with  a  commodious 
harbour,  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a 
strong  citadel,  where  the  archbishop* 
reside.  It  was  taken,  in  1480  by  the 
Turks,  who  did  a  great  deal  of  mis- 
chief, but  it  has  since  been  restored. 
It  has  also  suflered  greatly  by  the  AI- 
gerine  pirates.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  37  miles  S  E  of  Brindici, 
T  t  t 


r: 


*■!'[!,  '."g" —   " 


O  UD 


O  V  I 


and  60  S  E  of  Tarcnto,     Lou.  18  35  E, 
lat.  40  20  N. 

Otrkn/i,  a  town  of  Italy,  inlhcdtitrhy 
of  S|>olcttii,  seated  on  a  lull,  two  miles 
from  the  Tiber,  and  .V2  N  of  Horn", 
•.on.  12  23E,   lat.  42  26  N. 

^'"•^'o,  a  narrow  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  the  State  of  New  York.  It  is 
nine  miles  lon^,  and  lies  at  the  head  of 
the  river  Susquehanna' 

OttrnJorf,  a  town  of     . .  -mar'. 
circle  oi  1,     ,..r  .  asr. 'v    ■.■■\  ■., 
Saxe    I..a\i<.'i.l)iTg.     It    ;     .,■!*«:'. 
Medcn,  24  miles  N  <• ;"  i»;.>iU'. 
20  E,  lat.  53  5,1  N. 

Otteiiiheim,   a   town   of  Ij 
the  Archdutehy  of  Austria.     It  lies  on 
the  N  side  of  the   Danube,  16  miles  S 
W  of  Frej  statt. 

Ottet/iiirn,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, 25  miles  W  of  Morpeth.  It  is 
celebrated  for  a  battle  in  1:>88,  on  which 
is  founded  the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chacc. 

Oiterjf,  or  Otterj'  St.  Mary,  a  town  in 
Devonshire,  seated  on  the  small  river 
Otter,  162  miles  \V  by  S  of  London. 
It  has  a  market  on  Tuesday.  Lon.  5 
18  W,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Ottona,  or  Ortona,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  seat- 
ed on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  N 
of  Lanciano,  and  43  E  of  Aquileia 
Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Otfaeiier,  a  fortified  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  with 
a  castle,  40  miles  S  E  of  Treves. 

Oude,  a  ]>rovince  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, subject  to  a  nabob,  whose  domi- 
nions lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Ganges, 
occupying,  (with  the  exception  of  the 
district  of  Rampour)  all  the  flat  coim- 
try  between  thiit  river  and  the  northern 
motmtains,  as  M'ell  as  the  principal  part 
of  that  fertile  tract,  lying  between  the 
Gange!)  and  Jumna,  known  by  the  name 
o(  Dooab,  to  within  40  miles  of  the  ci- 
ty of  Dellii.  Oude  and  its  dependen- 
cies are  estimated  at  360  miles  in 
length  from  E  to  W,  and  lu  breadth 
from  150  to  180.  The  nabob  is  in  alli- 
ance with  the  British  ;  and  a  brigade 
of  the  Bengal  army  is  constantly  sta- 
tioned on  his  western  frontiers  ;  which 
answers  the  purpose  of  covering  Ondi; 
as  ifvell  asTBengal,  and  of  keeping  tht- 
western  states  in  awe  ;  and,  in  consi- 
deration of  this,  the  nabob  pavs  an  an- 
nual subsidy  of  420,000/.  His  capital 
is  Lucknow. 

Oude,'  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the   province  of  Oude,  tiie 


remains   of  which    are 
Gogra,   nearly  ailjoinin 


seated  on  ihp 
Fytzabad.     It. 


W.^j,...,      ........_,....,„ .^v..-— ...        .,. 

IS  said  to  have  been  the  nrst  imperial 
city  of  Hindoo.ttan,  and  to  have  b' tn 
the  capital  uf  a  great  kingdom,  ]2(J0 
years  before  the  Christian  era ;  and  it 
IS  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Maliabc- 
ret,  a  famous  Hindoo  work  in  Sanscrit, 
under  the  name  of  A<ljudiah.  But 
•hatever   may  have  been   its   former 

agnificence    no  trace?  of  it  arc  \t.\. 

is  ronsidc  v.d  as  a  pla  e  of  sanctity  ; 
an  1  the  Hindoos  frequently  come  hi- 
ther, in  pilgrimage,  from  all  parts  of 
India, 

OuJenmJ,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 

..  ders,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a 
fort,  seated  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
Schcld.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  ve- 
ry fine  linen  and  of  curious  tapestry.  This 
town  was  besieged  by  the  French  in 
17'08,  but  tliey  were  obliged  to  r-iise 
the  siege  by  tlie  duke  of  Marlborough, 
who  entirely  routed  their  army  ;  it  is 
12  miles  S  of  Ghent,  15  N  E  of  Tour- 
nay,  and  27  W  of  Brussels.  Lon.  3  49 
E,   lat.  50  51  N. 

Oudenburg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan« 
dcrs,  eight  miles  S  E  of  Ostend,  and 
10  W  of  Bruges.  Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  51 
9N. 

Oudipour.     See  Cheiuve, 

Ocerflackte,  an  island  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Holland  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Maese.  Melisand  is  the 
principal  town. 

Ovtrytche,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, seated  .^n  the  Yschc,  six  miles 
N  E  of  Brussels,  and  nine  SW  of  Lou- 
vain.     Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Overyuel,  one  of  the  United  Pro. 
viixes,  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  bish- 
opric of  Munstcr,  on  the  N  by  Fries- 
land  and  Groning^n,  on  the  W  by  the 
Yssel,'  and  on  the  S  by  the  county  of 
Zutphen  and  bishopric  of  Munster.  It 
is  divided  into  three  districts,  called 
Drente,  Twent,  and  Salland.  There 
are  many  morasses  in  this  province, 
and  but  few  iiibabitants,  in  comparison 
with  the  rest.  Its  greatest  riches  con- 
oist  in  turf,  which  is  dug  up  here,  and 
sent  to  the  neighbouring  provinces, 
particidarly  Holland. 

Ougein,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Malwa,  capital 
of  one  of  the  Western  Mahratta  chiefs. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  452 
miles  S  W  of  Poonah.  Lon.  75  56  E, 
lat.  23  26.  N. 

Oviedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of 


T1 


lO  V  I 

fhicU  are  Heated  on  thr 
'ailjoiiiiii'  Fvtzabad,  It 
^ve  Ijeen  the  hr»t  imperial 
Mstan,  and  to  have  b'  tn 
[f  a  {ffcat  kinfpdom,  1200 
|thc  Christian  era;  and  it 
mentioned  in  the  Mahabe- 
Hindoo  work  in  Sanscrit, 
^ame  of  Adjndiah.  But 
liy  have  been  its  former 
no  trace?  of  it  are  le:l. 
J>.d  as  a  pla  e  of  sanctity  j 
Idoos  frfq<iently  come  hi- 
primage,   from  all  parts  of 

a  stronpf  town  of  Austrian 
the  middle  of  which  is  a 
m  both  sides  of  the  river 
re  is  a  manufacture  of  ve- 
nd of  curious  tapestry.  This 
csieped  by  the  French  in 
K-y  were  oblig^cd  to  raise 
tlie  duke  of  Marlboroug^h, 
routed  their  army  i  it  is 
(■  Ghent,  15  N  E  of  Tour- 
W  of  OruBsels.    Lon.  3  49 

h  N. 

a  town  of  Austrian  Flan» 
miles  S  £  of  Ostend,  and 
ug^s.     Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  51 

See  Cheihve, 
;,   an   island  of  the  United 
in    Holland    between    the 
\c  Maese.    Melisand  is  tlie 

a  town  of  Aitstrian  Bra- 
:1  .n  the  Ysche,  six  miles 
isels,  and  nine  S  W  of  Lou- 
4  30  £,  lat.  50  53  N. 

one  of  the  United  Pro. 
ided  on  the  E  by  the  bish' 
iinstcr,  on  the  N  by  Fries- 
roningen,  on  the  W  by  the 
on  the  S  by  the  county  of 

bishopric  of  Mimster.  It 
into  three  districts,  called 
rent,  and  Salland.  There 
uirasscs  in  this  province, 
iuhabitantH,  in  comparison 
t.  Its  greatest  riches  con- 
wliich  is  dug  up  here,  and 
neighbouring  provinces, 
Holland. 

town  of  Hindonstan  Pro. 
irovince  of  Malwa,  capital 

Western  Mahratta  chiefs. 
e  of  great  antiquity,  452 
f  Poonah.     Lon.  75  56  E, 

town  of  Spain,  capital  of 


o  u  s 

Asturia  d'Oviedo,    with  hop's  see, 

and  a  university.  Ii  i  itcdutthc 
coiifliieiKeof  tlie  Oveand  va,  whii.h 
.optn  the' i*  »ta,  50  in'''js  A  vV  oi  Lcim 
and  208  of  Madrid.  Li,ii  .  44  VV,  lat. 
43  25  N. 

Quiz,  a  town  of  Pie('.i  nt  12  i  .c» 
W  of  Su.    .     Loii.  6  4f        .at.  45  20  N. 

OurJ';  \  towi'  in  N<  ■  Jiumploiishire, 
v.th  a  ii.aricet  on  SatUi'day.  It  in  a 
well  built  town,  seated  on  the  .icn, 
over  which  are  two  bridges,  26  miles 
N  E  of  Northampton,  and  83  N  by  W 
of  London.     Lon.  0  42  VV,  lat  52  26  N. 

Ourem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  EstiM- 
madura,  with  a  castle,  on  a  nioimiain, 
between  the  rivers  Leira  and  'I'omar. 
Lon.  7  40  \V,  lat.  39  .34  N. 

Oiirit/ue,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tcjo,  remarkable  for  a  victory  obtained 
by  Alphonso,  king  of  Portugal,  over 
five  Moorish  kings,  in  1139.  TheheatU 
of  these  five  kings  are  the  arms  of  Por- 
tugal. It  is  32  miles  S  £  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  49  VV,  lat.  38  26  ^f. 

Oute,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  streams 
of  the  lire  and  S'wale,  which  have 
their  sources  neai  each  other  in  the 
tract  called  Richmondshirr,  and  after 
collecting  all  the  rills  from  tlii»  moun- 
tainous region,  unite  at  Aldboruiigh, 
and  thence  takv  the  name  of  Ouse, 
which  is  here  a  considerable  river.  It 
flows  through  York,  where  it  is  navi- 
gahlo  for  considerable  vessels  ;  and  af- 
terward receivingthe  Wharf,  Derwent, 
Aire,  and  Don,  it  falls  into  the  Hum- 
be  r. 

Ouse,  a  river  in  Sussex,  rising  from 
two  branches,  which  unite  their  streams 
near  Lewes,  and  entering  the  Englisli 
Cliannel,  form  the  harbour  of  Newlia- 
vcn. 

Oute,  Great,  a  river  which  rises  in 
Northamptonshire,  near  Brackley,  and 
running  tiirough  the  counties  of  Buck- 
ingham, Bedford,  and  Cambridge,  and 
dividing  tiiis  last  county  from  Norfolk, 
falls  into  a  part  of  the  German  Sea  cal- 
led the  Washes,  at  Lynn  Regis  i  is  na- 
vigable to  some  distance  above  Down- 
ham,  where  there  is  a  good  harbour 
for  barges. 

Oust,  Little,  a  river,  which  rises  in 
the  S  part  of  Norfolk,  and  separating 
en  the  S  W  that  county  from  Suffolk, 
near  Downham,  as  it  flows  westward, 
becomes  navigable  at  Thetford.  and  dis- 
•liarges  itself  into  the  Great  Ouse. 

Outtore,  a  town  of  Hindoustan,  in  the 


O  W  Y 

Mysore  cointry.  I>  was 'akrn  by  the 
hiij'-lish  i\  Jiily  17^}^  aiul  it  19  mile  . 
S  K  of  Baniraliai  and  69  E  N  £  of  Sc- 
I'tngaputai  .  Luii.  77  47  £,  lut.  12 
50  M. 

(juteiro,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Pof*  ^  • 
gal,  in  the  province  of  Tra-lns-.Moutcs, 
and  21  miles  N  W  of  Miiand.  de  Duu- 
cro.     Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  4i  55  N. 

C-)ern'  Oveiro,  a  t  )Wii  uiul  tcrri- 
.)r^  of  Ouinea,  in  tlie  kingdom  of  Be- 
nin. The  air  is  uiiwln/lcsome,  and  the 
soil  dry  and  loan  ;  but  tliere  arc  seve- 
ral kinds  of  fruitii,  such  as  bunanas  and 
cocoa-nuts.     I. on.  6  0  E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Oiojiei;  ilic  laiitcrnmost.and  by  mMch 
t)ie  largest  of'tiie  Sandwich  Islur.ds. 
Its  greatest  length  from  N  to  S  is  2S^ 
leagues,  its  breadth  24,  and  its  circura- 
ference  ahont  293  English  miles.  It  is 
divided  ii\lo  six  large  districts,  two  of 
which,  on  tlie  N  E  side,  arc  sepaj'uted 
by  a  mountain  tl)at  rises  in  three  peaks, 
perpetually  covered  with  snow,  and  may 
he  seen  clearly  at  40  leagues  distance. 
To  the  N  of  this  mountain  the  coast 
consists  oi  high  and  abru])t  cHils,  down 
wiiicli  fall  many  beautiful  cascades  of 
water,  and  the  wliole  country  is  cover- 
ed will)  cucoanutand  bread  fruit  trees. 
I'he  peaks  of  tite  mountain  on  the  N  E 
side  appear  to  be  about  half  a  mile  high, 
and  entirely  covered  witli  snow.  To 
the  S  of  this  mountain  the  coast.i  pre- 
sent a  prospect  of  the  most  horrid  and 
dreai-y  kind,  the  wiiole  country  appear- 
ing to  have  undergone  a  total  change 
from  the  effects  of  some  di'eadful  con- 
vulsion. The  ground  is  every  wliere 
covered  with  cinders,  and  intersected 
in  many  places  with  black  streaks, 
which  seem  to  mark  the  course  of  a  la- 
va that  has  flowed  not  maity  ages  back, 
from  the  mountain  to  the  shore.  The 
soutliern  promontory  looks  like  the 
mere  dregs  of  a  volcano.  The  project- 
ing headland  is  composed  of  broken 
and  craggy  rocks,  piled  irregularly  on 
one  another,  and  terminating  in  sharp 
points  :  yet,  amidst  these  ruins,  there 
are  many  patches  of  rich  soil,  which 
are  carefully  laid  out  in  plantation^,  and 
the  neighboin'ing  sea  abounds  with  a 
great  variety  of  excellent  fish  ;  so  that 
this  quarter  is  much  better  inhabited 
than  tlie  more  verdant  parts.  Tlie 
fields  are  inclosed  with  stone  fences, 
and  interspersed  with  groves  of  cocoa 
nut  trees  There  are  suppo.sed  to  be 
on  this  island  about  150,000  inhabitants. 
So  long  as  tlte  uamu  of  capt.  Cw)](, 


4*jr 


O  X  F 


O  Z  W 


mm 
If  ?'■  i! 


i-ia  hi 

if 


ft 

■:  II 


■halt  be  remrmbered  thin  ivland  will 
n<ii  III'  fu.gultun,  it  being  here  he  Cell 
k  \ictiin  u>  a  stranp^  cnncatenatiuii  of 
events.  Lut.  19  28  S,  Lon.  156  0  W. 
Osford,  the  capital  of  Oxfordshire, 
with  tt  murket  on  Wcdncsduy  and  Su- 
tiirduy.  It  is  a  biNiioji'ii  see,  and  a  uni- 
vernitv,  and,  bcxidc!!  ilic  cathedral,  has 
}.)  .larisli  churchca.  It  is  seated  at  the 
conlluencc  of  the  Tiianu's  and  Cher- 
wcl,  and,  with  the  suburbs  is  of  a  cir- 
cular form,  three  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. The  university  is  said  tn  have 
been  founded  by  tlie  (frcat  AllVrd,  but 
is  (,'ener.'illy  8U|i|)(ised  to  have  been  a 
aemiiiary  of  leaniinjj  before  his  time, 
altii  iiipfh  il  owed  its  revivid  and  eonse- 
qiirite  to  Ills  liberal  patronage,  receiv- 
in_t;  Irom  him  grants  <,f  niany  j)rivilcgcs 
_^id  larjre  revenues.  Here  are  20  col- 
leije...,  aiid'ttve  halls,  sexeral  of  which 
stand  in  tlie  streets,  and  g.ve  the  rity 
an  I'.ir  of  magnificence.  The  colleges 
a"c  jirovidcd  with  sufficient  revenues 
for  the  maintenance  of  a  ma.ster,  fcllow.s, 
and  students.  In  the  halls,  the  students 
live,  either  wholly  ,  or  in  part,  at  their 
own  exi.ence.  The  colleges  are,  Uni- 
versity, Bullol,  Merton,  Exeter,  Oriel, 
Qiieen's  New,  Lincoln,  All  Souls, 
Magdalen,  liru?,en  Nose,  Corpus  Cliris- 
ti,  Clirist  Church,  Trinity,  St.  John 
Baptist's,  Jesus,  Wadliam,  Pembroke, 
AVorcester,  and  Hertford.  Of  these 
the  most  ancient  is  University  College, 
founded  before  the  year  8"2  j  and  to 
Christ's  Chui-eb  College,  betjun  by  car- 
dinal Wolsey,  and  fiiii^lnd  by  Henry 
VIII.  belongs  the  catliedral.  The  halls 
are  Alban,  Edmund,  St.  Mary's,  New 
Inn,  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen.  Among 
the  libraries  in  the  university,  the  most 
distinguished  is  the  Bodleian,  foiuided 
by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley  i  those  of  All 
pouls  .College,  Christ  Cliurch,  Qiieen's 
New,  St.  John's  Exeter,  and  Corpus 
Christi.  Among  other  public  buildings 
are  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  the  Cla- 
rendon Printing-house,  Radcliff  Infir- 
mary, and  an  Observatory.  Magdalen 
Bridge,  besides  the  beauty  of  its  archi- 
tecture, has  this  singularity  that  more 
than  half  of  it  is  on  dry  ground,  and  the 
rest  covers  two  small  stripes  of  the 
Chcrvvel ;'  this  bridge  is  526  feet  lon;j. 
The  tlieatre,  more  magnificent  than  any 
thing  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The 
pliy  ic-g^rdcn  of  above  five  acres, 
walled  round  with  line  gates,  one  of 
which  cost  600/.  At  Oxford,  king  John, 
MuipcUeil  by  his  baruns,   summoned  a 


Iparliament  to  meet,  in  1358;  the  pro. 

Iceediiigsof  which  were  so  disorderly, 
that  it  was  known  afterward  by  the 
name  of  the  Mud  Parliament.  Oxford 
is  governed  by  a  Major,  dependent  im 
the  chaneelliir  and  vice-fhancellnr  of 
the  university  ;  and  sends  four  member* 
to  parliament,  two  for  the  university 
and  two  for  the  citv.  It  is  20  miles  S 
W  of  Buckingham,  and  58  W  by  N  ol 
London.     Lon.  1  10  W,lat.  51  45  N. 

Oxj'ordshire,  a  county  of  England, 
bouirledon  tiie  E  by  Buckingliumshire, 
on  the  VV  by  Gloitceslershire,  on  the  S 
by  Berkshire,  and  on  the  N  by  War- 
wickshire  and  Northamptonsliirc.  It* 
extreme  lengtli  is  48  miles  ;  its  great- 
est breadth  26.  It  contains  one  city, 
15  market  '':v.'ns,  'JtIO  parishes,  14 
hundreds,  .v",  1.000  acres,  and  about 
U'0,000  sol  s.  The  air  is  sweet  and 
pleasant,  and  the  soil  rich  and  fertile. 
The  lower  p  rts  consist  of  meadows 
and  cornlieic'  ,  and  tlic  higher  were 
covered  with  woods  till  the  civil  wars; 
in  which  they  were  so  entirely  destroy. 
cd,  tliat  wood  is  now  eMtremely  scarce 
and  dear,  except  in  what  is  called  the 
ehiltern,  and  so  is  coal ;  of  consequence 
fuel  bears  an  exorbitant  price.  The 
county  is  extremely  well  watered,  by 
the  Windrush,  Evenlodc,  Cherwel,  and 
'lame  ;  the  latter,  although  an  inconsi- 
derable rivulet,  li:is  obtained  some  im- 
portance from  having  been  supposed  to 
ffive  name  to  the  '1  lianies.  'I'he  pro- 
ducts of  Oxfordshire  are  chiefly  those 
common  to  v  s  midland  farming  coun- 
ties. Its  hills  yield  oc.lire,  pii)e  clay, 
and  other  Ci'.rtlis,  useful  jiir  vuricms  pur- 
poses. Corn  and  malt  are  conveyed 
from  it,  by  the  'i'liames  totlie  metropo- 
lis. Good  cheese  is  made  in  the  graz- 
ing parts.  The  greatest  want  in  this 
county  is  that  of  fuel  j  fiir  the  woods, 
with  which  it  once  abounded,  being 
greatly  diminished,  it  is  necessary  to 
supply  the  deficiency  with  coal  brought 
by  a  long  and  troublesome  navigation 
from  London.  The  junction  of  the 
Thames  with  the  Trent  and  Mersey, 
by  the  canal  frcmi  Br-iunston  to  Hump- 
ton  Gay,  and  by  another  canid  from 
Bratinston  to  Brentford,  will  greatly  re- 
medy this  inconvenience. 

Ozniezin,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
seated  (m  the  Weitclissel.  The  houses 
are  built  of  wood ;  and  the  town  is  co- 
vered  on  one  side  by  a  great  moras.'?, 
and  on  the  other  defended  by  a  castle, 
whog«  walls  are  of  wood.  It  is  o4  inile^ 


m 


ft.^... 


|o  z  w 

(<i  nn-et,  in  1358;  the  pro 
wliicli  were  gci  ilisurdcrtv, 
known   uCterward   by  tlie 
Mild  I'urliament.    Oxford 
1  by  a  Major,  dependent  on 
Jllor  and   vicc-r|iunccllor  of 
|ity  i  mid  sends  four  nicmberv 
i)t,   two   for  tlie  univeritity 
tbc  city.     It    in  20  miles  S 
kinghiini,  and  58  W  by  N  of 
Lon.  1  10  W,l«t.  51  45  N. 
|<Ve,    a  county   of   Eng-lund, 
the  E  by  BuckinffhuiiiBhire, 
y  Gloircestcrsbirc,  on  tlie  S 
•e,  and   on  tlie  N  by  War- 
and  N'ortliamptonshirc.     Iti 
n^rth  is  48  miles  ;  its  great- 
li    26.     It  contains  one  city, 
!  ;v.'n.s,    -JiiO    purislics,     i4 
•2 1.000  acres,    and    about 
I   s.     The   air  is  sweet  and 
tnd   tlie  soil  rich  and  fertile, 
prts  consist  of  nieudowi 
el('  ,  and  the   higher  were 
th  woods  till  the  civil  wars  ; 
ley  were  so  entirely  destroy. 
)od  is  now  e.\treniely  scarce 
except  in  what  is  culled  the 
id  so  is  coal ;  of  consequence 
an  exorbitant   price.     The 
ixtremely  well    watered,  by 
ush,  Kvcniode,  Cherwel,  and 
e  latter,  althouffh  an  incunsi- 
'ulef,  liaa  obtained  some  im- 
•oni  haviiifj  been  supposed  to 
to  tlie   '1  hunies.     'I'lie  pro- 
)xfordshire  are  chiefly  those 
)  V   c  midland  farmingcuun- 
hills  yield  oi-hre,    pipe  clay, 
i'.rths,  us(.:ful  i'lir  various  pur> 
)rn   and  malt  are    conveyed 
the  'lliames  to  tlie  metropo- 
cheese  is  made  in  the  graz- 
The   greatest  want  in  this 
that  of  fuel  j  for  the  woods, 
h  it  once   abounded,  being 
ninished,   it  is  necessary  to 
deficiency  with  coal  brought 
»nd   truublesonie  navigation 
lon.     The   junction  of   tlie 
ith   the  Trent  and  Mersey, 
i!  from  Braunston  to   Hump, 
and   by  another  canal  from 
;o  Brentford,  will  greatly  re. 
nconvenience. 

,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
le  Weitchssel.  The  houses 
wood ;  and  the  town  is  co. 
)ne  side  by  a  great  nioniss, 
Hlier  defended  by  a  castle, 
)  are  uf  woud.  It  is  34  mile:^ 


W  of  Crtcow. 

JON. 


P  A  C 

Lon.  19  10  E,  Ut.  50 


P. 


pACEM,  »  town  in  the  N  part  of 
'  Sumatra,  in  the  East  Indies.  Lon. 
97  15  E,  lat.  5  0  N. 

Puihiimtic,  a  valley  in  Peru,  celebrat- 
ed for  its  pleasantness  and  fertility,  hut 
mure  for  a  magniKcent  temple,  built  Lv 
the  incas  to  the  honour  of  tlicir  god. 
The  Spaniardsj  when  they  conqucrcil 
Peru,  found  immense  riches  in  it.  Itis 
10  miles  S  uf  Lima. 

Puchuca,  a  town  of  Mexico,  fitmous 
for  its  silver  iniiies.  Some  authors  say, 
that  in  the  space  uf  six  leagues  there 
are  not  less  than  a  thousaml.  One  of 
which  called  Trinity,  is  supposed  to  be 
as  rich  as  any  in  the  Spanish  dominions. 
Forty  millions  of  silver  having  been 
taken  from  it  in  10  years.  It  is  45  miles 
N  N  E  of  Mexico.  Lon.  100  4  W,  laU 
20  32  N. 

Pachiu,  a  small  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, near  the  coast  of  Epirus,  S 
of  Corfu,  and  'yv  of  the  gulf  of  Arta. 
It  is  subject  to  Venice. 

Pacific  Ocean,  that  vast  ocean  which 
separates  Asifi  from  America.  It  is 
eallcd  Pacific,  from  the  moderate  wea- 
ther the  first  mariners  who  sailed  in  it 
met  with  between  tire  tropics  :  and  it 
was  called  South  Sea,  because  the  S|>a- 
niards  crossed  the  isthmus  of  Darien 
from  north  to  south  when  they  first  dis- 
covered it !  though  it  is  properly  the 
Western  Ocean  with  regard  to  Ame- 
rica. Geographers  call  tlie  South  Sea 
Mare  Pucihcum,  "  The  Pacific  Ocean," 
as  being  less  infested  with  storms  than 
tlie  Atlantic  ;  but  M.  Frezier  affirms 
it  does  not  deserve  that  appellation,  and 
that  he  has  seen  as  violent  storms  there- 
in as  in  any  other  sea :  but  Magellan 
happening  to  have  a  very  favomable 
wind,  and  not  meeting  with  any  thing 
to  ruhle  him  when  he  first  traversed 
this  vast  ocean  in  1520,  gave  it  tiie 
name  which  it  has  retained  ever  since. 
Maty,  liDwever,  a<hls,  that  the  wind  is 
so  regular  tlicre,  that  the  vessels  would 
ficquonlly  gi>  from  Acapulco  to  the 
Pliilippiiie  Islands  without  shilling  a 
sail. 

2'.!cy,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  dujiai'tment  of  Eure  and  late  pro- 
jrince  of  Normiwdy,  seated  on  the  Eure, 


PAD 

eight  miles  S  by  E  of  Vernon.     Lon.  1 
41  E,  lat.  48  5H  N. 

PiiJaiig,  a  seaport  on  the  VV  coast  of 
Sumatra,  in  the  East  Indies,  iii  the  [los- 
session  of  the  Dutch.  Lun.  U9  46  E, 
lilt.  0  50  S. 

PaiUington,  a  villukge  in  Middlesei, 
W  by  N  of  Lonihiii,  with  a  haiulHoin© 
new  church,  erected  in  I7y0,  in  a  sin- 
gularly pleasing  style. 

Padcrborn,  a  bishopric  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Wehlphalia,  j2  milef 
long  and  20  broad.  In  the  middle  of  it 
are  high  mountains,  and  iron  mines  ( 
but  the  rest  of  the  country  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  pastures.  However  it  is  most 
remarkable  for  its  bacon  and   venison. 

Paderhorn,  an  ancient  and  populous 
town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  bishopric.  It  take* 
its  name  from  the  rivulet  Padcr,  which 
rises  under  the  high  altar  of  the  ca- 
tliedral.  It  has  a  celebrated  university, 
and  is  'il  miles  S  W  of  Mindcn,  and 
43  E  S  E  of  Munster.  Lon.  8  55  E, 
lat.  51  46  N. 

Pitdron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
seated  on  the  river  Uila,  1.2  miles  S  of 
Compoitclla.  Lon.  8  17  VV,L'it.  42  40  N. 

PaJit'r.v,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Saturd.'.y.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  and  has  some  trade 
to  Ii-claiul,  from  which  place  it  is  dist- 
ant 24  miles.  It  is  JO  miles  W  of  Laun- 
ceston,  and  21.'J  ^V  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  45  W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

J',i:.'uii,  un  ancient,  large,  and  cele- 
bratcd  city  of  Ita'y,  capital  of  the  Pa- 
duano,  witli  a  university  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seven  miles  in  circumference, 
and  much  less  considerable  than  for- 
merly i  for  it  now  contains  only  30,000, 
whereas  it  formerly  contained  100,000 
inhabitants.  The  houses  are  for  the 
most  jjart  gone  to  ruin,  and  the  town  in 
general  is  sothinly  inhabited,  that  grass 
is  seen  in  many  places,  between  the 
stones  with  which  the  streets  are  paved. 
The  houses  are  built  on  piaz^its,  which, 
wlien  the  town  was  in  a  flourishing 
state,  may  have  made  a  magnificent  ap- 
pearance ;  but  they  now  rather  give  it 
a  more  gloomy  air.  The  hall  of  tlie 
townhouse  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Eu- 
rope, and  ctmtains  the  cenotaph  of  Livy, 
the  hi.storian,  who  was  a  native  of  Pa- 
dua. Tl'.e  university',  once  so  celebrat- 
ed, is  now  on  the  decline.  Here  is  a 
cloth  manufactu"c  ;  and  it  said  that  the 
inhabitants  of  Venice  wear  no  other 
clotli  than   what  is  nude  here.    The 


1 


"3r 


P  A  I 

tity,  bnwevcr,  cwaru)*  with  heggtri, 
whu  uilc  cliurity  in  the  nuniL'  of  ht.  An- 
tonio. Pudiiu  WU.1  tukcii  by  tliv  Vene- 
tiwiit  in  iru6.  It  iit  Hcul<:<l  on  the  Bren- 
ta  and  ititcliif^lioiii',  in  ii  linu  pluin,  2U 
milcH  S  E  ol  Vii'en/.ii,  ami  225  N  ol' 
Komt-,     Lon  13  1  £,  lut.  45  'J^  N. 

Puduano,  a  proviiue  ot  Italv,  in  the 
terr.tory  ui'  Vmicc,  40  milei  long,  and 
35  broad  i  bouiuk-d  un  the  K  by  the 
Pb|;ado,  uii  tlic  S  by  the  Polcsinu,  di 
Ruvigo,  on  the  W  by  the  Veronesf, 
and  01)  the  N  by  the  Vici-ntino.  Its 
toil  Ib  well  watered,  and  is  one  uf  the 
moat  fei'tiie  in  Italy,  Padua  is  tlie  ca- 
pital. 

Piulula,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  in  I'rincipato  Citeriore. 
Lon.  15  41  L,  lat.  4U'29N. 

Paijenhn^oi,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  uf  Lower  Khine  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  geuted  un  the 
declivity  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Motteir,  eight  miles  W  uf  Huguenau. 
Lon.  7  S^]L,  lat.  48  4yN. 

Pagiiuno,  a.  town  of  Italy,  in  Ab- 
bruzzo  Ulteriore.  Lon.  13  46  £,  lat. 
42  2UN. 

Pugi),  an  island  in  the  gidf  of  Venice, 
teparated  from  Venetian  Dalmatia  by  a 
narrow  strait.  The  air  is  cold,  and 
the  soil  barren  ;  but  it  is  well  peopled, 
and  contains  suit- works. 

Pthang.     See  Fan. 

Faimbauf,  a  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Uretagnc,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Loire.  What  makes  it  of  conse- 
quence i«,  tliat  all  ships  belonging  to 
Nantes,  take  their  departure  hence, 
and  here  they  anchor  on  their  arrival. 
It  is  20  miles  W  of  Nantca.  Lon.  1  53 
W,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Paimwict,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  white  cloths  for  the  ar- 
my, and  for  Ihtf  India  and  Turkey  trade  j 
and  hence  is  brought  a  stone  remarka- 
ble for  its  beauty  and  neatness,  fur  the 
pavement  of  floors.  It  is  seven  miles 
S  E  of  Gloucester,  and  101  W  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  2  1)  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Painted  P,>3t,  a  post  town  in  Steuben 
co»mty,  New-York ;  situated  on  the  N 
W  bank  of  Tioga  river,  near  the  mouth 
«»f  Cohocton  creek,  43  miles  N  W  of 
Athens,  and  about  60  miles  S  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Paii'ev,  a  large  manufacturing  town 
in  Renfrewshire.  Paisley  is  the  first 
manufacturing  towu  la  Scotland,  and  is 


PAL 

grr<tly  celebrated  on  account  of  tome 
of  it!  branches.  The  maiiuluituiy  uf 
sdk  g.iuy.e,  in  this  respect,  Hrkt  claimi 
our  notice,  'lliis  brunch  is  l'roi.)^lit 
here  to  the  utnio  i  perfection,  and  is 
wrought  lo  an  uinu^ing  variety  of  put- 
tiriis.  Ithus  beehiun.piited,  tl<at  there 
hate  been  no  less  than  !>^)iji\)  wecAcrs 
emplu)ed  m  Paisley  aiiU  in  the  country 
adjacent  i  and  the  uti.ers  necessary  ill 
other  partN  of  the  silk  maiuifaetiae,  has 
been  like  wise.  f'.oi>;j,ii(cd  to  be  no  leu 
than  5000.  iLuih  loom  Wid produce  on 
un  :.i<  iMge  value  ~0/.}eurl\  ;  the  whole 
wdl  ihen  be  350,000/.  In  the  year  Ir84, 
the  manufactures  ol'  Paisley,  in  silk 
gi.u/e,  lawn,  and  linen  gauze,  and  while 
sewing  thread,  uniiimted  to  the  value 
of  57<J,t85/.  16j.  6a.  and  diat  no  fewer 
than  20,484  persons  were  employed  in 
carrsing  tiiem  on.  Besides  thei>e  prin- 
cipal manufactures,  there  are  some 
others  carried  un  there  ;  for  instance, 
considerable  tan-works,  four  in  number, 
two  soap  and  candle  works,  a  manufac- 
ture of  ribbons,  and  another  of  inkle  or 
tape.  In  17U9,  the  annual  value  uf  uU 
the  manufactures  in  Paisley  of  every 
sort,  amounted  to  660,385/.  1&>.  and 
the  inhabitants  considerably  exceeded 
20,000.  Paisley  is  sis  miles  W  of  Glas- 
gow.    Lon.4  20W,.lut.  55  52N. 

Ptiita,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Qiiito,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour. It  hiw  frequently  been  plundered 
by  the  buccaneers ;  and,  in  1741,  it 
was  plundered  and  burnt  by  commo- 
dore Anson,  because  the  governor  re- 
fused to  ransom  it.  Lon.  8  19  W,  lat. 
12  6S. 

Palaciot,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalu- 
sia, 12  miles  S  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  24 
W,  lat.  37  20  N. 

Palais,  A  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  island  of  Belleisle,  off  the  coast  of 
Bretugnc.  It  has  a  strong  citadel, 
which  stood  a  long  siege  against  the 
Englisli,  in  1761,  and  then  surrendered 
on  honourable  terms.  Lon.  3  3  W,  lat. 
47  18  N. 

PaUiit,  St.  a  town  and  district  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees,  which,  with  the  town  and 
district  of  St.  John  Pied-de-Port,  forms 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  late  province 
of  Lower  Navarre, amountainoiis  coun- 
try, which  produces  scarcely  any  thing 
but  millet,  oats,  and  fruits  of  which 
they  make  cider.  This  is  only  a  very 
moderate  portion  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
vaiTe,  wrested,  in  1H2,  from    John 


-rw' 


m^ 


PAL 

bruted  nii  ucroiint  of  lom* 
k'hei.     The  iiiuiiiiluttMi)  of 

i\  iliiiirt((|iect,  Hiiil  tiaiiiu 

'1  iiiii  bruficli  id  lii'iii.glit 
uinii)  I  pi'i'lcctioii,  niitl  \$ 
uii  aiiiii/.iinf  variet)  of  put. 

bicim.ii.|jiittil,  iliut  tliire 
no   IcMH  thuii  60UU  wct<\er» 

I'iiislcy  ana  in  the  comitpy 
ml  tlic  oti.crk  ncccKitary  iii 
lol' tliu  silk,  muiuihctuie,  hat 

lisc    r.(.l«;,u<lL'il    l(>  l)l'  no  lot 

jLiu'Ii  hioin  Will  produce  on 

uhic  rO/.)eurK  ;  the  wliole 

:  J 50,000/.    In  the  j  cur  1 TM, 

itinca  or   Paiiilf),   in   Hiik 

,  und  lini'n  gunic,  und  wliite 

etui,  itni'iiuitcd  to  the  vulue 

16j.  6u.  and  thut  no  lewer 

|)crHon»  were  emphi^ed  in 

u'ui  on.     Besides  these  prin- 

illaturcu,    there   «re    some 

if  (I  on  tliere  i  for   instuncci 

e  tun-works,  four  in  number, 

id  candle  woiks,  amunutuc- 

ions,  und  another  of  inkle  or 

/'89,  the  annual  value  ut'iill 

^ctnres   in  Paisley  of  every 

nted  to  660,385/.  l&j.  and 

ants  considerably  exceeded 

isley  is  six  miles  Wof  Glua- 

.  4  20  \V,. lilt.  55  52  N. 

seuport  of  Peru,   in  the  au- 

ijjiito,  with  an  excellent  liar- 

a  frequently  been  plundered 

ccaneeis ;  and,    in    IT41,   it 

ercd   and  burnt  by  commo- 

1,  because  the  governor  re- 

rtsoin  it.     Lon.  8  19  W,  lut. 

a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalu- 
les  S  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  24 
20  N. 

town  of  France,  capital  of 
if  Belleisle,  oti'  the  coast  of 

It  has  a  strong  citadel, 
d   a   long  siege  against  the 

ir61,  und  then  surrendered 
ble  terms.     Lon.  3  3  W,  laU 

Jt.  a  town  and  district  of 
.he  department  of  the  Lower 
which,  with  the  town  and 
it.  John  Pied-de-Port,  forms 
whole  of  the  late  province 
^avurre,  a  mountainous  coun- 
produces  scarcely  any  thing 
oats,  and  fruits  of  which 
cider.  This  is  only  a  very 
ortionofthe  kingdom  of  Na- 
isted,  in  1512,  from    John 


PAL 

tf  Albert,  by  Ferdinand  kinpf  of  Arr«. 
giin  und  Castile.  This  poitiim,  srpii 
rstcil  from  Upper  Navarre  by  the  Py- 
renees, made  |)iirt  of  the  late  kingdnni 
of  France,  being  annexed  to  it  by  Hen- 
ry IV.  who  held  it  in  right  of  his  nio 
tfier,  Jeanne  d'Alhert.  St.  Palais  in 
leuted  on  the  river  Uidnusc,  15  miles 
S  E  uf  Bayonne.  Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  4S 
21  N. 

Palamboang,  or  Paiambang,  a  town  of 
Java,  capital  of  a  kingdom  i  seated  at 
die  E  end  of  the  islutid,  im  the  straits 
of  Bally.     Lon.  114  0  E,  lat.  7  10  S. 

Patcnncotta,  or  Tinevt/iy,  a  town  of 
the  peninsida  of  Ilindonstan,  in  tiic 
Curnatic,  410  miles  S  W  of  Madras. 
Lon.  77  54  E,  lat.  8  4J  N. 

Pnlamat,  a  strong  seaport  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  witli  ugoodharlmur,  seut- 
«d  on  the  Mediterranean,  47  miles  N 
E  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  58  E,  lat.  41 
58  N. 

Pulamem,  a  town  of  Hindonstan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Bahar,  210  miles 
S  S  W  of  Patna.  Lon.  84  10  £.  lat.  23 
40  N. 

Palanka,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  Novigrud,  seated  on 
the  Ibola,  37  miles  N  of  Buda.  Lon. 
18  23  £,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Palaof  It  lands    Sec  Philippinei,  New. 

Palatine,  a  post  town  in  Montgomery 
county,  New  York,  lying  on  the  N  E 
side  of  Mohock  river,  at  the  mouth  of 
Coroje  creek,  36  miles  W  by  N  of 
Skencctudy  ;  containing  about  200  in- 
habitants. 

Palawan.     See  Parago. 

Palazzo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
five  miles  E  of  Ivrea. 

Pallazunllo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  tiie 
Val-di-Noto,  80  miles  S  of  Messina. 
Lon.  li  5  E,  lut.  37  3  N. 

Palaztuolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Bresciano,  seated  m  the  Oglio,  30  miles 
N  E  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  56  E,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Paltncia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  an  archbishop's  sec.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Carion,  40  miles  S  W  of  Burgos, 
and  110  N  by  VV  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4 
42  VV,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Piiteno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ab- 
I'luzzo  Citeriore,  nine  u  ilea  E  of  Sol- 
ninna. 

Patenzueta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  0!<! 
Castile,  25  miles  S  VV  of  Biu-g.)s  Lo;: 
3  15  VV,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Palermo,  a  city  of  Sicily  in  the  Val-d. 
Mazara,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  aiiti 


PAL 


a  large  harbour.  This  city,  wMch  U 
the  cupital  of  Sicily,  is  of  great  anli- 
(luity  j    arid    if  a   coniccturc    may   b« 


and 
formed  from  its  Hneieni  name  Puixir- 
niiis,  which  signities  an  universul  har- 
bour, it  wus  fornicrly  in  u  very  floiii-isli- 
ing  conditinn.  By  whom  it  wus  founded 
IS  uncertain,  nor  huvc  we  any  Miitheiilic 
accounts  of  its  ii'.habitunts  till  it  berume 
a  colony  of  the  Phiciiiciuns,  ul'lflr  which 
it  passed  into  the  hands  of  tlie  vuriou* 
nations  thut  becuniu  masters  of  tliis 
island.  The  present  qity  principallr 
consists  of  two  wide,  uniform,  and  well- 
built  streets,  encli  ulxHita  mile  in  length, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles  in 
the  centre,  where  there  is  a  small  octa- 
gon space,  ornamented  with  four  statuci. 
Most  of  the  cities  of  Sicily  have  sur- 
names :  Palermo  is  denominated  The 
Happy.  It  has  gained  this  epithet,  no 
doubt,  on  account  of  the  advantages  of  it* 
situation.  It  has  two  harbours  :  in  the 
one,  which  is  very  large,  and  in  whicli 
there  is  a  mole  1300  paces  in  length, 
ships  lie  at  anchor ;  in  the  other  their 
cargoes  arc  ludcn  and  unladen.  Both 
the  harbours  open  to  the  W  :  there  it 
also  a  superb  quay  which  extends  a 
mile  from  VV  to  E,  in  a  rectilinear  di- 
rection, and  is  called  La  Marine.  The 
prospect  is,  on  the  one  side,  lost  in  the 
wide  expanse  of  the  ocean,  and  on  tlie 
other  contincd  by  flic  walls  of  the  city  : 
the  walls  appear  adorned  with  pilasters, 
and  crowned  with  a  row  of  ballustrades 
through  which  the  eye  discov(-rs  u  long 
range  of  p:daccs.  These  objects  ulto- 
getlier  form  a  dcliglitfiil  spectacle. 
Indeed  nothing-  can  be  more  picturcMijue 
than  the  bay  of  Palermo.  It  forms  a 
lar^e  umphlliieatre,  with  the  capital  of 
Sicily  in  the  centre  j  surrounded  for 
sonic  miles  by  a  nio.st  delit'litful  coun- 
try, and  Inclosed  by  romantic  rocks  ami 
mountains.  The  town  was  formerly 
surrounded  by  a.  strong  wall ;  but  the 
fortifications  arc  now  entirely  ncf^lcct- 
ed,  except  towards  the  s-ea,  wlicre  there 
arc  still  a  few  weak  works.  The  quay 
is  tl:c  [irincipal  public  walk  here.  Pa- 
Icrm'  is  embtllisiicil  all  round  \vil.li 
avenu  of  trees,  and  ha-j  four  principal 
ciitiani  ,  facing-  the  four  tardin.il 
points,  wl.ieii  are  at  the  cMi-emitic;  of 
Uie  two  CfMcioii.s  streets  which  en.ss 
lucli  othc:  The  most  frequented  of 
iliese  two  streelr.  i-.  caWi-'d  Cusscro.  It 
■'■^iiis  where  the  quay  ends,  witli  tli(? 
M  f;ate  called  Porta  Felice,  tlic  happy 
^uie  ;  and  lerininutes  on  the  S.    Tlie 


% 


PAL 


PAL 


Porta  Felice  opens  to  the  Marino,  a  ile-  j 
lightful  walk,  that  has  on  one  side  tho 
•wall  of  the  city,  and  on  the  oilier,  tlie 
sea ;  and  in   tlie   centre   is  an  cleg;:uit 
kind  of  temple,  which   in   summer  is 
made  use  of  as  an  orchestra.     Palermo 
i«  quite  filled  with  p\iblic  monuments, 
churches,  monasteries,  r      oes,  foun- 
tains,    statues,     and     c  '  ,inns.     The 
chuichcs  amount  to  300,  and  many  of 
them   are   very   rich  and  magnificent. 
Spring-waters  are  very  copious  in  this 
city.  Not  a  quarter  but  is  liberally  sup- 
plied with  fountains,  most  of  which  are 
marble,  all  of  them  adorned  with  pieces 
of  sculpture,  and  all  afibrd  large  quan- 
tities of  water.     The  situation  of  this 
city  is  truly  happy  ;  the  sea,  the  hills, 
the  lofty  mountains,  present  on  all  sides 
beautiful  and  striking  objects.     Freed 
from  the  fetters  of  the  Inquisition,  the 
abolition  of  which  was  procured  by  the 
marquis  of  Caraccioli,  and  from  the  in- 
fluence of  some  other  unfavourable  in- 
stitutions which  are  rapidly  declining, 
Palermo  must  become  one  of  tlie  finest 
cities  in  tlic  world  ;  and  the  island  of 
which  it  is  the  capital,  being  all  culti- 
vated like  a  garden,  one  of  tlie  most  en- 
chanting spots  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 
Palermo  is  the  principal  residence  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  Sicilian  nobility  j 
and  as  it  is  not  the  custom  for  any  gen- 
tlemen to  walk  in  the  streets,  at  least 
1000  carriages  are  said  to  be  kept  in 
the  town.     Ihey  are  for  the  most  part 
in    the    English    taste,  very  elegant, 
shown  to  the  greatest  advantage,  with 
beautiful  horses  richly  caparisoned,  and 
*s  many  footmen  in  splendid  liveries  as 
can  be  crowded  together,  behind.  Every 
evening  all  the  people  of  rank  drive 
about  in  this  manner  on  the  grand  pub- 
Wn  terrace  by  the  sea-side.    There  are 
also  very  convenient  hackrey-coaches, 
covered  and  open,   waiting  all  day  in 
their  respective  stations.     It  is  very  re- 
irarkable  that  the  dead  in  Palermo  are 
•lever  buried.     The  dead  bodies  are 
carried  to  the  capuchin  convent,  which 
is  one  of  the  largest  in  Italy ;  where 
.'ftcr  the  funeral  service  is  performed, 
ti-.'V  are  dried  in  a  stone,  heated  by  a 
composition  of  lime,  which  makes  the 
skin  adiicre  to  the  hones.    Thej'  are 
then  placed  erect  in  niches,  and  fasten- 
ed to  the  wall  by  the  back  or  neck.     A 
piece  (if  course  drab  is  thrown  over  the 
Khiralilera  and  round   the  waist  i   and 
their  hands  are  tied  together,  holding 
a  piec«  of  paper  witJl  their  epitaph, 


which  is  simply  their  name,  age,  and 
when  they  died.  The  number  of  the 
inhabitants  is  above  200,000  ;  and  the 
harbour,  though  very  large,  is  not  so 
commodious  as  might  be  expected,  and 
the  vessels  that  ride  therein  are  not  al- 
ways very  safe.  There  is  a  magnificent 
castle,  built  near  the  sea-side  wherein 
the  viceroy  resides  six  months  in  the 
year  ;  and  his  presence  draws  a  great 
number  of  nobility  to  this  place.  This 
city  has  suffered  greatly  by  earth- 
quakes, particularly  m  1693 ;  and  it  was 
greatly  damaged  by  a  fire  in  1730,  when 
a  magazine  of  powder  was  blown  up, 
containing  400  tons.  It  stcnds  in  a 
pleasant  fruitful  country,  on  the  N  E 
end  o*"lh?  island,  and  at  the  bottom  of 
a  gult  of  tlie  same  name.  Lon.  13  23 
£,  lat.  38  15  M. 

Palermo,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriore,  six  miles  S  S  W  of  Co- 
senza. 

Palicandchtrry,  a  town  of  the  penin« 
sula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of 
Calicut,  20  miles  S  of  Coimbettore,  and 
65  S  E  of  Calicut. 

Palestine,  a  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
so  called  from  tlie  Philistines  who  in- 
habited its  sea  coasts  ;  it  is  called  also 
Judna,  from  the  patriarch  Judah,  and 
the  Holy  Land,  from  its  having  been 
the  residence  and  scene  of  our  Saviour's 
passion,  and  in  scripture  Canaan,  and 
the  Promised  Land.  It  is  bounded  by 
Mount  Libanus,  which  divides  it  from 
Syria  on  the  N,  by  Mount  Hermon, 
which  separates  it  from  Arabia  Peser- 
ta  on  the  E,  by  the  mountains  of  Seir 
and  the  deserts  of  Arabia  Petraea  on  tlie 
S,  and  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W. 
It  is  in  general  a  fruitful  country,  a- 
bounding  m  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  where 
cultivated,  and  might  supply  the  neigh- 
bouring countries  with  all  these,  as  it 
anciently  did,  were  its  present  inhabi- 
tants equally  industrious.  The  parti 
about  Jerusalem,  its  once  famous  capi- 
tal, are  the  most  mountainous  and  rocky, 
but  they  feed  numerous  herds'and 
flocks,  and  yield  plenty  of  honey,  ex- 
cellent wine  and  oil;  and  the  vallies 
large  crops  of  corn. 

Palestrina,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Campagna  di  Ronia,  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name.  It  w.ts  fa- 
mous for  the  Temple  of  Fortune,  being 
then  called  Preneste,  the  ruins  of  which 
mav  vet  be  seen.  It  is  35  milea  E  of 
Romo.  Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  41  52  N. 
faleitrina,  is  one  of  the  largest  of  t!» 3 


PAL 

is  simply  their  name,  age,  and 

they  die(l.    The  number  of  tlie 

itants  is  above  2U0,UU0  ;  and  the 

ur,  thougli  very  large,   is  not  so 

nodious  as  ]nigl)t  be  expected,  and 

essels  that  ride  therein  are  not  al- 

very  safe.    There  is  a  magnificent 

built  near  the  sea-side  wherein 

viceroy  resides  six  months  in  the 

and  his  presence  draws  a  great 

:>er  of  nobility  to  this  place.    This 

has  suffered  greatly    by    earth- 

es,  particularly  in  1693 ;  and  it  was 

tly  damaged  by  a  iire  in  1730,  when 

gazine  of  powder   was  blown  up, 

ining  400  tons.     It    stands  in  a 

iaiit  fruitiul  country,  on  the  N  E 

'>''ih'>  island,  and  at  the  bottom  of 

It  of  tlie  same  name.     Lon.  13  23 

It.  38  15  N. 

ileniio,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Cata< 
Citeriore,  six  miles  S  S  W  of  Co< 
:a. 

alicandcheny,  a  town  of  the  penin- 
of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of 
cut,  20  miles  S  of  Coimbetiore,  and 
E  of  Calicut. 
'alestine,  a  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
jailed  from  tlie  Philistines  who  in- 
'*ed  its  sea  coasts  ;  it  is  called  also 
cca,  from  the. patriarch  Judah,  and 
Holy  Land,  from  its  having  been 
residence  and  scene  of  our  Saviour's 
sion,  and  in  scripture  Canaan,  and 
Promised  Land.  It  is  bounded  by 
unt  Libanus,  which  divides  it  from 
'ia  on  the  N,  by  Mount  Hermon, 
ich  separates  it  from  Arabia  Deser- 
m  the  E,  by  the  mountains  of  Seir 
i  the  deserts  of  Arabia  Petrsa  on  the 
uid  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W. 
is  in  general  a  fruitful  country,  a- 
inding  m  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  where 
t'vated,  and  might  sup]jly  the  neigh- 
iring  countries  with  all  these,  as  it 
liently  did,  were  its  present  inhabi- 
ts equally  industrious.  The  part* 
lut  Jerusalem,  its  once  famous  capi- 
,  are  the  most  mountainous  androjpky, 
:  they  feed  numerous  herd«*and 
;ks,  and  yield  plenty  of  honey,  es- 
lent  wine  and  oil;  and  the  vallies 
3fe  crops  of  corn. 

?alestrina,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
"ampagna  di  Ronta,  capital  of  a  prin- 
atity  of  the  same  name.  It  was  fa- 
ns for  the  Temple  of  Fortune,  being 
n  called  Preneste,  the  ruins  of  which 
V  vet  be  seen.  It  is  35  milej  E  of 
mo.  Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  41  52  N. 
?ale*trina,  is  one  of  the  largest  of  tl»2 


PAL 

isUnda  called  the  Laguncs,  near  Ve- 
nice, whe'"e  the  most  considerable  of 
the  nobility  have  country  houses.  The 
pi'ir.cip.'d  harbour  has  tlie  same  name. 

I'alicata,  aseairortof  the  East  Indies, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  factory.  It  is  25  miles  N 
cf  Madras.    Lon.  8l'33  E,  hit.  13  30  N. 

Palimtium^  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  island  of  Su- 
matra, seated  on  the  E  coast,  120  miles 
N  E  of  Bcncooien,  and  subject  to  the 
Dutch.    Lon.  103  31 E,  lat.  JOS. 

J'aUiser's  Isluntls,  a  gi'oup  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lou.  146 
30  VV,  lat.  15  .30  S. 

Palma,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Alaiitejo,  seated  on  tlie  ri- 
ver Cadoan,  20  miles  E  of  St.  Ubcs. 
Lull.  8  40  VV,  l.it.  33  37  N. 

Palma,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  Firm.i,  in  New  Granada,  50 
miles  N  W  of  St.  Fe-de-Bogota.  Lon. 
"3  40  W,  lat.  4  30  N. 

Palma,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
lying  to  tlie  N  of  Ferro.  Lou.  17  50 
W,  lat.  28  37  N. 

Palma,  or  Palma  Niiova,  a  strong 
town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli.  It  in 
a  very  important  place,  for  the  defence 
of  the  Venetians  against  the  Austriaiis 
and  Turks  ;  and  is  seated  in  a  most  a- 
greeable  vallc)',  on  the  gidf  of  Venice, 
10  miles  S  E  of  Udina,  and  55  N  E  of 
Venice.    Lon.  13  15 E,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Palmaria,  a  small  island  lying  in  tlie 
Mediterranean,  15  leagues  from  the 
coast  of  Italy.  Lon.  12  45  E,  lat.  40 
58  N. 

Palmaria,  a  small  island,  seated  in 
tlie  Mediterranean,  near  tlie  coast  of 
Italy,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Spezzia.    Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  41  1  N. 

Palmas,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Canaria.     See  Canary. 

Palmas,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
in  the  East  Indies,  16  leagues  S  E  of 
Mindanao.     Lon.  127  0  E,  lat.  5  33  N. 

Palmas,  Cape,  api'oinontory  of  Africa, 
on  tlie  Ivory  Coast  of  Guinea.  Lon.  5 
54  VV,  lat.  4  26  N. 

Palmela,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Es- 
tramadura,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock, 
seated  on  the  river  Gadaon,  19  mites  S 
E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  56  W,  lat.  38 
29  N. 

Palmerston\   Island,  situated  in  the 
South  Seas,  and  visited  by  captain  Cook 
in  his  second  and  last  voyages.     It  con- 
sists of  a  group  of  srnall  islands,  about  i 
nine  or  ten  in  number,  connected  by  a  < 


P  A  L 

reef  of  coral  rocks,  and  lying  in  a  circu- 
lar direction.  This  place  lulmits  of  no 
anchorage,  nor  arc  there  any  inhabitants 
on  it,  though  it  abounds  with  cocoa- 
nuts,  scurvy-grass,  and  the  wharra-trcc. 
'I'liis  island  does  not  e-Kceed  a  mile  in 
circumference,  and  is  not  elevated  a- 
bove  tliree  feet  beyond  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Lou.  102  57  VV,  lat,  18  0  S. 

Palmyra,  foi','>.crly  a  magnilicentcily 
of  Asia,  in  tlie  deserts  of  Arabia,  of 
wliicii  Zcnobia  was  queen,  who  held  it 
out  a  long  time  against  tl,e  Romans, 
but  was  at  length  taken  ciiptive,  and 
led  in  triumph  through  the  streets  of 
Rome.  The  stupendous  ruins  of  this 
city  were  visited  by  messieurs  Wood 
and  Uawkins,  in  1754 ;  .ind  Mr.  Wood 
published  a  splendid  account  of  them, 
illustrated  by  plates,  in  1755.  This 
place  is  likewise  called  Tedmor  in  the 
Desert.  The  present  inhabitants,  co--- 
sisting  of  30  or  40  families,  have  creel- 
ed their  mud  cottages  within  the  spa- 
cious court  of  a  magniiicent  temple  of 
the  sun.  Palmyra  is  200  miles  S  E  of 
Aleppo.     Lon.  38  Sii  E,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Palmyra,  a  p(.rt  of  entry  and  ])ost 
town  in  Montgomery  comity,  Tennes- 
see, situated  on  the  S  side  of  Cunihc;'- 
land  river,  65  miles  N  W  of  Nashville, 
along  the  post  road,  but  about  35  in  a 
direct  line. 

Palnaud,  a  di.strict  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  situate  toward  the  ri.ei' 
Kistna,  to  t!ic  VV  of  tile  Giintoor  Cir- 
cvv,  and  behmgliig  to  the  Carnatic. 

Palos,  a  town  uf  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  pretty  good  hariiour :  remarka- 
ble  for  being  the  phice  whence  Christo- 
plier  Columbus  sailed  to  discover  the 
New  World,  in  1492.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Tinto,  46  miles 

5  W  of  Seville.  Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  37 
14  N. 

Palos,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Spain, 
in  Murcia,  to  the  S  of  a  town  of  tlie 
same  name,  which  separates  the  bay  of 
Carthagcna  from  that  of  Alicant.   Lon. 

6  39  VV,  lat.  37  i7  N. 

Palota,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  Alba  Regalis,  taken 
from  the  Turks,  in  1687.  It  is  40  miles 
S  \V  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  47 
ON. 

Palotza^  a  small  town  of  Hungary, 
seated  on  th-  river  Poprat,  54  miles  N 
of  Cassovat  Lon.  21  20  E,  lat.  47 
42  N.        ^ 

Palte,  a  famous  lake  of  Thibet,  lying 
to  tltc  S  of  Lassa,  about  three  da\# 
U  V  u 


Ml 


f-  / 


I'l't/ 


l^-' 


PAN 

journey  and  12  mile*  S  of  the  river 
Sanpoo  or  BiU'rampooter.  It  in  150 
miles  in  circumference ;  and  in  th^ 
middle  of  it  is  one  large  island.  On 
the  VV  shore  of  this  island,  or  con^ries 
of  islands,  is  a  monastery,  and  the  seat 
of  the  Lamis8aTurcepam(),orthe  Great 
Regenerate,  in  whom  the  Thibetians 
think  that  a  divine  spirit  is  regenerated, 
as  it  is  in  the  Great  Luma.  The  word 
Lama  signifies  a  priest,  or  minister  of 
religion,  and  Lamiua  is  the  feminine  of 
Lama. 

Pamiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Arriegc  and  late  terri- 
tory of  Foix,  wilh  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
not  so  considerable  as  formerly,  nor 
peopled  in  proportion  to  its  extent. 
Near  it  is  a  mhicrni  spring,  said  to  cure 
the  gout  and  obstructions.  Pamiers  is 
seated  on  the  Arriege,  eight  m.lcs  N 
of  Foix,  and  30  S  of  Toulouse.  l..on.  1 
.32  E,  lat.  43  8  N. 

Pamlico  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland  sea, 
of  North  Carolina,  100  miles  long  and 
from  10  to  20  broad.  It  is  separated, 
in  its  whole  length,  from  the  sea,  by  a 
beach  of  sand,  liardly  a  mile  wide,  ge- 
nerally covered  by  small  trees  or  bushes. 
Through  this  bank  it  has  several  inlets  j 
but  that  of  Ocrccock  is  the  only  one 
tlLit  will  admit  vessels  of  burden.  This 
inlet  is  in  Ion.  76  20  W,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Pawptlome,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  1 5  miles  N  by  E  of  Alby. 
Lon.  2  17E,lut.  4410N. 

Pampeltiua,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital 
of  Upper  Navarre,  with"  a  very  strong 
citadel,  and  a  rich  bishopric.  Its 
s((uares  are  handsome,  and  adorned 
with  shops  full  of  rich  merchandise.  It 
is  seateil  in  a  very  fertile  plain,  on  thee; 
Arpi,  42  miles  S  of  Bayonnc,  and  167 
N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  35  W,  lat.  42 
47  N. 

Parnpeluna,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  New  Granada,  famous  for  its  mines 
of  gold,  anil  numerons  flocks  of  sheep. 
It  is  150  miles  N  by  E  of  St.  Fe-de-Ba- 
got.i.     Lon.  71  30  W,  lat.  6  30  N. 

Painp/iej;a,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the 
province  of  Old  Castile,  12  miles  S  of 
Burgos.    Lon.  3  37  VV,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Pan,  or  Paliang,  a  town  of  Asia,  on 
the  E  coastof  the  peninsulaof  Malacca. 
It  is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  remarkable  ffir  the  great 
number  of  Elephants,  and  for  the  plen- 
ty of  pepper  it  produces.    Pan  is  140 


PAN 

milcA  N  E  of  Malacca.  Lon.  103  20 
E,  lat.  3  55  N. 

Panngia,  a  handsome  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  the  province  of  Romania. 
Lon.  27  2  E,  lat.  4040  N. 

Panama,  a  city  of  South  America, 
the  capital  of  Terra  Firma  Proper,  aiul 
the  seat  of  a  royal  audience  and  of  a 
bishop,  who  is  primate  of  Terra  Firma. 
It  was  built  in  1517,  and  was  sacked 
and  burnt  by  the  English  bucc.tneersin 
1670.  The  Spaniards  of  Chili  and  Pe- 
ru, used  to  bring  the  products  and  ma- 
nufactures of  Europe  to  Panama ;  but 
the  commercial  intccourse  is  now  car- 
ried on  by  register  ships,  which  sail 
round  Cai'e  Horn,  and  convey  directly 
to  the  ports  of  Chili  and  Peru  the  mer- 
chandise, which  was  formerly  conveyed 
across  the  isthmus  of  Durien  to  Panama. 
In  the  harbour  of  Panama  is  a  fine  pearl 
fishery.  This  city  is  seated  on  a  bay 
of  the  same  name,  70  miles  S  of  Porto 
Bello.     Lon.  80  35  W,  lat.  8  48  N. 

Panari,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  ia 
the  Mediterranean,  between  Lipari  and 
Strombolo.  It  is  a  barren  inconsider- 
able island,  and  only  five  miles  in  cir> 
cumference.  Lon.  15  41  E,  lat.  38 
38  N. 

Panay,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islinds, 
between  those  of  Paragoa  and  Negro. 
It  is  250  miles  in  circumference,  and 
the  most  populous  and  fertile  of  them 
all.  It  is  watered  by  a  great  number 
of  rivers  and  brooks,  and  produces  a 
great  quantity  of  rice.  Iloila  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Pancrat,  St.  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
a  little  to  the  N  W  of  London.  It  has 
a  church  dedicated  to  St.  Pancras  ;  and 
the  churchyard  is  remarkable  for  being 
the  princi))a'  place  of  interment  for  the 
Roman  catholics.  At  a  public  house 
near  the  church  is  a  medicinal  spring. 
Here  is  an  Hospital  for  inoculation,  and 
^he  Vetcrinai^  College,  established  in 
1791,  under  the  patronage  of  people  of 
the  first  rank  and  fortune,  for  tlie  im- 
provement of  farriery,  and  the  treat- 
ment of  cattle  in  general :  the  noble 
stables,  and  anatomical  theatre,  are 
finished ;  but  the  present  college  is 
only  a  temporary  building. 

Panga,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Congo,  capital  of  the  province 
ofBamba.     Lon.  1425  E,  lat.  6  30  S. 

Panglang,  a  town  of  Peguc,  in  the 
Birman  empire,  situated  on  the  river 
Rangoon.    Lon.  17  4  E,  lat.  95  54  S. 

Panjab,    a    country   of  Hindoostan 


A  N 

Malacca.    Lon.  103  20 

landsome  town  of  Turkey 
the  province  of  Romania, 
at.  40  4-0  N. 

city  of  South   America, 

Terra  Firma  Proper,  uinl 

royal  audience  anil  of  a 

primate  of  Terra  Firma. 

in  1517,  and  was  sacked 

he  English  buccaneers  in 

paniards  of  Chili  and  Pe- 

ing  the  products  and  ma- 

Europe  to  Panama  ;  but 

:ial  intccoursc  is  now  car- 

rejfister  ships,  which  sail 

Horn,  and  convey  directly 

of  Chili  and  Peru  the  mcr- 

lich  was  formerly  conveyed 

tlimus  of  Durien  to  Panama. 

)iir  of  Panama  is  a  fine  pearl 

lis   city  is  seated  on  a  bay 

name,  70  miles  S  of  Porto 

,80  35  W,  lat.  8  48N. 

ne  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  ia 

ranean,  between  Lipari  and 

It  is  a  barren  inconsider- 

and  only  five  miles  in  cir- 

Lon.  15  41  E,  lat.  38 

ne  of  the  Philippine  Islinds, 
ose  of  Paragoa  and  Negro, 
liles  in  circumference,  and 
populous  and  fertile  of  them 
watered  by  a  great  number 
ind  brooks,  and  produces  a 
tityofrice.     Iloila  is  the  ca- 

5"*.  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
he  N  W  of  London.  It  has 
edicated  to  St.  Pancra*  i  and 
yard  is  renmrkable  for  being 
tal  place  of  interment  for  ttie 
;liolic8.  At  a  public  house 
:hurch  is  a  medicinal  spring. 
Hospital  for  inoculation,  and 
nary  College,  established  in 
;r  the  patronage  of  people  of 
ank  and  fortune,  for  die  im- 
;of  farriery,  and  the  trest- 
;attle  in  general :  the  noble 
nd  anatomical  theatre,  are 
but  the  present  college  is 
iporary  building, 
a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
ongo,   capital  of  the  province 

Lon.  1425  E,  lat.  6  SOS. 
f,  a  town  of  Pegue,  in  the 
mpire,  situated  on  *be  river 

Lon.  17  4  E,  lat,  95  54  S. 

a   country   of  Hindoostan 


P  A  O 

proper,  being  that  watered  by  ti>e  five 
eastern  branches  of  the  Indus.  It  was 
the  scene  of  Alexander's  last  campaign, 
and  the  tie  plua  ultra  of  his  conquests. 
It  forms  a  square  of  250  miles,  and  in- 
cludes the  whole  of  Lahore,  and  a  great 
part  of  Moultan  Proper.  To  the  lower 
part  of  Moultan  it  is  flat  and  marshy, 
and  inundated  by  the  periodical  rains 
which  fall   between  May  and  October. 

Pannanach  Well'*,  a  village  in  Aber- 
deenshire, noted  for  the  mineral  waters 
discovered  in  1756 ;  and  a  lodge  has 
been  erected  for  tlic  accommodation  of 
tlie  company  that  frequent  them  in 
summer. 

Fanniput,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, situate  in  an  extensive  plain  be- 
tween the  cities  of  Uellii  and  Sirhind. 
This  plain  is  celebrated  for  ^n  obstinate 
battle  fought  in  1761,  between  an  army 
of  200,000  Mahrattas,  and  Abdallah, 
kingoCCaudaiiar,  at  thehead  of  150,000 
Mahometans,  when  the  former  were 
totally  defeated.  Pannipul  is  72  miles 
N  VV  of  Delhi.  Lon.  76  45  E,  lat.  29 
15  N. 

I'anomi,  a  village  of  Turkey  in  the 
province  of  Macctlaniu,  16  miles  S  of 
Salonichi.     Lon.  23  10  E,  lat.  40  25  N. 

Panotino,  a  small  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe.  It  is  situate  in  tiie  province 
of  Albania,  on  a  gidf  of  the  Mcditerra. 
nean,  opposite  tlie  island  of  Corfu,  45 
miles  S  S  E  of  Valoua.  Lou.  20  2  E, 
lat.  40  0  N. 

J'antiilaria,  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, between  Sicily  and  tiie  coast  of 
Tunis,  about  17  miles  in  circumference. 
It  abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  wine,  and 
corn,  and  is  subject  to  t!ie  king  of  Na 
pics.    Lon.  12  31  E,  l.it.  .16  55  N 

Pantiia,  a  town   of  Turkey   in  tl 
Asiatic  province  of  Natoli.a,  situate  (' 
the  N  E  coast  of  thiisea  of  MarmoraJ 
12  miles  S  E  of  Coiytantinople. 

Piinuco,  a  provindl  of  N<uv  Spain,  jm 
the  audience  of  M/exico.  ^iccapital, 
of  the  same  name,  is  a  bishnp's  sec, 
and  is  situate  on  the  river  I'aiiuco,  nc^r 
thegulfof  Mexico,  and  170  miles  N  by 
E  of  the  city  of  Me.vico.  Lou.  Sti  5  K, 
lat.  23  0  N. 

Pa-oom,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  t((  the  .S  oi 
Malicollo.    Lon.  168  '-8  \V,  hit.  16  30  ii. 

Pao-ting-fou,  a  town  of  Ciiina,  in  the 
province  o.  Pe-tcheli,  where  the  vicerov 
resides,  and  the  most  considerable  cit\ 
in  the  province,  ne.xtto  Peking.  Itliiia 
twenty  otlitra  unde"  its  Jurisdietion  i 


«i 


PAR 

three  of  the  second,  and  seventeen  of 
the  third  class,  'i'hi  country  around  it 
is  pleasant,  and  inferior  in  fertility  to  no 
part  of  China. 

Pupa,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Lower  Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Es- 
prin.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  in 
1683,  after  the  raising  of  the  siege  of 
Vienna.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Marthaltz,  45  miles  W 
of  Buda.     Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  47iaN. 

Papoui,  St.  a  late  episco))al  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Aude^ifid 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on 
the  Lembc,  eight  miles  E  of  Castle- 
naudary,  and  35  S  E  of  Toulouse.  Lon. 
2  10  E;  lat.  43  2  IN. 

Pappenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Frivnconia,  capital  of  acoun- 
ty  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  M'hcre 
the  count  resides.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Altmal,  17  miles  N  W  of  Neuburg, 
and  32  S  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  10  51 
E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Para,  afortofBrasil,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  and  to  the 
E  of  the  eastern  branch  of  it.  Lon.  50 
0  W,  lat.  2  0  S. 

Paracels,  a  vast  number  of  small 
islfcuds  and  rocks,  lying  in  tlie  China 
Sea,  and  forming  a  long  cluster,  near 
400  mile^  4n  length,  olf  the  coast  of 
Cochin  China. 

Piiroiltlla,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira.  Lon.  7  23  W,  lat. 
41  4  N. 

Parago,  or  Palatuan,  a  large  isl.ind  iu 
the  Indian  O  "^an,  between  the  Philip- 
pines and  Borneo,  which  has  a  khig, 
tributary  to  Borneo.  The  Spaniards 
have  a  fort  here. 

Paragua,  the  most  Vt'CSterly  of  the 
.'hillppuie  Islands,  cNtendiug  about  180 
liles  in  length  and  20  iu  breadth.  Lon, 
17  44  E,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Paraguay,  a  large  country  of  South 
America,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Ama- 
zonia, on  the  E  by  BrnsU,  o«i  the  S  by 
Patagonia,  and  on  the  W  by  Chili  anil 
Peru.  It  contains  sixprovinces  J  namely, 
Puvagu.iy  Proper,  Parana,  Guaria,  Ura- 
guay,  Tucunian,  and  La  Plata,  fnini 
which  the  whole  country  is  also  culled 
La  Plata.  It  has  numerous  lakes  and 
rivers  ;  of  the  latter,  the  three  princi- 
pal arc  the  Paraguay,  Urag-ua,  and  Pa. 
rana  ;  the  united  streams  of  whlcli  form 
'he  cclebnited  Rio-<le-la-Piat:i.  These 
livers  annually  overflow  tlieir  banks, 
and,  on  their  recess,  leave  them  enrich- 
ed by  a  slime,  that  renders  the  soil  ex 


m 


ill 


PAR 

tremely  fertile.     This  vast  country  is  i 
far  fi'om  beiii|j  wliolly  subdued  or  plant- 
ed by  the  Spaniards  )  many  parts  being' 
still  unknown.     The  principal  province 
of  which   we   have  any  knowletlgc  is 
that  called  La  Plata,  toward  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio-dela-Plata.    This  province, 
with  all  the  adjacent  parts,  is  one  con- 
tinued plain  for  several  hundred  miles  ; 
extremely  fertile,  and  producing'  cotton 
in  great  abundance,  tobacco,  and  the 
valuable  herb  called  Paraguay,  which 
is  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  the  in- 
fusion of  which  is  drank  in  all  the  Span- 
ish provinces  of  South  America,  in- 
stciul  of  tea.     They  have  also  a  variety 
of  fruits,  and  very  rich  pastures  ;  but 
the  country  is  destitute  of  woods.    Tlie 
air  is  remarkably  sweet  and  serene. 
Tiic  Spaniards  discovered  this  country, 
by  sailini^  up  tl»e   Rio-de -la-Plata,   in 
l'515,  and  founded  the  town  of  Buenos 
Ayres.    In  1580,  the  Jesuits  were  ad- 
mitted into  these  fertile  regions,  and  in 
the  next  century,  founded  the  famous 
missions  of  Paraguay  ;  which   were   a 
number  of  colonies,  each  governed  by 
two  Jesuits,  one  of  whom  w;is  rector, 
the  otlier  his  curate.    They  had  long 
resisted  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  ; 
but  the   Jesuits,  by  learning  their  lan- 
j^uage,   conforjning   to  their  manners, 
{kc.  soon  actinircd  great  authority  among 
them  i  till  at  last,  by  steadily  pursuing 
the  same  artl'ul  measures,  they  arrived 
at  the  highest  degree  of  power  and  in- 
fluence, being  in  a  manner  the  absolute 
sovereigns  of  a  ureut  part  of  this  exten- 
sive country;  foratJove 350,000 families 
arc  said  to  liavc  been  subject  to   them, 
living  in  obedience  .t'.u  awe  bordering 
ou  adoration,  yet  (jrodiiced  witliout  the 
least  violence  or  constraint.     In    1767 


PAR 

Paraiba,  a  town  of  South  America  !■ 
Brasil,  at  the  mmith  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name.  The  Dutch  got  possession 
of  it  in  1635,  and  fortified  it  with  a 
slight  rampart ;  but  the  Portuguese  re- 
took it  soon  after.  TJie  soil  is  pretty 
fertile,  and  produces  sugar  canes,  and 
a  great  number  of  trees  of  Brasil  wood. 
Lon.  49  53  W,  lat.  6  50  S. 

Paranwusic,  one  of  the  Kurile  Islands, 
lying  S  of  that  of  Shoomska.  See  Kit- 
rites. 

Parana,  a  province  of  Paraguay,  so 
called  from  a  large  river,  which  miiting 
with  the  Paraguay,  and  afterward  with 
the  Uraguay,  forms  the  Rio-de-la-Plata. 

Parc/iim,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated 
on  a  small  river  which  falls  into  the 
Elbe.  It  is  20  miles  S  E  of  Schwerm. 
Lon.  12  0  E,  lat.  53  34  K, 

Parchwitz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Lignitz,  subject  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia. It  has  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  cloth.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Wohlau, 
and  10  N  E  of  Lignitz.  Lon.  16  42  E, 
lat.  51  17  N. 

Pardobitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  thft 
circle  of  Chrudim,  subject  to  the  house 
of  Austria,  with  a  manufacture  of  knivca 
and  sword  blades.  It  is  a  fortified  town 
and  is  55  miles  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  15 
45  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Parella,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
in  the  coimty  of  Canavez,  20  miles  NT 
of  Turin. 

Paremo,  a  strong  town  of  Vencti.ift 
Istria,  with  a  blsiiop's  sec,  and  a  good 
harbour,  on  thegulf  of  Venice,  65  miles 
E  of  Venice.  Lon.  t3  56  E,  lat.  45 
24  N. 

Paria,  or  New  Andalusia,  a  province 


the  court  cxjiellcd  tlie  Jesuits,  and  th«|  'of  Terra   Firnni,  on  the  banks  of  the 


natives  were  put  upon  tlie  same  footing 
witli  the  other  Indians  of  the  Spanish 
part  of  .South  America. 

PiVamuriuo,  the  ranital  of  Surinam, 
ill  Guiana,  and  beFdre  Surinam  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Britisli,  was  the  chief  place 
of  the  Dutch  colonies  in  Soutii  Ameri- 
ca. It  has  a  strong  citadel ;  and  a  no- 
ble road  lor  ^lii|)ping,  where  there  ;'re 
seldom  less  than  80  vessels  loading 
tohc'c,  sugar,  cotton,  .-md  indijjo  for 
Hurojie.  Tie  streets  are  perfectly 
straight,  .ind  lined  with  orange,  shad- 
look,  tam'u-ind,  and  lemon  trees  in  ev- 
i.'o'-,!.,  It  is  situate  on  tlic  E 
.;  .'ivcr  F'li  inam,  16  miles  iVom 
Lon.  w^  25  W,  bt.  5  48  N. 


e.;.>'»tni 

dcf.t  ;•;. 

ir.lr 


b 

its  K 


Oronoko,  near  its  moutli. 

Parilla,  or  St.  Parilln,  a  town  of  Peru, 
in  the  audience  of  Lima,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Santa,  50  miles  S  E 
of  Truxillo,  and  230  N  W  of  Lima. 
Lon.  77  50  W,  lat.  H  36  S. 

Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  one  of 
the  largest,  finest,  and  most  populous 
cities  of  Europe.  The  river  Seine, 
which  crosses  it,  forms  two  small 
islands  ;  and  it  is  six  leagues  in  circum- 
ference, including  tlie  suburbs.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  to  be  800,000. 
Tlicre  are  nine  ]n'incipal  bridges  in 
Paris,  two  of  wiiich,  and  the  most  dis- 
tiiiguislied,  occupy  the  whole  breadth 
of  the  tiuiiie ;  namely,  Pont  Ncuf,  an<< 


PAR 

town  of  South  America  !■ 
month  of  a  river  of  tlie 
"he  Dutch  got  possession 
,  and  fortified  it  with  a 
t  J  but  the  Portuguese  re- 
fter.  TJie  soil  is  pretty 
iroduces  sugar  canes,  and 
;r  of  trees  of  Brasil  wood. 
,  lat.  6  50  S. 

,  one  of  the  Kurile  Islands, 
it  of  Shoomska.    See  A'k- 

rovjnce  of  Paraguay,  so 
large  river,  wiiich  uniting 
iguay,  and  afterward  with 
tinms  the  Rio-de-la-Plata. 
town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
of  Mecklenburg,  seated 
'iver  which  falls  into  the 

0  miles  S  E  of  Schwerin. 
at.  53  34  N. 

J  town  of  Germany  in  the 
ilesia,  in  the  principaliiy 
bject  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
considerable  manufacture 
>  12  miles  W  of  Wohlau, 
r  Lignitz.     Lon.  16  42  E, 

lovm  of  Bohemia,  inthft 
dim,  subject  totlie  house 
:h  a  manufacture  of  knivca 
des.  It  is  a  fortified  town 
s  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  15 
:5N. 

Jwn  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
of  Canavez,   20  miles  N" 

strong  town  of  Venetian 

liisiio])'s  see,  and  a  good 

2  gulf  of  Venice,  65  miles 

Lon.   l3   56  E,  lat.  45 

tiu  Andalusia,  a  province 
iia,  on  tlie  banks  of  the 
its  moutli. 

t.  Parilln,  a  town  of  Peru, 
s  of  Lima,  seated  at  the 
iver  Santa,  50  miles  S  E 
nd  230  N  W  of  Lima, 
lat.  H  36  S. 

ipital  of  France,  one  of 
est,  and  most  populous 
ape.     The   river  Seine, 

1  it,    forms    two    small 
is  six  leagues  in  circum- 

ling  the  .siib\irbs.  The 
computed  to  be  800,000. 
le  principal  bridges  in 
'iiich,  and  the  most  dis- 
cupy  the  wliole  breadth 
iiiimcly,  Pont  Ncuf,  an^ 


PAR 

Pont  Royal ;  to  which  may  be  added, 
the  new  bridge,   begun  in  1787,  and 
called  Pont  de  Louis  Seize.     But  it  is 
here  to  be  observed,  that  all  the  names 
of  buildings,  squares,   streets,   &.c,  in 
compliment    to    i-oyalty,     have    been 
changed  since  the  abolition  of  monar- 
chy,  in  1792.     I'hc  other  bridges  are, 
Pont  St.  Michel,  Pont  au  Change,  Petit 
Pont,  Pont  Notre  Dame,  Pontde  la  Tour- 
nellc,  Pont  Marie,  and  Pont  Rouge. 
Tliis  last,   which  is   a  timber  bridge, 
painted  red,  is  the  point  of  communi- 
cation between  tlie  Isle  du   Palais  and 
Isle  St.  Louis.     Among  a  great  number 
of  public  fountains,  two  only  merit_ no- 
tice ;  that  of  tlie  Innocents,    in  which, 
•imong  other  fine  pieces  of  sculpture,  is 
a  Galatia,  by  Goujeon ;  and  that  of 
Grenellc,   the  perfoVmance  of  the  cele- 
brated Bourchardon.    There  are  three 
triumphal  arches,    erected    to    Louis 
XIV.  and  known  by  the  names  of  Porte 
St.  Bernard,  Porte  St.  Denis,  and  Porte 
St.  Martin.  The  Place  Royale,  the  Place 
Vendome,  the  Place  des  Victoircs,  and 
the  Place  de  Louis  XV.  of  an  octagon 
form,  in  which  was  an  equestrian  statue, 
in  bronze,  of  that  monarch.  This  square, 
which   is   now   called  the  Place  de  la 
Revolution,   was   the    fatal    scene    of 
the  e.vecution   of  the  late  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.  of  his  unhappy    consort, 
Mario  Antonictte,  and  of  his  sister  the 
princess   Elizabeth  ;  tlj^.  king  on  the 
21st  of  January,  the  JFJfieen  on  the  10th 
of  Octi)ber^l7<J3i  'and  the  jinncess,  on 
the  10th  of  T^)i,  1794.     Besides  n^any 
hunch'eds  of  victimsof  rc\jylutionary  des- 
potism wholiffl|JH|||ll**'5l*'"^  ""   *'"'* 
fatal  spot,  itV'S^'emarkaBlc  that  many 
of  tlie  members  of  the  French  conven- 
tion,  who  voted  for  the  d^ath  of  the 
king,  suft'cred,   in  the   sequel,  on  Uie 
same   scaflbk! ;  and  among  these,  was 
his  infamous  relation,   the  duke  of  Or- 
le.ius,  who  had  assumed  the  ludicrous 
name  of  Philip  de  Egalite.     The   most 
interesting  of  the  manufactures  of  Paris 
is  that  of  the  Gobelines  (so  called  from 
a  family  of  celebrated  dyers  settled  in 
this  city  in  1450),  in    which  tapestries 
are   made   after    the    pictures  of  the 
greatest  masters,  to   such  perfection, 
that  one,  representing  Louis   XV.    a 
wliolc  length,  framed,  and  placed  among 
tho  masterpieces  of  pninting,  wa?  taken, 
for  many  days,  by  multitudes  of  visitors, 
for  a  finished  piece.     The  manufacture 
of  phite-glass  likewise  merits  attention. 
The  cathedral  ef  Notre  Dame,  a  Goth- 


PAR 

ic  structure,    is  one  of  the  largest  in 
Europe,  and  contains  forty-five  chapels. 
Next  to  the  cathedral,  the  most  distin- 
guishcd  churches  are  St.  Sulpice,  St. 
Eustache,   St.  Gervais,  St.  Etlenne  du 
Mont,  the  old  church  of  St.  Genevieve, 
the  new  church  of  St.  Genevieve  <  novt 
the  Pantheon)  the  churches  of  St.  Sc- 
verin,  St.  Roch,   and  Vil-de-Grace.— 
The  finest  college  in  Paris  is  that  of 
the  Four  Nations,  called  also  Mazarin, 
from  the  name  of  the  cardinal  its  found- 
er.  There  were  lately  six  academies  it» 
Paris;  namely,  the    French  academy, 
founded  by  Cardinal  Richelieu  ;  that  of 
Inscriptions    and    Belles    Lettres,   by 
Louis  XIV. ;  that  of  the  Sciences  ;  .and 
those  of  Painting  and   Sculpture,  Ar- 
chitecture,   and  Chiruigery.     Among 
the   public  libraries,  that  lately  called 
the  King's,  holds  the  first  rank  in  res- 
pect both  to  the  extent  of  the  buildings, 
and  the  nuniber  of  the  volumes.    It  wa.s 
founded  by  GJiarles  V.  in    1372.    The 
other  libraries '^re  those  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve, the  College  of  Mazarin,  St.  Vic- 
tor, of  the  Doctrinarwis,  of  the  Advo- 
cates, and  of  the  faculty  of  Medicine  ; 
that  of  St.  Germainjfles-Pres,  one  of  the 
richest  in  Fr-ance/coittahiing  betvyecn 
fifteen  and    twehty    thousand    manu- 
scripts,  and  near  a  hundred  thousand 
volumes,   is  open  evfery  day  to  men  of 
letters.      Tlie   Royal   (now   National) 
Observatory  is  built  of  freestone,  and 
neither  iron  nor  wood  has  been  emjiloy- 
ed  in  the  erection.      The    Botanical 
Garden,  is  worthy,  in  every  respect,  of 
its  late  appellation  of  Royal.     The  four 
principal  palaces  arc  the    Louvre,  the 
Thuilleries,  the  Palais  Uoyal,  and  the 
Lii::cmburg.    The   Louvre    is  distin- 
guishcd  into  the  Old  and   New.     The 
Old  Louvre  was  begun  by  Fr.ancis  I.  in 
1528;  and  the  grand  gallery,  1362  feet 
long,  and  30  broad,    which  joins   it  to 
the    Thuilleries,    was     begun     imder 
Cliarles  IX.and  linislicd  by  Louis  XiV. 
who  likewise   built,  in  1665,  the  New 
Louvre.     But  it    is  still  an   iiniiiiislied 
structure.     In  some  of  the  apartments 
diirercnt   acadcni'.es   have    held    their 
sittings  ;  and   in   others  arc  the  work- 
shops    and   lodging  io<,nis    of    artists. 
The  Thuilleries,  Ijejpin  in  1564,  by  Ca. 
tharineof  Mcdicis.conthuicd  by  Kcniy 
IV.  and  com|)letcd  by  Louis  XIV.  takes 
its  name  from  its  situation  in  u  rl.nre  in 
which    wore   formerly   UKiny  tllo-kiins 
(tuilrriesj,  which,    for  three   or   four 
centuries  fiu'nislied  the  grealcist  part  of 


'•; 


fm 


PAR 


PAR 


the  tiles  used  in  Paris.    Tlie  garden  of 
the  Ttiuilleries,  in  front  uf  tlic  palace, 
and  on  tlic  banks  of  the  Seine,  is  im- 
questionably  the  finest  public  walk  in 
Pari*.     From  this  palace,  when  attack- 
ed by  the  enraged  mob,  on  tlic  lUtli  of 
August,  1793,  the  unfortunate    L.ouis 
XVI.  went  for  an  asylum  to  the  hull  of 
tiie  national  assembly,  thence  to  a  pri- 
son, and  thence  to  the  scaitold.  The  Pa- 
lais Koyai  was  built  by  cardinal  Hiclie- 
Ijeu  hi   1629,  and  had  the  name  of  the 
Cardinal's  Palace,  tilt  Anne  of  Austria 
came  to  reside  in  it,  in  164J,  with  her 
aon  Louis  XIV.     It  has  been  long  the 
property  of  the  late  duke  of  Orleans  ; 
land  the  interior  has  been  recently  cm- 
tiellished  with  many  beautiful  building's, 
•with  shops,  cortieehcAises,  and  a  garden, 
which  render  it  like  a  perp<-lujl  fair, 
■nd  one  of  the  most  pleasing  walks  in 
the  city.    The  palace  of  Luxemburg 
was  built  by  Mai-y  of  Medicis  m  1715, 
and,  in    form,    somewhat    resembles 
Qjieen's  College,  Oxford.     Its  gardens 
are  open  to  tlie  public  on  festi\al  days. 
The    Hotel    f'cs    luvalideH,     fop     the 
"wouiided  and  superannuated  soldierj, 
is   a  magnificent  structure,   built   by 
Louis  XIV.  as  is  the  Military  School,  in 
the  Champdc  Mars,  which  waf.  founded 
by  Louis  XV.    The  two  principal  thea- 
tres are  the  'i'heat^e  de  la  Niitlon  and 
the  Italian  Theatre  ;  which  in  point  of 
elegance  and  convenience,  are  worthy, 
in  every  respect,  of  the   capital  of  :>. 
great  nation.     The  Monnole,  or  Mint, 
is  also  a  noble  building,  situate  on  th.iv 
side  of  the  Seine  whicli  is  opposite  the 
Louvre.  The  Hotel-de-'i'le,  or  Guild- 
hall of  the  city,  is  an  ancient  structure, 
in  the  Place  de  Greve,  which  was  here- 
tofore the  common  place  of  execution. 
Paris  is  an  archbishopric,  and  tlic  scat 
of  a.  university.    It  is  situated  in  the 
late  province  of  the  Isie  of  France  ;  and 
it  now  forms,   with  a  small  district 
round  «t,  one  of  the  83  dcjjartments  of 
France,    It   is   70  miles   S  of  Rouen, 
265  S   E  of  London,  625  N  W  of  Vi- 
enna,  and  630  N  E  of  Madrid.     Lat. 
48  50  N.  Ion.  2  25  E. 

Paris,  the  name  of  scvcnd  inconsider- 
able post  towns  in  the  IMiited  States, 
adopted  in  the  honey  moon  of  our  pas- 
sion far  the  French.  One  lies  in  Oneida 
cou.icy.  New  York,  about  six  miles  S 
by  W  of  Wh'testi-wn.  Another  in  Cum- 
berland county  Maine,  about  70  miles 
N  by  W  cf  Portland.  And  another  in 
Loudon  count;-,  Virginia,   slluatc-d  on 


the  E  siiii-  of  Shenandoah  river,  about 
J5  miles  S\V  of  Harper's  ferry  on  the 
Potomac. 

J'urJtgate,  a.  village  in  Clieshire,  13 
miles  N  W  of  Cheater,  situate  on  the 
N  E  coast  of  the  river  Dee.  It  is  a  sta- 
tion for  packet  boats  that  frequently 
sail  to  Irel.ind. 

Parhtein,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
circle  of  Bavaria,  and  principality  ot 
Saltzbach,  16  miles  N  of  Nabury-. 
Lon.  12  14  E,  Iht.  59  40  N. 

Parma,  a  dutchy  of  Italy,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  river  Po,  on  the  N  E 
by  the  Mantuan,  or.  the  E  by  the 
IJutchy  oi"  Modena,  on  the  S  by  Tus- 
cany, and  on  the  W  by  Placentia. 
Tl»e  air  is  very  wholesome  ;  on  which 
account  the  |>eople  live  to  a  great  age, 
»nd  the  soil  is  fertile  in  com,  wine,  oil, 
and  hemp.  The  celebrated  Parmesan 
cheese  is  no  longsr  made  in  this  coun- 
try ;  the  pastures  feed  a  gfvat  number 
of  cattle.  There  aiv  some  inconsidera- 
ble mines  of  copper  and  silver,  and 
plentv  of  truffles. 

Parma,  an  ancient  rich  and  populous 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  dutchy  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  citadel,  a  bi. 
shop's  see,  and  a  university.  It  has  a 
magnificent  cathedral,  and  has  the 
largest  opera-house  in  Europe,  havinf;' 
seats  for  8000  people.  The  cupola  ot 
the  cathe.lral,  and  the  church  of  St, 
John,  are  painted  by  tlie  famous  Cor- 
reggio,  who  was  a  native  of  this  place 
in  1748,  by  the  treaty  of  Aix  la  Cha- 
pelle,  the  dutchies  of  Parma,  Placentia, 
and  Guastalla,  were  given  to  Don  Plii 
lip,  brother  to  Don  Carlos,  king  of  the 
Two  Sicilies.  Parma  is  40 miles  K  W 
of  Modenu,  and  60  S  E  of  Milan.  Lon. 
id  30  E,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Parnassus,  now  called  Parnasso,  a 
mountain  of  Turkey  in  Livadia.  It 
has  two  heads,  one  «)f  which  was  fa- 
mous for  bcingconsecrated  to  Apollo  and 
the  Muses,  and  the  other  to  Bacchus. 
It  is  the  highest  ia  Greece,  aritt-frora. 
the  toj)  is  a  prospect  as  far  as  Corinth  ; 
the  Turks  call  it  Licaoura.  Here  al- 
so is  a  fine  fountain,  supposed  to  be 
tlie  ancient  Caatalia. 

Paros,  \m  ibiand  of  the  Archipelago, 
one  of  tiie  Cycladcs,  about  ten  mil«s 
long  and  eight  broad.  The  soil  is  well 
cultivated,  and  the  pasture^  feed  a 
great  number  of  cuUle.  The  tr.nde 
consi.sts  in  wheat,  barley,  wine,  pul.se, 
:.nd  calicoes.  It  once  produceil  a 
great  deid,of  oil,  but  tlie  Venetian  army 


v.i|. 


L 


PAR 

lof  Slienaiuloah  rivrr,  a]>oiit 
ISV  of  Harper's  ferry  on  the 

a  TillHpe  in  Cliesbire,  13 
of  Chester,    situate  on  the 
f  tlie  river  Dee.  It  is  a  sta- 
cket   boats  tliat  frequenllv 
nd. 

,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlis 

'avaria,    and  principality  oi 

16    miles    N    of   Naburir. 

E,  Iht.  59  40  N. 

|a  dutcliy  of  Italy,   bounded 

ly  the  river  Po,  "on  the  N  E 

antiian,  or.    the   E    by    tlif 

Modena,  on  the  S   by  Tus- 

on    the  W    by    Placentia. 

very  wholesome  ;    on  vrhich 

:  jieople  live  to  a  great  age, 

i  is  fertile  in  com,  wine,  oil, 

The  celebrated  Piirmesan 

lo  long«r  made  in  this  coim- 

nstures  feed  a  great  number 

There  arc  some  inconsidera- 

of  copper  and  silver,    and 

ruffles. 

an  ancient  rich  and  populnut 
ly,  capitid  of  the  diitchy  ot' 
lame,  with  a  citadel,  a  bi. 
,  and  a  university.  It  has  a 
It  cathedral,  and  has  the 
era-house  in  Europe,  having;- 
8000  people.  TJie  cupola  ot 
bal,  and  the  church  of  St 
painted  by  tlte  famous  Cor- 
ho  was  11  native  of  thisplacc 
y  (he  treaty  of  Aix  la  Clia- 
dutehies  of  Parma,  Placentia, 
alia,  were  given  to  Don  Phi 
T  to  Uon  Carlos,  kinp^  of  the 
cs.  Parma  is  40 miles  K  W 
1,  and  60  .S  E  of  Milan,  Lon, 
It.  44  50  N. 

IS,  now  called  Parnasso,  a 
of  Turkey  in  Liviulia.  It 
-'ads,  one  of  which  was  fa- 
>inff  consecrated  to  ApoUo  and 
,  and  the  oUier  to  Bacchus, 
lighcst  ia  Greece,  anttfronk 

I  ]>rospect  as  far  as  Corinth  ; 
call  it    Licaoura.     Here  al- 

e   fountain,   supposed   to  be 
t  Ca^tulia. 

II  island  of  the  Archipelapro, 
Cyclades,    about  ten   miles 

iglit  broad.  The  soil  is  well 
and  the  pasture.,  feed  a 
iber  of  cattle.  The  tr.ide 
1  wheat,  barley,  wine,  piil.se, 
)es.  It  once  produced  a 
of  oi'.,  buttlte  Venetian  aniiv 


PAR 

V.urnt  all  the  olive-trees.  This  island 
'.cas  anciently  dedicated  to  Uacclius, 
rjii  account  of  its  excellent  wines  ;  and 
,ia.i  been  so  famous  for  its  marble,  that 
the  best  carvers  would  make  use  of  no 
'ither.  Those  excellent  statuaries, 
Phidias  .ind  Praxiteles,  were  natives  of 
this  i.'iland  ;  and  the  famous  Arundeliau 
marbles,  at  Oxford,  were  brought  from 
tliis   place.     It  lies  to  tlie  AV  of  Nasja. 

Piiros,  a  town  of  the  Archipelagt), 
capital  of  the  isle  of  Paros.  wliich  Wiis 
anciently  the  larjj^est  and  iiKwt  poweitiil 
t  )wn  of  tlie  Cyclades  ;  but  is  at  present 
tiotliing  to  what  it  was.  The  walls  of 
the  castle  are  built  of  ancient  palaces 
of  marble,  and  most  of  the  cohinins  are 
placed  longwise  :  some  of  tlieni  that 
stand  upright,  support  cornices  of  aina/.- 
iiig  size.  The  natives  build  their 
houses  of  marble,  which  they  find  ready 
cut  to  their  hands  ;  but  tiiey  take  no 
tare  to  pliice  the  pieces  in  a  regular 
manner:  their  iields  likewise  are  in- 
dosed  with  friezes,  altars,  ajid  basso- 
relievos.  The  inhabitants  ai'c  so  igno- 
rant now,  that,  instead  of  great  sculp- 
tors and  skilful  architects,  they  have 
nothing  but  carvers  of  mortars  and  salt- 
cellars. Paros  is  a  bishop's  see,  and 
situate  on  the  W  coast  of  the  island. 
Lon.  25  U  E,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Parret,  a  small  river  in  Somerset- 
shire, whose  source  is  in  the  S  puj-t  of 
the  county.  It  receives  the  Ivcl  aii<l 
Thone,  and  falls  into  tlie  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, at  Bridgewater  Bay. 

Panamatta,  a  town  or  settlement  of 
English  convicts,  in  New  South  Wales. 
It  is  seated  at  Uie  head  of  the  harbour 
of  Port  Jackson,  11  miles  W  of  Sydney 
Cove,  between  Rose  Hill  and  the  land- 
ing place  in  the  creek  which  forms  tlie 
head.  In  3791,  near  1000  acres  of 
knd  were  eitlier  in  cultivation,  («• 
cleared  for  that  purpose.  The  sod  in 
most  places,  is  remarkalily  good,  and 
oiilv  wants  cultivation  to  be  fit  for  any 
use'.     Lon.  151  39  E,  lat.  33  50  S. 

Parsberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Davaria,  and  principality  of 
Newhurg,  18  miles  N  W  of  Hutisbon. 
Lon.  11  55  £,  Iwt.  49  8  N. 

Parson,  or  Parsoiijkld,  a  post  town  in 
York  county,  Maine,  46  mdes  W  by  N 
of  Portland,  containing  1350  inha 
bitants. 

Parsclauttz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  and  jM-inciptJity  of 
Lignitz.  It  is  subject  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  is  eifflit  jnilcs  N  E  of  Lig- 
iiitz. 


..-*iEi2 


PAS 

Panhenuy,  a  town  of  Fraaac,  in  the 
ti«partnitent  of  Two  Sevres  and  late 
province  of  Poitou.  It  curries  on  % 
considerable  trade  in  cattle  and  com, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Tlioiie,  17  miles 
Sof  1  hollars.  Lon.  0  19  W,  lat.  46 
44  N. 

Parlenkirh,  a  twwfi  of  Germany  in  Ba- 
varia, 40  miles  s  W  of  Munich.  Lon. 
11  OE,  lat.  47  Mfi. 

Paryt,  a  mountain  in  the  isle  of  An- 
glesey, famous  li>r  a  copper  mine,  pro^ 
bubly  tl.e  tai'gest  bed  of  ore  of  that  me- 
tal  hitherto  discov«-i>ed  in  tlie  wuiid. 
"  It  is  nut  wrougbt  (says  Dr.  Aikin) 
ill  the  eiin>m(>ii  maiiMrrof  siiblerraneoua 
uiiiies,  but.  like  a  sliutie  quarry,  open  to 
day  ;  and  tU<;  qiuuir^ies  uf  ore  raised 
are  pro<ligious.  Tlic  ore  is  poor  in 
quality,  and  very  aLuiuIunt  in  sclphur. 
'i'he  purest  purt  is  exfiuiled  raw  to  tlie 
imelting  works  at  Swiuisea  aiul  other 
l^uccN .  tlir  more  impuire  is  iiist  cal- 
ciiic-.l  and  deprived  of  most  of  its  sul- 
phur on  ilie  s|)ol_  Qiiairtities  oi  nearly 
pure  copi.cr  are  obtained  from  t>ie  wa- 
ters huiyed  iueneath  the  bed  of  are,  by 
the  intervcnition  of  iron.  A  lead  ore, 
rich  ill  ailvter,  is  also  found  si  this 
mountain.  The  wealth  and  popvdation 
of  Anglesey  bave  rec<?ived  a  great  m- 
crease  from  the  discovery  of  iLka  cap- 
per mine. 

Pas,  a  town  of  Fraace,  in  theiLcpart- 
ment  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  aiid  late 
province  «f  Atrois,  12  miles  S  W  of 
Arras.     I-on.  2  40E,  Iat.5*;  9  N. 

Pat  (if  Calan,  or  i-traitt  of  Calais,  a 
deijartment  of  France,  containing  the 
late  provinces  of  Atiuis  and  Boulunnois. 
Arras  is  the  capital. 

Piisnuaii,  a  tow*  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Po- 
merania.  It  is  situate  near  some  iron 
works,  on  die  Ucker,  21  miles  W  of 
Stoltiu,  and  66  S  S  E  of  Strulsund. 
Lon.  1.)  67  E,  lat.  53  27  H. 

Pastjuataiit,  the  capital  of  Pa.sqtiotanjc 
county,  Nortli  Carolina  ;  lying  between 
Pasquotank  and  Litile  rivers,  308  miles 
from  Washington. 

Pastarovitz,  a  town  of  Tii'-h-y  in  the 
European  province  of  Scrvia.  Hcie 
the  emperor  Charles  ^  I.  and  Aclimet 
II.  concluded  a  peace  in  1781  It  is 
situate  near  the  river  Moravr.,  33  miles 
E  S  E  of  Belgrade,  ond  44  WofOrso- 
va.     Lon.  21  16  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Passo,  a  cape  oi'  Ptni,  lying  und/sr 
the  equator,  in  Iqii  78  .'JO  W. 

Pottage,  a  seaport  of  Spain,   in  Sic- 


1 


PAT 


PAT 


m.y,  60  miles  E  of  Bilboa.  It  is  a  it*< 
tion  for  ihc  Spariisli  men  of  war.  Lon. 
2  4  VV,  lut.  4J21  N. 

Fasjum,  a  c:i|)c  on  llic  coast  of  Jniina, 
ill  Gruicc,  between  the  gulfn  of  Ar- 
tiiiro  anil  Zeiton. 

J'ainimtin,  a  town  of  llic  island  of 
Javii.iii  ilie  East  Indies.  Lon.  114  15 
E,  lul.  7  0  S. 

J'l.siiin,  ;iii  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
in  Limi-r  Bkvavia,  capital  of  a  bislioprie 
ol  the  same  nan  e,  with  a  fort.  '1  he 
ious.es  are  well  built,  and  the  cathe- 
,lrul  IS  thoujjht  to  be  the  fiiicsc  in  all 
(,;<  1  Miiiny.  11  m  diviikd  into  fbuf  pa"ts, 
n.iii.c:y,  the  town  of  Passu';,  InHtadt, 
lU/.slwit,  ami  the  (luarler  in  which  the 
cpibcoj-al  i,alacc  is  hailt.  'I'he  first 
tliK  (  are  lortitied,  but  tlic  last  has  no 
foiiiluiaions,  beinff  only  a  suburb.  It 
is  se;neil  at  the  conHuencc  of  tlic  Inn 
and  lUz,  6:2  miles  E  by  S  of  Katisbon, 
and  Ijo  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  13  37  E, 
lat.  48  28  N. 

Patistnlieim,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Prussia,  in  the  province  of  Oberli-.id 
70  miles  S  of  Ronigsberj,'.  Lon.  20  50 
E,  lat.  53  40  N. 

J'asseio  Ciipe,  a  remarkable  cape  of 
lilt  island  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val-di-Noto, 
to  the  E  of  the  town  of  that  name,  and 
joins  the  eastern  coast  of  this  island 
to  the  southern.  In  the  ncighbour- 
houd  the  Eiiivlish  and  Spanish  fleets 
had  an  enpugement  in  the  year  1735, 
when  the  .^i)aniard8  were  defeated. 
It  Las  a  t  '  1o  protect  the  country 
from  the  ii.r.ursions  of  the  Barbary 
corsairs,  who  arc  often  very  trouble- 
some on  the  coast.  Lon.  15  22  E,  lat. 
36  35  N. 

Passigniano,  a  town  rf  Italy,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  the  einirrh,  seated  on 
the  lake  Perugia,  17  mil^s  N  Vi  of 
Perugia.  Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Pasta  or  St.  yuan  <ie  Pasta,  a  town 
of  South  America,  in  Popayan,  seated 
in  a  fine  vallev,  120  miles  N  by  E  of 
Qiiito.     Lon.  76  55  VV,  lal.  1  50  K. 

Pastrana,  or  Patrana,  a  town  of 
Spain  in  new  Castile,  seated  between 
the  Tajo  and  Tajuna,  32  miles  E  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Patagonia,  a  country  of  S  America, 
eomprelicndlng  all  that  country  extend- 
ing from  Chili  and  Paraguay  to  the 
utmost  extremity  of  South  America; 
that  is,  from  35°  almost  to  54°  of  lati- 
tude  :  bcirg  surrounded  by  the  coun- 
tries just  mentioned,  the  Sout  and 
North  Sea  aiidthe  Straits  of  Magi-awi, 


■which  separfl*r  it  from  the  inland  call, 
ed  Terra  del   Fuego.     It  is  inhabited 
by  a  race  of  men,  who  long  aHbrded  a 
subject  of  controversy  to  the   learned. 
They  arc  supposed  to  be  one   of  the 
wandering  tribes,    which  occupy   lliat 
vast,  but  least  knawn  region  of  Ameri- 
ca, which  extends  from  the  Rio-de-la- 
Plala  to  the  straits  of  Magellan.  Their 
proper  station  is  in  that  pait  of  the 
interior  country  which   lies  on  tlic  riv- 
er Negro  ;    but,  in  the  hunting  season, 
thej  often   roam  as  far   as  the  straits 
which  separate  Terra  del  Fuego  from 
the    mainland.      The   first  accounts  of 
this  people  were  brought  to  Europe  by 
the  companions  of  Magellan,  who  de. 
scribed  them  as  a  gigantic  race,  above 
eight  feet  high,  and  of  strength  in  pro- 
portion  to  their  uncommon  size.     Cap- 
tain Wiillis  landed  here  in  1766,and  hav- 
ing   purposely  provided  himself  with 
measuring  rods,  found  that  the  tallest 
man  among  them  measured  only  six 
feet  seven  inches  high  ;  several   were 
within  an  inch  or  two  as  tall ;  but  the 
ordinary  size  was  from  five  feet  ten  in- 
ches to  six  feet.     It  is    pity  that  none 
of  our  voyagers  thought  of  measuring 
the  whole  size  of  one  of  those  gigantic 
men.     They  tell  us  indeed,  that  they 
are  well  made,  that  they  are  propor- 
lionably  large,  and  that  they  arc  robust 
and  bony  ;  but   they  give   us  no  crite- 
rion to  judge  of  their  oulk,  nor  one  in- 
stance of  their  extraordinary  strength. 
As    they  are    represented    not    only 
peaceable,    but  remarkably  tractable, 
soiiK'  trials  might  have   been   made  of 
the  weight  they  could  have  lifted,  and 
how  much  they  could   exceed  in  that 
respect  llie  strongest  man  'n  the  ships. 
This  in  a  great  measure,   would   have 
determined  the   point,    which  is  yet 
left  doubtful  by  the  difi'er(  iit   relations 
that  arc  given  by  the  different  voyage  rs 
who  have  seen  these  people,  no  two  of 
them  agreeing  in  the  same  description. 
Those  seen  by  commodore  Byron  were 
painted  round  both  eye.",  no  two  of  them 
alike  ;    those   seen  by  captain  Wallis 
bad  only  a  red   circle  round  the  left 
eye  ;  and  those   seen   by  Bougainville 
had  no  circle  round  their  eyes,  but  had 
their  cheeks  painted  red  ;  their  colour 
is  a  kind  of  Bronze.     Another  very  re- 
markable jjarticular  is,   that   the)'  had 
none  of  the  characters   .if  a  ferocious 
pei^ple  i  there  was  no  offensive  weajion 
among  them,  c  xcept  a  scimitar.  They 
have   no   other  clothing  than   skins. 


te 


:I 


A  T 

r  it  from  the  inland  call. 
Fuego.     It  is  inli!il)it('(l 
Mn,  who  loiiff  aflbnlcil  a 
trovcrsy  to  the   icanicd. 
)08ed  to   be  one   o(  tlie 
bes,    wbicit  occupy   that. 
kii«w;i  region  of  Anieri- 
ends  from  ilie  Rio-de-la- 
aits  of  Magellan.  Their 
ii-'  in  that   pait  of  tlie 
ry  wliich   lies  on  tlic  riv- 
iit,  in  the  hunting  season, 
;im  as  far  as  the  straits 
Terra  del  Fuego  from 
The   first  accounts  of 
ere  brought  to  Europe  by 
ins  of  Magellan,  who  de'. 
us  a  gigantic  race,  above 
h,  and  of  strength  in  pro- 
ir  micommnn  size.     Cap- 
iided  here  in  1766,and  hav- 
y  provided  himself  with 
Is,  found  that  the  tallest 
them   measured  oidy  six 
les  high  ;  several   were 
;h  or  two  as  tall  j  but  tlie 
was  from  five  feel  ten  in- 
et.     It  is    pity  that  none 
rs  thought  of  measuring 
:e  of  one  of  those  gigantic 
tell  us  indeed,  that  they 
;le,   that  they  are  propor. 
e,  and  that  they  are  robust 
It  they  give  us  no  crite- 
:  of  their  l)ulk,  nor  one  in- 
ir  extraordinary  strength, 
■e    represented    not    only 
but  remarkably  tractable, 
light  have   been   made  of 
hey  could  have  lifted,  and 
icy  could   e.xrced  in  that 
itrongest  man  !n  the  ships. 
:at  measure,   woidd   have 
the   point,    which  is  yet 
by  the  diHerf  lit   relations 
n  by  the  diff'ercjiit  voyage  rg 
:n  tliese  people,  no  two  of 
g  in  the  same  description. 
ly  commodore  Byron  were 
lbotheye.s,notwo  of  them 
■  seen  by  captain  Wallis 
red   circle  round  the   left 
>se   seen   by  Bougainville 
roiuid  their  eyes,  but  had 
painted  red  ;  their  colour 
Ironzo.     Another  very  re- 
ticular is,   that   they  had 
haracters   of  a   ferocious 
:;  was  no  offensive  weapon 
except  a  scimitar.  They 
ler   clothing  than    skins. 


PAT 

which  they  wear  with  tlic  hair  in- 
ward and  apiece  of  leather  covers  the 
jirivate  parts, 

Patak,  a  town  of  Himgary,  with  a 
college  for  protestanls,  situate  on  the 
LatoiTza,  '25  miles  S  S  E  of  Cassuviu. 
Lon.  n  35  E,  lat.  46  3J  N. 

Patau,  a.  town  of  Asia,  on  the  N  E 
coast  of  i!ie  peninsula  of  Mal:;cca,  ca- 
pital of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
<)iie  of  the  strongest  places  in  thchc 
puns  with  a  well-defended  harbour. 
Tiie  inhabitants  are  jiartly  Mahometans 
wid  partly  Gentoos,  very  voluptuous, 
and  eai-ry  on  some  trade  with  the  Clii- 
ncsc.  It  is  300  miles  N  by  VV  of  Ma- 
lacca.   Lon.  100  <iO  E,  lat.  6  30  N. 

Patay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
jiartineMt  of  .Loirct,  and  late  province 
of  Orleanois,  remarkable  for  the  defeat 
(ifthe  English  in  I4i9,  by  Joan  of  Arc. 
It  is  2J  miles  N  VV  of  Orleans.  Lon. 
1  49  E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

PiUehuca,  or  Fatioca,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Mexico. 
Ne:tr  which  is  a  silver  mine.  It  is  70 
miles  N  of  Mexico.  Lon.  99  55  \V, 
lat.  21  ON. 

Pitterno,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di- 
Dcmona,  built  on  the  site  of  Hybla, 
once  so  famous  for  its  delicious  honey, 
and  is  15  miles  W  of  Catania.  Lon.  15 
14  E,  lat.  37  35  N. 

Pater  Notter,  islands  of  Asia,  in  t!ie 
East  Indian  sea,  so  called  because  of 
the  great  number  of  rocks,  which  sai- 
lors iiave  likened  to  the  beads  with 
which  the  Papists  tell  their  pater  noster. 
They  abound  in  corn  and  fruits,  and 
are  very  populous. 

Pathhead,  a  considerable  manufactur- 
ing village  in  Fifeshire,  a  little  to  the 
E  of  Kirkcaldy. 

Pattnos,  one  of  the  Sporades ;  30 
miles  in  compass  ;  concerning  which 
we  read  little  in  authors.  It  was  ren- 
dered famous  by  the  exile  of  St.  John, 
and  the  Revelation  shewed  him  tliere. 
The  greatest  part  of  interpreters  tliink 
iliat  St.  John  wrote  them  in  the  same 
place  during  the  two  yea"s  of  his  exile ; 
but  others  think  that  he  did  not  commit 
tlitm  to  writing  till  after  his  return  to 
Ephesus.  The  island  of  Patmos  is  be- 
tween the  island  of  Icaria  and  the  pro- 
ninnti  ry  of  Miletus.  Nothing  has  done 
it  more  honour  than  to  have  been  the 
place  of  the  bani.shment  of  St.  Ji.lm.  It 
ii.  now  called  Patino.  Its  circuit  is  five 
and  twenty  or  thirty  miles.  It  has  a 
fity  ctUed  Patmos,  with  a  harbour, 
.'tnd  some  monasteries  of  Greek  monkii. 


PAT 

It  is  at  present  in  the  hands  of  the 
I'urks.  It  is  considerable  foi-  its  har- 
bours;  hut  the  iidiuliitants  derive  little 
heiielit  f.'>)m  them,  because  the  corsairs 
have)<ibl!gcd  them  to  quit  the  town,  and 
retire  to  a  hill  on  which  St.  John's  eon- 
vent  stands.  This  convent  is  a  citadel 
co)isisting  of  several  irregular  towers, 
and  is  a  substantial  building  seated  on 
a  very  sleep  rock.  The  whole  island 
is  very  barren,  and  without  woodi 
however,  it  abounds  with  partridges, 
rabbits,  (piails,  tiu'tlcs,  pigeons,  and 
snipes.  All  their  corn  does  not  amount 
to  IjUO  barrels  in  a  year.  In  the  whola 
island  there  are  scarce  300  men  :  but 
there  are  above  2(1  women  .to  one  man, 
who  expect  tliHt  all  strangers  who  land 
in  the  island  should  carry  some  of  them 
away.  'I'o  the  memory  of  St.  John  is 
an  hermitage  on  the  side  of  a  mountain, 
where  there  is  a  chapel  not  above  eight 
paces  long  and  five  oroad.  Over  head 
they  show  a  chink  in  the  rock,  througli 
which  they  pretend  that  the  Holv  Ghost 
dictated  to  St.  John.  E  Lon.  26  84  M, 
lat.  37  24. 

Patna,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proi>er,  capital  of  Bahar,  and  a  pluca 
of  considerable  trade.  It  is  fortified  in 
the  Indian  manner  with  a  wall  and  ci- 
tadel. In  the  citadel  were  confined  the 
prisoners  taken  in  1764  by  Meer  Cos- 
sim,  nabob  of  Bengal,  by  whose  oidep 
tliey  were  massacred.  The  buildings 
are  high,  but  the  streets  are  narrow. 
It  is  seated  on  the  S  bank  of_  the  Gan- 
ges, 400  miles  N  W  of  Calcutta.  Lon» 
85  0  E,  lat.  25  35  N. 

Patomac.     See  Potovimac. 

Patrana.     See  Pastrana. 

Patras,  an  ancient  and  flourishing; 
town  in  the  Morea,  with  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop's  see.  The  Jews,  who  are  one 
third  of  the  inhabitants,  have  foursyn.i» 
gogues,  and  there  are  several  hand- 
some mosques  and  Greek  churches. 
The  Jews  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  silk, 
leather,  honey,  wax,  and  cheese.  There 
are  cyprus  trees  of  a  prodigious  height, 
and  excellent  pomegranates,  citrons, 
and  oranges.  It  has  been  taken  and 
retaken  several  times,  but  the  Turks 
are  now  masters  of  it.  It  is  seated  on 
the  declivitv  of  a  hill,  near  the  sea,  20 
miles  S  W'of  Lepanto.  Lon.  21  45  E, 
lat.  38  17  N. 

Patria,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  so  named 
from  a  lake  near  which  it  is  situate. 
,  13  miles  N  W  of  Naples. 


R  A  U 


P  A  U 


Prttrkn,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  church  and  Campufriia  di 
Koniii,  eig;ht  miles  E  ufOstia.  Al>ont 
a  iiiilu  (Voni  this  place  is  a  hill,  culled 
Moiite-di-Livuno,  which  some  have 
thi)ii)r|it   to  be   the  ancient.  Lavinium. 

Putiimvny  of  St.  I'ettr,  u.  province  of 
Italy,  ill  the  Ecclcsiastinil  State.  U 
is  35  miles  inlen(:^ih  and  30  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Orvieto,  on  the 
B  by  Umbria  and  Subina,  on  the  S  hy 
Campagna-di-Kofna,  and  on  the  S  W 
by  the  sea.     Viterbo  \h  the  capital. 

Patriiigttm,  a  town  in  the  E  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. Here  the  Roman  road  from  the 
Picts  wall  ended.  It  is  pleasantly  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  the  Humbcr,  50 
miles  S  E  of  York,  and  191  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  8  E,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Pattemen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principali- 
ty of  CaJcmberg,  formerly  a  fortified 
town.     It  is  six  mites  S  of  Hanover. 

Patti,  an  episcopal  town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Dem(ma,  28  miles  W  of 
Messina.     Lon.  15  23  E,  lat.  38  11  N. 

Pattiary,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  the  country  of  Oude,  55 
miles  N  W  of  Canofriie,  and  tl.'!  same 
E  N  E  of  Agra.  Lon.  79  45  E,  lat.  2733  N. 

Pattun,  or  Pattan,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Projier,  in  the  country  of  Guzerat 
and  capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same 
name,  132  miles  S  W  of  Oudipour. 
Lon.  72  30  E,  lat.  23  45  N. 

Patuxen%.%  river  in  North  America, 
which  discnarf^es  itself  into  the  Chesa- 
peak,  30  miles  S  of  Annapolis. 

Pau,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Beam,  with  a  castle 
where  Henry  IV.  was  born.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  river  Gave,  97  miles  S  of 
Bourdeaux.     Lon.  0  4  W,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Pavia,  an  ancient  and  fortified  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  dutch}' of  Milan,  with 
a  celebrated  university,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  There-are  a  ereat  number  of  mag- 
nificent castles  ana  some  colleges,  and 
in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  castle, 
■where  the  ancient  dukes  of  Milan  resi- 
ded. It  has  been  oflen  taken  and  re- 
taken, since  the  commencement  of  the 
present  war  (1801V  It  is  seated  on 
tlie  Tcsino  over  which  is  a  bridge,  15 
miles  S  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  15  £,  lat.  45 
13  N. 

Paul,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
d^partmeut  of  the  Suaits  of  Calais  and 


late  province  of  Artois,  10  miles  W  N 
W  of  Arr.is.  Lon.  2  30  E.  lat  50  24  N 
Paul,  .SV.  a  town  of  South  Amcrici 
in  Hrnsil,  and  province  of  St.  Vinreut, 
It  is  a  kind  of  independent  republic, 
composed  of  the  banditti  of  several  na- 
tions. However,  they  pay  tribute  to 
the  Poi'tiigucse.  It  is  surrounded  hy 
inaeccssihle  mountains  and  thick  fj. 
rests.     Lon.  45  52  W,  lat.  23  25  S. 

Paul-de-FennouilUdei,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Gard  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on 
the  river  E^li,  among  mountains,  30 
miles  N  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  3  58  £, 
lat.  44  7  N, 

Pmil-les-Venct,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  Var  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Provence,  live  miles  \V  of  Nice, 
and  450  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  13  E,  lat. 
43  42  N. 

Paul-troh-Chiiteaux,  St.  an  ancient 
and  late  episcopal  town  of  France,  in 
the  dejiartmcnt  of  Dronic  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  16  miles  S  of  Montcli- 
mar.     Lon.  4  57  E,  Ut.  44  21  N. 

Paula,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriore,  seated  near  tlie  sea,  ia 
a  fertile  and  well  cultivated  countrv, 
12  miles  W  of  Coscnza.  Lon.  16  9  £, 
lat.  39  24  N. 

Paulograd,  a  small  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Catharinensluf, 
32  miles  E  of  that  place.  Lon.  35  54 
E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Pavoasan,  an  episcopal  seaport  of  A- 
frica  in  the  isle  of  St.  Thomas,  with  a 
fort  end  a  good  harbour.  It  belongs  to 
Portugal,  and  lies  under  the  equator, 
in  lon.  8  30  W. 

Pausilippo,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  fire 
miles  from  Puzzoli,  celebrated  for  a 
grotto,  which  is  a  subterraneous  pas- 
sage through  the  mountain,  near  a 
mile  in  length,  about  20  feet  in  breadth, 
and  30  to  40  in  height.  People  of 
fashion  generally  drive  thr6ugh  this 
pF.ssage  with  torches  ;  but  the  country 
people  find  their  way,  without  much 
difficulty,  by  tlie  light  which  enters  at 
the  extremities,  and  at  two  holes 
pierced  tlu-ough  the  mountain,  near  the 
middle  of  the  grotto,  which  admit  liglit 
from  above.  On  this  mountain  also  is 
the  celebrated  tomb  of  Virgil,  over- 
grown with  ivy,  and  shaded  with  an 
ancient  bay-tree,  shrubs  and  bushes. 

Pautzie,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
in  Pomeiellia,  25  miles N  VV  of  Dant- 
zic.    Lon.  18  41  E,  lat,  54  44  N. 


14; 


lat. 


of' 


A  U 

|of  Artois,  16  m\\r»  W  N 

Lon.  2  3U  E.  lut  50  :24  N 

town  of  South  Amtric.i 

province  of  St.  Vinrt-iit 

of  independent  republic, 

tlie  bamlitti  of  several  tia. 

vcr,  tliey  pay  tribute  to 

!NC.     It  iH  surrounded  by 

mountitins   and  tliick  fj. 

45  52  W,  lat.  23  25  S. 

nouitledet,      a     town     of 

jie  department  of  Gard  and 

of  I.anguedor,  seiitciton 

^'li,  among  mountains,  3U 

^ontpellier.     Lon.  3  58  £, 

nee,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
mcnt  of  Var  and  late  pro- 
cr-.ce,  five  miles  \V  of  Nice, 
of  Paris.  Lon.  7  13  E,  lat. 

Chateaux,  St.  an  ancient 
co|)al  town  of  France,  in 
cut  of  Drome  and  late  pro- 
luphiny,  seated  on  the  de- 
ill,  16  miles  S  of  Montcli- 
4  57  E,  lat.  44  21  N. 
town  of  Naples,  in  Cala> 
>re,  seated  near  the  sea,  i:i 
1(1  well  cultivated  country, 
of  Coscuza.    Lon.  16  9  E, 

\,  a,  small  town  of  Russia, 
:rnment  of  Catharinensluf, 
of  that  place.  Lon.  35  54 
ON. 

an  episcopal  seaport  of  A> 
isle  of  St.  Thomas,  with  a 
ood  harbour.  It  belongs  to 
,nd  lies  under  the  equator, 
W. 
I,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  fire 

Puzzoli,  celebrated  for  a 
ich  is  a  subterraneous  pas- 
igli  the  mountain,  near  a 
th,  about  20  feet  in  breadth, 
40  in  height.  People  of 
lerally  drive  thr6ugh  this 
;h  torches  ;  but  the  coinitry 

their  way,  without  much 
ly  the  light  which  enters  at 
lities,  and  at  two  liuleii 
5ugh  the  mountain,  near  the 
le  grotto,  which  admit  liglit 
On  this  mountain  also  i« 
itcd  tomb  of  Virgil,  ovcr- 
1  ivy,  and  shaded  with  an 
•tree,  shrubs  and  busjics. 
a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
ia,  25  miles  K  VV  of  Dant- 
18  41  E,  lat,  54  44  N. 


P  E  D 

Paytrne,  a  town  of  Swisscrlund,  he- 
longing  to  the  canton  of  Bern,  22  uiilc-s 
S  VV  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  55  E,  hit.  46 
38  N. 

Paz,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Los  CharcoB,  with  a  biMho|)'B  sue. 
It  is  seated  ut  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
in  a  valley  abounding  in  wine  and  fruits, 
350  miles  S  E  of  Ciuco.  Lon,  68  50 
W,  lat.  17  0  S. 

Puzzy,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Koiiiunia,  neai'  Gulli|Kili,  with  a  bi- 
shop's sec.  Lon.  '2'i  59  E,  lat.  4<' 
J3  N. 

Pea.^,  a  mountainous  country  in  the 
N  W  part  of  Dcrbysliire,  which 
.tboiinds  in  lead,  ntillHlones  uud  whet- 
stones. It  is  much  visitt:d  on  uccoiuit 
of  its  extraordinui-y  caverns,  perfora- 
tions, and  otlicr  curiosities.  The 
"  Wonders  of  the  Peak"  have  been  ce- 
lebrated both  in  j)rose  and  verse  ;  and 
they  are  noticed  in  tltis  work  unilor  the 
articles  Uuxton,  Castleton,  Chatsworth, 
and  Tiddeswell. 

Peurt  Islands,  islaitds  lying  in  the  bay 
of  Panama,  in  South  America.  The! 
inhabitants  of  Panama  have  phintations 
in  them,  and  from  them  they  are  sup- 
plied with  provisions. 

Peathi,  or  Peeie,  a  vast  chasm  in  the; 
mountains  of  the  N  E  part  of  Berwick- 
shire. It  is  more  than  160  feet  deep  ; 
and  over  it  is  a  noble  bridge  of  four' 
arches.  From  its  vast  height,  it  greatly 
resembles  an  ancient  Roman  aqueduct. 

Pecquencour,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  Lite  pro- 
vince of  Hainault,  seated  on  the  Scarpe, 
five  miles  E  of  Douay.  Lon.  3-16  E, 
lut.  50  2:i  N. 

Pedee,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and  is 
liere  called  the  Yadkin  River,  and  en- 
tering South  Carolina,  it  takes  the 
name  of  Pedee,  and  fl<iws  into  the  At- 
lantic Ucean,  12  miles  below  George 
Town. 

Fedena,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
Veiietian  Istria,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
25  miles  S  E  of  Capo  d'htria.  Lon. 
14  30  E,  lat.  45  34  N. 

Pcdenieira,  a  seaport  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  the  province  of  Estramadura, 
18  miles  N  E  of  Peniche.  Lon.  8  6  W, 
lat.  39  51  N. 

Pedir,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  in  the  East 
Indies,  40  miles  E  of  Achen.  Lon. 
96  36  E,  lat.  5  22  N. 

Pedro,  Point,  the  most  northern  point 
of  the  isliviwl  of  Ceylon,  opposite  Point 


PEG 

Calymerf ,  on  the  continent  of  India. 
Lon.  80  27  E,  lat.  9  52  N. 

Pidyu,  St.  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
South  l'ac:hc,Uc('an,  called  Marquesas. 
L<m.  I.i8  51  W,  bt.  9  58  S. 

P<trblea,  an  ancient  borough,  capital 
of  Pccblciiiire,  seated  on  the  Tweed, 
over  which  is  a  bridge.  It  bus  nianu- 
factiu-ea  of  cnr|)ets  and  serges,  and  a 
weekly  market  for  corn  and  cattle. 
Before  the  present  chiu'ch  was  erected, 
divine  service  was  pt^lornied  in  part  of 
an  ancient  monastery,  in  whii  h  several 
kings  of  Scotland  are  said  to  have  re- 
siiU'd.  li  is  22  miles  S  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  7  VV,  lat.  55  36  N. 

PicbUshiic,  or  Tiuteddale,  a  cotnity  of 
Scotland,  bouitdcd  on  the  E  by  Selkirk- 
shire i  on  t!ic  N  by  Edinbiu'gshlre  s  W 
by  Lunerkshire  ;  and  S  by  Dumfries- 
shire i  and  contains  308  square  miles, 
is  28  miles  long,  and  18  where  broadest. 
The  climate  is  temperate  and  the  air 
clear.  Its  numerous  hills  are  verdant, 
and  feed  great  quantities  of  sheep,  and 
its  vallics  fruitful  in  oats,  barley  and 
pasture,  which  feed  great  numbers  of 
black  cattle,  yielding  cheese  and  butter. 
It  has  several  rivers  which  fall  into  the 
Tweed,  which  produce  plenty  of  fme 
salmon,  as  does  VVest-water  Loch,  eels, 
&e.  in  such  abundance  in  Angus,  that 
during  the  W  winds,  they  have  ov«r- 
turned  the  people  that  catched  them. 
I.och-geuenen  falls  from  a  precipice 
250  pixcs  high.  Its  chief  mountain  is 
Braidalb,  from  whence  may  be  seen 
the  seas  on  each  side  of  the  island. 
This  county  yields  limestone,  &c.  with 
every  necessary  of  life.  The  chi  f  ma- 
nufactures are  shoes  and  thread. 

Peekiiill,  a  post  town  in  West  Ches- 
ter county.  New  York ;  lying  on  the  E 
sit'  ,  of  Hudson  river,  50  miles  N  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  iiiid  about  10  below 
the  fort  at  West  point. 

Peel,  a  town  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
is  situate  on  a  spacious  bay,  at  the  S 
extremity  of  which  is  Peel  isle,  a  roclt. 
of  great  magnitude  and  height.  There 
is  a  castle  on  tlie  summit  of  it,  and 
likewise  a  cathedral  said  to  be  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Germain,  the  first  bishop, 
who  lived  in  the  fifth  century.  Lon.  4 
40  W,  lat.  54  J  3  N. 

Peer,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  24  miles  N  ^ 
W  of  Maestricht     Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  51 

8N.  •  ;,, 

Peese.     ScePeatht. 

Pegau,  a  town  of  Gernxany,  in  the 


i 


PEG 


P  E  K 


ii!   . 


circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  Hitimte  on  the 
rivt-r  ElsttT,  58  miles  VV  of  Dresden. 
Lon   12  22E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

IK'^iiiife!,  11  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Cn.slik-,  iTinurkuble  for  its  pulaci',  cas- 
tle luul  fortifirations,  and  its  cjieeses, 
'wliirli  arc  said  to  be  tlic  best  in  Spain. 
It  is  seated  on  tlic  Douero,  20  miles  S 
E  of  Valladolid.  Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  41 
41  N. 

Prgna-M.xor,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
tlic  jiroviiee  of  Beira,  with  a  castle, 
40  mites  N  W  of  Alcantara.  Lon  6  32 
W,  lat.  39.50  N. 

J'c^,iar,im/a,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Caslile,  capital  of  a  diitrhy  of  the  same 
name,  30  miles  S  W  of  Olnicdo.     Lon. 

4  8  ^V,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Fcgn,  a  kinplom  of  Asia,  Ivinjf  to  the 

5  E  of  Denial.  It  is  hounded  on  the 
N  h)  Biirniah,  on  the  \V  and  S  hy  the 
Ocean,  and  on  the  E  by  Laos  and  Siani. 
Its  products  ore  timber  for  biiildinf^, 
cle|>h!ints,  elephants  teeth,  bees  wax, 
lac,  saltj)etre,  iron,  lead,  tin,  petroleum, 
very  tine  rnbies,  small  diamonds,  and 
plenty  of  lead,  of  which  the)  make  their 
money.  It  is  very  fruitful  in  corn,  roots, 
jiuIm-,  and  fruits.  The  government  is 
arliiti';>ry,  for  the  king's  will  is  ulaw; 
anil  vet,  he  does  not  often  abuse  his 
pover.  The  inhabitants  arc  but  thinly 
clad,  and  tlie  best  among  them  wear 
neitiier  shoes  nor  stockings.  The  wo- 
men are  much  finrer  than  the  men, 
small,  but  well  projiortioncd.  If  the 
"wife  pnives  fi.Ise,  the  husband  may  8«'ll 
her  for  a  sKi\ei  and  if  he  go  astray, 
she  Will  give  him  a  dose  of  poison. 
Ther*-  are  a  vast  nuniber  of  t<  mj'ies  in 
this  country,  but  mostl.i  of  wood,  which 
are  varnislied  and  gilt.  The  priests 
l)a»c  ground  allowed  them,  whicii  they 
cultivate  ff)r  their  subsistence  j  and 
they  lire  said  to  be  strict  observers  of 
moraiitj.  They  are  Called 'I  alapoins, 
and  iiictihate'  charity  as  the  highest 
Tirtuc  i  affirmirg  that  religion  to  be  the 
best  wliifh  teat  hes  men  to  do  the  mcst 
go(Hl.  They  have  idols  in  their  tcrriples, 
m  a  sitting  posture,  like  tail'irs,  and 
■with  very  laigc'  eai.s.  They  have  vari- 
ous sorts  of  nuisic,  but  the  pipe  and 
tabor  are  esteemed  the  best.  In  the 
low  f^at  part  of  the  coinitry,  which  is 
liable  to  be  overflowed,  the  houses  are 
buih  upon  stakes,  and  in  time  of  inim- 
datinns,  the  inhabitants  communicate 
with  each  other  by  boats.  Pegu  was 
jin  independent  kingdcjm,  till  1751, 
when  it  was  reduced,  by  tlie  king  of 


Burmali,  to  the  state  of  a  dependant 
province. 

J'vgu,  a  town,  in  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  Asia.  It  is  above  2U 
miles  in  circumference  ;  but  not  one 
twentieth  part  of  it  is  inhabited,  for  it 
was  ruined  hy  the  king  of  Buruuih.  It 
is  seated  on  u  river  of  the  sanie  name, 
520  miles  S  of  Ava.  Lon.  96  30  E,  lat 
18  10  N. 

I'llnr.  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  dutcliy  of  Brunswick  ;  famous  for 
a  battle  fought  in  1553,  when  Maurice, 
elector  of  haxony,  and  the  margrave  of 
Jirundenburg  were  killed.  It  is  17 
miles  W  of  llrunswick.  Lon.  10  19  E, 
lat.  52  25  N. 

I'eijms,  u  large  lake  of  Uussia,  in  the 
government  of  Livonia.  From  which 
issues  the  river  Narova,  by  which  it 
hag  a  communication  at  Narva,  with  the 
gulf  of  Finland. 

I'eiihorc,  or   Pishovr,  a  considerable 
city  ol  Ilindoi  stan  Proper,    in  the  pro 
vince   of  Cabul.     It   is   subject  to  the 
kingof  Candahar,  and  is  50  miles  N  VV 
of  Attock.     Lon.  69  54  E,  lat.  32  44  N, 

Peitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  mnrche  of 
Utanileiibui  gh..  In  the  vicinity  of  which 
iri/u  mines  are  wrought  to  advantage, 
and  Uianutacturcs  of  pitch  and  turpen- 
tine Lie  carried  on  to  great  extent.  It 
is  30  miles  S  S  W  of  Franckfort  on  the 
Ooer.     Lon.  8  35  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

I'lkin,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
China,  is  situated  in  a  very  feKile 
pli.m,  twenty  leagues  distant  from  the 
t;rettt  wall;  this  nan.e,  which  signifies 
the  Northern  Court,  is  given  it,  '.o  dis- 
tinguish it  fiom  another  considerable 
city  called  Nan-king,  or  the  Southern 
Court.  This  capital  forms  an  exact 
sqt.aie,  and  is  A'w  ided  into  two  cities  ; 
the  hrst  is  inhabited  by  Chinese  ;  the 
U'coiid  by  Taitars.  These  two  cities, 
without  inclilding  the  suburbs,  are  six 
fi.ll  leagues  in  circumfeience,  accord- 
ing to  the  most  accurate  measurement 
made  b;.  the  express  order  of  the  em- 
peror. The  height  and  enormous  thick- 
ness of  the  walls  of  the  Tartar  city  ex- 
cite adniiration  ;  twelve  hoi  semen 
might  easily  ride  abreast  upon  them  ; 
they  have  spacious  towers  raised  at  in- 
tervals, a  bow-shot  distant  from  one 
another,  and  large  enough  to  contain 
bodies  of  reserve  in  case  of  necessity. 
T  he  city  has  nine  gates,  which  are  lof- 
ty and  well  arched  i  over  them  are 
large  pavilion  roofed  towers  divided  in 


?  E  K 


he  state  of  a  dependuiA  I 

vn,  in  a  kin^^dom  of  tliel 
in  AnIu.  It  iii  nbovc  2(ll 
iinifiiTntc  I  liiit  not  one  I 
t  of  it  \n  iiihabltcci,  for  it  I 
tlic  kinc^  of  Bui'innI).  It  I 
irivcroftlic  sniiic  iianic,! 
f  Avu.     Loll,  ye  30  E,  Ut. 

wn  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  I 
f  UnniHwick;  fumous  fori 
It  in  1553,  wlicn  Maurice,! 
itony,  and  the  margrave  ofl 
were  killed.  It  is  17  [ 
runswick.    Lon.  lU  19  E,| 

irgc  luke  of  Hussia,  in  the 
jf  Livonia.  I'loni  which 
ver  Narova,  by  which  it 
liciitlou  at  Narva,  with  the 
lid. 

ir   Pishovr,  a  considerable 
)i  Ktan  Proper,   in  tlic  pro- 
bul.     It   is   subject  to  the 
iiliar,  and  is  50  miles  N  VV 
Lon.  6y  54  E,  lat.  32  44  N. 
jwn  of   Germany,   in  the 
per  Saxony,  and  niarche  of 
;h.  In  the  vicinity  of  which 
re  wroiigi.t  to  advantage, 
lures  of  pitch  and  tiirpen- 
led  on  to  great  extent.     It 
I  S  W  of  Franckfort  on  the 
8  35  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 
;  cu])ital  of  the  empire  of 
situated   in   a  very  feHile 
y  leagues  distant  from  the 
this  nanc,  which  signifies 
1  Court,  is  given  it,  '.o  dis. 
fioin  another  considerable 
N'au-king,   or  the  Southei-n 
s   capital  forms   an   exact 
.  is  dii  ided  into  two  cities  ; 
nhabited  by  Chinese  i  the 
luitars.    These  two  cities, 
lUding  the  suburbs,  are  six 
.  in  circumfeience,  accord- 
lost  accurate  measurement 
le  express  order  of  the  em- 
height  and  enormous  thick- 
walls  of  the  Tartar  city  ex- 
ation  ;     twelve    horsemen 
I  ride  abreast  upon  them  ; 
^acious  towers  raised  at  in- 
)ow-shot  distant  from  one 
d  large   enough  to  contain 
;serve  in  case  of  necessity. 
s  nine  gates,  which  are  lof- 
1   arched  ;   over  them   are 
)n  roofed  towers  divided  in 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1^ 


2.5 


MUb. 


12.0 

1.8 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


1.25 

1.4    1  ,.6 

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Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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P  E  K 

to  nine  stories,  each  having  several 
ane.-t.ires  o.-  port-holes  ;  the  lower  sto- 
i    (f«HalargehaUf..rtheuseof  the 

,  ,1  I  ers  u..d  officers  who  qu.t  gijurd, 
wl  those  appoi..le.l  to  .I'e  'eve  >Ucn^ 
'l^^.\ore  each  ^.tcu  space  .sle  to   .no  e 

tha..  three  h...uhccl  ;..ul  s.xty  ieet :  t.  s 
;,  a  kind  of  place  of  arms,  one  osed  bv 
^^tSirculLrwaU  equal  in  hejght  ami 
thickness  to  that  s.irround.ng  tie  c.t>. 
5.e  streets  are  i.rfectlystra.,.U.^ 


of  them  three  miles  m  length 
feet   wide,   with  shops  o.,  bo  >  s.de    . 
but  the  houses  are  poorly  built,   and 
have  onlv  a  gro.md-floor.     It  is  surpri- 
,S  to   see^vhat  numbers  of  people 

ihere  are   in  the  streets,  a.id  not  one 
womr>namonsthem.    There  .s  alw^O^s 
a  creat  confusion,  occasioned  by  the 
vast  numbers  of  horses,  camels,  mules, 
asses.     waiTffons,    carts,    and    chaiis, 
Sut  recko.iini?  the    se^e^a   mobs 
wlilch  gather  about  the  jugg  crs,  bal- 
ad.singers,  &cc.   Persons  of  distinction 
have  always  a  horseman  who  goes  be- 
fore  them  to  clear  the  way.     A    the 
great  streets  are  guarded  by  soldiers 
^ho  patrole  night  and  day  with  sword, 
bnheir  8ides,\nd  whips  in  the.r  hands, 
?o^  chastise  those  who  make  any  chs- 
turbance,  or  take  them  into  custody. 
The  little  streets  have  latt.ce-gates  at 

their  entrance  into  the,f  ^'^S*""^^^*^' 
which  are  shut  up  at  night,  and  guard- 
Sby   soldiers, 'who  suffer  no  assem. 
blies  in  the  streets  at  th«t  time.    The 
support  of  this  police  costs  tbe  em^)e- 
ror  a  great  deal,   for  If  ^  of  the  sol- 
diers we  have  mentioned  are  mau  tam- 
ed for  this  purpose  only.     They  are  all 
infantry,  and  their  pay  is  gener.;a  y  ve- 
ry  high  i  their  employment  consists  not 
only^in   watching  for   those  who  ma> 
occasion  distu.'ba..ce  '"/''V'/'>-^  "!' 
or  walk  abroad  during  the  "'ghti  they 
must  also  take  care   that  the  st.cets 
are   kept  clean  and  swept  every  da>  . 
that  they    are   w.Uered  morn.ng  and 
eve.,ing  in  time  of  dry  weather  ;  and 
that  ev-ery  nuisance  is  removed ;   tliey 
have  orders  also  to  assist  i"  «"«  'lb"'"- , 
th<;n.selves,  and  to  clear  the  ken.  els. 
that  the  water  may  have  a  free  couise. 
The  emperor's   palace  stands  m  the 
SlW  the  Tii-tar  city     It  presents 
a  prodigious  assemblage  of  vast  build- 
ings, extensive  courts  and  ni»gn.hcent 
gardens,   and  is  shut  up  on  all  sides  by 
a  double    wall,  the  intervening  space 
being  occupied  by  houses  belonging  to 
the  officers  of  the  court,  eunuchs,  and 


PEL 

bv  different    tribunals.    To    some    of 
these  is  assigned  the  care  of  providing 
necessaries  for  the  use  of  the  emperor, 
others   are   for  dete.minmg  'l"*P«t':»; 
and  punishing  faults  committed  by  the 
domestics  of  the  i.n.-.enal  Um.ly.     The 
exterior  circumference  of  this  immense 
nalace  is  reckoned  a  league  and  a  halt. 
AUhough  the  Chinese  architecture  has 
no  resemblance  to  that  ot  Luiope,   the 
imperial  palace  of  Feki.i  does  not  fail 
to  strike  beholders  by  its  extent,  gran- 
deur.  and  the  regular  disposition  of  its 
apartments,  and  by  the  s.ngular  struc- 
ture   of  its  pavilion-roots,  ornamented 
at  each  corner  with  a  carved  I'.^'t  band 
the  lower  extremity  of  which  is  t^iincd 

upwards,  these  ••""f^''^  ^^.^^^-''-''^Xw 
varnished  tiles  of  so  beautiful  a  >cllow 
colour,  that,  at  a  distance,  they  make 
as  splendid  an  appearance  as  it  tlicy 
were    gilded.     The   temples,  and  the 

towers%f  this  city,  i^'--/"  "^;;;^"'2:!f' 

that  it  is  difficult  to  count  them.  The 
country  about  it  is  f^^"'!)''  '''"\"°\;^':> 
fruitful  ,  yet  provisions  ot  all  kinds  aic 
exceedingly  plentiful,  they  being,  as 
well  as  the  merchandise,  brought  from 

other  parts  by  canals  cut  from  the  ri- 
vers, and  always  crowded  with  vessels 
of    diff-erent    sizes.     An    earthquake, 
which  happened  here  in  1731.  buried  a- 
bove  100,000  persons  m  the  ruins  of  the 
houses     The  inhabitants  of  Pekin  are 
ermated   at  2,000.000       A    Russian 
church  is  established  here  with  a  se- 
minary,  in  which  the  students  are  per- 
mitted to  reside  for  the   purpose   of 
learning  the  Chinese  language.    Since 
this  establishment,    many    interesting 
publications  have  appeared  at  Peters- 
burirh,   relative  to  the  laws,   history, 
and   ffeoffraphy   of    China,    translated 
fri^the^r^iglals  published  at  Pekin. 

This  city  is  500  miles  N  b/  VV  of  Nan- 
kinff.     Lon.  116  14E,  lat.  39  54  N. 

PelagnUi,  an  island  in  the  Arch.pela. 
ffo  in  the  Mediterranean  ««•;.  eight 
miles  in  circumference.     Lon.  24  12  E, 

lat.  39  .W  N. 

Pelc^rino,  Mount,  a  promontory  on 
the  N  coast  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  near- 
ly  two  miles  W  of  Palermo.  The  pros- 
Let  from  this  moimt  is  beaut.f..  and 
'extensive  :  most  of  the  Lipari  Is  ands 
are  discovered  in  a  clear  day,  ar.d  also 
a  large  portion  of  Mou.^t  Et.ia  al- 
thouffh  at  the  distance  of  almost  the 
whole  length  of  Sicily.  On  this  mount 
is  a  cavern,  in  which  is  the  image  of 
St,  Rosolia,   who  is  said  to  have  died 


■m 


P  E  ^ 

htrf  i  and  round  the  cave  of  Uiis  saint 
(who  IS  the  patroness  of  Palermo)  a 
cimrch  is  built,  where  priests  attentl  to 
watch  tlie  precious  relics,  and  receive 
tlie  oHenng^s  of  the  pilgrims. 

J'e/ew  liUiiuU,    (Ihe),    were,   in  all 
pr.b:ibility,    first   discovered    by    the 
Spaniards   of  the  I'liilippines,   and  by 
tliem  called  the  Paloo  Islands  from  the 
tall  palm-tiees  that  grow  tliere  in  great 
numbers,  and  wliich  at  a  distance  have 
tile  appearance  of  masts  of  ships  ;  the 
word   palos,    in  the  Spanish  language, 
sometimes   signifying  a  mast.    Ihere 
IS  every  reason  to  suppose,  that  no  Eu- 
ropean  had  ever  been  upon  them,  be- 
fore the  Antelope,  a  packet  belonging 
to  the   East  India  company,  and  com- 
manded  by  captain  Henry  Wilson,  was 
wrecked  there    in   the  night  between 
tne   9tli  and   10th  of  August  irSJ.— 
This  misfortune  was  the  more  distress- 
ing to  the  crew,  as  they  were  utterly  ig. 
noraiit  what  resources  the  islands  af- 
forded, or  supposing  them  to  be  inha- 
bited,  v.hat  might  be  the  disposiUon 
or    the   inhabitants.      However,    they 
found  these  islands  inhabited,  and  that 
the  natives  were  simple  in  their  man- 
ners, delicate  in  theirsentiments,  friend- 
ly  m   their  disposition,  and,  in  short, 
a  people  that  do  honour  to  the  human 
race.     The   natives  are  of  a  deep  cop- 
per colour,  and  go  naked;  and  the  as- 
tonishment  which  those,  who  first  dis- 
covered  the  Englisli,    manifested    on 
seeing  their  colour,    plainly  shewed, 
that  they  had  never  before  seen  a  white 
man— The    cloaths  of    the   strangers 
also  puzzled  them  exceedingly  j  for  it 
seemed  to  be  a  matter  of  doubt  with 
them,  whether  these  and  their  bodies 
«id  not  form  one   subst.-.nce.     When 
one  of  the  crew,  the  captain's  brother, 
was   deputed  to    wait   upon  the  king, 
who  resided  at  an  island  .it  some  dis- 
tance  from  that  whereon  they  had  sav- 
<d  their  lives,   he  accidentally  pulled 
ofThis  hat,  at  which  ihe  gazing  specta- 
tors were  ail  struck  with  astonishment, 
as  if  they  thought  it  had  formed  a  part 
of  his  head.    They  had  no  idea  of  the 
nature  of  powder  and  shot,   and  were 
exceedingly  amazed  on  seeing  its  ef- 
fects.    The  priiw^ipal  arms  of  this  peo 
pie  consist  of  bamboo  darts,  of  five  to 
eight  feet  long,  pointed  with  the  wood 
of  the  beetle-jiut  tree  ;   but  there  are 
short  ones  for  distant  marks,  whiph  are 
thrown   by   means   of  a  stick  two  feet 
kHig.    TInieupackp,  or  chiefs,  may  be 


PEL 


considered  in  the   same  liglit  as  tiie 
European  nobles.     They  wear  a  bone  f 
r()und  one  of  their  wrists,  in  tlie  form 
of  a  bracelet,   which  being  a  mark  of 
great  honour  conferred  by  the  king  on  I 
officers  of  state,  commanders,  or  per- 
•sons     who    by  valour    or     otherwise 
have  greatly  distinguished  themselves, 
is  never  to  be  parted  with  but  with  life. 
They  ai-e  not  all  of  the  same  degree 
as   appeared  from  a  difference  in  the 
bone  they  wore.     Captain  Wilson  was 
invested  with  the  highest  order  of  the 
bone.    AVith  respect  to    property    in 
these   islands,   a  man's   house,  or  ca- 
noe, is  considered  as  his  own,  as  is  al- 
so  the  land  allotted  him,  as  long  as  he 
occupies  and  cultivates  it ;   but,  when- 
ever he  removes  with  his  family  to  ano- 
ther   place,  tlie  ground  reverts  to  the 
kmg,  who  gives  it  to  whom  he  pleases, 
or  to  those  who  solicit  to  cultivate  it. 
The   country  is  well  covered  with  inr\. 
her  trees,  the  trunks  of  which  furnish 
the   natives  with   canoes,   some  large 
enough   to  carry  30  men.     There  are 
but  few  other  trees  of  much  use  to  tlic 
natives.     Yams  and  cocoa-nuts  being 
their  chief  aj'ticles  of  subsistence,  are 
attended  to  with  the  utmost  care.  From 
the  scanty  produce  of  the  country,  it  is 
plain  no  luxury  can  reign  among  the  in- 
habitants in  their  diet,  and  the  milk  of 
the  cocra-nut  was  their  common  drink. 
On  particular  occasions,  thev  added  to 
their  ordinary  fare  certain  sweetmeats 
and  sweet  drink,  obtained  by  the   aid 
of  a  syrup,  extracted  either  from  the 
palm-tree,    or   the    sugar-cane.     The 
houses  are  raised  aboutthree  feet  from 
the  ground,  the  foundation  beams  beinr 
laid   on   large  stones,   whence  spring 
Uie   upright  supports  of  their  sides, 
which   are  crossed  by  other  timbers 
grooved    together,    and    fastened    by 
wooden   pins,  the   intermediate  space 
being  closely  filled    up  with  bamboog 
and  iialm-trce  leaves,  platted  together. 
I'he  tops  of  the   houses  are  thatched 
with  bamboos  and  palm-trees  ;  and  the 
inside  of  the  house  is  without  any  divi- 
sion,  forming  one  great  room.    A»  to 
domestic  imjilements,  thev  have  little 
baskets  very  nicely  woven  f\om  slips  of 
the  plantain-tree,  and   wooden  baskets 
with  .  overs,  neatly  carved  and  inlaid 
with  shells.     No  one  ever  stirs  abroad 
without  a  basket,   which  usually  con- 
tains   some   bcetlemit,  a  comb,  knife, 
and  a  little  twine.     The  best  knives  are 
made  of  a  piece  of  the  large  mother  of 


PEL 

red  in  ti.e  same  light  as  tliel 
*"  "?';^'^-  Tl/cy  vcarabone 
neot  their  wrists,  in  tJie  form 
Jcelet,    whicli  being  a  mark  of 

onour  conferred  by  tlie  king  on 
ut  state,  commanders,  or  per. 
I">    by   valour    or     otherwise! 
;atly  distinguished  themselves 
t"  be  parted  with  but  with  life' 
«  "ot  all  of  „,e  gj,,,,^  ^j  • 

ared  from  a  difiertnce  in  the 
y  wore      Captain  Wilson  was 
with  the  highest  order  of  the 
vith  resjiect  to    propcity    in 
lands,   a  man's   house,  or  ca-  ' 
"iisidercd  ab  his  own,  as  is  al. 
^Kl  allotted  him,  as  long  as  he 
and  cultivates  it;   but,  when- 
enioves  with  his  family  to  ano- 
•e.  tlie  ground  reverts  to  the 
Ofenves  it  to  whom  he  pleases 
)se  wiio  solicit  to  cultivate  it' 
itiy  is  well  covered  with  tim^i 
tlie  trunks  of  which  furnish 
es  with   canoes,  some  lar^e 
o  carry  30  men.     There  are 
itlier  trees  of  much  use  to  the 
Jams  and  cocoa-nuts  bein? 
'  ai'ticles  of  subsistence,  are 
o  with  the  utmost  care.  From 
'  produce  of  the  country,  it  is 
ixury  can  reign  among  the  in. 
m  their  diet,  and  the  milk  of 
•nut  was  tlieir  common  drink, 
liar  occasions,  tliev  added  to 
nary  fare  certain  sweetmeats 
arink,   obtained  by  tlie   aid 
',  extracted  either  from  the 
or    the    sugar-cane.     The 
raised  about  three  feet  from 
.  the  foundation  beams  beinr 
ige  stones,   whence  spring 
't  supports  of  their  sides, 
crossed  by  other  timbers 
Jgether,    and    fastened    by 
lis,  the   intermediate  space 
■ly  filled   up  with  bamboog 
ce  leaves,  platted  together. 
)f  the   houses  are  thatched 
0.S  and  palm-trees  j  and  the 
e  house  is  witlumt  any  divi. 
ig  one  great  room.     As  to 
>plemenis,  they  have  little 
'  "'cel)-  woven  fiom  slips  of 
tree,  and   wooden  baskets 
>   nc.'itly  carved  and  inlaid 
No  one  ever  stirs  abroad 
asket,    which  usually  con- 
bcetlenut,  a  comb,  knife, 
wiiic.     The  best  knives  are 
2ce  of  tlie  large  mother  of 


PEL 

pearl  oyster,  ground  narrow,  and  the 
outward  side  a  little  polished.  The 
combs  are  made  of  the  orange-tree,  of 
which  there  are  a  few-of  the  Seville 
kind;  the  handle  and  teeth  are  fasten- 
ed in  the  solid  wood.  The  (ishing- 
books  are  of  tortoise  shell  ;  and  twine, 
cord,  and  fishing-nets,  are  well  manu- 
factured from  the  husks  of  the  cocoa- 
nut.  Of  the  plantain  leaf  are  fiirmed 
mats,  which  serve  the  people  as  beds. 
They  also  use  a  plantain  leaf  at  meals, 
instead  of  a  plate,  and  the  shell  of  a 
cocoa-nut  supplies  the  place  of  a  cup. 
There  arc  vessels  of  a  kind  of  earthen 
ware,  of  a  reddish  brown  colour,  in 
which  they  boil  their  fish,  yams,  &c. 
A  bundle  of  cocoa-nut  husks  tied  to- 
gether, serves  them  for  a  broom  ;  and 
thick  bamboos,  with  bores  five  or  six 
inches  in  diameter,  are  their  buckets 
or  cisterns. — Their  hatchets  are  like 
those  of  the  South  Sea  islands.  They 
have  also  a  few  articles,  which  in  these 
islands  may  be  called  luxuries.  The 
shell  of  the  tortoise  there  is  remarka- 
bly beautiful,  and  tlie  natives  of  Pelew 
have  discovered  the  art  of  moulding  it 
into  little  trays  or  dishes,  and  spoons. 
Some  of  the  great  ladies  have  also 
bracelets  of  the  same  manufacture, 
and  ear  rings  inlaid  with  shells.  The 
natives  in  general  are  a  stout  well 
m.ide  people,  rather  above  tl»e  mid- 
dling stature,  and  of  a  very  deep  cop- 
per colour,  but  black.  The  men  are 
entirely  naked  ;  the  women  wear  two 
little  aprons,  one  before,  the  other  be- 
hind. Both  men  and  women  are  ta- 
tooed,  and  their  teeth  made  Black  by 
art.  Both  sexes  are  very  expert  at 
swimming,  and  the  men  are  such  ad- 
mirable divers,  that  they  will  readily 
fetch  up  any  thing  from  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  which  attracts  their  notice. 
The  conduct  of  these  people  towards 
the  English  was,  from  first  to  last,  uni- 
formly courteous  and  attentive,  ac- 
companied with  a  politeness  which 
81 11-prised  those  who  were  the  objects 
of  it.  Such  an  opinion  had  the  king  of 
the  island  entertained  of  the  English, 
that  on  their  departure  he  sufTcred 
his  .second  son,  Lee  Boo,  to  accompa- 
ny them  to  England,  where  this  hope- 
ful youth  unhappily  died  of  the  small 
pox,'  in  Dec.  1784.  The  Eist  India 
Company  erected  a  monunu'iit  over 
hi.s  gi'ave  in  Rotlierhithe  ciiurch-yard 
where  h"  was  bur'ed.  These  islhuds 
wure  lately  visited  by  captain  M'Cleur, 


P  E  M 

who  confirms  the  account  given  of 
them  and  their  inhabitants  by  captain 
Wilson.  In  his  jotiniul,  captain  M'Cleur 
says,  "  havl.ig  pitched  my  tent  in  a 
bay  opposite  to  the  ship,  I  found  my- 
self in  a  perfect  paradise,  and  could 
have  been  happy  to  have  continued 
here  the  remainder  of  my  days."  Tliey 
ai-e  situated  between  5  and  9  degrees 
of  N  hit,  and  130  and  136  degrees  of  S. 
Ion.  They  are  long,  but  narrow,  well 
covered  with  wood,  at  least  such  of 
the  islands  as  our  people  had  an  op- 
portunity of  seeing.  They  are  encir- 
cled on  the  west  side  by  a  reef  of  co- 
ral, of  which  no  end  could  be  seen 
from  any  eminence  our  people  were  on. 

Pelham,  a  small  town,  with  a  post 
office,  in  Rockingham  county.  New 
Hampshire,  35  miles  W  by  S  of  New- 
bury-port,  and  36  N  W  of  Boston. 

PelUsa,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungaiy, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  seated  near  the  Danube,  IS 
miles  N  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  20  E,  lat. 
47  40  N. 

Pelissane,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone,  15  miles  W  N  W  of  Aix. 
Lon.  5  21  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Petla,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Janna,  50    miles  W  of  Salonichi 
Lon.  21  53  E,  lat.  40  41  N. 

Fsllerin,  a  tov.n  of  France  in  thft 
department  of  Lower  Loire,  situate  on 
the  Loire,  with  a  harbour  for  small 
vessels,  ten  miles  N  of  Nantes,  a-id  13 
SE  of  Painbocuf.  Lon.  144  W,  lat. 
47  23  N. 

Peloso,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basili- 
cata,  35  miles  VV  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  20 
E,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Pemba,  a  town  of  Congo,  capital  oi" 
a  province  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  IS 
25  E,  lat.  7  30  S. 

Pc^nba,  or  Pemla,  an  Island  in  the  E 
Indian  Ocean,  lying  near  the  coast  of 
Africa,  and  extending  about  100  miles, 
in  cii'cumfcrfr.ce.  It  is  governed  by  a. 
kingtribufarv  to  tlie  Portuguese.  Lon. 
40  0  E.  lat.  5  .50  S. 

Penibridge,  a  town  in  Herefordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tue.sday.  It  i.s  a 
small  place,  seated  on  the  Arrow,  12 
miles  N  VV  of  Hereford,  and  145  W  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  42  VV,  lat.  52 
14  N. 

Pembrole,  the  capital  of  Pembroke- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It. 
is  .seated  on  the  innermost  creek  of 
Mili'ord   IIa>en,  over  which  are  l.vo 


% 


w 


PEN 

f)i-idp^cs,  but  the  navigution  to  it  is  be- 
come injured  by  tliu  rubbish  of  the 
limestone  rjuarries  near  it.  It  is  sur- 
rounded b\  a  wall  witli  three  gates, 
lias  K  castle  on  a  rock,  and  two 
chiirclies.  It  is  a  corporation,  and 
.sends  one  member  to  parliament,  and 
is  ten  miles  S  K  of  Il.-iverfordwest, 
ami  237  W  bv  N  of  Limdon.  Lon.  4 
55  W,  hit.  51  46  N. 

Fambrohs/iiie,  is  the  S  W  extre- 
mity of  Wales,  derives  it  name  from, 
Pembroke  the  co\nity-towii,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Carmarthenshire, 
on  tiie  N  E  by  Cardiijanshire,  and  on 
all  other  sides  by  the  Irish  !Sea.  It 
e.MciuIs  in  lengtli  from  N  to  S,  35  miles, 
and  I'lom  E  to  W  29,  and  i^  about  140 
in  circumference.  It  is  divided  into 
seven  hundreds,  in  which  are  one  city, 
eight  market-towns,  145  parishes,  a- 
bout  2300  houses,  and  25,900  inhabi- 
tants. It  lies  in  the  province  of  Ca.i- 
terbury,  and  diocese  of  St.  David's,  and 
sends  one  member  to  parliament.  The 
air  of  this  county  is  esteemed  very 
salubrious,  and  the  soil  is  fertile,  for 
iiere  are  but  few  mountains,  and  these, 
•which  are  chieHy  situated  in  the  N  E 
part  of  the  county,  yield  good  pasture 
for  cattle  and  sheep;  towards  the  sea- 
coast,  the  land  extends  into  rich  mea- 
dows and  corn  fields.  The  country 
abounds  with  horned  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  and  wild  fowl  of  various  kinds, 
some  of  which  are  seldom  seen  in  any 
other  part  of  Britain.  These  are  mi- 
gratory sea  birds,  that  breed  in  the  isle 
of  Ramsey,  and  the  adjoining  rocks, 
called  the  Bishop  and  his  Clerks. 
7'hitlier  yearly  resort,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  April,  such  flocks  of  birds,  of 
several  scn'ts,  as  a])pear  incredible  to 
tliose  who  have  not  seen  them. 

Pcna  Garcia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken  by 
Philip  ,V .  in  ir04  ;  but  he  retired  from 
it  at  the  approach  of  the  allies.  It  is 
six  miles  E  of  Idanha,  Velha.  Lon.  G  6 
W,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Fenaha,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
se.ited  on  a  hill  with  a  castle,  eight 
miles  S  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  8  17  W, 
lat.  40  4  N. 

Peimiitkr,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departmcntof  Aude  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  four  miles  N  of  Carcas- 
sone.     Lon.  2  25  E,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Pcndennis,  a  castle  in  Cornwall,  on  a 
hill  of  the  same  name,  on  Falmouth 
Ba)'.    It  was  built  by  Henry  VIII.  for 


PEN 

the  security  of  the  coast ;  and  on  ih^ 
opposite  side  of  the  Bay  is  another  call- 
ed St.  Mawes.  It  lies  a  little  to  the  S 
E  of  Falmouth.  Lon.  5  30  W.  lat.  50 
10  N. 

Pendleton,  a  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Pendlercr  county,  South  Caroli- 
na, about  145  i;ides  N  W  of  Columbia, 
the  capital  of  the  state. 

Peneviumkr,  a  fortress  of  German)', 
in  Prussian  Pomerania,  seated  in  the 
isle  of  Usedom,  at  the  mouths  of  tlie 
Pene  and  Oder,  in  the  Baltic  Sea. 
Lon.  14  10  E,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Pcr.giiin  Island  and  Bay,  lie  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  182  miles  N  of 
Port  St.  Julian.     Lat.  A7  48  S. 

Peniche,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Estramadura,  with  a  good  harbour 
and  a  citadel,  34  miles  N  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  S  5  E,  lat.  39  16  N. 

Penick,  a  town  of  U|)per  Sasony,  in 
Misiiia,  belonging  to  the  elector  of 
Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the  Multe, 
eight  miles  E  of  Altenberg.  Lon.  12 
44  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 
_  Peniscola,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, seated  on  a  high  point  of  land,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  60  miles  N  of 
Valencia.     Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Penishehr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, and  capital  of  a  district,  in  the 
country  of  Cabid,  46  miles  N  of  Ca- 
bul.     Lon.  68  24  E,  lat.  35  16  N. 

Penkridge,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was 
formerly  a  large  place,  but  now  great- 
ly reduced,  and  principally  noted  for 
its  horse  fairs.  It  is  six  miles  S  of 
Staflord,  and  129  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  \V,  lat.  32  54  N. 

Penkum,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior 
Pomerania,  15  miles  S  W  of  Stetin. 

Penmammaixr,  a  once  tremendous 
precipice  in  Carnarvonshire,  overhang- 
ing the  sea;  but  now  safely  crossed  by 
a  gfjod  road.  It  is  four  miles  S  W  of 
Abercon  way. 

Pennnflor,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
rias,  seated  on  the  Ast.-*,  14  miles  S  W 
of  Ovlfedo.  Lon.  5  56  VV,  lat.  43  15  N. 
Pennaflor,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Anda- 
lusia, seated  near  the  Xenil,  10  miles 
N  of  F:cjia.  Lon.  4  12  W,  lat.  37  44  N. 
Pennar,  a  river  which  has  its  rise  in 
the  kingdom  of  M)^sore,  in  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  and  watering 
Gooty,  Gandicotta,  Cuddapah,  and 
Vellore,  enters  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at 
Ganj^apatnam. 


-  —  fm   \^^'ri^^  ..... ':   ...r^^^^^. 


PEN 

■itj  of  tlie  coast ;  and  on  thf^ 
iide  of  the  Bay  is  another  call- 
liivves.  It  lies  a  little  to  the  S 
loutii.     Lon.  5  30  VV,  lat.   50 

M,  a  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
■ndlcror  county,  South  Caroli- 
14j  miles  N  W  of  Columbia, 
J  of  the  state. 

!u/er,  a  fortress  of  Germany, 
an  Pomerania,  seated    in  the 
edom,  at  the   moutJis  of  the 
I    Oder,  in    the    Baltic    Sea. 
OE.lat.  54  16N. 
Island  and  Baj/,   lie  on  the 
I'atajjonia,    182   miles  N  of 
ulian.     Lat.  47  48  S. 
,  a  strong^  town  of  Portugal, 
iiulura,  with  a  good   harbour 
"Icl,  34   miles  N   of  Lisbon, 
i.  lat.  39  16  N. 
a  town  of  Upper   Saxony,  in 
belonging    to  the   elector  of 
It  IS   seated  on   the  Multe, 
s  E   of  Aitenberg.     Lon.  12 
50  59  N.  ^ 

ji,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
I  on  a  high  point  of  land,  oii 
terranean,    60    miles    N  of 

Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 
ir,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
capital  of  a  district,   in  the 
i  Cabul,  46  miles  N  of  Ca- 
•  68  24  E,  lat.  3S  16  N. 
e,  !i  town   in   Staffordshire, 
larket  on  Tuesday.     It  was 
'  large  place,  but  now  great- 
I,   and   principally  noted  fop 
fairs.     It   is  six  miles  S  of 
and   129  N  W  of  London.. 
V,  Lit.  32  54  N. 
a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
Upper  Saxony,   in    Anterior 
,  15  miles  S  W  of  Stetin. 
viawr,  a   once    tremendous 
n  Carnarvonshire,  overliang- 
I ;  but  now  safely  crossed  by 
d.     It  is  four  miles   S  VV  of 

,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
l  on  the  Asta,  14  miles  S  W 

Lon.  5  56  VV,  lat.  43  15  N. 
,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Anda- 
d  near  the  Xenil,  10  miles 

Lon.  4  12  VV,  lat.  37  44  N. 
river  which  has  its  rise  in 
om  of  Mysore,  in  the 
f  Hindoostan,  and  watering 
indicotta,  Cuddapah,  and 
ters  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at 
im. 


PEN 

Pennington,  a  village  in  Hunterdon 
county.  New  Jersey,  about  ten  miles  N 
of  Trenton,  and  eight  VV  of  Princeton, 
where  there  is  a  post  olKce,  and  oc- 
casionally courts  are  held. 

Pennon,  a  fort  of  Africa,  seated  on  a 
small  island  before  the  harbour  of  Al- 
giers. 

Pennon  lie  Velez,  a  very  important 
seaport  of  Barbary,  seated  on  a  rock  in 
llie  Mediterranean,  near  the  town  of 
Vclcz.  It  was  built  by  the  Spaniards, 
in  1508,  taken  by  the  Moors  in  1522, 
and  retaken  in  1664.  It  is  75  miles  E 
of  Ceuta.     Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  35  25  N. 

Pennaylvania,  one  of  the  United 
Slates  of  America,  290  miles  long  and 
l.jfi  broad;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
river  Delaware;  dividing  it  from  West 
Jersey  and  New  York ;  on  the  S  by 
Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Delaware  ; 
on  the  VV  by  Virginia  and  the  West- 
ern Territory;  and  on  the  N  W  by 
Luke  Erie,  on  wliich  it  h.is  a  consider- 
able front,  and  a  good  port,  lying 
within  200,000  acres  of  land  purchased 
of  Congress  by  this  state.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  20  counties  ;  and  is  well  water- 
ed by  the  Delaware,  and  other  naviga- 
ble rivers,  on  which  lai-g"  ships  come 
up  into  the  heart  of  the  province.  Its 
produce  is  com,  cattle,  timber,  potash, 
wax,  skins,  and  furs  ;  and  they  export 
to  the  West  India  islands  salted  beef, 
pork,  tish,  and  pipcstaves.  Philadelphia 
is  the  capital. 

Penobscot,  a  bay  of  N  America,  in 
the  district  of  Main,  at  the  moutli  of 
the  river  Penobscot.  It  is  long  and 
rapacious ;  and  its  E  side  is  lined 
with  a  cluster  of  small  islands. 

Penrise,  i  seaport  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  Is  seat- 
ed on  the  Bristol  Channel",  20  miles  S 
E  of  Carmartlien,  and  219  VV  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  12  W,  lat,  51  37  N. 

Penrith,  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a 
spacious  market  place,  and  had  for- 
merly a  castle ;  and  several  remains 
of  antiquity  arc  seen  in  its  neighbour- 
hood. It  is  seated  under  a  hill,  near 
the  rivers  Eymotand  Lowtlier,  18  miles 
S  of  Carlisle,  and  280  N  N  VV  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Penryn,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of 
Falmouth  Haven,  has  a  gi-eat  trade  in 
the  pilchard  and  Newfoundland  fish- 
eries, is  governed  by  «  mayor,   and 


fill  III 


PER 

sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  three  miles  N  W  of  Falmoutli,  and 
266  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  59  W, 
lat.  50  10  N. 

Penaacola,  the  capital  of  West  Flo- 
rida, seated  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, which  forms  a  very  commodious 
harbour,  where  vessels  may  ride  secure 
from  every  wind.  Lon.  87  24  W,  lat. 
30  32  N. 

Penaance,  or  Penzance,  a  seaport  in 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  Mountsbay, 
and  was  burnt  by  the  Spaniards  in  1593, 
but  has  been  rebuilt,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  traffic  in  shipping.  It  is 
one  of  the  tin-coinage  towns,  and  a  cor- 
poration governed  by  a  mayor.  It  ia 
12  miles  E  of  the  Land's  End,  and  281 
VV  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  5  35  W,  lat. 
50  UN. 

Pemfwd,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  noted 
for  its  hats  and  bread,  and  seated  on 
the  Chew,  seven  miles  W  of  Bath,  and 
117  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W, 
lat.  51  23  N. 

Penza,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  Kasan.  Its  capital, 
of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Su- 
ra, where  it  receives  the  rivulet  Penza, 
220  miles  S  VV  of  Kasan. 

Penzlein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Meck- 
lenburg, 53  miles  E  of  Stettin.  Lou. 
15  36  E,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Pentland  Frith,  a  dangerous  strait, 
which  divides  the  Orkney  Islands  from 
Caithnesshire,  in  Scotland.  It  is  24 
miles  long  and  12  broad,  and  the  sea 
runs  with  such  impetuous  force,  that 
no  wind  can  force  a  ship  against  the 
current. 

Pentland  HilU,  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
a  few  miles  to  the  S  VV  of  Edinburgh, 
which  afi(>rd  good  pasture  for  sheep, 
and  extend  about  ten  miles  from  S  VV 
to  N  E. 

Pepperborough,  a  seaport  town  on  the 
E  side  of  Saco  river,  in  York  county, 
Maine ;  12  miles  S  by  W  of  Portland, 
and  near  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

Pequigny,  a  town  of  France,  in  *.he 
department  of  Somme  and  late  prcvmce 
of  Picardy  ;  remarkable  for  the  inter- 
view between  Louis  XI.  of  France,  and 
Edward  IV.  of  England,  in  1475,  on  ft 
bridge  built  for  that  purpose.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Somme,  15  miles  S  Eof 
Abbeville.     Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Pera,    a  suburb  of  Constantinople 
Yyy 


PER 


■wliere  the  foreign  ambassadors  usiiallv 
reside.  It  is  inliiibitid  by  Cliristians  of 
several  denoniinations :  and  wine  is 
Bold  lliere  us  publicly  as  in  any  other 
part  of  Europe,  which  ii  not  allowea 
in  tiie  city. 

Peray,  St.  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Danphiny.  It  is  noted  for  its 
wines,  and  is  41  miles  N  W  of  Pnvas. 
Percasliiw,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
Kovernuicnt  of  Kiof,  44  miles  S  E  ot 
Kiof.     Lon.  31  5U  E,  hit.  50  0  N.       . 

Perche,  a  late  jirovince  of  France,  in 
Orleanoia,  35  miles  long  ""d  30  broad : 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Norniandv,  on  the 
\V    and   S    by  Maine,  and  on  the  E  o> 
Bcance.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  forest, 
and  i»  pretty  fertile.   It  is  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Oroe. 
Perehop.     -""ee  Precop. 
Pereczai,  a  town  ot  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
SO  m.les  E  by  N  of  Tockay.     Lon.  22 
26  E,  lat,  48  30  N. 

Perga,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Aibuiiia,  opposite  the  island  of  Coriu. 
Lon.  20  J9  E,  lut.  39  40  N. 

Pergainar,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tur- 
key in  the  European  province  of  Roma 

.  •-    <:n  .„-.i»o  u  W  ,x¥  Adrianoole.     LOH 


PER 

capital  of  the  department  of  Dordogne 
and  late  province  of  Peri^ord,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  the  ruins  ot  a  temple  ot 
Venus,  and  an  amphitheatre.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Isle,  50  "»»"  ^  ^ 
of  Limoges.  Lon  0  48  E,  lat.  43  UN. 
Perm,  a  governmpnt  of  Russia,  tor- 
merly  a  province  erf"  Kasan.  U  'S  "'vi- 
ded  into  the  two  provinces  ot  Perm 
and  Cutharinenburgh. 

Perhula.  a  town  of  the  Deccan,  in 
the  province  of  Dowlatabad,  IBSj"''" 
N  W  of  Hydrabad.     Lon.  75  50  E,  lat. 


18  .13  N. 

Perleberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
the  capital  of  the  marche  of  Pi''R"'"' 
62  miles  N  W  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  36 
E,  lat.  33  25  N.  .  ... 

Perm,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
the  above  government.  It  is  seated  at 
tlic  conHuence  of  the  Kama  and  Zego- 

chekha.  „,.... 

Pernalla,  a  town  of  the  Deccan,  in 
the  province  of  Gu^.enit,  20  miles  W 
of  Durampour.    Lon.  72  5o  E,   Ut.  ^u 

35  N. 

Pernambuco,  a  province  of  Brasil, 
200  miles  long  and  150  broad  :  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Tamara,  on  the  E  by 
the   Atlantic,  on  the   S  by  Seregijjpe, 


ke^r^nlpl^^n^ofHoma  ^  ^^:^  ^  %  ^^^''^^ 
J,  GO  miles  SW of  Adnauople.  Lon.  «j^^^^  \*J^J\,2te./of  it  in  1630; 
2^^i.^.L':!^.tl  Lttownof  Natolia,    SiMhe  Portuguese  retook  it.    It  pro- 


!5  55  t-,  lal.  *i  iu  n.  -  „  ^  ,. 

Pergamo,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  now  half  ruined, 
and  ihhabited  by  about  3000  Turks,  and 
a  few  ianiilies  of  poor  Christians. 
Herfe  parchment  was  invented  It  is 
seated  on  the  Germasti,  15  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  37  N  of  Smyrna.     Lon. 

27  27  E,  lat.  39  5  N.  . 

Peria,  a  town  of  Irac  Agemi  in  Per- 

ria,  90  miles  W  of  Ispalian.     Lon.  5i 

26  E,  lat.  32  10  N.  .     ^     i 

Ptriaf,  a  town  of  France,  m  the  de- 

partment  of  Aude  and  late  province  of 

ianguedoc.     It  is  celebrated   for   its 

salt-works,  and  is   six  miles   S  W  ot 

Narbonne.  „  ,,.    . 

Pmapmm,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
24  itiilus  S  W  of  Sering.ipalam.  L<m. 
76  31  E,  lat.  12  13  N.    _ 

Pcrigcrd,  a  late  province  of  France, 
83  miles  long  and  60  broad,  b«"«  «■  ^  ^   ,     j,^,^,      .^^  ^,,^^  ^  „,  ,., 

on  the  N  by  Angoumois  an;\^»«^''' '    ^^f^  J,  "lo,,  25  40  E,  lat.  60  30  N. 
on  theE  bvQuerc,  71  Limnsn  o     ^''^^ '2,  a  fortified  to^-n  of  Russia, 

*^"'«'^LA=^^''^"oumoi^'^^^ 


UUtcn    occiiii";    Miu-Tiv--  "•  _-- 
but  the  Portuguese  retook  it.     It  pro- 
duces a  great  quantity  of  sugar  and 
Brasil  wood.  .  , 

Pcrne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Provence.  It  is 
the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  orator 
Flechier,  bishop  of  Nismes,  and  a  little 
to  the  W  of  Apt.  .     . 

Perneath  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  ot 
the  same  name,  35  miles  N  of  Riga. 
Lon.  23  37  E,  lat.  38  26  N. 

Penws,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
and  late  province  of  Artois,  seated  on 
the  Clarence,  17  miles  N  W  of  Arras. 
Lon.  2  31  E,  lat.  50  29  N. 

Penw,  a  to^vn  of  Sweden,  m  the  pro- 
vitice  of  Nviand.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
coast  of  the  baltic,  36  miles  E  of  Hel- 

in 


the  S  ov  Ageiiois  uu"  i...^^"—,  _  r 
the  W  by  liourdelois,  Angoumois,  and 
Saint^nge.  It  abounds  in  iron  mines, 
and  the  .iU-  is  pure  and  healthv.  It  now 
for.ns  the  department  of  Dordopne. 
Peiigueux,  an  ancient  town  ot  fran 


luice, 


the  government  of  Riga.  It  is  dctenil. 
ed  bv  a  castle,  and  is  92  miles  N  ot 
Riga."    Lon.  24  30  E,  lat.  58  :>0  N.     . 

Permwt,  a  strong  town  of  France,  m 
the  department  ot  Sorome  and  late  pro- 


;t!i 


E  R 

Icpartment  of  Dordofpe 
ice  of  Perigoril,  with  a 
tlic   ruins  ot  u  temple  of 

:i    iiMiphitlieatre.     It  is 

ivei-  Isle-,  50  miles  S  W 
Lon  0  48E,  lat.  45  UN. 
vernmr nt  of  Russia,  for- 
iice  (rf'  Kasan.     It  is  divi- 

two  provinces  of  Perm 

nburffh. 

town  of  the   Deccan,  in 
Dowlatabad,  188  miles 

abad.     Lon.  75  50  E,  lat. 


i)f 


town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
the  marche  of  Pripnicz, 
V  of  Berlin.     Lou.   12  36 
N. 

own  of  Rtissia,  capital  of 
)vornmcnt.  It  is  seated  at 
:e  of  the  Kama  and  Zego- 

town  of  the  Deccnn,  in 
;  of  Giizcrat,  20  miles  W 
ur.    Lon.  72  53  E,   lat.  20 

CO,  a  province  of  Brasil, 
)ng  and  150  broad  :  bomid- 
N  by  Tamara,  on  the  E  by 
c,  on  the  S  by  Seregippe, 
e  W  by  Tapuyers.  The 
[ime  masters  of  it  in  1630; 
rtuguese  retook  it.  It  pro- 
reat  quantity  of  sugar  and 

town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
Fthe  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
rovince  of  Provence.  It  is 
ace  of  the  celebrated  orator 
ishop  of  Nismes,  and  a  little 
f  Apt. 

a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  g"- 
f  Livonia,  with  a  castle.    It 
ear  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
name,  35  miles  N  of  Riga. 
E,  lat.  58  26  N. 
L  Strong  town  of  France,  in 
ment  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
ovince  of  Artois,   seated  on 
ice,  17  miles  N  W  of  Arras. 
E,  lat.  50  29  N. 
to\vn  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
y*and.     It  is  seated  on  the 
c  Baltic,  36  miles  E  of  Hel- 
Lon.  25  40  E,  lat.  60  30  N. 
a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in 
imcntof  Riga.     It  is  defend- 
castle,   and  is  92  miles  N  of 
in.  24  30  E,  l.at.  58  ,'50  N. 
a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
ment  of  Sorome  and  late  pro- 


PER 

vlnce  of  Picardy.  It  is  called  the  Vir« 
gin,  because  it  has  never  been  taken, 
though  often  besieged.  In  tins  castle 
Cliai'les  tlic  .-liaiplu  was  iiiii>i  Lsoiied, 
aiid  ended  bis  days  in  uniiHer.ible  nuui- 
iici'.  Lewis  XI.  was  ilcUined  here 
tiirce  days  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
liU  he  consented  to  sign  a  disadvan- 
tageous treaty.  It  is  .seated  on  the 
SoDUiie,  27  Slides  S  W  of  Cambray, 
and  80  E  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  2  £, 
lat.  49a5N. 

Ferouta,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  tlie 
chief  place  of  a  valley  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  tlic  Chison,  16  miles 
S  W  of  i'urin.   Lon.  7 18  E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Perpignan,  furnierly  an  episcopal  town 
of  France,  capital  of  tlie  ilepurtincnt  of 
the  Eastern  Py  renees  and  late  province 
of  Kuussillon,  with  a  good  citadel  and 
a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tet, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  100  miles  S  K 
uf  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  42  41  ^. 

Fertain,  a  town  of  tile  kingdom  of 
Pegu,  near  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
132  miles  S  W  of  Pegu.  Lon.  94  55 
E,  lat.  16  45  N. 

JPtriepoiU,  is  supposed  to  be  anciently 
the  capital  city  of  Persia,  properly  so 
called.  It  was  taken  by  Alexander  the 
Great,  who  was  persuaded  when  in  li- 
quor, by  the  courtesan  I'hais,  to  set  it 
on  fire.  Its  magniticent  ruins  are  50 
miles  N  £  of  Schiras,  and  200  S  E  of 
Ispahan.    Lon.  56  20  E,  lat  30  10  N. 

Fershore,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  mai'ket  on  Tuesday,  seated  on 
the  Avon,  nine  miles  E  S  Eof  Worces- 
ter, and  102  W  N  \V  of  London.  Lon. 
1  U  W,  lat.  52  4  iN'. 

Pertia,  a  large  kingdom  of  Asia,  con- 
sisting of  several  provinces,  which,  at 
dilierent  times,  have  had  their  particu- 
lar kings.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Georgia,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Usbec 
Tartary ;  on  the  W  by  Turkey  and 
Arabia ;  on  the  S  by  tlie  gulfs  of  Persia 
and  Ormus,  and  the  Arabian  Sea ;  and 
on  the  E  by  Hindoostan  Pi-oper.  It  is 
1220  miles  from  E  to  W,  and  900  from 
N  to  S.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ti- 
gris and  Amuc.  In  the  N  and  E  parts 
it  is  mountainous  and  cold  ;  in  the  mid- 
dle and  S  E  parts  sandy  and  desert;  in 
the  S  and  W,  level  and  extremely  fer- 
tile, though  for  several  months  very  hot. 
The  soil  is  far  from  being  luxuriant  to- 
ward.s  Tartary  and  the  Caspian  Sea, 
but  with  cultivation  it  might  produce 
uljundance  of  corn  and  fruit.  Soiitli  of 
'tluuiit  Taurus,  the  leilility  of  the  couii- 


PER 

try  in  corn,  fru.is,  wine,   and  the  other 
luxuries  of  l.te,  is  eqiiallcil  by  lew  coun- 
tries.    It  iiroduci'i  wine  iiiul  oil  in  plen- 
ty, senna,    riiubidl),  and   the  liiiest   of 
drugs.      I  ;.e    fniits  uie    delicious,  cs- 
pei.uilly  their  datf.i,  oranjies,  pi.iuichiu- 
nuts  i  melons,  cueunibeis,  and  garden 
stub,    nut  to  mention  vast  (piuiitilies  uf 
excclieiit  silk  ;  and  the  gull  ol  liu^sora 
formerly   fui  nixlii-d   great   puilol  Eu- 
rope tUid  Asia   w:Ui  \ery    line   pearls, 
in    short,   tiie    Iniils,    vegetuhles,  and 
tjowers  of  Per.siu,  are  ol  a  iiio.it  ej>alt- 
Od  llavour  ,  and  li.td  the  natives  the  art 
of  horticulture  to  u:,  great  perfeetiuii  as 
some  natit;ns  in  Einupe,  by  tiaiisj.lant- 
iiig,  eiigi'uri.ng,  and  oilier  meliorutioiis, 
they  would  add   greatly  to  the  natural 
riches   of  the   touiitry.     The  bleed  of 
liorbes   in   liie   province  of  Fars   is  at 
prcsciil  very   indilierent,  <iwii.g  to  the 
ruinous  state  of  the  country  i  but  in  the 
province  of  Dnshlistan,  lying  to  the  S 
W,  it  is  remarkably  good.     The  sheep 
are  of  a  superior  llavonr,  owing  to  the 
excellence   of   liic    pasturage    in    the 
neighbourhood  of  Shirauz,  and  arc  also 
celebrated   for    tlie   fineness  of   Uieir 
tlecce  i  they  have  tails  of  an  exiraordU 
nary   size,    some,  of  which  weigh  up- 
wards of  thirty    pounds ;    but   those 
which  arc  sold  in  the  markets  do  not 
weigh  above  six  or  seven.     The;r  oxen 
are  large  and  strong,  but  their  Hes'.i  is 
seldom  eaten  by  the  natives,  wiio  con- 
fine tliemsel.cs  ch.'^ily  to  that  cC sheep 
and  fowls.    Their  caiiiel»,  mules,  as-  ;s, 
oxen,    and   butialucs,   are    the   best  of 
their  kind,   and  are  iiidilleri-ntly  used 
for  ciuTving  passengers    u'    o>. 'dens; 
but   tlie    hu'  ^es  are   o;ily  used  f jr  Uie 
saddle.     Persia  contains  mine?  of  Iron, 
copper,   lead,  and  above  all,  turquoise 
stones,    which   are   found  in  Ciiura^an. 
Sulphur,   sult-petre,  and  antimony,  are 
found   in   the   mountains.     Ci;iarries  of 
red,  white,  and  bl.ack  nuirblc,  iiave  idso 
been   tliscovered    near    Tauris.      The 
Persians  equal,   if  n.it  exceed,  all  the 
manufactures    in    the    world    in  silk, 
woollen,  mohair,  carpets,  and  leather. 
Their  works  in  these  join  fancy,  tffste, 
and   elegance,    to   richness,   iiealriej.s, 
and  shew  j  and  yet  they  arc  ignorant  of 
painting,   and   their  drawings  arc  very 
rude.     Their  dying  excels  that  ot   Eu- 
rope.    Their  silver  and  gold  la'-es,  and 
tlii-eads,   are    admirable  for  preserving 
their   lustre.     Their  embroideries  and 
liorse  fuiniture  are  not  to  be  equalled  ■, 
nor  arc  they  ignorant  of  the  pottery  wA 


.    V 


''5  \  iIh 


ii 


r" 


ff^ 


P  E  R 


* 


tilnddw-gliiss    mamifacUiris.     On  llic 
other  liiinil,   tlitir   ciirpentern  aie  vciy 
hulvHcrent  urtisls,  wliicli  is  siiul  to  lie 
owiTig  to  the  scariitv  of  timber  rU  <>vi!r 
Persia.  Their  jewellers  and  (rolilsmitlis 
arc  cliiiiisy   worknn  i\ ;    ami   they  are 
ignorant  of  lock-making,  and  the   nia- 
nufiature  of  looking  glasses.     During 
almost  the  whole  of  this  century,  Persia 
has   been  desolated  by  comiictitors  for 
the  sovereignty.    On  the  assassination 
of  the   iisurjicr   Nadir   Shah,  in  1747, 
Ahmed  Abdullah,  one  of  hisEcnerals, 
founded  the  kingdom  cf  Cundahar,  to 
which    he    annexed   the    provinces   of 
KorasMi  and  Segcstan,  in  tlie  E  part  of 
Persia,  and  those  provinces  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  VV  of  the  Indus,  that  had 
been  ceded  by  the  great  mogul,  in  1737, 
to  Nadir  Shah.     Kerim  Khan,  another 
of  Nadir's  officers,  obtained  the  sover- 
eignty of  all   the    soulhitrn  provinces. 
He  transferred  the  seat  of  government 
from  Ispahan  to  Schiias      He   reiused 
the  title  of  Shah,   or  king,  heini?  satis- 
fied  with   that  of  Protector  of  Persia. 
He  was  beloved  by  his  subjects,   and 
revered   by   foreign  powers.     On  his 
dcatlj,  in  1779,  new  competitors  for  the 
throne  sprung  up,  and  Have  almost  ever 
since  continued  to  spread  slaughter  and 
desolation  over  this  unhapi)y  country. 
'Ihe    Persians  are  generally  Mahomet- 
ans, of  the  sect  of  Ali.     Ispahan  is  tlie 
capital.  _  _ 

Fcnia,  Gulf  of,  a  gulf  between  Per- 
siaand  Arabia  Felix.  The  entrance 
uear  Ormus  is  not  above  30  mdes 
over .  but  within  it  is  180  in  breadth, 
and  the  length  from  Ormus  to  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Euphrates  is  420  ""'es. 

Perth,  a  royal  borough   m  Scotland, 
and  the  county  town  of  Perthshire,   is 
a  pimilous  and  flourishing  place,   con- 
tainii.K'  about;12,000  inhabitants,  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  river  Tay,  which 
is  navigable  thus  far  for  pretty  large 
vessels.   The  town  is  buiit  upon  a  regu- 
lar  plan,   and  the  houses, in  general  in 
the  modern  stvle.    There  is  an  elegsmt 
stone   bridge  of  nine  aichcs  over  the 
Tay  at  the  E  end  of  the  town.     Here  is 
a  linen  and  cotton   manufacture,  and 
several  extensive  bleachfields  ;  and  the 
salmon  fishei^  is  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent,  immense  quantities  being  sent 
to  the   London  market.     Perth   is  oO 
miles  N  of  Edinburgh.     Lon.  3  27  W, 
lat.56  22N. 

Perthshire,  a  large,  plentiful  and  rich 
county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  E 


PER 

by  Forfarshire  and   Fifeshire ;  on  the 
S    hv  Ciackmaiiiiaiisliire,   Stirlingsliire 
witii  the  river  Firtii  of  Forth  ;  on  the 
W  ami  S  W  bv  Argylcshire  and  Dum- 
bartonshire i  and  on  the  N  by  Inver- 
ncsshire  and  Aberdeenshire.    It  is  a- 
hove  60  miles  long  from  N  to  S,  and 
above  50  broad  from  E  to  W.     It  c(m- 
tains  Perth  proper,  part  of   Gowrie, 
Strathernc,  Montcilli,  Breadalbanc,  m\A 
Athol.     It  is  fruitful   both  in  corn  and 
pasture,  and  its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Tay,  which  is  the  largest  in  Scotland  j 
the    Keitli,  famous  for  its  salmon  fish- 
cry,  and  has  a  cataract,   the  noise  of 
which   is  extremely  loud  i  the  Allan, 
and  the  Erne,  which  falls  into  the  Tay. 
In  Stratlierne  are  found  various  miner- 
als and    metals,    particularly  copper, 
lapis  calaminaris,   and  lead.     It  has  a 
great  number  of  lochs,  that  produce 
great  variety  of  excellent  fish. 

Perth  Amboy,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
States,  in  New  Jersey,  seated  on  a 
neck  of  land,  between  tlie  river  Rari- 
tan  and  Arthur  Kull  Sound  ;  its  situa- 
tion is  high  and  healthy.  It  lies  open 
to  Sandy  Hook,  and  is  one  of  the  best 
harbours  on  the  continent.  It  is  25 
miles  S  W  of  New  York.  Lon.  75  0 
W,  lat.  40  35  N.  .     ,     , 

Perthes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  six  miles 
S  S  W  of  Mclun. 

Perthes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne,  six  miles  N 
W  of  St.  Dizier. 

Pertigi,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sar. 
dinia,  li) miles  S  E  of  Castel  Aragonesc. 
Pertuis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  10  miles 
N  of  Aix,  and  27  of  Marseilles.  Lon. 
5  36  E,  lat.  43  44  N. 

Peru,  formerly  a  powerful  empire, 
whose  monarchs  were  called  Incas,  or 
Ingas,  i.  e.  emperors  or  kings,  at  pre- 
sent a  province  of  Spain  in  South  Ame- 
rica.     It  lies  between  lat.  1  30  N.  and 
25   10  S,  being  nearly  2000  miles  lon;? 
from  N  to  S,  and  350  'in  breadth.     It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Popayan,  a  part 
of  Terra  Firina ;  on  the  E  by  the  An- 
des or  Cordillera  mountains,  which  di- 
vide it  from  the  country  of  the  Ama- 
zons and  Piu-aguay  ;  on  the  S  by  Cliiii 
and  La  Plata;  and  on  the  W  l)y  the 
South  Sea,  or  P.icific  Ocean.     Its  capi- 
tal at  present  is  Lima,  formerly  Cusco. 
The  land  next  the  sea  is  mostly  barren, 
some  valleys  excepted,  into  which  the 


E  R 


PER 


PER 


niul    Fifcsliire ;  on  tlie 
liHiinuiisliire,   Stirlingshire 
|r  I'irtii  of  Forth  ;  on   the 
)_v  Arffjlcshire  and  Dura- 
and   on   the  N  by  Inver- 
Aberdeenshire.     It  is   a- 
»   lonjj-  from  N  to  S,  and 
id  from  E  to  W.     It  con- 
proper,  ])urt   of   Gowrie, 
Ontcitli,  Breadalbanc,  and 
fruitful    both  in  corn  and 
its  principal  rivers  are  the 
H  the  liU'gest  in  Scotland  ; 
famous  for  its  salmon  fish- 
s   a  cutarart,   the  noise  of 
treniely  loud  ;  the  Allan, 
:,  which  falls  into  the  Tay. 
e  are  found  various  miner- 
tals,    particularly  copper, 
laris,   and  lead.     It  has   a 
r  of  lochs,  that  produce 
of  excellent  fish. 
'wy,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
New   Jersey,   seated  on  a 
between  the  river  Rari- 
hur  Kull  Sound  ;  its  situa- 
and  healthy.     It  lies  open 
lok,  and  is  one  of  the  best 
1   the   continent.     It  is  25 
of  New   York.     Lon.  75  0 
J5N. 

I  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
Scine  and  Mai-ne,  six  miles 
Kiclun. 

.  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
'  Upper  Marne,  six  miles  N 
izier. 

town  of  the  island  of  Ser- 
ies S  £  of  Castel  Aragtinese. 
,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
'the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
ivince  of  Provence,  10  miles 
md  27  of  Marseilles.  Lon. 
43  44  N. 

nerly  a  powerful  empire, 
irchs  were  culled  Incas,  or 
emperors  or  king's,  at  pre- 
ncc  of  Spain  in  South  Ame- 
s  between  tat.  I  30  N,  and 
eing'  nearly  2000  miles  lonjy 
I,  and  350  in  breadth.  It  is 
1  the  N  by  Popayan,  a  part 
irma  ;  on  the  E  by  the  An- 
lillera  mountains,  wliich  di- 
m  the  country  of  the  Ania- 
';iraguay  i  on  the  S  by  Cliiii 
ala ;  and  on  the  W  by  the 
ar  P.icific  Ocean.  Its  capi- 
at is  Lima,  formerly  Cusco. 
xt  the  sea  is  mostly  barren, 
J  excepted,  into  which  the 


streams  from  the  hills  turn.  Between 
the  hills  are  very  extensive  valleys, 
yielding  all  manner  of  grain  and  fruit, 
and  tlic  weather  temperate.  The  An- 
des are  covered  with  snow  the  greatest 
part  of  the  year,  and  consequently  cold. 
The  tea  bordering  on  Peru  is  called 
the  South  Sea,  but  more  properly  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  the  weather  on  this 
coast,  from  lut.  4  to  3.5  S  being  gene- 
rally serene.  No  rain  falls  in  this  tract 
unless  within  four  or  five  degrees  of 
tlie  Equator,  where  tliey  have  it  con- 
stantly when  the  sun  is  vertical,  as  is 
the  case  within  this  distance  all  over 
the  globe.  On  the  Cordilleras  or  high 
mountains,  it  rains  or  snows  two  thirds 
of  the  year.  The  vintage  here  is  in  the 
fair  season,  and  vines  thrive  best  in  the 
valleys  near  the  sea,  where  little  or  no 
rain  falls,  and  which  arc  watered  by 
the  rividets  coming  down  from  the 
hills,  collected  and  turned  into  the 
fields  and  gardens ;  where  they  have 
this  opportunity,  they  have  ripe  grapes 
when  they  please,  and  they  make  ex- 
cellent wines,  which  cannot  be  done  in 
any  other  coimtry  between  the  tropics. 
The  fiercest  beasts  of  prey  in  Peru  are 
the  puma  and  jaquar,  inaccurately 
called  lions  and  tigers  by  the  Europeans, 
but  possessing  neither  the  undaunted 
courage  of  the  former,  nor  the  raven- 
ous cruelty  of  the  latter;  they  are 
hardly  formidable  to  man,  and  often 
turn  their  backs  upon  the  least  resist- 
ance A  quadruped  called  tlie  lama, 
peculiar  to  this  coimtry,  was  tamed  to 
domestic  purposes  by  the  ancient  Pe- 
ruvians. In  form  it  bears  some  resem- 
blance to  a  deer,  and  some  to  a  camel, 
and  is  of  a  size  somewh.it  larger  than  a 
sheep.  Its  wool  furnished  the  Peru- 
vians with  clothing,  its  flesh  with  food. 
It  was  even  employed  as  a  beast  of 
biinlen,  and  carried  a  moderate  load 
with  much  patience  and  docility  ;  but  it 
was  never  used  for  draught.  Among 
tlie  birds,  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
condor,  wliich  is  entitled  to  pre-emi- 
nence over  tlic  flying  tribe,  in  bulk, 
strength  and  courag«.  The  river  Guy- 
aquil  abounds  with  alligators,  and  the 
nciglibourinjj' country  swarms  almost  as 
mucli  with  sMukes  and  vipers  as  that 
round  Porto  BcUo  does  with  toads. 
Besides  tlieir  fruit-trees,  which  have 
been  transplanted  hither  from  Eurojje, 
Ihey  have  those  of  the  Caribbce  islands, 
asan.inas.guayav.is,  plantains,  bananas, 
melons,  and  vkater    melons ;    besides 


others  peculiar  to  Peru.  'I'lic  tree 
most  valued  is  tliat  wliich  furniKlicn 
them  with(iuinquinu,(ir  Peruvian  burk, 
of  the  size  of  a  cherry-tree,  principalis 
growing  in  the  province  of  (^lito, 
about  S  S  of  the  Equator  ;  it  bears  a 
long  reddish  flower,  which  turns  to  a 
|)od,  but  the  fruit  is  not  of  eipial  virtU'-. 
with  the  bark.  Near  the  Equator  grow 
cedars,  cotton-trees,  cocoas,  suh'mp 
canes,  palms,  and  a  great  deal  of  good 
timber!  but  very  few  forest  tree;*  in 
other  parts  of  Peru.  But  what  the 
Spaniards  value  this  country  most  fori* 
the  vast  treasure  of  gold  and  silver 
they  have  drawn  from  thence  for  up- 
wards of  200  years,  the  mountain  of 
Potosi  alone,  in  22  S  lat.  having  yield- 
ed two  thousand  millions  of  pieces  of 
eight  the  first  40  years  the  mines  were 
wrought.  When  the  Spaniards  landed 
in  this  country  in  1530,  they  found  it 
governed  by  sovereigns  called  Incas, 
who  were  revered  by  their  subjects  as 
divinities ;  and  the  inhabitants  were 
found  to  be  much  more  polished  tiian 
the  natives  of  other  parts  of  America, 
those  of  Mexico  excepted.  These 
were  soon  subdued  by  a  few  Spaniards, 
under  the  command  of  Francis  Pizai-ro. 
Peru  is  inhabited  by  the  Spaniards,  the 
native  Americans,  and  a  mixture  arising 
from  both,  called  Mestics.  The  native 
Americans,  who  live  among  the  forests, 
form,  as  it  were,  so  many  small  repub- 
lics, which  are  directed  by  a  Spanish 
priest,  and  by  their  governor,  assisted 
by  the  original  natives,  who  serve  as 
officers.  They  go  naked,  and  paint, 
their  bodies  with  a  red  drug,  called 
rocu.  The  same  man  is  of  all  trades, 
for  he  builds  his  own  hut,  ccmstructs 
his  own  canoe,  and  weaves  his  own 
cloth ;  but  if  a  large  house  is  to  be 
built  for  common  use,  every  one  lends 
a  helping  hand.  The  natives  who  live 
ut  Qiiito  seem  to  be  of  a  different  tem- 
per ;  for  they  are  extremely  idle,  and 
so  stupid,  that  they  will  sit  whole  days 
together  upon  their  heels,  witiiout 
stirring  or  speaking.  Their  garment  is 
a  sort  of  suck,  with  holes  to  put  tlieir 
arms  through  ;  and  this  is  given  them 
by  their  masters  as  part  of  their  wages. 
The  Mestics,  though  illegitimate,  have 
all  the  privileges  of  a  Spaniiud,  and 
arc  the  persons  who  carry  on  all  trades; 
for  the  Spaniards  think  it  beneath  them 
to  meddle  with  any  thing  of  this  sort : 
tliey  behave  in  a  more  tyrannical  man- 
ner ovcrtlio  real  Americans,  than  even 


PES 


5 


tlie  Spaiiliirds  tlii-mMi-lven,  insomurli 
that  tlic-  jrovurnor  is  oblige''  I"  i'c|>rt9S 
thelf  iiHoleiict.  P>-iu  U  miw  dividcil 
into  tlir«e  jfrcat  aiiilicuci's,  wliich  are 
Qiiito,  Liiiii>,  or  LoH  Kcycs,  ami  L(.» 
Chu.-ros  ;  tlie  whole  iimlLT  tlic  jjovei'ii- 
nifiiiolu  viceroy,  whose  autiior.ty  once 
extemltil  over  nil  South  Ainericu  pos- 
schsed  hv  tlie  SpanianU  :  but  as  some 
of  the  c-  ntries  in  tiiis  vast  junndiction 
are  ubovi  'JOUO  miles  distant  from  the 
supreme  St.. t  of  justice  ut  Lima,  tiie 
inhabitants  were  subject  to  the  Breat- 
est  inconvenieiK-es  ;  to  remedy  which 
two  new  viceroyalties  have  been  esta- 
blished. The  first  is  fixed  ut  St.  Fe 
de  Bo^■■ota,  the  capital  of  the  new  king- 
dom of  Granada,  and  extends  over  the 
whole  of  Terra  Firma,  and  the  audi- 
ence of  Qiiito.  In  the  jurisdiction  ol 
the  second,  established  in  1776,  are 
the  provinces  of  Plata,  Buenos  Ay  res, 
Paraguay,  Tucuman,  Potosi,  St.  Cru/ 
de  la  Sierra,  and  the  towns  of  Men- 
doza  and  St.  Juan.  Lima  is  tlie  capi- 
tal.    See  Andes. 

Peru,  a  post  town  in  Clinton  county, 
New  York,  on  the  W  side  of  lake 
Champlain,  41  miles  S  of  the  line  that 
divides  this  State  from  Lowei*  Canada, 
nearly  opposite  to  Burlington,  on  the 
E  side  of  the  lake. 

Perugia,  an  anciont  and  populous 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Perugino,  with 
a  .strong  citadel,  auniveisity,  and  a  bi- 
shop's see.  The  churches,  and  many 
other  buildings,  public  and  private,  are 
very  handsome.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
75  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  20  E, 
lat.  43  6N.  .        ,      .       , 

Ptrugia,  a  lake  of  Italy,  of  a  circular 
form,  almost  five  miles  in  diameter  with 
three  islands  in  the  middle  of  it.  It  is 
eight  miles  from  the  city  of  that  name, 
in  the  province  of  Perugino. 

Perugino,  a  province  of  Italy  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Tuscany,  on  tlie  S  by  Orvietano,  on 
the  W  by'  the  dntchies  of  Spolcto  and 
Urbino,  and  on  the  N  by  the  county  of 
Citta  Castellana.  It  is  25  miles  in 
lcTi"-t!i,  and  near  as  much  in  breadth. 
The  air  is  pure,  and  the  soil  fertile"  m 
corn  and  good  wine.    The  capital  is 

Pelaro,  ntown  of  Italy,  mthedutcliy 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a 
large  place,  aiul  the  streets  are  paved 
^vith  bricks.  The  castle  is  well  forlih- 
<mI  the  harbour  excellent,  and  the  ca- 
lhcaiulmi'.guiti;:=nt.     The  environs  arc 


PET 

remarkable  for  producing  good  figs,  of 
which  large  (|uantitieB  lire  sent  to  Ve- 
nice.  It  IS  seated  on  an  cniiiRncc,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Foglia,  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  17  miles  E  N  t  of  Urbino,  and 
130  of  Home.  Lon.  13  2  E,  Ut.  43 
32  N. 

Peteara,  a  strong  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abriuzo  Citeriorc.  It  is  seated  at  tlic 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  sainc  name,  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  ei^ht  miles  K  by  S 
of  Civita-di-Penna,  and  100  N  E  of  Na- 
ples. Lon.  15  2  E,  lat.  42  27  N. 

Petchiera,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ve- 
ronese, with  a  castle,  and  a  strong  fort. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Fnench  in  July 
1796,  who  have  been  since  expelled  by 
Suwarrow.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mincio, 
which  proceeds  from  the  Garda,  16 
miles  W  of  Veruiia.  Lon.  11  4  £,  lat. 
45  26  N. 

Peseta,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
noted  for  the  excellent  oil  it  produces. 
It  is  10  miles  S  W  of  Pistoia.  Lon.  11 
22  E,  lat.  43  47  N. 

Peaentu,  an  ancient  town  of  Fr  ince, 
in  the  department  of  Herault  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  delight- 
fully seated  on  the  river  Pein,  12  miles 
N  E  of  Beziers.  Lon.  3  34  E,  lat.  43 
28  N. 

Pest,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Danube,  opposite  Buda, 
85  miles  S  E  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18  25 
E,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Pftaio,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  tiie  dutchy  of  Stiria,  seated  on  the 
Drave,  100  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  33  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Pe-tcheli,  Tclteli,  or  Li-pa-fm,  the  prin- 
cipal province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  great  Wall  and  part  of  Tartary, 
on  the  E  by  the  Yellow  Sea,  on  the  S 
by  Chang-tong  and  Honan,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  mountains  of  Chan-si.  It 
contains  nine  cities  of  the  first  class, 
which  have  several  others  under  their 
jurisdiction.  The  temperature  of  the 
air  in  this  province  does  not  seem  to  a- 
gi-ee  with  its  latitude  ;  for  althougli  Pe- 
tcheli  extend.s  no  further  than  the  42d. 
degree  N,  yet  all  its  rivers  are  so  much 
frozen  during  four  months  in  the  year, 
that  waggons  witli  the  hcavieat  loads 
mav  safely  pas.s  them.  Tlic  soil  is  sandy, 
and  produces  very  little  rice  ;  but  it 
abounds  with  uU  other  kind  of  grain, 
and  with  the  greater  part  of  the  fruit 
trees  we  have  iu  Eui-ope.  Pekin  is  the 
capital. 


P  E  T 

I  for  ppoilucinjf  good  fi(f»,  of 
:  (luuntitics  lire  Hciit  tu  Ve> 
In  Houtoct  Oil  uii  caiiiicncc,  ul 
loftlie  Fo({liu,  on  llic  ifulf  of 
niilf*  K  N  t  of  Uibiiio,  ami 
Inic.     Loll.  13  2  E,  l«t.  4J 

a  Ktronff  town  of  Naples,  in 

;itenori-.     It  18  ueuttil  at  tJif 

ivcr  of  llic  Hiiiiiu  iiaiiie,  on 

Venice,  eiKlit  inilca  li  by  S 

i-Pcnna,  and  100  N  K  of  Na- 

|13  2  E,  lat.  42  27  N. 

a  town  of  liuly,  in  tlie  Vo- 

1  a  ca»tU-,  and'a  utroinj  fort. 

ken   by   the    I'nencL  in  July 

liiive  been  ujnce  exfjclled  by 

It  IS  seated  on  the  Mincio, 

cceds   from  tlie  Garda,    16 

f  Verona.    Lon.  11  4  E,  lat. 

n  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 

;lie  excellent  oil  it  produces. 
les  S  W  of  Pistoia.  Lon.  11 
43  47  N. 

ail  ancient  town  of  Fr  ince, 
)aitment  of  Herault  and  late 
f  Lanifuedoc.  It  is  deliglit. 
d  on  the  river  Pein,  12  miles 

zicrs.     Lon.  3  34  £,  lat.  43 

town  of  Upper  Hunyfary,  ca- 
county  of  the  same  name, 
the  Danube,  opposite  Biida, 
>  E  of  Presburif.  Lon.  18  25 
24N._ 

lin  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
nhy  of  Stiria,  seated  on  the 
10  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
at.  46  40  N. 

,  Tclieti,  or  Li-pa-fm,  the  prin- 
nceof  China,  bounded  on  the 
reat  Wall  and  part  of  Tartary, 
)y  the  Yellow  Sea,  on  the  S 
long  and  Hoiian,  and  on  the 
c  mountains  of  Chan-si.  It 
ine  cities  of  the  first  class, 
.e  several  others  under  their 
1.  The  temperature  of  the 
province  does  not  seem  to  a- 
ts  latitude;  foralthoup^ji  Pe- 
:nd.s  no  further  than  the  42d. 
yetallitsrivfM'sare  so  much 
iiig  four  months  in  tlie  year, 
0113  with  tiic  heaviest  loads 
pass  them.  Tlie  soil  is  sandy, 
•es  very  little  ric;c ;  but  it 
;itli  all  other  kind  of  grain, 
the  jji-ciiter  part  of  the  fruit 
ivu  iu  Eiu-ope.     Pekin  is  the 


PET 

Peter  anii  Paul,  St.  or  Petropttv.<Io*toi, 
u  nciipfirt  of  Kanitnchatka,  in  the  Kns- 
iiiun  1,'ovcrnment  of  Irkut/k.  The  town 
riinMisti)  of  some  miserable  loif-lioiiNes 
and  a  few  con  cal  huts.  Ca[)tuin  Clurkf, 
who  succeeded  captain  Cook,  and  died 
Hi  Ilea,  was  interred  here.  Lon.  158 
4.iE,  lat.  5J0  N. 

Peterborough,  a  city  in  Northampton- 
thirc,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  iniir 
ket  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Neil,  over  which  is  a  brid)^e  into  Hunt- 
inff(h)nshire.  It  has  but  one  church, 
lifside  the  catlu'dral,  which  was  for- 
merly a  nionaHiei-y  ;  but  tlie  market- 
place is  s[)acioiig,  and  the  streets  rejfu- 
liir.  It  carries  on  a  trade  in  corn,  coal, 
and  timber,  ia  (;ovfrned  by  a  mayor, 
and  sends  two  nienibcrs  to  parliament. 
It  is  42  miles  N  Eof  Northampton,  and 
81  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 
52  30  N. 

Peterihoro',  a  post  town  in  Hillt<boro' 
county,  Nortluimpshirc ;  18  miles  W 
of  Amherst,  74  W  by  N  of  Newliury- 
port,  and  the  same  distance  from  Bos- 
ton. 

Pctertburg,  a  port  of  entry  and  nnst- 
town  in  Dinwiddie  county,  Virpmia  i 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  Appomatox 
river,  in  lat.  37"  12'  N,  and  lonp.  7«"' 
8'  VV.  It  is  25  miles  S  of  Richmond, 
and  79  W  of  the  borough  of  Norfolk. 
This  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade  in 
grain,  flour,  and  tobacco  ;  the  exports  of 
one  year  having  amounted  to  1,390,000 
dollars.  Being  in  tlie  centre  of  one  of  the 
earliest  settled  parts  of  the  State,  it  is 
surrounded  by  a  wealthy  and  populous 
country.  The  inhabitants  at  the  last 
enumeration  amounted  to  3521,  inclu- 
ding 1487  slaves. 

Peterhead,  a  town  in  Abenleenshire, 
situate  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie,  on 
the  ;■  ost  easterly  point  of  Scotland.  It 
has  an  excellent  harbour,  defended  by 
a  new  pier ;  which  can  contain  40  or  50 
vessels  in  perfect  safety.  A  considera- 
ble trade  is  carried  on  directly  to  tlie 
Baltic,  for  iron,  lietnp,  tar,  and  other 
articles.  It  has  likewise  a  manufacture 
of  sewing  thread.  A  mineral  spring, 
of  a  powerful  <liurctic  quality,  aiultiie 
sea-batiiing  bring  a  great  resort  of  com- 
pany, for  whose  accommcnlation  tliere 
IS  a  ball-room  and  many  elegant 
houses.  It  is  a  little  to  the  W  of  Bu- 
clianncss,  and  34  miles  N  E  of  Aber- 
deen.    Lon  1  28  W,  lat.  57  28  N. 

Peterhoff,  in  Russia,  is  situated  about 
30  miles  from  Peterbburg,   and  is  dis- 


PET 

tinmiifipd  for  its  palace  and  pfardenii, 
which  for  taste  and  elegance  have  been 
compared  to  those  of  Versailles. 

Ptterthurgh,  a  post  town  in  York  conn, 
ty,  Pennsvlvania  ;  25  miles  S  W  of  York 
town,  and  48  N  VV  of  the  city  of  Bal- 
timore. 

Petersburgh,  a  post  town  in  Elbert 
county,  Georgia  ;  situated  on  the  VV 
side  of  Savannah  river,  near  the  mouth 
of  llroud  river,  and  opposite  to  Vienna 
in  South  Carolina  j  46  miles  N  VV  of 
Augusta,  iind  86  N  of  Louisville. 

Petershurgh,  or  St.  Prtershurgh,  the 
metropolis  (/f  the  empire  of  Uussia,  in 
tlie  government  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Neva,  near  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  and  is  built  partly  on  some 
islands  in  the  mouth  of  the  r'.vcr,  and 
partly  up(m  the  contment.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  this  century,  the  ground  on 
which  Petersburgh  now  stands  wai  on- 
ly a  vast  morass  occupied  by  a  few 
fishermen's  huts.  Peter  the  Great  first 
begim  this  city  by  the  erection  of  a  ci- 
tadel with  six  bastions,  in  1703,  he 
built  also  a  small  hut  for  himself,  and 
some  wooden  hovels.  In  1710,  count 
Golovkin  built  the  first  house  of  brick  : 
and  the  next  year,  the  emperor,  with 
his  own  hands,  laid  tiie  foundation  of  a 
house  of  the  same  materials.  From 
these  small  beginnings  rose  the  impe- 
rial city  of  Petersburgh  ;  and,  in  less 
than  nine  years  aflerthc  wootlen  hovels 
were  erected,  the  seat  of  empire  waa 
transferred  to  it  from  Moscow.  The 
streets,  in  general,  are  broad  and  spa- 
cious ;  and  three  of  the  principal  ones, 
wliich  meet  in  a  point  at  the  Admiralty, 
and  reach  to  the  extremities  of  the  su- 
burbs, are  at  least  two  miles  in  length  ; 
most  of  them  are  paved,  but  a  few  are 
still  sufiorcd  to  remain  floored  with 
planks.  In  several  parts,  wooden  hou- 
ses, scarcely  superior  to  common  cot- 
tages, are  blended  with  the  public  build- 
inj;!).  The  brick  houses  are  ornament- 
ed with  a  white  stucco,  which  has  led 
several  travellers  to  say  that  they  are 
built  with  stone.  The  mansions  of  the 
nobility  are  vast  piles  of  buildings,  fur- 
nished with  great  cost  and  in  the  same 
elegant  style  as  at  London.  The  Ne- 
va is,  in  many  places,  as  broad  as  the 
Thames  at  London,  deep,  rapid,  and 
transparent  as  crystal.  Its  banks  are 
lined  on  each  side  with  a  continued 
range  of  handsome  buildings.  On  the 
N  side  the  fortress,  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  the  academy  of  arts,   are 


iilil 


PET 


PET 


the  ino!tt  striking-  objects.  On  the  S  side 
are  the  imperiiil  palace,  the  Admiralty, 
the  mansions  of  many  Russian  nobles, 
and  the  Englisli  line,  so  called,  because 
(a  few  houses  ex-jcptcd)  the  whole  row 
is  occupied  by  English  merchantr).     In 
the  front  of  these  building's,    on  the  S 
side,  is  the  quay,  which  c::tcnds  three 
miles,  except  where  it  is  interrupted 
by  the  Admiralty  ;  and  the  Neva,  du 
ring  the  wliole  of  that  space,  has  been 
embarked  at  the  expence  of  the  late 
empress,  by  a  wall,  parapet,  and  pave- 
ment of  hewn  granite.     Pelersburgh, 
although  it  is  more  compact  than  the 
other  Russian  cities,  andhas  the  houses 
in  many  streets  C(intigiu>us  to  each  o- 
ther ;  yet  still  bears  a  resemblance  to  the 
towns  of  tliis  coimtry,  and  is  built  in  a 
very  straggling  manner.  It  was  in  1783 
inclosed  within  a  rampart,  the  circum- 
'    ference  of  which  is  14  miles.    The  in- 
habitants .^rc  computed  to  be  130,000. 
Petersbiii'gh,  from  its  \nvf  and  marshy 
situation,    is   subject   to    inundations, 
which  have  occasionally  risen  so  high 
as  to  threaten  the  town   with  a  total 
submersion.    These  floods  are  chiefly 
occasioned  by  a  west  or  south  west 
wind,  which,  blowing  directly  from  the 
gulf,  obstructs  the  current  of  the  Ne- 
va, and  causes  a  vast  accumulation  of 
its  waters.    The  opposite  divisions  of 
Petersburgh,   situate  on  each  side  of 
,  the   Neva,  are  connected  by  a  bridge 
'  on  pontoons,  which,  on  account  of  the 
\  large  masses  of  ice  driven  down  the 
stream  from  the  lake  Ladoga,  is  usual- 
ly removed  when  they  first  make  their 
appearance ;  and,  for  a  few  days,  till 
the  river  is  frozen  hard  enough  to  bear 
carriages,  there  is  no  communication 
between  the  opposite  parts  of  the  town. 
Among  the  noblest  ornaments  of  Pe- 
tersburgh  is  an  equestrian  statue  of  Pe- 
ter the-  Great,  in  bronze,  of  a  colossal 
size  ;  the  pedestal  of  which  is  a  huge 
rock,   brought  to  the  spot  by  the  em- 
press at  an  immense  experce  :  by  this 
contrivance  the  great  legislator  and  ci- 
vilizer  of  his  countiy  appears  in  tne  at- 
titude of  ascending  a  precipice,  the 
summit  of  which  he  has  nearly  attain- 
ed. It  was  erected  w<th  great  solemni- 
ty by  Catharine  II.  in  1782.     Within 
he  -walls  of  the  fortress  is  the  cathedral 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  in  which  are 
deposited  the   remains  of   Peter  the 
Great,  and  of  tl»e  successive  sovereigns, 
except  Peter  II.   buried  at  Moscow. 
Petersburgh  is  425  miles  N  W  of  Mos- 


(  cow,  400  E  by  N  of  Stockholm,  750  N 
;  E  of  Copenhagen,  and  lOOO  N  N  E  of 
I  Vienna.  Lon.  30  19  E,  lat.  59  56  N. 
I  Fettridorf,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Somland,  24  miles  E  of 
Konigsberg. 

Petertfeld,  a  borough  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  s  mayor,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Loddon,  18  miles  N  E  of  Portsmouth, 
and  53  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  W, 
lat.  51  2  N. 

Fetenhagen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  principality  of  Mindea,  seated  on 
the  VVeser,  three  miles  from  Minden, 
and  37  W  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9  6  E, 
lat.  52  25  N. 

Peterahatn,  a  post  town  in  Worces- 
ter county,  Masachusetts,  25  miles  N 
W  of  Worcester,  and  66  W  of  Boston  : 
a  branch  of  Chicka]>ee  river  passes  by 
this  town.  The  inhabitants  were  1794 
at  last  censns. 

Petermaradin,  a  town  of  Sclavonia, 
one  of  the  strongest  frontier  places  the 
house  of  Austria  has  against  the  Turks, 
over  whom,  in  1716,  pri..ce  Eugene 
here  gained  a  g^eat  victory.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  between  tlie  Save 
and  Drnve,  35  miles  N  W  of  Jelgrade. 
Lon,  20  30  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 

Petherton,  a  town  in  {Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on 
the  Parret,  18  miles  S  by  W  of  Wells 
and  133  W  by  S  of  London.     Lon.  2 

41  E,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Petigliano,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Siennese,  eight  miles  W  of  Castro,  and 
45  S  E  of  Sienna.     Lon.   11  42  E,  lat. 

42  23  N. 

Petit  Guave,  a  seaport  of  the  West 
Indies  in  St.  Domingo,  seated  on  a 
bay  at  the  W  end  of  tl\e  island.  It  is 
200  miles  E  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  72  52 
W,  !at.  28  27  N. 

Petoune,  a  city  of  Eastern  Chinese 
Tartary,  in  the  department  of  Kirin. 
It  has  scarcely  any  inhabitants  but  Tar- 
tar soldiers,  and  Chinese  condemned 
to  banishment.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Songari,  112  miles  V  by  E  of  Kirin, 
and  500  N  E  of  Peki  .  Lon.  124  55  E, 
lat.  453  N. 

Pctrikav),  a  town  of  Great  Poland, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Siradia,  80  miles  S 
W  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  46  E,  lat.  51 
12  N. 

Petrina,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  seated  on  the  Pclrina,  27  miles 
E  of  Cai-Utadt.   Lon.  16  0  E,  lat.  460 N. 


PET 

E  by  N  of  Stockholm,  750  N 
eiiliagcn,  and  lUOO  N  N  K  of 
Lon.  30  19  E,  lat.  59  56  N. 
'orf,  a  town  of  Pi-iis»iH,  in  the 
of  Saml.ind,  24  miles  E  of 

eld,  a  borough  in  Hampsliire, 
urket  on  Saturday.  It  is  gov- 
e  mayor,  sends  two  members 
.ment,  and  is  seated  on  the 
18  miles  N  E  of  Portsmouth, 
W  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  W, 
N. 

agen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
ci|julity  of  Mindeii,  seated  on 
ler,  three  miles  from  Minden, 
W  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9  6  E, 
5N. 

hatn,  a  post  town  in  VVorces- 
ity,  Masachusetts,  25  miles  N 
oreester,  and  66  W  of  Boston  : 
1  of  Chickapee  river  passes  by 
n.  The  inhabitants  were  1794 
ensus. 

uaradin,  a  town  of  Sclavonia, 
le  sti-ongest  frontier  places  the 
Austria  has  against  the  Turks, 
)om,  in  1716,  pri..ce  Eugene 
lied  a  gfreat  victory.  It  is  seat- 
lie  Danube,  between  tlie  Save 
ve,  35  miles  N  W  of  Jelgrade. 
I  30  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 
•ton,  a  town  in  (Somersetshire, 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on 
ret,  18  miles  S  bv  W  of  Wellg 
;  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2 
It.  50  56  N. 

!iano,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
e,  eight  miles  \\'  of  Castro,  and 
of  Sienna.     Lon.   11  42  E,  lat. 

r. 

Guavt,  %  seaport  of  the  West 
in  Sc.  Domingo,  seated  on  a 
he  W  end  of  the  island.  It  is 
les  £  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  72  52 
28  27  N. 

nc,  a  city  of  Eastern  Chinese 
,  in  the  department  of  Kirin. 
carcely  any  inhabitants  but  Tar- 
iiers,  and  Chinese  condemned 
shment.  It  is  seated  on  the 
,   112  miles   V  by  E  of  Kirin, 

N  E  of  Peki  .     Lon.  124  55  E, 

N. 

•av),  a  town  of  Great  Poland, 
alatinate  of  Siradia,  80  miles  S 
Warsaw.     Lon.  19  46E,  lat.  51 

.a,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 
,  seated  on  the  Pctrina,  27  miles 
■Ittadt.  Lon.  16  0  E,  lat.  460  N. 


P  H  A 

PettoK,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
diitciiy  of  Stiria.  It  bcloiiffs  to  the  bi- 
sho;i  of  Salt/.l)iivg,  and  is  scitcd  on  tlie 
Urave,  28  miles  S  by  E  of  Gratz.  Lon. 
15  37  E,  li.t.  4C>  46  N. 

VettupuUy^  a  seaport  of  Vliiidoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Coroniamlcl,  wlicru 
the  Uutcli  haie  a  factory.  Lon.  80  46 
E,  hit.  15  49  N. 

Pettycur,  a  harbour  in  FiO-sliire,  one 
mile  from  Kiiighorn,  in  th.'  Frith  of 
F'irth.  It  is  tilt  usiiiil  laniliiig-piiice 
of  piissenfccrs  fniiii  I.eitli,  o:i  the  oj)- 
jjosite  shoi'c.  A  b:isin  h;is  l;itel_\  ht-en 
coiistructeil  here,  under  the  direction 
ofiin  eiijfineer. 

PftKorth,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a 
marlvet  on  .Sai'irihiy,  seatid  near  the 
Anin,  12  niilis  N  E  of  Cliichester, 
and  49  S  VV  of  London.  Lon.  0  34  VV, 
Lit.  50  58  N. 

Pevfiisey,  a  village  in  Sussex,  situate 
on  a  small  river  whicli  runs  into  a 
bay  of  tlie  Blnglish  Channel,  called 
Pevensey  Harbour,  14 miles  \V  S  W 
of  Hastings. 

Pf'jifcnhoffm,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Upper  Havuria,  with  a  Benedictine 
monastery  at  a  small  distance.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ilm,  19  miles  N  W  of 
Ratisbon.     Lon.   12  3  E,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Pfiilgel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  convent, 
formerly  a  palace  of  the  kings  of  tlie 
Franks.  It  is  tlu'ee  miles  N  E  of 
Trc.es. 

Pfiit,  or  Forctte,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  departmont  (<f  Upp<.^r  Rhine  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  ten  miles  \V 
of  Basil.     Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  47  37  N. 

P/oits/iei III,  ii'tawn  of  Suabia,  in  tlie 
marrjuisate  of  Baden-Durlacli,  witli 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Entz,  15  niiles 
S  E  of  Dm-lach.     Lon,  9  45  E,  lat.   48 

5rN. 

Pfreimb,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  U|)- 
pcr  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Pi.eiiit  uiul  Nah, 
10  miles  N  E  of  Amberg.  Lon.  12  21 
E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Pfulkndiirf,  an  imperial  town  of 
Suabia,  seated  on  the  Andalspatth,  37 
miles  S  W  of  Ulm.  Lon.  9  27  VV  lat. 
48  8  N. 

Plumagoria,  a  small  and  beautiful 
island  of  Asia,  on  the  E  side  of  tli-> 
strait  of  Caffa. 

Pharos,  a.  small  island  in  the  I    "di.* 
terranean    Sea,   opposite    Alexa"i:t. 
in    Egypt,   the  space   between    whici. 
snd  the  continent  forms  an  cxte  isive 


PHI 

luirbour.  It  has  a  commimication  witJi 
the  continent  by  a  stone  causeway  and 
bridge.  It  formerly  had  an  exceed- 
ingly high  tower  upon  it,  calle<l  the 
Pliaros,  and  on  tlie  top  of  it  were 
lights  fu"  the  direction  of  ships.  Lon. 
31  11  E,  lat.  30  24  N. 

P/iiirza,  anciently  Pharsiiiia,  a  town 
of  Turkey  in  Eurojie,  in  jMna,  in  the 
plains  of  wliich  some  sup[n)sc  the  de- 
cisive battle  was  fought  between  Ce- 
sar and  Ponipex,  in  48  B.  C.  This 
town  is  an  archiejiiscopal  see,  seated 
on  the  Enlpeus,  and  is  ten  miles  S  of 
L;iiissa. 

P/iush,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  cros- 
ses Mlngi'clia,  and  falls  into  the  .Black 
Sea. 

.'"      ants  Isk,     See  Faisants. 

PItiuidelphta,  an  ancient  city  of  Na- 
tolla,  seated  at  tiie  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain Tmol'.is,  in  an  extensive  plain. 
The  Greeks  retain  its  ancient  name, 
but  t!ie  Turks  call  it  Allai.ijah.  It 
contains  1  lOOU  inluihitants,  among 
whom  arc  2000  Christians,  who  iiavc 
foiu'  churches,  umla  Greekarciibishop. 
It  is  40  miles  E  S  E  of  Snivrna.  Lon. 
28  15  E,  hit.  38  rs  N. 

P/ii/i:dc/pliia,\hti  capital  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  largest  city  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  is  situated  on  the  West 
hank  of  Delaware  rivev,  oaouding 
WcstwarS'  to  the  Schuxlkill,  10893 
feet  in  length  ;  and  from  Cedar  street 
In  the  South  to  Vine  street  i;i  the 
North,  5340  feet  in  breadth.  This 
was  the  ori>riiial  plan  prescribed  by  the 
))roprietor  WlUiani  Peini,  and  contain- 
ed ten  streets  in  breadth,  with  23  in 
lenj.;th  ,  which  intersecting  at  right 
angles  formed  184  scpiarcs  of  various 
dimensions.  However  tliere  have 
been  considerable  deviations  from  the 
original  plan  :  the  stpiares  have  been 
divided  and  subdivided,  and  the  strc  cts, 
cotU'ts  and  alleys  have  been  vastly  mul- 
tij)lied.  The  built  parts  of  Soutlnvark 
and  the  Northern  Liberties  have  in- 
creiused  rapidly  within  the  last  thirty 
years.  In  the  year  1800  the  cnumcra-  ' 
tion  of  the  citv  and  |)reclncts  amounted 
to  70,000  inhabitants  and  ah  Ait  12,000 
hotises ;  and  in  one  year  since  there 
have  been  543  new  buildings,  jn-inci- 
pally  of  bricks,  added  to  the  existing 
stock.  The  private  houses  exhibit 
an  appearance  of  neatitess,  uniformity 
and  cnmmodioiisness  :  the  public  edi- 
fices are  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
constructed  in  great  elegance  of  style, 
Z  i  i 


'*;'iri'i 


Yi 


fii . 


P  H  I 


P  H  I 


BtrtlCTtarly  the  banks  of  Pennsylyan.a, 
L<1  the  United  Sutos  ,  tl.e  Stutt-lumse 
witl.  tlie  two  l.alls  erected  at  the  ciuU 
of  the  Eand  W   winxs   o«  llie   same, 
and  lining    t..getl.er  the  .tvont    '.t    a 
sq.are,    the    Prison;     C.ty  L.l.rar  , 
Hospitul,  and  Alms   House.     Nor  do 
the    religioUB    edificfs,    which  are  .8 
in  number,  field  in  ai>pr:.pr"ate  beauty 
and  Krandcur.     As  Phdadelpina  .s  the 
onlvport  of  entry   in  the  state,  all  ex- 
port* and  imports  pass  throut^ii  it :    m 
J795     the      exports      amounted      to 
11.518,260  Dols.  and  the  imports  can- 
rot  be  much  less  than  nine  m.'.l.ons, 
communibus    annis.    There    are   four 
bulks   of  discount  and  deposit,    with 
fiv."  comr  ■  ;rcial  ai.d  two  lire  insurance 
comranies.     The  land  stages   that  set 
out  from  tlie   city,   one  halt    of  them 
at  least    daily    (Sunday  excepted)  a- 
mount  to    forty-tive.    ami  the    w-ater 
staffes  or   packets   to  thirteen.    This 
cltvw.is  founded  in  1682,  andincorpor- 
at  Jd  ir.  irol .     1  Ik'  charter  being  abro- 
Rated  at  the  revolution,  it  i-emaincd  un- 
der a  provincial  government  till  UHVi 
vrlicn    it    was    incorporated   a    second 
governed  by  a  Mayor, 
•vo   Councils,     toge- 
i\    Aldermen      The 
.c.t    1    by   the  people, 
i,v  v.it  c.    nciU,  annual- 
ly   the  Hecortk     and    Aldermen   are 
ipiiointcd   by  the  governor  and   hold 
their    olhces   during  good    behaviour 
Philadelphia  lies  in  lat.  39°  56   N,   and 
Ion  75°  B'  W.    ai7  miles  S  U  of  Bos- 
ton, 95  S  W  of  New  York,  103  N  E  ot 
Baltimore,  and  144   N  E  of  Washington. 
Philippi,  an  ancient  town  ot  Mace- 
donia,  enlarged  by    Philip,  father  ol 
<  Alexander  the  Great,  who  gave  it  his 
own  name.     It  was  near  tins  place, 
commonly  called  the  plains  of  Plulippi, 
where  Cassius  and  Brutus,  two  ot  the 
.ssassinutors  of  Cesar,   were  defeated 
by  Augustus  and  Mark  Antony,  in  42 
B  C      It  is   an  archbishop's  see,  but 
Knatly   deoaved.      An    amphitheatre, 
and  several  other  monuments  ol  Us  .^n- 
cie  It  grandeur  remain.     It  is  67  mdes 
E  of  Salonichi.    L<Sh.  24  25  E.  lat.  40 

ON.  ^      ^      » 

Plii'ippha.     See  Samnr.         .  _   .  , 
Phiiipplne,  a  strong   town  ol  Dutcn 

Flanders.    It  has  been  frequently  taken 
'and  retaken,   the    last    time    by  the 

Ftenchin  1794.    It  is  seated  on  an  arm 

of  tlie  Scheld,  12  miles  S  E  of  fllwhmg. 

Lon.  3  51  E.  lat.  51  16  N. 


time,  and  iss 
Recorder 
ther   with 
C'luntils  a. 
and  the  M-ivoi 


Philippine  Islands,  islands  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  discovered  by  Magellan,  m 
lo'^l      They  arc  laid  to  be  about  l.iUO 
in  number,  of  which  400  are  very  con- 
siderablc.     The  principul  arc  l.uconia, 
Mindanao.  Samar,  Matsbale,  Mindoro, 
Luban,   Panav,    Lcyte,   Bohol,    Zebu, 
Negro's,    St.  John's,  Xolo,   and  Abyo. 
rhe  air  is  very  hot  and  moist,  and  the 
soil  fertile  in  rice  and  many  (,ther  usetul 
vegetables  and  fruits.  The  trees  are  al- 
ways  green,   and  tliere  are  ripe  fruits 
all  the  )  ear.     There  are  a  great  n^any 
wild  beasts  and  birds   quite    unknovvu 
in  Europe.     '1  he  inhabitants  are  not  all 
ofoneorigimd.     Lon.  1 17  1^  to  120  50 
E,  lat.  6  30  to  18  15  N. 

Philippics  AVa-,  ollicrwise  called 
Palaos  and  Caroiinas,  isluuds  m  the 
Norlli  Pacific  Oce.ui,  to  the  E  of  the 
most  southern  ot  tlie  Philippine 
Islands.  Tl-.erc  are  about  32  m  all, 
between  the  equator  and  the  Ludrones ; 
but  they  are  very  little  known  to  the 
Europeans.  ,. 

Phitippoli,  an  archiepiscopal  town  ot 
Romania,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Greeks, 
and  seated  on  the  Mari/.a,  82  miles  N 
W  of  Adrianople,  and  188  of  Constan- 
tinople.    Lon.  24  50  E,  lat.  42  15  N. 

Philip's,  Fort  St.  a  strong  citadel  ot 
Minorca,  which  defends  the  harbour 
„f  Port  Mahon.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1708,  and  in  1756  by  the 
French,  who  restored  it  in  1763.  1  he 
Spaniards  retook  it  in  the  last  war. 
Lon.  3  48  r   lat.  39  50  N.    . 

Philips-Norton,  a  town  in  Somerset- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  'r)»"i-s«biy,  se- 
ven miles  S  of  Bath,  and  104  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Philipsburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  m 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  very 
strong,  and  considered  as  one  ot  the 
bulwarks  of  the  empire.  The  t.iwn  be- 
longs  to  the  bishop  of  Spire,  but  the 
fortifications  to  the  empire  It  has  been 
several  times  taken  and  retaken,  parti- 
cularly  by  the  French  in  1734,  when 
the  duke  of  Berwick  was  killed  at  tlie 
siege;  but  it  was  restored  the  year 
followhig,  by  tlie  treaty  of  Vienna.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  seven  miles  b 
of  Spire,  and  40  N  E  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  8  33  E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

PhiUbstadt,  a  town  ot  Sweden,  m 
Wermeland,  seated  in  a  hilly  »"d  •■"'Ky 
country,  abounding  in  iron  mmes,  be- 
tween two  lakes,  and  watered  by  a  ri- 
vulet It  was  built  by  Charles  IX.  and 
called  after  his  son  Philip.    In  1775,  it 


p  tt  I 


ilanJs,  islandfi  in  the  In- 
Iscovtrcd  by  Magellan,  in 
|:irc  laid  to  be  about  12U0 
r  wiiicli  400  are  very  con- 
lie  prineipul  arc  I.iicnnia, 
iniiir,  Matsbalc,  Miiuloro, 
|iy,  Liytc,  Uoliol,  Zebu, 
John's,  Xol(>,  and  Aliyo. 
:ry  hot  and  moist,  and  the 
rice  and  many  other  useful 
|ul  fruits.  The  trees  are  al- 
and there  are  ripe  fruits 
There  are  a  great  n^any 
ind  birds  quite  unknown 
'1  lie  inhabitants  are  not  all 
ml.  l.on.  117  13  to  120  50 
to  18  \5  N. 

At"a',  otherwise  called 
Carniinas,  ish>iuls  in  the 
ic  Oce^n,  to  the  E  of  the 
iirn  ot  the  Pliilippinc 
WYC  are  about  32  in  all, 
equator  and  the  Ladrones  ; 
re  very  little  known  to  the 

an  archiepiscopal  to^\'n  of 
;hiefiy  inhabited  by  Greeks, 
on  the  Mari/a,  82  miles  N 
anople,  and  188  of  Constan- 
on.  24  50  E,  lat.  42  15  N. 
Fort  St.  a  strong  citadel  of 
whieh  defends  the  harbour 
'ahon.     It  was  taken  by  the 

ir08,  and   in   1756  by  the 
lo  restored  it  in  1763.     The 
retook    it  in   the   last   war. 
"lat.  39  50  N. 
'Norton,  a  town  in  Somerset. 

a  market  on  Thur.sda\',  se- 
S  of  Bath,  and  104  \V  of 
Lon.  2  16W,  lat.  52  16  N. 
rg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
)1  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  very 
1  considered  as  one  of  the 
if  the  empire.  The  town  be- 
he  bishop  of  Spire,  hut  the 
)s  to  the  empire  It  has  been 
es  taken  and  retaken,  parti> 

the    French  in  1734,  when 
f  Derwick  was  killed  at  the 

it  was  restored  the  jear 
by  the  treaty  of  Vienna.  It 
in  the  Khine,  seven  miles  S 
uid  40  N  E  of  Strasburg. 
I,  lat.  49  12  N. 
it,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
1,  seated  in  a  hilly  and  rocky 
ounding  in  iron  mines,  be- 
takes, and  watered  by  a  ri- 
vas  built  by  Charles  IX.  and 
hia  son  Philip.    In  1775,  it 


P  I  c 

was  destroyed  b}-  fire,  hut  lias  Veen 
.since  rebuilt.  It  contains  no  more  thiiii 
ilian  60  wooden  houses,  and  a  chuicii 
.ind  h.)':]!'t.4l  built  of  stone  iilai.stcred. 
It  is  20  nicies  N  E  of  Caihtudt,  ami 
140  N  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  14  lo 
E,  hit.  5'j  30  N. 

I'liili/:sr(iv:)i,  a  borougli  of  Irehmd, 
cir.'ital  of  Kiui^'scouiitv ,  40  miles  \V  of 
d!  hiin.     Lon!  7  3  W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

PhuipTiiile,  a  strong  l-iwn  of  France, 
in  llie  department  of  the  North  and 
late  province  of  Ilainaiilt,  seated  on  i.n 
onilncnce,  25  miles  S  E  of  Mons,  and 
125  N  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  24  E, 
lat.  50  7  N. 

/•/i/V//)  hl.tmls,  two  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
cap'ain  Kvniter  in  1791,  and  named  af- 
ter Arthur  Philip,  esq  governor  of 
New  South  Wales.  Tliey  are  covered 
with  shrubs,  have  few  tall  trees  on 
them,  and  the  land  is  low.  Lon.  of  the 
eastern  island  140  3  E,  lat.  8  6  S. 

Pianeza,  a  town  and  castle  of  Pied- 
mont, seated  on  the  Dora,  eight  miles 
fi'om  7,'iu'in. 

Ptanoza,  an  island  of  Italy,  off  the 
coast  of  Tuscany,  six  miles  S  of  that 
of  Elba.  It  is  level  and  low  as  tlie 
name  imports.  Lon.  10  34  E,  lat.  42 
46  N. 

Piava,  A  river,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Tirol,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  by  two  tnoutiis,  a  little 
N  of  Venice. 

Picardy,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hainault,  Artois, 
and  the  straits  of  Dover  ;  on  the  E  by 
Champagne ;  on  the  S  by  the  isle  of 
France  :  and  on  the  W  by  Normandy 
and  the  English  Channel.  It  now  forms 
the  department  of  Somme. 

Picighitnne,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutcliy  of  Milan,  with  a  castle,  in  which 
Francis  I.  of  France  was  imprisoned. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1733  and 
in  1796.  It  i^  seated  on  the  Serio,  10 
miles  N  W  of  Cremona,  and  36  S  E  of 
of  Milan.     Lon,  10  4  E,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Picieiiiig,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  %vith  a  market  on  Monday. 
It  has  an  old  castle,  in  the  ruins  of 
which  they  keep  their  courts  for  the 
hcaringof  all  causes  under  40  shillings, 
in  the  district  called  the  Honour  or  Li- 
bertv  of  Pickering.  It  is  26  miles  N 
E  of  York,  and  223  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  0  38  VV,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Pico,  the  largest  and  most  populous 
of  the  Axores,  or  Western  Islands,  so 


P  I  E 

called  from  a  lofty  mountain  on  it,  thif 
inouiitaiii  is  lilltd  with  dismal  dail:  ca- 
verns or  vclraiuics,  which  flequeiilly 
VDitiit  out  names,  smoke  ai.d  ashes  to  a 
jViea:  dist.ince.  It  pr;iduifcs  a  great 
deal  of  wine.  Lon.  23  21  W,  lat.  38 
29  N. 

Ficm'  Willi,  a  famous  harrier  againsf 
tlie  Picts,  ot  wliiclisoinc  small  remains 
are  left.  It  began  at  the  entrance  of 
Solway  Fritli,  in  Cumberland,  and 
running  by  Carlisle,  was  continued 
from  W  to  E,  across  the  island  to  New- 
castle,  and  ciuled  at  Tlnmouth. 

Pie-iiiont,  a  (irincipality  of  Italy,  175 
niiies  luiig  and  40  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Valhiis,  on  the  E  by  the 
dutcliies  of  Milan  and  Montferrat,  on 
the  S  by  the  county  of  Nice  and  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  and  on  the  VV  by 
France  and  Savoy.  It  was  formerly  a 
jjart  of  Lombardy,  but  now  belongs  to 
the  king  of  Sarrlinia,  and  lies  at  the 
foot  of  the  Alps  It  contains  many  high 
mountains,  among  which  are  rich  and 
fruitful  vallies,  as  populous  as  any  par( 
of  Italy.  In  the  mountains  are  mines 
of  several  kinds,  and  the  forests  aHbr<i 
a  great  deal  of  game.  Th  s  country 
has  a  great  tra<le  in  raw  silk ;  and  i(} 
produces  also  com,  rice,  wine,  fruits, 
hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  Turin  is  the 
capital. 

Piema,  a  populous  town  of  Tuscany, 
in  the  Siennese,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  25  miles  S  E  of  Sienno,  and  56  S 
of  Florence.  Lon.  11  42  £,  lat.  4S 
ON. 

Pierre  le  Moutier,  S.  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Nievre  and  late 
province  of  Nivernois.  It  is  seated  in 
a  bottom,  surrounded  by  mountains, 
and  near  a  lake,  which  renders  the  ais 
unwholesome,  15  miles  N  W  of  Mou- 
llns,  and  150  b  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  13  £, 
lat.  46  48  N. 

Pierre,  St.  a  small  desert  island  near 
Newfoundland,  ceded  to  the  French  in 
1763,  for  tlrying  and  curing  their  fish. 
They  were  dispossessed  of  it  by  the 
English  in  1793.  Lon.  56  0  W,  lat.  46 
39  N. 

Pierre,  St.  the  capitid  of  Martiiiico, 
on  the  W  side  of  tlie  island.  Lon.  61 
21  W,  lat.  14  1  N. 

Pigeon  Idand,  a  small  island,  eight 
miles  from  tiie  coast  of  Malabar,  and 
15  from  the  town  of  Onore.  Lon.  74 
6  E,  lat.  14  1  N. 

Pierre,  St.' a.  small  island  in  Swisser- 
land,  jn  the  l«ke  of  NeufcUatel.    The 


WM, 


P  I  N 

isl.ind  is  about  two  miles  in  circuin* 
fcrfiicc,  and  is  cnliveni'd  with  a  ciiann- 
ir.g' variety  of  viiifuirds,  wooda,  orcli- 
ards,  ai\(l  niiiulows.  Tliis  lioaiitiful 
spot  WHS  till'  rcliiemcnl  of  tt;c  cele- 
brated Hoiisseau, 

J'ictio,  St  on  island  in  tlie  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Sardinia,  taken  by  the 
Fre'u-h  in  IT93,  but  reUikeii  soon  afur. 

I'igr.eio: ,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  at  tl.c 
entrance  of  the  valley  (.f  Penisa.  It 
w:is  in  possession  of  the  Frencii,  who 
had  fortified  it,  iiarticularly  wilii  a  cas- 
tle bv.ill  on  a  rock  ;  bnt  beinjy  restored 
to  the  <Iiike  of  Savoy,  Ki-.Ui,  tlie  French 
deniol  slied  the  fortihealions.  It  is 
seated  or.  the  Chiuson,  15  mdcs  S  W 
of  Turin.     Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Plgiwy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Atibe  and  late  province  of 
Champacfne,  12  miles  N  E  of  Troves. 
Lon.  4  25  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Pillau,  a  strong  seajjort  v.{  Prussia, 
on  the  Baltic,  It  formerly  behiiij^ed  to 
Poland  but  is  now  subject  to  ^nlssia, 
and  is  20  miles  W  by  S  of  Koninj^sberg, 
of  which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  i'M  20  E, 
lat.  54  38  N. 

PiUen,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name. 
It  hris  often  been  taken  and  retaken, 
and  is  seated  iiearthc  confluence  of  the 
Misa  and  Watto,  4"  miles  W  by  S  of 
Prague.     Lon.  13  55  E,  lat.  4y  4()  N. 

Pilsnn,  Pilsno,  or  Pilzmv,  a  town  of 
Little  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  San- 
tloniir,  seated  on  the  VVilfake,  50  miles 
K  of  Cracow.  Lon.  21  10  E,  lat.  50 
0  N. 

PUten,  a  town  of  Courland,  capitid  of 
a  fertile  territory  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  river  Wiiidaw,  between 
Goldingen  ai"!  \Vinda\v.  Lon.  22  10 
E,l;.t  57  IS  N, 

Pun:},  Isle  of,  a  considerable  island  in 
the  South  PaeKic  Ocean,  lying  to  the 
S  of  New  Caledonia.  It  is  high  and 
remarkable  in  the  middle,  being  quite 
a  pointed  hill,  sloping  toward  the  ex- 
tremities, which  are  very  low,  and  co- 
vered with  tall  pine-trees,  whence  it 
took  its  name.  It  was  discovered  by 
captain  Cook  in  177'4.  Lon.  167  38  E, 
lat.  22  38  S. 

Pir.ji-lcur.g-fim,  one  of  the  most  consitl- 
erable  cities  of  the  western  p.'.rt  of  the 
province  Chen-si  in  China.  Lon.  106 
25  E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Piniit!,  a  slronj!"  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Tra-kis-lVlontes,  capital  of  a  territory 
^f  thu  .saoic  nauic.     U  is   seated  at  the 


P  I  s 

coufiuence  of  the  Colia  and  Pinnel,  25 
miles  N  of  Guurda.  Lon.  6  40  W, 
lat.  40  46  N. 

Piaiiei'Imrgy  a  fort  and  town  of  Low- 
er Saxony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Holstein, 
capital  of  a  coimty  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Owe,  15  miles  N 
\V  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  53 
46  N. 

Piiins^  an  uninhabited  island  in  the  W 
Indies,  on  the  S  side  of  Cid)a,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  deep  strait. 
It  is  25  miles  long  and  15  broad,  and 
has  excellent  pastures.  Lon.  82  oi 
W,  hit.  22  2  N. 

Piiisku,  a  town  of  Lithrtania,  capital 
of  a  territory  and  seatnd  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  It  was  formerly  a 
considerable  place,  but  lias  been  al- 
most ruined  by  the  Cossacks.  Lon. 
26  20  E,  lat.  52  18  N,      _ 

Pimiiliinu,  a  seaport  of  Italy  in  Tus- 
cany, capital  of  the  j)rincipality  of  the 
same  mime.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay, 
40  miles  S  of  Leghorn,  and  60  S  W 
of  Florence.  Lon.  10  23  E,  Lit.  42  57 
N. 

Piombino,  a  principality  of  Tuscany, 
lying  on  the  Mediterranean.  The  is- 
land of  Elba  (ki)cnds  upon  it,  and  has 
its  own  prince,  under  the  protection  of 
the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Pipenio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campag- 
na  di  Koma,  50  miles  S  E  of  Home. 
Lon.  13  36  E,  lav.  41  39  N. 

Piptey,  a  town  of  Hiiifloostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal,  which  formerly  had  English 
and  Dutch  factories,  but  is  now  oidy 
inhabited  by  lishcrn)cn.  It  is  seated 
on  a  river,  15  miles  W  of  Balasorc. 
Lon.  86  31E,  lut.2120N. 

Pi'iue  Mtmteii/Ur,  the  highest  moun- 
tain ot  the  Pvrences.  It  is  in  the  form 
of  a  pike.     Lim.  0  22  W,  lat.  42  51  N. 

Piraiio,  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Is- 
tria,  on  a  peninsida,  formed  by  the  bay 
of  Largc.ne  ten  miles  S  of  Capo  d'ls- 
tria.     Lon.  14  1  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Piritz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Pomc- 
rania  in  the  territory  of  Stelin,  The 
ancient  dukes  ot  Pomerania  often  re- 
sided here.  It  is  scted  near  the  lake 
Maldui,  20  miles  S  E  of  Stctin.  Lon. 
14  20  E,  hit.  5318  N. 

Pisa,  an  ancient  ar.d  large  city  of 
Tuscany,  capital  of  tlic  Pisa-o,  with  a 
university,  an  archbishop's  sec,  and 
three  forts.  The  river  Arno  runs 
liirougb  Pisa,  and  over  it  ai'o  three 
bridges,  one  of  wh.ich  isconstrvcted  of 
maible.     This  city  is  so   fur  froui  Iiav- 


I  s 

lc  Colia  nml  PliiiicI,  2i 
liarcla.     Lon.   C  40   VV, 

Ifiirt  and  town  of  Low- 
Ji;  diitcliy  of  Holsteiii, 
lit)-  of  the  same  name. 
|tlie  Owp,  15  miles  N 
.     Loi).  9  40  E,  lat.  Si 

liabitcd  island  in  tlic  W 
[S  side   of  Cuba,    from 

aratcd  bv  a  deep  strait, 
onjr  and  15  broad,  and 
[lasttires.      Lon.  82  33 

in  of  Litli«ania,  capital 
id  seated  on  a  river  of 
'.  It  was  formerly  a 
ace,  but  ha.s  been  al- 
'  the  Cossacks.  Lon. 
18  N. 

icajjort  of  Italy  in   Tus- 

the  principality  of  tlie 

is    seatcfl   on    a  bav, 

Lc{,'Iiorn,  and  60  S  W 

on.  10  23  E,   Lit.  42  57 

rincipality  of  Tuscany, 
editerrancan.  The  is- 
pends  ti])()n  it,  and  has 
under  the  protection  of 
Two  Sicilies, 
ivn  of  Italy,  in  Campag;- 
iO  miles  S  E  of  Home. 
nu.41  39  N. 

I  of  Hinfloostan  Proper, 
li  fornu-rly  had  English 
oriL's,  but  is  now  only 
licnucn.  It  is  seated 
miles  W  of  Balasorc. 
t.  31  20  N. 

iir,  the  highest  moun- 
ices.  It  is  in  the  form 
.  0  22  W,  lat.  42  51  N. 
tport  of  Venetian  Is- 
iila,  formed  bv  the  bay 
miles  S  of  Capo  d'ls- 
E,  lat.  45  40  N. 
of  Germany  in  Pome- 
rilory  of  Stelin.  The 
Pomei-ania  often  re- 
s  seated  near  the  lake 
s  S  E  of  Stctin.  Lon. 
18  N. 

eiit  and  Iar.t,'-c  city  of 
of  the  Pisa-o,  witii  a 
rrhbishop's  sec,  and 
lie  river  Ariio  nuis 
nd  over  it  are  three 
rlncli  iscon.strvct(d  of 
ly  is  so   fur  fron.  I;a\. 


P  I  T 

■inff  as  many  ii'habitants  as  it  can  con- 
t.iin,  that  jj-.-a.-s  {yrows  in  the  prIiiciiK.l 
slrctts.  11  J  ealleilral  is  a  iii!i;^iiiii- 
cent  structure,  aiul  on  the  ri^^ht  side 
of  the  choir  is  u  ieaiiipjj  tower,  niucli 
talked  of  In  the  (,ixat  s(|uare,  bo- 
fore  St.  Stephen's  cliurcli,  l.s  a  while 
niurblc  statue  of  duke  Cosmo  the 
Great.  The  grand  duke's  pahae,  and 
the  magnificent  exchang-e,  are  worth 
notice.  Pisa  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
Mediterranean,  ten  miles  N  of  Leg- 
horn, and  42  W  of  Fhirence.  Lon. 
10  17  E,  lat.  43  43  N. 

PUimo,  a  territory  of  Tuscany,  lying 
on  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  4/  miles 
lung  and  25  broad,  and  one  of  the  best 
countries  in  all  Tuscany. 

PUca,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Lima,  with  a  good  road  for  ships. 
It  is  seated  in  a  country  fertile  in  ex- 
cellent fruits  and  good  wine,  140  miles 
S  S  E  of  Lima.  Lon.  76  15  W,  lat.  13 
26  8. 

Phcataijua,  a  river  of  the  United 
States,  in  New  Hampshire,  the  mouth 
of  which  forms  the  only  port  in  that 
state,  and  is  60  miles  N  of  Boston. 
Lon.  rO  30  W,  lat.  43  25  N. 

Piscatav/ay,  a  post  town  in  Prince 
George  countv,  Maryland,  nine  miles 
Nof  Port  Tobacco, 'and  36  S  W  of 
Annapolis,  and   18   S  of  the   city  uf 

Pistilo,  the  most  northern  cape  of 
Natolia,  which  projects  into  tlie  Black 
So.1,  o[)posite  the  Crimea. 

Piishnnr.     See  J'cij/uire. 

Pistoitt,  a  handsome  and  considera- 
ble town  of  Italy,  in  the  dutcliy  of  Tus- 
c;iny,  with  a  bishop's  sec.  There  are 
several  line  churches  and  magniticent 
pal.ices,  and  the  houses  of  private  per- 
s'lns  are  generally  well-built ;  but  nct- 
withstiiuding-  this,  it  is  almost  desert- 
ed, in  coni[K,nson  of  what  it  was  for- 
n\erly ;  for  there  are  now  only  5000 
inhabitants  ;  but  among  these  are  40 
iHihIc  families.  It  is  seated  on  a  fer- 
tile plai;i,  at  t!\e  foot  of  the  ,\l>iKn- 
nines,  and  near  the  river  Stella,  20  miles 
N  \V  of  Fhirencc,  ai.d  30  N  E  of  Pisa. 
LoM.  11  '29  E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Pitciiitly  U'v!U,  !ion".(i  renarkable  sa- 
line si)rli,gi  n(;u'  Pevlli,  in  Seot- 
l.ind,  doenied  beneficial  in  scor!)utic 
cases. 

P':tlwa,  a  seaport  <if  Sweden,  in  \Y 
JViihnia,  se:il'-tl  (>n  a  small  island,  it 
llir  mouth    ••f  !'>>;  i'iihea,  in    the    giiJf 


P  L  A 

of  Bothnia.  It  is  jcined  to  the  contj.. 
iient  by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  is  80 
miles  S  W  of  Tornea.  Lon.  22  40  K, 
lat.  65  11  N. 

I'hie.'.ixaw,  a  seaport  in  F'lfe.shlre, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  fritli  of  l'\irlh, 
2.)  miles  N'  K  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  2  49 
VV.Iat.  56  12  N. 

Pittsburg,  the  capital  of  Allegheny 
county,  Penns}l\aniii  J  seated  on  a 
jjoint  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence, 
of  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  rivers.  Op« 
pobitc  the  t^'wn  the  Oiiio  is  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  wide,  and  in  dry  seasons  is 
navigable  only  by  small  craft  for  a  con- 
siderable dislaiue,  above  and  below  ; 
in  freshes,  it  will  carry  vessels  of  2  orj 
300  tons  I  topsail  vessels  wero  built 
and  launched  at  Pittsburg  last  year. 
About  70  miles  bt  low,  the  stream  id 
wider  as  well  as  deeper.  In  1800  the 
inhabitants  were  estimated  at  1565. 
The  town  is  laid  out  in  regular  squares, 
many  of  the  houses  being  built  wiili 
bricks,  and  pi'ogresses  in  wealth  and 
population.  The  distance  from  Pittsbursj 
to  the  jiuiction  of  the  Ohio,  witli  the 
Mississijjpi  is  1188  miles,  and  to  New 
Orleans,  through  the  various  windings 
of  both  rivers  .about  2000  miles  ;  to 
Carlisle  180;  to  Pliiladelphia  296  ;  and 
Washington  252.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of 
40°  31'  N,  and  lon.  of  80°  12'  W. 

PittsfeLl,  a  post  town  in  Herkshiro 
county,  Massachusetis,  29  miles  W  by 
N  of  Norliiampton,  on  the  Connecticut 
river,  and  ?i^  S  of  Bennington  in  Ver- 
mont, containing  2261  inhabitants. 

I'ittJtoH,  a  town  in  Kennebec  countv, 
Maine;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Ken- 
nebec river,  13  miles  N  of  VV'iscassct, 
and  opposite  to  Gardiu'r,  with  1408 
inhabitants,  and  a  jjost  uilice. 

Pittstoii,  a  post  town  in  Hunterdon 
ciy.inty,  Xew  Jersey,  nine  miles  N  YV 
of  Fleniington,  and  36  from  Trenton 
in  the  same  direction. 

Ptiinti.ii,  a  po:.t  town  in  Luzerne 
coioity,  Pcnnsjlvinia,  lyinsjat the  junc- 
tion of  Lackawannock  with  the  E 
branch  of  S'.isqueliannah  river,  nine 
mUes  N  E  of  Wilkcsbarre  aiul eight 
Hi.  .)f  .Virthumberla.id. 

I-izz<i,  a  town  of  Napl.-s,  in  Calabria 
Ulleriore,  seated  on  the  g'dl  of  St, 
Eufemia,  four  miles  from  Monlt   Leone. 

PLitriitut,  a  dutehy  of  Italy,  foimer- 
Iv  the  western  part  of  the  dntcLy  of 
Pai-ma ;  bounded  on  the  E  b\  that 
dutehy,  on  the  N  and  VV  by  tlie  Mi- 
huK'M--,  and  on  the  S  by  the  territor)'  of 


11-.' 


m 


P  L  A 


Genoa.  It  is  very  fertile  nnd  populous, 
aiul  contains  mines  oF  iron,  and  salt 
sprinjjs,  tVoni  which  is  made  a  very 
vvliite  salt.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Trcbia  and  NuiTu.  It  was  di- 
vided iKtwecn  the  <iiieen  of  Hungary 
and  tlie  kmjv  of  Sardinia,  by  the  treu- 
ty  of  Wmnis,  in  1743. 

Pluamn,  ft  populous   town  of  Italy, 
and   capital  of  a    dutchy  of  tlic  same 
name,  witli  a   I), -hop's  see  and  a  dta- 
del :   wlucii  is       irgi',  handsome,  for- 
tified pl.ue.  The  beauty  of  its  churches, 
houHCS,  squares,  streets,  and  fountains, 
reudi-r  it  a  very  jjleasunt  town.     It  has 
a    celebrated    university,     and    about 
30,000  inhabitants,  amonjf  whom  there 
are  2O00  monks,  nuns,  and  other  per 
sons  belongingto  thccliurch.  The  king 
of  Sardinia  took    possession  of  it   in 
1744,  in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of 
Wurms,  concluded  in  1743,  and  the 
French  took  possession  of  it  in  1796. 
It  is  delightfully  seated,  in  a  well  cul- 
tivated country,    on  the  river  Po,   32 
miles  N  W  of  Parma,  and  83  E  of  Turin. 
Lon.  9  38  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Placentia,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estra- 
madura,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  cas- 
tie.  It  is  seated  on  the  Xera,  in  a  de- 
lightful plain,  almost  surrounded  by 
mountains,  80  miles  S  W  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  5  0  W,lat.  39  45N. 

Placentia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gui- 
puscoa,  seated  on  the  Deva,  25  miles 
S  EofBilboa.     Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  43 

ION-  .  r       , 

Placentia,  a  seaport  of  Newlound- 
land,  seated  on  a  bay  on  the  S  E  part 
of  the  island.  It  was  ceded  to  the 
English,  and  is  40  miles  W  of  St.  John, 
."■id  200  E  of  Cape  Breton.  Lon.  53 
43  W,  lat  47  15  N. 

Piainfeld,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  15  miles  N  E  of 
Norwich,  and  29  of  New  London,  con- 
taining 1619  inhabitants. 

Planiez,  a  amall  island  of  the  Medt- 
terranean,  situated  in  die  road  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

Piano,  a  small  island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, in  the  bayof  Alicant. 

Plasseyt  Plains  of,  in  Bengal,  about 
30  miles  from  Moorshcdabad,  and  70 
from  Calcutta.  This  spot  is  memora- 
ble for  the  great  victory  gained  by 
Coh-nel  Olive,  in  1757,  over  the  nabob 
Surajah  Dowlali  \  by  which  was  laid 
the  'foundation  of  the  present  exten- 
sive British  empire  in  Hindoostan. 
Plata,  an  island  of  Peru,  on  the  coast 


P  L  E 

of  Qiiito,  surrounded  by  innccessihlc 
rocks,  and  about  five  miles  long  and 
foiu-  broad. 

Plata,  a  rich  and  populous  town  of 
Peru,  capital  of  the  audience  of  Los 
Charcos,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Chlmao,  500  miles  S 
E  of  Cusco.  Lon.  63  40  W,  lat.  19  IC 
S. 

Plata,  or  Rio-de-la-Plata,  a  large  riT- 
er  of  S  America,  formed  by  the  unioa 
of  the  three  great  .-ivers  Paraguay, 
Uraguay,  and  Pavana.  It  crosses  Par:i. 
j^uay,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
in  lat.  35"  S.  It  is  150  miles  broad  at 
its  mouth  i  at  Mont  Video,  a  f»rt, 
above  100  miles  up  the  river,  the  lai4 
13  not  to  be  discerned  on  either  shore, 
when  a  vessel  is  in  the  middle  of  the 
channel :  ami  at  Buenos  Ayres,  200 
miles  higher,  the  opposite  shore  is  not 
to  be  discerned  from  that  town. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la,  a  province  of  S 
America,  in  Paraguay,  on  the  S  W  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  sub. 
jectto  Spain,  and  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
the  capital,  a  new  viceroyalty  was 
established  in  1776     See  Peru. 

Plattiburg,  a  post  town  in  Clinton 
conntv.  New  York;  situated  on  the 
VV  side  of  Lak«  Champla;in,  J6  milei 
N  of  Peru,  and  36  of  Willsborough, 
all  on  the  same  lake. 

Plavien,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  lower  Saxony,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a  small 
river  which  falls  into  tlie  Elbe,  near  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  S  of 
Gustrow.  Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  40  N. 
Plawen,  a  handsome  town  of  Germa- 
nv,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Elster,  67 
miles  S  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  17  E, 
kt.  50  32  N. 

Pleiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ca- 
rinthia,  seated  on  the  river  Fcistez,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  25  miles  £  by 
S  of  Clagenfurt. 
Plescof.     See  Pskof. 
Plesh'ej,    a  village   in  Essex,  seven 
miles  N  bv  W  of  Chelmsford.     It  was 
the  seat  of  the  lord  high  c.uistable  of 
England,  from  the  earliest  times  of  that 
oftice  to  the  year  1400.    On  tlie  site  of 
his  castle  is"  now  a  brick  farm-house  ; 
and  here  arc  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
fortlfiratiou,  consistingof  amountof  aii 
oval  form,  surrounded  by  an  area  that 
contains  about  twi>  acres,  and  is  bouml- 
ed  by  a  rampart  and  dildi,  over  which 
is  a  brick  bridge. 


Pk 
witl 
mile 
lat. 

aps 
cast 
hill 
Wa 
1 
cle 
Ho 


P  L  E 


PLY 


P  O 


mounded   by    innccessihle 
I  about  five  miles  long  and 

rich  and  populous  town  of 
Ital  of  the  audience  of  Los 
rith  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
^1  the  Chimao,  500  miles  S 
Lon.  63  40  W,  lat.  19  K 

Rio-de-la-Plata,  a  large  rir- 

erica,   fcrmed  by  the  union 

ec  great   .'ivers    Paraguay, 

nd  Pavana.   It  crosses  Pari. 

enters  the    Atlantic   Ocean, 

S.     It  is  150  miles  broad  at 

;    at   Mont    Vidto,   a  fort, 

miles  up  the  river,  the  lanci 

;  discerned  on  cither  shore, 

isel   is   in  the  middle  of  the 

md  at  Buenos   Ayres,   200 

er,  tiie  opposite  shore  is  not 

erned  from  that  town. 

Rio  tie  la,    a  province  of  S 

in  Paraguay,  on  tlie  S  W  of 

the  same  name.     It  is  sub- 

)ain,  and  at  Buenos   Ayres, 

il,  a    new    viceroyalty    wa* 

d  in  ir76     See  Peru. 

rg,   a  post  town  in  Clinton 

Jew   Yorki  situated  on  the 

if  Lake  Champlain,  J16  miles 

u,   and    36of  Willsborough, 

:  same  lake. 

,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
lower  Saxony,  in  the  dutcliy 
lenburg,  seated  on  a  small 
ch  falls  into  tlie  Elbe,  near  a 
le  same  name,  17  miles  S  of 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  40  N. 
,  a  handsome  town  of  Germa- 
;  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
1,  seated  on  the  Elster,  67 
V  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  17  E, 
N. 

f,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ca- 
;atcd  on  the  river  Feistez,  at 
>f  a  mountain,  25  miles  £  by 
enfurt. 

See  Pstof. 
,  a  village  in  Esses,  seven 
)y  W  of  Ciielmsford.  It  was 
of  the  lord  liigh  cotistable  of 
from  the  earliest  times  of  that 
;he  year  1400.  On  l!ie  site  of 
E  is  now  a  brick  farm-house ; 
are  the  remains  uf  an  ancient 
ii\i,  consist  ing  of  a  mount  of  aii 
I,  surrounded  by  an  area  that 
ibouttwo  acres,  and  is  boinul- 
anipart  and  ditcli,  over  which 
bridge. 


Pkiiae,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  3(5 
miles  E  of  Troppaw.  Lon.  18  36  £, 
lat.  50  0  N. 

Ploctsko,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  tiie  same  name,  with  a 
castle  and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a 
hill  near  the  Vistula,  65  miles  VV  of 
Warsaw.     Lon.  19  29  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Plocn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  dutchy  of 
Hulstein,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  N  side 
of  a  lake,  22  miles  N  VV  of  Lubec. 
Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Ploennel,  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan  and  late 
province  of  Bretagnc,  27  miles  N  E  of 
Vannes. 

Pludentz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Auiitrian  dominions,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  nunie.  It  is  seated  in  a 
pleasant  plain,  on  the  river  III,  65  miles 
VV  of  Inspruc.  Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  47 
ION. 

Plunutead,  a  village  in  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  where  there  is  a  post 
office,  7  miles  N  of  Doyle's  town,  32 
of  Philadelphia,  and  178  of  ffashington. 

P.'uviert,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Beauce,  20  miles  N  of 
Oilcans.     Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Plymouth,  a  seaport  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  Thursday, 
and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  between 
the  mouths  of  the  Plym  and  Tamar  j 
and  next  to  Portsmoiitli,  is  the  most 
considerable  harbour  in  England  for 
men  of  war.  There  are,  jiroperly  speak- 
ing, three  harbours,  called  Cutwater, 
Satton  Pool,  and  Hamouze.  The  first 
is  the  mouth  of  the  Plym,  and  affords 
a  safe  and  commodious  harbour  for  mer- 
cliant  ships,  but  is  seldom  entered  b\ 
sliips  of  war.  The  second  is  fre.quented 
by  merchant  ships  only,  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  houses  of  the  town,  and 
has  lately  been  further  secured  by  an 
extensive  pier.  The  third  is  near  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Tamar,  and  is  the  harbour 
fiir  tlie  reception  of  the  British  navy, 
being  fitted  with  moorincs  for  about 
100  sail,  and  having  good  aiicborai^c 
tor  a  much  greater  number.  Adjoining 
til  it,  are  docks,  arsenals,  and  other 
ronvcnieuces  for  the  building  and  fit- 
ting out  of  siiips  of  war.  These  liar- 
liours  are  defended  by  a  fort  (m  St.  Ni- 
cholas'  Island,  end  by  a  citadel  nearh 
opposite  to  that  Island,    upon  r  hill 


which  overlooks  the  town.  Plymouth 
contains  two  parisli  churches,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  It  is  well  supplied 
with  fresh  wuter,  first  brought  litre, 
from  a  place  seven  miles  oil',  by  the  fa- 
mous Sir  Francis  Drake,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  town.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderablc  foreign  and  domestic  trade, 
and  is  43  miles  S  W  of  Exeter,  and 
216  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  10  W, 
lat.  50  22  N. 

Pl/nwuth,  the  capital  of  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  42  miles  S  by 
E  of  Boston,  and  23  N  W  of  Barnsta- 
ble,  in  lat.  41°  58'  N,  and  long.  70°  30' 
VV.  This  is  a  post  town,  and  port  of 
enti'y,  and  was  the  first  town  planted 
by  English  emigrants  in  New  England; 
as  such  it  is  respected  by  the  present 
inhabitants,  the  rock  on  which  their 
fathers  landed,  having  been  removed 
to  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Plymouth,  a,  post  town  in  Grafton 
county,  Newhampshire  ;  33  miles  S  E 
of  Haverhill,  and  79  N  VV  of  Ports- 
mouth. 

Plynwuth,  a  post  town  in  Washing- 
ton countyf  North  Curolina  j  situate  on 
the  S  side  of  Koanoke  river,  near  Al- 
bemarle sound,  18  miles  S  of  Edenton- 

Plyvwuth  Dock,  a  populous  town,  ad- 
joining to  the  harbour  of  Haymouz,  in 
Devonshire,  with  a  chapel  in  the  dock- 
yard, and  a  church  about  a  qiiai'tcr  of 
a  mile  from  the  town. 

Plyvipton,   a  boroui  Devonshire, 

with  a  market  .on  b..Lurday.  It  had 
formerly  a  custle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is 
.seated  on  the  Plynn,  seven  miles  E  of 
Plymouth,  and  218  VV  by  S  of  London. 
Lon  4  0  VV,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Plynlitnmon  HilU,  a  vast  and  lofty 
mountain  of  Wales,  partly  in  Montgo- 
meryshire, and  partly  in  Cardiganshire, 
i'he  Severn,  the  Wye,  and  other  rivers, 
have  their  source  in  this  moimtain. 

Po,  a  celebrated  river  of  Italy,  which 
has  its  source  at  mount  Viso  in  Pied- 
mont. It  runs  through  Montferrat,  the 
Milanese,  and  the  Mantuan  ;  thence  on 
the  borders  of  the  Parmesan,  And  a 
part  of  the  Modenese  ;  and  having  en- 
tered the  Ferrarcsc,'  it  divides  at  Fi- 
I'heriilolo,  and  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice  by  four  principal  mouths.  In 
its  course  it  receives  several  rivers,  and 
often  overflows  ita  banks,  as  most  of 
'.hose  rivers  descend  from  the  Alps, 
>nd  are  increased  by  the  meltingof  the 
snow. 


P  O  I 


Po,  a  river  of  Cliinii,  in  the  province 
of  Kiiin^^-si,  wlii -li  cn\|.tit's  itself  nUo 
tlio  lulic  Piiyii<if,'-lnin,  a  small  dista.ii-c 
from  Jiio-tciieou-fim. 

I'oc/lliiigu.ti,  u  town  in  tlie  E  ridm|?  ot 
YorUi'iirc,  witlia  ui:,;Ut:t  on  Su'.urday, 
Sf  :itcd  on  a  stream  tliat  fMls  into  tlie 
ncrwcnt,  11  miles  EcfY'U,  and  196 
N  l>\'  W  of  Londcjn.  l/m.  0  40  W, 
lat.  5.5  50  N. 

roufhstcin,  a  town  of  Germsmy,  in 
Franeir.iia,  in  tlie  bishoprie  urUamlM  i-f;-, 
Mated  anioMi;- ii)resls,  m-ar  liie  mmiee 
of  the  I'utliich,  jO  miies  S  E  (.1 
r,ainl)erj?. 

JWriliu,  a  province  in  tlie  S  E  part  ol 
I'.iland,  wrested  from  Dial  coimtr^bv 
llie  late  empress  of  Uiissla,  in  IT'Jo. 
Tlic  Dniester  s(  jiarates  it  from  Molda- 
via on  the  S  W,  and  the  Hi>K  crosses  it 
from  W  to  E.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower.  Kaminieek  is  the 
capital  of  the  iormer,  and  Uraeklaw  of 
the  latter. 

FcgsUwJizi,  a  town  of  Tnseany,  fa- 
mous "for  its  excellent  tobacco.  It  had 
a  citadel,  now  in  rwins  j  and  is  se.itcd 
near  the  Elsa,  16  miles  S  of  Florence. 
Poggio,  a  town  of 'I'nscany,  near  Flo- 
renee,  famous  for  a  handsome  palace 
of  the  j^reat  duke. 

Poiriiio,  or  Po-ceriim,  a  town  of  Pied- 
mont, 15  miles  S  E  of  Turin. 

Potssv,  an  ancient  town  of  Fr.incc,  in 
the  Isle  of  France  ;  seated  near  the  fo- 
rest o*"  St  Germain,  15  miles  N  W  of 
Paris.     I.on.  2  12  E,  lat.'4K  56  N. 

Poitiers,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Vienne  and  late  |)ri)- 
vince  of  Poitou,   with    a  blshoj/s  see. 
Its  population  is  not  in  projiortion  to  its 
extent;  for  it  includes  a  number  of  jyar- 
<lens  a"d  fields  within  its  circuit ;  and 
the    inhabitants  arc   not   estimated   at 
more  than   16,000.     It  has  several  Ro- 
man antiquities,  partieidarly  an  Kmphi- 
t'leatrc,   partly  demolished  ;  and  a  tri- 
uir.j.hal   arch,"  which  serves  as  a  pate 
to  the    preat   street.     Here,    in  1536, 
Edward  the  Black  Prince  jjained  a  vic- 
torv  over  the  French,  taking  prisoners 
klnp  John  ami  his  sim  Philip,  whom  he 
lirorjvht  to-  England.     The  environs  a- 
l.ouu'd    with   vipers  in   sucli  numbers, 
that   they  are   exported   to  Venice  to 
)n:.ke  treacle.     This  town  is  seated  on 
a  hill,   on   the  river  Clain,  52  miles  S 
AV  of  ToiU's,    cud  120  N  by  E  of  Bor- 
deaux     I.on.  0  25  K,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Po-toi;    a   late   province    of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  byBrttagnc,  Anjou, 


POL 

and  part  of  Tourainc  j  on  the  E  tn  Ton. 
raine,  Ikrrv,  and  Maichc  ;  on  tlic  S 
bv  Angoum'ois,  Salntonge,  and  Aunisi 
al\<l  on  the  W  by  the  bay  of  Uiscay,  It 
is  fertile  in  com  and  wine,  and  feeiU  a 
jOvat  nvniiher  of  cattle,  particidavlv 
mules.  It  now  forms  the  three  dejiail. 
mcnts  of  Vendee,  Vienne,  and  the  two 
Sevres. 

P.i.'a,  an  ancient  episcopal  .strong  sen. 
port  of  Italy,  in  the  S  (lart  of  Istria, 
with  a  clliuiel  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here 
ai-e  the  riiins  of  a  Roman  amphilhcalro 
aiul  a  triumi^hal  arch.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and  has  a  spacious 
harbuur,  80  miles"  S  E  of  Venice.  Lon. 
14  9  E,  hit.  45  l.>  N. 

J'd.'iiclita,  a  i)alatin.ite  of  Poland,  88 
miles  Inuj.'- and  30  broad  ;  bounded  ou 
the  N  bv  Prussia  and  Lilhuaiiia,  on  the 
E  bv  I.'ithuani  .,  <m  tin-  S  by  the  pal.v 
filiate  of  Lublin,  ami  "ii  the  W  by  thai 
of  Masovia.     Biel.>.k  is  the  ca^iilal. 

Pohvui,   a  large  country  ot    Europe, 
bomuledonthe  VV  by  the  Baltic,  Bran, 
denburg,  and  Silesia  ;  on  the  S  by  Hun- 
J.  ,irv  and  Moldavia  ;  on  the  N  bj  Prus- 
sia,"  Courland,    Livonia,    and   Russia; 
aud  on  the  E  bv  Russia  and  the  tern- 
tones  wrested  fiy  that  power  from  the 
Turks.     It   is  divided  into  three  large 
parts,    Great    Polanil,    Little    Poland, 
anil  Lithuania ;    each  of  which  is  sub- 
divided  into  palatinates,   or  provinces^ 
The  government  was  monarchical  and 
nristocratical ;    all  the  acts  of  state  be- 
ing in  the  name  of  the  king  and  rcjJiih- 
Vc  of  Poland.    The  king  was  the  only 
electi^e    sovereign   in   Europe;    being 
chosen  bv  a  general  diet  summoned  by 
the  arcirbishop  of  Gncsna,    as  chief  ot 
the    rei)ubiie   during  the  interregnum. 
1  his   circumstance   proved  the  source 
of  grciit calamities;  for,  on  the  demise 
of  everv   sovereign,    the  country  was 
generally   involved  in  a  war,  between 
contending  factions,  respectively  sup- 
ported bv  foreign  powers.     In  ^772'  a 
partition' of  this  country,  projected  by 
the   king  of  Prussia,   was  cfiected  by 
that  monarch,  in  eonjunetiim    with  the 
eminessof  Russia  and  the  emperor  ot 
Gel  numv.     Bv  this  partition,  one  tluru 
of  the   counti-v  was  wrested  from  the 
republic,    the  diet  being  compelled  by 
a  foreign  force,  to  make  and  to  ratify  tins 
important    cession.     The  part  allotted 
to    Russia   comprises    Polish    Livonia, 
that   i-art  of  the  palatinate  of  Polotsk 
which  liest<i the  Eof  the  Dwina  or  U"- 
na;    the  palatinate  of  Vitepsk,    Mich- 


POL 


POL 


POL 


iTotiraiiic  ;  on  the  E  (n  Ton. 

Vv,   ami    Marclie  j   oiitlios 

Kiis,  S:iiii(()iigc,  and  Aiiiiis; 

W  by  llif  hay  of  Biscay.    It. 

com  and  wine,  and  fv'nU  a 

IiIjci-   of   rattle,    particularlv 

I  MOW  forms  t!iL-  thrte  (lc'|iait. 

fcndcc,  N'itnnc,  and  the  two 

ancient  cpiscnpiil  stronpsc;i. 
ily,  in  tiu-  S  piii't  of  Isti-ia, 
I.. lei  aiul  a  bish()))\s  see.  Hire 
[iiii*  of  a  Roman  anipliithcatrc 
inipliiil  arch.  It  is  .seated  at 
I  of  a  hay,  and  Iibs  u  spaeimis 
iU  ni;ie.s  S  E  of  Venice.  Lon. 
t.  4.5  1.5  N. 

I,   a  palatinate  of  Poland,  88 
and  30  hroad  ;    honnded  on 
I'nissiaand  Lithuania,  on  tlic 
iiiani .,  on  tli(  .S  by  the  pala- 
.tihlin,  and  im  the  W  by  thai 
a.     Uiel.sk  IS  the  caiiilal. 
;i  laipc  eoiinti-v  ot   Europe, 
)nthe  AV  by  the  Baltic,   Ilran. 
nil  Silesia  ;  on  the  S  by  Hon. 
Moldavia  ;  on  the  N  b\   Pnis- 
■land,    Livonia,    and    Russia; 
he  E  by  Russia  and  the  teni- 
•ested  by  that  power  from  the 
It   is  divided  into  three  larffc 
real    Poland,    Little    Poland, 
tiania ;   each  of  which  is  suh- 
iiito  palatinates,    or  |)rovInces. 
crnnient  was  nionairhical  and 
lieal ;    all  tlie  acts  of  state  be- 
i  name  of  the  kinp  and  rcpnl)- 
dand.     The  king  was  the  only 
sovereign   in   Europe ;    being 
I'  a  (■encral  diet  suiTimoned  by 
!)isliop  of  Gncsna,    as  chief  of 
blic   during'  the  interreg'nuin. 
nmistancc   proved  the  source 
alamities;  lor,  on  the  demise 
sovcrei;ijn,    the  country  was 
inv<.lved  in  a  war,  between 
ip:  factions,   respectively  siip- 
foreigi)  powers.     In  1772,  a 
of  this  coinitry,  projected  by 
of  Prussia,   was  eiiected  by 
ircli,  ill  conjunction    with  tli'e 
)f  Russia  and  the  emperor  of 
By  this  partition,  one  third 
)untry  was  wrested  from  the 
the  diet  bein(j  compelled  by 
orce,  to  make  and  to  ratify  this 
cession.     The  part  allotted 
(   comprises    Polish    Livonia, 
of  the  palatinate  of  Polotsk 
itothet^of  llie  Dwinaor  I)ii. 
)alalinale  of  Vitepsk,    Micli- 


law ;  and  two  small  portions  to  the  N 
p,  and  S  E  of  thi-  palatinate  u;'   Min  k. 
TliiHtraclof  lanl    (Pilith   Livoni.i  ex- 
cepted),  is  sitiuited  in   White  H'lstia, 
and  includes  at  le.ist  one  third   ot    Li- 
thiianiit.      The  kiu^;  of  Prussia  look  pos- 
scHsion  of  all  tiie  western  paiU  of  1'  >■ 
mer.'inia,  bounded  on  the  S  by  the  river 
Net/e    or    Nottee,    w.ln  tlie   whole  ot 
Pohsh  or   Wcsli-ni    Pru.ssia,  the  cities 
of  Oantzic   and    I'liorn  c.-ccep;ed.     (if 
these  dismembered  cooniries  the  Rus- 
sian part  is  the  larjjest,   the   Austrian 
the   most   pop  ilous,   and  the  Prussian 
the  nioit  comuitTcial.     Tlie  popithilion 
of  the  whole  amounts  to  near  j,(WO,0;W 
ofs.)uii;  Ihell.vaC'.iitainiMtf  l,l)i)0,0(W, 
tlie   secoml   2,'y''i.),'JiJ,    and   the  third 
S)0,i)}f).     Tne  three  partitioiiiiiif   pow- 
ers, moreover,  fnvibly eiiected  a  (^re.it 
ciiii'ijje  in  the  cointlt.ilioii.     By  Ibis  all 
foreiifii    candiil.itcs    for    the     elective 
throne  of  Polaiiil  are  excluded  ;    nor.e 
can  be  chosen  ki.ij';  of  P  iland,  and  great 
duke  of  Lithuania,  in  future,  but  a  na- 
tive   Pole  i  t!ie    son  or    (grandson  of  a 
kinjf  cannot  be  elected  immediately  up- 
on the  death  of  his  fallierort^randfatber, 
nor  be  elifjibic  till  after  an  interval  of 
tw)  rei^'nj  ;  aada  permanent  council  is 
established,    in    wiiieli    the   executive 
power  is  vested.     By  tliis  change,  the 
house  of  Saxony,  and  all  foreijjn  princes, 
wli )  m!;^ht  be  likely  to  ^ive  weijjiit  to 
Poland   by  their  hereditary  d miinions, 
are   rendered   incapable   of  filling'  the 
throne  ;  tiie  faintest  pros;:i;ct  of  an  he- 
reditary  soveiviiynty  is  removed:    the 
exorI)itant  privileges  of  the  equestrian 
order  arc  confirmed  in  their  ut'iiost  la- 
tit. ide  ;    and   the   prerojjatives   of   the 
crown,  before  to:)  g'reatly  reduced,  arc 
still  further  diminished.     In  1791,  the 
king  ai\d  the  nation,  in  concurrence,  al- 
most unanimously,  and  without  any  fo- 
reign intervention,  estidjlished  aiioli;'-r 
constitution.     By  this   the    evils  id'  an 
elective  monarchy,  by   wiiicli   Poland, 
on  almost  every  vacancy  of  tli';  tlironc, 
had  been   involved  in  the  calamities  of 
war,    were  avoided,   tiie  throne  being 
declared  hereditary  in  the  liouse  of  Sax- 
ony.    The   rights  and  privileges  of  all 
orders  in  the  republic   (the   king,  the 
nobles,  the  citizens,  and  the  peasants), 
w..'re  alike  equitably    :onsulted.     In  a 
word,  it  was  not,  on  the  one  hand,  the 
haughty  despot  dictating  a  constitution 
to  his  people ;  nor,  on  the  other,  a  proud 
avistrocracy,  or  a  mail  democracy,  that 
wrested  from  their  sovereign  liis  just 


prerogatives  ;  but  it  was  tlic  imivermil 
wish  of  the  nation,  the  sentiment  th.it 
inspired  wliich  was  niii\erNalliappiiiesH. 
A   few   ot'  the   nobility,  however,  dis- 
contented at  tlie  ;;'encrous  sacrilices  of 
someof  their  prinli'j^'is,  repaired  to  ilie 
court  of  R  issiaj  and  their  repri  senta- 
tiinis    concurring    with    the   anihilious 
views  of  tlie  impress,  she  siiit  :ui  army 
iiil!)    I'.ihmd,   under  pretence  of  beinjf 
giiaranK-e  of  the  constitution  of  liT,'. 
ilrr   interference   w.is  too  powerful  ti* 
bi-  resistetl;    and  this  new  constitution 
w.isovcrtliro'.vn.  U  it  the  principal  object 
f  ir  wiiicii  the  R'    sianar<n\  inicred  Po- 
l.iiul    WIS    not  J  A    attained.     The  em. 
press  had  phnnied,  in  e. injunction  wiill 
the  kin}j  of  Prussiii,   a  secoiid  partition 
of  this  unhappy  coii;,try,  \v..ieh  actual'/ 
took  place    in    l,9o  ;    and  in  l7l'5,  the 
act  of  partition  and  :'.bdit  lit  ion  was  sign- 
ed   by   the    iint'orton.ue    Sl.inislaiis    at 
W.irsaw.     By  this  tie  empress  obtain- 
ed neatly  the  remaining  part  id'  Lithu- 
ania,   Willi  the    pahitinat'.'S  of  Piidolia, 
Kiof,  and  Brat/.law       Besides  the  \oi. 
w.idships  or  provinces  of  Poseii,    Gne- 
sen,    Kalish,    Siradia,    Wiehin,  Lens- 
cliitz,  Cujavia,  Do.irzyn,    Rawa,    port 
of  Plotsk,  &c.  with  the  city  and  monas- 
tery  of  C/entstokow    (tiie    Loretto  of 
Poland),    and  its   rich    treasures,    the 
king  (.!'   Prussia  obtained  the  great  ob- 
ject of  his  wislies,  the  cities  of  Dantzic 
and  Thorn.  By  the  constitution  of  1772, 
the  Rontan  Catholic  religion  is  declar- 
ed the  established ;    but  although    the 
dissidents  continue  excluded  from  the 
diet,    the    senate,   and   the  permanent 
council,  they  enjoy  the  free  exercise  of 
their  religion  ;   are  permitted  to  have 
churches  without  bells,  and  schools  and 
seminaries  of  t.'ieir  own.     They  are  ca- 
pable also  of  sitting  in  the  iid'erior  courts 
of  j  istice  ;  ami  in  the  tribunal  appoint- 
ed to  receive  appeals  in  matters  of  re- 
ligion !   three  of  their  communion  arc 
iKiniitted  as  assessors.     In  consequence 
of  tills  toleratiini,   the  Dis.iidents  have 
consLructed  churches  in  ditlerent  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  and  the  Lutherans,  in 
particular,    have  built  one  at  Warsaw. 
The  air  is  generally  cold,  and  they  have 
but  little  wood ;  however,  it  is  so  fer- 
tile in  corn  in  many  places,  that  it  sup- 
plies   Sweden  and  Holland  with  large 
cpiantities.     There    are  extensive  pas- 
tures,  and  they  have  a  large  quantity 
i)f  leather,  furs,  hemp,  (lax,   sidtpetre, 
honey,  and  wax.      1  iiey  have  mines  of 
salt  of  a  great  depth,  out  of  which  they 
A  .\  A  \ 


•  ;-f '1 


m 


POL 


PON 


!• 


'V 


dir  rock-ialt  The  principal  rivers  are  i  enijiivc,  formed  of  part  of  u  palutinute 
the  Dnieper,  the  Vistula,  the  Bujf.  tlie  of  Lithuania,  (lisiiii-iiibircl  IWitn  Polan.l 
Dniemen,  the  Dneister,  and  the  Bog.   by  tlic-  treaty  of  partitmii  in  1772.     It* 


Warsaw  ii  Uie  capital 

Poland,  or  Minot,  a  post  town  in 
Cumberland  county,  Maine,  on  the  W 
aide  of  Andrascoggin  river,  40  miles 
N  of  Portland;  the  townahip  has  21'J5 
iniiiibitants. 

Poteron.     See  Puoloronn. 

Poietia,  a  name  gi\en  to  the  palati- 
nate of  Brzescia,  in  Lithuania. 

Puleiinviti-Hnvigo,  aprovince  of  Italy, 
in  the  republic  ot  Venice  ;  bouiukd  on 
the  N  by  the  Paduan,  on  the  S  by  the 
Ferrarese,  on  the   E  by  the   Doi-.ulo, 


FerrarcHe,  on  tlie   t  oy  tne   woj-.m",    me  j/aimui-,    i.u. 
and  on  tiie  \V  1)V  the  Ve'rone.     It  is  42    milca  foin  Vitiiii 

.  1    .'.,   1 1        1    :„     l'..,,'.!.^  »,,.....„„.        ai<     U 


produtls  are  chielly  H'rain,  lum|),  flux, 
and  pasture;  and' the  fon-bls  fuiiiinh 
great  abundanie  of  iii;ists,  pianlis,  oiii: 
for  ship-buildiiijr,  pitch,  liir,  he.  wiiich 
arechiefly  sent  down  till'  Dwinato  Ri|{ii. 

Po/iit.i,  a  slronj:^  town  of  Russia,  i  :. 
pitalof  a  goveiiiini'iil  uf  the  same  ii^tiii  , 
sealed  oi\  the  Dwina,    at  the  mouth  i.f 
tlie  small  river  Polola,   50  miles  S  W 
of  Vitepsk.    Lon.  27  .50  K,  lat.  5.5  4J  N 

Pollen,  St.  a  town  of  Lower  Auhti'iii, 
seated  on  tlic  Diasani,  which  falls  into 
the   Danubf,    near   Uoluiburgh,  eight 


indes  long  and  iV  broad,  and  is  feililt 
in  corn  and  pastures.  Rovigo  is  the 
capital. 

Pol,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  ami 
fate  province  of  Artois,  noted  for  its 
fine  mineral  waters,  and  is  16  miles  N 
W  of  Arras. 

Policanilro,  an  island  in  the  y\rchi. 
pclago,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  20  miles 
In  circumference.  Here  are  a  few  vil- 
lages, a  castle,  and  a  harbour  -,  but  it 
consists  in  general,  of  nolhiiig  but  bar- 
ren rocks  and  mountains  It  lies  be- 
tween Milo  and  Paros.  Lon.  25  31  E, 
lat.  36  32  N. 

Poticattro,  a  decayed  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Princlpalo  Cileriore, 
■eated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  68 
miles  S  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  40  E, 
lat.  40  J5  N. 

Polignano,  a  populous  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishoi^'s 
«ee.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy  rock, 
near  the  sea,  16  miles  E  of  Bari.  Lon. 
17  24  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Potigni,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc-l 
partment  of  |iu-a  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Coropte,  seated  on  a  rivulet, 
52  miles  S  W  of  Besancan.  Lon.  5  55 
E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Polina,  an  ancient  town  of  Albania, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.    It  was 
formerly  a  considerable  place,   but  is 
now  almost  in  ruins,   and  is  12  miles  S 
of  Durazzo.  Lon.  19  20  E,  lat.  42  42  N. 
Polito,  or   Polizzi,   a  town  of  Sicily, 
in  the   Val-di-Demona,   at  the  foot  of 
tlie  mountain  Madonia,  30  miles  S  E 
of  Palermo.  Lon.  1.5  53  E,  lat.  38  4  N. 
Pollochhtnut,   a  considcr:ible   manu- 
facturing town  in  Renfiewshire,  seated 
en  the  river  White  Cart. 
'  iti/otf*,  a  government  of  the  Russian 


Pomq^tic,   an  island  in  the  Mcdiler- 
ruiic;ui,  near  Marseilles. 

PoiHvraniit,  a  dtitchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Sa.\oiiy  ;    boiuuiid 
on    l!ie    N   by  tlie  Baltic,  'on  the  E  by 
Western  Prussia  and  Poliiiul,  on  the  S 
by    Brandenburg,    and  on   the    W    by 
Mecklenburg.     It  is  watered  by  seve- 
ral rivers,  of  which  the  Odi.r,  Recke- 
iiitz,  Pene.Ucker,  Kega,Persanet,Wip 
per,  Ihna,  Stolpen,  and  Lebo,  are  tl;c 
most   considerable.     The  air  is  pretty 
cold,  but  compensated  by  the  fertility 
of  the  soil,    which  abounds  in  pastures 
and  corn,  of  whicii  a  great  deal  is  ex. 
ported.     It  is  a  flat  counlry,  containing 
many   lakes,    woods,    and  forests,  and 
has  several  good  harbours,   particularly 
Stetin  and   Slralsund.-     It  is  2.50  luilcii 
long  and  75  broad,  and  divi<led  into  Hi- 
ther and  Further  Pomcrania.     The  liit- 
terand  part  of  H'ther  Pomcrania  beloiig 
to  the  king  of  Prussia  \    the  remainder 
to  the  king  of  Sweden.     Stetin  is  the 
capital  of  the  Prussian  part,  and  Stral- 
sur.d  ofthe  Swcdifh. 

PontercUia,  a  district  of  Polish  or 
Western  Prussia,  which  in  the  parti- 
tion of  Poland  fell  to  the  share  of  tlie 
king  of  Prussia.  Djutzic  is  the  capital. 
Pumcsai.ia,  a  large  co\mty  of  West- 
ern Prussia,  which  extends  from  E  to 
W  from  the  Passerge  as  far  as  the  Vis- 
tula, between  E  and  W  Prussia.  It  is 
full  of  lakes  and  morasses. 

Povifiet,  a  post  town  of  Connecticut, 
in  Windhi.niiouiily,  16  miles  N  of  Can- 
terbury, and  36  N  E  of  Hartford. 

Pmnona,  the  principal  of  the  Orkni") 
Islands.     Sec  Mainland. 

Pondistuiia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
ferrat,  seated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Po, 
2i  miles  E  of  Turin.  I^on.  8  25  E,  lat. 
45  2  N. 


O  N 

<1  ot  pint  nf':i  )-,«liilin!i»t- 
lifiiii-iiibircil  Irnni  Poland 
>»'  purtitioii  in  17(2.  Itk 
liiflly  urain,  In  mp,  Muy, 
uiul  till-  loi'iiis  fiiiiiiHli 
|ice  of  iiiiistH,  pianka,  o!ik 
iMjr,  pitch,  till-,  hr..  wliifli 
it<l(iwiit!ii-  l)winatoKi(,'a. 
IroMj;  losvii  ut'Ktissiit,  i  . 

I  hiiK'iituf  the  same  nmnr. 
Dwiiia,   at  the  mouth  i.t 

!•   I'dlota,   50  miles  S  W 
•on.  arjOE,  lat.  55  43  N 

II  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
Diasani,  wliicli  falls  into 

near   lloliiihulgh,  eigl.t 
ieliiiu. 

an  ialund  in  tlic  Mcditer- 

Marseilles. 

,  a  (liitchy  of  Germany,  In 

Uppti'  Saxony  ;    bnunilvd 

ly  the  Baltic,  'on  the  E  by 

iisbia  and  Poland,  on  the  S 

burj;:,    and  on    the    W    by 

It  is  watered  by  seve- 

)f  which  the  Oih.r,  Ueckc- 

Jckcr,  Ketfa,Pers«net,Wlp 

itolpen,  and  Lebo,  are  the 

lerable.     The  air  is  |)retty 

onipensated  by  the  fertility 

•which  abounds  in  pastures 

|if  whicii  a  f^n-ixt  deal  is  ex. 

is  a  Hat  coui.lry,  contuiniiij,' 

I,    woods,    and'  forests,  uud 

good  harbours,   particnlarlv 

Stralsund.-     ll  is  250  luilci 

broad,  and  divided  into  Hi- 

iither  Pomcrunia.     The  lat- 

of  Hither  Fonieraniabeloi.g 

of  Prussia  ;    tbr  remainder 

of  Sweden.     Stetin  is  the 

le  Prussian  part,  and  Stral- 

Swcdii'h. 

a,  a  district  of  Polish  or 
russia,  which  in  the  parti- 
and  fell  (o  the  share  of  the 
ssia.  Djutzic  is  the  capital, 
n,  a  larp-  county  of  West- 
a,  which  extends  from  E  to 
;  Passerge  as  far  as  the  Vis- 
en  E  and  W  Prussia.     It  i* 

I  and  morasses. 

a  post  town  of  Ctmnecticiit, 

II  louiily,  16  miles  N  ofCan- 
d  36  N  E  of  Hartfoid. 

the  principal  of  the  Orknej 
[•c  Mainland. 

ia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
ed  on  the  S  side  of  the  Po, 
of  Turin.     I.on.  8  25  E,  lat. 


PON 

Piir.dichtrry,  a  town  of  Hlndooifan,  on 
the  roast  of  Coriimundel.  It  was  first 
scUled  by  the  Frencli  in  1G7'1.  Previ- 
ously to  tlio  war  of  1756,  it  was,  per 
liiips,  the  Hnesl  city  in  Indi.i.  It  ex- 
'(Midi'd  :donf^tlie  seacoast  ab'ive  a  mile, 
.■i!id  was  three  (pinrters  of  a  mile  in 
lireadlh.  It  wis  well  built,  and,  be- 
sides many  piililic  buiMiii|r.s,  had  a  ci- 
tadel, then  the  best  of  its  kind  in  In- 
dia. This  city  wits  taken  by  colonel 
Coiite,  in  1761,  and  the  fortilications 
',v(  re  demolished.  It  was  restored  in 
I'lUi  t:iken  by  the  Knjflish  in  1778  ; 
restored  in  178.3;  and  agxin  taken  by 
tlie  E!i;,dish  in  17'.M.  It  i.s  100  miles  S 
of  Madias.     Loii.  HO  0  E,  lat.  11  .5t). 

Pondicn,  a  small  uninbaliited  isl;iml  of 
llie  Areliipela;cn,  in  the  (fulf  of  Zeitun, 
near  the  coast  ot'  Ncjjfr.)pont. 

Pimlffiroila,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Le- 
on, on  the  river  Sill,  -10  miles  S  W  of 
Leon.     Lon.  6  6  \V,  lat.  42  JO  N. 

Ponc-hou,  islands  In  the  Chinese  Sea. 
They  lie  E  of  tiie  coast  of  Fokien  and 
form  an  archipelag'o  between  the  port 
of  Edioiiy  and  the  island  of  Formosa 
They  are  only  sand  banks  or  rocks,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  import 
every  necessary  of  life  ;  neither  shrubs 
tior  bushes  ai-e  to  be  seen  upon  them  ; 
all  their  ornament  consists  of  one  soli- 
tary  tree.  The  harbour  in  the  princi- 
pal island  is  £;oo<t,  and  sUeltered  from 
every  wind.  A  Chinese  garrison  is 
kept  here,  with  one  of  the  mandarins 
called  literati,  whose  chief  employment 
is  to  watch  the  trading  vessels  to  anil 
from  China  and  Formosa.  Lun.  121 
25  E,  lat.  23  30  N. 

Pont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,.aiid  late 
province  of  Saintonge,  famous  in  the 
time  of  the  Hugonots.  It  has  a  mine- 
ral spring,  sMdis  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Sevigne,  10  miles  S  ofSaintes. 
Lon.  0.10  'V,  lat.  45  36. 

Pont,  St.  formerly  an  episcopal  town 
of  France,  in  the  departnient  of  Herault 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is 
seated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  moim- 
taiiis,  in  which  are  fine  marble  cpiarries. 
It  is  24  miles  N  of  Narbonnc.  Lon.  2 
47  K,  lat.  43  29  N. 

Poi>t,ifc/ltj.  See  Pontefa. 

P(mt-a-Mi)U3aim,  a  considerab'e  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Meur- 
the  and  Lite  province  of  Lorrain,  witii 
a  uibvcrsity.  Tiiere  were  before  the 
revolution,  several  religious  houses,  and 
<lie  pvotcslantshad  aniiigiiif  ccntcimrch 


PON 

here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  wtiirlt 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  two  miles 
NW   of  Nanci.     Lon.  6  16  E,  lat.  48 

43  N. 

Pont-Arliir,  an  ancient  fown  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Jura  and 
late  province  of  FraUihe  Comt £, seated 
on  tlie  river  Uoubs,  near  Mount  Jura. 
It  is  a  commodiims  passage  into  Swis- 
serlaiul,  and  is  defended  by  a  strung 
castle.     Lon  6  26  E,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Pont  Auilemtr,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  late  pro* 
vince  of  Normandy,  seuted  on  the  Bille, 
13  miles  E  of. Honileur,  and  85  NW  of 
Paris.     Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Pont-ikl-l'Arche,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  late  pro> 
vinee  of  Normandy,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Seine,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  five  miles  N  of  Loiiviers,  and 
62  NW  of  Paris.  Lou.  1  15  E,  lat.  49 
5  N. 

Pont-de-Ce,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Anj')U,  seated  on  tlie 
Loire,  three  miles  from  Angers,  and 
178  SVV  of  I'ai-is.  Lon.  0  29  VV,  lat.  47 
25  N. 

Pmt-de.Vatix,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  seated  on  the  Kessousse,  eight 
miles  S  of  Macon.  Lon.  4  35  E,  lat.  4& 
28  N. 

Pont-de-Vede,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
Bresse.  It  had  before  the  revolution  a 
manufacture  of  stufl's  called  Augus- 
tines,  and  also  of  tapestry  for  the  cover, 
ings  of  arm-chairs  and  sofas,  of  the 
same  kind  as  those  of  Ambusson.  It  ia 
seated  on  the  Vesle,  12  miles  W  of 
Bourg.     Lon.  5  4  £,  lat.  46  16  N. 

Pont-de- Lima,  a  town  of  Portug.!!,  in 
Entre-Douero-e-Minho,  with  a  palace. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Lima,  over  which  ig 
a  magnificent  bridge,  13  miles  NW  of 
firaga,  and  190  N  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  B 

44  W,  lat.  41  51  N. 
Pont-du-Gard.     Sec  Card. 

Pontefa,  or  Pontafetla,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Fel- 
la, over  which  is  a  bridge  tliat  loads  to 
the  best  pass.ige  over  the  Alps.  It  is 
20  miles  N  W  of  Friuli.  Lon.  13  0  E, 
lat.  46  25  N. 

Pontifract,  a  borough  in  the  W  riding 
of  Vorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
d.iy.  It  is  situate  in  a  very  rich  soil, 
and  noted  for  its  large  plan<.ations  of 
licorice-     U  had  a  bgautiful  ca^itle  novr 


^  A 


'  -I 


A'A, 


PON 


ill  i'iiiii»i  wliitli  lm»  l>i'cn  the  scene  of 

vuriuiiK  i.uKiial  oi'iiiM  ill  tin-  Kiiifl'ml; 
!ii.st.ni  luiitiniluilj  llii' iinpi<!i-Ti  t  tlif 
unfiiruii.KU  l\Kliiiitl  11.  ll  i»nM\cni<;a 
b\  u  iiiiiNcr,  H<i(i»  iw"  mcii.l)ir>»  i<> 
u'mlii.iii<.'m,  liiul  \»  22  iiiiUst  S  \V  nt 
Y.-ih,  aM.l  175  NNVV  oi  I.omUoi.  Lon. 
1  18  U,Im.5J  4J  N. 

i'o.iie-Stuiit,  u  Uiwn  (if  Itulv.iii  Mmit- 
ffirai,  »ii.tiu  jX  tUt  I'oii; ci'iiic  (if  ll.i- 
«,•.>, lu   uiul    J'o,  tluic    inilcit    S  VV    t)l 

Cllhiil.  . 

I'tmU-l'eJrti,  atowmil  Spum,  in  On- 
IW-ia,.'.^ Mill  oil  till-  Liiis  and  (muoxh 
i'vv  iw  liH..iiy  <'t'  |»iUliurilH.  It  in  1'^ 
niilrs  h  of  Pi.ilu  No\u.  Loll.  H  ',7  W, 
llit.4'JJ0N.  ,,  .  I 

Poi.t-OuHiut,  a  t>i\vn  (ll  traiirc,  in  tlic  ! 
(liliurliiiii  t  of  I'liy  (Ic  I)om<'  mul  lair 
pro*  .luc  of  Ai.M-i'Kiic.  Ntur  tiiis  pLcf 
is  tlic  village  ol  Mii-i-.  w'^''  -^  ■'"'^'•■'; 
niiiK-,  and  a  vinous  lovmtain  ot  mineral 
water.  It  "•*  K'  '"i't"  ^^'  ^  W  of  Cler- 
mont.    Lon.  2  38  K,  lat.  45  51  N. 

J'oiith.,  a  town  ol  Inun.e,  in  tlie  ile- 
puUliien't  of  Moibilian  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Uixluguc,  sealed  (,n  the  liver 

Bluvct. 

P„i't-r  Eveffuc,  a  town  of  Frunre,  in 
the  deparlnicnt  of  Calvados  and  lale 
province  (jf  Normandy,  seated  on  the 
ToiKinc,  10  miles  N  \V  of  LiMCiix. 
Lc.n.  Of)E,  lut.  49  ir  N. 

FonloisL',  a  town  of  France,  in  the  do- 
paitnieiit  of  Seine  and  Oisc,  and  late 
pnivinee  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  Oisc  and 
Vienne,  with  a  brid(?e  over  the  former, 
vvhciue  it  takes  its  iu.me.  In  1435,  tlie 
English  took  it  by  strata^fcm  ;  from 
whom  it  was  retaken  by  storm  in  1442 
by  Ciiarles  VII.  The  iiarliament  oi' 
l^'aris  was  transferred  to  this  place  in 
16<2,  1*20  and  ir5o.  It  is  43  miles 
S  E  of  Kouen,  and  27  N  \V  of  Pai-is. 
l.on.  2  11  E,hit.49  3  N. 

l\mt  Orson,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departri.ent  of  the  Channel  and  late 
pn.vini-e  of  Nnrinand) ,  seated  on  the 
Coesiioii,  20  miles  E  of  St.  Malo.  Lon. 
1  30  W,  Ut.  48  30  N. 

Pont-Memoii,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with 
a  stronjj  castle,  sciited  ut  the  foot  of  tlie 
Appeniiine.s,  40  miles  E  of  Genoa,  and 
66  N  W  of  Florence.  Lon.  'J  40  E,  lat. 
44  25  v.. 

l\tnt  St.  Enprit,  a  town  of  France,  m 
the  department  of  Card  and  latii  ])ro- 
vince  of  I,;.ngi;edoe.  It  is  seated  or 
the  river  Kh'ine,  over  which  is  one  ol 
the  ii«e»t  bridgcji  iuEvu'ope,coublstiiii,^ 


1'  o  o 

of  V)  ki'crV  and  four  «niuU  nrchcs.    To 
fueilitutc  the  pusxane  of  tin    water  in 
time    of  hood'*,    Hpertnres    arc    niaili- 
llilo'i^Ii   ei.ilil.ier,   six    feet   above  llic 
iiimmoii  level  ofllic  river:  and  to  slim 
its  cm  rent,  the  hridKe  •«  hiiilt   in  ine 
Tini  of  a  c\il\e.     'i  his  passii^e  is  de- 
t.nded  1)\  a  eiladel,  wilhin  which  is  tlie 
( l.iireh  o'f  the   Holv   Spirit,  piojeetintt 
into   the  r:ver.      .^s    the    hiiilKC  is  so 
sliuht,  the  ({oods  are  conveyed  over  in 
hled^'es,   by  way   of  |)!eraiilion.     I'onl 
St.  Esprit  is  17  miles  S  of  Vniers,  and 
55  N  E  of  Montpellicr.  Lon.  4  4(1  E,  lat. 
41  13  N. 

i>„nt  St.  Afiiifcencc,  a  town  of  France, 
ill  the  deparlirenl  of  S(  ine  and  Oise 
and, late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
sealed  <,n  the  Oi.se,  live  miks  N  of 
Seins      Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  49  18  N.      _ 

Poiit-nur-Sciiii;  a  lown  ol  t  lancc,  in 
the  deliartnieiil  of  Anbe  and  lale  pro- 
vince of  Canipni^ie,  with  acasllc,  seat._ 
ed  on  the  Seiiuj,  17  miles  N  W  ol 
Troves,  and  55  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  40 
E,lat.48  2«N, 

I'mit-Siir-iiinni;  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  dcpuitnient  of  Yomie  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Uurffiindv,  seated  on  the  Yon- 
ne,  ei(,dit  miles  N  W  of  Sens.  Lon.  3 
14  E,  lat.  48  16  N. 

Foiittpmit,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed between  two  hills,  on  the  river  Avon, 
and  is  15  miles  S  VV  of  Monmouth,  and 
146  W  b\  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W, 
lat.  5142  N. 

I'ov.t-y-riidJ.     Sec    Ttwff. 
Pov.za,  or   Pontia,  a  small  island  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  to  which  many 
illustrious  Romans  were  formerly  bHii- 
ished.   Lon.  13  10  E,  hit.  -fO  53  N. 

Pix>le,  a  boroiiKh  and  seaport  in  Dor- 
setshire, with  a  market  on  Monday  and 
Thursdav.  It  is  situate  on  a  i)eniiisula 
piejectinpinto  a  capacious  bay,  branch- 
ing'into  many  creeks,  and  forming  se- 
veral islands!  The  harbour  admits  ves- 
sels of  moderate  size  only,  but  for 
them  it  is  verv  secure.  Poole  rose  into 
some  cnnse(p'ience  several  centuries 
ago,  wlien  the.  ancient  town  of  Ware- 
ham  fell  into  decay  ;  and  its  trade  and 
population  are  rapidly  increasing.  The 
prnicipal  branch  of  business  heie  is  the 
Newfoundland  ilblicry.  U  has  also  a 
large  importation  of  deals,  from  Nor- 
wuv,  a  general  commerce  with  Ameri- 
ca and  various  parts  of  Enrnie,  and  a 
fine  co:LsUiig  trade,  jiarticiilarly  in  corn 
and  coal.     Near  the  mouth  of  tin;  hur- 


POO 


POP 


P  O  P 


J.iiiil  four  »niull  «rclif».  To 
jo  ij;im.iiKt'  III'  till  watii'  in 
'Mil,  H|ii'itiirfK  lire  tiiudc 
I  li  pirr,  nix  lift  iiliou'  iljc 
rl  lit  tiic  l'i«cl' :  iitid  til  kl(  III 
tlic  lirid^a-  in  huilt  in  the 
Jiiin;.  '1  iiis  p.'issMp'  is  ill'. 
Ii  (itiiili:!,  witliin  wliuli  JM  llic 
lllii'  HkIv  Spirit,  piDJciiin^ 
liviM-.  Alt  tlic  lirid);!'  in  lid 
(fiKids  arc  cimvi-vrd  <ivi-r  iii 
Iv  way  of  |irr<'inili<(ii.  I'iml, 
]ls  17  iiiiU  H  S  ol  Vivicrs,  uiiil 
Muntjicliitr.  Loii.  4  4fi  E,  lat. 

Miiifeence,  n  Iciwn  of  Franrp, 
larttTfiit  of  St  iiic  and  Dite 
•ruiiK  V  (if  the  ImIc  of  I'ranic, 
till'  Olsc,  (ivc  milt  It  N  of 
111.  2  40  E,  lat.  4'»  IK  N. 

-.Vci/c,  a  town  ol  !■  lonco,  in 
iiK  III  of  Aiilir  and  laic  pro- 
iinpagiic,  with  a  castle,  scut. 
Seine,    \7   miles    N  W  of 

id  5.5  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  340 

«  N. 

r-t'iiid-.c,  a.  town  of  France,  in 

lincnt  of  Vomie  and  late  pro- 

iiirptindy,  stated  on  llie  Yon- 

miles  N  W  ofSeiLs.     Lon.  3 

48  16  N, 

\,t,  u  town  in  MoniTioiitliiiliirc, 
iiket  oil  Saturday.  Ills  seal- 
;n  two  liills,  on  the  riicr  Avon, 
miles  S  \V  of  Monmouth,  and 
.  N  of  London.     Lon.  3  6  W, 

N. 

"liilil.     Sec    Tiiaff. 
or   Pontia,  a  sinull  island  in 
:t francan  Sea,  to  whicli  many 
I  Komans  were  formerly  ban. 
m.  13  10  E,  lut,  -i-OSo  N. 

boroiijfh  and  seaport  in  Dor- 
ivitli  a  market  on  Monday  and 
.  It  is  situate  on  a  peninsula 
•into  a  capacious  bay,  branch- 
any  creeks,  and  forming'  se- 
lls. The  liarbour  admits  ves- 
lodcrate  size  only  i  but  for 
very  bcetire.  Poole  rose  into 
sctpience  several  centuries 
1  tho.  ancient  town  of  Ware. 
iito  dijcay  ;   and  its  trade  and 

are  rapidly  increasinjr.  The 
irancli  of  business  here  is  the 
land  lislicry.  It  has  also  jv 
irtation  of  cleats,  from  Nor- 
leral  commerce  with  Ameri- 
lous  parts  of  Eiirnje,  and  a 
iig-  trade,  ])arlici;l:.rly  in  corn 

Kcur  the  moulli  of  tin;  bar- 


hour  in  on  oyitcr  bunk,  from  wbirli 
vuht  (|ManliliCH  are  carried,  to  bi  fat- 
liiiril  III  llie  cifckii  of  K"t»e\  and  tin' 
Tli.iineii.  Poiile  is  u  ciiiinty  of  ilsi  If, 
irii\criicil  liy  a  iiiMMir,  uml  snids  two 
iiu'iiilicrs  to  p;.rlianient.  It  it  '10  iniles 
\\  S  W  of  WiiichiHlir,  and  pii  \V  by 
S  of  London.  Lon.  J  0  W,  Lit.  6o 
a  N. 

J'lnilnnMi,  or  fii/fruii,  one  of  the  lliii. 
ilu  iKlaiids,  lioni  which  the  Di'.ti!,  e;;- 
pellcil  the  Eiinlish,  not  fur  niiy  aiUaii. 
tu^^e  it  allordi  d,  il  lieint;;  a  barren  spot, 
but  to  seciirr  the  monopoly  of  the  »pi<e 
trade,  by  pieM'ntinjf  the  Enifliih  liom 
havinjf  any  Mcttleiiielit  in  lliche  parts 
It  is  loo  miles  S  E  of  Amboynu.  Lon. 
IjO  0  E,  hit.  4  JO  S 

I'tHilinwy,  one  of  the  Spice  or  Bandu 
Islands,  on  whicli  the  Outch  have  a 
regular  peiita((i>n,  called  Eort  Ke\enKe. 
Here  iintmeKH  and  the  most  dcliciuiiH 
fruits  were  once  abiindai.t. 

J'ouiiiih,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostaii,  in  Visiapoiir.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  Western  Mabrutta  em- 
pire ;  but  it  in  not  lur(;'e,  und  lies  open 
anil  defenceless.  It  is  100  miles  S  E 
nf  llombuy.  Lon.  73  53  E,  lat.  18 
30  N. 

Puuroonder,  a  fortrens  of  the  Dcccan 
of  Hlndoustan,  in  V'isiupotir,  seated  on 
a  mountain,  18  miles  E  S  E  of  Pooiiah. 
It  is  the  place  of  refiij^e  for  that  capital 
in  casr  uf  m\  invasion  ;  and  here  thr 
archives  of  government  are  kept. 

PouU,  La,  a.  small  town  of  i' ranee,  in 
the  department  of  Muycnne,  si.\  miles 
W  S  W  of  Ateiicon. 

Pijpa- Mudrt,  a  town  of  Terra  Firnia, 
where  there  is  a  convent  and  cliapel  of 
the  Virgin,  to  whose  image  the  Spani- 
ards in  those  jiarts  go  in  pilgriniage, 
especially  those  who  ha\e  he>.ii  al  sia. 
It  is  seated  I'H  u  high  moiintain,  50 
miles  E  of  Cartliageiia.  Lon.  74  32  W, 
lat.  10  1j  N. 

P(i/}uni)!,  u  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
400  miles  long  ^ind  300  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  province  of  Cartliage- 
iia, on  the  E  by  New  Granada,  on  li.e 
S  by  i'cru,  and"  oii  the  W  In  the  Pacil.c 
Ocean.  A  chain  of  barren  moiiiituins 
runs  through  tiie  country  fjoin  N  to  S  ; 
and  the  soil  near  llie  Sea  is  ilat,  marshy 
and  often  flooded  by  the  rains. 

/"o/ijyiiH,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
that  name  in  Terra  Fiinia,  nth  a  bisli- 
op's  see,  240  milts  N  E  of  Q_iito.  Lon. 
75  55  \V,  lat.  :.>  J5   N. 

Pi'pe,   Dirminiw.i  of  the,  or  tlie  Lccle- 


tiiinifiil  Stiitf,  u  country  of  Italy  i  boiin* 
(led  on  the  N  by  tlie  li  iriloilcH  nfVc- 
nil  e,  on  till'  I',  by  the  gulf  of  \'eni"e, 
on  the  S  K  by  the  kinj'ilnm  of  Napli'i, 
uu  the  S  by  the  .Meililerrani-:in,  und 
■  III  the  W  by  lu'.i.iny  and  iMnileiiu, 
It  e.vteiids  Irom  S  to  N,  J'lO  inilen, 
and  tiiUii  S  U  to  N  E  in  some  part* 
I'JO,  but  in  othri'S  si'iirie  'JO  miles. 
It  is  diviilt'il  into  the  liillowing'  pro- 
',  iiiccH,  the  Ciiiiipiignl  di  Uiuiki,  the  I'a- 
triiiiiiny  of  St.  Peter,  Spob'tto,  Anccnn, 
Urbino,  Uoinagiiu,lhe  JSulngnese,  and 
llie  Ferrare.si'  '1  he  pi.pul  govern- 
meiit  appears  to  be  ill  calrtilutcd  to  pro- 
molt'  the  happiness  of  the  inbabitautM; 
fur  all  these  provinces  (the  liiilogncsu 
excepted)  are  baiily  rtiltivated  and 
thinly  iiihablteil.  'I'lade  ami  linmil'aC'* 
tiircH  are  but  little  encuragi  il  ;  and 
were  it  not  for  I'.ates,  hgs,  alii'  'iu!», 
olives,  and  other  finits,  which  ijrow 
spontanemisly,  the  indolence  of 'lie  in- 
habitants is  such,  that  they  wi  ild  be 
absolutely  starved.  Thit  iiiilol  ncc  i.l 
not  woi.tleiful,  since  they  know,  that 
the  more  tlu:y  acipiire,  the  more  will 
be  demanded  ol  them.  The  iiuineroiiH 
holidays  arc  great  impediments  to  the 
exertions  of  iiulustry  ;  an.Ltbe  number 
of  young  sturdy  beggars,  who  stroll 
about  as  pilgrims,  instead  of  increas- 
ing liie  I'Diiimon  stock  by  their  indus- 
try, lie  as  a  dead  weight  on  their  fel- 
low-subjects. Various  other  cuusea 
might  be  mentioned ;  as  the  multi- 
tude of  liospiLils  and  convents  ■,  the 
inconceivable  wealth  wliicli  lies  use- 
less in  these  convents  and  in  the  chur- 
ches ;  tiic  impiisilioii,  and  lliciigourof 
the  papal  giivernmeiit.  Hence  it  is, 
that  ill  no  part  of  Euro]ic  are  to  he 
found  people  more  wretched  than 
llie  pope's  lem|  oral  subjects.  'l"he 
pope,  according  to  the  ancient  canon 
law,  is  the  supreme,  universal,  and 
independent  head  of  tl'.e  churcli, 
and  invested  with  sovereignly  over 
all  thrist'an  si;\ereigns,  communi- 
ties, and  individii.ils.  His  urro- 
giiut  preteiisioiis  are  so  well  known, 
that  it  l.s  needless  to  expatiate 
upon  them.  Hi-ppily,  the  Reforuialiou 
hcgun  by  Lntiier  dis|,t'Uiil  ILe  lU  lu- 
i.iin  in  iiiaiiy  parts  of  Europe  ;  ai'il 
ibc  progress  of  leal  niiiiv,  aiitl  the  spirit 
of  free  in([uiry,  bus  cnri[;lil..iied  many 
even  of  the  Uomim  catholic  Ciinntries, 
where  the  papal  political  syslcm  Is 
treated  with  cop.tem])t.  'llie  pop'i 
haii  tlie  title  of  Huh    Futlier  and    Hu- 


«*♦ 


P  O  R 


P  O  R 


liness  i  and  lie  is  clecti<l,  at  every  va- 
cancy, from  anioiin-  tlic  rai-dinals,  eacli 
uf  wluini  is  stvleil  Mis  Eminence. 
Their  number  was  fixed  by  Sixtus  V. 
at  70,  in  allusion  to  the  number  of 
il'.e  discii^lus  who  where  sent  out  by 
C'lrist  to  teuch  the  world;  an  allusion, 
w  (liout  any  sinjfular  propriety,  as  no 
two  classes  of  people  could  be  more 
unlilce.  But  this  number  is  seldom 
eo;ni;lele.  Every  nation  of  the  Roman 
catholic  reliffion  has  a  cardinal  for  its 
protector,  liesidcs  the  Ecclesiastical 
State  tlie  po;:'eis  posessedof  tlie  diitchy 
of  Bou-vento,  in  the  kingdom  of  N.i- 
])les  J  and,  before  the  late  revolution 
in  France,  h?  had  the  territories  of 
Avignon  .".nd  Venaisson  in  that  coun- 
try. The  annual  revenue  of  the  pope 
is  computed  to  be  8,700,000  "scudi,  or 
up^yard  of  ;^2,000,000  sterling.  His 
ni'litary  force  is  inconsiderablPj  his 
body  guard  is  40Svi'iss,  75  cuirassiers, 
and  75  light  horse.  His  naval  force 
consis'.s  of  a  few  gallief ,  stationed  at 
Civita  Vecchia.     Rome  is  the   capital. 

Pnperinguen,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
six  miles  W  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  38  E, 
lat.  50  51  N. 

Popo,  a  kingdom  on  the  Slave  Coast 
of  Guinea.  The  inhabitants  have 
scarcely  any  houses  to  dwell  in,  besides 
the  king's  village,  which  is  in  an  island 
in  the  midst  of  a  river.  Their  chief 
trade  is  in  slaves. 

Porcah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Travancorc,  taken  from  the  Dutch  by 
the  English  in  1795.  It  is  140  miles 
S  of  Calicut.    Lon.  74  35  E,  lat.  8 11  N. 

Pore/tester,  a  village  in  Hampshire, 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  harbour  of 
Portsmouth,  between  Fareham  and 
I'ortst-a  Island.  It  has  an  ancient  cas- 
tle, which  has  served  of  late  years,  for 
the  reception  of  prisoners  of  war. 

Porco,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audi- 
ence of  Los  Charcos,  a  little  to  the  W 
of  the  mines  of  Potosi.  Lon.  64  50  W, 
lat.  19  40  S. 

Poixntrui,  a  to\/n  of  Swisserland, 
cajjital  of  the  dominions  of  the  bishop 
of  Basle  (by  the  protestants  called 
prince  of  Porcntrui)  and  the  principal 
plnce  of  his  residence.  It  has  a  ca- 
thedral and  a  castle,  and  is  seated  on 
a  ser)ientino  rivulet,  near  Mount  Jura, 
aa  miles  S  of  Basle.  Lon.  7  2  E,  lat. 
47  34  N. 

PoiU'ck,  a  town  in  Somersctshlrf, 
with  A  market  on  Thursday,  seated  gii 


tlie  Bristol  Channel,  14  miles  N  by  VV 
of  Dulverton,  and  1 67  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  32  W,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Porselon,  or  Pnrse/ouc,  a  town  of  tlic 
kingdom  of  Siam,  in  Africa.  It  is  a 
rich  place,  carrying  on  some  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  a  large  river  which 
empties  itself  into  the  gidfofSiam. 

Port  au  Prince,  a  seajjort  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, seated  on  n  bay  on  the  W  suit 
of  the  island,  of  which  part  it  is  the 
capital.  It  was  taken  by  tlie  En- 
glish and  royalists  in  1794,  but  the 
whole  island  has  been  since  evacuated 
by  the  English.  Lon.  72  10  W,  lat.  18 
45  N. 

Port  CorimalUs,  a  settlement  of  thfi 
English  in  Chatham  island,  which  is 
one  of  the  Andamans.  It  is  about  two 
miles  long,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  broad. 
Its  situation  is  very  romantic.  Land- 
lockedon  allsides,  nothing  is  to  be  seen 
but  an  extensive  sheet  of  water  re- 
sembling a  vast  lake  interspersed 
with  small  islands,  and  environed  by 
lofty  mountains  cloathed  with  impen- 
etrable forests. 

Port  Briire,  a  harbour  in  a  Amer- 
ica, where  ships  sometimes  touch  in 
their  passage  to  the  S  Sea  It  is  100 
miles  N  E  of  Port  St.  Julian.  Lon. 
65  40  W,  lat.  47  50  S. 

Port  Elizabeth,  a  post  town  of  New 
Jersey,  in  Cumberland  county,  lying 
on  the  E  side  of  Maurice  river,  25 
miles  N  W  of  Cape  May  court  house. 

Port  des  Francais,  a  harbour  on  the 
W  coast  of  N  America,  which  was 
first  discovered  by  M.  de  la  Perouse 
in  1786.  It  is  of  a  cirrular  form,  unfa- 
thomable in  the  middle,  and  bordered 
by  peaked  mountains,  of  an  immense 
height,  covered  with  snow.  The  na- 
tives on  this  part  of  the  coast  arc 
the  most  complete  thieves,  possessed 
of  an  adroitness  and  obstinacy  capable 
of  executing  the  most  difficult  projects. 
Valuable  skins  were  found  here  in 
great  abundance,  particularly  those  of 
the  sea  otter.  In  this  harbour  is  a 
small  island.  Lon.  137  30  W,  lat.  51i 
37  N, 

Port  Glasgovi.     See  Glasgata,  Port. 

Port  Hunter  Bay.  See  Duke  <f  Tori's 
Island. 

Port  yacison,  SO  named  by  Captain 
Cook  ;  a  large  bay  on  the  coast  of  New 
S  Wales,  three  leagues  and  a  half  N 
of  Cape  Banks.  The  c.ipes  that  form 
its  entrance  are  high,  rugged,  andpcr- 
jiendicular  clills.  On  uroceeding  within. 


P  O  R 


P  O  R 


P  O  R 


Utol  CInnnel,  14  miles  N  bv  VV 
Jvcrton,    and  167  W  of  Loiulon 
|32  W,  lat.  51  14  N. 
Hon,   ov  Pnrselouc,  a  town  of  llic 
Im   of  Siatn,  in  Africa.     It  is  a 
pace,   carrying  on  some  trade, 
I  seated  on  a  larpe  river  -wliicli 
Is  itself  into  the  giilfofSiam. 
au  Prince,  a  seaport  of  St.  Do- 
seated  on  n  bay  on  the  \V  sidr 
island,  of  which  part  it  is  the 
It   was    taken    by    tlie    En- 
Ind  royalists   in  1794,    but  the 
island  has  been  since  evacuated 
English.     Lon.  72  10  W,  lat  18 

Corimallis,  a  settlement  of  tlie 
h  in  Chatliam  island,  which  is 
the  Andamans.  It  is  about  twd 
ong,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  broad, 
uation  is  very  romantic.  Land, 
on  all  sides,  nothing  is  to  be  seen 
I  extensive  sheet  of  water  ra- 
ng a  vast  lake  interspersed 
small  islands,  and  environed  by 
nountains  cloathcd  with  impen- 
;  forests. 

(  JDfsire,  a  harbour  in  S  Amer- 
tfhere  ships  sometimes  touch  in 
assage  to  the  S  Sea  It  is  100 
N  E  of  Port  St.  Julian.  Lon. 
W,  lat.  47  50  S. 
Elizabeth,  a  post  town  of  New 
',  in  Cumberland  county,  lying 
e  E  side  of  Maurice  river,  25 
N  W  of  Cape  May  court  house. 
'  des  Francttis,  a  harbour  on  the 
ast  of  N  America,  which  was 
iscovered  by  M.  de  la  Perouse 
6.  It  is  of  a  cirrular  form,  unfa- 
ble  in  the  middle,  and  bordered 
iked  moimtains,  of  an  immense 
,  covered  with  snow.  The  na- 
on  this  part  of  the  coast  are 
ost  complete  thieves,  possessed 
adroitness  and  obstinacy  capable 
:uting  the  most  difficult  projects. 
)Ie  skins  were  found  here  in 
ibundance,  particularly  those  of 
•A  otter.  In  this  harbour  is  a 
island.     Lon.  137  30  W,  lat.  5» 

Glasgovi.     See  Glasgow,  Port. 
Hunter  Bay.     See  Bute  tt/' Tori's 

yachon,  so  named  by  Captain 
a  large  bay  on  the  coast  of  New 
;s,  three  leagues  and  a  half  N 
e  Banks.  The  capes  that  form 
ranee  are  high,  rugged,  andpcr- 
Lilar  clills.  On  uroceeUing  within, 


in  1788,  governor  Philip  discovered  a 
l;irge  branch  extending  to  the  S,  and 
to;ind  himself  perfectly  land-locked, 
with  a  good  depth  of  water ;  and  find- 
ing also,  that  the  country  was  greatly 
superior  to  tl^at  round  Botany  Bay, 
he  determined  to  fix  the  colony  of  con- 
victs here,  which  had  been  originally 
intended  fur  Botany  Bay.  Luii.  151  28 
E,  lat.  33  50  S. 

Port  I'Orient.     See  Orient. 

Port  Louit,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
In  the  department  of  Morbihan  aud 
late  province  of  Bretagne,  with  a  cita- 
del, and  a  good  harbour.  It  was  for- 
iilied  by  Lewis  XIII.  and  is  a  .station  fur 
part  of  the  French  navy,  and  tlic  E  In- 
dia Company's  ships  ;  and  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Blanet,  27  miles  \V  of 
Vannes.     Lon.  3  18  W,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Port  Louis,  a  F'i;;nch  fortress,  on 
tlie  S  W  coast  of  Hispaniola,  demol- 
isiied  bv  admiral  Knowles  in  1747,  but 
since  rebuilt.  Lon.  7o  16  W,  lat.  18 
18  N. 

Part  Louit,  a  town  and  harbour  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
strungly  fortified.     Lon.  57  28  E,   lat. 

:o  9  s. 

Port  Makon,  an  excellent  harbour 
m  the  ishud  of  Minorca,  defended  by 
one  i)f  the  strongest  citadels  in  Europe. 
Near  it  is  the  little  tradmg  town  of 
Ma)u>n,  it  was  taken  along  witli  the 
island  by  tiie  Englisii  in  1798.  Lon.  3 
43  E,  lat.  39  50  N.  See  Philip's, 
Fort  St. 

Port  P.iix,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of 
St.  U'imingo,  in  the  W  Indies,  with  a 
I,'  md  liarbour.  Lon.  72  55  VV,  hit.  19 
.53  N. 

Port  Patrick,  a  seaport  of  Scotland, 
in  Wigtcmshire,  confined  by  the  sea  on 
O'le  side,  and  on  tlie  otherby  over-hang- 
ing rocks  and  hills.  It  is  noted  f  )r  its 
ferry  to  Dnnaghadec  in  Ireland,  from 
wiiicli  it  is  only  20  miles  distant ,  and  a 
packet  bout  sails  from  hence  to  tiiat 
plaee,  every  da\  Tlie  harbouris  good; 
and  lias  one  of  the  finest  (iuay.>)  in  Great 
Britain,  with  a  reflecting  light  house. 
It  IS  computed  that  11000  liead  of  cat 
tip,  and  2o00  liorsci  are  annually  im- 
ported fi-.iiii  lulu  id  to  this  |>lace.  It 
is  1J7  miles  S  \V  of  liilinburgh  and487 
N  W  of  Lmdon. 

Po't  Rme'jiity.     See  Shelburne 

P>rt  Hoyul,  a  seaport  of  Jamaica, 
once  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Amcri- 
cii,  abounding  in  riches  and  trade.  In 
1692,   it  was  destroyed  by  an  carth- 


qtiakc,  in  1702  by  a  fire,  in  172.'  by  an 
inundation  of  the  sea,  and  In  1744  it 
suffered  greatly  by  a  hur^'icane.  It 
now  consists  of  three  handsome  streets, 
built  on  a  small  neck  of  land  which  juts 
out  several  miles  into  the  sea,  and  is 
guarded  by  a  strong  fort  with  100  pie- 
ces ofci'nnon.  The  harbouris  one  of 
the  best  in  the  world,  and  1000  ships 
may  ride  therein,  secure  from  every 
wind.  It  is  six  miles  E  of  Spiinish 
Town,  and  as  much  by  water  S  E  of 
Kingston.  Lon.  76  45  W,  jat.  13  0  N. 
Port  Jfoyal,  a  town  and  fort  of  the 
island  of  Martinico,  21  miles  S  E  of  St. 
Pierre.     Lon.  61  9  W,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Port  Royal,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Virginia,  on  the  rirer  Kappa* 
hannoc. 

Port  Soyal,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
S  Carolina,  the  space  between  which 
and  the  ncighboiu'ing  ctmtinent  form'" 
one  of  the  most  commodious  harbours 
in  those  parts.  It  is  15  miles  hi  length, 
and  the  town  on  the  N  shore,  callecl 
Beaufort,  is  100  ?niles  S  W  of  Charles- 
ton.     Lon.  80  10  W,  lat.  31  40  N. 

Port  Pojul,    in  Nova    bcotia.      See 
Annapolis- 
Port  St.  Ann.     Sec  Killough. 
Port  St.  Jnlian.     See  yul'inn. 
Port  St.  Mary,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.     The  English   made  a   de- 
scent here  in   1702,   with  a  design   to 
besiege   Cadiz,   but    without   success. 
'  It  is  10  miles  N  E  of  Cadi^.     Lon.  6  0 
}  VV,  lat.  35  37  N. 

}      Port  Sandiiiich,   a  h."irbour   in  the  is- 
l.ind   of  Mallicolo,  in  the    S    Pacific 
;  Ocean.     Lon.  167  53  E,  lat.  16  25  S. 

P^irt  Vendre,  a  seaport  of  France, 
'  in  tlie  department  of  the  Eastern  Py. 
ri'iices  and  late  province  of  Rousillon, 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1793,  but 
retaken  the  next  year.  It  is  25  miles 
S  by  E  of  Perpignan, 

Poitadown,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  nine  miles  from 
that  place.  It  has  an  extensive  linen 
manufacture,  and  is  situate  on  the  riv- 
er Baiin. 

Portaferry,  a  town  of  Ireland  in  the 
county  of  Down,  and  province  of  Ul- 
ster. It  is  seated  on  the  rapid  ferry 
of  Strongford,  80  miles  from  Dublin. 

Portalegre,  a  strong  ejiiscopal  town 
of  Portugal,  in  the  prjvinre  ot'  .Montcjo. 
It  is  seated  at  thcfootof  a  high  luoiiii- 
tain,  in  a  pleasant  ouiitrv,  30  miles 
N  W  of  Elvas,  and  90  N  E  of  Lisbon. 
Portarlington,  a  borough  of  Ireland, 


P  O  R 

partly  "m  King  s  un.l  p:.rtly  in  Q.iccn's 
Vovui'tv,  scatra  .m  the  nv.T  H.ITOW, 
31   nuU's  NolU;r.v.niu,    ju  a  oo  Is    vv 

the  city  ol' Naples,  8liu;ite  <)M  tae  s...- 
sWlc,  t.c:.r  mour.t  Vcsuvu.s  H.TC-  is  .. 
p-lucc  of  U.c  kiiujoi-  Xuplcs,  iMU-.cliec 
Willi  ii  va^t  nuiTihci-  of  liiv^  statni-s,  -.m.! 
other  renniins  <.f  anli<iiiity,  tal;cn  out 
oft'ie  ruins  iifl'.crrul:inc'.i!n.  _^       i 

Poru\m  .',  a  iJcn.MsuLi  in  DovscMiiro,  1 
snrro.iiKlci'i  by  in;\cccssil)lo  nuk.^,  cx- 
rci.t  ul  the  lan.V.ns-phu-c,  w.icre  there 
Is  Utran-..slie,,..Ue.U'...-tl.ma  Cas- 
tle, hnillbv  Henvy  VIII  U  hes  .m 
i!h-  S  -vV  side  ..f  Weymouth  Bay:  and 
is  chiellv  naveil  f^.r  its  stone,  wh.eh  .s 
„,ca  iM  "Loaaon  f.u-  biuldn,.?  the  hnest 

stn,.tur.s.  .I'^«.«"•'='!^'^; ,;;''!;;' 

Portland  Point,  is  m  Ion.  J  JJ  \\  .  '•i'^- 

^'poM  a  port  of  entry  anl  post 
town  in  C-;mherlan<l  county,  M.i.n  •, 
lK•inK^t',lecal.ila\ofthe.l.st.•.ctas^^el 

a'  cmntv  It  is  situated  in  tlie  lat.  ot 
43'.W'kanaion.  of  69°  52'  W.  on 
anoint  of  land  in  Casco  bay,  about  M 
miles  S  W  of  Wiscasset,  and  64  N  E 
of  IMrlsniouth  in  New  Hainpsh.re. 
Tlie  hui'lMur  is  safe  and  coiiiuvhV.ous. 
and  beinjr  near  the  ocean  is  *.hhnn 
e,u-u>T.!.en>d  with  k'^-  '1!"=  ■"' "^'; 
Unls  were  3704  at  last  enumera Uo,  . 
The  trade  of  U^e  e.ty  is  verv  eonsid- 
craWe,  in  the  f.shei-ies  m  lun.oer  and 
shipbuiiains?.  -i-helvu-boiir  IS  defend- 
edbv  a  citadel  and  a  MuaU  batter 


Port!  trJ  IsLtmh,   a  cluster  ot  isl 


aiuls 
in  the  S  racilic  ocean.     Tlicy  arc  lo  v 

„.,a  covered  wUli  wo  .d  ;  /"'I  l''J;  «"" 
treoncisin«on.l4<J8E,lat.2  3SS. 

Porto.     Sjc  Ofi^'rtd. 

Porto  /Jc-//.>,  a  seaport  of  South  At..'-- 
rlc»,onlhc  N  coast  of  the  islhinus  of 
ton.  having    a   W^^    conunodious  i 

,„.,.l,„ur.  with  b'<>".<l  '"''^'""■■•'>'-''.  ,t", 
shelter  for  ships;  '^-j  «"'"  'V,?,; 
row,  and  defended  l>y  .sever  d  f  ts. 
•nie  town,  wlilch  IS  very  ".a.eaU.y, 
,s  situated  on  the  declnaj  ot  a 
mountain,. which  surrounds  the  wnole 
rZu-.  and  consists  of  one  principal 
,U-eet,  cxte^ainK  aloncr  the  strand, 
!;',h  others  crossM,-  it.  and  runnuig 
iron)  the  derlivli  vol"  the  mo  mtaiiis   to 

rsi*o«:.  It  .^-^'^0  ""healthy place; 
\.y\  the  country  arxind  it  swarms  w<th 
f.Jls   insuch-.n.auMdos.   asto   lude 

: 'surface  of  the  e;u:h.  Before  to. 
\lK.litlon»flhe    trade  b>    -he  paileons. 


FOR 

in  1748,  and  the  introduction  of  rc|,'i:i. 
icr  ships.  Porto  Bello  was  the  greut 
mart  for  the  ricli  rommerrc  ot  1  nu 
;iud  Chili.  Porto  Bcllo  was  taken,  m 
1741,  l,v  admiral  Wu-uon.  who  deuiul- 
is'oe.l  tile  fortihcalions.  It  is  70  in  Ics 
N  of  Panama,  and  300  W  of  Carthage- 
„a.     I.oi,.HU45  VV,lat.9  33  iN 

P:.rf>  Cavcdh,    a    seaport    of    lerra 

Firnui,  or.  the  coast  of  Caraccas.    Here 

tlie   Kuirlisii  were  repulsed,  when  they 

I  attacked  it  in  1743.     Lon.  6430  E.  lut. 

10  '^ii  S. 
\  Porto  M  Prhicipe,  a  seaport  on  the  N 
'  coast  of  Cuba,  with  a  goo.l  harbour. 
It  is  seated  in  a  large  meadow,  where 
tlie  Spaniards  feed  a  preat  nun.ber  o» 
c;.sHe.     I,on.  73  15  W.  lat.  2152  N. 

Porto  Farinn,  a  seaport  of  the  king- 
dom of  Turns,  to  l',e  \V  of  the  ruins 
of  Carthage,  and  30  miles  N  of  Tunii.. 
Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  3^  12  N^         _ 

Porto  Pcrrajn,  a  town  ot  Italy  in  the 
isle  of  Elba,  with  a  good  citadel.  It 
is  sei.ted  on  a  Ion-  high,  steep,  point 
,if  land.  W  of  the  bay  of  the  same 
name,  wiiich  has  two  forts.  In  July 
1796  the  English  threw  a  strong  gar- 
rison'into  it,  on  the  French  having  cm- 
tered  Leghorn.  It  is  40  miles  N  W 
ofOrbitello,  and  60  S  by  Eot  Le- 
ghorn.    Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Porto  Gallcto,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
the  Bay  of  Bisc:iy,  seated  on  a  small 
river,  eight  miles  N  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
3  11  W.  lat.  43  22  N. 

Port^  Gritaro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Venetian  Friuli,  with  a  bishop  s  see, 
seated  on  Uie  Lema,  15  mdcs  W  ol 
;vIai';iiio. 

Porto  Ucrcdc,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  m 
the  .state  of  Presidii,  with  a  good  cas- 
tle, and  a  harbour  almost  choked  up. 
It  it  situate  on  a  peninsula,  four  miles 
S  ofOrbitello.  Lou.  U  12  ^,  »at.  42 
14  N.  . 

P.rto  Longone,  a  town   of   Italy,   m 
the  Isle  of  Elba,  with  a  good  harboiir, 
roid  a  fortress  upon  a  rock,   almost  in- 
accessible.    It  belongs  to  the  prince  o 
Piombino,  imd  is   seated  on  the  E  end 
I  of   the   island,    eight   miles    S    W  ot 
1  Piombino.     Lon.  10  10  E.  lat.  42  52  N. 
'       Porto  Nova,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
province   of  Galicia,   seated  near   the 
mouth  of  the    Leris,    54  miles    W  ol 
S,;,L     Lon.  8  36  VV,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Porto  Pelro,  a  seaport   in   the  islaiul 

ofMajorc;,.     Lon.  2  41  E,  lat.  o9  ^7  N 

Porte  Praya,  a  town  and  bay  ot   S-i 


IH 


FOR 


FOR 


FOR 


|(l  the  introduction  of  rcn'iv . 
Portii  Bello  was   tlic  grcut 
lie  rich  romnicrrc  of  Piiii 
I'orlo  Bcllo   was  taken,  in 
Jdniiral  Voriion,  who  (Ifnuil. 
J'Drtihcations.     It  is  TO  in  ks 
ivi,  and  300  W  of  Cartliairc- 
IS0  45  VV,  lat.9  3J  N. 
lircii/ii,    a    s'ja|i  irt    of    Terra 
Jtlie  coast  ofCaraccis.    Hen; 
jsii  w(  re  r(.i)ulsi'd,  when  they 
in  1743.     L'ln.  6430  E,  lat. 

|/  Principe,  a  seaport  on  thp  N 
"nl)a,    with  a   jyood  harbour. 
h1  in  a  larg'e  meadow,  where 
irds  feed  a  jyreat  niiniher  of 
.on.  "3  1.5  W,  hit.  2152  N. 
iirim,   a  seaport  of  tlic  king- 
"tinis,    to  t'lc  \V  of  the  ruins 
?e,    and  30  nilh-s  N  of  Tunis. 
6  E,  lat.  3''  12  N. 
erraji),  a  town  <if  Italy  in   the 
'r.i,   vitli  a  piotl   citadel.     It 
on  a  hm;;  hi«:fh.  steep,    point 
W  of  llie  hay   of  the  same 
!iich  lias   two  forts.     In  July 
;  Englisli  threw  a  strong'  jjar- 
)  it,  on  the    F'rcnch  having  en- 
ghorn.     It   is  40  miles  N   W 
Hlo,  and    60   S    bv   E   of  Le- 
iLon.  10  3.1  E,  lat." 42  38  N. 
Oallcto,  a   seai)ort  of  Sj)aiii,  in 
of  Biscay,   seated  on   a  small 
(jht  miles  N  of  Bilhoa.     Lon, 
lat.  43  22  N. 

Gtiiaro,  a  town  of  Itah',  in 
1  Friidi,  with  a  bishop's  sue, 
n   tlie  Lenia,    15    miles  W  of 

Vcrcr>tc,  a  scajiort  of  It;dy,  in 
of  I'residii,  with  a  good  ca.s- 
a  harbour  almost  choked  up. 
Lie  on  a  peninsula,  four  miles 
lello.     Lon.  11    12  E,  lat.  42 

:'>i!ffone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
if  Elba,  with  a  g-ood  harbour, 
.ress  upon  a  rock,  almost  in- 
;.  It  belongs  to  the  prince  of 
,  and  is  seated  on  the  E  end 
iland,  eight  miles  S  W  of 
.  Lon.  10  10  E,  lat,  42  52  N. 
fovn,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
of  Galicia,  seated  near  the 
the  Leris,  54  miles  W  of 
Lon.  8  36  W,  lat.  42  19  N. 
elro,  a  seaport  in  the  island 
a.  Lon.  2  41  E,  lat.  39  37  N- 
'nija,  a  town  and  bay  of  St. 


Jago,  one  of  the  Caj)e  dc  Vcrd  Isltinds. 
ton.  23  29  VV,  lat.  14  5:i  N. 

/li//()  kico.     Scf!  yu.in-ck- Puerto  Pico 

J'lirto  .'jiiittt  M.iriii,  a  seaport  of 
Spain,  scaled  in  tJie  b.-iy  of  Cadi.:. 
It  ii  a  populous  place,  containing 
itcarly  10,000  iiihabllants,  wnose  prin- 
cipal trade  is  in  j»alt.  Il  is  suvcn  miles 
N'  of  Cadi/. 

I'iittD  a.iHto,  an  island  of  the  Allan- 
tic,  the  least  of  ihc  .Vl.iileiras,  15  miles 
ill  circumference.  In  1418,  a  Portu 
giieso  ship,  titled  out  for  the  attempt 
tj  d.Hilile  C;ipe  Bojador,  coastinjr  a- 
lung  the  African  shore,  was  driven 
out  to  sea  by  a  sudden  squall,  and 
when  they  all  evijccted  to  perish, 
they  discovert;d  this  island,  which, 
on  account  of  their  escujie,  they  named 
I'orlo  S.iiilo.  It  produces  little  corn  ; 
but  there  are  oxen  and  wild  hogs,  and 
a  vast  number  of  rabbits.  There 
are  trees  which  produce  the  gum  call- 
ed dragon's  blood ;  and  there  is  like- 
wise a  little  honey  and  wax.  It  has 
no  harbour,  but  good  anchorage  in  tlie 
road.     Lon.  16  25  W,  lat.  32  58  N. 

Porto  Seguro,  the  capital  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name,  in  Brasil. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the 
top  of  a  rock,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
that  Hows  into  the  Atlantic.  Lon.  38 
50  VV,  lat.  17  0  S. 

Porto  Vecchio,  a  seaport  of  Corsica, 
seated  on  a  bay  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
island,  40  miles  N  of  Sardinia.  Lon. 
9  20  E,  lat.  41  42  N. 

Porto  Venerea,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  on 
the  coast  of  Genoa,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Spezzia.  It  has  a  good 
uaiuour,  and  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  fort,  45 
miles  S  E  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  38  E,  lat. 
44  5  N. 

Portree,  a  town  of  Skye  one  of  the 
Western  islands  of  Scotland.  The 
diief  trade  of  the  inhabitants  is  in 
black  cattle,  small  horses,  and  kelp. 

Port  Kujal,  a  post  town  of  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  S  VV  side  of  Rappa- 
hai'.iioc  river,  in  Caroline  county,  22 
miles  S  E  of  Fredericksburg  on  the 
same  water,  and  84  S  of  Washington. 
Il  has  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Piirtiea,  an  island  between  Chiches- 
ter Bay  and  the  harbour  of  Ports- 
mouth, in  Hampsliire.  It  is  a  low 
tract  of  conHi<lerable  extent,  separated 
from  tlie  iiiainland  by  a  creek,  over 
wliicli  is  a  bridge.    At  the   S  W  ex- 


tremity of  it  is   situate  llie  town  of 
Porlsmoulh. 

P i/tstni)iith,  a  seaport  and  borough  in 
Hampsliire, ontlie  isle  of  Portsca,  with 
a  market  on  Tli'irnday  and  .Saturday. 
Il  is  the  most  considerable  haven  for 
men  of  war,  in  England.  The  capa- 
cious harbour  is  made  by  a  bay,  run- 
ning up  between  this  island  and  an  op- 
posite peninsula,  haviirg  a  narrow 
entrance  commanded  by  the  town 
and  forts.  Porlsmoulh  is  the  most 
strongly  firtitied  place  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  its  high  importance  renders 
it  worthy  of  every  attention.  Many  of 
the  largest  ships  are  always  laid  up 
here  ;  and  in  time  of  war  it  is  the 
rendezvous  of  tiie  grand  channel  fleet. 
The  docks,  arsenals,  storehouses,  bar- 
racks, Sec.  are  all  ofca|)ital  magnitude, 
and  kept  in  perfect  order.  The  town 
itself  is  supported  entirely  by  the  re- 
sort of  the  army  and  navy  ;  and  the  coun- 
try round, to  agreatextent,  is  benefited 
by  the  demand  for  provisions  which 
they  create.  OIF  the  point  of  land 
which  terminates  the  peninsula,  and 
opposite  t  Portsmoutli,  is  the  noted 
road  of  Spithead,  where  the  men  of 
war  anchor  when  prepared  for  actual 
service.  Portsmouth  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  has  one  church,  and  two 
chajiels  ;  one  in  the  garrison,  and  one 
in  a  part  of  the  town,  called  the  com- 
mon, for  the  use  of  the  dock.  It  is  20 
nines  S  S  E  of  Winchester,  and  72  S 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  1  VV,  lat.  50  49  tt. 

Portsmouth,  a  post  town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Rockingham  county.  New 
Hampshire,  being  the  capital  of  the 
state.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  bank  of 
Piscataqna  river  and  harbour,  in  lat.  43* 
9'  N,  and  lon.  70  16  VV,  at  the  distance 
of  22  miles  N  of  Newburv-port,  and  65 
N  E  of  Boston.  In  1800  the  inhabi- 
tants were  enumerated  at  5339.  The 
harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  the  trade  very  considera- 
ble, the  exports  of  one  year  having  a- 
mounted  to  g  153,000.  It  has  twa 
banks  of  discount  and  deposit ;  and  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbour  is  a  light 
house. 

Portsmouth,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  Elizabeth 
liver,  opposite  to  the  borough  of  Nor- 
folk, 41  miles  S  E  of  Williamsburg  and 
28  N  E  of  Suffolk  on  Nansemond  river. 
It  supports  a  considerable  trade,  and 
contains  above  2000  inhabitants, 

B   B  B  • 


il 


P  O  R 

Purtso!,  a  seaport  in  BanlTsliire,  six 
miles  li  of  Cullcii.  I;  lias  muiiuractures 
of  sn'iit'and  scw'.iig  tlircad. 

Port  Tobacco,  a  post  town,  the  capi- 
tal ofCluivlcs  county,  MmrLiml;  lyin|f 
on  tlic  N  side  of  P,>to\vm:i:!c  river,    34 


miles  S  of  I  lie  city  of  n\i.<hiigum,  and 
45  S  W  of  Aonap'olis.  ItcouUuns  about 
500  inli:il)itants. 

Pot  tiig.tl,  tlie  most   western  country 
of  Europe,  310  miles  in  lenjjtli,  and  150 
in  bn;adtli  ;    bounded  on  the  W  and  S 
by   tlie    Atlantic,   and  on  the  E  and  N 
by    Spain.     It   is  divided  into  six  pro- 
vinces,    Estramadiira,    Beira,    Entre- 
D  luero.e-Minho,    I'ra-los-Montes,  A- 
lentejo,   anil    Aljjarva.     Tiioii(;-h  Spain 
and    P  )itU(?al  are  in  the  same  climate, 
the  air  of  the  latter  is  more  temperate 
than  that  of  the  former,   on  account  of 
the  neiffhbourhood  of  the  sea.     Corn  is 
not  plentiful,    because  the  inhabitants 
do  not  attend  much  to  husbandry  ;    and 
they  import  Indian  corn  from  Africa, 
vhich   is  used  by  the  peasants  instead 
of  wheat.     There  is  a  great  number  of 
barren  mountains,  and  yet  there  is  plen- 
ty of  olives,   vines,    oranges,  lemons, 
nuts,  almonds,  figs,  and  raisins;    and 
it  is  famous  for  excellent  wines.  Much 
salt  is  made  also  from  the  sea-water, 
especially  in  the  bay  of  St.  Ubes,  whence 
a  great  deal  is  exported      The  foreign 
trade  consists  either  of  the  exportation 
of  the  produce  of  the  country,  or  in  the 
merchandise  which  is  received  from  its 
foreign  settlements  ;  such  as  sugar,  to- 
bacco,  rum,  cotton,  indigo,  hides,  Bra- 
sil  and  other  Avoods  for  dying,  and  ma- 
ny excellent  drugs.     Besides  these,  it 
has  gold,  silver,  diamonds,  and  other 
precious    stores   from   .America.     The 
horses  of  Portugal    were  formerly  in 
great  esteem,  but  now  miiles  are  pre- 
?errcd  ;   and  the  horn  cattle  are  small 
and    lean.     Toward    the    frontiers  of 
Si)ain  there  are  moimtains  in  which  was 
formerly  got  gold  and  silver  j   and  the 
river  Tajo,  the  Tagus  of  the  ancients, 
was  celebrated   by  their  poets  for  its 
golden   sands  ;   but  the  Portuguese  do 
not  think  them  worth  minding.     There 
ore  also  mines  of  iron,  tin,  lead,  quar- 
ries of  marble.,  and  some  precious  .stones 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tajo,  Done 
Guadiana,  Minho,  and  \1ondego.  The 
Portuguese   are   indolent,  and  so  fond 
of  luxury,   that  they   spend  all  their 
wealth  in  the  purchase  of  foreign  mer 
chandisej.    The  women  are  addicted  to 
gallantry,  for  which  reason  the  men 


POT 

are  jca!ous  of  their  wives,   and  allow 
lUem  little  liberty.     The  government  is 
monarchical,  but  the  royal  authority  ii 
limited  ;  for  the  sovereign  cannot  raise 
any  more   taxes   tlian  were  settled  in 
1674.     The  established  religion  is  the 
Roman  Catholic,  and  there  are  three 
archbishops  and  ten  bishops,  besides  a 
patriarch ;    also  three   severe   iniiuisi- 
tions,    and  yet   there  are  a  great  num. 
her  of  concealed  Jews.    The  authority 
of  t!»e  pope  was  so  great,  that  the  king 
would  not  confer  any  benelice  without 
his  consent,  but  of  late  years  it  has  de- 
clined  here  as  well  as  in  other  coun- 
\ries.     In    1580,   there  was  a  failure  in 
the  royal  line,  and  then  Philip  II.  king 
of  Spain,  subdued  tlie  country  ;  but. in 
1640,  there  was  agi-eat  revolution,  and 
the  crown  was  conferred  on  John  duke 
of  Braganza,  (king  John  IV.)  whose  de- 
I  scendants  still  enjoy  it.     Lisbon  is  the 
capital. 

J  tugalcttt,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Bis. 
cay,  seated  on  the  Bay  i>f  Biscay,  12 
miles  N  of  Bilbou.  Lou.  3  18  W,  lat 
43  40  N. 

Posata,  a  towm  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
Lsland  of  Sardinia.  Lon  9  30  E,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Poaega,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  by  the 
Austrians,  in  168r.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  river  Oriana, 
120  miles  W  by  N  of  Belgrade  Lon. 
18  59  E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Posnania,  or  Posen,  a  commercial 
town  of  Great  Poland,  in  a  palatinate 
of  tlie  s.-irae  name,  with  a  good  castle 
and  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathedral  is 
magnificent.  By  the  'ate  partition  of 
Poland,  it  became  subject  to  the  king 
of  Prussia.  It  is  a  trading  place  seated 
in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  river  VVarta, 
27  m-',es  W  of  Gnesna,  and  127  W  of 
Warsaw. 

Potema,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basi- 
licJila,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  al- 
most ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1694. 
It  is  se.ited  near  tl'.e  source  of  the  Ba- 
siento,  eight  miles  S  E  of  Naples. 

Potomac,  or  Patomac,  a  river  of  North 
America,  in  Virginia,  which  falls  into 
the  bay  of  Chesapeak.  On  the  banks 
of  this' river  is  now  en-cling  the  city  of 
Washingtciii,  the  intended  metropolis 
of  the  United  States.  The  congress 
removed  to  it  in  1801.  See  Washing- 
\lon 
'     Potosi,  a  rick  and  populous  town  ot 


POT 


P  O  U 


P  R  A 


of  theip  wives,  and  allow 
Jilierty.  The  f,'-.venim.Mn  i» 
|1,  but  the  royal  authority  ii 
r  tlif  soverei^rn  caniKit  raise 
Itaxes  than  were  settled  in 
fe  established  reliirlon  is  the 
Itholic,  and  there  are  three 
T  and  ten  bis]io,,s,  besides  a 
also  three  severe  inqiiisi- 
yet  there  are  a  great  num. 
fealcd  Jews.  'Ihe  atithoritr 
i  wasso^reat,  that  the  king 
confer  uiiy  benefice  without 
but  of  late  years  it  has  de- 
te  as  well  as  in  other  coun- 
1 1580,  there  was  a  failure  in 
liie,  and  then  Philip  u,  king 
subdued  tlie  country  ;  but-in 
K-  WHS  a  great  revolution,  and 
I  was  conferred  on  John  duke 
l'.a,(kingJohnIV.)whosede. 
Istill  enjoy  it.     Lisbon  is  tlic 

icttt,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Bis. 
\d  on  the  Bay  of  Biscav,  12 
'  Bdbou.     Lon.  3  18  W,  lat 

a  town  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
ardinia.     Lon  9  30  E,  lat.  40 

a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia, 
Fa  county  of  the  saine  naiTie. 
aken  from  the  Turks  by  the 
'.  Ill  168r.  It  is  seated  in  a 
untry,  on   the   river  Oriana. 

W  by  N  of  Belgrade  Lon. 
lat.  45  36  N.       ^ 

',  or  Posai,  a  commercial 
-reat  Poland,  in  a  palatinate 
e  name,  with  a  good  castle 
lop's  see.  The  cathedral  is 
It.  By  the  late  partition  of 
became  subject  to  the  king 
It  is  a  trading  place  seated 
nt  plauj,  on  the  river  Warta, 
V  of  Gnesna,  and  127  W  of 

a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basi. 
fi  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  al- 
■d  by  an  earthquake  in  1694. 
1  near  the  source  of  the  Ba- 
ht  miles  S  E  of  Naples, 
or  P.iiomac,  a  river  of  North 
n  Virginia,  which  falls  into 

Chesai)eak.  On  the  banks 
•  IS  now  erecting  the  citv  of 
1,  tlio  intended  metropolis 
led    States.     The  congres.* 

■tin  1801.     See  Washing. 

rich  and  populous  town  of 


Peru,  in  llie  audience  of  l,os  Charcos. 
Here  is  the  best  silver  mine  in  all  Ame- 
rica, in  a  inouiitaiii  in  tlte  lurin  uf  a  su- 
gar-loaf. Silver  was  US  rominon  \n  this 
place  as  iron  is  in  Europe  ;  but  it  is  al- 
most exhausted,  or  ut  least  little  is  got 
in  comparison  uf  what  wujifoi-merl)  ;  and 
tlie  mountain  it.sclfis  said  to  be  little  bet- 
ter than  a  shell.  The  country  around 
is  so  naked  and  barren,  that  the  inha- 
bitants get  their  provisions  from  the 
nciglibouring  provinces.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  tlic  mountain  of  Potosi, 
SiM  miles  S  K  of  Africa.  Lon.  64  ^j 
W,  lat  VJ  4u  S. 

J'ouJum,  a  city  of  Upper  Saxotiv,  in 
the  middle  inarciie  of  lliandcnburgh, 
with  a  palace  belonging  to  lite  kingoi 
Prussia.  It  is  the  most  ele^uut  and  sm- 
gul..r  city  ill  Europe.  Many  new  hou- 
ses, on  the  hnest  ancient  and  modern 
plans,  were  raised  by  tl'.e  late  king, 
Frederic  III.  and  pcesenled  to  the  in- 
habitants ;  and  the  variou.-)  public  build- 
ings display  at  once  great  magnificence 
and  taste.'  In  1795,  it  was  damaged  by 
fire.  It  is  seated  on  an  island  10  miles 
in  circumference,  formed  b\  the  rivers 
Spree  and  Havel,  12  miles  VV  of  Ber- 
lin.    Lon.  13  46  £,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Putton,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  of 
Bedford,  and  48  N  bV  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  18  W,  lat.  52  I'l  N. 

Puttsj^nive,  aj)leasa!it\illage  in  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated 
<M\  theN  E  side  of  Schuylkill  river,  37 
miles  W  by  N  of  Philadelphia,  and  17 
S  E  of  Reading. 

Poit^hteepiie,  a  post  town,  the  capi- 
tal of  Dutchess  county,  New  York  ; 
situated  on  the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river, 
47  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  and 
85  N  of  the  city  of  New  York,  contain- 
ing 3246  inhabitants  at  the  last  cnume- 
r:ition. 

Pougu"s,  a  village  of  France,  In  the 
department  oi'Nievreand  late  province 
of  Nivernois,  noted  for  its  ferruginous 
mineral  waters.  It  is  five  miles  N  \V  of 
Nevers. 

Poultney,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in  Rut- 
land county,  8  miles  S  of  Fairhaven, 
.'iiid  6  N  £  of  Hampton,  near  the  head 
of  lake  Champlalnc.  Here  i:i  a  post 
office,  and  the  township  contained  1600 
inhabitants  at  List  census. 

Pimltoii,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Wvie',  18  miles  S  W  of 
Lancaater,  and      1  N  N   W  of  Lou- 


don.    Lon.    3    6    W,    lat.    53   52  N. 

Pounetuc,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Siam,  280  miles  N  of  Siam.  Lon.  100 
40  E,  lat.  18  58N. 

Puuriiiin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puy  dc  Dome  and  late 
province  of  Auvergne,  seated  on  the 
Sioule,  36  miles  N  In  E  of  Clermont, 
and  190  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  15  E,  lat, 
46  21  N. 

Poj-anghou,  a  lake  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiaiigsi,  formed  by  the 
conHueiice  of  four  considerable  rivers. 
It  is  250  miles  long. 

Prabui,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Si- 
am, lUO  mihs  N  of  Siam.  Lon.  lol 
10  E,  ial.  15  40  N. 

Pra.tes,  a  small  hamlsomc  town  of 
Friiiice,  in  the  department  of  the  (•  ast- 
tern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of 
Rousillon.  It  is  seated  in  a  line  plain 
on  the  river  Tet,  in  the  middle  of  moun- 
tains, 22  miles  S  E  of  Montlouis.  Lon. 
2  35  E,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Piiigilat,  a  t(jwn  of  Piedmont,  seven 
miles  \V  of  'i'urin.  Lon.  "  3u  E,  lat. 
45  5  N. 

Prague,  a  large  and  famous  city,  ca- 
pital of  Bohemia,  andan  archiepiscopul 
sec.  It  is  about  3  milts  long  and  2 
broad,  l.r.t  its  popidation  by  no  means 
answers  to  its  c.Mv'nt.  It  comprtliends 
three  towns,  the  Ohl,  the  New,  and 
the  Little  Town,  and  is  15  i:k.'ies  in 
circumference.  It  is.  built  ujion  seven 
mountains,  and  has  above  100  churches, 
and  as  many  palaces.  The  Muldaw 
r.ms  through  the  city,  separating  the 
Old  Town  from  the  New,  and  over  it 
is  a  bridge  of  18  arches,  700  feet  long, 
with  a  strong  tower  at  each  end.  The 
Old  Town  is  very  populous ;  the  hou- 
ses are  high,  and  the  streets  narrow. 
Ill  this  part  is  the  old  palace,  where 
the  ancient  kings  resided;  but  thei 
fiiHst  ornament  is  the  university,  fre. 
(('iinted  by  a  great  number  of  students. 
I'lie  Jesuits  had  a  magnificent  college 
here  J  and  here  the  Jews  have  nine  sy- 
nagogues. The  New  Town  contains 
fine  structures,  handsome  gardens,  and 
large  streets.  The  roval  castle  is  a  ve- 
ry large  irregular  building,  but  it  i> 
built  on  a  hill,  which  commands  a  ve- 
ry fine  pros])ect  over  the  whole  city  and 
country  round.  Not  far  from  hence 
stands  the  archbishop's  house  (a  pret- 
ty modern  building),  and  the  old  cathe- 
dral, in  which  there  are  some  pieces  of 
architecture,  which  deserve  to  be  seen. 
Though  the  city  is  in  general  ill  built 


PRE 


the  iituation  of  it  is  extremely  fine. 
The  mass  of  houses  rise  like  an  ainphi- 
tlieutre  to  a  considerable  height.    To 
the   right  tlie  hill  rises  above  them  as 
far  as  tlie  imperial  palace,  miijesticall\ 
Bit'iated  on   the  top.     To  the  left  it  is 
CONeredasfar  as  the  middle  witli  beau- 
tiful   gardens     and    pleasure    houses, 
whirl!  have  a  fine  etlcct,  and  form  a 
most  magnificent  amphitheatre.  Prague 
was   taken  by   storm  by  the  French  in 
1r41i  but   thcv  were  obliged  to  leave 
it    in    1742.     lii  ir44  it  was  taken  b> 
tlie  king  of  Prussia;  blithe  was  oblig- 
ed to   aband(m   it   the  same  year.     It 
was   besieged    again   by   the    kmg   ot 
Prussia,   in  1757  after  a  great  victory, 
obtained  near  this  city,  over  the  Atis 
trians  ;  but  being   defeated  some  time 
lifter,  he  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siegr. 
It  is  75  miles  S  K  of  Dresden,  158  S  E 
of  Berlin,    and   235   N  W  of  Vienna, 
ton.  14  45E,  hit.  50  4  N. 

Prato,  a  town  of  Tu.irany,  seated  on 
the  Bisentino,  12  miles  N  W  of  Flor- 
encc.     Lon.  19  54  E,  lut.  43  52  N. 

Prayo.     See  Porto  Praya. 

Pre'cop,  or  Perekop  a  town  and  fort- 
ress of  Russia,  lately  taken  f\-om  the 
Turks,  in  the  government  of  Catha 
»inenslaf,  and  province  ofTaurida,  seat- 
ed on  the  isthmus  that  joins  the  Crimea 
to  the  continent.     Lon.  35  40  E,  lat.  46 

*0N.  ,         ,        .     ^ 

Precopia,  a  town  of  Tii-key  in  Eu 
tope,  in  Servia,   seated  <m   the  river 
Morave,  20  miles  W  of  Nissa.  Lon.  22 
5  P,  lat.  43  31  N- 

Pregel,  a  river  which  issues  from  a 
lake  in  Poland,  and  crossing  E  Prussia, 
falls  into  the  Baltic,below  Koningsberg. 

Prignitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  principality 
of  Culmbach,  situate  on  a  river  of  tlic 
«ame  name.  Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  49  50  N 

Premesla-u!,  a  populous  town  of  Aus- 
trian Poland,  with  a  strong  castle,  and 
yi  GreeK  and  Latin  bi.shop's  see.  It  is 
leated  on  the  river  Sana,  27  miles  W  of 
Lemburg.    Lon.  21  0  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Preni/o,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  Upper.  Marcheof  Brandenburg. 
ft  contains  six  churches,  and  is  seated 
on  the  lake  and  river  Ucker,  50  miles 
>i  of  Berlin. 

'  Prerau,  »  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Mora- 
via, capital  of  a  circle  of  the  sume  name. 
Jt  is  126  miles  ESE  of  Prague.  Lon.  17 
'99  E,  lat.' 49  18  N. 

Presburg,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hnn- 
jarv',  Willi  a  strong  castle  on  a  hill.  In 


PRE 

this  city  the  si  itcs   of  Hungary  hnW 
tlieir  assemUlios,  and  in  the  cathedral 
the  .".overeign  is  crowned.     In  the  can 
tie,  wliirh  is  a  "obic  Gothic  btructure, 
are  <leposited  the  reg;ilia  of  Hungan, 
consisting  of  the  crown  and  sceptre  o| 
Stephen  their  first  king.    The  Luther- 
ans  have  a  church  here.     Prrsburg  is 
seated  on  the   Danube,  3^  nii'es  S  E 
of  Vienna.     Lou.  17  11  E,  lat  48  14  N 
/'rejiof,  a  town  in   Lancasliiie,  with 
a  market  on  I'uesd.iy.     A  i  (.nsitierable 
manufactur"  <,f  sailcintli,  imd  of  gold 
liands  for  wutrties,  is  carried  on  hero 
It  is  eight   miles  E   of  Liverpool,   al:d 
195  N  N  ^V  ol  London.    Lon.  2  51  W, 
I. It.  .S3  'Jfi  N. 

Prcsrue,  a  fortress,  and  the  principal 
town  in  Eric  county,  J'ennsylvania  ;  si- 
tuated on  the  S  E  shore  of  bke  I'.rie, 
about  12  mites  VV  of  fort  Le  Hetif,  50 
W  bv  N  of  foi-t  Franklin  <>n  Alh'gli.iny 
river",  and  1  JO  W  of  Pitlbborg.  Heir 
is  a  post  oflice.  1  he  town  is  progress- 
ing fast  in  improvement,  the  .grmiiul 
plan  being  three  miles  In  length  along 
the  bank  of  the  lake,  by  one  mile  in 
breadth. 

Prestmano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora.  It  appears  by  an  in- 
scription, that  it  is  the  ancient  Rufa;, 
and  its  territory  has  tlie  name  of  Costa 
Riifraria.  It  is  38  miles  N  of  Naples. 
Lon  14  20  E,  hit  41  20  N. 

Pns.iii,  Suite  of,  a  small  territory  of 
Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese.  It  includes 
six  fortresses,  seated  on  the  coast  of 
Tiiscanv,  and  which  Spain  reserved, 
when  i"t  ceded  Sienna  to  the  grand 
duke.  They  were  designed  to  facili- 
tate the  communication  between  the 
Milanese  anil  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
In  1735,  they  were  ceded  fo  the  kingoi 
the  Two  Sicilies.  Their  names  are, 
Orbitcllo,  Tek-mone,  Porto  Hercole, 
Porto  San-Stephano,  Monte  Philippe, 
and  Porto  Langone, 

Prcsovia,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  20  miles  E  of 
Cracow.     Lon,  20  16  E,  lat.  50  10  N- 

Presteign,  the  county-town  of  Rad- 
norshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
remarkable  for  bariey  jmd  malt.  It  is  a 
regularly  built  town,  seated  near  the 
source  of  tlie  Lug,  in  a  rich  valley,  30 
miles  W  N  W  of  Worcester,  and 
149  of  London.  Lon.  2  38  W,  lat.  52 
13  N. 

Preston,  a  borough  in  Lancashire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday, 
and  Saturday.    It  i»  seated  on  the  riv- 


PRE 


P  R  1 


V  R  I 


le  M  itcs   of  Hungary   ]ioM 

Ho»,  and  ill  the  catlndra! 

:n  is  (Towneil.     In  the  ia«- 

"  a  "ol)le  (Jothir  btnictiii*, 

u'd  the  rp(r!iliu  of  Hiiii)ran| 

if  till-  (Towii  and  «cfptrc  o( 

ir  first  kiiijr.     'Ihe  Luther- 

Ichiiich  hcrr.     Prrsbiirff  is 

the   D:tntil)c,  32  mics  S  E 

l.oii.  17  U  E,  lat  48  14N 

town  in   Lancasliiie,   with 

I  I'lR'sd.iy.     Ai  (.nsiilcrablf 

•  >.f  saih-loth,  mill  of  jcold 

[wutrhes,  is  carried  on  hero 

iMilcs  E  of  Liverpool,  and 

V  ol  London.    Lon.  2  51  W. 

:i  (">rtre.fs,  and  the  prinripal 
ie  county,  J'cnnsvlvania  j  si. 
e  S  E  shore  of  Like  Kric, 
lilcs  VV  of  fort  Le  ile-.if,  50 
ni)i-t  Fraiildin  on  Anc"-h.iiiv 
1  JO  W  of  Pitti,bi.r|r.  "lleiT 
fice.  Thp  town  in  progress, 
improvement,  the  ground 
tincc  miles  in  lenplli  alnn^ 
of  the   lake,  by  one  mile  in 

no,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ira.  It  appears  by  an  in- 
Ithat  it  Is  the  ancient  Hnfx, 
ritory  has  the  name  of  Costa 

It  is  38  miles  N  of  Naples. 
>  E,  lat  41  20  N. 
State  of,  a  small  territory  of 
11  the  Siennese.     It  inchide.s 
ses,  Heated  on  the  coast  of 
iiid  which    Spain   reserved, 
eded  Sienna  to  the   prand 
ey  were  designed  to  facili- 
ommiinication   between  the 
nd  the  king-dom  of  Naples, 
ey  were  ceded  to  the  kin^ol 
^icrlics.     Their  names  are, 
lekmone,    Porto    Hercole, 
Stcphano,  Monte   Philippo, 
..anyone. 

a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
he  Vistula,  20  miles  E  ol 
.on,  20  16  E,  lat.  SO  10  N. 

the  county-town  of  Rad- 
ith  a  market  on  Saturday, 
for  bar'ie}-  and  malt.  It  is  a 
lilt  town,  seated  near  the 
le  Lug,  in  a  rich  vallcv,  30 
r  W  of  WoVcpster,'  and 
on.     Lon.  2  38  W,   lat.  52 

I  boroujyh  in  Lancashire, 
et  on  Wednesday,  Friday, 
y.    It  h  seated  on  the  riv- 


er Kibble,  over  which  is  k  stone  bridge.  I 
(t  bus  a  large  market-place,  is  govern- 
ed by  a  muvur,  and  sends  two  members  i 
to  parliament.  Here  it  h  court  of  chan- 
cery, and  other  oflices  of  justice,  for 
tliecouuty-palatinute  of  Lancaster  Tlic 
markets  on  Wednesday  and  Friday  are 
for  provisions,  uiid  that  on  Saturday  for 
corn,  cattle,  linen  cloth,  and  other  com- 
modities. Preston  is  noted  for  the  de- 
feat of  the  rebels  in  1715,  when  they 
were  all  made  prisoners.  It  is  il  miles 
S  of  Lancaster,  and  214  N  N  W  of 
Loiidim.    Lon.  2  53  VV,  lat.  53  46  N. 

I'leHon  font,  a  village  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, iiuieU  tor  its  salt  works,  and 
f(ir  the  defeat  of  the  royal  army  by  the 
rebels  in  1745. 

Preneta,  a  seaport  of  Ti>:koy,  in  Eu 
rope,  in  Albania,  seated  on  tlie  gulf  of 
Lartu,  will)  a  bishop's  sec.  It  stands 
on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis, 
built  by  the  emperor  Augustus,  in 
memory  of  his  victory  over  Antony.  It 
belongs  to  the  Venetians,  and  was  ta- 
ken by  them  in  1684.  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain,  70  miles  N  W  of  Lepanto. 
Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  39  14  N. 

Preuilly,  tt  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loir,  and  late 
prorince  of  Tauraine.  It  is  seated  on 
flie  river  Claire,  and  near  it  are  mines 
of  iron.  Preuilly  is  seated  on  the  Claise, 
18  miles  S  of  Loches. 

Pritesville,  a  post  town  in  Amelia 
county,  Virginia ;  situated  on  the  N  W 
fide  of  flat-ereek,  45  miles  W  of  Pe- 
tersburg, on  the  Appamattos. 

Prieoda,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Smaland,  16  miles  S  S  W 
of  Carlscrona.  Lon.  15 18  E,  lat.  56  10  N. 

Priebut,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipalitv  of  Sagan,  situate  on  the  Neissa, 
15  miles  S  W  of  Sagan.  Lon.  15  12  E, 
lat.  51  32  N. 

Piiaman,  a  seaport  of  the  E  Indies, 
in  Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  have  a 
factory    Lon.  98  0  E,  lat.  1  0  S. 

Prinetu-Ann,  a  small  post  town,  in 
Somerset  county,  Maryland ;  lying  at 
the  head  of  Manokin  ri>er,  20  miles  W 
of  Snow  Hill,  15  S  by  W  of  Salisbury, 
on  Wiccomico  river,  and  48  S  W  of 
T.ewistown  in  Delaware,  containing 
.ibont  200  inhabitants. 

Pritiec'a  Islaml,  a  small  island  on  the 
W  coast  coast  of  Africa,  350  miles  S  W 
of  Loango.    Lou.  6  40  E,  Ir.t.  1  49  N. 

Princess  hland,  »  small  Island  of  Asia, 
at  the  S  W  extremitv  of  the  straits  of 
Sundn,  •  few  league*  from  the  coast  of 


Java.  It  is  very  woody,  tmA.  not  much 
cleared.  The  inhabitants  arc  Javanese, 
whose  rajah  is  subject  to  the  sultan  of 
Bantam  :  and  their  customs  arc  very 
similar  to  those  of  the  natives  about 
Uatavia.  The  best  anchoriug  place  is  in 
loii.  1U5  17  E,  lat.  0  36  S. 

Prince  itf  Walti,  Cape,  the  most  vre»« 
tern  cxt.eiiiity  of  all  America,  hitherto 
known,  discovered  bv  captain  Cook, 
in  1778.     Lon.  168  5  W,  lat  65  46  N. 

Prince  ofWalei,  Furt,  the  most  north- 
ern settlement  of  tne  Hudson's  flay 
Company,  seated  o:i  the  W  side  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Chur- 
chill River.  Lon.  94  7  W,  lat.  58 
47  N. 

Princeton,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  New-Jersey,  18  miles  S  W  of 
Ncw-Brunswic,  12  N  E  of  Trenton, 
and  42  of  Pliiladelphia,  in  lat.  40"  22  N 
and  lon.  74"  34  W.  This  town  contains 
about  5U0  inhabitaiils,  and  bus  long  been 
the  seat  of  an  eminent  seminary  of  learn 
ing.  The  college  erected  here,  called 
Nassau-hall  College,  is  a  handsome 
stone  building  180  feet  wide,  by  5< 
deep,  placed  on  a  small  eminence  that 
commands  a  pleasing  view  of  the  ad- 
jacent country  — The  students  are  ge- 
nerally about  70  in  number;  the  presi- 
dents have  been  distinguished  for  learn- 
ing  and  piety,  and  the  institution  h.n* 
produced  men  of  extensive  usefulness 
in  church  and  state. 

Prince  Wiiliam  Uenr  \  Itland,  an  is- 
land in  the  Eastern  Ocean,  lying  WNW 
of  Tench's  Island.  It  is  pretty  high, 
and  70  miles  in  circuit.  It  is  well  wood- 
I'd,  and  hud  something  growing  on  it, re- 
.sembling  in  appearance  Indian  corn  or 
sugar  cane,  and  has  a  lusi:nant  and  pic- 
tu.'csque  apjicarance,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  fertile  and  well  peopled.  The 
natives  are  quite  naked,  and  'seem  to 
be  the  same  sort  of  people  as  those  on 
Tench's  Island,  and  their  canoes  of  the 
same  construction.  It  was  discovered 
by  lieutenants  Ball  and  King,  in  1790. 
A  high  mountain,  rising  in  the  centre 
of  it,  was  called  Mount  Philip.  Lon. 
149  30  E,  lat.  1  32  S. 

Prince  Wiiliavi  Henry' t  Island,  an  is- 
land of  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered 
bv  captain  Wallis,  in  1767.  Lon.  141  6 
W,  lat.  17  0  S. 

Prince  William's  Sound,  a  gulf  on  the 
N  W  coast  of  America,  so  named  by 
capta  n  Cook,  in  1778  The  men,  wo- 
men and  children,  are  here  all  clothed 
in  the  aame  manner.    Their  ordinarv 


m 
\ 


"Ii^mmfffrnm 


^f»«<w 


P  R  1 


w 


dress  is  a  sort  of  close   robe,   which 
Boiiieliincs  reaches   only   to  tli«'  knees, 
bill  gi-iicially  dowiitotlie  miL-lcs.    )  h<'y 
are  composed  of  tlie  sliiiis  of  vurloiis 
miiinal!*,  »iid  me  cointnonly  wi.iii  with 
the  haiiy  side  oulwurtU.     'liie  lueii  ol- 
ten  |):iinl  their  fares  of  a  blark  coin  ir, 
iu)d  ot  a  brit'lit  led,  and    sonieliiMes  of 
a  bluish  or  leaden  hue  ;  but  not    in  any 
rejyuhii-  i.j,'U)c.     'I'lie  women  puncture 
or  stum  iiii:  cliin  wUh  blacli,  thitcoim's 
to  a  point  ,ue:n  li  oi'llieir  cheeks  '1  licir 
canoes  are  of  two  sv)rls  ;  the  one  hirj^e 
and  oiicn,  the  oihcr  snia!!  and  coveixd. 
■f  he  framing  coiisisls  of  shiuler  pieces 
ofwi>oi!,and  the  outside  is  coiiipohed 
of  the  skills  ol  seids,  or  oilier  sea  ani- 
mals, stretched  incr  the  wood.    'I'lieii- 
■weapons    and  iiniilciiicnts   for  hunting 
and  fishinp,  arc  tlie  s<iine  as  those  used 
by   llie    (irtenlanders  or    Esquimaux. 
Many  of  their  spears  arc  hcadtd  Wilh 
iron,' and   their   arrows    are    generally 
poiined  witli  bone.  '1  he  food  they  w el  e 
Keen  to  cat  was  the  tlesh  of  sonic  aiii- 
mul,  either  roasted  or  broiled,  and  dri- 
ed lish.  Our  knowled(,'e  of  the  animals 
of  this  part  of  the  continent  is  entirely 
derived    from    the    skins    thai    were 
bi-ouf^ht  by  the  natives  for  sale.   These 
were  prini-ipally  of  bears,  conmion  and 
pine  ni:ivlens,  sea  otters,  seal?,  racoons 
email  ermines,  foxes,  and  tlie  whitish 
c?it  or  lynx.  The  binis  linindhere  were 
the  halcyon,  or  (ynat  kin^bsiier,  whick 
had  iinebrljfht  colours;  the  whitehead- 
ed  ciigle,  and  the  humming-bird.   Few 
vegetables  of  any  kind  were  observed; 
mul  the  trees  that  chlefty  grew  about 
the  Sound,  were  the  Canadian  spruce 
pine,  some  of  which  are  of  a  consider- 
able   size.     Lon.    147  21  W,  lat.   59 
33  N. 

PrinciprJo,  a  province  of  Naples,  di- 
vided into  Principato  Ultcriorc  and 
Princip<tto  Citeriore,  that  is,  the  Fur- 
ther and  Hither  Principality.  Principa- 
to Citeriore  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Principato  Ulteriore  and  Terra-di-La- 
Tora,  on  the  W  and  S  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  on  the  E  by  Basilicata.  It 
is  60  miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  the  soil 
is  fertile  in  wine,  corn,  oil,  and  saffron  ; 
and  it  has  a  great  deal  of  silk,  and  seve- 
ral mineral  sin-ings.  Salerno  is  the 
caiiital.  Principato  Ulteriore  is  bound- 
efi  on  the  N  by  the  Molise  and  Terra- 
di-Lavora,  on'the  VV  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  S  by  Principato  Citeri- 
ore, and  on  the  E  by  Capilanata.  It  is 
37  miles  long  and  30  broad.    The  Ap- 


PRO 

Pennine  mountains  render  the  air  cold, 
and  the  soil  is  not  very  lerliie,  either  in 
corn  or  wine;  but  il  produces  chesliiiils, 
and  has  excellent  pastures,  lleneveiilo 
is  the  cai)ital. 

P/isdeniii,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope.  III  Uosnia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  inagnilicenl  churcii  It  is  sealed 
oM  tile  D.inii,  32  miles  N  L  of  Alouiia. 
polls,  and  \9S  N  of  liclgiude.  Lon.  21  j 
E,  hit   42  UN. 

I'ristiiia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
ill  .Scrvia.  It  W!is  plUatjcilbytlie  Ans- 
liians  111  lo8;';  ami  is  seated  on  the 
KiiHca,  .i8  niiU-s  N  U  ol  Niss:.,  and  l.iU 
S  E  ol  Belgrade  Lon.  22  J  E,  lat.  43 
43  N.  .      , 

J'ntzicM;  .1  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
ciii  le  ot  Ujiper  Saxnn\,  in  the  uiarclic 
of  Prignitz,  44  miles  N  of  Branden- 
bing,  and  54  N  W  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12 
13  E,  lat  53  i)  N. 

J'liviit,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  Ardeche  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny.  It  is  sciited'  on  a  hill, 
near  the  confluence  of  three  small 
rivers,  16  N  miles  N  of  Viviers.  Lon. 
4  41  E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Frocita,  an  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf 
of  Naples,  near  that  of  Iscliia.  It  is 
eight  miles  in  circumference,  and  very 
fertile  and  jwpulous.  The  capital  of 
the  same  name,  is  a  small  fortified 
place,  on  a  high  craggy  rock,  by  the 
seaside.     Lon.  14  8  E,  lat.  40  43  N. 

Frodano,  anciently  Spacteria,  an  is- 
land in  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  W 
coast  of  the  Morea.  It  is  36  miles  S  S 
E  of  Zante.  Lon.  21  24  E,  lat.  37  15  N. 
Prmi,  a  to^v^  of  this  kingdom  ol 
Durmah,  seated  on  the  Menap,  200 
miles  N  W  of  Pegu.  Lon.  94  0  E.lat. 
17  50N.  . 

Prospect,  a  post  town  m  Hancoct 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Penobscot  river,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Belfast,  and  sevc  ^  S  of  Frankfort,  all 
lying  on  the  same  river. 

Provence,  a  late  province  of  France, 
138  miles  long  and  100  broad ;  bcimd- 
ed  on  the  N  by  Dauphiny,  on  the  S  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  W  by  the 
river  Rhone  which  separates  it  from 
Languedoc,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Alps 
and  the  river  Var.  The  air  nc;:r  the 
Alps  and  Dauphiny  is  coUl,  on  the 
Bcacoast,  hot.  and  in  the  middle,  tem- 
perate. In  tha  which  was  c  idled  Up- 
per Provence,  the  soil  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  pastures  ;  but  in  Lower  Pro- 
vence,  dry  and  sandy.    U  produces, 


PRO 

mniintainfl  render  the  air  cold, 
soil  i.s  not  very  lcrtiic,eillicriii 
ine  i  but  it  |iruiliicc8clici>tiiiiiH, 
excellent  puittui'eii.  lieiivveiito 
>ital. 
Ilia,  it  town  of  'rtirkfv  in  En- 
liosniu,  witli  u  bihliop's  uc, 
l^iiilii'cnt  cliiii-cii  It  iH  seated 
>>'MiM,  o2  niiU's  N  E  ut'  Aluunu. 
1  l^.i  N  ui' ilclgiatlc.  Lun.SlJ 
2u  N. 

J,  u  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
It  w.'is  |)'ili:i^c(lb)  llie  Am. 
lo8',»i  it'ul  IN  se.iliil  (III  llic 
.iS  niilfs  N  \\  ol  Ni5a:.,  unit  l.-iO 
ic-ltjraile      Loll.  22  5  L,  lat.  43 

U',  .1  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
t  U|)j)er  Saxony,  in  the  uiarche 
nit/,  44  miles  N  of  Brunden- 
1.1  ;j4  N  \V  of  Berlin.  Lou.  12 
.t  5i  9  N. 

«,  u  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
It  of  Ardei-lie  and  late  province 
pliiny.  It  is  .scatcil'  on  a  hill, 
e  confluence  of  three  small 
16  N  miles  N  of  Viviers.  Lon. 
lat.  44  45  N. 

ta,  an  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf 
Ics,  near  that  of  Iscliia.  It  is 
liles  in  circumference,  uud  very 
and  ])opuiou8.  The  capital  of 
mc  name,  is  a  small  fortified 
on  a  high  craggy  rock,  bv  the 
I.  Lon.  14  8  K,  lat.  40  43  N. 
cino,  anciently  Spacteria,  an  is- 
I  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  W 
f  the  Morea.  Ii  is  36  miles  S  S 
mte.  Lon.  21  24  E,  lat.  3r  15  N. 
I,  a  to%vT'  of  tliB  kingdom  of 
h,  seated  on  the  Menup,  200 
1  W  of  Pegu.     Lon.  94  0  E.lat. 

fleet,  a  post  town  in  Hancock 
,  Miiine  ;  situated  on  the  \V  side 
nbscot  river,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
.,  and  sevc  "■  S  of  Frankfort,  all 
n  the  same  river. 
ence,  a  late  province  of  France, 
Ics  long  iind  100  broad  ;  beimd- 
he  N  by  Dauphiny,  on  the  S  by 
iditerranean,  on  the  W  by  the 
ilione  which  separates  it  from 
edoc,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Alps 
;  river  Var.  The  air  ncur  tlic 
ind  Dauphiny  is  cold,  on  the 
st,  hot  and  in  the  middle,  tem- 
In  tha  which  was  called  Up- 
ovence,  the  soil  is  fertile  in 
ml  pastures  ;  but  in  Lower  Pro- 
dry  and  iandy.    It  produces, 


PRO 

however,  wine,  nil,  figs,  almonds, 
prunes,  and  p<  nirgr:.natcs,  along  the 
S3ucoast  from  'loiiiin  \o  Nice.  1  lu-ri 
are  orai.ge  and  citron-trees  in  the  opeh 
tielils  i  and  many  medicinal  plants, 
mineral  waters,  and  muics  of  revcral 
kinds.  Provtace  now  forms  tlic  jle 
partnicntsof  Var,  the  Lower  Aljis,  and 
till-  Mouihs  of  the  Riione. 

Pruvilence,  one  of  the  least  of  the  Ba. 
liiima  islands,  but  tlie  best  of  those 
planted  by  tlie  English.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1782,  hut  retaken 
the  next  year.  It  lies  200  miles  E  of 
Florida.     Lon.  77  1  W,  lat.  34  50  N. 

ProvLlence,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic, 
which  the  English  buccaniers  forti(icd, 
but  aft'.-rwards  abandoned.  It  is  150 
miles  E  of  the  coast  of  Nicaragua. 
Lun  80  44  VV.  lat.  13  25  N. 

Providence,  a  river  of  N  America, 
which  rises  in  the  state  of  Massachu. 
(ctts,  is  navigable  as  far  as  the  town 
of  Providence,  30  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  enters  Narraguuset  Bay,  on  tlic 
W  side  of  Rhode  Island. 

Proviiience,  tlie  capital  of  the  state 
of  Rhode  Island,  u  post  town  and  port 
of  entry;  situated  in  Providence  coun- 
ty, and  on  Providence  river,  near  the 
head  of  Naraganset  bay,  and  in  lat. 
41"  49'  N,  and  lon.  71°  23'  VV.  It  lies 
30  miles  N  by  W  of  Newport,  and  45 
S  W  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  of 
this  metropolis  were  7614  at  the  last 
enumeration.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
commodious,  though  inferior  to  that 
of  Newport ;  and  the  trade  to  the  neigh- 
bouring states,  and  the  West  Indies  is 
very  considerable,  the  exports  of  one 
year  exceeding  600,009  Uols.  The 
private  buildings  are  mostly  composed 
of  wood,  though  the  public  are  princi- 
pally of  bricks  or  stone,  end  construct- 
ed with  a  degree  of  elegance  worthy 
of  a  highly  polished  people.  ThebajA- 
ist  college,  founded  in  this  city,  is  con- 
ducted on  catholic  principles, and  is  sup- 
ported with  a  credit,  that  does  honour 
to  its  patrons.  As  the  men  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  plantations  have 
long  been  famous  for  emissions  of 
paper  money,  they  still  make  the 
greatest  possible  use  of  Banks  and 
Bank-paper. 

Proviiicctan,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  sihiated  on  a 
sterile  spot  at  the  point  of  Cape  Cod, 
and  engaged  principally  in  catciiing, 
curing,  and  vending  tish,  which  has 
rendered  the  inhabitant*  hardy  ajid  ex- 


P  R  U 


42' N. 


pert  mariners      It  lies  in  lat. 

and  Inn,  70°  I*'    VV,  about  140  niilis  .S 

E  of  Boston   by  lund,  and  about  5u  by 

Water. 

Provins,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Murne  and 
late  pruvinci;  of  the  Isle  of  Franc.',  ce- 
lebrated for  its  niliieriil  watvrs,  and 
ciinserves  of  niM-s.  It  is  seated  on  ll:e 
Vou/ie,  30  milts  S  K  of  Meaiix,  and  47 
S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  22  K,  l.it.  48, 54  N. 
Pruct,  a  town  of  Austria,  seated  oil 
the  I.cii.v,  22  niiles  S  W  of  Pre^biirg, 
and  22  S  E  of  Vienna.  Lun.  16  o8  E, 
lat.  48  5  N. 

Pnicc,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Stiria, 
seated  on  the  Miielir,  66  miles  S  VV  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  15  25  E,  lat.  4"  24  N. 

Pniatia,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
hounded  on  the   N  by  the    Baltic  ;  on 
the  E  by    Lithuania,    Samogitia,    and 
Poland ;    on    the    S  by    Poland ;     and 
on     the    VV     by      Braiidenhiirg     and 
P.)merania  J  about  500  miles  in  length, 
and    100     in     breadth,    where    it    i« 
narrowest.     It  is   a  very   fertile  coun- 
try,  and    produces    u    great    deal    of 
flax,   hemp,   and    com.     There  are   a 
great  number  of    domestic    animals) 
and  the  sea,  rivers,  and  lakes,  supply 
them  with   great  plenty  of  fish.     Be- 
sides  the    common  game,   there    ai-e 
elks,  wild  asses,  and  uri,  in  the  fore.  \a. 
These   last  are  of  a    monstrous   size, 
and  have  some  resemblance  to  beeves. 
Their  hides   are  extremely  thick  and 
strong,  and  they  sell  them  to  foreign- 
ers at  a  great  price.     One  of  the  most 
remarkable  productions  of  this  country 
is  yellow  amber,    which   is   got  along 
the  sea-coast.     Tuere   are    two  large 
lakes,  besides  the   rivers  Vistula  and 
Pregel.     The  inhabitants  arc  of,a  g^iod 
constitution,    laborious,     robiTst,    and 
good  soldiers.   There  are  a  great  num- 
ber of  mechanics,    but  their  principal 
business  is  husbandry,   and  feeding  of 
cattle.     In  the  13th  century,   all  Prus- 
sia belonged  to  the  knights  of  the  Teu- 
tonic Order.   In  1454,  that  part,  since 
denominated  Polish,  Royal,  or  Western 
Prussia,   revolted  to  Casimlr  IV.  kinjf 
of  Pu'.and,  and   was   incorporated  into 
the  dominions  of  the  republic.     At  the 
same   time,   the    knights    were     con- 
strained  to  hold  the   remaining'   part, 
called  Eastern   or  Ducal  Prussia,  as  a 
fief  of  the  ciHiwn  of  Poland.     In    1525, 
Albert    of  Brandenburg,   their  grand 
master  having    become    a  convert  to 
th«  doctrines  of  Luther,  took  advaii- 


P  U  E 


P  U  L 


^iigt  of  (he  rnnAiiiioni  of  tJie  ptnpirf  to 
betray  the  iiitei'dttx  ofliii  fi'utcrnit\. 
Mild  coiu'liiih'd  M  trritly  with  Si|{i<iii<>iiil 
killer  III'  i'liliiiil,  \>\  which  t.akti-rii 
PriisKia  NvuH  crt'cled  into  iii)  liei-eilitu 
r>  diitchy,  aiidi^ncn  to  him  hi>  h  |M)likh 
fiuf.  Hi'  niuri  led  h  |>i'iiK't'ti!i  of  Utn 
iniii'k,  Mild  tr:iii»ihitti.'(l  this  rirh  iiilien 
tunrc  to  hiddc'tii'i'iuhiiitH  i  one  of  whom, 
Ki-ciloric  William,  tlie  Givtit  Elfftor, 
WU.S  the  fii'Bt  (hiUc  that  threw  oO  hi* 
fciidid  )ii'|)eii<hiii('e  nn  Poland.  Hia  aim, 
Fl'tilelic  I  III  irUl,aiiiUllu-d  t(»c  title 
ol  Ki.ijcoC  Priis...i,i,  whirh  wuN  soon  af- 
ter ui  kiio\vled(,.d  hy  all  the  Chrinlian 
jMiwerH,  except  Poland,  whirh  did  not 
acknowledge  it  till  lT6i  In  1772. 
Frcdorie  III.  coni|)e!led  the  Poles  to 
cede  to  lilni  the  whole  of  Western  Prus- 
sia, tlie  citie*  of  Dantzic  and  I'horn  ex 
cejited  :  and  in  179J,  the  present  kiiijc 
of  Pnixsia,  hy  another  forecil  cession, 
obtained  posHession  of  those  cities,  with 
Home  other 'provinces,  (see  J^ilanJ)  Ut 
wliirh  lie  has  t^iveii  the  name  of  South- 
ern Prussia.  Kuniiigsbcrg  is  the  capi- 
tal of  all  Prussia. 

Pruth,  a  river  of  Poland  which  rises 
in  Hed  Hiissia,  in  the  mountain  of  Cra- 
pach,  crosses  part  of  the  palatinate  of 
Lcnihur^;,  runs  thron^rli  all  Moldavia, 
«jid  fulls  into  the  Danube. 

Ptitof,  or  Pletiiif,  a  p>vernmcnt  of 
Russia,  once  a  republic,  subdued  by 
Ivan  Vassilivitch,  and  formerly  com- 
prised ir  the  jfovernment  of  Novojrrod. 

P*iof,  or  Patftkiif,  an  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  giivernment 
of  (he  same  name,  witii  a  stroiif^  cas- 
tle. It  is  seavv'd  on  the  river  Velika, 
80  miles  S  of  Narva,  and  150  S  by  W 
of  Pctcrsbiirjfh.  L<m.  27  52  E,  la't.  57 
5UN. 

Fd-of,  or  Pkskof,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in 
a  jfovernment  of  the  stime  name. 

Puciholi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Laliorc.  Lon. 
72  5  E,  lat.  33  45  N. 

Puddar,  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, which  rises  in  the  S  W  part  of 
Afcinicre,  divides  the  provinces  ol 
Cutrh  and.  Cu/crat,  and  falls  into  the 
gulfof  Cutch. 

Piiloffii,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
poveninient  of  Olonetz.  It  lies  on  the 
E  roawt  oftlic  lake  Oiiezkoe,  108  mile.« 
Kof  Olonelz.  Lon.  36  30  E,  lat. 61  36  N. 

Putliiii,  a  town  of  Sp;uii,  in  Estrama 
dura,  heated  near  the  Guailiana,  15 
miles  W  of  M.-iidaii.  J.oii.  6  23  W, 
lA.  38  12  N. 


Putbla-df-loa^Angelti,  t  pnpulout 
town  of  New  Spain,  in  the  audience 
of  Me\ieo,  and  province  of  TlasraU, 
with  u  bisliop'a  ace.  It  ia  63  miles  S 
Eof  Meiico 

PuebtaifiHAia,  •  seaport  of  New 
Spain,  ill  the  audience  of  tiualiuikia, 
and  provinr:e  of  Vera^ua.  It  is  seuteil 
on  a  bav  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  JOO 
jiles  \V  of  Panama.  Lon  03  jtt  W, 
lat.  U  48  N. 

Piiente-Jei-arciibUpo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  E.strainadiira,  which  belongs  to  tin' 
archbishop  of  Toledo;  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Taja,  over  which  la  a 
handsome  bridge,  40  miles  S  W  ol' 
Toledo.     Lon.  4  15  W,  lat.  39  38  N. 

Pumttdtla  tit  ne,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  seated  on  the  river  Agra, 
10  miles  S  W  of  Painpelunit.  Lun.  1 
39  W,  lat.  42  41  N. 

Puerto  Bella,  Puerto  Pico,  be.  See 
Piirtu  li'Uo,  Porto  Pico,  &.C. 

Pugliii,  the  modern  name  of  the  an- 
cient Apulia,  containirg  the  three  pro- 
vinces of  Capitanata,  Uari,  and  OtrMito, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Pulaon,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
ccan,  lying  on  the  W  of  the  Philippines. 
It  is  v<;ry  fertile,  and  subject  to  iti 
own  king,  wliois  tributary  to  that  uf 
Borneo.     Lon.  129  13  £,  lat.  9  3U  N. 

Pulhely,  a  maritime  town  of  Carnar- 
vonshire, aeated  at  the  liaad  of  an  in- 
let of  Cardigan  Bay,  between  two  riv- 
ers. It  lias  a  weekly  market  on  'Wed- 
nesdav,  and  is  sis  niilea  S  of  Newin, 
and  143  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  15 
VV,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Pulo-Canton,  fw  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  nn  the  coast  of  Cochin-China 
Lon.     109  35  E,  lat.  l.t  10  N. 

Pulo-Condort,  the  name  of  several  is- 
lands in  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  the  only  one  inhabited 
It  is  13  miles  in  length,  and  nine  in 
brcai'th,  but  in  some  places  not  above 
a  mile  over.  The  soil  of  these  islands 
is  blackish,  and  pretty  deep,  but  the 
hills  are  somewhat  stony.  The  trees 
are  not  verv  thick,  but  large,  tall,  and 
fit  for  any  use  The  principal  fruits 
arc  mangoes,  a  sort  of  grapes,  andbas* 
tard  nutmegs.  The  animals  are  hogs, 
lizards,  and  guanas,  and  there  are 
uirds  of  various  khuls,  not  known  in  o- 
ther  parts.  I'he  inhabitants  are  small 
iif  st'ittire,  of  a  dark  complexion,  with 
small  black  eyes,  thin  lips,  white  teeth, 
little  mniiths,  and  black  straight  hair. 
Thei'"  chi-'f  employincnts  is  to^gettar 


P  U  L 

iNcw  Sjiuin,   in  the    riiiIiliicc 

|),   uiiil  province  of    I'luruiK 

J»lii>|i'»  »ce.     h  ia  63  uiili-s  S 

■icii 

flifiiLva,    a   iiaport    of   New 

tilt    audience  of  OuutI  inula, 
|nr:c  of  VtiHjfiu.     It  isHcatid 

of   the  Pacific    Ocean,    JOO 
I  of  I'unuma.    Lon   83  i^  >v, 

itt-arciibiipo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
ittdnra,  wliich  belonffs  ti>  tlic 
>|>  of  Toledo;  and  is  veutcd 
ivcr   Tuja,   over  wliidi   i«  a 

e  bridp;,  4U    miles   S    W  d 
Lon.  4  15  \V,  lat.  39;}8  N. 
ticla  He  nt,  a  town  of  Spain. 

•e,  seatfd  on  the   river    Ajjra, 

S  \V    of  Painpeluna.     Lon.  1 

'.  4'-'  41  N. 
Betto,    Puerto  Pico,  &c.      See 

'lo,  FortoHico,  &.e. 
till-  modern  name  of  the  an- 

nlia,  rontaininjf  the  three  pro. 

Cajiitanuta,  Uari,  and  OtraiUo, 

side  of  the  kingdom  ofNaplen. 

,  an    island  in  the    Indian  ()■ 
ng  on  the  W  of  the  Philippines. 

ry  fertile,   and    aiihject   t<i  its 
y,  who  is    tributary    to  that  of 

Lon.  J. 29  12  E,  lat.  9  30  N. 
[/,  a  maritime  town  of  Carnar- 
,  seated  at  the  haad  of  an  in> 
rdigan  Bay,  between  two  riv- 
has  a  weekly  market  on  Wed. 
and  is  six  niiles  S  of  Ncwin, 

N  W  of  London.    Lon.  4  15 
52  52  N. 

'anton,  »n  island  in  the  Indian 
in  the  coast  of  Cochin-China 
W  35  E,  lat.  \S  10  N. 
bnJore,  the  name  of  several  is- 
the  Indian  Ocean,  the  princi- 
tiich  is  the  only  one  inhabited 
miles  in   length,  and   nine  in 

but  in  some  places  not  above  il 
er.  The  soil  of  these  islundu 
sh,  and  pretty  deep,  but  the 
■  somewhat  stony.  The  trees 
erv  thick,  but  large,  tall,  and 
iy  use  The  principal  fruits 
;oes,  a  sort  of  grapes,  andbas. 
iiegs.  The  animals  are  hogs, 
and  guanas,  and  there  are 
arioiis  kinds,  not  known  in  o- 
4.  I'he  iniiabitants  are  small 
■,  of  a  dark  complexion,  with 
•k  eyes,  thin  lips,  white  teeth, 
iths,  and  black  straight  hair. 
°f  employments  is  to 'get  tar 


PUR 

nut  of  large  trees.  They  are  idolaters, 
unil  have  images  of  Elephants  in  tlii'ir 
temples.    Lon.  107  20  E,   hit.  H  40  N. 

Pulo-Dimli.g,  an  inland  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  on  the  W  coast  of  tlie  Pcnlnsu- 
liuf  Malacca.  It  belongs  to' the  Dutch. 

Pulu-Thnon,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  on  the  E  coast  of  the  peninsula 
of  Malacca.  It  is  often  toii<  lieil  at  for 
t.iking  in  wood,  water,  ;ind  other  re- 
frcii'.imcnts,  and  there  is  great  plenty 
nf  green  turtles.  Lon.  1U4  23  E,  lat 
2  0  N.     ■ 

PuloUh,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
ccan,  yieldin;^-  goml  water  and  plenty 
ofwiod.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  tiic 
b.iv  of  Siam,  and  is  20  miles  in  eirciiin- 
fcience.     Lon.   105  5G  E,  Int.  8  25  N. 

Pulo-tVay,  an  islaml  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  tlie  N  point  of  that  of  S'l- 
niatra.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  ish.nds 
that  form  the  entrance  of  the  channel 
of  Achcm,  and  is  |)eopled  by  men  ba- 
nished f.'om  Achcm.  Lon.  95  39  E, 
lat.  5  50  N. 

Pvltautt,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Masovia,  seated  on  the 
Nareii,  20  miles  N  E  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
31  47  E,  lat.  50  .)0  N. 

Pultinua,  a  fortitied  town  of  the  Uk- 
raine, famous  for  a  battle  in  1709,  be- 
tween Peter  the  Great  and  Charles 
XII. of  Sweden,  wherein  the  latter  was 
totidlv  defeated,  and  obliged  to  fly  into 
1  nrk'ey.  It  is  100  miles  S  W  of  Bel- 
gorod.    Lon   34  25  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Puna,  an  island  in  the  PacWic  Ocean, 
35  miles  long,  and  12  broul,  lying  at 
the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Gniaquil,  115 
niilt-H  Nof  Paita.  Lon.  81  6  VV.Iat.  3  17  S. 

Puiita-delGu.(a,  the  capital  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, one  of  the-  Azores,  witii  a  strong 
castle,  and  a  harbour.  Lou.  25  42  \\, 
lat.  37  47  N. 

Purbtct,  Itle  of,  a  rough  and  heathy 
tract  in  Dorsetshire,  to  the  S  of  IVm.U- 
Bay.  It  is  insulated  by  the  sea  and  ri- 
vers, an<i  is  famous  for  its  stone  qu;..  - 
ries.  The  principal  of  these  lie  at  its 
eastern  extremity,  near  Swunwick, 
whence  the  stone  is  exported.  It  i.s  of 
the  calcareous  kind,  but  distinguished 
into  numerous  sorts,  the  finest  of  which 
take  b  polish,  aud  deserve  the  name  of 
marbie.  These  arc  nearly  black;  and 
some  abound  in  shells,  and  are  used  in 
chimney  pieces,  gravestones,  hearths, 
&c.  The  coarser  kinds  are  made  use 
of  in  paving  Tobacco  pipeclay  is  d  ig 
up  in  several  parts  of  this  island  ;  tlu- 
finest  near  Corse  Castle,  of  wluch  much 


P  U  Y 

is   exported,    pnrtciilarly  fur  the  Staf- 
fol'dHliii'C  potteries. 

PurcLeiui,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
proviiuc  of  Ciraiiada,  CO  niiljM  \V  of 
Carthagtiia.  Lon.  2  5  W,  Ut  37  1')  N. 

Purfieet,  a  village  in  Essex,  »ili:iitc 
on  the  I'liameH,  noted  fi<r  its  extciiN.ve 
lime  works,  and  a  large  niaga/ine  of 
gun-powder. 

Purintrfiis,  a  town  of  N  llnllanil, 
.so  called  fi'om  a  bronk  of  l,.t;  same 
name  on  wliicli  it  is  seated.  It  is  10 
iiiilcs  N  of  Auistcrdaiii,  and  12  S  E  of 
.'Mcinacr. 

Purjsbuigh,  a  town  of  the  United 
Stales,  in  Gi.Mi'gia,  bu.llby  a  cilony  of 
Swiss.  Il  is  seated  on  the  river  Sa- 
vannah, 30  ii'iles  N  VV  of  the  town  of 
Savannah.  Lon.  80  40  \V,  lat.  22  22  N. 

Punchiitvo,  a  ti>wn  of  Swisscrlaiid  in 
the  country  of  the  Gi-iiions,  three  miles 
N  from  a  hike  of  the  same  name.  It  ia 
17  miles  VV  S  \V  of  B  rmi.i,  and  20  E 
of  Chiavenna.  Lun  9  <rO  £,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Puiala,  a  mountain  of  Great  Thibet, 
seven  miles  E  of  Lassa.  On  its  sum- 
mit is  the  palace  of  the  grand  lama, 
the  high  priest  and  sovereign  of  Thibet. 

Putney,  a  village  in  Siirry,  seated  on 
the  Thames,  five  miles  \V  S  W  of 
London.  On  Putney  Common  is  an 
obelisk,  erected  in  1786,  by  the  city  of 
London  in  comincmoration  of  Mr. 
Hartley's  invention  of  fire  |ilatc8,  for 
securing  buihlings  from  fire,  and  n.^ar 
it  is  the  house  in  which  that  gentleman 
made  his  experiments,  one  in  particu- 
lar, in  1776,  when  his  majesty,  and 
some  of  the  royal  family,  were  in  a 
room  over  the  giound  floor,  perfectly 
safe,  while  the  room  under  them  was 
furiously  burning. 

Putney,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  9  miles  N  of 
lJr!itll\jboro',  and  45  N  E  of  Bennington. 

Pay,  a  populous  town  of  France,  in 
theili'partmcnt  of  Upper  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Velay,  seated  on  the  raoiin- 
tain  Anis,  near  the  river  Loire.  The 
late  canons  of  Puy  have  had  kings  -.nd 
dauphins  of  France  at  their  head.  Puy 
has  manufactures  of  lace  and  silk  stuffs, 
and  is  45  miles  N  E  of  Mende. 

Puycerda,  a  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  capi- 
tal of  Cei'dagna,  seated  between  the 
Car.ll  and  Sogra,  in  a  pleasant  plain,  at 
tlie  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  53  miles  W 
if  Perpignan,  and  67  N  W  of  Barcelo» 
na.  Lon.  1  50  E,  lat.  42  36  N.  » 
C  c  c  c 


i;i.^.Uifc.i.j:. 


f  Y  R 

Puy-de  2)(wi(f,a<lcpi\rtmcntofFr»nce, 
eotitain.nK  l>i«'t  o»'  <•"'  '""•  pr«»vinri'  of 
Auvcrgtic.     Tliis  dipMitPiini  imliicU* 
slnxmt    all  Lin.attiie,    u  lt.vili,i\    ut)oiit 
twthf  l''U|fiifi  loi'l-i  '>>  Hix  brm.i'  »   <'n<' 
of   till-    nv.iit   j>lcuii:ilil   ami   tevlilc   in 
Fpui\ce  I    In  wiiicli  are  mcw,  uikIi'V  tlie 
gaiiif  point  of  vie  w.orrlianU,  iiifuilows,  i 
vincyariU,  arable  land,  in  a  word,  eye- 
rv  kind  of  cultivation  imuginaljlc.    The  | 
borders  of  thin  'tasin,  or  circular  plmn, 
lire    nu)antain»  now  covered  witli  li:d>i- 
tatioiis,  herds,  and  flocks,  but  once  so 
many   volcanoes,    which    exhilnted   to 
the  inspection  of  tlie  learned  the  most 
extraordinary    phinomrna.     Clermont 
is  the  capital  ol  this  department. 

Pu:-en-Aiiji>u,  a  town  of  Franrr,  in 
the  depar'nient  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Anjou,  10  niileg  S  W 
of  Saumur,  and  160  of  Parii.  Lon.  0 
13W,  lat.4r6N. 

Pu  laureni,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn,  and  late  province 
of  Lanifuedoc,  eight  miles  S  W  of  Cus^ 
trcs,  and  23  E of  Toidoiwe.  Lon.  1  S7 
E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Puzzoli,  a  celebrated  but  now  incon. 
iiderable  town  of  Italy,   on  the  bay  of 
Naples.     Here   is  a  tcm))lc  of  Jupiter 
Serapis,  an  interesting  monument  of  an- 
tiquity, being  quite  dilterf  nt  from  the 
"Roman  and    Greek  temples,  ami  built 
in  the  manner  of  the  Asiatics;  probably 
by  the  E|fvptian  and  Asiatic  mcrcliants 
settled  at  Puzzoli,  which  was  the  great 
emporium   of  Italy,    till   the    Romans 
built   Ostia   and    Antium      Near    tins 
place,   was  Cicero's   villa  the  rums  ot 
which  give  c  high  idea  of  the  wealth  o' 
IhW   great  orator.     Puzzoli  is  10  miles 
\V  of  Naples.  . 

Piuheli,  a  sea  port  in  Carriarvonshuc, 
^•ith  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated 
tX  the  head  of  an  inlet  of  Cardigan 
Bay,  between  two  rivers,  six«iTides  S 
of  Newln,  and  U3  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  4  15  W,  l!»t  52  52  N. 

P.ramidt  ojf  Egpt,  structures  former- 
•       e  or  the  Seven  Wonders 


ly  counted  one  .-.   

of  the  World.  Thev  are  built  upon  a 
rock,  at  the  foot  of  the  high  mountains 
■which  accompany  the  Nile  in  Itscourse, 
and  separate  Egypt  from  Lyhia.  Va- 
rious have  been  the  conjectures  how 
an<l  when  they  were  built,  yet  no  two 
authors  agrecexactly  about  them ;  how- 
ever, this  is  certain  that  they  are  ex- 
tremely ancient,  and  that  there  is  no 
account,  in  any  author  of  credit,  when 
er  for  what  reason  tliey  Were  founded : 


P  Y  R 

Most  imagine  thry  were  desigpied  for 
tombs,  though  there  it  no  entrance  in- 
to two  of  them.     There   are  many  of 
these  edifues  at  a  greater  dislanre  in 
the  desert,   of  wliuh  very  little  not.re 
is  taken  by  travellers.     '1  he    prin.  ipiil 
pyramids  are  E  S  E  of  Gi/.e,   a  vill;i;;e 
seated  on  the  western  hlioie  <.f  the  Nile. 
Tliere  are  lourof  tlieni  that  deserve  the 
I  attention   of  tlie    curious  ;    for  tlioiiph 
there    are  seveu  or  eight   olliero  in  the 
neighbourhood,    they    are    nothing  in 
K.mparisoii   of  t'.ie  l"oi'iiu-r  :    The   two 
largest  pyramids  are  .WO  tcet  in  peqtn- 
dicular   height.     The  plain  they  staiid 
on  is  a  eoiitimud  roik,    almost  covered 
witli  a  moviiij,'  sand,  in  which  are  great 
niimhers  of  shells  and  petrihed  oysters  ; 
a   tiling   tlie  more    surprising,   as  tlu; 
Nile  never  rises  high   enough  t.)  over. 
How  this  jilain  ;  nor  are  there  any  shell- 
fish  in  that  river.     The  most  northern 
of  these  great  pyramids  is  the  only  on" 
that  is  open!   and  those  who  enter  it, 
and  clamber  up  to  a  sort  of  room,  find 
a  tomb,  or  sarcophagus.     The  externil 
part   is  chicHy   built   of  great  sci.uue 
stones,   of  an  equal  size  ;  but  ha. call 
the  figure  of  a  prisir,  that  they  may  ad- 
here  to  each  other  the  closer  j  <or  they 
have   neither  lime,  nor  crt-mps  of  any 
I  metal.     T'-is   pyramid   is  three   hours 
journey   from  Old  Cairo,  and  the  en- 
trance into  it  is  on  the  north  side.  The 
opening  leads  successively  to   five   dif- 
ferent passages,  which  though  running 
upwards,  downwards,  and  horizontally, 
tend  all  towanhs  the  S  and  terminate  ui 
chambers,    the   <me   tinderneath, 
and  the  other  in  the  centre  of  the  pyra- 
mid.     In  the  tipper  chamber  is  the  sar- 
cophagufl  just  mentioned  ;  it  is  of  gra- 
nite.  and,   if  you  strike  upon  it  with  a 
key,  it  sounds  like  a  bell.     The  ascents 
to  the  top  of  the  pyramid  on  the  out- 
side, arc  by  steps,  which  are  the  height 
of  each  stone,  the  lowermost  of  which 
is  four  feet  high,  and  three  broad,  but 
they   were  not  originally  designed  for 
this   purpose.     The  base  at  the  N  sde 
of  it  is  693  feet,  and  as  the  pyramid  is 
exactly   square,  the  other  sides  mu.st 
be  of  the  same  length.     If  we  imagine 
four  equilateral  triangles,  mutually  in- 
clining till   they  all  meet  in  a  point  at 
the   top,  we  shall  then  have  a  true  no- 
tion of  the  dimension  and  figure  of  this 
pyramid;   the  perimeter  of  each  trian- 
ffle  comprehending  2079  feet,   and  the 
perimeter     of    the     basis    2772    feet. 
Whence  the  whole  area  of  the  base  con- 


P  Y  R 


line  tliry  wcif  tleiigiied  f„t 
Iik'i  tlicic  ii  no  ciilruncc  in. 
Itlii'iii.     'I'lirrc   urc  nuiiiy  of 
fcl'»   lit  a  (fri-ater  rlintiiiue  in 
of  wlii>  li  \cry  little  iiol.ce 
tr»»elUi.i.     i|,c    piiiKlrial 
[re  E  S  E  of  Gi/e,   ii  \\\hv^K 
If  w»Hlcin  hlioifoftlic  N'lle, 
■<Mii-(.ttli(iiuliut  (lem-rvf  tlm' 
)f  the   ciirioiiH  I    (or  tliou^r|, 
HfU'ii  oi-  ciiflit    ol|i(T«  ill  the 
1)0-1(1,    they    me    notliitig  in 
I  of  till"  I'oi'iiur  ;    The   tuo 
•ami(ls:irc.5oO  k'<>t  in  pcrj.tii. 
ilfht.     'I'ho  phiin  thc-y  stiind 
itimuii  roik,    Hlmodt  <'o\cieil 
vin^''  Hand,  in  which  air  jfirat 
f  sliflhi  and  |i(lrih<'<l  oysicrp, ; 
'iL-  niore    surprisinE',   an   t.'.u 
r  risi-s   hi{;li   i-ikhij;|i  t.i  over, 
'ii'n  ;  noi- ail.- there  any  ohcll- 
at  river.     '1  he  most  imrtlu  in 
Teat  i)n-ainidii  in  the  only  on" 
t)en  i   and  those  wlio  enter  it, 
hep  up  to  a  sort  of  room,  find 
sarcophagus.     The  extern;! 
hicHy   built   of  great  8<i,;ftie 
f  an  equal  sizes  but  lui.e  all 
;  of  a  prisi. ,  that  they  may  ad- 
acli  other  the  closer  j  tor  they 
fther  lime,   nor  cramps  of  any 
I'iis   pyramid   la  three   hours 
from  Old  Cairo,   and  the  en- 
to  it  is  on  the  north  side.  The 
leads  stiecessively  to   five   dif- 
ssageg,  which  though  running 
,  downwards,  and  horizontally, 
oward.M  the  S  and  terminate  in 
mbers,    the   one   underneath, 
ither  In  the  centre  of  the  pyra. 
the  tipper  chamber  is  the  sar- 

I  just  mentioned  ;  it  is  (,f  gra. 
,  if  you  strike  upon  it  with  a 
unds  like  a  bell.  The  ascents 
)p  of  the  pyramid  on  the  out- 
by  steps,  which  are  the  height 
lone,  the  lowermost  of  which 
et  high,  and  three  broad,  but 
•e  not  originally  designed  for 
lose.  The  base  at  the  N  sde 
93  feet,  and  as  the  pyramid  is 
quare,  the  other  sides  mu.st 
same  length.  If  we  imagine 
lateral  triangles,  mutually  in. 

II  they  all  meet  in  a  point  at 
we  shall  then  have  a  true  no- 
5  dimension  and  figure  of  this 

the  perimeter  of  each  trian- 

■ehending  2079  feet,   .ind  tile 

of    the     basis    12TT2    feet. 

he  whole  area  of  the  base  con- 


P  Y  R 

t*iii»  4(10,049  sipiare  feet,  or  11  English 
acrctof  ground,  uiid  s.iiiie\v!i;i'.  more. 
ll.iMruver,  the  t  ip  dues  n.it  eiul  in  :i 
piiiiit,  but  in  a  little  iKit,  oi' ■.^jiiaiv, 
where  some  imagine  the  Kg,>|<tian 
|)rii'>tH  made  Iheir  antroii'imical  olner- 
\.itio!is  i   but  tills  Ih  denied  hv  ollii  rs. 

P.irnitin  M.iiiiil.iiiu,  or  /'  rei'ert,  a 
bn(e  eli'^lii  III' uioiiiu.ilns,  the  principal 
ut'wliich  are  in  the  kin;;;^!  lui  of  S|)aln, 
wlii<  h  they  dlvidw  from  Fr.iiu:c  ;  they 
equal  till'  Alps  in  hei;;'lit,  and  exteuil 
from  the  Meditei'raiieaii  S.;a  I.)  the  At- 
lantic UceiMi,  2iJU  iiiile.4  in  length,  an  I 
108  in  hp''ftdtli.  I'liey  begin  near  the 
huibour  uf  V'eiidreM,  in  Uousslllon  and 
run  MS  far  as  Fo.itai'.il)ia.  Near  Rouh- 
sillon,  they  <llvi(le  into  (wo  prineijjal 
hiancjiet,  one  of  which  separules  Hoiim- 
slllon  from  Lniig.iedoe,  and  i:i  cuUed 
Antipjreiiee  ;  and  the  other,  whieli  se- 
parates it  fi'iHD  Catalonia,  is  denomi- 
nated Col  de  Pertiiise.  Over  them  are 
live  passages,  hut  all  extremely  difli- 
cult,  and  between  them  iev;rul  fertile 
valleys. 

Pjreiieta,  Eaitern,  a  department  of 
France,  euntainliig  the  late  province  of 
Roussiilon.  Although  great  part  of  the 
country  is  mountain(nis,  it  is  fertile ; 
producing  corn,  excellent  wines,  olives, 
oranges,  and  leather  of  a  superior  quali- 
ty. Perpignan  is  the  capital. 

Pjireneet,   Lower,    a    department    of 
France,  ccmtaining  the  late  provinces  of 
Basques  and  BeiA'n.  Pau  is  the  capital 
See  Navarre. 

Pyrenees,  Ufifxr,  a  department  of 
France,  cor.tauung  the  iate  province  of 
Bigorre.  Here  are  excellent  horses  and 
good  partridges.  The  vallics  arc  very 
fertile;  furnishing  rye,  millet,  Spanish 
corn,  and  flax.  The  mountains  have 
mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  copper,  and 
quarries  of  slate,  marble  and  jasper. 
Tarbes  is  the  ca|)ital. 

Pyrniont,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name,,  subject  to  the 
prince  of  Waldeck,  with  a  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  governor,  Near  it  are 
mineral  waters,  well  known  to  all  Eu- 
roj)e,  and  often  frequented  by  persons 
of  the  highest  rank,  and  p.-efcrred  to 
those  of  Spa.  It  is  40  miles  S  VV  of 
Hanover.     Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Pirna-  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
electorate  of  Saxony,  in  Misnia.  It  has 
a  eastle,  on  a  mountain  called  Sonnen- 
stcin,  which  has  been  sometimes  used 
as  a  state  prison.  Near  it  is  a  fine  quar- 
ry of  stone,  which  is  transported  to 


Q^U  A 


dilTcrent  plaeet  hy  the  river  Elbe.  P\l». 
iia  is  .^I'uted  on  the  Elbe.  10  inilrs  S  E 
of  Hieiil^n.  Lon.  IJ  Jd  E,  lat.  iX 
<i  N. 

P.sich,  a  town  of  ll'ihrmia,  in  theeir. 
rle  of  Praehin,  sealed  on  the  Alloway, 
near  the  Mulilaw,  iu  miles  S  of  Prague, 
l.oii.  11.  46  E,  lat.  49  IG  N. 


Q 


^U.tniV,  a  town  of  Upper  Eg57)t, 
^^11  aled  on  the  Nile,  between  Ehie 
and  Daiule'.',  and  remarkable  t'oragreat 
number  uf  valuable  and  ancient  nionu> 
menls. 

^uiieiiLrugge,  or  S^ahiibtirg,  a  tr  \vn 
of  We.stjihalia,  in  tl>.:  bishopric  <if  Os- 
nahurg,  seated  on  the  Hasc,  22  miles 
\V  of  Osnaburg.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  52 
46  N. 

i:luitiertinvn,  a  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Uiicks  county,  Pennsylvania, 
about  3j  miles  N  of  Philadelphia. 

f^ang-ping-Jim,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  N  p,trt  ut  Pe-tcheli,  between  the 
provinces  of  Chang-tong  and  Honan. 
It  has  nine  cities  of  the  third  class  de- 
pendant on  iti  all  its  plains  are  well  wa- 
tered by  rivers.  Among  its  temples, 
there  is  one  dedicated  to  those  men, 
who,  as  the  Chinese  pretend,  discover- 
ed the  secret  of  rendering  themselvet 
immortal. 

^ung-ii,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  ilie  N  by  Koei-tcheou  anil  Hou- 
<piang,  on  thu  W  by  Yunnan  and  the 
kingdom  of  Tonquin,  on  the  S  by  the 
gulf  of  Tonquin  and  tlic  province  of 
Q>iang-tong,  and  on  the  E  by  the  same 
and  Hou-quang.  Neither  its  extent  not 
commerce  is  equal  to  thatofUie  other 
provin<^s  ;  however,  it  is  so  abundant  ia 
rice,  that  it  supplies,  for  six  nmnths  in 
the  year,  the  province  of  Qiiang-tong, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  without  this 
assistance  could  notsubsiii*^.  The  moun- 
tains with  which  it  is  covered,  especi- 
ally towards  the  N  abound  with  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  tin.  A  very 
singular  tree  grows  in  this  province  ; 
instead  of  pith,  it  contains  a  soft  pulp, 
which  yields  a  kind  of  flour :  the  bre.id 
made  of  it  is  said  to  be  exceedingly 
good.  Uesides  paroquets,  hedge-hogs, 
and  the  rhinoceros,  ii  prodigious  num- 
ber of  wild  animals,  curious  birds  a^tl 
luicommuu  insects  urc  found  here.  Tlua 


m\ 


Q^U  E 


Q^U  E 


province  contiiins  13  villages  of  Uie  first 
chiss,  and  80  of  tlie  second  aiid  tiiird 
Qiifi-liiig-foii  is  tlic  capital 

S^uang-tong,  the  most  considerable  ol' 
tlicf  scitilliern  provlncesof  China  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  E  by  Fo-Kien,  on  the  N  b^ 
Kiunff-si,  on  the  VJ  by  Qiiantf-ai  anil 
the  kingdom  of  Tong-king;'  the  rest  is 
■wu.ilict'  by  tlie  sea.  '1  lie  country  is  di- 
versiiicd  with  plains  and  nimuitains,  and 
the  land  is  so  fei  tile,  that  it  produces 
two  crops  every  >ear.  Trade  and  tlie 
fecundity  of  the  soil  supply  this  province 
with  every  thing  that  can  contribute  to 
the  ple-isures  of  life  :  it  furnishes  gold, 
piccious  stones,  silk,  pearls,  eagle- 
wood,  tin,  quicksilver,  sugar,  copper, 
iron,  steel,  saltpetre,  ebony,  and  abun- 
dance of  aromatic  woods,  which  are  in 
great  request.  All  the  coasts  abound 
with  fish,  and  furnish  great  quantities 
of  oysters,  crabs  and  tortoises  of  an  im- 
inense  size  ;  of  their  shells  the  Chinese 
make  several  pretty  toys,  A  prodigious 
niimbi  r  of  tame  ducks  are  raised  in 
this  province  ;  the  particvdar  care  and 
industry  employed  by  the  Ciiinese  in 
breeding  tliem,  have  multiplied  them 
licre  exceeclingly  They  load  a  great 
number  of  sniiill  barks  witli  them,  and 
carry  tliem  in  Hocks  to  feed  on  tiie  sea- 
shore, where  a*,  low-water  these  fi)wls 
find  shrimps,  oysters  and  other  kinds  o!" 
siitUlish.  Tiiesc  sniall  fleets  generally 
go  in  company,  and  the  ducks  soon  mix 
togetlier  on  tlie  shore  ;  but  when  night 
ajiproaches,  they  are  collected  together 
by  or.ly  beating  on  a  bason  :  thi;y  imme- 
diately form  themselves  into  diilerent 
flocks,  and  each  returns  to  the  vessel  it 
belongs  to.  Although  the  climate  of 
this  province  is  warm,  the  air  is  pure, 
and  the  people  are  robust  and  healthy 
They  are  very  industrious  ;  and  it  must 
be  allowed,  that  they  possess,  in  an 
eminent  degree,  thetalent  of  imitation  : 
if  they  are  only  shewn  any  of  our  Euro- 
pean works,  they  execute  others  like 
them  with  the  most  surprising  exact- 
ness. This  province  is  divided  into  ten 
districts,  which  contain  ten  cities  of  the 
first  class;  and  eighty-four  of  the  se- 
cond and  tliird.  Canton  is  the  capital ; 
but  t'le  viceroy  resides  at  Chao  king. 

iJfiii/ieH,  a  town  of  Swissertand,  near 
the  lake  Wallen  stadt,  5  mites  E  of 
GlaiMis. 

5^.;e4ef,  a  city  of  N  America,  capital 
of  I.i'uer  Canada,  situate  at  the  con- 
fiuei.cf  of  the  rivers  .St.  Lawrence  and 
St.  Cliai'lcs.     It  is  built  on  a  rock,  and 


is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower 
town.  The  houses  in  each  are  of  stone, 
and  the  fortifications  strong,  though  not 
rogular.  The  governor  resides  inacita- 
del,  which  covers  the  town,  and  is  both 
regular  and  handsome.  The  river  St. 
Lawrence  here  narrows  all  of  a  sudden 
to  the  breadth  of  a  mile :  but  from 
hence  to  the  sea  it  is  four  or  five  lea- 
gues  broad,  and  navigable  for  large 
men  of  war.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
commodious,  and  flanked  by  two  bas- 
tions, that  are  raised  25  feet  from  the 
ground,  which  is  the  height  of  the  tides 
at  the  time  of  the  equinox.  This  city 
was  erected  by  the  French  in  1605.  The 
English  reduced  it,  with  all  Canada,  in 
1626;  but  it  was  restored  in  1632.  In 
1759,  it  was  again  taken  by  the  English, 
after  a  battle  memorable  lor  the  death 
of  general  Wolfe,  in  the  arms  of  victo- 
ry, and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace 
of  1763.  It  is  400  miles  by  the  river, 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  390  N  W 
of  Boston.  Lon.  69  48  W,  la  i6 
55  N. 

'^leila,  a  kingdom  in  the  peninsula 
beyond  the  Ganges,  tributary  to  Siiim. 
The  principal  town  of  the  same  name, 
is  subject  to  the  Dutch.  It  has  a  har- 
bour, and  is  300  miles  N  of  the  city 
of  Malacca.     Lon.  100  5  E,  lat.  7  5  N. 

^ledlingburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Upijer  Saxony,  in  the  principality  of 
Anhalt,  with  a  famous  protestant  Ab- 
bey, whose  abbess  is  a  princess  of  the 
empire,  and  whose  contingent  ig  one 
horseman  and  10  footmen.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  town  subsist  by  brewing, 
husbandry,  and  feeding  of  cattle,  It  is 
10  miles  S  E  of  Halberstadt.  Lon.  11 
34  E,  lat.  52  1  N. 

^eenborough,  a  borough  in  Kent,  in 
the  isle  of  Shepey,  with  a  market  on 
Monday  and  Thursday.  It  had  once  a 
strong  castle,  the  remains  of  which  are 
still  to  be  seen,  The  chief  employment 
of  the  inhabitants  is  oyster-dredging, 
oysters  being  here  in  great  plenty,  and 
of  a  fine  flavour.  It  is  15  miles  N  W  of 
Canterbury,  and  45  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  48  E,  lat'.  51  26  N.. 

^/ffn  C/iar/otieU  Cape,  a  promontoi-y 
of  the  isl.nd  of  Soiitliern  Georgia.  Lou. 
36  11  W,  lat.  5i3:-S. 

S'wrew  Charlotte's  Fnre.'aml,  a  cape  of 
the  island  of  New  Caledonia.  Lon.  167 
12  K,  lat.  22  1.5  S. 

i^Hec.i;  Charlotte  s  Island,  an  island  iu 
the  S  P..cific  Oi-ean,  six  miles  long 
iuid  one  bi'oad,  discovered  by  captain 


q^v  E 


(^U  E 


C^U  I 


klcrt  into   tlie   upper   and  lower 

The  houses  in  each  are  of  stone, 

fortificHtions  strone,  though  not 

The  governor  resides  inaclta> 

lich  covers  the  town,  and  is  hoili 

and  handsome.     The  river  St. 

nee  liere  narrows  all  of  a  sudden 

breadth  of  a  mile :    hut  from 

to  the  sea  it   is   four  or  five  lea. 

I'oad,   and  navif^ahle   for   large 

war.     The  liarbour  is  safe  and 

idious,  and  flanked  by  two  bas- 

that  are  raised   25   feet  from  the 

J,  which  is  the  height  of  the  tidei 

time  of  the  equinox.    This  city 

rectedbythe  French  in  1605.  The 

h  reduced  it,  with  all  Canada,  in 

but  it  was  restored  in  1632.     In 

it  was  again  taken  by  the  English, 

I  battle  memorable  lor  the  death 

icrul  Wolfe,  in  the  arms  of  victo- 

d  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace 

63.     It  is  400  miles  by  the  river, 

he  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  590  N  W 

oston.     Lon.    69    48   W,   la'     ^6 

eila,  a  kingdom  in  the  peninsula 
id  the  Ganges,  tributary  to  Slum, 
principal  town  of  the  same  name, 
jject  to  the  Dutch.     It  has  a  har- 

and  is  300  miles  N  of  the  city 
lalacca.  Lon.  100  5  E,  lat.  7  5  N. 
tedlingburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
;r  Saxony,  in  the  principality  of 
lit,  with  a  famous  protestant  Ab- 
whose  abbess  is  a  princess  of  the 
re,  and  whose  contingent  \a  one 
;man  and  10  footmen.  The  inhabi- 
of  the  town  subsist  by  brewing, 
undrv,  and  feeding  of  cattle,  It  is 
iles  S  E  of  Halberstadt.  Lon.  11 
,  lat.  52  1  N. 

eenborough,  a  borough  in  Kent,  in 
ile  of  Sliepey,  with  a  market  on 
iay  and  Thursday.  It  had  once  a 
g  castle,  the  remains  of  which  are 
0  be  seen,  The  chief  employment 
le  inhabitants  is  oyster-dredging, 
rs  being  here  in  great  plenty,  and 
ine  flavour.  It  is  15  miles  N  W  of 
?iburv,  and  45  E  of  London.  Lon. 
E,  lat.  51  26  N.. 

een  Cliarlotle^t  Cape,  a  promonto'-y 
J  island  of  Sontlieni  Georgia.  Lou. 

\V,  lilt.  5432  S. 
fen  Cl:arlnttc''s  Fnre'.antl,    a  cape  of 
(land  of  New  Caledonia.    Lon.  167 

lat.  22  1.5  S. 

ecu  CharUittcs  Island,  an  island  iu 
i  Pacific  Ocean,  six  miles  long 
ne  bi'oad,  discovered  by  captain 


VVallis  in  1767.     Lon  138  4  W,  lat.  19 
18  S. 

t^iieen  Cluirliittt's  Sound,  a  sound  at  tl" 
N  extremity  (if  tiic  S  ishuid  of  New 
Zealand,  niai-  Cook's  Strait.  Ilif  conn- 
ti'V  liure  is  not  so  steep  as  at  l)u  k\ 
B«V,  ui  d  tiic  hills  near  the  seaside  are 
in  yeiu'rul  of  un  iiilcriui-  lifijclit,  but  co- 
vend  uilli  firests  icjuulU  intiicate  and 
impeiifti-dble.  The  dnj^s  here  are  of 
the  lung  Haired  sort,  w.tli  jiricked  cars, 
and  much  resc mble  tlie  coninioii  shep- 
herd's cur.  but  tliey  arc  very  stupid. 
Lon.  174  13  E,  lat.  41  5  S. 

S>iifen's  Cou:it;,  a  slure  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Leiiistcr,  30  miles  long 
and  29  broad  ;  bounded  un  the  N  by 
Kiiij^'s  Count},  on  tliC  E  b\  Kildarc.on 
the  S  E  by  Catherlougli,  on  the  S  bj 
Kilkenny,  and  on  the  VV  by  King's 
County  and  Tipperary.  It  was  foi-merl\ 
full  (if  woods  and  bogs ;  but  is  now 
much  improved  It  contains  39  parish- 
es, and  sends  eight  members  to  parlia- 
ment.    Maryborough  is  the  capital. 

^een'a-Ferry,  a  borough  in  I/inlith- 
gowsliire,  seated  on  the  irith  of  Forth, 
where  it  is  not  more  than  two  miles 
wide.  It  is  a  much  frequented  ferry, 
and  is  nine  miles  W  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  20  W,  lat.  56  ON. 

^een  Anna,  a  post  town  in  Prince 
George  county,  Maryland;  lying  on  the 
W  side  of  Pa'tuxent  river,  10  miles  ^V 
of  Ann.ipoli5,  and  25  eastward  from 
Washington. 

ii^ieen't-tomn,  a  town  in  Qjietn  Ann's 
comity,  Mainland !  situate  on  tlie  E  side 
of  Cliester  river,  near  its  entrance  into 
Cliesapeak  bay,  and  about  18  miles  be- 
low Cliestertown. 

S!jieil-lwg-fou,  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  ti.e  province  of  Qiiang-si.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  ilowcr  called  ijuci,  which 
grows  on  H  tree  resembling  a  laurel, 
and  emits  such  a  sweet  and  agreeable 
odour,  that  the  wlmle  country  is  |;er- 
fiimcd  by  it.  Q_ueil-ling-fou  is  situate 
on  the  banks  of  a  river,  which  throws 
itself  into  the  Ta-ho  ;  but  it  ilows  willi 
such  rapidity,  and  amidst  so  nurriiw 
valleys,  that  it  is  neitlier  navigable  nor 
of  any  utility  to  commerce.  '1  liis  cily 
is  large,  and  the  whole  of  it  is  built  al- 
most after  the  model  of  our  ancient 
fortresses  ;  b.it  it  is  much  inferior  to 
the  greater  part  of  the  capitals  of  the 
otiicr  provinces.  A  great  number  of 
birds  are  found  in  the  territories  be- 
longing to  it,  the  coloiii's  of  which  are 
so  bjig-ht  and  vai'iogulcd,  that  the  artists 


of  this  country,  in  order  to  add  to  the 
lustre  of  their  silks,  interweave  with 
tluin  some  of  tlieir  feathers,  wliieh  have 
a  splendour  and  beaiuy  that  caniiiil  he 
iinil«ted  Qi.eil  ling  f  iii  has  under  its 
jurisdiction  two  cities  of  the  secoiul 
class,  and  seven  of  the  third,  and  is  ISO 
miles  N  l)V  W  of  Caiituii.  Lon.  lU'j  oi 
K,  lat.  25  30  N. 

Siliieiitin,  St.  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  deparlmcn;  of  Aisne  and  late 
province  of  Picardy.  Here  is  a  con* 
sideribie  manufacture  of  lawns  and 
cambrics.  The  town  was  restored  to 
France  in  1559.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  river  Somnie,  21 
miles  S  of  Cambrav,  and  83  N  by  E 
of  Paris.     L(m.  3  29  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

iQ^ierci,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Limosin,  on  the 
E  by  Rouergtie  and  Auvcrgne,  on  the 
S  by  Languedoc,  and  on  the  W  by 
Perigord.  It  was  divided  into  Upper 
and  Lower,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
and  fruits.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot. 

^leifort,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 
per .Sa.\(Hiy,  capital  of  a  principality  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  prince 
of  Saxe-Weissenfcls.  It  Is  12  miles  S 
E  of  M.insfeldt.  Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  51 
27  N. 

^lergenency,  an  island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, on  the  coast  of  Tripoli.  It 
has  a  fort,  and  several  villages. 

^eanoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departiTient  of  the  North  and  Lite  pro- 
vince of  French  Uainault,  with  an  old 
castle.  It  was  taken  by  the  allies  in 
1711,  and  retaken  the  same  year.  In 
1793,  it  was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  and 
retaken  the  next  year.  It  is  seated  in 
a  large  plain,  on  the  little  river  Ro- 
iii  He,  nine  miles  S  E  of  Valenciennes, 
and  122  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  40  E, 
lat.  50  15  N. 

S^uiberon,  a  peninsula  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan  apd  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  to  the  N  of  Bel- 
le isle.  It  has  a  village  of  the  same 
name,  and  a  fort,  on  the  bay  ol  Qiiibe- 
ron.  In  July  1795,  it  was  taken  by 
some  French  rc'.iiiients  in  the  pay  of 
Great  Britain:  b;it  owing  to  i.he  de- 
sertion ami  trcai  liery  of  some  of  the 
soldiers,  the  republicans  retook  i*  by 
surprise  soon  afterward. 

Sliiibo,  ail  island  oi\lu;  Pacific  Ocean, 
lying  on  the  coast  oi  Veiagua,  in  New 
Spain.  Here  are  a  great  luiniuer  of 
monkics  and  fallow  deer. 


li- 


r.J:f«ft4uaiai<ftiduBHB'>d 


(^U  I 


QU    I 


<(IPS 


^lilkhmmf,  a  town  of  France,  in 
tlie  ilcpjirtmciit  of  Lower  Seine  and 
l.-it'i  jfrovince  of  Normandy,  seated  on 
tlic  Seine,  eifflit  miles  S  W  ot  Caude- 
bfC,  uiul  22  W  of  Kouen. 

iC^iihmmci,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  tlie 
coast  of  Ziiiig'ueliur,  in  tiie  kinjfdom  ol 
Mc-linda.  ll  is  situiile  at  tlie  mouth 
of  ii  liver  of  the  same  name,  and  be- 
longs to  tlie  I'ortii^'^iiese.  Lon.  39  40 
E,  l;.t.  3  30  S. 

Kliii/oa,  a  seaport  on  tlie  coast  of 
Z.iiin'iH  har,  with  a  small  citadel.  It  is 
ti  ihiitary  to  the  Portinfiicse  ;  and  is 
seated  in  a  fcitile  countrv,  300  miles N 
of  Mosambiqi.e.  Lon.  39  9  E,  hit.  930  S. 

i^iilon,  or  Co.'lon,  a  Dutch  factory  on 
tliec  last  of  Malabar,  in  Travaiicoi-e,  14 
miles  N  N  W  of  Anjenpo,  taken  bv  tlie 
English  in  17  ..  i.on.  7C32  E,lat.9  2  N. 

i^hnper,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
deparinient  of  Finlsterrc  and  lale  (H'o- 
vince  of  Bretaj^iie,  with  a  bishop's  see 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Oder  and  Be.iandet,  30  miles  S  E  of 
Li'cst,  and  332  W  bv  S  of  Paris.     Lon 

4  2  W,  lat.  47  58  N. 

^liviptrloj,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Finisterre  and  late 
pr.wince  of  Bretajfne,  seated  on  the 
Isotte,  seven  miles  fi-oni  the  sea,  and 
20  E  bv  S  ofQiiimpcr.  Lon.  3  33  E, 
lat.  47  52  N. 

^incer,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk 
couiuy,  Massachusetts,  ten  miles  S  of 
Boston.  It  has  about  1000  inhabitants, 
and  is  the  peaceable  retreat  of  John 
Adams,  Esq.  late  president  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

^lingey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Doubs  and  late  province 
of  Franclie  Comte,  seated  on  the  river 
I.ouvc,  12  miles  S  W  of  Besancon. 
Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Slvinten,  a  town  of  France,  in  t'  e  de- 
partment of  the  North  Coast  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  near  the  riier 
Gov,  and  a  large  forest  of  the  sfime 
name,  eight  miles  S  S  W  of  St.  Bricn, 
and  200  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  40  W, 
lat.  48  26  N. 

^in'gti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
^lartnienl  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Lyonois,  seated  on  an  emi 
ncnce,  near  the  river  Rhone,    12  miles 

5  of  Lyons.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  35  N 
S>u,rimba,  the  name  of  several  is- 
lands of  Africa,  on  tlie  coast  of  Zan- 
giicbar.  'I'liey  are  uU  fertile  in  fruits 
and  pastures. 


^isatna,  a  maritime  province  of 
Africa  in  the  kingdom  of  Angola,  ly. 
ing  al(,ng  the  river  Conza.  It  is  a 
mountainous  country,  and  very  little 
cultivated  but  the  Portuguese  get 
abundance  of  salt  there. 

Shiiteoa,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the 
province  of  Drass,  with  a  castle.  Lon. 
5  0  W,  lat.  28  6  N. 

^listello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dut.ciiv  of  Mantua,  seated  on  the  Sec- 
cia,  three  miles  from  its  confluence 
with  the  Po.  It  is  famous  for  an  ac> 
tion  between  the  French  and  Aus- 
trians  .n  1734,  whe  '  Marshal  Brogiin 
was  surprised  in  his  bed.  It  is  Ij 
inilcs  S  £  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  1  £, 
lat.  45  0  N. 

^lito,  an  audience  of  Peru,  lying 
between  two  chains  of  the  high  moun- 
tains called  the  Andes.  The  lands  are 
generally  well  cultivated,  and  there 
are  a  great  numbar  of  towns  and  villa- 
ges inhabited  by  the  Spaniards  or  na- 
tive Americans  Every  village  is  a- 
dorned  with  a  large  square,  and  a 
churcii  stands  on  one  side  of  it.  I'he 
sti'cets  are  generally  straight,  and  re- 
.sj'ect  the  four  quarters  of  the  world  ; 
and  all  tlie  roads  are  laid  out  in  a  line, 
crossing  each  other,  that  the  aspect 
of  the  country  has  the  appearance  of 
a  large  garden.  Alihough  tiiis  coun- 
try is  situate  on  both  sides  of  the 
equator,  yet  it  .es  so  high,  and  so 
near  the  mountains  covered  utitli  snow, 
that  the  air  is  very  Temperate.  There 
are  no  noxious  animals;  fonthe tigers 
and  serpents  are  below  in  the  forests. 
Several  districts  of  tliis  country  are 
occupied  almost  intirely  by  Indians ; 
and  the  city  of  Qiiito  alone  contains 
between  50  and  60,000  ofalUhe  dif- 
ferent races.  This  is  the  only  province 
in  Spanish  America  that  can  be  called 
a  manufacturing  country.  Hats  cotton- 
stufis,  and  coarse  woollen  cloths,  arc 
made  here  in  such  quantities,  as  to  be 
sufficent,  not  only  for  the  consumption 
of  the  province,  but  to  furnish  a  con- 
siderable article  for  exportation  to  o- 
ther  parts  of  Spanish  America  Thi:* 
province  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
tiie  new  viceroyalty  of  St.  Fe-de-Bogo- 
ta,  the  capital  of  the  New  kingdom  of 
Granada. 

^uito,  a  city  of  Peni,  in  an  audience 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  be- 
tween high  mountains,  and  on  much 
higher  ground  thau  the  rest  of  Psi'i 


QU    I 


a,   a    maritime    province  of 

the  kingdom  of  Ang^ola,  ly. 

tlie    river  Conza.      It  is  a 

s  country,  and  very  little 

:l    but    tlie    Portijgfuese    g-ct 

e  of  Kult  tliere. 

,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the 
r  Druss,  with  a  custle.  Lon. 
.  28  6  N. 
'/o,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
"  Mantua,  seated  on  the  Sec- 
e  miles  from  its  confluence 
Po.  It  is  famous  for  an  ac- 
weep  the  French  and  Aus- 
1734,  whe  '  Marshal  Broglio 
'prised  in  his  bed.  It  is  IS 
E  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  1  £, 
N. 

iin  audience  of  Peru,  lying 
two  chains  of  the  high  moun- 
led  the  Andes.  The  lands  are 
ly  well  cultivated,  and  there 
eat  nunihar  of  towns  and  villa- 
ibitcd  by  the  Spaniards  or  na- 
Tiericans  Every  village  is  a- 
with  a  large  square,  and  a 
stands  on  one  side  of  it.  I'hc 
are  generally  straight,  anrl  re- 
»e  four  quarters  of  the  world ; 
the  roads  are  laid  out  in  a  line, 
g  each  other,  that  the  aspect 
country  has  the  appearance  of 
>  garden.  Alihougli  tiiis  coun- 
situaie  on  both  sides  of  the 
r,  }'et  it  .es  so  high,  and  so 
e  mountains  covered  With  snow, 
B  air  is  very  Temperate.  There 
noxious  animals;  foiHhe tigers 
rpente  are  below  in  the  forests. 
I  districts  of  tliis  country  are 
:d  almost  intirely  by  Indians ; 
:  city  of  Qiiito  alone  contains 
n  50  and  60,000  of  all  the  dif- 
races.  This  is  the  only  province 
lish  America  that  can  be  called 
facturing  country.  Hatscotton- 
and  coarse  woollen  cloths,  arc 
ere  in  such  quantities,  as  to  be 
it,  not  only  for  the  consumption 
irovinre,  but  to  furnish  a  coii- 
le  article  for  exportation  to  o- 
rts  of  Spanish  America  This 
e  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
r  viceroyalty  of  St.  Fe-de-Bogo- 
capital  of  the  New  kingdoir.  of 
a. 

i,  a  city  of  Peru,  in  an  audience 
lame  name,  and  a  bishop's  ice. 
^uted  in  a  pleasant  valley,  be- 
liigh  mountains,  and  on  much 
ground  thau  the  rest  of  Fei'i 


R  A  C 

thsv.  i«  habitable,  being  300  yards 
abov?  the  level  of  the  sea.  Here  art 
scver.d  religious  communities,  and 
two  colleges,  which  are  a.  sort  of  uni- 
vers'.v.  It,  is  820  miles  N  of  Lima 
Lor.  97  50  \V,  lat.  0  13  S. 

i^ixot,  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the 
audience  of  Ci^iito. 

^iiizina,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  tlir 
kingdom  of  Fez,  100  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  the  desert  of  Gret  to 
tlie  river  Nocor. 

^(oja,  a  kingdom  on  tlic  coast  ot 
Guinea,  which  reaches  from  Sierra 
Leone  to  the  Grain  Coast. 


R. 


'DiAB,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungarj-, 
■**•  capital  of  Javeriii,  with  a  custle, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a  strong 
frontier  bulwark  against  the  Turks, 
and  has  two  bridges,  one  over  a  double 
ditch  and  another  that  leads  toward 
Alba  Kegalis.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Raab  and  Rabnitz,  not 
far  from  the  Danube,  55  miles  S  E  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  17  25  E,  lat.  47  48  N. 

Rabasteint,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn  and  late  province 
oi'  Langu«doc,  with  a  decayed  castle, 
seated  on  the  Tarn,  18  miles  VV  by  S 
of  Alby.     Lon.  1  52  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Rabat,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  in  Tre- 
mesen,  with  a  castle.  It  has  fine 
mosques  and  handsome  palaces,  and 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  B'.iri- 
grig,  between  Fez  and  Tangier.  Lon 
528W,  lat.  34  40  N. 

Rachore,  or  A(loni-JRacho.e,  a  city  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  capital 
of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  sub- 
ject to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  S  bank  of  the  Kistna, 
not  far  r.hove  its  conflueoce  with  tlie 
Toombudra,  and  below  that  ot  cheBee- 
mah.    Lon.  78  15  E,  lat.  16  30  N. 

Sccters  Burgh,  a  strong  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Stiiia,  with  a  castle  on  a 
mountain.  It  is  seated  on  an  island, 
formed  by  the  Muchr,  22  miles  S  E  of 
Gratz,  and  100  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15 
58  E,  lat.  46  54  N. 

Raclia,  a  small  uninhabited  island  of 
the  Archijielago,  near  that  of  Nio. 

Raconi,  a  populous  town  of  Piedmont, 
'.'atcd  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers 


RAG 

Grana  and  Macra.  It  belongs  to  the 
,;riiice  of  C  vi};nano,  who  has  a  castle 
iieie.  It  is  SIX  miles  from  Carignano. 
Lon.  7  46  E,  lat  4439  N. 

Radeberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 
I'er  Saxony,  in  the  Margravate  of  Me- 
ssen,  10  iniie.s  N  E  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
13  56  E,  lat.  51  5  In. 

Jia.iiciifani,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  seat- 
od  on  a  niimiituin,  and  defciultid  by  a 
citadel  on  an  adjacent  hill,  56  n^ilcs  S 
'i  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  42 
42  N. 

Radtnandoif,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Carniola,  near  tiie  source  of  the  river 
Save,  16  miles  W  of  Cralnburg. 

RadiK  NtHu,  a  borough  in  Radnor- 
shire, wivh  a  market  on  Tliursday.  It 
was  formerly  the  county  town  ;  but  the 
as.sizes  are  now  iield  at  Presleign.  It 
is  seated  near  the  source  of  tiic  Somer- 
gil,  in  a  pleasant  valley  at  tlie  foot  of  .a 
hill,  wiiere  a  castle  formerly  stood.  It 
sends  one  menib^-r  to  parliament,  and 
■s  24  miles  N  \V  of  Hereford,  and  156 
W  W  VV  of  London.  Lon.  2  43  W, 
lat.  52  10  N. 

Radnorahire,  a  county  of  S  Wales,  30 
miles  long  and  25  broad ;  bounded  on 
the  E  by  Shropshire  and  Herefordshire, 
on  the  N  W  by  Cardiganshire,  on  the 
S  and  S  W  \,\  Brecknockshire^  a'.id  on 
the  N  oy  Montgomcrysliire.  Its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Wye  and  the  Tend, 
the  former  dividing  it  from  Brecknock- 
shire, and  the  latter  from  Shropshire. 
It  contains  52  parishes,  four  market 
towns,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. Tlie  air  vS  this  county  is  in 
winter  cold  and  piercing.  The  soil  in 
general  is  but  indifferent,  yet  some 
places  produce  corn,  panicularly  the 
eastern  and  southern  parts  ;  but  in  the 
northern  ai.d  western,  which  are  moun- 
tainous, the  land  isciiicHy  stocked  with 
horned  cattle,  sheep  and  goats. 

Radom,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Sandomir,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  a  brook  that  falls' into  the  Vistula, 
30  miles  N  of  Sandomir,  and  50  S  of 
Warsaw.     Lon.  21  1  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Ragivolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  seated  between  Mantua  and  Reg- 
gio,  42  miles  from  each. 

Raguaa,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di  Nota,  near  tiie  river  Muulo, 
12  miles  N  of  Modica.  Lon.  14  59  E, 
lat.  37  0  N. 

Ragusa,  a  city  of  Dalmatia,  capital 
of  the  Ragusan,  and  an  archbisiiop's 


R  A  L 


RAM 


see.  It  is  two  miles  in  rirciimferenre, 
anil  sirontr  by  situation,  iiuvin;.','  un  in- 
acccssilili:  mountain  on  the  luiul  side, 
anil  a  strong  fort  on  (lie  giili  of  \'i:iikc, 
?t  is  a  republic,  atid  h:is  u  doj^e  \\k.\.- 
tliiit  of  Venice,  but  lie  conliniics  a 
nidnth  only  in  his  oflice.  It  carries  on 
a  conHidei'uhle  trade  with  the  'I'ln'kH, 
und  is  CU  niiles  N  VV  of  Sciituri.  Lon. 
18  10  E,  l:.t.  42  JU  N. 

Rag'Lirn,  or  Ra^usian  Dalirmtia,  a 
territory  of  Dahuutia,  lyinjf  alont;  t'.i'^ 
coast  of  liii'  ^.lil'  of  Venice,  ah  nil  55 
miles  in  Iciijrlli,  and  3U  in  breadth.  It 
is  a  r(  Dublic,  under  the  i)i.)teclion  of 
ihc  Turks  and  Vencliuii.s,  to  each  of 
whom  it  puys  :ui  uunuul  tribute.  Ka- 
g^isn  is  the  capital. 

R(ij.'.>»j::r,  a  town  of  Hindoostun,  on 
t!H'  c.);ist  of  Mali.bar,  scaled  on  .1  river 
ot  the  s'.uiie  name,  50  niiies  N  of  Gox 
l.on    -3  50  E,  lut.  \7  19  N. 

liiijtiniii,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  Beni^'al ;  formerly  a  phue  of 
(ijrciit  trade,  but  now  in  a  ruinous  st;ile. 
It  is  seated  on  the  VV  bank  of  the  Gan- 
ges, in  a  romantic,  but  not  pkasant  si- 
tuation, 190  miles  N  by  W  of  Calcutta. 
Bain,  a  town  of  Upp-er  Bavaria,  seat- 
ed on  the  Acha,  near  the  Lccli,  five 
miles  E  of  Donawcrt.  Lon.  11  12  E, 
lat.  48  50  N. 

Ruin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  St>ria, 
eapitul  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Si»'.c, 
68  milos  S  of  Gratz.  Lon.  15  32  £, 
lat.  46  <J0  N. 

Rciir  Ltiie,  or  Long  Lake,  a  lake  of 
North  America,  lyinjrtothe  W  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  to  tlie  E  of  the  Lake  of 
tlic  Wouds,  with  which  it  coniniuni- 
ci'.tcsby  a  liver.  It  is  neat ij.  100  mdes 
Iun(C,  but  in  no  part  more  tlian  20  wide. 
Itahka,  a  town  of  Tiirkey  in  Asia,  in 
Diavbeck,  seuted  on  the  Eupli rates.  It 
!i:is  a  castle,  (foinjf  to  decay,  and  is  an 
in.iil'erent  place  ;  but  oUl  Hal;ka,  whose 
ruins  are  near  it,  was  a  nuijfiificcnt  ci- 
ty. It  is  100  miles  S  W  of  Diarb»;kar. 
Lon  ,38  56  E,  lat.  38  1  N. 

Pahiiv.ick,  a.  town  of  Bohemia,  capi- 
tal of  a  circle  ol'lhe  same  •,i;.p..e.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river,  wliich  i:  s  into  tlie 
M!za,.30miles  W  of  Plague.  Lon.  14 
5  E,  h.t.  52  4  N. 

Ru'uigli,  a  post  town  (il'\ViJ;c  coun- 
ty, andcapilal  of  North  CMolIn:ii  si- 
t'ualed  on  the  S  \V  side  of  Ni.se  rive-, 
7\  liillis  N  by  E  of  FayeUO-vlUc,  aiul 
10!)  N  W  of  Ncwbcrn.  '  As  the  se:it  of 
gove!  mntnt  was  fixed  here  so  lately  as 


1791,  the  inltabitnnts  are  few,  not  ex- 
ceeding 670  at  the  last  eniimciutioii. 
Il  hes  in  lat.  ^3°  48'  N,  and  long.  79" 
25'  W . 

Rumrt,  an  undent  town  of  Palestine, 
now  cHiitd  Kumula  by  the  Tui  ks.  I'hc 
streets  are  narrow,  and  the  houses  cim- 
leniplible  i  hut  tlicre  are  many  line  rii- 
iiLS  of  Ciirisliuu  churches  and  otlicr 
buildings,  whic'ii  indicate  its  former 
nia;;i'.llicence.  It  is  20  miles  VV  b}  N 
III'  Jerusalem.  Lon.  34  55  £,  lut.  32 
0   N. 

liumailn,  a  seaport  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  New  Granada,  lu;  U'iles  E  of 
.St.  Martha.  Lon.  72  20  \V,  lat.  11 
10  N. 

Ihimancor,  an  island  of  Asia,  lyinp 
toward  Ca];e  Comorin.  It  is  23  mih» 
ill  circumference  ;  is  very  sandy,  and 
has  only  a  few  villages  and  a  temple. 
Lon.  79  45  E,  l:-,t.  i'  J5  N. 

Rambert-ie-you^,  St.  atown  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ain  and  late  pro. 
vince  of  Bressc.  It  is  seated  near  a 
branch  of  Mont  Jura.  Lon.  5  30  E.  laL 
45  53  N. 

RumltrviUiera,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Vosges  and  late 
province  of  Lorrain,  30  miles  S  E  of 
Nanci.     Lon.  6  44  i:,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Rambouil'et,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise  ami 
latp  province  of  the  I.sle  of  France.  It 
is  o7  miles  S  VV  of  Paris. 

RunicheaJ,  a  promontory  of  Corn- 
wall,  S  VV  of  Plymouth,  at  the  entrance 
of  PI)  mouth  S'nind.  On  its  siimir.it  is 
a  chapel,  belonging  to  the  village  uf 
Rame,  which  serves  as  a  seamr.rk. 
Lon.  4  20  VV,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Ramtra,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aube  and  late  province  of 
ChuiiiiKigne,  seated  on  the  Aube,  18 
miles  N  E  of  Troj  es.  Lon.  4  30  E,  lat 
48  32  N. 

Raniilliei,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, remarkable  for  the  great  victory 
obt.iincd  !.>v  the  duke  of  Maylboroiigl), 
over  V  e  l-'rench,  on  Whitsunday,  1706. 
It  is  lo  m  Ics  N  of  Namur,  and  24  S  E 
of  Biussels.  Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  iO 
39  N. 

Rawmeitns,  a  seaport  of  the  isle  of 
VVaUiKieii,  in  the  Dutch  province  of 
Zealand.  It  was  one  of  the  towns  put 
into  the  hands  of  the  English,  li  a  se- 
eiiritv  for  i,.  loan  in  the  relgti  of  <|iiccn 
Elizabeth.  It  Is  fo'.ir  miles  S  of  Mid- 
dlehiiig)i.     f.im.   3  40  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 

RmnmtULer^,  a  lofty,  steep,  and  ex- 


RAM 


.nlwbitnnts  arc  fiew,  not  ex- 
1670  at  tlio  laHl  cnumcialioii. 
Ii  Ittt.  3J°  4a'  N,  and  loii^'.  7f 

I,  an  ttncient  town  of  Palestine, 
IcmI  Kainula  by  t!ic  TiiiUs.  I'lio 
|re  nurriiw,  and  the  lioUHfS  cim- 
Idit  lliere  ai-i-  man)  Tini-  r». 
;iirisliiin  cliurclics  and  otiicr 
[s,  wincii  indicate  its  Fni'iiicr 
jcnce.  It  is  20  niilen  VV  br  N 
jsiilcm.     Lou.  34   55  E,  hit.  32 

i./fi,  a  seaport  of  Sont!)  Amcri- 
.\'.  w  Gi'anada,  1(XJ  it-ilcs  E  of 
rllia.     Lon.   72   2\}   \V,  lat.  11 

cincor,   an  island  of   Asia,  lyinp 

Ca;;"  Comonn.     It  is  23  milii 
iinit'erence  ;   is  very  sandy,  and 
ly   a  few  villa^ps  and  a  temple. 
/45  E,  l;-.t.  '.'  -'5  N. 
ibert-ie-Jou^,  .■?<.  alown  of  France, 

lt|).ivinifnt  of  Ain  and  late  pro- 
of  Bressc.     It   is   seated  near  a 

of  Munt  Jura.    Lon.  5  30  E.  laL 

il)trvilliera,  a  town  of  France,  in 
partment  of  the  Vosges  and  Ulc 
ce  of  Lorrain,  30  miles   S  E  of 
.     Lon.  6  44  K,  lat.  48  21  N. 
nbouili'et,    a  town   of  France,  in 
epartiiient  of  Seine  and  Oisc  ami 
povincc  of  tlic  U\e  of  France.    It 
miles  S  W  of  Paris. 
nc/ieaJ,    a   jiromontiiry  of  Com- 
S  Wof  Plymcnilli,  at  tlie  entrance 
jinouth  S"und.     On  its  summit  is 
ipel,  bi'li>nj,'ing  to   tlie  village  uf 
;,   which    serves    as    a   seamrak. 
4  20  W,  lat.  50  18  N. 
m^a,  a  town  of  France  in  the  ile- 
lent  of  Anbe  and  late  province  (if 
i|K(jCne,  seated   on  the   Anbe,  18 
I  N  E  of  Tro)  es.    Lon.  4  30  E,  lat. 
!  N. 

miilliet,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
reniaikable  for  the  great  victory 
ned  bv  the  duke  of  MarlborouKl), 
I  e  French,  on  Whitsunday,  1706. 
U)  m  Ics  N  of  Namur,  and  24  S  E 
russeU.      Lon.   4   50  E,   lat.  30 

Dinnaiats,  a  seaport  of  the  isle  of 
•Ik  ren,  in  tlie  Dutch  province  of 
md.  It  was  one  ()f  the  towns  pat 
tho  hands  of  the  Ent^lisli,  i-i  a  se- 
,v  for  u  loan  in  the  rei^n  of  (^'ce" 
ibith.  It  is  four  miles  S  of  Miil- 
luirli.  I-on.  3  40  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 
ummeUUrj,  a  lofty,  steep,  and  ex- 


RAN 

trnsive  mountain  of  Grrinany,  in  tlinl 
part  of  the  Hartz  Forest  which  lies 
within  the  principality  of  Cridtenhagen. 
On  this  motmluin  lu-e  12  silver  mines  ; 
and  at  the  ftot  of  it  is  seated  the  city 
of  Goidar. 

Saiiifiano,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rojic,  in  the  Morea.  Lon.  20  17  E, 
lat.  36  34  N. 

RaiiulHiiy,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  no. 
ted  for  its  line  beer.  It  is  46  miles  E 
of  Bristol,  and  6y  W  of  London. 

Ramtey,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Hatiu'day.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  tlte  fens,  near  the  niercs  of  Katn- 
scy  and  Wliitlcscy;  and  bad  formerly 
a  ricil  and  celebrated  abbey.  It  is  12 
miles  N  E  of  Hnntin};'don,  and  69  N 
of  London.     Lon.  0  19  \V,  lat.  32  2(>  N . 

Rainier,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Pembrokeshire,  two  miles  long,  and 
one  and  a  half  broad.  Near  it  are  se- 
veral dangerous  rocks,  frequented  in 
tlie  breeding  season  by  vast  multitudes 
of  scafowl,  and  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Bishop  and  his  Clerks.  I'his  island 
is  four  miles  W  of  St.  David's,  and  17 
N  VV  of  Milford  Haven.  Lon.  5  30  W, 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Ranugate,  a  seaport  in  Kent,  in  the 
Isle  of  Tlianet.  An  act  of  parliament 
was  latclr  passed,  by  which  its  harbour 
w:i8  considerably  improved,  and  new 
piers  erected,  capable  of  resisting  the 
strongest  winds,  or  the  most  raging 
sea  that  rolls  in  from  the  JDowns.  These 
piers  h.ive  cost  immense  sums ;  and 
allliough  tlte  harbour  which  they  form 
is  still  an  indiflerent  one,  on  accoimt  of 
tlie  accumulation  of  mud,  it  has  been 
unquestionably  the  means  of  saving  a 
great  number  of  ships,  that  have  been 
driven  in  here  by  stress  of  weather, 
when  they  could  make  no  other  port. 
Ramsgate  has  sontc  trade  to  the  Bal- 
tic, and  is  frequented  as  a  bathing- 
place.  It  is  four  mile!>  S  of  Margate, 
10  E  N  E  of  Canterbury,  and  73  E  S 
£  of  London.  Lon.  l'  30  £,  lat.  51 
32  N. 

Riinai,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
in  the  North  P;icific  Ocean,  lying  S  W 
of  the  passage  between  Mowee  and 
Morutoi,  about  three  leagues  from  each. 
Tlie  S  part  is  high  and  craggy  i  but 
the  other  parts  hnvc  a  better  aspect, 
and  are  well  inhabited.  It  produces 
very  ft-  w  pUntains  and  bread-fruit  trees, 
bvit  abounds  iu  yams,  sweet  potatoes, 
and  tare.  The  inhabitants  are  compu- 
ted at  20,000,  as  iieaiiy  ag  could  b«  «■- 
wilained. 


RAP 

Rar.derson,  or  Randert,  an  ahclent. 
town  of  Denmark,  in  North  Jutland, 
!«t'ated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gude,  2i 
miles  E  of  Wibiirg.  Lon.  10  35  E,  lat. 
36  20  N. 

Randolph,  a  post  town  in  Orange 
c<)iuit\,  Vermont,  35  miles  N  by  W  of 
Windsor,  on  the  river  Connecticut, 
and  about  the  same  distance  N  by  E  of 
Rutland, 

Randolph,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk 
county,  Muss:irliusetts,  5  miles  S  of 
Qiiincey,  15  S  of  Boston. 

Ruhvia:,  a  village,  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  where  there  is  a  post 
ollice  ;  <'>  ;niles  S  W  of  Elizabeth  town, 
and  14  N  E  of  New  Brunswick.  It  hat 
about  300  inhabitants, 

Rangi-.itx,  a  town  of  Eastern  Prussia, 
on  the  river  Niemen,  55  miles  E  of  Ko- 
ningsberg.     Lon.  22  40  E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

RannocU  Lock,  a  lake  in  the  N  part 
of  Perthshire,  11  miles  in  length.  It 
receives  the  waters  of  Loch  Ericht, 
from  the  N,  and  communicates  with 
Loch  Tumel  on  the  E,  and  Loch  Li- 
doch  on  the  \V.  On  its  S  side  is  an  an- 
cient forest  of  birch  and  pine. 

Rantavipour,  a  fortress  of  Hi<idons- 
tan  Proper,  very  celebrated  in  the  In- 
dian histories.  It  is  situated  in  the  E 
quarter  of  Agimere,  and  is  120  mile» 
from  Agra. 

Rantzov),  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Holstein,  24  miles  N 
of  Lubec.     Lon.  10  42  E,  lat  54  16  N. 

Raolconda,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Uindoostan,  in  Golconda,  ne.ir  which 
is  a  rich  diamond-mine.  It  is  270  mile» 
S  \V  of  Hydrabad.  Lon.  76  40  E,  lat. 
14  30  N. 

Raon,  I'Etape,  a  town  of  France,  ia 
the  department  of  Meurthe  and  lata 
province  of  Lorrain,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Voiges  at  the  confluence  of  tli» 
Etape  anci  Marte,  30  miles  S  E  of  Ni^i- 
ci.    Lon.  6  47  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Rappallo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  th« 
same  name,  30  miles  E  of  Genoa.  Lou. 
9  11  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Riippertchvi/l,  a  republic  of  Swisser- 
land,  on  the  confine*  of  the  canton  of 
Zuric,  whose  territory  is  six  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  Until  the  invasion  of 
Switzerland  by  the  French,  it  was  un- 
der the  protection  of  the  cantons  of 
Zuric,  Bern,  and  Glarii^,  and  was  go- 
verned by  a  great  and  little  council, 
consisting  of  48  members. 

Eappertchviyl,  « town  of  Swiiitsrland, 

D  B  D  » 


#f 


i' 


'"-r-^i^iJBSSi'K 


RAT 


RAT 


ckjital  of  a  republic  nf  the  same  name.  I 
It  is  stror.g  by  situation,  being  seated 
on  a  neck  ot  lund  which  advances  int* 
the  lake  of  Zuric,  over  which  is  a  wood- 
en hriilgr,  1850  tcet  long.  The  inha- 
bitants, 5UUU  in  nuinbei-,  are  nil  catho- 
lics. The  harbour,  an  excellent  one,  is 
within  the  circuit  of  the  walls.  Kap- 
pci-grh  w\'l  IS  12  miles  S  E  of  Zuric,  and 
6a  N  E  of  Bern.  Lon.  8  42- E,  lat  47 
ION. 

Rapolftteiiii  or  Ribaii-Pierre,  a  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  8 
miles  N  of  Colmcr.  Lon.  7  20  E,  Ut. 
48  13  N. 

Hapullo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basili- 
rata,  with  a  bisiiop'asee,  56 miles  W  of 
B.iri,  and  70  £  of  Naples.  Lon.  1551E, 
lat.  40  56  N. 

Rnppahannoc,  a  river  of  Virginia, 
wliicli  rises  in  the  mountains,  callecl 
the  Blue  KIdge,  and  running  E  S  E 
falls  into  the  Chesapeak,  in  lat.  35 
SON. 

Jiaritan,  a  river  of  New-Jeraey,  which 
passing  by  firnnswick  and  Amboy,  en- 
ters Arthur  Rull  Sound,  and  helps  to 
form  the  fine  harbour  of  Amboy.  It  is 
a  mile  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  is  naviga- 
ble for  16  miles. 

Jtascia-  Se«  Ratzia. 

Paieborg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  a  canton  in  Nyland.  It  is  seated 
on  the  gtdf  of  Finland,  37  miles  S  £  of 
Abo.  Lon.  23  18  E,  lat.  60  16  N. 

Raten,  or  Mariet  Rasin,  a  town  in 
Lincolnshire,  with  a  market  on  Tues- 
day. 'It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  tl>e  An- 
kam,  14  miles  N  E  of  Lincoln,  and  150 
N  of  London.     Lon.   0  10  W,  lat.  53 

23  N. 

Rasocalmo,  a  cape  on  the  N  coast  of 
Sicily,  near  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
W  of  Cape  Faro,  and  N  of  Messina. 
%Rastat/t,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  seated  on 
the  Ens,  48  miles  £  by  S  of  Saltzburg. 
Lon.  14  10  £,  lat  47  31  N. 
'  Rantadt,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
marqniiate  of  Baden,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  remarkable  for  a  treaty  concluded 
here,  between  theFrench  and  Au«tri- 
ans,  and  for  a  battle  in  which  the  Atis- 
trians  were  defeated  by  the  French,  in 
J 796.  It  is  seated  on  tbe  Merg,  near 
the  Rhine,  four  miles  N  of  Baden,  and 

24  S  W  of  Philipsburg.    Lon.  8  14  E, 
lat.  48  54  N. 

Ratenau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marcho  of  Brandenburg,  saatcd 


on  the  Havel,  15  miles  N  W  of  Bran- 
denbiirg.  Lon.  13  49  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Ratenhurg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  with  a  caatle,  seated  on  the 
river  Inn.     Lon.   12  5  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Rathmines,  a  remarkable  place  in  Ire- 
land, near  two  miles  from  Dublin, 
where  the  duke  of  Ormond  was  defeat- 
ed by  the  parliament  forces  in  164':^. 

Ratibor,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  dutchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle It  has  been  twice  taken  by  the 
Swedes  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  in 
a  country  fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  15 
miles  N  E  of  Troppaw,  and  142  E  of 
Prague.     Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Ratisbon,  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  and 
the  only  free  imperial  city  and  sovereign 
state  in  this  electorate ;  it  is  large,  po- 
polous,  and  fortified  with  a  double  wall, 
ditches,  and  ramparts,  pleasantly  aitn- 
ated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Danube.  Ka- 
tishon  is  governed  by  its  own  magis- 
trates, who  are  Lutherans,  and  it  sur- 
rounded by  the  duke  of  Bavaria'i  ter- 
ritories. The  city  is  plentifully  fur- 
nished with  provisions,  the  soil  round 
it  abounding  with  com  and  pasture, 
and  with  vines,  the  grapes  of  which 
yield  a  strong  palatable  wine,  scarce  in- 
ferior to  the  Rhenish.  It  has  a  stone 
bridge  of  15  arches  over  the  Danube, 
being  the  most  substantial  of  all  tlie 
structures,  either  on  this  river  or 
on  the  Rhine.  In  time  of  peace  it  has 
a  considerable  trade  by  the  Danube, 
the  Nahe,  and  the  Regen,  which  join 
near  the  city,  and  by  the  neighbouring 
rivers.  Here  is  a  famous  Benedictine 
monastery,  with  several  ancient  and 
curious  MSS  particularly  of  the  gos- 
pel. It  is  55  miles  S  £  of  Nuremburg, 
62  N  bv  E  of  Munich,  and  195  W  by 
N  of  Vienna.  Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  48 
58  N. 

Ratolezel,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia, 
on  that  part  of  the  lake  of  Constance 
called  Boden  See.  It  belongs  to  the 
house  of  Aiutria,  and  is  13  miles  W  of 
the  city  of  Constance. 

Rattan.   See  Ruattan. 

Rattebtirg,  a  fortlKed  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Saxc-Lawen- 
burg,  with  a  bish')])'s  see,  and  a  castle, 
noted  for  its  escellent  beer.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  island,  in  the  midst  of  a  lake 
30  miles  in  circumference.  The  build- 
ings are  of  brick,  and  almost  every 
house  is  shaded  witli  a  tree.  The  town 
belongs  partly  to  the  dutchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg Strelitz,   and  partly  to  that  oi 


|R  AT 

I,  15  milet  N  W  of  Bran- 
on.  13  49  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 
,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
a  caHtle,  seated    on    the 
Lon.   12  5  £,  lat.  47  30  N. 
'.;,  a  remarkable  place  in  Ire- 
two    miles  from   Dublin, 
duke  of  Ormond  was  defeat- 
larliament  forces  in  164V. 
a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
r  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
s  been  twice  taken  by  the 
>nd  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  in 
fertile  in  corn  and  fniits,  15 
of  Troppaw,  and  142  E  of 
Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 
!,  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  and 
ce  imperial  city  and  sovereign 
is  electorate  (  it  is  larg^,  po- 
d  fortified  with  a  double  wall, 
nd  ramparts,  pleasantly  sitn- 
le  S  side  of  the  Danube.  Ra- 
governed   by  its  own   iQagis- 
io  are  Lutherans,  and  la  sur- 
by  the  duke  of  Bavaria's  ter- 
The  city  is  plentifully  fur- 
ith  provisions,  the  soil  round 
iing  with  com  and   pasture, 
vines,  the   grapes  of  which 
rong  palatable  wine,  scarce  in- 
I  the  Rhenish.     It  has  a  stone 
f  15  arches  over  the  Danube, 
e  most  substantial  of  all  the 
es,   either     on     this   river  or 
Ihir.c.     In  time  of  peace  it  has 
arable  trade  by  the  Danube, 
e,  and  the  Regen,  which  join 
city,  and  by  the  neighbouring 
Here  is  a  famous  Benedictine 
ry,   with   several  ancient  and 
MSS   particularly  of  the  gos- 
is  55  miles  S  £  of  Nuremburg, 
E  of  Munich,  and  195  W  by 
icnna.    Lon.  12  5  £,  lat.  48 

zfl,  a  strong  town  of  Suabis, 
lart  of  the  lake  of  Constance 
oden  See.     It  belongs  to  the 

Austria,  and  is  IS  miles  W  of 
of  Constance. 
I.   Sec  Ruattan. 

nirg,  a  fortified  "town  of  Lower 
in  tlie  duchy  of  Sasc-Lawcn- 
th  a  bish')p's  see,  and  a  castle, 
r  its  excellent  beer.  It  is  scat- 
island,  in  the  midst  of  a  lake 
in  circumference.    The  build- 

of  brick,  and  almost  every 
shaded  with  a  tree.  The  town 
>artlytotliedutchyofMeckleii- 
relitz,   and  partly  to  that  ot 


R  A  V 

Saxe-Lawenburg.  From  the  lake  of 
Ratzeburg  issues  the  river  Waknitx, 
wliicli  joins  the  Trave  near  Lubec,  and 
thus  facilitates  the  communication  by 
water  between  Lubec  and  these  parts. 
Ratzeburg  is  12  miles  S  £  of  LiU>ec, 
and  12  N  of  Lawenburg.  Lon.  lU  49 
E,  lat.  5:3  U  N. 

Ratzia,  or  Raicia,  the  cstcrn  divisi- 
on of  Sclavonia,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  lakes  its  name  from  the  ri- 
ver Rasca,  wUich  fulls  into  the  Morave ; 
Slid  its  inhabitants  are  called  Rasciuns. 
Jlava,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  cr.pi- 
tnl  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fortified  castle,  wliere  state  pri- 
suiiers  are  kept.  The  town  :s  built  of 
wood,  and  seated  in  a  morass  covered 
with  water  that  proceeds  from  the  ri- 
ver Ravu,  by  wliicU  it  is  surrounded.  It 
is  55  miles  S  \V  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19 
55  E,  lat.  51  51  N. 

Ravttlo,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Citeriore,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
has  magnificent  palaces  and  fine  houses, 
and  is  10  miles  W  of  Salerno,  and  25 
S  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  41  £,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Ravenglati,  a  seaport  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  inlet,  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be- 
tween the  Mite  and  Esk,  which,  with 
tlie  Irt,  fall  into  this  iidet,  and  form  a 
pyoi\  harbour.  It  is  24  mites  S  of  Cock- 
crmoutli,  aqd  284  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Ravenna,  an  ancient  and  archiepis- 
copal  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Romagna, 
wiUi  several  colleges,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  religious  houses.  It  had  a  very 
flourishing  trade,  but  has  greatly  suf- 
fered since  the  sea  has  withdrawn  two 
miles  from  it  The  foilitications  ure  of 
little  importance,  and  ttte  citadel  is 
gone  to  ruin.  It  is  most  remarkable 
now  for  the  excellent  wine  |ir<)duced  in 
its  neighbourhood.  Thc;)doric  king  of 
tlie  Goths  resided  here,  aiidafterwanls 
the  exarchs  of  the  Greek  emperors. 
Ill  the  sixth  century,  wh-n  there  were 
tliree  popes  at  tlic  same  time,  one  lived 
at  Ravenna.  The  mausoleum  of  Theo- 
(loric  is  still  to  >  e  seen,  remarkable  for 
being  covered  by  a  single  stone,  28  feet 
in  diameter,  and  15  thick.  Ravenna  is 
now  continually  g^ing  to  decay  and  is 
seated  near  the  river  Mantone,  37 
miles  S  E  of  Ferrara,  and  162  N  of 
Rome.  LoN.  12  5  E,  lat.  44  25  N. 

Ravemberg,  a  county  of  Germany  in 
Westphalia,  lying  S  of  the  bishoprics 


RE  A 

of  Minden  and  Osnal)Ui-gli.  It  belongs 
to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  is  so  calk'<.l 
from  a  castle  of  the  wuiic  name.  Here- 
ford is  the  eapital. 

Rtnentburg,  •  iWse  imperial  town  of 
Germany  in  Suabia.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  and  the  public  structures  arc 
hundsume,and  the  inhabitants  are  part- 
ly prutestaiits  and  partly  papists.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  Chcuss,  15  miles  N  by  W 
of  Lindau.     Lon.  9  4U  E,  lat  47  5i>  N. 

Rwtenttein,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 

IwiUk  an  ancient  and  strong  castle.  lubP- 
longs  to  the  elector  palatine,  but  has  a 
Dutch  garrison.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Macse,  on  the  confines  of  Guelderland, 
lU  miles  S  W  of  Nimegucn.  Lon.  5  35 
£,  lat  51  46  N. 

Raviiz,  a  small  town  of  Polaiul,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Polnania.  It  poMess^s 
a  consider.-iblc  manufacture  of  cloth,  ^4 
miles  S  of  Posen. 

Rautchenberg,  a  to  wn  of  Germany,  in 
the  Landgravate  of  Hesse  Casscl,  four 
miles  N  of  Marpurg,  and  32  S  S  W  pf 
Cussel.  Lon.  8  46  E,  hit.  M  33  N. 

Raxaa,  a  town  of  Poland,  (.upital  of 
the  palatinate  of  Rawa,  56  miles  S  \V  of 
Warsaw. 

Ravme,  a  river  of  Hindoost  Proper, 
one  of  the  five  E  branches  of  ;.. .  indus, 
into  which  river  it  falls,  about  20  miles 
W  of  Moultan,  after  having  receiveil 
the  united  waters  of  the  Chelum  and 
Cliunaub.  The  Rawce  is  the  Hydrao- 
tes  of  Alexander. 

SayUigh,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  > 
market  on  Saturday,  lying  upon  Hadley 
bay,  13  miles  S  £  of  Chelmsford,  and 
34  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  £,  lat  51 
37  N. 

Reading,  a  borougli  and  the  county- 
town  of  Berkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  and  tlirec  churches.  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  the  river  Kennet, 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Thaipe«, 
and  is  the  largest  and  beft  town  in  tLe 
county,  witli  three  pari#b  churches  and 
large  handsome  streets.  It  had  &  ric|i 
abbey,  large  ruins  of  which  still  remain, 
and  the  bwly  of  Henry  I.  was  lately 
found  in  a  lead  coiHn  in  it.  Reading  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament  Its  chief  trade 
is  in  malt.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kennet, 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Thames, 
26  miles  S  S  E  of  Oxford,  and  29  W 
of  London.  L(m  0  52  W,  lat.  51  28  N, 
Reading,  the  capital  of  Berks  couiHy, 
Pennsylvania  i     situated  on  the  N  ^ 


RED 


REG 


fc„kof  thenver  Schuy.k.n,  54  nnte.  N  l«.,wbo  inverted  St.  Alb.n  to  chvi. 

rafted  or  conveyed  in  Jong  bouts  to  Ph.- 
ladetphiaand  its  vicinity.  He.c  mu 
post    office.      The    inbabitants    Nverc 


Sweden,  Denmark,  and  N'.iwuv.  Ill 
tiie  vear  17'JC„  this  cnpc  w»s  the  point 
he>ond  wi.icl.  coal  >va8  not  perm.tted 
to'pws  without  pavinp  a  be.^vy  .hi.y, 
which  was  taken  oil  by  u  commutation 
(iul  N  im  spirits.  .  , 

j}c<!nn.  a  town  of  France,  m  the  dc 
pa-.tn,cmnfIs\eai>dVih.iac,  and  \»le 
province  nf  UivUKue.  It  je.vci  as  i. 
ma-t  for  the  co;i.n,erce  ot  Rcnncs,  Mul 
i.  soat.donthe  ViUino,  2^^^^  ";'\<-■^  ; 
hy  S  ..1  Paris.     Lon.  2  10   W,    Ut-   37 

,„  ,nc  same  u.^.u.,..  .   -   .^^ licdondelh,  a  Hn.all  conn.crcial  tow^ 

The  inhabitants  are  about   of  Sixain  i„  Galio.-j,   ^""',."  ''■•'.^V,,;, 

lwa.s  pillaged  by  the  hnijhsh    ."    17(K. 


reckoned  238G  at  last  enumeration. 

Realmonu  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  G:igmne,  and  hiU- 
province  of  Lang.icdor     3    ""1'",''  N  ^^ 
\d  Toulonse.     Lon.  2  OE,  lat  4,50  N. 
Reahiile,   a  town  of  France,   m  Uk- 
department  of  Lot,  ciR-ht  miles  N  L  U 
Montauban.     Lon.  1  24  L,  lat.  44  7  N- 
Keanum^^n,  a  po8lt<,w»  .n  Lanruste. 
coimtv,  Ponns>lvania,  15  miles  N  L  <- < 
Lancaster,  ami  the  f  ™<: 'I'f**".)'^ ..t„.,, 
of  Reading    " '  ' '" 

Rebel,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir^ 
ck-  of  Lower  Saxony,   and  dutcliy  ot 
Mecklenburg,  seated  on  the  lake  Mu 
,itz,  30  miles  S  E  of  Gustrow.    Lon. 
12  36  E,  lat.  53  32  N.  f"     ,„k_„ 

Rebnick,  a  populous  »"*?  «'^  J"'**;^ 
in  Europe,  in  Walachia,  with  a  bishop  s 
see,  seated  on  Uic  river  Aluta.  45rades 
S  W  of  Targowisco. 
Reccan.     See  Aracan. 

Reccmata,  an  episcopal  town  o1 
Italv,  in  the  Marq'iis:.te  of  Ancona.  It 
is  a" trading  place.  an<l  has  a  great  fair 
in  September,  which  ccntinues  15 
davs.  The  tomb  of  Pore  Gregory 
Vir  is  in  the  cathedral.  U  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  from  whence  then- 
is  a  verv  tine  prospect,  near  the  river 
Mmisone,  14  miles  S  of  Ancona,  and 
111.  N  F.  of  Rome.    Lon.  13  o4  £,  lat 

43  24  N. 

Rechlinshauten,  a  town  of  German)', 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Cologne,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  citadel,  and  a  chapter  of  no- 
ble ladies.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lippe, 
20  miles  W   of  Ham.     Lon.  8  36  t, 

^^^elulL,  a  yillage  in  Kent,  with  a 
noted  church,  which  was  anciently 
collegiate.  It  has  two  spires,  which 
aerve  for  a  seamark,  and  are  called  b> 
mariners,  the  Two  Sisters  This  place 
vras  the  Regulbinm  of  the  Romans 
•nd  is  12  miles  W  of  Margate. 

Redbun,,  a  thoronghftire  town  in 
Herts  fiv^  mile.  N  W  of  St.  Alban's. 
It  formerly  belonged  to  the  n-'inasterv 
*f  St.  Alban.  and  was  grea  ly  t.nmed 
fertile  pretended  relics  ol  Amphiba- 


it  is  seated  at  the  bottom  ot  a  bay 
where  there  is  li»hery  for  anchovies, 
leight  miles  S  of  Pontc  Vedra.  Lon. 
'  8  15  W,  lat.  42  18  N. 

J?e</o«rfo,atownof  Porlngal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira.  with  a  castle,  an<l  a 
i;,anufucture  of  cloth.  It  «»  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mondego,  17  ""»"  » 
W  ofCoimbria.  Lon.8  34\V.  lat.  40  4  N. 
Red  Rutiia.  Sec  Russia  Red. 
Rudruth,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  whose 
market  is  disused.  .  ^ '»  ^^-^^^.^''^S* 
verv  heart  of  the  mining  country,  2W 
miles  W  by  S  of  London.     Lon.  5  U 

M:;^.fa',^i^ea  celebrated  in  holy 
writ,  extending  1300  mdes  fi-om  N  to 
S,  and  200  in  the  widest  piirt.  from  L 
to  W  It  divides  Arabia  from  Atricu 
and  is  separated  fr.>m  the  Mediterra- 
"can  Sea'ontheN,  by  the  isthmus  o 

Suez,  and  commtmicates, by  the  stiaiU 
S  Bibelmandel,  on  the  S  with  the 
Arabian  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Rees,  a  strong  town  of  Gemany,    m 
the  circle  of  Westphalia  and  d"tchy  °J 
Cleves,  seated  on  the  «''-"^'  }»  mi  ^ 
S  E  of  Cleves,  and  ten  N  W  ot  Wesei 
Lon.  6  4  E,  lat.  5140  N. 

i?«en,  a  tow"  of  Bavavia,  on  a  river 

ofSff  ^me  name.  «l'i«='>  >''^'' '*« ''"X 

p  Bohemia  and  falls  into  the  Danube. 

tfs  12  miles  NKEofDeckench,.^. 

and  40  E  of  RaUsbon.     Lon.  13   -  «^. 

lat.  48  50  N.  . 

Ragersberg,    a    handsome    tov«^    of 

Swisterland.  in  the   canton  of  Zunc, 

capital  of  a  bailiwic  ot  the  sanie  name. 

lA  ai-trongcasUe.    Itis  .eated  ou. 


REG 

|(>nverted  St.  Albun  to  clirit 

a  promontory    in    Anpiis- 
|lhc   German    Ocean,    King 

S  of  Mnntiosc.  It  is  a  noted 
for  vessels  truilinfj  from 
iDi-nmiirk,  and  Noi  way.  Till 
yi'X'),  this  c;i]ie  was  tlit  point 
pich  coal  was  not  permitted 
Hth(ii;_t  puvinp;'  a  lieavy  dii,/, 
Is  taken  oil  by  a  commutation 
jjirits. 
[a  town  (if  France,  in  the  dc. 

if  Isle  aiid  Vilaiae,    and    late 

jf  Bretajine,  It  serves  ;;s  » 
the  eoiiinieree  of  Reiuies,  Mitl 

on  the  Vilaino,  22.i  miles  K 
raris.     Loll.  2  10   W,   lat.   37 

V//rj,  A  small  ciinmcrciiil  town 
in  Galicia,   vitti  u  castle.     Il 

gfd  by  the  KiiifUsh  in  17()J, 
ed  .It  the  bottom  of  a  bay 
lere  is  finlicry  for  anchovies, 
les  S  of  Ponte    Vedra.     Loii. 

lat.  42  18  N. 

rfo,  atownof  Portugal,  in  the 
■  of  Beira,  with  a  K:ast]e,  and  a 
:ture  of  cloth.  It  is  seated  at 
ithof  the  Mondepo,  17  miles  8 
limbria.  Lou.  8  34  VV,  lat.  40  4  N. 
Kiuiia.  See  Rustia  Rtd. 
<ith,  atowniin  Cornwall,  whose 
is  disused.  It  is  seated  in  the 
art  of  the  miniii((  country,  262 
S  by  S  of  London.  Loii.  5  13 
50  13  N. 

Jea,  a  sea  celebrated  in  holy 
ttendingr  1300  miles  fiiim  N  to 
200  in  Uie  widest  part,  from  E 
It  divides  Arabia  from  Africa 
separaf<'d  from  the  Mediterra- 
[>a  on  the  N,  by  the  isthmus  of 
iid  communicates,  by  the  sti'aits 
elinandel,  on  the  S  with  the 
II  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean, 
a  Ktronjj  town  of  Germany,  in 
•leof  Westphalia  and  dntchy  of 
seated  on  the  Hh'.ne,  10  miles 
Cleves,  and  ten  N  W  of  Wesel 
4E,  lat.  51  40  N. 
1,  a  town  of  Bavai  ia,  on  a  river 
iamc  name,  which  has  its  source 
:mia  and  falls  into  the  Danube. 
I  miles  N  N  E  of  Deckendoif, 
E  of  IlatJsbon.  Lon.  13  2  E, 
SON. 

isberg,  a  handsome  town  of 
Hand,  in  the  canton  of  Zuric, 
of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name, 
strong  castle.     It  is   seated  on. 


R  £  I 

»  rock,  called  •he  Lagferbergp,  10  milei 
N  W  of  Zuric. 

Regenitein,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Hslberstadt,  six 
miles  S  of  Hulbcrstadt,  and  seven  \V 
of  (iiiedlingbnig.  Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  ol 
26  N. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  and  arcliiepiscopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  Nai)les,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriorc,  with  a  woollen  manufaclii'd. 
It  is  a  large  and  p<>p>dous  place  a:id  is 
seated  on  the  strait  of  Messina,  12 
miles  S  E  of  Messina,  and  I'JO  S  by  E 
of  Naples.     Lon.  16  0  E,  lat.  38  4  N. 

Rc^gio,  a  dutcliy  of  Italy,  included 
in  that  of  Modena.  It  produces  a  great 
deal  of  silk.  It  is  all  subject  to  the 
duke  of  Modena,  except  tlic  marqui- 
sate  of  St.  Martin,  which  is  subject  to 
a  prirtce  of  that  name. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  episfcopal  city  of 
Italy,  in  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name, 
Willi  a  '.iLidel.  It  lias  been  ruined 
several  times  by  the  Goths,  and  other 
nations.  In  the  cathedral  are  paint- 
ings liy  the  greatest  masters ;  and  in  the 
square  is  the  statue  of  Brennus,  chief 
of  tile  Gauls.  The  inhabitants  are 
about  22,000,  who  carry  on  a  great 
trade  in  silk.  It  was  taken  by  prince 
Eugene  in  1706,  and  by  the  king  of 
Sardinia  in  1743.  It  il  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  15  milea  N  W  of  Mo  • 
dena,  and  80  S  £  of  Milan.  Lon.  11  5 
E,  lat.  44 43  N. 

Regina,  a  tov?n  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citcriore,  14  miles  N  of  Co- 
senza.     Lon.  16  21  E,  lat  39  34  N. 

Regnano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter.  It  is  thinly  in- 
habited and  is  seated  near  the  Tiber, 
17  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  36  H, 
lat.  42  11  N. 

Rehoboth,  a  post  town  in  Bristol 
county,  Massachusetts,  42  miles  S  by 
W  of  Boston,  and  3  eastward  from 
Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

RfU-htiiau,  an  island  of  Germany  in 
Sunbia,  in  the  lower  lake  of  Constance. 
It  is  three  miles  long  and  one  broad  ; 
contains  about  1600  inhabitants,  all 
catholics,  and  three  ;^arishes.  It  is 
citremely  bcautifid,  i.nd  in  it  is  a  rich 
Beneilii'line  abbey,  of  which  the  bi- 
shop of  Constance  is  abbot,  with  a  li- 
brary and  curious  nmnuscripts.  In 
this  ronvpul  was  interred  the  emperor 
Ciiarl^'s  Ic  Gros.  This  island  is  three 
miles  W  of  Constance,  and  belongs  to 
tlie  bisl'op  of  that  place. 

Rc'uhenau,   a  town  of   SwifiserlaiKl, 


in  thf  country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is 
seavcd  in  a  rich  and  fertile  valley,  up- 
on the  conHux  of  tlie  two  branches 
which  form  the  Rhine.  At  this  place 
are  two  cnrious  bridges.  One  of  these 
is  thrown  across  the  hiwer  brancli  of 
the  Uhinc,  and  is  105  feet  in  length. 
The  other,  built  across  the  Rhine  be- 
low the  point  of  union,  forms  a  very 
beautiful  object  It  is  a  wooden 
bridge,  of  a  single  arch,  covered  like 
that  of  SchaiUutusen,  and  constructed 
upon  nearly  the  same  plan.  'I'be  sjian 
of  the  arch  is  220  feet  in  length. 
Reichenau  is  seven  miles  S  W  of  Coir. 

Rtichenbach,  a  river  fif  Swisserland, 
which  has  its  source  at  the  foot  of 
Mour.  Wettcrhorn,  and  rolls  its  nu- 
uicious  cataracts  down  the  steep  sides 
of  mount  Sheidcc,  till  it  unites  with 
the  river  Aarnear  Me)Tingen.  Il  con- 
veys into  the  Aar  the  gold  dust  that  is 
found  in  the  bed  of  that  river. 

Reichenbach,  a  town  of  Bohemia  in 
Silesia,  capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  little  river 
Peil,  and  noted  for  the  peace  conclud- 
ed, in  1790,  between  the  emperor  Leo- 
puid  XI.  and  the  Turks. 

Reichenberg,  a  castle  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  upper  R  hine  and  county 
of  Catzenelenbngen.  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain,  near  the  Rhine,  and  be- 
longs to  the  prince  of  Hesse  Rheinfeld. 
Lon.  7  57  E,  lai.  50  4  N. 

Ritchenfelit,  a  town  of  Germanv,  in 
the  dutcliy  of  Carinlhia,  24  miles  E  of 
Muhrau.     Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  47  9  N. 

Reknenhall,  a  town  of  Germany,  ii» 
the  circle  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  Sala, 
with  a  rich  salt  spring,  nine  miles  S 
W  ofSaltzburg,  and  64  S  W  of  Mu- 
nich.    Lon.  13  2  E,  lat  47  28  N. 

Reichenstein,  a  town  of  Bohemia  in 
Silf^sia,  famous  for  the  silver  mines  in 
its  neighbourhood.  It  is  12  miles  W 
of  Grotcskaw. 

Reichshoftn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhiiie,  with  a 
castle 

Ret/ertcheiii,  Si  tovm  of  G  •••""-./>  '•> 
the  c  rcle  of  Lower  Rhine  anil  arch- 
bishopric of  Cologne,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name.  It  is  32  miles  S 
W  of  Cologne,  and  42  W  of  Coblcntz. 
Lon.  6  50  E,  l.-it.  50  20  N. 

Reitenburgs  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  tlie 
province  of  Oberland,  near  which  is  nn 
ancient  castle,  78  miles  S  W  of  Kon- 
ingsberg.  Lon.  20  5  E,  lat.  5.3  .72  N. 

ReiiUn's-tomn,  a  town  in   lialtimoi'e 


Uh 


REN 


RES 


county,  Maryland,  where  there  it  • 
post  office,  15  miles  N  W  of  Baltimore, 
and  63  N  by  E  of  Wathington. 

Reimrtmtmt,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  tl>e  V</!ige»«  and 
late  province  of  Lorrain.  It  hiul  late- 
ly a  chapter  of  canoneiiei,  who  were 
obliged  to  prove  their  nubility,  and 
whose  abbuis  was  a  princess  of  the 
empire.  It  is  seated  on  tl»e  river  Mo' 
scllr,  at  Uie  f(K>t  of  Mount  Vosffes,  i/2 
miU's  S  by  El  o^  Naiici.  I.on.  6  47  E, 
lat.  'M  3  N. 

Remy,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mcnitlis  of  tlic  Klione. 
Hurr  are  the  remains  of  a  triumphal 
Ri'cli,  and  a  mausoleum,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhoi)d,  in  tl^e  best  state  of  preser- 
vation. St.  Ktmy  is  10  miles  N  £  of 
Ariel*. 

ReniLihurg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  dutcliy 
of  Molstein,  with  a  castle.  It  is  a 
»tron^  place  by  its  situation,  standing 
on  an  isUiiul  formed  by  the  river  Eyder, 
12  miles  S  E  of  SIcswick.  Lon.  10  6 
E,  lat.  54  iO  N. 

Rei\fre\\i,  the  county  town  of  Ren- 
frewsliire.  Robert  II.  had  a  palace 
liL-i-c,  of  which  nothing' remains  but  the 
ditch  that  encircled  it.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Clyde,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cart, 
10  miles  L  liv  S  of  Port  Glasgow,  and 
45  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4  26  W, 
lat.  55  51  N. 

Rcnfreivfhire,  a  coimty  of  Scotland, 
wliicii  has  for  many  ye»rs  been  called  a 
bnrony,  because  :t  was  the  paternal  es- 
tale  of  the  Stewarts,  before  they  were 
s.dvanC'Cd  to  the  throne  of  Scotland,  and 
at  present  gives  the  title  of  Baron  to 
tiic  Prince  of  Wales.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S  hj'  Airsliirc  ;  on  the  E  by  La- 
nerksliire,  and  on  the  N  and  W  by  the 
Cl)dc  river,  whicli  divides  it  on  the  W 
li-om  Arg-yloshire,  and  on  the  N  from 
Dumbixrtonshire  ;  extending  30  miles 
from  N  to  S,  and  13  where  broadest, 
from  E  to  \V.  It  is  watered  by  several 
sm.iU  rivers,  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
\Vhite-c:irt  and  tlie  Black-cart,  which 
imile  and  fiill  into  the  Clyde.  That 
part  near  the  Clyde  is  fruitful  and  plea- 
sant, with  but  fo\.'  eniinenccB  ;  but  that 
to  ill'-  ^  S  W,  and  W,  i.*  more  barren 
and  momitaiiK.ii.v".  U  cnjo)s  a  healthful 
air,  and  abtmnds  with  all  necessaries 
of  life.  Its  priiiripid  towns  are  Ren- 
frew, Puislrv,  tJreenock,  and  Port 
Glasgow.  It  chief  manufactures  are 
Unsn,  gauac,  lawns.  Sic.     Near  Paisley 


is  a  spring  which  ebbs  and  flows  witli 
the  tide,  jet  situated  mnny  miles  froin 
tl>c  sea. 

RenntboK,  a  small  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Strasburg,  10  milci 
F.  of  Strasburg. 

Rennet,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and 
late  province  of  Bretagne.  The  inhti 
bitants  arc  computed  at  35,000.  Thn . 
fire  in  1720,  which  lasted  seven  days, 
and  consumed  850  houses,  contributeil 
greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  town,  as 
the  streets  which  were  very  narniw, 
were  made  wider  and  straight.  In  the 
great  square,  is  the  Palace  of  Juativ.e, 
and  the  Hotel  de  Ville.  Rennet  is  an 
arci-Sishoprit,  and  the  capital  of  the 
department.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Vi- 
laine, which  divides  it  into  two  parts, 
58  miles  N  by  W  of  Nantes,  and  43  S 
E  of  St.  Male.  Lon.  1  36  W,  lat  48 
7K. 

Rents,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  seal- 
ed on  the  river  Au,  12  miles  SWof  Aire, 
and  50  N  W  of  Arrar  Lon.  2  20  E, 
lat.  50  36  N. 

Reole,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de< 
partment  of  Gironde,  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  20  miles  S  E  of  Bourde-iux. 
Lon.  0  4  W.  lat.  44  30  N. 

Repail/e,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  Cha- 
blais,  seated  on  a  river  whicii  falls  into 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  and  famous  for  the 
retreat  of  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  in 
1440,  where  he  went  to  enjoy  the  plea- 
sures of  a  country  life.  There  is  a  Car- 
thusian monawcery  here,  remarkable  for 
its  extensive  prospects.  It  is  three 
miles  from  Thonon,  and  20  N  E  of  Ge- 
neva.    Lon.  6  21  E,  lat.  46  36  N. 

Repeham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  has  two 
churches  in  one  churcliyard.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  valley,  15  miles  N  W  of  Nor- 
wich, and  109  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
1  7  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Reppen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  new  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  16  miles  S  S  E  of 
Gastrin.    Lon.  14  28  £.  lat.  52  SON. 

Requena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  was 
taken  by  tlie  English  in  1706,  and  reta- 
ken by  the  French  the  next  year.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Oliana,  40  miles  W  of 
Valencia,  and  130  E  by  S  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  39  24  N. 

Retht,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Ghilan.    It  is  seated  on  the  S  W  coast 


■** 


■  mimmmmfiiimtmf 


R  £  8 


1^, 


fg  which  ebbt  and  flows  witli 
]}et  Ritiutcd  mnny  miles  fron 

1>»,  a  smnll  town  of  Gcripsny, 
Ihopric  of  Strusburgr,  10  miles 
■ihiiig. 

an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 

kment  of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and 

■nee  of  Breta)pie.     The  inhs. 

Lie   computed  at  35,000.    Thn , 

jr20,  wliicli  lasted  seven  days, 

luntcd  850  houses,  contributed 

10  the  beauty  of  the  town,  as 

lels  which  wt;re  rery  narrow, 

dc  wider  and  straight.     In  the 

iiare,  is  the  Palace  of  Justice, 

Hotel  de  Ville.     Rennes  is  an 

opric,   and  the  capital  of  the 

unU     It  is  seated  on  tlie  Vi- 

hich   divides  it  into  two  parts, 

N  by  W  of  Nantes,  and  42  ,S 

Malo.     Lon.   1  36  W,  lat.  48 

a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
it  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  sea..- 
e  rivor  Aa,  12  miles  SWof  Aire, 
N  W  of  ArrtF  Lon.  2  20  E, 
16  N. 

,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de< 
It  of  Gironde,  seated  on  the 
e,  20  miles  S  E  of  Bourdenux. 
|4  W.  lat.  44  30  N. 
il/e,  •  town  of  Savoy,  in  Cha- 
leated  on  a  river  which  falls  into 
i:  of  Geneva,  and  famous  for  the 
of  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  in 
vliere  he  went  »o  enjoy  the  plea. 
fa  country  life  There  is  a  C«n 
mona.,cery  here,  remarkable  fnt 
ensive  prospects.  It  is  three 
■om  Thonon.  and  30  N  £  of  Ge- 
Lon.  6  21  E,  lat.  46  36  N. 
lain,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
on  Saturday,  and  has  two 
;s  in  one  churchyard.  It  is  seat- 
valley,  15  miles  N  W  of  Nor- 
nd  109  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
lat.  52  50  N. 

n,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 

'Upper  Saxony,  and  new  marche 

Klenburg,  16  miles  S  S  E  of 

,    Lon.  14  28  £.  lat  52  30  N. 

na,   a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 

with  a  strong^  castle.    It  was 

i^tlie  English  in  ir06,  and  reta- 

the  French  the  next  year.     It 

1  on  the  Oliana,  4U  miles  W  Of 

n,  and   130  E  Lv  S  of  Madrid. 

40  W,  lat.  39  24  N. 

I  a  town   of  Persia,  capital  of 

It  is  seated  on  the  S  W  coast 


C   R  E  V      • 

of  the  Cupian  Sea,  in  a  fertile  plain, 
iiirroundcd  with  high  muuntuins,  110 
milus  N  of  Casbia.  Lon.  52  16  £,  lat. 
37  18  N. 

Heioiudon  hland,  a  small  island  in 
the  Pacitic  Oct-an,  so  called  from  the 
ship  Resolution,  in  which  captain  Cook 
made  his  second  voyage  to  that  Ocean. 
Lun  141  45  W,  lat.  U  23  S. 

Uttfvrit,  East,  a  borough  in  Notting* 
hamsliire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Idle,  30  miles  N 
of  Nottingiiam,  and  144  N  by  W  of 
London      Lon.   0  48  W,  lat  53  23  N. 

Rtthel,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Ardennes, 
and  late  province  of  Champagne.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Aisne,  20  miles  N  E  of  Rheims,  and 
108  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  26  £,  lat. 
49  30  N.  "• 

Rttimo,  a  town  of  Candia,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  harbour  defended 
by  a  citadel,  where  the  bashaw  resides. 
It  was  taken  in  1647,  by  the  Turks, 
who  have  kept  it  ever  since.  The  silk, 
wool,  honey,  wax,  laudanum,  and  oil, 
are  preferred  to  all  others.  It  is  seat* 
ed  on  the  N  coast  of  the  island,  in  a 
pleasant  country,  45  miles  from  Can- 
dia.    Lon.  24  45  £.  lat.  35  22  N. 

Snel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  nine  miles  N 
of  St  Papoul.  Lon.  3  10  E,  lat.  43 
26  N. 

Rntl,  a  government  of  Russia.  See 
Etthcnia. 

Revet,  a  strong  seaport  of  Russia,  ca- 
pital of  the  government  of  Esthonia, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded 
by  high  walls  and  deep  ditchei,  fcnd 
defended  by  a  caBtle  and  good  bastionf . 
The  houses  are  well  built,  and  have 
very  fine  gardens.  There  is  a  coUegfe, 
with  four  professors :  and,  in  1733,  two 
churches  w<;re  allowed  to  the  protes- 
tants.  It  is  become  a  place  of  great 
trade,  since  the  Russians  obtained  pos- 
session of  it ;  and  there  are  two  great 
fairs,  in  May  and  September,  frequent- 
ed by  English  and  Dutch  merchants. 
The  Russians  took  this  important  place 
in  1711,  most  of  tlie  inhabitants  being 
carried  off  by  the  plngfuc.  It  is  seated 
on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  partly  in  u  plea- 
sant plain,  and  partly  on  a  mountain, 
85  miles  S  E  of  Abo,'  and  133  W  bv  S 
of  Petersburg.     Loi'    23  57  E,  lat' 59 

20  a. 


R  H  E 

Jle9tlfo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Salux/u,  near  the 
Po.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  very 
liigh  mountain,  and  is  strongly  fortified 
both  by  nature  and  art.  It  is  tlirec 
miles  N  \V  of  Saliizj;o. 

Revero,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  seated  on  the  rivrr  Po,  op- 
posite Ostiglia,  10  miles  N  E  jf  Miraii- 
<lola,  and  20  S  E  of  Mantua.  Lon.  1  9 
E,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Reut,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cntilonia. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  wine, 
brandy,  and  nuts,  which  are  carted 
down  to  Solo,  an  open  but  Hafe  road, 
five  miles  off.  About  20,000  pipes  of 
brandy  are  annually  exported.  It  is 
seated  in  the  middle  of  a  most  fruitful 
plain,  35  miles  N  E  of  Tortosa,  and  60 
W  S  W  of  Barcelona. 

ReuM,  ariver  of  Swisserland,  which 
rises  in  the  lake  of  Locendro,  between 
the  mountains  of  Petina  and  Loceiuh-o, 
flows  through  the  lake  of  Luccrii  and 
the  town  of  that  name,  and  joining  the 
Aar,  falls  into  tlie  Rhine,  below  Zur- 
zach. 

Reutliiigen,  a  free  imperial  to\vn  of 
Germany  in  Suabia,  m  the  dutchy  of 
Wirtemburg.  It  is  adorned  with  hand- 
some public  buildings  :  and  has  a  well 
frequented  collegre.  It  is  seated  un  the 
Echetz,  near  the  Neckar,  10  miles  E 
of  Tubingen,  and  37  S  of  Stutgard. 
Lon.  9  10  E,  lat  48  31  N. 

Reux,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Austrian  Hainault,  eiglitmilca 
N  E  of  Mons. 

Rewah,  u  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
province  of  Allahubud,  57  miles  S  S 
W  of  that  place.  Lon.  81  36  E,  lat. 
24  35  N. 

Rejina,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  seated  in  a  plain,  with  a 
castle  built  upon  an  eminence,  three 
miles  from  Lerna,  and  in  a  territory 
abounding  in  wine  and  cattle. 

Reznn,  a  government  of  Russia,  for. 
merly  a  prorir.ce  of  the  government  of 
Moscow.  It  contains  12  districts,  and 
is  fertile  ii<  corn,  and  populous ;  and 
had  anciently  its  o'.'ii  princes. 

Rezan,  a  city  of  Aussia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  witli  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  was  formerly  con- 
siderabic  for  its  extent  and  riches,  but 
was  almost  ruined  by  the  Tartars,  in 
1568.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  ot* 
the  Trubesh  and  Occa,  100  miles  S  E 
of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  27  E,  lat.  54  55  N. 
Rhe,    an  islund  on   the   W  uoa^t  ol 


R  H  B 

Friinre,  in  tin-  ilepuptmcnt  of  l.nmer 
Chiiicnli'.  It  Ih  four  lc:.KUe«  lonif  niul iwo 
»ini:iil,  iiml  v<fv  i>opul.ni».  In  proiliict" 
Hri'  biUi'i-  winr,  «()miil;iiicc  of  naU,  cx- 
telUnt  brimilv,  iinil  ttie  liquor  ra\le<l 
anisci-(l.  It  it  tlcfcv'eil  by  four  forU, 
•ml  is  i-iK'ht  miU'ii  W  of  Koclielle.  St. 
MuHin  i^  ll'i-'  ciipitftl. 

JihrJii,  11  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
rle  of  VV  rbtiiliulia,  »i«l  county  of  Lin- 
f;in,  lu  miles  N  of  Lipatudt.  Lon.  7 
22  K,  lilt.  51  47  N. 

Mlirhm,   «n   aiiclcnl  city  of  France, 
in  tl>.'  <lep:irtmfnt  of  Mnrnc,  and  late 
proviiici-  of  Cli;inipii(jn.',  with  an  arch- 
binliop's   Kie,  wiiiisr  iiiclihishop  was  a 
tUikc  uiii)  pcti-  of  Frunce.     Tli«  inhabl 
tiints  arc  c  nmpiited  to  be  .30,000.     The 
priiiclinil  rlmicli.  built  before  the  year 
4(K),   iM   it  vipv  bi-aiitifid  Gothic  stfiic- 
tiiic.     'I  bat  (if  St.  Niciiisc,  is  remarka- 
ble for  it  1  fine  archittcUire.     It  i»  about 
4  milen  i"  circutnfficncc,  and  contalmi 
fievcral fmc  squares  laine  ntrects,  wc» 
built  liouscs,  and  UKi(fniticcnt  churches 
The  nictropolilan  church  is  considera- 
ble for  its  largeness,  fine  architecture, 
and  the  beauty  ol'  its  front,  being  full 


R  H  I 

the  Rliinc,  34  miles  S  8  E  of  Cologne. 
Lou.  7  2.1  E,  Int.  JO  27  N. 

J^htiHtc,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ci- 
pitftl  of  tlie  Hhi-inthul,  with  a  cuttle, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  near  the  lake  of 
Constance.  Lon.  9  2J  K,  l«t.47  41  N. 
Rhtinfttd,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  amlciHinty 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  one  of  tlie 
most  imjjortant  places  on  the  Rhiiic, 
with  reKawl  to  strenifth  and  situalinH. 
It  is  built  on  a  craggy  rock,  tX  the  foot 
of  which  is  the  town  of  St.  Ooar,  and 
was  taken  by  the  French,  in  1794.  It 
is  15  miles  S  of  Coblentz. 

Meiiifelilen,  a  st<-«nK  town  of  Suabia, 
the  best  of  the  four  forest  towns.  It 
helonjfs  to  the  house  of  Austria,  and 
bus  been  often  taken  and  retaken,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  over  which  is 
a  bridge  of  several  aiches,  eight  miles 
E  of  Basic.  Lon.  7  46  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 
Jiheingiiu,  a  district  of  Germany,  «n 
the  E  side  of  the  Rhine,  extending, 
from  Neidcr  Wallauf  to  Lorrlch.  The 
vine  is  here  chiefly  cultivated.  Elfcld 
is  the  ca);ilal. 

Kheiuhauten,  a  town  of  Germany  in 


and  the  beauty  ol'  its  front,  being  full  ^j^^  bishopric  of  Spire.     It  is    situate 

of  fiffvires  in  relievo.     It  bus  a  mint,  an  ^^  ^^^^  Rhine,  three  miles  S  E  of  Spire, 

iinivei-.sitv,   and   live    abbeys,  the  most  j^htinlaml,   a  part  of  South  Holland, 

famous  of  wlich  is  that  of    St    Remy,  .  .       ^^^  ^^^^,j  ^jj^.^  „f  ^i,^  Rhine.  Ley- 


Remy. 
in  wh.i  h  the  corpse  of  the  archb  shop 
is  incscrvcd   in   a   magnificent  shrine. 
The  leinains  of  an  amphitheatre,  a  cas- 
tle, aiHi  a  triumphal  arch,  are   among 
the  ancient  monuments  of  the  Romans. 
Rhcims   is  long   and  narrow,  r,iid  the 
hi>uses  are  low.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  flannel,  coverlets,  and  other  woollen 
stufls  :  and  the  gingerbread  is  famous. 
Rhcims   is  seated  in  a  plain,  stirround- 
ed  bv  hills  that  luoduce  excellent  wine, 
on  the  river  Vcsse,  62  miles  N  of  Troves, 
and  75  N  E  of  Paris.     Lon.  4  8  E,  lat. 
49  15  N. 

Jfhimu,   a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
^  Ti.urgau,     with  an  abbey,  on  an  island 
fQi  med  by  the  Rhine,  between  Schafl. 
baiisen  andEglisau. 

Rheinbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circleof  Lower  Rhine,  and  electorate 
of  Cologne,  53  miles  E  of  Leige.  Lon. 
6  9  E,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Rheinberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
eleetorute  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  40  miles  N  W  of  Cologne,  and 
40  S  F.  of  Guelderland.  Lon.  6  39  E, 
lat  51  ':9W.  . 

Rheliec,tL  town  of  Germany,   in  the 


l\  ing  (m  both  sides  of  the  Rhine.  Ley 
den  is  the  capital. 

JUieinmagen,  or  Remagen,  a  town  ot 
\Vest|)hulia,  situate  near  the  Rhine^W 
miles  N  N»  W  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6  30 
E,  Int.  50  38  N. 

Rheintabern,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  bishopric  of  Spire,  with  a  castle, 
15  miles  S  of  Spire. 

Rheinthal,  a  fertile  valley  of  Swisser. 
land  lying  along  the  Rhine,  which  di- 
vidca  it  from  a  territory  of  Austria,  till 
it  reaches  the  lake  «»f  Constance.  It 
belongs  to  the  eight  ancient  cantons, 
and  to  that  of  Appenzel.  The  protes- 
tant  inhabitants  are  the  most  numerous. 
Rheimvald,  a  large  valley  in  the  coun- 
try  of  Grisons;  so  called  froni  uie 
Hinder  Rhine,  which  rises  at  the  dis- 
tance of  12  miles,  and  runs  through 
the  valley.    Splugen  is  the  capital. 

Rheiien,  a  city  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Utrecht,  seate.l  on  the  Leek, 
20  miles  S  E  of  Utrecht.  It  was  taken 
bv  the  French  in  1672,  and  again  m 
1795.     Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  51  .50  N. 

Rhine,  acelehrated  river  of  Germany, 
having  its  source  in  the  country  of  the 
Grisons  in   Swisserland,  >  nd  in  the  ve- 


r    ;?Ae/i.r,a  townof  Germany,   '^^"n  ^•^'"■"•""■fj^:^^"     'k  U  formed  ef 
archbishopric  of  Cologne,    .eatea  on  I  ry  bosom  ol  the  Alps,    ivig.or 


I,.       •■: 


R  H  I 

|c,  34  itiilfti  S  s  E  of  Cologne. 

p  E,  Int.  50  '27  N. 

jc,  a  town  of  Swliserland,  c». 

tliL-   HIiciDtliiil,  with    a  cuitle, 

In  tlie  Rliiiip,  nciir  the   luke  of 

•e.     L<.n.  9  2J  K,  l«t.47  4»N. 

'M,   u  cuttle   of  Gcrmuny,    in 

«  of  Lower  Uhinc,  uiul  c'oiintjr 

lime  name.     It   is   one  of  tlie 

jM)rtaiit  places  on  the    Rhine, 

:un\  to  atreni^h  and  •itiiulion. 

It  on  u  cragjfy  rock,  at  the  toot 

f>  it  the  town  of  St.  Oour,  and 

n  by  the  French,  in  1794.     It 

lea  S  of  Coblentz. 

frlden,  a  sti-onv  town  of  Siiabia, 

of  the  four  forest  towns.     It 

to  the  house   of  Austria,   and 

n  often  taken  and  retaken,  and 

d  on  the    Rhine,  over  which  it 

e  of  several  aiches,  eijfht  miles 

iftle.     L(.n.7  46  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

■gait,  II  district  of  Germany,  on 

tide  of  the   Rhine,   extending, 

tider  Waliaiif  to  Lorrlch,    The 

ion-  chieHy  cultivated.     EH'eld 

a|;ital. 

iihausen,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Hhopric  of  Spire.  It  is  sitiiate 
Rhine,  three  miles  SE  of  Spire. 
nland,  a  jisrt  of  South  Holland, 
)n  both  sides  of  the  Rhine.  Ley. 
the  rupital, 

inmagen,  or  Remagen,  a  town  of 
)li«lia,  situate  near  the  RhinWi'lQ 
N  N*  W  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6  30 
50  38  N. 

ntnbern,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
iiioi)ric  of  Spire,  with  a  castle, 
es  S  of  Spire. 

nthat,  a  fertile  valley  of  Swisser> 
insf  along  the  Rhine,  which  di- 
t  from  a  territory  of  Austria,  till 
hes  the  lake  «»f  Constance.  It 
s  to  the  eight  ancient  cantons, 
that  of  Appenzel.  The  protes- 
habitants  are  the  most  numerous. 
invatd,  a  large  valley  inthe|;oun> 
Grisons  t  so  called  froni  tlie 
•  Rhine,  which  rises  at  the  dis- 
if  12  miles,  and  runs  through 
ley.  Splngen  is  the  capital. 
en,  a  city  of  the  United  Provin- 
Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Leek, 
:s  S  E  of  Utrecht.  It  was  taken 
French  in  1672,  and  again  in 
Lon.  5  22  E,  Int.  51  ,50  N. 
f,  acelebrated  river  of  Germany, 
its  source  in  the  country  of  tlic 
« in  Swisserland,  '  nd  in  the  ve- 
m  of  the  Alps.    K  is  formed  of 


R  H  I 

two  principal  streams,  the  Upp«r  or 
Hinder  Rhine,  to  the  U,  and  the  I.ower 
Rhine,  (tcirnivd  by  two  small  streamn, 
catlod  the  Middle  and  the  Kiirthcr 
Rhine)  to  the  W.  The  Upper  and  Lower 
Rhine,  uniting  at  Reiciienuu,  form 
a  fine  river,  over  which  is  a  curious 
bridge  of  onr  arch,  the  itpun  of  which 
i>  'Xi^  feet  lung  II  Likts  its  course 
N  by  Coira,  wild  coiitiiuies  on  till  it 
forms  the  lake  of  Cunstunce  in  Suubia  t 
thence  turning  W,  it  passes  by  tlie 
citii^s  of  C<Misla«ice  and  Schallhausen, 
and  watering  Uusll,  runs  from  thence 
directly  N,  <tividing  Suabia  from  Al> 
suce.  Leaving  Alsuce  and  Suubia, 
the  river  gives  name  to  the  two  Ger- 
man circles  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Rhine,  waters  many  considerable  ci- 
ties and  towns,  and  receives  the 
streams  of  the  Neckai',  Maine,  and 
Moselle,  in  its  course  to  the  United 
Provinces.  Below  Cmmerick,  in  the 
dutrliy  of  Cleves,  it  divides  into  two 
streams.  That  which  bends  to  the  W, 
and  flows  by  Nimeguen,  is  called  the 
Waal,  but  loses  that  name  on  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Maese,  at  Bommel.  Be- 
low VVorcum,  it  divides  into  four  prin- 
cipal branches,  forming  the  isles  of 
Ysselmonde,  Voom,  and  Ovcrflackee  : 
the  most  northern  branch  is  called  the 
Merwe,  and  passing  by  Rotterdam, 
and  Schiedam,  it  joined  by  the  branch 
from  the  S  side  of  Ysselmonde,  and 
tnt|rs  the  German  Ocean,  below  the 
Brtel  {  the  other  two  branches  make 
their  exit  at  Hclvoetsliiys  and  Goree. 
The  other  stream  which  had  branched 
oft' to  the  N  W  below  Emmerick,  re- 
tains its  name  i  but  another  toon  bran- 
ches off'  to  the  N,  takes  the  name  of 
Yssel,  and  enters  the  Zuider  Zee,  be- 
low Campen.  The  old  river  proceeds 
W  by  Rhenen  to  Wyck-by-Duerste<le, 
when  it  again  divides  into  two  streams : 
that  to  the  left  is  called  the  Leek, 
and  enters  the  Mcrwe  above  Rotter- 
dam. The  branch  to  the  right,  which 
retains  itii  name,  but  is  now  an  incon- 
siderable stream,  passes  on  to  Utrecht, 
Wocrdcn,  and  Leydcn,  and  is  literally 
choked  up  by  mountains  of  sand,  near 
tlie  villa(,'e  of  Catwyck. 

Rhine,  Lower,  a  circle  of  Germany, 
which  extends  from  the  circle  of  Sua- 
bia, on  the  S,  to  that  of  We8tj)lialia,  on 
tlie  N'.  It  coiitain.s  the  electorates  of 
.Mtiitz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  and  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine. 

Rhine,    Lover,     a    (iepartment     9f 


R  H  O 

France,  containing  the  late  province  ttf 
Lower  ANuee.  Sti'asbtirg  in  lite  ''U|iital. 

Rhine,  (//:i/)r/',  a  department  of  Fruncc, 
containing  the  lute  |)ro«iiu'e  of  Uiper 
Alsuce.     Coliiiur  is  the  capital. 

Rhi'i  ,  U/'per,  a  ciri  Ic  ol  Germany, 
which  indiides  the  territory  lles»e 
Cussel,  Hesbe>Ujrnisludt,  Hcshc- 
Rheinfcld,  and  Kesse-Honiburg  i  tlie 
counties  of  Nassau,  Siilins,  Huiiaii, 
Spunheim,  VVied,  Westerbui'g,  and 
Waldetk,  with  the  ahhies  of  Fulda 
and  Hirscht'eld,  the  imperial  towns  of 
Frnncfort,  Friedbcrg,  and  Wct/.lurj 
the  biNh(i]n-ics  of  Spire  and  Worms, 
ami  the  duchies  of  Ueux-Ponts. 

Rhine,  Fidutinate  </  the,  an  elccto- 
rate  .if  Germany,  in  the  circle  oi  Low- 
er Rhine  i  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
archbishoprics  ot  Mentz  and  1'reves, 
on  tlie  E  by  Francoiiia  and  Siiabiuj  mkI 
on  the  W  and  S  hy  France  It  is  lOO 
miles  in  length,  and  70  in  breadth, 
and  the  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine 
and  Neckitr.  It  bus  siiitipi'ed  more  by 
the  wars  with  France,  tlian  all  the  pro- 
vinces of  Germany  put  together  ;  for, 
in  the  I  •  t  century,  Lewis  XIV.  or- 
dered .1-'  whole  country  to  be  laid 
waste  liy  Kre  and  sword,  Heidelberg 
IS  the  principal  town,  but  Manheim  \% 
the  electorate  residence.  This  electo- 
rate is  also  called  the  Lower  Palatinate, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Upper  Pala* 
tinate  of  Bavaria. 

Rhinebect,  a  post  town  in  Dutches^ 
county,  Kew  York  i  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  29  miles  S  of  thA 
city  of  Hudson,  and  108  N  of  New 
York. 

Rhode  Ittand,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  bounded  on  the  N 
and  £  by  the  commimwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  S  by  the  Atlantic,  and 
on  the  W  by  Connecticut.  7<1  hese  lim- 
its comprehend  what  has  been  called 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  planta- 
tions. It  contains  five  countieit,  and 
29  townships.  It  is  as  healthful  as  any 
part  of  N  America,  and  is  principally  a 
country  for  pasture.  Providence  and 
Newport  are  the  chief  towns, 

Rhode  Itiand,  an  island  of  North 
America,  in  a  state  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  13  miles  long  fVom  N  to  S,  and 
four  broad,  and  divided  -into  three 
townships.  This  island  is  a  noted  re- 
sort of  mvalids  from  the  southern  cli- 
mates, being  exceedingly  pleasant  and 
healthful,  and  is  called  witb  propriety, 
tlie  £den  of  America. 
£e  •« 


I 


\     .^ 


R  H  O 

Rhodei,  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  S  side  of  Natolia,  40 
mdes  long  and  15  broad.  The  air  is 
good,  and  the  soil  pretty  fertile,  but 
badly  cultivated,  '^"le  principal  town 
of  the  .lame  name,  is  an  archbishop'b 
sec,  and  has  a  good  harbour,  with  a 
narrow  entrance  between  tw'>  rocks, 
on  which  are  two  towers  to  d'.-fend  the 
passsaji^e.  Here,  in  all  probaljility,  stood 
the  famous  Colossus,  a  statue  in  bronze, 
70  cubits  high,  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  tiie  world ;  it  was 
thrown  <lu\vn  by  an  earthquake ;  and 
■■whcii  ( he  Saracens  became  nasters  of 
this  island,  in  665,  they  knocked  it  to 
pieces,  with  which  they  loaded  900 
camels.  The  knights  of  Jerusalem 
todk  Riiodes  from  the  Saracens  in 
1309,  and  kept  t  till  it  was  taken  from 
thtni  by  the  Turks,  in  1623.  It  is 
Iciiiked  upon  as  an  impregnable  fortress, 
being  surroimded  by  triple  walls  and 
double  ditches.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Turks  and  Jews ;  for  the  Christians 
are  obliged  to  live  in  the  suburbs, 
•  they  ni  t  being  suffered  to  be  with- 
in the  walls  in  the  night-time.  Lon. 
88  25  t.lat.  36  24  N. 
S'.tnkz.     See  Roiiez.  ' 

Rhone,  a  large  river  of  Europe, 
■which  rises  in  Swisserland,  from  the 
glacier  of  Furca,  between  the  two 
rocky  mountains  of  Glechterberg  and 
Satz'bcrg.  Crossing  the  Vallais,  it 
rims  through  the  lalce  and  city  of  Gene- 
va, and  there  receives  the  river  Arve. 
Four  leagues  below  is  a  cataract,  or 
prodigious  chasm  in  the  rock  jLh  of  a 
mile  long,  but  not  above  three  i.ithoms 
in  breadth  where  narrowest.  After 
which  it  widens,  and  oecomes  naviga- 
ble near  Seissel ;  then  running  S  W 
to  Lyons,  and  receiving  several  other 
streams,  particularly  the  river  Saone, 
continues  its  course  due  S,  and  pass- 
ing b)  Orange,  Avignon,  and  Aries, 
it  falls  to  tlie  westward  of  Marseilles 
into  the  Mediterranean  by  three 
mouths,  namely,  Gras  de  Sanze,  Sainte 
Anne,  and  le  Grand  Gras.  The 
Rhone,  contrary  to  most  other  rivers, 
swells  as  the  days  increase  ;  its  waters 
being  at  the  highest  when  the  days 
are  longest,  probably  owing  to  the 
meltirg  of  the  snow  on  the  Alps. 

Rhone,  Moutht  of  the,  a.  dcpuvtmcnt  of 
France,   containing  part    of  the    late 
province  of  P"'ovence.    Aix  is  tlie  ca- 
pital. 
RliMt  and  Loirt,  »  dcpartiu'^nt  oi 


R  I  C 

France,  including  tlie  late  provinces  of 
Forez  and  Lyonois.  The  capital  ii 
Lyons. 

' RhyaiJergofwy,  a  town  in  Radnorshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  Netr 
it  is  a  cataract  of  the  river  Wye.  It  i) 
20  miles  W  N  W  of  New  Radnor,  and 
177  of  London.  Lon.  3  27  W,  lat  52 
17  N. 

Rh/ndt  or  Rintu  of  Galloway,  the  Vr 
division  of  Wiglonshire,  divided  frora 
the  other  parts  of  the  county  b/  Loch 
Ryan  and  the  bay  of  Luce. 
Rhyney.     See  Runtney.         ' 
Rialexa,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
Nicaragua,  seated  on  a  small  river,  five 
miles  from   the  Pacific  Ocean,  where 
there   is  a   good  harbour.    The  air  it 
unwholesome,  on.accountof  the  moras- 
ses.    It  is  60  miles  W  of  Lean  de  Ni< 
caragua.     Lon.  89  10  W,  lat.  12  25  N. 
Ribadavia,     See  RivaJavia. 
RibaJeo,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
cia,  defended  by  two  castles.     It  is  si- 
tuate at  the  mouth  of  the  Eo,  and  is  15 
miles   N  E  of  Mondonedo.    Lon.  7  2 
W,  lat.  43  SON. 

Ribat,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  N«w  Cas- 
tile, on  the  river  Xarma,  eight  milet 
from  Madrid. 

Ribau-Piene.     See  Rapolfsttin, 
Ribble,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  W 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  runs  across  Laii' 
cashire,   and  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea, 
below  Preston. 

Ribeira   Grande,   a  town  of  St.  Jago, 
the  principal  of  the   Cape   de    vcrd 
Islands,   with  a   good  harbour.    It 
seated  between   two  high  mountains. 
Lon.  23  24  W,  1.11.15  ON. 

Ribemont,  a  town  of  France,  in  thi 
department  of  Aisne  and  late  provinci 
of  Picardy,  seated  on  an  eminence,  neu 
the  river  Oise,  10  miles  W  by  S 
St.  Qiiintin.  Lcm.  3  21  E,  lat.  49  48 

Riberac,  a  town  of  France,  in  tli 
department  of  Dordogne,  17  miles 
of  Perigticux,  and  27  S  S  E  of  Angoi 
lesme      Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Ribnik,  an  episcopal  town  of  Turto 
in  the  province  of  Walachia,  44  mil 
S  of  Hermanstadt,  and  130  E  S  E 
Temeswar.  Lon.  23  40  E,  iat.  45  19 
Ribnitz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lo 
er  Saxony,  '.n  the  dutchy  of  Meckl 
burg,  with  -i  nunnery  for  noble  worn 
It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic, 
miles  N  of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  55 
lat.  54  10  N. 

Richelieu,  a  town  of  France,  in 
deportment  of  Indre  and  Loire, 


|'"»r"^»i>ii.TO 


R  I  C 

Kt,  including  the  late  provinces  of 
and  Lyonois.      The   capital  it 
Jis. 

myaiJergowy,  a  town  in  Radnorshire, 
I  a  market  on  Wednesday.  Nev 
la  cataract  of  the  ri\er  Wye.  It  is 
Iiiles  W  N  Wof  New  Radnor,  and 
|t)f  London.     Lon.  3  27  W,  lat.  52 

Ih^nds  or  Jlinn*  of  Gallamay,  the  Vr 
sion  of  Wiglonsliire,  divided  frora 
[other  parts  of  the  county  b/  Locli 
,n  and  the  bay  of  Luce. 
hyney.     See  Sumney. 
iatexa,   a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
arapia,  seated  on  a  small  river,  live 
:s  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  where 
'e   is   a  good  harbour.    The  air  is 
irholesome,  on  account  of  the  moras. 
It  is  60  miles  W  of  Lean  de  NI- 
agua.     Lon.  89  10  W,  lat.  12  25  N. 
^ibadavia.     See  Kivadavia. 
SibaJeo,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
dei'ei>ded  by  two  castles.     It  is  si> 
te  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Eo,  and  is  15 
es   N  E  of  Mondonedo.    Lon.  7  2 
lat.  4330  N. 
Hibas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  CaS' 
on  the  river  Xarma,  eight  miles 
>m  Madrid. 

Sibdu-Pierre.     See  Rapolfsttin. 
I  Ribbte,  a  river  which  rises  ih  the  W 
ding  of  Yorkshire,  runs  across  Laii' 
>shire,   and  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea, 
;low  Preston. 

jRibeira  Grande,  a  town  of  St.  ^go, 
le  principal  of  the  Cape  de  Vcrd 
lands,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is 
lated  between  two  high  mountains, 
on.  23  24  W,  lat.  15  ON. 
Jiibemont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
;partment  of  Aisne  and  late  province 
'  Picardy,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
le  river  Oise,  10  miles  W  by  S  of 
t.  Qtiintin.  Lon.  3  21  E,  lat.  49  48  N. 
Jfiberac,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
epartment  of  Dordogne,  17  miles  E 
■  Perigtieux,  and  37  S  S  E  of  AngoU' 
sme  Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 
Ribnik,  an  episcopal  town  of  Turkey 
the  province  of  Walachia,  44  miles 
of  Hermanstadt,  and  130  E  S  E  of 
emeswar.  Lon.  23  40  E,  iat.  45  19  N. 
Ribnitz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Low- 
•  Saxony,  ',n  the  liutchy  of  Mecklen- 
irg,  with  i  nunnery  for  noble  women, 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  12 
lies  N  of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  55  E, 
t.  54  10  N. 

Richelieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  tl.e 
apartment  uf  Indre  and  Loire,  and 


R  I  C 


RIB 


late  province  of  Poitou,  with  a  fine  pa-  [the  mouth  of  it,  a  greater  distance  than 
lace  and  extensive  park.     It  was  built  j  the  tide  is  curried  oy  any  other  river  in 


by  cardinal  Richelieu  in  1^37.  The 
streets  are  as  straight  as  a  line,  and  it 
contains  a  handsome  square.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  tlie  Amable  and  Vide  27  miles 
N  of  Poitiers,  and  152  S  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  20  t,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Richmond,  a  post  town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Henrico  county,  Virginia,  and 
the  capital  of  the  State  ;  lying  on  the 
N  E  side  of  James  river,  in  lat.  37"  30' 
H,  and  long.  77°  30'  W.  This  city  is 
divided  into  two  parts ;  the  lower, 
which  is  nearly  on  a  level  with  tlie  wa- 
ter's vdge,  is  rather  imi.ealthy ;  the  up- 
per is  on  a  considerable  etcation,  and 
enjoys  a  purer  air.  The  lavigation  for 
topsail  vessels  does  not  reach  the  town 
within  less  than  20  milei  :  and  this  dis- 
tance goods  are  conveyed  in  lighters. 
It  is  nevertheless  a  ,ilace  of  considei  a- 
ble  domestic  and  foreign  trade.  The 
public  edifices  and  some  of  the  private 
houses  are  constructed  witli  considera- 
ble elegance.  Here  is  a  bank  and  a 
post  office,  as  well  as  al<  the  principal 
offices  of  the  State.  The  inhabitants 
are  5737,  including  2*^93  slaves,  and 
607  free  blacks  and  mulattoes. 

Richmond,  a  post  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont!  on  the  S  side  of 
Onion  river,  18  miles  S  E  of  Burlington 
on  lake  Champlain,  with  718  inhabi- 
tants. 

Richmond,  a  town  of  Staten  Island, 
in  North  America,  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  State  of  New  York,  ciiiefly 
inhabited  by  Dutch  and  French.  It  is 
nine  miles  S  W  of  New  York. 

Richmond,  a  borough  in  the  N  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  ha.}  a  castle>  on  an  inaccessi- 
ble mount,  and  two  churches.  It  is  a 
corporate  town,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  it  has  a  manufacture  of 
woollen  stockings,  caps,  &c.  and  is 
seated  on  the  Swale,  over  wiiich  is  a 
atone  bridge,  40  miles  N  VV  of  York, 
and  230  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
35  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Richmond,  a  village  in  Surry,  with  a 
royal  palace  wliere  the  kings  ofEuglaiul 
formerly  resided.  It  was  chosen,  says 
Camden,  by  them  fur  their  royal  scat ; 
and,  for  its  splendour,  or  shining,  cal- 
led Shene.  It  has  been  since  also,  on 
account  of  the  wliolesomeness  of  the 
air,  the  usual  nursery  of  their  children 
The  tide  of  the  Thames  reaches  jusi 
to  this  village,  which  i:;  $U  m4es  irom 


Europe.  Over  the  Thames  an  elegant 
bridge  was  begun  in  1774,  which  iipens 
a  communication  witli  Isleworth,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  tlie  river.  la  the 
New  Park  is  a  httle  iiiil  cast  called: 
King  Hcnrj's  Mount,  from  winch  tiicre 
is  a  prospect  of  six  counties,  including 
the  city  of  Londn"  Mid  also  Windsor 
castle,  wliich  is  14  mik-s  o<t'.  Rich- 
mond is  distinguisiicd  by  its  beautiful 
royal  gardens,  winch,  in  suiiiiiier,  are 
open  every  Sunday,  and  in  these  is  a 
noble  obser^'atory.  Here  is  im  cxien- 
sive  royal  park,  culled  Ricimioiid,  or 
the  New  I'ark,  surrounded  by  a  brick 
wall  built  by  Charles  I. 

Richinondshire,  a  district  in  the  N 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  formerly  a  county 
of  itself  It  abounds  in  romantic  situ- 
ations, and  is  noted  for  the  industry  of 
its  inhabitants,  who  manufacture  knit 
stockings  and  other  coar  e  goods.  Ma- 
ny lead  mines  are  in  this  di.strict,  of 
which  Richmond  is  the  ciiiei'  town. 

Richtenberg,  a  town  of  Germanv,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Anterior  Poiiieraiiia,  28 
miles  E  N  E  of  Ror  lock.  Lon.  12  50 
E,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Rickmaunaorth,  a  town  in  Hertford- 
shire, with  a  mai-ket  on  Saturday,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Coin,  eigiit  miles  S  W 
of  St.  Alban's,  and  18  W  N  Wof  Lon. 
don.     Lon.  0  16  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Ridgefietd,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut  j  10  miles  S  of 
Danbury,  And  47  westward  of  New 
Haven,  containing  2U25  iiihubicants  in 
1800. 

Riesberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
circle  of  Westphnlia  and  cujiital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  Il  is  seated 
on  the  river  Ems,  12  miles  N  N  W  of 
Padcrborii.  Loii.  8  50  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 
Rieii,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Spolcto,  seated  on  tha- 
river  Velino,  near  the  lake  Rieti,  2f 
miles  S  by  E  of  Spoleto,  and  37  N  |^ 
of  Rome.  Lon.  13  5  E,  lat,  4^2^  K, 
i?(tfux,  a  late  episcopal  town  of  F'-...ce, 
in  the  department  of  Up))er  CMiiroiine, 
and  lute  province  of  Liiuguedoc.  It  ia 
seated  on  tiie  Rite,  2a  miles  S  W  uf 
['ouloiise,  and  83  \V  of  Narbonne.  Lon. 
1  17  E,  lat  43 16  N. 

Riez,  a  late  episcopal  town  of  Fi-unce, 
in  the  department  of  tlie  Lower  Alps, 
and  late  province  of  Fn;vence.  Ii  is 
jiopiilous,  tl',  iigli  1  ,.ill,  but  was  for- 
merly much  larger  uian  at  present,    (t 


R  I  N 


R  I  O 


m . 


fs  seated  on  the  rivulet  Auvetfre  in  a 
plain,  abounding  with  good  wine  and 
excellent  friiit;3,  35  miles  N  E  ul'  Aix, 
and  5U  N  £  of  Toulon.  Lon.  6  22  £, 
lat  4J  ol  N. 

Itigii,  u  government  of  Russia.    See 

Jiiga,  a  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Riisiiiu,  capital  of  the  government  of 
Livdiua.  Next  to  Petersburgh,  it  is 
the  most  commercial  place  in  the  Rus- 
siun  empire.  Ihe  trade  is  chiefly  car- 
ried on  by  foreign  merchants,  who  are 
resident  here,  and  tiiose  belonging  to 
Bn  English  factory,  enjoy  the  greatest 
shure  uf  the  commerce.  The  principal 
exports  are  corri,  hemp,  flh-:,  iron, 
timber,  masts,  leather,  and  tallow. 
Within  the  fortifications  are  9U00  inha- 
bitants, and  in  the  aubui-bs  15,000,  be- 
side a  garrison  of  one  thousand  men 
Here  is  a  floating  wooden  bridge,  over 
the  Dwina,  2600  feet  long  and  40 
bn)ad  J  in  winlcr,  when  the  ice  sets  in, 
it  is  rem(ived  ;  and  in  spring  it  is  re- 
placed. This  bridge  rises  and  falls 
witii  the  spring,  and  wlien  heavy  laden 
carriages  pass  over,  it  plays  under  tlie 
wheels  as  if  actuated  by  a  spring.  It 
istliefushlonaiAe  walk,  and  is  an  agree- 
»bl  busy  scene,  wlien  crowded  with 
people  and  lined  on  each  side  with 
sl'.ips  loadin..;  and  unloading  their  car- 
goes. Riga  is  five  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Dwina  and  250  S  E  of 
Stockholm.  Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  56  53  N 
Rimini,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Bomagna,  with  a  bishop's  see,  an  old 
ciuttle,  a  strong  tower,  many  remains 
of  antiquit;',  and  fine  buildings.  It  is 
seated  m  a  fertile  plain,  at  'Jie  mouth 
of  the  Marrechia,  on  the  gul'of  Venice, 
20  miles  S  E  of  Ravennn,  and  145  N 
by  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  ii  39  E,  lat.  44 
4N. 

jRimmegen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  in  the  dutchy  of  Juliers, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  and  remarkable 
for  several  Roman  antiquities. 

Sincoping,  or  Sinkiding,  a  town  of 
Denmark,  in  N  Jutland,  seated  on  the 
y/  coast,  50  miles  N  by  W  of  Ripen. 

Mingltben,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  prmcipali- 
ty  of  Eisenach,  26  miles  E  N  E  of  Ei- 
senach.    Lon.  n  25  E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Ringo's,  a  post  town  in  Htmterdon 

county,  New  Jersey  t  29  miles   W  by 

S   of  New  Brunswic,  and  19  N  by  W 

pf  Trenton. 

Jlingtttd,  a  town  of  Demuark,  iu  th( 


isle  of  Zealand.  It  is  an  ancient  place, 
and  the  kings  of  Denmark  formerly  re> 
sided  and  were  buried  here.  It  is  30 
miles  S  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  13 
10  E,  lat.  55  28  N. 

Ring^vood,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  marli  et  on  Wednesday,  and  a  consi- 
derable manufacture  of  worsted  knit 
hose  ;  seated  on  the  Avon,  30  miles  S 
W  of  Winchester,  and  91  W  by  S  of 
London.  L<m.  1  41  W,  lat.  50  49  S. 
Rinilen,  or  Rinteln,  a  town  of  Germa> 
ny  in  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of 
Schawenburg,  with  a  university.  It  is 
subject  to  the  landgrave  of  Hesse-Cas- 
se>.  and  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  15 
Viles  S  E  of  Minden,  and  35  S  W  of 
!!anover.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  52  13  N. 
Rio-de-la- Hacha,  a  small  province  of 
Terra  Firma,  in  ttie  form  of  a  peninsu- 
la, uetween  the  gulf  of  Venezeula  os 
the  E,  and  a  bay  of  the  Caribbean  Set 
on  the  W.  Rio-de-la-Hacha,  the  capi- 
tal, is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  100  miles  E  of  St.  Mar> 
tha.    Lon.  72  34  W,  lat.  11  30  N. 

Rio-de-la- Maiialena,  a  river,  in  Ter- 
ra Firma,  which  taking  its  rise  in  the 
mountains  N  of  Popayan,  runs  N,  and 
falls  into  the  Caribbean  Sea,  between 
Carthagena  and  St.  Martha.  It  is  aiss 
called  Rio  Grande. 

Rio-de-la-Plata.  See  Plata. 
Rio-de-Mirando,  a  river  of  Spain, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Astu- 
rias,  and  separating  that  province  from 
Galicia,  enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  at 
Rivadeo. 

Rio-Grande,  a  river  of  Africa,  which 
runs  from  £  to  W  through  Negroland, 
and  falls  into  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  in 
11°  N  latitude. 

Rio-Grande,  a  river  in  Braail,  which 
rises  near  the  Atlavitic  Ocean,  and  runs 
W  iiito  the  Parana,  bemg  the  principal 
branch  of  that  river.  ' 

Rio-yaneiro,  a  river  which  rises  in 
the  W  mountains  of  Brasil,  and  running 
E  through  that  country,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  at.  St.  Sebastian. 

Rio-yaneiro,  one  of  the  richest  pro. 
vinces  of  Brasil,  lying  near  the  tcopic 
of  Cnpricui-n,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  It  produces  cotton,  sugar,  cof- 
fee, coeoa,  wheat,  rice,  pepper,  and 
tobacco  in  gr>.Jt  abundance.  Vines 
gfrow  in  great  perfection,  but  the  grapes 
are  not  suttiered  to  be  pressed  for  wine. 
The  Portuguese  annually  export  hence 
gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones.  Si^ 
Sebastiaa  is  ^«  capital. 


R  I  O 


k  !  S 


R  O  A 


land.    It  is  an  ancient  place, 

ig8  of  Denmark  formerly  re- 

were  buried  here.    It  is  30 

of  CopenhaTen.    Lon.  12 

55  28  N. 

I,  a.  town  in  Hampshire,  witlj 

|on   Wedne^ay,  and  a  consi. 

lanufacture  of  worsted  knit 

ited  on  the  Avon,  30  miles  S 

nchester,  and  91  W  by  S  of 

Lon.   1  41  W,  lat.  50  49  N. 

or  Jiinteln,  a  town  of  Germa. 

lestphalia,    in  the  county  of 

Wg,  with  a  university.    It  is 

the  landgrave  of  Hesse-Cas- 

is  seated  on  the  Weser,  15 

;  of  Minden,  and  35  S  W  of 

Lon.   9  20  E,  lat.  52  13  N. 

la'Hacha,  a  small  province  of 

ma,  in  the  form  of  a  peninsu- 

^en  the  gulf  of  Venezeuia  o> 

(d  a  bay  of  the  Caribbean  Sea 

\    Kio-de-la-Hacha,  thecapi. 

ated  at  the  mouth  of  a  rivtf  of 

name,  100  miles  E  of  St.  Mar> 

n.  72  34  W,  lat.  11  30  N. 

■la-Madalena,  a  river,  in  Ter- 

a,   which  taking  its  rise  in  Uie 

18  N  of  Popayan,  runs  N,  and 

the  Caribbean  Sea,  between 

ena  and  St.  Martha.    It  is  also 

lio  Grande. 

'-la-Plata.    See  Plata. 
■Miratido,    a    river   of  Spain, 
ises  in  the  mountains  of  Astu. 
i  separat'ng  that  province  worn 
enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  at 

randt,  a  river  of  Africa,  which 
m  E  to  \V  through  Negroland, 
i  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in 
titude. 

rande,  a  river  in  Brasil,  which 
ir  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  runs 
he  Parana,  be'ng  the  principal 
f  that  river.  v 

meiro,  a  river  which  rises  in 
ountains  of  Brasil,  and  running 
fli  that  country,  falls  into  the 
Ocean,  at  St.  Sebastian. 
meiro,  one  of  the  richest  pro. 
r  Brasil,  lying  near  the  tpjpic 
com,  on  a  river  oi  the  same 
[t  produces  cotton,  sugar,  cof- 
la,  whe«t,  rice,  pepper,  and 
in  gr>.Jt  abundance.  Vines 
great  perfection,  but  the  grapes 
lufTered  to  be  pressed  for  wine, 
tugtiese  annually  export  hence 
t^er,  and  precious  stones.  Si^ 
n  i|  ^t«  capital, 


Siam,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  !n 
the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and 
late  province  of  Auvergne,  seated  on  a 
hill,  in  a  pleasant  country,  eight  miles 
N  E  of  Clermont,  and  115  S  of  Paris. 
Lou.  3  13  E,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Rioiu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  Gironde,  and  late  province 
of  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  18 
miles  S  E  of  Bourdeaiix. 

Kipa  Tramont,  a  populous  and  strong 
town  of  ItAly,  in  the  territory  of  the 
church  and  marquisate  of  Ancona,  with 
a  bisitop's  see,  five  miles  W  of  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  and  eight  S  of  Fcrmo.  Lon. 
13  50  E,  lat.  42  59  N. 

Siptn,  a  tow.i  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, capital  of  a  dioce«e  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  castle,  two 
colleges,  a  good  harbour,  and  a  public 
library.  The  ton.'bs  of  several  kings  of 
Denmark  are  in  ti>e  cathedral,  which 
is  a  very  handsome  t^-ructure.  The  har> 
hour  which  has  contributed  g^atly  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  place,  is  at  a  small 
distance,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nip- 
saa,  in  acountry  which  supplies  the  be^t 
beeves  in  Denmark.  It  is  55  miles  I? 
W  of  Sleswick,  and  60  S  by  W  of 
Wiburg.     Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  55  25  N. 

liiple;^,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday, 
seated  on  the  Nyd,  23  miles  W  N  W 
of  York,  and  22 1  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  I  30  ^V,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Sippon,  an  ancient  borough  in  the  V/ 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday.  In  its  neighbourhood  is  the 
celebrated  park  of  Studley,  including 
tlie  venerable  remains  of  Fountain's 
Abbey.  Rippon  was  once  famous  fur  its 
relifipous  houses.  It  is  at  present  a 
large  well  built  corporation,  sends  two 
members  to  paiiiament,  and  has  now  a 
collegiate  church,  adorned  with  three 
lofty  spires.  U  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
facture ofhard wares,  particularly  spurs, 
and  the  market-place  is  one  of  the  finest 
squares  of  the  kind  in  J  .ngland.  It  is 
seated  on  the  U.<,  28  riles  N  W  of 
York,  and  218  N  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  129  W,  lat  54  11  N. 

Riquier^  •"n  ancient  town  of  Frnnre, 
ir.  the  depai-tnient  of  Somme,  and  late 
province  of  i'icardy,  seatedonthe  Car- 
don,  five  miles  N  E  of  Abbeville,  and 
95  N  of  Paris,  ^on.  1  59  E,  lat.  50 10  N. 

RUbaraugk,  a  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  20 
miles  S  of  Aylesbury,  and  37  W  N  W 
of  London.   L-)Q.  0  43  W,  lat  51  40  N. 


Riihtrg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  tlie 
Embs,  12  miles  N  W  of  Paderborn, 
Lon.  8  42  E,  lat  51  52  N. 

Riva,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  bishopric  of  I'rent  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1703,  but  soon  abandon- 
ed. It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  river,  on  the  lake  Garda,  17  miles 
SW  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  7  W,  lat  46 
4N. 

Rivadavia,  a  tovm  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Galicia.  It  is  seated  at  tlie 
confluence  of  the  Miiino  and  A  via,  and 
the  circumjacent  country  abounds  with 
tite  best  wine  in  Spain.  It  is  15  miles 
W  S  WofOrense.  Lon.  7  55  W,  lat  42 
13  N. 

Rvoadto,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
with  a  good  harbour.  It  stands  on  a 
rock,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Riode-Miran- 
dQ,  45  miles  N  N  E  of  Lugo.  Lon.  6 
47  W,  \tX.  43  38  N. 

Rivailt),  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  seated  on  a  mountain,  20 
miles  fi-om  Naples. 

Rivalta,  a  tovim  of  Itoly  in  Piedmont, 
situate  on  the  Sangon,  six  miles  S  W  of 
Turin. 

Rivalta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, situate  on  tne  rivulet  Adda,  IS 
miles  E  of  Milan. 

Rivarolo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
situate  on  tlie  river  Orio,  15  miles  N  of 
Turin,  and  12  N  W  of  Carmagnola. 

Rivetalte*,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and 
lute  province  of  Roussillon.  It  is  seat> 
ed  on  the  Egly,  eight  miles  N  of  Per- 
pignan,  nnd  is  famous  for  its  fine  wine. 
Rimli,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  nine  miles 
W  of  Turin.  Lon  7  32  E,  iat.  45  4  N» 
Rivolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ihe  Vero. 
nese.  seated  on  the  lake  Garda,  20 
miles  N  W  of  Verona.  Lon.  11  IE,  lat. 
45  34  N. 

Roa,  a  strong  town  in  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  with  a  citadel  and  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Douerc,  in  a  country 
fertile  in  com  and  wine,  10  mUes  S  W 
o''  Araiida,  and  70  N  of  jviadrid.  Lon. 
3  22  VV,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Roanne,  a  populous  and  comrr.;  .".ial 
town  of  France,  in  the  departinci  t  of 
Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  provin.e  of 
Lyonois.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Loire, 
where  it  is  first  navigable  for  buriis. 
Hence  the  merchandise  of  Lyons,  M.ir. 
seilies,  and  the  Levant,  is  conveyed 


.  .•2Ai.«i*.5i-' 


ROC 


R  o  e 


m 


down* {he  Loire,  and  by  a  canal  into 
ttie  Seine,  ami  thence  io  Paris.  Roitniie 
»50  miles  N  £  of  Cli;rniont,  and  210  S 
£  of  Paris.     Lon  4  12  E,  iat  46  13  N. 

Soiiiioie,  an  i.sland  on  the  coast  of  N 
Carolina,  in  Albemui-le  county.  Lon. 
76  0  W,  Ittt.  35  50  N. 

Roanoke,  a  long  rapid  river,  of  N  Ame- 
rica, formed  by  two  principal  branches, 
St:inton  river,  which  rises  in  Virginia, 
and  Dun  river,  which  rises  in  the  N 
Cai-ohna.  Tills  river  is  subject  to 
inundations,  and  is  navigable  but  for 
shallops,  nor  for  thsbe  but  about  60  or 
70  mileii,  on  account  of  fulU,  which  i)i 
a  great  measure  obstruct  the  water 
coinmanicati<m  with  the  back  coimtry. 
It  empties,  by  several  mouths,  into  the 
S  W  end  of  Albemarle  Sound. 

Jfobben  Island,  sometimes  called  Pen- 
guin I^^lund,  a  btirrcn  sandy  island  lying 
at  the  entrance  of  Table  Bay,  near  tike 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lon.  la  23  £,  hit. 
.•53  50  S. 

Mobil,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Sjaxony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
seated  on  the  river  Muretz. 

Robin- HtyoWs- Bay,  a  bay  on  the  coast 
of  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  to  the  S 
E  of  Whitby,  about  one  mile  broad 
wliere  there  is  a  village  of  Kshermen, 
who  Hup[)ly  the  city  of  York,  and  all 
the  adjacent  country,  with  herrings, 
and  all  sorts  of  fish  in  their  season  ; 
and  they  have  well  boats,  in  which  are 
\lc\i\.  large  quantities  of  crabs  and  lob- 
steis.     Lon.  0  18  W,  lat.  54  25  N. 

Rocamadmir,  a  petty  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lot,  23  miles  N 
of  Cahors.     Lon.  1  33  E,  lat.  44  48  N. 

Rocca-d' Anfo,  a  strong  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  ten-itory  of  Venice,  seated  on 
the  lake  Idro,'  25  miles  S  E  of  Trent. 
Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Rocea-d' Annone,  and  Roeca-d-Abbazze, 
two  forts  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat,  both 
of  which  are  seated  on  a  mountain,  in 
the  road  from  Asti  to  Alexandria. 

Roctlla,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
f!om  of  Naples,  near  which  is  a  cele- 
brated coral  fisherv,  10  miles  N  E  of 
Gierace.     Lon.   16  47  E,   lat.  3^  20  N. 

RochilaU,  a  small  but  iloin-ishingtown 
in  Lancashire,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
day and  Saturday.  It  carries  on  manu- 
factures of  bays,  serges,  and  other 
wo'iUcn  go<Kls.  It  is  seated  in  a  vale, 
on  the  river  Roch,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Yorkshire  Hills,  j5  miles  W  S  W  of 
York,  and  1V5  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  13  W,  lat.  53  38  N. 


Roche,  atown  of  S wisserland,  subject 
to  tlie  canton  of  Bern,  winch  lias  licre 
a  director  of  tiie  sail' worka,  Roche  it 
memorable  for  the  residence  cl  Uie  ce- 
lebrated Haller,  wlio  hlied  Uiat  oiiico 
troni  UM  to  1/66. 

Roche,  a  town  of  tlie  Netlierlands,  in 
the  duicliy  of  Luxemburg,  wiin  a  strong 
castle,  veated  on  a  rock,  neai-  tlie  rivur 
Uurte,  2<!  miles  S  of  Liege,  and  32  N 
W  ot  Luxemburg.  Lon.  o  40  E,  lat.  50 
15  M. 

Roche,  Bernard,  a  town  of  {"rance^in 
the  departuient  uf  Murbihan,  and  .kte 
province  oi  iinttunyj  seated  on  tlie  river 
Vilaine,  23  ni  les  E  of  Valines. 

Roche  Chuuart,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  ot  lJp|)er  Vienne,  and 
late  province  ot  Poiiou,  witii  a  castle  on 
tlie  top  of  a  mountain  on  Uie  declivity 
of  wlucli  Uie  town  is  seated,  near  a 
small  river  Uiat  tails  into  Uie  Viennci 
tio  nides  b  by  L  ot  Poitiers,  and  ltt92S 
by  W  ut  Paiiit.  Lon.  0  9^  E,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Roche  Macheran,  a  town  of  the  Neth- 
crU.iids,  in  tiie  dutcby  of  Luxemburg, 
with  a  strong  cantle.  It  was  taken  by 
tlte  French  in  the  present  war,  and  is  15 
miles  N  E  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  25  £| 
lat.  49  46  N. 

Roche  J'uuay,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  IniU-e  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  i'ouraine. '  It  is  remai'k- 
able  for  its  mineral  waters,  and  is  seat* 
ed  on  the  Creuae,  25  miles  S  of  Lochei. 
Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Roche-tur-Ton,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vendee,  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  seated  near  the 
Yon,  20  miles  N  W  of  Lucon,  and  202 
S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  31  W,  lat  46 
40  N. 

Rochfort,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Chai-ente,  and 
late  territory  of  Aunis,  with  a  commo- 
dious harbour,  <.nc  of  tlie  most  famous 
in  France.  It  was  built  by  Lewis  XIV. 
in  1664,  15  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Charente,  the  entrance  of  which  is 
detcnded  by  several  forts.  1  he  streets 
are  broad  and  staight ;  the  houses  low, 
but  regular,  and  it  is  supposed  to  contain 
10,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  department 
of  Uie  marine,  and  has  large  magazines 
of  naval  stoi-es.  There  is  also  one  of 
the  ftnest  halls  of  arms  in  the  kingdom, 
and  a  great  many  workmen  enipio)  cd 
in  making  Uiem  ;  there  are  also  forges 
for  anchors,  work-houres  tor  sbip-cur- 
penters,  who  are  employed  in  ever; 


R  o  e 

ktown  of  S  wiBserland,  subject 
Itun  ut'  iicni,  which  bits  liere 
"  of  tlie  HiUt-  wurki.    Koclie  u 

;  ibr  the  risideiice  ot  the  ce^ 

lailer,  who  Mied  tliitt  office 
I  lu  1/66. 

k  town  of  the  Netlierlanda,  in 
1'  of  Luxemburg,  wiiii  a  stronir 
Ited  oil  a  rock,  iiciu-  tlie  nvcr 
I  miles  S  of  i.iege.  and  32  N 
leuibury.  Loa.  o  40  £,  lal.  50 

Bernard,  a  town  of  f'rance^in 
uiciii  of  Moi-bihan,  and  ,t.te 
if  Bi'ittuay.,  seated  on  the  river 
3  ni  les  b.  of  Valines. 
•huuurt,  a  town  of  France,  in 
tiiieni  ot  Upjier  Vienne,  and 
lice  of  Poii'ju,  witii  a  cusUe  on 
a  mountain  on  the  declivity 
the  town  is  seated,  near  a 
:r  tliat  tails  into  Uie  Vienne, 
aiiy  L  ol  i'oitiers,  and  lii92S 
i'aiis.    Lon.  0  5J  ti,  hit.  45 

Macheran,  a  town  of  the  Neth< 
n  tlie  dutchy  of  Luxemburg, 
ron^  castle.  It  was  taken  by 
cii  in  the  present  war,  and  is  If 
b  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  26  £i 
BN. 

i^ostay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
entof  Indie  and  Loire,  and 
ince  of  i'ouraine. '  It  is  remai-k- 
Its  mineral  waters,  and  is  seat- 
i  Cieuse,  2i  iniies  i»  oi'  Luches. 
)  £,  lat.  46  45  N. 
turibn,  a  town  of  France,  in 
trtment  of  Vendee,  and  hite 
of  Poitou,  seated  near  the 
niies  N  \V  of  Lucon,  and  202 
I'aris,    Lon.  1  Jl  W,  lat  46 

t,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
nt  of  Lower  Cliaiente,  and 
Lory  of  Aunis,  with  a  commo- 
bour,  (.ne  of  tJie  most  famous 
.  It  was  built  by  Lewis  XIV. 

15  miles  from  Uie  mouth  of 
:nte,  the  entrance  of  which  is 
by  several  forts.  1  he  streets 
and  staig^ht  s  the  houses  low, 
tr,  and  it  is  supposed  to  contain 
labitants.  It  is  a  department 
rine,  and  has  large  magazines 
stores.  There  is  also  one  of 
liallsof  arms  in  the  kingdom, 
eat  many  workmen  ernploxcd 

tliem ;  there  are  also  tinges 
rs,  work-houf  es  for  ship-cur- 
>vho  are  employed  in  ever; 


<thing>  which  relates  to  the  fitting  out 
of  ships,  that  comes  witliin  the  com 
pass  ot  their  province.  I'liey  cast  greu. 
guns  heret  and  there  are  also  stocks 
'Sot  building  men  of  war,  rope  walks, 
magazines  of  provisions  and  powder, 
a  manufactory  of  sail  cloth,  an  hospital 
for  sailors,  and  proper  places  tu  clean 
the  ships.  It  is  18  miles  i'  S  £  of  Ko 
clielle,  and  12r  S  W  of  Pai-is.  Lon.  U 
53  W,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Rochfort,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  dutcliy  of  Luxemburg,  witli  a 
castle,  said  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Romans.  It  is  surrounded  by  rocks, 
li  miles  S  E  of  Dinant,  and  50  N  W 
of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  lU  £,  lat.  50 12  N. 

Rochfort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany,  40  miles  S  W  of 
Rennes.     Lon.  2  26  W,  lat.  4,7  42  N. 

RochefoucauU,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Charente,  and  late 
province  of  Angoumois,  witli  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  'I'ardonere,  12  miles 
N  W  of  Angouleme,  and  208  S  by  W 
of  Paris.     Lon.  0  29  £,  lat  45  46  N. 

Rochelle,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
and  lately  an  episcopal  see,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  and  late 
territory  of  Aunis,  with  a  commodious 
and  safe  harbour.  It  contains  16U00 
inhabitants,  and  has  five  gates.  The 
houses  are  supported  by  piazzas,  under 
which  persons  may  walk  in  all  weath- 
ers, #iid  the  streets  are  in  general 
straigiit.  Thei-e  are  several  handsome 
churches  and  other  structures.  It  was 
fortified  by  Vatiban,  and  Ciu'dinal  Uich- 
lieu  threw  a  mole  across  the  harbour 
4428  feet  in  evtent.  The  iiihubitants 
carry  on  a  considerable  trade  ;  especial- 
ly in  wines,  brandy,  sugar,  salt,  paper, 
linen,  and  serges.  Kochelle  is  seatcil 
on  the  bay  of  Biscav,  67  miles  N  by  E 
of  Nantes,  and  220 'S  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  4  VV,  lat.  46  9  N. 

Rochetter,  an  episcopal  city  in  Kent, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Fri- 
day, It  is  an  ancient  city,  but  of  little 
consequence  now.  Its  castle,  which 
once  rendered  it  of  great  importance, 
being  in  ruins.  Rochester  has,  besides 
the  cathedral,  three  parish  cliurclies, 
and  there  are  some  remains  of  a  pricn-y. 
Tlie  inhabitants  are  chiefly  tradesmen 
and  innkeepers  ;  no  sort  of  maruifac- 
tui-e  being  carried  on  here.  It  has  twi) 
tVeeschoois,  and  an  alm.;house  for  six 
•poor  travellers,  who  are  siinplied  with 
a  supper,  a  bed,  and  a  breakfast,  with 


no  G 

four  pence  to  carry  them  forward  ok 
<  lieir  journey  ;  but  tliey  are  to  stay  no 
longer  than  one  night ;  and  an  inscrip- 
tion over  the  door  intimates,  thatroguea 
uiid  proctors  are  excepted.  The  cor- 
l>oration  has  jurisdictien  over  the  great 
oyster-fishery  in  tlic  several  creeks  of 
tiie  Med  way.  Kociiester  is  parted 
irom  Stroud  on  the  \V  by  its  bridge, 
ind  it  is  contiguous  to  Chatham  on  the 
ii.  It  is  seated  on  the  Med  way,  27 
miles  N  VV  of  Canterbury,  and  30  S  £ 
of  London.     Lon.  0  36  £,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Rochetter,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, an  the  Watling-street,  N  W  of 
Otterbrun^  and  near  the  source  of  the 
Read.  It  has  some  Roman  altars,  in> 
scriptions,  and  other  antiijuities. 

.A'ocAcna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  coun> 
ty  of  Nice,  16  miles  N  £  of  Nice.  Lon. 
7  34  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Rocliford,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
marke'i.  on  Thureiday,  16  miles  S  £  of 
Chelmsford,  and  40  £  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  41  E,  lat  51  36  N. 

Moihilr,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  territory  of  Leipsic,  with  a  castle, 
copper  mines,  and  a  handsome  bridge 
over  the  Mnldaw,  24  miles  S  £  of 
Leipsic,  and  36  W  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  46  £,  lat  51  10  N. 

Rociaviay,  a  village  with  a  post-office, 
in  Morris  county.  New  Jersey,  i'even 
miles  W  of  Boone  town,  and  36  f.  W 
of  Newark. 

Rockbridge,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Virginia,  between  the  Allegany  Moun- 
tains and  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  re- 
ceives its  name  from  r.  curious  natural 
bridge.     See  Cedar  Creek. 

Rockingham,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, With  a  market  on  Thursday,  and 
formerly  of  note  for  its  castle,  long  ago 
demolished.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wet- 
land, 12  miles  S  uf  Oakham,  and  84  N 
b\  W  of  London,  Lon.  0  46  W,  lat. 
52  32  N. 

RtKkingham,  a  post  town  in  Wind- 
ham county,  Vermont ;  lying  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  33  miles  N 
of  Brattleboro*  and  six  miles  from  Wal- 
pole  in  New  Hampshire. 

Rockinghausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  ]):tlatinate  of  the  Rhine,  26  miles 
W  of  Worms. 

Roctitavi,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Pilsen,  11  miles  E  of  Pilsen. 

Rocottx,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
near  Liege,  remarkable  for  a  victory 
gained  by  the  French,  over  the  aliie.<t, 
in  1746. 


ROC 


ROM 


Poeroy,  %  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partnitiiiut  Ardennes,  seated  in  a  plain, 
aurruiiiKled  by  forests.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  vir.tory,  which  tlie  prince  of 
Conde,  then  duke  of  Enghien,  gained 
over  Uic  Spaniards,  in  t&4J.  It  is  2b 
Hides  N  of  Ketliel.  Lon.  4  37  £.  lat. 
49  J6  N. 

Hudach,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
circle  of  Upper  baxony,  and  princi;>ali- 
ty  of  Cobiirg',  situate  on  a  river  of  the 
•aiiie  nanie,  six  mites  VV  N  W  of  Coburg. 

Koiitito,  Jtudotto,  or  Ruuitto,  a  popu- 
lous seaiiort  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Romania,  with  a  Greek  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  k  hill,  on  the 
•eu  of  Murnioru,  62  miles  S  VV  uf  Con- 
atantuiople.  Lon.  27  37  £,  lat  41 
1   N. 

RoUez,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
tlic  department  of  Aveiron.  Here  are 
four  great  Jinual  fairs,  where  mules 
are  sold  for  Spain  ;  and  some  manufac- 
tures of  gray  cioUis  and  serges.  It  is 
a  bishop's  see  ;  and  the  steeple  of  tiie 
cathedi'al,  remarkable  for  its  lieight,  is 
much  admired  for  its  architscture.  It 
is  seated  in  the  midst  of  mountains,  on 
a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  fiow^  ilie  ra- 
pid Aveiron,  30  miles  t>  by  W  of  Mende. 
Lon.  2  39  £,  lat.  44  21  N. 

Sodiiifi,  a  river  in  Essex,  which  rises 
near  Uunmow,  runs  S  to  Ongar,  and 
gives  the  name  of  Kodings  to  this  part 
of  the  county.  It  tlicn  Hows,  between 
Epping  and  Hainault  Forest,  to  Bai-k- 
ing,  below  which  it  falls  into  the 
Thames. 

Jiodok,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Delhi,  60  miles 
W  N  W  of  Delhi.  Lon.  76  3U  £,  lat 
29  10  N. 

Hoer,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which 
rises  in  tliedutchy  of  Julicrs,pa8ses  by 
the  town  of  that  name,  and  falls  into 
the  Maese,  above  Ruremonde. 

^oer,  ariver  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  waters 
Arensburg,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
below  Diusbiirg. 

Roeux,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Austrian  Hainault,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Mons.    Lon  4  12  E,  lat. 50  31  N. 

Rogonattour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  country  of  Bengal,  106 
roile\  S  VV  of  Moorshedabad,  and  108 
N  W  of  Calcutta. 

Rochaczavi,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  ca- 
pital of  a  district  of  the  same  name  ; 
aented  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dnieper 
nnd  Ordi'wa,  37  miles  N  W  of  Raw- 


zica,  and  158  N  of  Kiof.    Lon.  30  40 
E,  lut.  53  2  N. 

Rvchan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  seated  on  the 
Aoust,  2U  miles  N  of  Vannes.  Lun,  2 
42  W,  lat.  48  ON. 

Rochiicund,  or  Rohilla,  a  territory  of 
HinduuHtaii  Proper,  whose  inhabliuiUi 
are  called  Ruhillas.  It  lies  to  the  E  of 
Delhi,  and  is  subject  to  tlie  nabob  of 
Oude,  by  whom  it  was  conquered  in 
1774.     Bereilly  is  the  capital. 

/fo/Juc,  a  town  of  the  Nctiierlands,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Liniburg,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  with  a  r.ostle, 
seven  miles  N  of  Aix-1§-Chapelle.  Lon, 
6  6  £,  lat.  50  55  N. 

RoUrieh  Stonee,  in  Osfordsliire,  N 
of  Stanton  Harcourt,  six  miles  VV  of 
Oxford.  It  is  a  circle  of  stones  stand- 
ing upright,  which  the  vidgar  have  a 
notion  V/ere  men  (letrified.  Antiquariei 
disagree  with  respect  to  the  origin  and 
intention  of  this  ancient  monument. 

Roin,  or  Roem,  an  island  of  Denmark, 
on  the  £  coast  of  S  Jutland.  It  is  hre 
miles  in  length,  and  half  as  much  in 
breadth,  and  contains  a  few  villages. 

Rotnagna,  a  province  of  Italy  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Ferrarese,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany 
nnd  Urbino,  on  tlie  £  by  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  and  on  the  VV  by  the  Bologness 
and  Tuscany.  It  is  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  oil,  and  fruits  ;  and  has  also 
mines,  mineral  waters,  and  salt-works, 
which  make  its  principal  revenue.  Ra- 
venna is  the  capital. 

Romain  Motier,  a  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  Pays  de  V^aud,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at 
tlie  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  narrow  val- 
ley, through  which  flows  the  river  Diaf . 

Romania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  200  miles  long,  and  150  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Bulgaria,  on  ^the 
E  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  S  by  the 
Archipelago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
and  on  the  W  by  Macedonia  and  Bul- 
garia. It  was  formerly  called  Thrace, 
and  is  the  largest  of  all  the  Turkish 
provinces  in  Europe.  It  is  fruitful  in 
corn,  and  has  mines  of  silver,  lead,  and 
alum.  It  is  divided  into  three  sangia- 
cates  or  gfovernments  ;  namely,  Kirkel, 
of  which  Philipoli  is  the  capital;  Galti- 
poli,  whose  capital  m  of  the  same  name ; 
and  Byzantium,  By^.ia,  or  Viza,  of 
which  Constantinople  is  the  capital. 

Romano,  a  strong  and  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  Bcr^mosco^    It  carries  on 


•ill!  1^ 


R  d  M 

158  N  of  Kiof.    Lon.  30  40 
2N. 

I,  a  town  of  France,  In  the  At. 
of  Murbihan,  Heated  on  the 
\0  miles  N  of  Vannci.     Lon.  2 
>t.  48  0  N. 

•unU,  or  Hohilla,  a  territory  of 
ail  Proper,  whose  inliabiiant* 
[1  Rohillaa.  It  lies  to  tlie  £  of 
id  is  siibject  to  tlie  nubob  of 
wlioni  It  was  conquered  in 
lereilly  is  tiic  capital. 
:,  a  town  of  ti.e  Netherlands,  in 
Ihy  oi'  Liniburg,  capital  of  a  ter- 
the  sainc  name,  with  a  castle, 
lies  N  of  Aix-l|-Chapelle.  Lon, 
lat.  5U  5S  N. 

■h  Stoiiet,   in   Oxfordshire,  N 

■on  Harcuurt,  six  miles   W  of 

It  is  a  circle  of  stones  stand' 

fht,  wliich  the   viUgar   have  a 

rere  men  (letrified.  Antiquaries 

:  with  respect  to  the  origin  and 

>  of  this  ancient  monument 

or  Roem,  an  island  of  Denmark, 

I  coast  of  S  Jutland.     It  is  five 

I  length,  and  half  as  much  in 

,  and  contains  a  few  villtiges. 

igna,  a  province  of  Italy  in  th« 

istical  State,  bounded  on  the  N 

''errarese,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany 

>ino,  on  the  £  by   the  gulf  of 

and  on  the  W  by  tlie  Bologness 

iscany.     It   is    fertile   in   corn, 

)il,  and  fruits  ;    and  has   also 

mineral  waters,  and  salt-works, 

nake  its  principal  revenue.   Ra- 

I  the  capital. 

tin  Motier,  a  town  of  Swisser- 
1  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  • 
■;  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at 
of  a  mountain,  in  a  narrow  val- 
>ugh  which  flows  the  river  Diaz. 
mia,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in 
,  300  miles  long,  and  150  broad ; 
1  on  the  N  by  Bulgaria,  on  tlie 
e  Black  Sea,  on  the  S  by 'the 
ilago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
he  W  by  Macedonia  and  Bui- 
lt was  formerly  called  Thrace, 
ie  largest  of  all  the  Turkish 
8  in  Eurojie.  It  is  fruitful  in 
d  has  mines  of  silver,  lead,  and 
It  is  dK'ided  into  three  sangia- 
governments  i  namely,  Kirkel, 
I  Philipoli  is  the  capital;  Galli- 
^sc  capital  is  of  the  same  name ; 
zantium,  By?ia,  or  Viza,  of 
Constantinople  is  the  capital. 
no,  a  strong  and  populous  town 
in  ficrgomoscg,    It  carries  on 


ROM 

«  great  trade  in  corn,  and  is  seated  on 
a  river  that  runs  between  the  Oglio  and 
Serio. 

Roman*,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  Drome,  Heated  in 
a  ,'Iiie  plain,  on  the  river  Isere,  2^  miles 
S  W  of  Greiu.lile,  and  jO  S  of  Venice. 
I,,-)!!  5  12  E,  lat.  45  3  N. 

Rome,  a  very  ancient  city,  formerly 
the  mistress  of' the  world,  and  seat  of 
(lie  Roman  eiiiijire, lately  the  residence 
of  the  pope,  hcial  of  the  Roman  cliurch  ; 
none  cull  coiii]>are  with  it  in  respect  to 
the  mripiilietiice   of  its  buildings  aiul 
uiitiqiiities,  tlie   number  of  its   monu- 
mciUs  and  ciii-iosilies,  and  the  singula- 
rity of  its  historical  events.     Before  it 
was  plundered  by  the  French  in   1799, 
it  was  the  centre  and   magazine  of  all 
thiit  is  exquisite  in  paintiiij^*,  Kculpture, 
iin;i  architcclurc.     It  was  founded,  ac- 
'^rding'  to  some,  753  years  before  the 
birth  of  Christ,    by  Runiiilus  the   first 
king.  Its  form  and  site  have  frequently 
been  changed,  particularly    after  the 
seven  principal  devastations    of  it   by 
the   ancient   Gauls,    Vandals,  Heruii, 
East  and  West  Goths,  and  by  the  Ger- 
mans under  Charles  of  Bourbon  in  1527, 
when  it  was  taken  and  miserably  sack- 
ed, and  the  pope  being  closely  besieged 
in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  was  obliged 
to  submit  to  the  conqueror.  At  present 
it  stands  upon  12  hills,  but  ^-eat  part 
of  them  being  washed  down  in  the  val- 
leys, the  Tarpeian  rock,  once  a  terrible 
precipice,  from  which  malefactors  were 
tiirown,  is  now  no  more  than  20  feet 
high.  •  The  city  is  surrounded  with  a 
wall  about  lU  Italian  miles  in  circuit ; 
but  not  half  of  this  space  is   occupied 
by  houses,  as  many  places  where  state- 
ly structures  once  stood,   are  now  gar- 
dens, helds,  meadows,  and  vineyards 
According  to  an  account  taken  by  pope 
Clement  XI.  in  1714,  the  number  ofits 
inhabitants  amounted  to   143,000,  and 
arc  at  present  computed  to  amount  to 
170,000.     How  far  short  of  what  old 
Home  was  in  Trajan's  time,  when  tlie 
walls  of  this  city  were  50  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, and  the  number  of  its  inhabitants 
(i.SOO.OOO  !       Some    of  the    principal 
streets  are  of  considerable  length,  and 
perfectly    straig^it.      That  called  the 
Corso  is  the  most  frequented.      Here 
the  nobility  display  their  equipages  du- 
ring the   carnival,  and  take  the  air  in 
the  evenings  in  fair  weather.  The  shops 
on  each   side   are   three  or  four  feet 
hijfher  than  the  street  ;  and  there  is  a 


ROM 

path  for  the  convcnicncy  of  foot  paiucnj 
gers,  on  a  level  with  tlic   slioj  ^      The 
palaces,  of  \v!iich  there    aresi\eral  in 
this   street,    range  in  a  line  with  the 
houses,  having  no  courts   before  them. 
The  Slrada  Felice,  and  the    Stradu  di 
Porta  Pia,  are  also  very  hmg  and  noble 
streets.     Tliere  are  no  lamps  lighted 
in  the  streets  at  night ;  and   all  Rome 
would  be  in  utter  darkness,  were  it  not 
fur  the  candles  which  the  devotion  of 
individuals    sometimes   places     before 
the  statues  of  the  Virgin  :  these  apfieap 
^limiiicring,  at  vast  intervals,  like  stnr« 
ill  a  cloudy  night.     '1  he  footmen  carry 
dark  luiUerns  behind   the  carriages  of 
])eo;>le   of  the  first   distinction.     Thi» 
darkness,  it  may  be   supposed,  is  not 
unfavoral>le  to  assigiia{ions   among  the 
inferior  people  :  and  when  a  carriage 
with  a  luntern  behind   it,   accidentally 
comes  near  a  couple   who  do  not  wish 
to  be  known,   one   of  them  calls   out, 
voki  la  lanterna,  turn  the  lantern  ;  and 
is  immediately  obeyed.    Rome  exhibitai 
a  strange  mixture   of  magnificent  and 
interesting,   and  of  common  and  beg- 
garly objects  ;  the   former  consists  of 
palaces,   churches,  foiuitains,  and  the 
remains  of  antiquity  ;  the  latter  com» 
prehend  all  the  rest  of  the  city.    The 
church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the  opinion  of 
many,  surpasses,  in   size  and  magnifi- 
cence, the  finest  monuments  of  ancienft 
architecture.     It  ii    incrusted  withouC 
with  marble  ;    its  length  is  730  feet, 
the  breadtli  520,  and  the  height  from 
the  pavement  to  the  top  of  the  cross, 
which  crowns  the  cupola,  450.  A  com- 
plete description  of  this  church,  and  of 
its  statues,  basso-relievos,  columns,  and 
various    other    ornaments,    would  fill 
volumes.     Adjoining  to  St.   Peter's  is 
the  Vatican,   or  winter  palace   of  the 
pope,  with  the   richest  library  of  the 
choicest  books  and  manuscripts  in  the 
world.     The  Vatican  consists  of  seve- 
ral thousand  rooms  and  other  parts,  of 
which  tlie  most  admired  are  its  grand 
staircase,  and  a  charming  garden,  cal- 
led by  way  ofeminence  Belvidere,  hav- 
ing the  finest  collection  of  exotics  ia 
Europe.      The  Pantheon  is  the    most 
perfect  of  the   Roman   temples  wlticti 
now  remain,  and  notwithstanding  the 
depredations    it    has    sustained    from 
Goths,  Vandals,  and   popes,    is  still  a 
beautiful  monument   of  Roman  taste. 
The  pavilion  of  the   great  altar,  which 
stands  under  the   cupola  of  St.  Peter, 
and  the  four  wreathed  pillars  of  Corin- 
F  f  t"  f 


I 


"^fSf 


if 


ROM 


(tliiftn    braits   which    impport    it, 
formed  o\it  of  the  spoils  of  the  Piinthe- 
on,  which,  after  18(>0  yeaM,  hiw  still  a 
prohahility  of  outUvinjf  its  proud  c*pn- 
cioiis  rival      From  the  rircular  form  of 
thJN  temple,  it  hui  obtuiued  the   name 
of  the  Rotimdo.    Its  height  is  ISO  feet, 
and  its  breadth  nearly  the  game.  There 
are  nv  windows ;  the  central  oixininx- 
in  the  dome  admittinf;  a  lufticiency  of 
'  W^^i-     The   rain    whirh    fulU  tUrmigh 
this      a|>crture,     immediately    druinii 
through  hnlen.  whiih  pi  fnrate  a  larf^e 
piece  of  porpiivry,  tliat  forms  the  cen- 
\f«  of  tlie  pavement.     Being converi^-d 
irvix  a  christian  temple,  the  Pantheon, 
ori^riiully  erectod  to  the  honour  of  all 
llie  i^'ds,  is  now  dedicatei'  to  the  Vir- 
gin, ami  1o  all  the  martyrs  and  saints. 
As  the  Paiitlieon   '*  t  he   most  entire, 
llic  Amphiliieatre  of  WHpiisisn  is  »he 
sost  itiitpendous  moiinnic»c  c;f  antiqui- 
ty in  Koine.      Abo'ji    on-?  Inif  of  the 
cxterrxl   circuit    s.itl   ic.nain*  -    from 
Trhirii  :t  pretty  exact  idea  may  he  form- 
ed of  the  original   structure.      By   a 
comput.'ition  of  Mr  Byres,  it  could  con- 
tain  BS.OUO   spectators.     The  Cumpi- 
doglw)  ' .  un  elegant  strticture,   raised 
un  pott  of  the  ruins  o>f  the   ancient  ca- 
pitol.     But  the  anttqviities  of  Rome  are  ' 
too  numerous  to  be  mltutely  described. . 
We  shall,  therefore,   pass  over  the  an- 1 
cient  Forum,  now  a  cow-market  ;  the  ' 
beautiful  Column  of  Trajan,    130   feet 
high,  on  the  top  of  which  is  the  statue 
of  St.  Peter,  instead  of  that  of  Trajan, 
Stc.     Th*-  rhurcii  of  St.  John  Lateran, 
tlie  Romans  day,  is  the  moat  ancient  of 
aSi  the  churches  of  Home,  and  the  mo-  , 
therof  all  the  churches  in  Christendom.  ( 
To  thi.s  church,  every  new  pope  con-  . 
stantly  goes  first,  in  a  niignificent  pro-  ■ 
csssion,   to  take  possession  of  the  luily 
see.     In  Rome,    the   connoisseur  will 
meet   with   innumerabl"  paintings   by  I 
tlte   greatest   masters,   and    with   the  | 
finest  works   of  sculptu -e,   P;c.     The  i 
ca.itir    of  St.   Angelo  serrej   more  to  | 
kee;)  the  city  in  a'^e.  th;"!!  to  repel  any 
foreign    atturk.       AV  ar   was  declared 
i^inst  the  pope  by  the  French  ::i  13^8, 
in  consequence  of  a   tumult,  in  which 
their  genera*  Duphot  was  l^illed.     The 
city  was  entered  hy  them  in  February, 
and  they  overturned  the  p.ipal  govcm- 
^nent.     They  li';ewist    plundered  'he 
rity  of  its  most  vahi.ib'e  monuments  >f 
unttquity,  its  ancient  .sfxtu'-s  rind  p  tint- 
ings,  mill  levied  heavy  rontributions  on 
th*  inhttbitanu.    However,  i"  Septum- 


ROM 

ber,  1799,  the  city  was  retaken  hy  the 
allies,  and  the  new  French  government 
overthrown.  Rome  is  seated  on  the 
Tiber,  810  miles  S  E  of  London,  740 
S  by  E  of  Antstcrdam,  410  S  S  \V  of 
Vienna.  600  S  E  of  Paris,  730  E  by  N 
of  Madrid,  and  760  W  of  Constantino- 
ple.    Lon.  12  35  E,  laL.  41  54  N. 

Some,  a  post  town  in  Oneida  county. 
New  York,  situated  at  the  head  of  Mo- 
hock, river,  11  miles  N  W  of  Whites, 
town,  and  about  20  E  of  lake  Oneida, 
containing  1479  inhabitants 

Jicmdiii,  the  general  name  given  by 
Uie  Turks  to  their  Etu-opcan  domin- 
ions. 

Homenay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
depurtnicntof  Saone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  eight  miles  S  E 
uf  Toumus,  ami  15  N  N  £  uf  Macon. 
Lon    5  5  C,  hit.  46  30  N. 

Jif^meritadt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
M«iravia,  in  the  neighbourliood  of  whicli 
are  some  iron  mines.  It  is  30  miles  N  N  E 
of  OliHutz.  Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

limnluldtn,  atowiiofFranconia,  witl> 
a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  ut 
Saxe  Altenburg. 

Aotnna,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  tht  gov- 
ernment of  Tcliemigof,  J(!  miles  S  SE 
of  Tcliemigof.  Lon.  33  24  E,  lat.  30 
36  N. 

Somney,  Nra,  a  town  in  Kr»t,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  in  x 
marsh  of  the  some  name.  It  is  one  of 
the  cinquc-ports,  and  once  contained 
five  eliurches  and  a  ;iriorv;  but  since 
the  se:  has  retired,  it  is  reduced  to  a 
amaU'pUce.  It  is  71  miles  S  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Motnnty,  the  principal  town  of  Hainp- 
sliire  ciMinty,  Virginia ;  si\iiuLed  on  the 
S  branoh  of  PcKomack  river,  .50  railca 
westward  of  Winchester,  where  there 
is  a  post  oAce. 

Ronutei  Martli,  a  vast  tract  of  rich, 
wet  land,  whicli  occttpies  tiie  most 
southern  part  of  Kent,  between  Dun- 
gen^ -s  and  Rye  leaven,  a  imals  are 
f&tti'Ued  Itere  to  aii  et.i-iu.rdinar\  <>i.:e, 
and  mauf  btdlo<:ka  are  sent  hence  to 
the  London  market.  It  is  reckoned  very 
unhealthy. 

Rovumt,  or  KoUmoat,  a  strong  town  of 
SwisNcriand,  in  the  canton  of  Friburg, 
seated  or.  a  moi'iuai;  10  miles  Itfjm 
Fribur»  and  12  tnim  Bern.  Lon.  7  1 
E,    It.  -le  50  N. 

Jitvirentiu,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Loir  and  Cher,  with  a 
castle,   jn  the  brook  Murentiu,  wliijh 


"Wpi 


ROM 

tlie  city   WM  retaken  liy  th« 

the  new  French  government 

I).     Knnie  is   seated  on  tlie 

0  miles  S  E   of  London,  740 

f  Amiitcrdam,  410  S  S  VV  of 

S  E  of  Paris,   730  E  by  N 

ll,  and  760  W  of  Constantino- 

12  35  E,  lal.  41  54  N. 
|a  post  town  in  Oneida  conntv, 
•k,  situated  at  the  head  of  Mo- 
r.  1 1  miles  N  W  of  Whites- 
ll  ahout  20  E  of  lukt  Oneida, 
t  1479  inhabitants 
tj,  the  gcneiul  name  given  by 
LS  to  their  European     domin- 

ay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
intofSaoneand  Loire  aiid  late 
of  Burffiiiidy,  eight  miles  S  E 
lus,  and  15  N  N  E  of  Macon. 
C,  lilt.  46  30  N. 
stadt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
in  the  neighbouriiood  of  whicli 
iron  mines.  It  is  20  miles  N  N  E 
z.  Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Helen,  atowDofFranconia,  with 
It  belongs  to  tlie   duke  ol 

Itenbiirg. 

a,  a  town  of  Ruaaia,  in  tht  gov- 
ofTchemigof,  2(1  miles  SSE 

^rn^gof.     Lon.   33  24  E,  Int.  30 

w.  Nra,  a  town  in  Kf  nt,  with 
et  on  Thursday,  seated  in  i 
if  the  same  name.  It  is  one  of 
quc-porta,  and  once  contained 
irches  and  a  jiriory;  b«t  since 
has  retired,  it  it  reduced  to  a 
»ce.  It  is  71  miles  S  E  of  Lon. 
on-  1  5  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 
ey,  the  principal  town  of  Hamp- 
•mtv,  Virginia;  siviiaLed  on  the 
h  of  PdFtomack  nyer,  .50  railc« 
pd  (if  Wiuchester,  where  tlif  re 
It  office. 

f '  Manli,  a  vast  tract  of  rich, 
id,  wliicii  occnpies  tiie  most 
I  part  of  Kent,  i^etween  Dun- 
wid  Rye  >>aven.  a  .imals  arc 
liere  to  aii  e':.rh..rdinar\  si.:e, 
11..  buUo«:ka  are  sent  hence  to 
ion  market.  It  is  reckoneu  vei7 
ly. 

W,  or  Rodtnoat,  a  strong  town  of 
and,  in  the  canmn  of  Fribiirg, 
1I-.  a  momtai  10  milss  flPOm 
and  12  irom  Bern.  Lon.  7  1 
3  50  N. 

■eHtiu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
ent  of  Loir  and  Cher,  with  a 
in  the  brook  Morentiu,  whioh 


R  O  (^ 


loKS  itwif  in  til*-  Saudre.  It  fi«»  a 
nrniiiifncture  of  sergrsandol(Kh»  whioli 
Ki'ves  to  make  \.\v^  pince  known.  It  w 
45  miles  E  of  Tours,  .<.nd  1(10  S  by  W 
of  P.ir».     Lon.  1  47  E,  l.it.  47  22  N. 

Ranudal,  a  town  of  Norway.  It  is 
the  capital  of  a  provostship,  in  the 
dioccie  of  Drontheiw,  and  is  100  mlU-K 
S  S  VV  of  Drontiieim.  Lon.  7  54  E, 
J»t.  62  28  K. 

Jionceva/iot,  a  town  orS|)«!n,  in  Na- 
varre, situate  in  a  v;illi'\  of  the  same 
name,  14  miles  N  N  E  of  Pam]>elinia. 
LfO.  1  25  W,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Kdndglkmt,  a  town  f'f  Ituly,  in  the 
patnniony  of  St.  Pfter,  ca]>'ital  of  a 
small  district  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
ioktt/d  on  the  Tercia,  ntiir  the  lake  of 
tlif  name  iinme,  IJ  miles  a  of  Vitcrbo, 
and  24  N  N  W  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32 
E,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Runda,  a  strong  town  of  Spiin,  in 
Granada,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Mofirs  in  148j,  and  is  sea'ed 
on  acraggv  rock  near  the  Rio  Verde, 
ii)  miles  N  W  of  Gibrultur,  and  62  S  E 
of  Seville.  Lon.  5  12  W,  iat.  36  40 
N. 

Rmnelnirg,  a  town  in  Germany  intl«e 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principal- 
ity of  Altenburg,  12  miles  .S  W  of  Al- 
tcnliiii'g,  and  60  W  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  7  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Roque,  St,  a  large  village  of  Spain, 
111  Ar.dalusia,  at  the  entrance  <n  the 
isthmus  which  separates  Gibraltar 
from  the  continent.  It  is  seated  on  the 
top  of  a  liiW,  i>\-erlocdctng  the  bay,  and 
has  several  liattenes,  and  a  fort  at  each 
end,  to  defend  the  lines  which  riai  a- 
cross  the  isthmus. 

Ra^  tie  Marttm,  a  town  of  France, 
in  tlie  depai  tmeitt  of  Lundes,  and  late 
province  of  Gaacony,  seated  on  the 
Douesc,  10  miles  N  E  of  Monte  de 
Mursan. 

Ro<fuebruKe,  a  tov«i  of  Italy,  in  the 
p  incipnlity  of  M(maco,  with  a  castle, 
jcated  neart1>e  se"-  tlirce  miks  from 
Monaco. 

Roe/uemtnre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
dt-partment  of  Gard,  and  late  pro^-inoe 
of  Langucdoc,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock, 
near  the  Rlwne,  22  miles  N  E  of  Kis- 
nits.     Ltm.  4  48  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

Roffuetas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
da, on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
10  miJes  S  W  of  Almeria,  amd  52  S  E 
of  Granada.     Lon.  2  5  VV,  lat.  56  51  N. 

Pniana,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Novogrodcc,  tv«t«l  new 


It  o  s 

the   Solva,  20  miles  S  W  of  Non)f^< 
dec.     Lon.  25  43  E,  isit  55  30  N 

Rotbac/i,  a  town  of  Sitxiniy,  luiiious 
for  a  victory  (»btaiiifd  by  t!ie  king  of 
Pnissia,  over  the  Fifnrli,  and  the  ar« 
my  of  the  empire,  in  lrj7. 

Rotchad,  a  trading  town  of  Swi-tscP. 
land,  in  a  IvUiwic  of  tJic  abbey  of  S. 
Galh-'n,  with  a  ciintl-  on  a  mntmtain.  It 
is  s«atcd  '111  the  Inke  of  Constance. 

RiHcfUld,  a  town  <if  Denmark,  in  the  ' 
islt'  of  Zealui'd,  with  a  bi8ho|''s  see, 
and  a  unire!-!<itj.  It  was  lormerly  the 
metropolis  o,'"  Denniurk  and  t\w.  resi- 
dence of  its  kings;  it  stumU  at  a  small 
distance  from  the  buy  of  I.ofiord,  not 
far  from  Copenhagen.  In  its  Jlourish- 
ing  state  it  was  of  gveut  extent,  and 
comprised  within  its  walls  27  churclies 
and  a«  many  convents,  lis  jiresent  cir- 
cumference is  scarcely  half  an  EntjlUi'i 
mile,  and  it  contains  only  1620  smIs. 
The  houses  are  of  brick,  ami  of  i  neat 
appeanince.  The  only  remains  )f  ita 
original  magnificence  are  the  ri'iiis  of  a 
pulnce  and  a  cathedral,  abriok  biiilding 
with  two  spires  in  wnicn  the  kings  uf 
Denmark  are  interred.  A  treaty  of 
peace  was  concluded  here  in  1658.     It 

15  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  small  bay, 

16  miles  W  of  Copenhagen.     Lon.  12 
15  R,  laf   55  43  N. 

Rdtccminioii.  a  county  of  Ireland,  m 
the  province  of  Conimnght,  50  miles 
long  and  28  brotid  ;  botimled  on  tlie  £ 
by  Longford  and  W  Meath,  on  the  M 
by  Sligo  and  Leitrim,  on  tlie  S  by  Gal- 
way,  and  on  the  W  by  Galway  and  Ma- 
yo. It  is  a  level  fi-tiitfiil  country,  and  by 
the  help  of  good  husbaiidrj'  yields  ex- 
cellent corn.  It  contains  S9  parishes, 
and  sends  eigirt  memb<'rs  to  parliament. 

Rotecnnmoti,  a  borougli  of  Ireland,  in 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ses- 
sions house  and  a  iail,  80  miles  \V  of 
Diifelin.     Lon.  8  2  W,  la+.  53  34  N. 

/fotrrea,  a  town  of  iiclund,  in  Tip- 
perarv,  26milcs  N  W  of  Kitkenny,  and 
26  N'of  Cashd. 

Sotebrugge,  a  town  of  Flanders  in  the 
Netherlands,  lying  12  miles  N  W  of 
Yprcs.     Lon.  2  38  I.,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Soteau.     See  Charlotte  tman. 

Hates,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the  bay 
Off  Roses,  in  tlie  Mediterranean,  15 
miles  N  E  of  Gironna.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1693,  and  in  1795.  Lon. 
3  )  £,  lat  42  16  N. 

Rotetto,  »  town  of  Egypt  seated  on 
the  W  branch  of  Uie  Nile.    The  Egyp* 


R  O  S 


ROT 


i: 


■'f'i« 


(Tans  rail  it  Ruchid,  ami  arrmint  it  one 
of  tlie  pli-asantett  iiIuccr  in  tliu  coun- 
try. It  haa  a  nrreat  muniifiictiire  (iC 
■trlprd  und  (ithci-  ciiaiitf  linens  j  but  itit 
chii'l'  biitincsiH  is  the  curi'iag'e  of  };u<i<Ih 
Iience  to  Cairo ;  fur  all  Euvopc:m  nicr- 
chandiae  is  broiif^lit  billier  IVuin  Alex 
•ndria,  by  Rca,  and  rarricd  hence  by 
boats  to  Cairo.  The  Knropcans  liuvc 
their  viccconsiils  und  factors  lifre.  It 
WHS  taken  by  t)ie  Frcncli  in  tl.cir  ex- 
pedition to  Kgyfit.  It  is  25  niileH  N  h 
of  Alexandria,  and  100  N  W  of  Cairo. 
Lon.  30  45E,  Int.  31  30  N 

Roahaan,  a  country  of  Asia,  l\iiii;fo 
the  W  of  tlie  kingdom  of  liurnmli,  lo 
wliich  it  is  subject. 

llMii-mie,  atownof  Ssmoijitia,  seated 
on  the  Uubisse,  7U  miles  S  of  MiUan, 
and  138  N  E  of  Warsaw.  Lun.  23  46 
£,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Simert-aux  Saline*,  a  tOMH  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe  and  late 
province  of  Lorrain,  famous  for  its  salt- 
works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe, 
nine  miles  S  E  of  Nanc-  and  ITO  £  uf 
Paris.     Lon.  6  27  E,  lat,  .3  35  N. 

Sotlin,  a  most  pleasant  vilU)^  near 
Edinburgh,  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Esk,  noted  for  its  beautiful  chapel  and 
castle,  the  former  of  which  is  Uic  most 
entire  spciimen  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  Scotland. 

Rotoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Maroe,  and  lute 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  with  n 
magnificent  castle,  15  mil  :s  S  of  Meaux. 
Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Sou,  a  town  in  Herefordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  owes  most 
of  its  improvements,  and  charitable  in- 
■tit\itions  U>  John  Kyrle,  commonly  cal- 
led the  Man  of  Ross,  whose  benevo- 
lent character  is  so  interestingly  deli- 
neated b)  the  pen  of  Pope.  It  is  sci- 
ed  on  the  Wye,  12  miles  S  E  of  Here- 
ford, and  115  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
3  25  W,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Rnit,  a  maritime  town  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Cork.  It  is  united  to 
Cork  as  an  episcopal  sec,  and  is  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  20  miles  S 
Vi  of  Kihsale.  Lon.  858  W,  lat  51  32  N. 

Rots,  Nevi,  a  considerable  tradin); 
town  of  Ireland,  in  Wexford,  situate 
nn  the  Barrow,  which  is  navigable  for 
large  vessels  tip  to  the  cpi.ty.  It  ex 
ports  a  great  quantitv  of  butter  and 
beef.  It  is  11  miles  NE  of  Watcrford, 
and  17  W  of  Wexford.  Lon.  6  58  W, 
lat.  51  32  N. 


Sotthire,  R  county  of  Scotland  in  f^. 
neral  (including  Tain  and  Cnmrnny, 
wliich  lu«t,  though  a  smajl  county  of 
^tsi'lf,  is  also  considered  as  a  part  of 
Kosshiic),  is  bounded  on  the  W  hy  tlic 
isle  of  Skie  and  the  western  beu :  on 
the  N  E  by  .Siitliorlundshire  ;  on  the  K 
by  the  Firths  of  Murray  and  Corniam, 
and  on  llie  S  by  Invernesshire.  The 
liiiin  u  ^ery  irrc^'uiiir,  being  nearly  tri. 
angular,  each  side  70  miles  long,  ex- 
clusive of  part  of  the  isle  of  Lewis.  It 
is  mountainous  und  woody  townrds  the 
western  Oc-onn,  hut,  on  the  E  side  it 
is  fruitfid  in  miii,  tVuit,  and  hciijs,  u- 
hiiuiids  in  pastures,  and  has  woods  of 
lir  of  great  extent.  It  feeds  great  num- 
bersofbluck  cattle,  horses,  goats,  and 
deer,  has  uLuniliiuee  ot  lund  and  sea- 
fowl,  and  is  well  supplied  with  lith 
from  the  rivers  and  masts.  It  hss  se- 
veral "ixtcnsivc  loelis  and  bays  on  the 
coasts  which  alminul  with  herrings.  It 
is  subdivided  into  eastern  and  western 
Ross,  isles  of  Lewis,  Lochhroom, 
Lochcarron,  Ardmcnach,  Rcdcastle, 
Ferrintush,  Strathpasser,  and  Ferindo- 
nald,  and  the  chief  towns  are  'i  :.in, 
Dingwell,  Fortrose,  Roseijnarkie,  and 
New  Kelso. 

Sottano,  a  strong  and  populoiis  town 
of  Italy  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeri- 
ore,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  s 
pretty  large  place  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, siirroimded  by  rocks,  three  milet 
from  the  gidf  of  Venice,  and  136  S  E 
of  Naples     Lon.  16  38  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Rottoct,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Low- 
er Saxony,  in  the  dutchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg, wltli  a  university,  a  good  har- 
bour, 4  strong  citadel,  and  an  arsenal. 
It  ip  the  best  town  in  this  county,  and 
hus  good  fortifications.  Here  are  several 
handsome  churches,  and  it  was  formerly 
one  of  the  hanseatic  towns.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts,  the  Old,  the  New,  and 
the  Middle  Town.  It  is  still  imperial, 
under  the  protection  of  the  duke  of 
Mecklenburg,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake, 
where  the  river  Varnc  falls  into  it,  three 
miles  from  the  Baltic,  12  N  of  Gu.struw, 
and  60  E  of  Lubec.  Lon.  12  15  E,  hit. 
54  8  N. 

RiuUtf,  a  large  and  archiepiscnpid 
town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  ol' 
Yaroslaf,  which  communicates  with  the 
Volga  by  the  river  Kotorost,  S5  miles 
N  E  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  25  E,  lut.  7 
5  N. 

Rota,  a  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in 
.  .indalusta,  at  the  entrance  of  tJic  hay 


:  '   I*   .ii 


i.wiwuwiwimiw'jn  "^  i>'.W"' 


ROT 

ire,  R  county  of  Scotland  in  (ft. 
ncludinjf  'luhi   and  Croniaity, 
iMt,   though  u  smull  county  if 
also   coM»iflered  as  a  part  of 
),  In  bounded  on  the  W  hv  i|,c 
Mm-    iind  the  wcitrrn  Soaj  on 
h;.  •Siitliorlundsiiire  ;  on  the  K 
•inliKof  Murray  and  Corminiyi 
Hie    S  hy  Inverncssliiic,     The 
^eiy  incKular,  being  neuily  tri- 
,  each   tide   70  niiics  long',  ex. 
|of  partof  the  isle  of  Lewis.    It 
tain<ni»  and  woody  townnU  tlie 
I    Ocean,  hut,  on  the  £  side  it 
111  in  roiM,    IVuit,  nnd  hciijs,  a. 
in    psHtiu-cs,  and  lias  woods  of 
•eat  extent.  It  (l-eds  RTeat  ni.m- 
bluck  cattle,  horses,  gonts,  and 
as    aLundance  ot   land  and  sea. 
ind   i.s   well  supplied  with   li«h 
he  rivers  and  coa.sts.     It  hss  se. 
ixtensivc   lochs  and  bays  on  tlip 
which  «I)oun«l  with  hcn'ings.    |t 
livided  into  eastern  and  uettcrn 
isles    of    Lewia,    Lochhroom, 
irron,    Ardmcnach,    Redcastle, 
.osh,  Strathpasser,  and  Ferindo. 
ind  the  chief  towns  are    'IJm, 
ell,  Fortroae,  Uo»e^narkie,  and 
{.elso. 

\ano,  a  strong  and  populoi.s  town 
ly  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeri. 
'ith  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  a 
large  place  seated  on  an  emi. 
surrounded  by  rocks,  three  miles 
he  gulf  of  Venice,  and  136  S  li 
lea  Lon.  16  38  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 
oct,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Low- 
tony,  in  tlie  dutchy  of  Meckicii. 
vltli  8  university,  a  good  liar- 
»  strong  cita«lel,  and  an  arsenal. 
e  best  town  in  this  county,  and 
id  fortifications.  Here  are  several 
me  churches,  and  it  was  formerly 
he  hanseatic  towns.  It  is  divided 
•ce  parts,  the  Old,  the  New,  and 
ddle  Town.  It  is  still  imperial, 
the  protection  of  the  duke  of 
•nburg,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake, 
he  river  Varne  falls  into  it,  three 
•om  the  Baltic,  12  N  of  Gustrow, 
E  of  Lubec.     Lon.  12  15  E,  lat. 

f,  a  large  and  arcliiepiscopal 
t  Russia,  in  the  government  ol 
f,  which  comniunicales  withtlic 
by  the  river  Kotorost,  S5  miles 
Moscow.     Lon.  40  25  E,  lat.  7 

a  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in 
lia,  at  the  entrance  of  the   bai- 


ROT 

•f  Cadiz,  seven  mile»  NofCadic.  Lon. 
6  16  W,  lat.  36  3.1  N. 

Jioia,  one  of  the  Ladrune  islands  in 
the  East  Indies. 

Hi)tiu,  a  town  of  Bahar,  in  Hindons- 
tan,  65  miles  S  E  of  Benares.  Lon.  ti3 
5U  E,  lut.  24  50  N. 

Honnutrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria  and  capital  (if  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  12  miles 
V.  E  of  Nuremberg,  and  46  N  VV  ol 
Ratisbon.     Lon.  11  20  E,  hit.  49  35  N, 

Rntenberg,  a  small  town  of  Swiuser- 
Iw'iii,  in  tiie  canton  of  Liicern,  four 
inilcH  K  of  Luccrn. 

Hottnburf;,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany,  in  Franconia,  with  several 
h:.ndsnnie  public  hiiildiii^s,  seated  on 
tlicTaubcr,  15  miles  N  VVof  Anspach. 
Lon.  10  2.i  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

Kn'tnburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  county  of  Hoen- 
burg,  with  a  castle.  It  bt'loiigs  to  the 
house  of  Austria,  is  remarkable  for  its 
inincral  waters,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Neckar,  seven  mdes  W  of  Tubingen. 
Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

J\nttnhurg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgi-avate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  with 
a  castle  seated  on  the  Fulde,  25  miles 
S  of  Cassel.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Sotlibtiry,  a  town  in  Northumberland, 
whose  market  is  discontinued,  nine 
miles  S  W  of  Alnwick,  30  N  by  W  of 
Newcastle,  and  302  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Rather,  a  river  which  has  its  source 
in  Sussex,  divides  that  county  and  Kent, 
for  a  short  space,  and  enters  the  Chan 
nel  at  Rye. 

Rntherhatn,  a  town  in  the  W  riding 
ef  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
day, the  iron  works  in  its  nciglibour- 
ht)od,  which  are  very  considerable,  ren- 
der it  very  famous.  Sec  Masbrough. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Don,  over  wliieli  is 
a  slonc  bridge,  31  miles  N  of  Notting- 
h.im,  and  160  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  24  W,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Hothsay,  a  town  in  the  isle  of  Bute, 
of  which  it  is  tlie  capital.  It  is  a  well 
hnill  town  of  smull  houses,  and  about 
200  families  ;  and  i.s  within  these  few 
years  much  improved.  It  has  a  good 
pier,  and  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a 
fine  bay,  whose  mouth  lies  exactly  op- 
posite to  Loch  Stcv'.'U  in  Cowal.  Here 
i<  a  line  depth  of  water,  a  secure  re- 
treat, and  a  ready,  navigation  down  the 
Fi'itti  for  an  export  trade.  Magazines 
of  goods  for  foreign  parts  might  be  ad- 


ROT 

vantRf^ously  erected  here.  Tlie  wo> 
men  of  this  town  spin  .larn,  the  men 
support  tliemselves  bv  ti.tliing.  Uolh- 
say  gives  the  title  ol  L)nke  to  the  prince 
of  Scotland,  »  title  which  was  hnnicr- 
Iv  accompanied  with  Niiitiible  reMiiiieM, 
[Hiwers,  and  privileges,  ll  is  70  miles 
W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon,  5  17  W,  laf 
55  50  N. 

KothKell,  %  town  in  Northanipton- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Monday,  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  IS  iiules  N  N 
E  of  Northampton,  ai,>l  79  N  N  W  of 
London.     L(m.  1  7  W,  lat.  52  21  N. 

SotterUum,  a  city  of  the  Uinti.'d  Pro- 
vinces,    in    Hollunil,   with   one   of  the 
finest  liarbours  in  the  Netlierlands.     It 
is    the     most    conHiderablc   [iluce     in 
Holland,  for  size,  beauty   of  its  build- 
ings  and  trade,  next   to    Am.'iterdam. 
It  is   a   large    and   populous  city,   of  a 
triangular  hgure,  liandHoivelj    built  of 
brick,  the  streets  wide  muI  well  |ia\»'d, 
Its   port   is  very  commodious  ;    lor  the 
canals    which  run   through   most  parts 
of  the  town,  bring  the  ships  some  of 
200  or  300tons,    up  to  the  mcrcliant's 
door ;  a  conveniency  for  loading  and  un- 
loading   which  is  not    to    he    found  in 
other   places.     The    pre;it  ships  j,o  up 
into 'he  middle  of  tl:c  town  liv  the  ca- 
nal into  which   the    M;iose   enters    by 
the   old   head,  as  it  c<inus  out  hy  the 
new.  A  stranger  u|)on  his  iirst  entering 
this  place,    is   astonished  at  the  beau- 
tiful confusion  of  chiinnejs  intermixed 
with  tops  of  trees  with    which  the  ca- 
nals are    plante<l,    and    streamers    of 
vessels  ;    insomuch  that  he  can  hardly 
tell  whether  it  be  fleet,  city,  or   forest. 
This  i)ort  is  much  more  frequented  by 
the  Briti.sh    merchants   than  Amster- 
dam,  insomuch   that,    after    a    frost, 
when  the  sea  is  open,  sometimes   300 
sail  of  British  vessels  sail   out  of  the 
harbour  at  <nice.      There  is  always  a 
large  number  of  British    subject  s  who 
reside  in  this  town,  and  live  much    in 
the  same  manner  ns  in   Great   Britain. 
The  reason  of  the  great  traffic  between 
this  place  and  England,  is  because  the 
ships  can  generally   load  nnd   unload, 
and  retimi   to   England   from  Rotter- 
dam, before  a  ship  can  get  clear  from 
Amstcrdi.m,  and    the   I'exel.     Ilcncc 
the  English  mcrcl;:ir.t.s  find  it  cheaper 
and  more  commodious,  after  their  goods 
are  arrived  at  I'.ottcrdam,  to  send  theiii 
in  boats  over  the   canals   to   Amstcr. 
dam,     Anntlicr  great  advantage   thi-y 
have  here   for  commerce,   is,  that  the 


^STrS^raniii  ^•■'  "•^"^'T^'^'wsif 


Upianai,  ..  M.|f 


R  O  U 


R  O  U 


Mmm  h  open,  mhI  the  patMfe  free 
from  ice,  niucli  itiMMier  in  tlic  iiiring 
tliftii  ill  tlt«  Y  Hii(i  Ziiydcr-K'u,  wliit  ii 
IcaiU  to  Ainitterckm.  Entimiii  wm 
tKM'n  ill  tliiit  city,  mid  liii  ktatiie  in 
brtni/.c  KtuiitU  in  an  open  piui-i;,  Ht  tlic 
licud  (>i'  (Mie  ut  tlie  raiiuU  i  aii<l  in  h  nar- 
row kiTL-et,  Icitiiiiifif  fiiim  tltc  Htutiic  to 
the  gi'cutrliiircii,i«  tlie  lioiike  in  wUicli 
be  Wit*  txii'ii,  witik  an  iubcription,  in 
fioiit,  toiiiH  lionmir.  Kottei'duni  lerriv- 
ecl  tlic  Frtiu  li  troop*,  Jan.  23,  1795. 
It  II  hcatcil  on  tlic  Mtiwc  (tlio  moHt 
nrii'tlicvii  biMiicli  oftlic  Maciic)  IJniilua 
S  K  lliij;ii<',  imd  oO  S  S  W  of  Aniati-i'- 
tiuiii.     Loll.  4  :M  K,  lat.  51  56  N. 

MulierJiim,  otic  of  tlie  I''i-icn(lly  I»- 
luiuts,  in  tlic  S  Sea,  said  to  have  been 
dix  i>\c'i-id  l)v 'rakmun  in  1643.  Lun. 
ir-l  .50  W,  liit.  20  16  S. 

Kottirgrn,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circ'U'  04  Frunconia,  and  bishopric  of 
\V  iiil/biir(7,  lituute  on  the  'I'auber, 
nine  niiii'ti  N  E  of  Mergentheim.  Lun. 
e  .V>  li,  lat.  49  35  N. 

jioUvcil,  a  free  imprriiil  city  of  Ger- 
nvHuy  in  Snabiii,  in  uUiance  with  the 
SwinH  cuntonB  since  tiiu  year  1513. 
A  mile  und  u  hulf  from  this  place  is  a 
fenimis  abbey,  wiierc  they  receive  none 
but  luibic  women.  It  ia  arated  on  the 
Nockur,  near  its  «onrce,.and  alan  near 
tilt  Diiuub*',  27  miles  S  tJ  W  of  Tubin- 
gen.   Lon.  8  44  K,  lat  48  9  N. 

Hutien,  a  I'ity  of  Firance,  capital  of 
tlie  department  of  Lower  Seine,  in  the 
late  province  of  Normandy  with  an 
arcl.1)i.ilK>p's  see.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
N  side  •t  the  Seine.  The  streets  are 
narrow,  cracked,  dirty,  and  consist  of 
wooflen  houses  ;  notwithstanding 
wb-irh,  it  is  one  of  the  most  ojiulcnt 
and  important  places  in  France.  It  is 
seven  miles  in  circuit  including  its 
»\x  suburbs,  uul  contains  70,000  in- 
babitunts.  Among  the  public  buildings, 
tlie  most  distingtiisLcd  «rc,  the  Great 
Hall  of  thepalace,  in  which  the  late  par- 
liament oi'  Rouen  met;  the  old  castle  ; 
aud  the  principal  church,  which  has 
a  very  handbome  front  with  two  stee- 
ples, whence  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the 
town;  in  om;  of  the  streets  is  the  great 
bell,  which  boars  the  name  of  cardinal 
George  d'Amboise,  13  feet  high  and 
11  in  diiimcter.  Near  this  church, 
which  is  not  the  only  remarkable  one, 
is-  the  public  library.  The  steeple  of 
♦be  late  Benedictines  of  St.  Owen  is  un 
ekgiiut  Gothic  structure.  The  linens 
of    Rouen,    "harticukrly     what     we 


called  the  Siamohr,  are  mneh  esteem- 
ed. The)  have  also  manufactures  uf 
cloth,  and  one  of  oil  of  vitriol. 
I'he  suburb  of  St .  Sever,  commimicutei 
with  the  city  b)  a  brid|^  of  bouts,  370 
paces  long  wittcii  rises  and  fails  willi 
the  tide,  and  is  made  to  open,  to 
as  to  admit  the  p.'wsnge  of  ships  i  it  i* 
also  paved,  atid  tlicre  are  ways  for  foot 
passengrin  on  etich  side.  Rouen  is 
the  birth  place  of  the  two  CorneiHiei, 
and  of  Funtenelle.  It  is  50  miles  S  W 
of  Amiens,  and  70  N  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1   10  E,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Jfovertdo,  or  Jfovert,  a  town  of  Aus- 
tria, in  tlie  Tyrol,  seated  on  the  Adit;c, 
at  the  toot  of  a  mountain,  and  on  the 
side  of  n  stream,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  dcfen<led  by  two  large  towers 
and  a  stnmg  castle  i  the  French  took 
possession  of  the  town  in  1796,  after 
having  defeated  the  Austriuna  before 
it,  but  they  were  obli^^-d  to  abandon 
it  soon  a^tcrwanls.  It  is  eigtit  miles 
S  of  Trent.     Lon.  11  27  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Jtovcrbtlla,  a  t(»wn  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  12  miles  from  Mantua.  Lon. 
10  42  £.  45  18  N 

Soutrgut,  a  late  pi^vince  of  Ft-ancc, 
in  the  government  of  Guicmne  :  bound- 
ed on  the  £  by  the  Cevennes  and  Ge- 
vaudan,  on  the  W  by  Qiierci,  on  the 
N  by  the  same  ;.nd  Auvx-rgnc,  and  on 
the  S  by  Languedoc.  It  is  75  miles  long 
and  50  broad;  it  is  nnt  very  fertile 
but  feeds  a  number  ot'  entile,  and 
has  mines  of  copper,  iron,  uliim,  vi- 
triol, and  sulphur.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  Aveiron. 

Hovigno,  a  populous  town  of  Italy, 
in  Istria,  with  two  good  liarbours,  and 
quarries  of  fine  stone.  It  is  seated  in 
a  territory  which  produces  excellent 
wine,  on  a  jieninsula,  on  the  western 
coast,  eight  miles  S  of  Parenzo  and  S2 
ofCapod'Istria.  Lon.  14  2  E,  lat  4S 
16  N. 

Sovigo,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
Polesinu  di  Rovigo,  lately  belonging  to 
the  Venetians,  seated  on  the  Adige, 
21  miles  S  of  Padua,  and  37  S  W  of 
Venice.  Lon.  12  14  E,  lat.  45  38  N. 
See  Pole*ino  di  Ifovigo. 

Ratittelart,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North,  and  late  pro- 
viiice  of  French  Flanders,  10  miles  N 
E  of  Ypres,  and  20  S  E  of  Ostend. 
Lon.  3  0  E,  hit.  50  5a  N. 

Routillon,  a  late  province  of  France, 
50  miles  long  and  25  broad  \  boutidcd 
on  th«  E  by  tlic  Mediterranean,  on  the 


"3»" 


R  O  U 

ic  Siatnoiie,  are  mnch  citeem- 
c)  liuvc  aUo  nianufitcturi:*  uf 
tiid  one  of  oil  of  vitriol. 
\irb  of  St.  Sever,  comintinicutei 
;  city  b)  •  bri<l(^  of  bouti,  '271} 
t\g  wltidi  riled  aiul  fuiU  wiltk 
■,  Hiul  in  litadis  t<i  open,  lo 
niit  the  paitii|fe  of  iilti|Mi  i  it  i( 
cd,  and  llicre  are  ways  for  foot 
ri'i  on  eiicii  aide.  Kou«n  ii 
I  place  of  tiic  two  Corncilliei, 
■'unteiielle.  It  it  30  milea  S  W 
eit»,  and  70  N  W  of  Paris. 
10  E,  lat.  49  i7  N. 
c(.'o,  or  Kovert,  a  town  of  Aui- 
the  Tyrol,  seated  on  tlic  Adi(cc, 
toot  of  a  mountain,  !in<t  on  the 

a  stream,  over  which  is  a 
defended  by  two  larg;e  tower* 
tron(f  castle  i  the  French  took 
ion  of  tiie  town  in  1796,  after 
defeated  the  Austrians  before 
hev  wci-e   obliged   to  abandon 

afterwards.  It  is  eigfit  mile* 
ent.  Lon.  11  27  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 
■bella,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
in,  12  inilea  from  Mantua.  Lon. 
.,  45  18  N 

■^vf,  a  late  province  ofF'.'sncc, 
;«veminent  ai'  Guicnne  :  bound- 
he  £  by  the  Cevennea  and  Ge- 
,  on  the  W  by  Qiierci,  on  tlie 
le  same  and  Au\xT(^e,  mid  on 
yLanguedoc.  It  is  7 5  miles  Kmg 
broad}  it  is  nn*  very  feriile 
eds  a  number  of  c-iUle,  and 
nes  of  copper,  in^n,  alum,  vi- 
nd  sulphur.  It  now  forois  the 
ment  of  Aveiron. 
fno,  a  populous  town  of  Italy, 
a,  with  two  good  liarbours,  and 
a  of  fine  stone.  It  is  seated  is 
ory  whicii  produces  excellent 
on  a  ])eninsula,  on  the  westerti 
eight  miles  S  of  Pareozo  and  r>2 
1  d'Istria.    Lon.  14  2  E,  lat  45 

gu,  a  town  of  Italy.  c«piial  of 
10  di  Rovigo,  lately  belonging  to 
cnetians,  seated  on  the  Adige, 
les  S  rf  Pudua,  and  37  S  W  of 
!.  Lon.  12  14  E,  lat.  45  38  M. 
i/eKNO  di  Ruvigo. 
iselart,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
ment  of  the  North,  and  late  pro- 
of French  Flanders,  10  miles  N 
If  pres,  and    20    S  E  of  Ostend. 

0  E,  lat.  !$0  5&  N. 
tilloii,  a  late  province  of  France, 
es  long  and  25  broad  ;  bomid'.<l 
E  by  tlic  Mediterranean,  on  the 


ROY 


R  UF 


Wb,  Cardagna.  on  th.  ,f  by  L*w.r  |  of  HochCl*    ton.  0  57  W.  Ut  45  « 


r^^^o^^t^^Xairrieatu 

jdii  broad,  knd  remarkabU   f«»   .U 

Olive  trees. 

Roxburgh,  a  tUlage  and  castle  of 
ScoiT.ml,  which  give,  name  to  a  coub- 
„"«  near  U.e  Tiviot,  19  m.U-s  S 
v\r  ^Berwick,  and  33  S  E  of  '•''"'■ 
burgh.     Lon  2  47  W,  lat.  5546  N. 

Roxburghshirt,  a  countv  of  Scotland, 
formerly  called  liviotdafe,;.  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Northumberland,  Sb 
bv  part  of  Cumberland  i  J>  S  W  d> 
gun.frie,shirc,NWbySek.rksb.re^i 

and  N  by    Berwickshire.     It  ••  frU't- 
ftil  in  pa/ture  and  corn,  especially  oats. 

andulUnds  with  sheep,  '""•'!«•  •"^ 
bluck  cattle.  The  m..sl  considerable 
of  its  mountains  are  Cork-row,  from 
which  runs  a  tract  of  hill.  W.  d'vul- 
injr  Scotland  from  England,  in  many 
places  impassable.  Here  are  many 
aVcient  seats  of  the  nobility.     On  its 


Rftjiv,  a  ttrong  town  of  France,  ia 
the  department  of  Sonin.e,  and  lai* 
provJc  of  Ficardy.  Some  mmc-r4 
waters  were  lately  .U.coveied  here. 
lti.U«.l«a.NW.4-  Noy.«i,  andfiO 
N  by  E  of  Pari*.     Lon.   2  51  E,  lat.  <*» 

^M^ito^,  »  to*"   '"    "«'*''   <1""^  "' 

whicti  is  in  Cambridgesliire)  witli  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  TUti-c  wa, 
lately  discovered  lier- almost  under  tha 
market  place  an  ancient  aubterraneaa 
chapel,  of  Saxon  construction.  Roy»tu» 
baa  given  it.  name  to  a  .iwc.e.  of  cn>w, 
called  J.0  the  Hooded  or  Grey  Ciow, 
which  is  a  bird  of  passage  in  this  ncigli- 
bourhood,  and  also  on  the  whole  eat. 
em  coast.  It  i.  *cated  m  a  fertile 
:i?e,  iS  mil..  S  by  E  of  Huntingdon. 

and  37  N  of  London.    Lon.  0  1  b,  l»U 

"lflfan,an  island  of  New  Spain,  ia 
the  bay  of  Honduras,  ten  miles  from 

the  coast,  with  *B<>«i  h«^«^"f '°:;::':; 


ts  of  the  nobility.     On  its  I     ^,„rted  to  for  tl«;  purpose  of  cutUi^ff 
borders  are  these  called  the  Dp^atable  L^      ^    ^iit  it  is  now  abandoned, 
land.,  that  were   formerly  claimed  b,  P  Kj^.^„,  .  »"«'"  ^''*  ^IT'IV^    Xdf 
the  horderersof  each  nation,  but judgt-d.  „f  the  keys  of  the  Modc- 

the  .     ... „,     ,„  „.,.    «    y        ^^j  „„  ,i,e  Secc  a,  e.gl.t  m.let 


loIheScotVb'y  King  James  VI.   In  this 
shire  arc  great  remains  of  Roman  en- 
cumpments,  and  a  miHtary  R°«"»"  rV^y- 
The  towns  of  chief  note  are  Jedburgh. 
Kelso,  Hawick,  Melross  ''"'l  Hpxhurg  i. 
It  extends  30mile«  in  length  from  E  to 
Waull5in  breadth;    aiid  is  divided 
into  Tiviotdale.   Lid.lesdale,  Eusda^e 
and  Eskdalc.     It  has  plenty  of  lime  and 
freestone.    Through    tlm    ^o'l^^Xw" 
the  new  road  from  Edinburgh  to  New- 
castle,   hs  principal   rivers   are,    the 
Tweed,    and    Tiviot,  w'*''    ^^e    Ale. 
Both 

Edniiii.,     »- .    -     .  ,  J.  , 

ters ;  which  abound  with  h»u.  jyom  Bingcn 

Roxtnt,  Cape,  or  Reck  ol   Lisbon,  u    49  N. 
rem^abte  m^mntain   and  promontory         RuJhto.  See  SoJesto.  .      . 

xS'      La  01  s  bv  E  of  WUliamston .        Rud,,ifv>t, 


N  W  i>tlviod«na.    Lon.  II 14  E,  lat  44 

^'^Rudav,  a  town  of  Prussia,  where 
Kinstud.  great  duke  of  Lithuania,  wa« 
defeated  by  the  knights  of  the  e«- 
tonic  o«ler,  to  commemorate  which 
a  stone  pillar  was  erected.  It  is  li 
milea  N  N  W  of  Konigsbcrg. 

R„dthta>lt.  a  townol  Germany  m  Up- 
per Saxonv.in  the  lundgravate  of  Fhur- 
Ka,    and  ccHinty  of  Schwart.burg, 


le.    ns  pnnciiJiii   ■■^—     -■-'     ,  ingia,    ana  i,w..v   "■     . ,.  , 

eed.    and    Tiviot,  with    the    Ale.  ^ft„  a  ciislle,  n^ar  the  nver  Sala. 
hwick,  Rule,  Jed.  Beaumont,  Kail,        n^ie.htini,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 

uim,     Liddle.  and    Kersthorp  wa-  ^Ue  electorate  of  Me.jtz,   three   m.le. 

, ,  which  abound  with  hsh.  ,•.„,„   uinircn.     Lon.   7   56  £.,  IM.  «» 


COinuy,  veil""""-,    -•        ..  ..,.1..  '      »  „ 
WiiulVor,  and  21  S  by  E  ot  Wdl.amston 
Royan,  once  a  Urge  towa  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Cliarente, 
and  late  province  of  Saintonge  famous 
ft>ra  siege  maintained  bv  the  Hugue- 
nots  against  Lowis  XIII.  m    1622.     I 
is  now  almost  ■■    rums,  and  is  seated  at  j 


Rudo>fv>trd,  a  strong  towti  of  Ger- 
many, in  Carniola,  with  an  •'?h«y-  |» 
belo  igs  to  the  house  of  Auslrui,  and  i« 
seateS  on  the  Gurck,  in  a  c.,untry  iert,^ 
in  good  wine,  45  miles  S  E  of  Laubw:h. 
Lon  15  20  E,  lat.  46  8  N.       . 

Ruffac,  a  town  of  Fraiure,  >"  the  <te^ 


''^i:i":^^rr^:::^:i^^^'^^ 


iudlaieiii-a- 


a  u  N 


R  U  S 


vince  of  Alsarc,  seated  on  the  Rot- 
bac  seven  miles  S  of  Colmar,  and  17 
N  VV  of  Banle.  Loii.  7  27  E,  li»t.  47 
58  N. 

RuffiiC.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pai'tinent  of  Cliarenti-,  and  late  province 
of  An^^ouniois,  seatedoii  the  Anche,  24 
miles  N  of  AiiffO'.ilflne. 

I{tigl),,;\.  town  ir.  VVarwirkuhire,  with 
a  niai'lict  w\  Satiivday.  It  lius  a  famous 
frecscl.  i<)l,  iti.d  is  11  miles  S  E  of  Cov- 
entry, aiid  85  N  N  VV  of  London.  Lon. 
1  12  W,  lut  52  24  N. 

Kui-le- ,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
•  niarl'.'.'l  oi'  Tuesday,  seated  on  the  S 
of  tlic  Ircn,',  10  miles  S  E  of  Stafl'ni'd, 
and  13G  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  VV, 
lai.  J.'  57  N. 

I^ugcn,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Swodisii  Pomerania,  opposite 
Stn.lsund,  about  23  miles  long  and  15 
broa''  It  is  strong  both  by  art  and  na- 
ture, and  abounds  in  corn  and  cattle. 
The  cliief  town  is  Bergen. 

RiigetnMaU,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania, the  chief  place  of  the  dutchy  of 
Wenden,  witli  a  castle.  It  is  subject 
to  Prussia,  and  is  seated  on  the  Wipper, 
eight  miles  fr«.m  the  Baltic,  and  35  N 
E  of  Colberg.  Lon.  16  27  E,  lat.  54 
35  N. 

Siimford,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  for  hogs  on  Tuesday,  and  for 
com  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  E  N  E  of 
London    Lon.  0  13'E,  lat.  5^36  N, 

Rumilly,  a  town  of  S;iyoy,  seated  on 
an  elevated  plain,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Serum  and  Nepba,  five  miles  from 
Annccy.  The  French  demolished  the 
fortincations.  Lon.  6  10  E,  lut.  45 
56  N. 

Ruinney,  or  Shyney,  a  river  which 
takes  its  rise  in  Brecknockshire,  divides 
the  counties  of  Glamorgan  and  Mon- 
mouth,  and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel 
to  the  S  E  of  Cardiff. 

Rvmsey,  a  corporate  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
a  corporation,  and  carries  on  a  manii- 
facturc  of  shaloons,  and  several  paper 
and  corn  mills  It  is  eight  miles  N  N 
W  of  Southampton,  anil  74  VV  by  S  oi' 
London.     Lon.  I  31  VV,  lat.  51  2'N. 

Rungpour,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  7i  miles  N  E  of 
Mauldah,  and  106  N  N  E  of  Muorshed- 
abad 

Runkel,  a  town  of  Germuny,  in  the 
ciiile  111  VVestpi.alia,  with  a  citadel  on 
a  high' hill,  for.nerly  the  residence  of 
tfate  counts.    It  is  seat«d  ou  th«  Lahn, 


14  miles  E  of  Nassau.  Lon.  8  5  E,lat. 
50  23  N. 

Runnymead,  a  celebrated  mead,  near 
Egham  in  Surry,  where  king  John  was 
fomiJelltd  to  sign  Magna  Charta  and 
Ch.irtu  dc  Foresia,  in  1215.  See  Wrayt. 
bury. 

Riipel,  a  river  of  the  Austrian  Neth- 
erlands, formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Senne  and  Dcmen,  below  Mechlin.  It 
runs  from  E  to  W,  and  falls  into  the 
Scheldt,  at  Kupelmonde. 

Rupelvionde,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  oppo- 
site  the  mouth  of  the  Rupel,  eight  miles 
S  VV  of  Antwerp,  and  22  N  E  of  Ghent. 
Lon.  4  23  E,  lat.  51  7  N. 

Ruperdorf,  a  town  of  Koningratz, 
in  Bohemia,  four  miles  N  N  VV  of  firau- 
nau. 

Rupert,  Fort,  a  fort  in  N  America, 
belonging  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, seated  on  the  S  end  of  Hudson's 
Bay.  Lon.  80  0  VV,  lat.  51  3  N. 

iiupin,  or  Rapin,  a  town  of  Ger-Tiany, 
in  the  marquisalc  of  Brandenburgh,  ca- 
pital of  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  ancient  castle.  It  is  become  a  consi- 
rlerable  place  of  trade,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  clotl  It  is  likewise  noted  fur 
brewers,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake  35  miles 
N  W  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  6  £,  lat.  53 
.■JN. 

Rurtirumde,  a  strong  episcopal  town 
of  Austrian  Guelderland.  It  suftlsred 
greatly  by  fire  in  1665,  and  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  several  times,  the 
last  time  byi  the  French  in  1793  ;  but 
they  were  obliged  to  evacuate  it  soon 
afler,  but  took  it  again  the  next  year. 
It  is  seated  near  the  confluence  of  tlie 
Maese  and  Roer,  12  miles  S  of  V^enfo, 
and  70  N  E  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  5  50  E, 
lat  51  8  N. 

Rusa,  a  town  of  Prussian  Lith'iania, 
in  Poland,  and  principal  place  of  a  dis- 
trict, situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Russe,  20  miles  N  W  of  Tilsit.  Lon.21 
50  E,  lat.  55  20  N. 

Russelshehn,  a  town  of  Germany,  si- 
tuate on  the  river  Maine,  13  miles  N  VV 
of  Darmstadt.  Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  47 
55  N. 

Ruisia,  a  large  empire,  partly  in  Asia, 
iind  partly  in  Europe  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  Frozen  Ocean  i  on  the  S  by 
Great  Tai'tary,  th.e  Caspian  Sea,  and 
Persia;  on  the  E  by  the  sea  of  Japan; 
■•nd  on  the  VV  by  Sweden,  Poland,  and 
"■e  Black  Sea.  There  were  three 
>-uuntvlcs  that  had  the  name  of  Russia- 


R  U  S 


R  U  S 


R  U  S 


les  E  of  Nassau.    Lon.  8  5  E,lat. 
N. 

mymead,  a  celebrated  mead,  near 
tn  in  Surry,  where  kingf  John  was 
elkd  to  sign  Ma^na  Charta  and 
la  de  Foresia,  in  1215.  See  JVrajt- 

if/,  a  river  of  the  Austrian  Neth- 

Is,  formed  by  the  junction  of  tlie 
and  Demen,  below  Mechlin.   It 

^runi  E  to  W,  and  falls  into  the 

dt,  at  Kupelmonde. 

pelvionde,     a    town    of    Austrian 

lers,  seated  on  tlie  Scheldt,  oppo- 

lie  mouth  of  the  Ru|)«l,  eight  miles 

of  Antwerp,  and  22  N  E  of  Ghent, 

4  23  E,  lat.  51  7  N. 
iperdorf,  a   town     of    Koningratz, 
>hemia,  four  miles  N  N  W  of  firau- 

ipert.  Fort,  a  fort  in  N   America, 

l^ing  to  the   Hudson's  Bay  Com- 

,  seated  on  the  S  end  of  Hudson's 

Lon.  80  0  W,  lat.  51  3  N. 

ipin,  or  Hapin,  a  town  of  Ger.Tiany, 

>e  marquisate  of  Brandenburgh,  ca- 

of  a  (Uitchy  of  the  same  name,  with 

ncient  castle.  It  is  become  a  consi- 

kble  place  of  trade,  with  a  manufac- 

ofclotl      It  is  Ukewlse   noted  for 

vers,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake  35  miles 

V  of  Berlin.    Lon.  13  6  £,  lat.  53 

'urtmonde,  a  strong  episcopal  town 
kustrian  Guelderland.  It  suffered 
itly  by  fire  in  1665,  and  has  been 
Ml  and  retaken  several  times,  the 
time  hy.  the  French  in  1793  ;  but 
r  were  obliged  to  evacuate  it  soon 
r,  but  took  it  again  the  next  year. 
I  seated  near  the  confluence  of  tlie 
:se  and  Roer,  12  miles  SofVenlo, 
70  N  E  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  5  50  E, 
51  8  N. 

'uu,  a  town  of  Prussian  Lith'iania, 
'oland,  and  principal  place  of  a  dis- 
t,  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
ise,  20  miles  N  W  of  Tilsit.  Lon.  21 
I,  lat.  55  20  N. 

'utseUhehn,  a  town  of  Germany,  si- 
e  on  tlie  river  Maine,  13  miles  N  W 
Darmstadt.    Lon.  8  16  E,  lat,  47 

'.tissia,  a  large  empire,  partly  in  Asia, 
.  partly  in  Europe  ;  bounded  on  the 
y  the  Frozen  Ocean  ;  on  the  S  by 
at  Tartary,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
sia;  on  the  E  by  the  sen  of  Jupaii; 
on  the  VV  by  Sweden,  Poland,  and 
Black  Sea.  Tliere  were  three 
iiti-ies  that  had  the  name  of  Huasia- 


■tmely,  Red  Russia,  which  see  ;  White 
Russia,  which  comprehends  Lithuania; 
and  Black  Russia,  wliich  comprehends 
the  governments  of  Kaluga,  Moscow, 
Tula,  Rezan,  Volodimir,  and  Yaroslaf; 
and  hence  his  imperia'  ..ajesty  takes 
tlie  title  of  emperor  of  all  the  Riissias. 
This  empire,  exclusive  of  the  late  ac- 
quisitions from  the  Turks  and  from  Po- 
land, (.see  Poland  J  may  be  compared  to 
a  square,  whos'^  sides  are  2000  miles 
cacii.  Russia  occupies  more  than  a  sev- 
enth part  of  the  known  continent,  and 
nearly  the  26th  part  of  the  whole  globe. 
Its  greatest  extent  from  W  to  E,  viz. 
from  the  39th  to  the  207  degree  of  lon.  is 
168  degrees  ;  and  if  the  islands  of  the 
Eusccrn  Ocean  be  included,  it  will  then 
he  185.  Its  greatest  extent  from  N  to 
S,  that  is,  from  the  78th  to  the  50  deg.  of 
)at  is  27  degrees.  The  greater  part  of 
this  empire  lies  in  the  temperate  zone, 
and  u  part  of  it,  viz.  that  which  is  be- 
yond tlie  66th  deg.  of  lat.  lies  in  the 
frigid  zone,  and  the  whole  surface  con- 
tains above  2,150,000  square  versts. 
There  therefore  is  not  at  present,  and 
never  has  been  in  any  period,  an  em- 
pire, the  extent  of  which  could  be  com- 
pared to  that  of  Russia.  The  seas  of 
Russia  are,  the  Baltic,  the  White  Sea, 
the  Frozen  Ocean,  the  Black  Sea,  and 
the  Caspian  Sea.  There  are  also  five 
large  rivers ;  namely,  th-<  Dnieper, 
Volga,  Don,  Dwina,  and  OLy.  Its  lakes 
are  La<loga,  the  largest  in  Europe, 
Onega,  Tchude-Ilmcn,  Bielo,  Ozero, 
Allin,  Baical,  and  many  others  of  less 
consequence,  most  of  them  abounding 
in  fish.  A  country  of  such  vast  extent 
must  lie  in  different  climates,  and  the 
soil  and  produr.ts  must  be  as  different. 
The  most  fsrtiie  part  is  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Poland ;  insomuch  that  the  in- 
habitants are  able  to  supply  their  neigh- 
bours with  corn ;  the  N  part  is  not  only 
more  cold,  but  very  marshy,  and  over- 
run with  forests,  inhabited  chiefly  by 
wild  beasts.  Besides  dr.nestic  animals, 
there  are  wild  beeves,  reindeer,  mar- 
tins, white  a"-!  black  foxes,  weasels, 
ermines,  and  sables,  whose  skins  make 
the  best  furs  in  the  v/r.rld,  as  also  hy- 
enas. Those  that  hunt  these  creatures 
for  their  skinc,  use  no  fire-arms,  for 
fe.w  of  spoiling  them  The  seas,  the 
lakes,  and  the  rivers,  supply  the  inha- 
bitants with  large  quantities  of  fish, 
part  of  which  they  dry.  There  are  vast 
quantities  of  sturgeons,  and  in  some 
places  they  have  melons  which  weijfh 


30  pounds,  but  there  wore  no  vines  till 
Peter  the    Great  caustd  tlum  to  be 
planted.     In  Russia,  arc  large  quanti- 
ties of  cotton  ari  1  silk,  (  with  which  they 
make    all  sorts  of  stufls)  skins,  furs, 
Russia     leather,    talc,    tallow,   hcnip, 
Russia  cloth,  h("mej,  wax,  and  almost 
all  the  merchandise    of  China,  India, 
Persia,   Turkey,  and  some   European 
countries.     This  vast  empire  wasdivid- 
ed  by  the  late  empress  into  41  govern* 
ments  ;  namely,  Petersburgh,  Olonctz, 
Wiburg,  Revel,  Riga,  Pskof,  Novogo- 
rod,  Tver,  Smolcnsko,  Polotsk,  Mohi- 
lef,  Orel,  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula,  Re- 
zan,   Volodimir,     Yaroslaf,    Vologda, 
Archangel,    Kostroma,  Nishnei-Novo- 
gorod,  Rasan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tarn* 
bof,  Voronctz,  Kursk,    Novogorod-Se- 
verskoi,    Tcbernigof,    Kiof,    Kahrkof, 
Catharinensl.if  Caucasus,  Surutof,  Usa, 
Viatkrt,  Pei'iu,  Tobolsk,  Kolyvan,  and 
Irkutzk  i  all  which  sec.     The  inhabi- 
tants in  general,  are  robust,  wcli-shap« 
ed,  and  of  pretty    good   complexion. 
They  are  great  eaters,  and  very  fond  of 
brandy     They  usl-  bathing,  but  smoke 
no  tobacco,  lest  tiie  smoke  should  dis- 
honour     the      images  of  the    saints, 
which  they  have  in  great  veneration ; 
however,  they  take  a  great  dcalof  snu.T 
made  of  the  tobacco  brought  fr  m  the 
Ukraine.      The  [•    were    fornfcrly    the 
most  ignorant,  brutish  ]>eoplc  in  the 
world,  and  many  of  them  are  now  little 
better.  Formerly  no  Russians  were  seen 
in  other  countries,  and  they  seldom  or 
never    sent    ambassadors    to    foreign 
courts ;  hut    now  the    gentlemen    are 
moi-  polite,  and  study  the  interests  of 
diliercnt  nations.     Their  armies  are  ij- 
ways  very  numerous.  They  had  no  men 
of  war,  nor  merchant  ships  before  the 
reign  of  Peter  the  Great ;  but,  in  the 
late    reign,    powerful  Russian  squad- 
rons a])]»eared,  not  only  in  the  Baltic, 
but  in  the  Black  Sea,  and  in  the  Medi- 
terranean.    They  have  images  in  their 
churches  i  and  believe  no  man  sure  of 
salvation  in  this  life,  for  which  reason 
the  priests  give  a  passport  to  those  that 
are  dying,  addressed  to  St,  Nicholas, 
who  is  desired  to  entreat  St.  Peter  to 
oi)en  the  ga'es  of  Heaven,  as  they  have 
certified  that  the  be.irer  is  a  good  chris- 
tian. The  church  is  governed  by  a  pa- 
triarch,   under  whom    are  the   arch- 
bishops, and  bishops,    Every  priest  is. 
called   a  pope,    and  of   these    there 
lyere  400Q  in  Moscow  only.  Formerly 
he  was  thought  a  learned  man  wh« 
C{fgg 


Aif,^ 


R  U  S 


»■'- 


roiild  read  and  write  ;   but  Peter  the 
Great  undertook  to  introduce  tl'.e  arts 
and  sciencfs  ;  and,  in    1724,  tlie  tirst 
university  was  founded  that  ever  was  in 
Kusslh  i  there  is   also  an  academy  of 
sciences  at  Petersburgh,  supplied  witli 
some  of  the  West  jjroft-ssr.rs  m  Europe. 
Wall  respect  to  diess  tlic   merchants 
and  comn>onalty  still  retain  their  beards, 
and  repaid  tlie'm  with   tiie  utmost  ve- 
neration, notwihtstanding  the  edicts  ol 
Peter  I.  and  it  is  only  those  depending 
upon  government,   in  the  army  and  na 
vv,    who-  have  yet  complied  with  the 
custom  and  the  wish  of  the  court,  as 
tio  person  in  any  place  can  retain  their 
beiuds  and  ancient  driss.     the  clergy 
only  excepted,  none  can  procure   any 
plare,  or  fa\our  from  court,  upon  other 
.•(liulitioiis  tlian  banishinfr  the   Asiatic 
sheep-skin  robes.    The  worn-out  vete- 
ran retires  with   a  pension,    upon  the 
express  terms  of  never  again  assuming 
the  habit  of  his  fathers.     But  so  zeal- 
oiisly  attrxhed  are  tlie  multitude  to  for- 
mer mauners,   and  so  honourably   do 
they    esteem    them,    that  a    Russian 
Pressed  in  his  beard  and  gown,  tells 
jou  by  his  looks,  that  he  lias  not  pros- 
liti'ted  the   memory  of  his  ancestors. 
The  inhabitants  ii)  general  ma;    be  di- 
vided into  four  orders.     1.  The  nobles 
and  gentry  ;    2.  The   clerg>  ;  3.  The 
mercliants,   burghers  and  otlicr  free- 
men  ;  4.  Peasants.     The  three  hrst  in- 
clude tlie  free  subjects  of  the  empire, 
and  tlie   latter,   the  vassals  or  slaves. 
The  first  comprehends  the  nobles  or 
gentry,  who  are  the  sole  persons  that 
have  "a  right  to  possess  land  in  Russia, 
(the    conquered  provinre.o  excepted) 
and  who  are  obliged  to  furnish  recruits 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their  es- 
tates.    The  second  are  divided  into  re- 
gular and  secular,  the  latter,  who  may, 
and  ought  to  be  the  most  uiicful  mem- 
bers of  society,  are  generally  the  re- 
fuse of  the  people.     The  dignitaries  of 
the  church  are  chosen  from  the  first  ; 
these    are   archbishops,  and  bishops, 
abbots  and  priors.     The  third  compre- 
hcnds  that  class  of  men  between  the 
nobles   and  the  peas.ints,  who    being 
neither  gentlen\cn  nor  peasants,  follow 
the  arts  and  sciences,  navigation,  com- 
merce, or  exercise  trades.    The  fourth 
comprehends  the   peasants,   wlio   i^re 
slaves,  and  mav  be  divided  into   pea- 
sants of  the  crown,  peasants  belonging 
to  individuals.     Tl'e  former  inhabit  the 
iniperial  demesnes,  and  may  form  the 


R  U  S 

sixUi  part  of  peasant!  in  Russia.    Ther     , 
are  governed  by  imperial  bailiffs,  and 
although   subject   to    great    exac    ons 
from  these  petty  tyrants,  yet  they   are 
much  more   secure   of  their   pioperty 
than  peasants  belonging  to  individi.als, 
who  ure  the  private  property  of  the 
land-holders,  as  much  as  implements  of 
agriculture,   or   herds   of  cattle  ;  and 
tlie  value  of  an  estate  is  estimated  as 
ill  Poland,  b\  the  number  of  boors,  not 
by  the  number  of  acres.     The  Russian 
peasants  are    in  general  a  large  coarse 
haidy  race,  and  of  gi eat  bi-dily  strength. 
Their  dress  is  a  round  hat  or  cap  with 
a  very  high  crown,   a   coarse  robe  of 
drugget,   (or   in  the  winter,  of  sheep- 
skin  with  the   wool  turned  mwards) 
reacldng  below  the  knee,  and  bound 
round  their   waist  by  a  sash,  trowsers 
of  linen,  almost  as  thick  as  sack-cloth, 
a  woollen  or   flannel    cloth    wrapped 
round   the    leg   instead  of  stockings  ; 
sandals  woven  from  strips  of  a  pliant 
bark,  and  listened  by   strings  of  the 
same  materials,  which  are  afterwards 
twined  round  the  leg,  and  serve  a* 
garters  to  the  woollen  or  flannel  wrap- 
pers.     In  warm  weather  the  peasanU 
frequently  wear   only   a  short  coarse 
shirt  and  trowsers.     The  dress  of  tlie 
women  is  the  rcvcpse  of  the  men,  both 
in  fashion   and  colour  ;    every  jiart  of 
it  being  as  short  and  tight  as  decency 
will  allow,  and  very  gaudy.    It  is  ex- 
actlythe  same  with  that  of  the  High- 
land  women  in   Scotland  j  both  have 
the  short  jacket,  the  striped  petticoa,t, 
and  the  tartan  plaid  ;  and  both  too,  m 
general,  have   a  napkin   rolled  about 
their  head      The  Russian   women  are, 
however,  far  more  elegant   and  rich  in 
their  attire  ;  nor  is  gold  lace  and  paint 
wanting  to  set  of^'  their  chains,     The 
young  generation  are  modernizing  these 
antic  vestments  ;  the  stifl"  embroidered 
napkin  is  supplanted  by  one  of  flowing 
silk,  tlie  jacket  and  petticoat  are  of 
muslin,  or  other  fine   stufTs  ;  and  the 
plaid  is  exchanged  for  a  silk  or  satin 
cloak,  in  the  cold  sea-son  lined  with  fur. 
The  better  class  of  females  wear  velvet 
boots.     The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks 
is  after  the  French  and  English  fashion ; 
i.nd   all   wear  a  covering  of  fur,  six 
months  of  the  year.    The  sovereign  of 
Russia  is   f.b.solute.     He  was  formerly 
called  grand  duke,   which  is  now  the 
title  of  the  heir  apparent  ;  he  after- 
wards assumed  the  UUe  of  czar,  which 
the  natives  pronounce  tznr,  or  zoar,  a 


R  U  S 


R  U  S 


RUT 


f  peasant*  in  Russia.    They 
|c(l  by  imperial   bailiiTs,  and 
ubject   to    great    cxacons 
petty  tyrants,  yet  tliey   are 
secure   of  their   pioperty 
nts  belonging  to  individi.als, 
|he  private  property  of  the 
rs,  as  much  as  impiemcnts  of 
or   heids   of  cattle  ;  and 
lofun  estate  is  estimated  as 
h\  tlie  niiinber  of  boors,  not 
iber  of  acres.     Tbe  Russian 
re    in  general  a  large  coarse 
,  and  ofgi  L'at  b(<di'.y  strciig  th. 
ss  is  a  round  hat  or  cap  with 
^li  ci'uwn,   a   coarse  robe  of 
(or   in  the  winter,  of  sheep- 
thc   wool  turned  inwards) 
)elo\v  tlie   knee,   and  bound 
ir   waist  by  a  sash,  trnwsers 
ilmost  HH  tliick  as  sack-cloth, 
or   flannel    cloth    wrapped 
leg   instead  of  stockings  ; 
oven  from  strips  of  a  pliant 
fastened  by   strings  of  the 
crials,  which  are  aJterwards 
ound  tlie  leg,  and  serve  af 
)  the  woollen  or  flannel  wrap- 
n  wurn\  weather  the  jieasants 
y  wear   only   a  short  coarse 
trowsers.     1'he  dress  of  the 
3  tile  reverse  of  the  men,  both 
n   and  colour  ;    every  part  of 
its  short  and  tight  as  decency 
V,  and  very  gaudy.     It  is  ex- 
same  with  that  of  the  High- 
men   in   Scotland  ;  both  hare 
t  jacket,  tlie  striped  petticoat, 
tartan  phid  ;  and  both  too,  in 
have   a  napkin   rolled  about 
id      The  Russian   women  are, 
,  far  more  elegant   and  rich  in 
lie  ;  nor  is  gold  lace  and  paint 
to  set  oft'  their  chains,     The 
neration  are  modernizing  these 
tments  ;  the  stiff' embroidered 
i  8up])lnnted  by  one  of  flowing 
jacket  and  petticoat  are  of 
)r  other  fine   stufli*  ;  and  the 
ixchanged  for   a  silk   or  satin 
the  cold  season  lined  with  fur. 
er  class  of  females  wear  velvet 
riie  dress  of  the  higher  ranks 
be  French  and  English  fashion ; 
wear  a  covering"  of  fur,  six 
if  the  year.     The  sovereign  of 
5  .'.bsolute.     He  was  formerly 
and  duke,   which  is  n<iw  the 
he  heir  apparent  ;   he  aftcr- 
si.'mcd  the  title  of  czar,  which 
es  pronounce  tzar,  or  zcar,  « 


coiTUption  of  Cesar,  emperor ;    from 
some   fanf.ied  relati<m  to  the    Roman 
emperors  ;  on  account  of  vVliich  they 
also  bear  the  eagle  as  a  symbol  of  their 
empire.    The  first  wlio  bore  the  title  of 
czar,  was  Basil,  son  of  Basilidcs,  who 
freed  his  country  from  its  subjection  to 
the  Tartars,  about  the  year  147U.    In 
1T82,  the  population  of  Rii.ssia  and  the 
conquered  provinces  was   reckoned  at 
twenty-seven  million    souls  :    the  re- 
venue 7,000,000/.  and  tiie  army  amount- 
ed to  200,000.     In  1778,  her  navy  con- 
siiited  of  28   ships  of  the   line,    15  fri- 
gates, and  109  galle}'s.     Perhaps   no 
country  ever  exliiliited,  in  8>i  short  a 
time,  the  wonders  that  may  be  elf'ected 
by  tlie  genius  and  exertions  of  one  man. 
Much  has  been  written  concerning  the 
great  civilization  which  Peter  I.  intro- 
duced into  this  country  ;  that  he  oblig- 
ed them  to  relinquish  their  beards  and 
their  national  dress ;    that  he  natural- 
ized the  arts  and  sciences  ;  that  he  dis- 
ciplined his  army,  and  created  a  navy  ; 
and    tliat    he    made    a   total    change 
tlirougliout  each  part  of  his  extensive 
empire.      We   may  readily  allow  the 
truth  of  this  eulogium  with  resp-Ct  to 
his  improvements  in  the  discipline  of  I 
his  army,  and  the  creation  of  a  navy, ! 
for  these  were  objects  within  the  reach  | 
of  the  persevering  genius  of  a  despotic  j 
sovereign  ;  but  the  pompous  accounts  ' 
of  the  total  cliang*!  wliich  he  etlected 
in  tlic  national  manners,   seem  to  have  i 
been  the  mere  echoes  of  foreigners,  | 
who  have  never  visited  the  country, ; 
and  who  have  collected  the  history  of; 
Pete;'  from  the  most  partial  information.  \ 
The  bulk  of  the  people  still  continue  in  ; 
the  grossest  barbarism.     The  principal  | 
nobles  indeed  are  perfectly  ci\'li'.cd, 
and  as  refined  in  their  entertainments, 
mode  of  living,  and  social  intercourse, 
as  those  of  other  European  countries. 
But  there  is  a  wide  dlflerence  between 
poli.sliing  a  nation,  and  polLshing  a  few 
individuals.     The   merchants  and  pea- 
sants still  universally  retain   their  ori- 
ginal manners,   and   resemble,  in  their 
gcr.tral  mode  of  living,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  smallest  village.     The    (greatest 
p.irt  of  the  peasants,  who  form  the  hulk 
of  the  niition,  are  still  almost  as  dciici- 
oiU  in  the  arts  as  they  were  before  Pe- 
ter's time,  altliougii  the   scifnr.cs  have 
fi'i.inslied  in  the  'apital.     But  the  chi- 
lizati  )n  of  a  niir.ior»us  ami  wiilc'.y  dis- 
piM-scd  people  cannot  be  the-  wm  k  of  a 
•nomciit,  and  can  only  be  cliisctLd  bv 


a  gradual  and  almost  insensible  pro- 
gress. Tlie  national  improvements 
however,  made  by  Peter  the  Great, 
have  been  continued  since  his  time, 
and  Russia  now  holds  a  rank  aniong 
the  nations  of  Europe,  of  which 
human  foresight,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  eigliteenth  century,  could 
have  formed  no  conception,  and  per- 
haps it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  the 
empire  of  Russia,  though  the  pco|)Ie 
are  but  just  emerging  from  barbarism, 
is  at  this  day  the  most  powerful  in  Eu- 
rope. Petersburgh  is  the  capital  of  tlic 
whole  empire.  j 

Hitasia,  jRed.     See  Red  Russia.  ^ 

Rustgaden,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  tlie 
province  of  l)alecarli:i,  2>5  miles  S  S  W 
of  Faiihin.    Lon.  16  30  E,  lai.  6u  1«  N. 

Rutchester,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, called  Vindobula  by  the  Koinuns. 
Severus'  wall  runs  chise  by  this  place, 
and  Adrian's  vallum  is  but  a  sm.ill  dis- 
tance S  of  it.  This  fort  has  been  very 
considerable,  and  the  ruins  of  it  are 
very  rcmarkabiu.  It  is  six  m'les  N  of 
Hexham. 

Ruthin,  a  town  in  Denbighshire, with 
a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  seated  In  a 
vale,  on  the  river  Clwyd,  and  had  a 
stivmg  castle  now  in  ruins.  It  is  IS 
miles  S  W  of  Holywell,  and  206  N'  W 
of  London.  Lon.  3  30  VV,  lat  53  7  N. 

Rut/am,  a  town  of  Mai  wa,  in  the  East 
Indies,  4»  miles  W  of  Ougein.  Lon. 
74  5&  K,  lat  25  25  N. 

Rutland,  tiie  capital  of  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont  ;  and  alternately  with 
Windsor,  the  scat  of  State  Govern- 
ment: it  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Otter  river,  45  miles  W  by  N  of  Wird- 
sor,  18  E  of  Fairhaven,  and  5/  N  of 
Benningtor.,  in  lat.  43  34  N.  and  lon.  72 
50  W.  It  contained  in  2125  inhabi- 
tants in  1800. 

Rutluitdshire,  the  smallest  county  in 
England,  encircled  by  tin.-  counties  of 
Lincoln,  Leicester,  and  Northampton, 
seeming  as  if  it  were  cut  out  of  the  two 
former.  It  is  of  a  roundish  liprure,  in 
length  fifteen  miles,  and  in  bic;iilth  ten. 
It  is  siipptised  to  have  received  its- 
name  from  the  red  colour  of  the  soil, 
which,  in  snne  parts,  is  a  sort  of  rud- 
dle, staining  ihe  iloeccs  of  tlie  sl-.cep. 
Kutland  i.l  blest  with  a  pure  air  anil  a 
fertile  soil,  and  is  bcr.utifully  varied  in 
its  siiii'ace  with  ['penile  swells  and  de- 
pressions. It  abounds  in  ckar  soft 
springs,  gushing  fVom  the  sides  of  the 
liills.   Us  products  arc  chiefiy  corn  and 


RYE 


SAB 


.     .      c„r„»  r.r  f     finest  seed-wheat  j  500  persons.    It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 
sheep.     Some  of  t..     .nest  scea  XV  e^  U.,l,nesdale,    and    sends    txy» 

in  the  kingdom  IS  Br^'^'W  l'  n  mc-mbe.'s  (o  oarliament.  It  is  16  miles 
fields  ;  and  it  is  pccuhurly  fit  for  sheep.  ^'■'  .''^;  j  J,.  "^'^^  ^j  «  ^  of  Loudon, 
Oakham  is  the  count) -u.wn.  I  i  "    0T3  W   lat  51  16  N. 

of  HhuhS;  in  briss:..  andVhe  capi-    m.les  E  o^  Mcch^.  .  . 


tal  of  one  of  the  Wcslein  Mahratta 
chiefs.     Lon.  82  36  E,  lat.  22  16  N. 

Jiiivo,  a  populous  epistopal  town  ot 
Nai'les,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  16  miles  W 
of  liari.     Lon.  16  44  K,  h.t.  41  26  N 

Stiza,  a  town  of  Russia.  Lon.  3o  2 
E,  lat.  55  46  N. 

H^acoita,  a  town  of  the  Mysore 
country  in  the  East  Indies,  75  nulvs  h 
of  Seringapatam.     Lon.  76  45  E,  lat.  30 

Rjan,  Loch,  a  lake  at  the  N  W  angle 
ofVVightonshire.  Tiie  sea  flows  mto 
it  through  a  narrow  pass  ;  and  it  was 
formerlv  crowded  in  the  season,  with 
shoals  of  herrings,  which  have  now  de- 
•  serted  it.  , 

S.dal-ixater,  ftlakc  in  Westmoreland, 
a  little  to  tlie  W  of  Ambleside.  It  is 
one  mile  in  length,  spotted  with  little 
islands,  and  communicates  by  a  narrow 
channel,  with  Grasmere  water  to  the 
W,  and  by  the  river  Rothay,  with 
Windermere  water  to  the  S  . 

Rydrog,  a  town  of  Hindoostun,  in  the 
E  Indies,  128  miles  N  of  Scringapatam. 
Lon.  76  52  E,  h.t.  14  40  N. 

R  t,  a  boroiigli  in  Sussex,  Willi  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is 
Ijoveriied  b\  a  mayor  and  juran,  and 
sends  two  iiiemhers  to  parliament.    Its 


Rytvitci,  a  village  io  Holland,  seated 
between  Hague  and  Deltt,  where  the 
pr""-'>  of  Orange  had  a  palace.  A  treaty 
was  concluded  here  in  1697,  between 
England,    Germany,  Holland,  France, 

and  Spain.  ,      ,    •     »i. 

Rzeczica,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
province  of  Litliuania,  and  capital  of  « 
territorj  of  the  same  name  It  is  seat- 
ed at  tlie  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Wveds/.wck  and  Dnieper,  and  is  24 
miles  N  of  Kiof.  Lon.  31  5  E,  lat.  59 
32  N. 


s. 


c;  A  AD  AH,  a  strong  and  populous  to  w» 
•^  of  Arabia  Felix,  wiiere  fine  Turkey 
leather  is  made.  It  is  140  miles  W  N 
W  of  Sanna.     Lon.    44    55   E,  lat.  17 

50  N  •  ... 

Saalefeld,  a  tow  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  iA  Upper  Saxony,  and principahty 
of  Alteiibiirg,  where  there  are  manu- 
factures of  cloth  and  silk  stufi's.  It  u 
seated  on  the  Saal,  20  miles  N  N  E  of 
Coburg.     Lon.  11  22  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Saatz,  or  Zatec,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 


sends  two  r.c,uh.vs^  ^:S^^  that  in  a  cTrcle  ot  the  same  name,  situate  on 
port  ,s  so  cl.oaked    'P..„  v   •>    .^ul.     at    "  »  ^  ^.,^^  g  of  DresdeB.  Lon. 


it  can  admit  small  vessels  only,  but  it 
it  were  opened  would  be  a  good  station 
for  our  cruizers  on  the  French.  It  ex- 
ports corn,  m..lt,  hops,  and  other  pro- 
ducts of  the  county;  and  Its  tishern.en 
send  considcrul)le  supjilics  to  the  Lon- 
don markets.     It  is  28  miles  S  S  E   ol 


don  marRtis.     11  i»  ^o  """-'  •■  "  " 
Maidstone,  and  63  SE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  45  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Rve,  a  post  town  in  West  Chester 
cou.'.lv,  New- York  ;  situated  on  Long-- 
Island  Sound,  06  mil<s  N  E  of  New- 
York,  containing  1174  liihabitants  — 
And  atovvn.^hipin  Cuniborlaml  county. 
Pi-nnsylvaiiia,  lyiuiJ  on  the  S  W  side  (-, 
Juniata  ri\er.  • 

j?'fs'.i(e,  al)oro.iv;hin  Sm-ry,  wi'.h  a 
market  on  Tuesday .  It  luul  onre  a  cas- 
llo  some  ruin.-;  ol'  whuh  are  still  to  be 
seen  ;  particulailv  a  long  v.iult,  with  a 
r«ora  at  the  end,  large  enough  to  hold 


111  u  1,11 1.1V.   ..■■    ...-    — .— . 

the  Eger,  44  miles  S  of  DresdeB.  Lon. 
41  5  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Suba,  a  Dutch  island  near  St.  Eusta- 
tia,  in  the  W  Indies.  It  is  a  steep  rock, 
on  the  summit  of  which  is  a  little 
ground,  very  proper  for  gardening. 
Frequent  rains,   which  do  not  he  any 


L' re  ii»»ciiv    laiii-i     .. ...w—    —  - 

time  on  the  soil,  give  growth  to  plants 
of  an  exquisite  flavour,  and  cabbages  ot 
an  extraordinary  size.  Fifty  European 
families,  with  about  one  hundred  and 
(iftv  slaves,  here  raise  cotton,  spin  it, 
make  stockings  of  it,  and  sell  them  to 
other  colonics  for  as  much  as  ten 
crowns  a  pair.  Throughout  America 
ih.ic  is  no  blood  so  pure  as  that  ot  Sa- 
ba ;  the  women  there  preserve  a  fresh- 
ness of  complexion,  which  is  not  to  be 
found  in  anv  other  of  the  Canbbt-e  is- 
lands.   Loll.    63    17    W,  Ut.   17   jy 


SAB 


SAB 


SAG 


^a.    It  19  seated  in  a  valley, 

ilincsdale,    and    sends    tw» 

J  to  purliument.    It  is  16  miles 

Itorcl,  and  21  S  W  uf  Loiidon, 

VV,  lat.  51  16  N. 
jut,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
late   on  the  river  Uyle,    five 
\f  Mcclilin. 

^  a  villug^c  io  Holland,  seated 
[Hague  and  Dein,  where  the 
J  Oranfje  liad  a  palace.  A  treat]* 
fluded  here  in  1697,  between 
Gurman)',  Holland,  France, 

'ca,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
of  Litiiuiinia,  and  capital  of  a 
of  the  same  name  It  is  seat- 
lie  confluence  of  the  rivers 
wck  and  Dnieper,  and  is  2S 
of  Kiof.    Lon.  31  5  £,  lat.  59 


S- 


AH,  a  strong  and  populous  towa 
.rabia  Felix,  where  fine  Turkey 
is  made.  It  is  140  miles  W  N 
anna.     Lon.    44    55   £,  lat.  17 

•/eld,  a  tow  of  Germany,  in  the 
.f  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality 
iibiirg,  where  there  are  manu- 
s  of  cloth  and  silk  stufl's.  It  ia 
on  the  Saul,  20  niilcs  N  N  E  of 
;.  Lon.  11  22  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 
:,  or  Zatec,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
cle  of  the  same  name,  situate  on 
er,  44  miles  S  of  Dresdea.  Lon. 
,  lat.  50  16  N. 

,  a  Dutch  island  near  St.  Eusta- 
the  W  Indies.  It  is  a  steep  rock, 

summit  of  which  is  a  little 
,  very  proper  for  gardening'. 
;nt  rains,  which  do  not  lie  any 
1  the  soil,  give  growth  to  plants 
xquisite  flavour,  and  cabbages  of 
•aordinary  size.  Fifty  European 
s,  with  about  one  hundred  and 
ives,  here  raise  cotton,  spin  it, 
itockings  of  it,  and  sell  them  to 
colonics  for  as  much  as  ten 
I  a  pair.  Tjiroughout  America 
s  no  blood  so  pure  as  that  of  Sa- 
;  women  there  preserve  a  fiesli- 
'  complexion,  which  is  not  to  be 
n  anv  other  of  the  Caribbcc  is- 

Loii.    63    17    W,  lat.   17  59 


Saba,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac- Age- 
mi,  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the  road 
friini  Sultania  to  Kom.  Lon.  52  15  £, 
lat.  34  56  N. 

Sabamlge,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
ill  Nutolia,  wliere  all  the  roads  from  A- 
tia  to  Constantinople  meet.  It  is  situate 
on  a  lake  which  abounds  in  fish,  60 
miles  E  S  E  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  30 
49  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Sabatz,  or  Sabacz,  a  town  and  fortress 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Servia,  which 
surrendered  to  the  imperialists  in  1789. 
It  is  situate  on  the  Drave,  22  miles  S 
of  Peterwaradin,  and  28  W  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  20  2  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Sabtn,  or  Seben,  formerly  an  episcopal 
town  of  the  archdutchy  of  Austria,  in 
tiie  bishopric  of  Brixen.  The  see  has 
been  since  removed  to  Brixen.  It  is 
sight  miles  S  W  of  Brixen. 

Sabi.  See  Xavier. 

Sabia,  a  ca|>e  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tripoli,  at  the  bottom  of  Uie  gulf 
ef  Sidra. 

Sable,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  situate 
on  tlie  E  coast  of  N  Jutland,  and  the 
mniitli  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  23 
miles  N  N  E  of  Alburg.  Lon.  10  18  E, 
ht.  57  20  N. 

Sabiita,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  State  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Umbria,  on  the  E  by  Naples,  on  the 
S  by  Cam|uigna  di  Roma,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter.  It  is  22 
miles  in  length  and  almost  as  much  in 
brcudth,  watered  by  several  small  riv- 
ers, and  abounding  in  oil  and  wine. 
Magliaiio  is  the  capital. 

Sabioncelto,  a  peninsula  of  Dalmatia, 
in  the  republic  of  Kagusa.  It  lies  to  the 
.S  of  tiie  gulf  of  Narenta,  and  to  the  N 
uf  the  channel  which  separates  the  is- 
lands of  Curzola  and  Melida. 

Sabioncello,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  situ- 
ate on  the  peninsula  of  the  same  name, 
45  miles  N  W  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  40  E, 
Ut.43  20N. 

Sabionetta,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  capital  of  a  dutchyof  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  belongs  to 
the  house  of  Austria,  and  is  20  miles 
E  of  Cremona,  and  20  S  W  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Sable,  an  ancient  and  populous  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Sarte, 
with  a  castle.  In  its  vicinity  arc  wrought 
some  quarries  of  black  marble.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sarte,  25  miles  N  E  of 
Angers,  and  135  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
24  W,  lat.  47  5«  N. 


Sable,  Cape,  the  most  southerly  point 
of  Nova  Scotia,  near  which  is  a  fine 
cod-tishery.  Lon.  65  39  W,  lat.  43 
23  N. 

Sable,  hie,  an  isle  nearly  adjoining 
to  Sable  Cape  ;  the  coasts  of  both  are 
most  commodiously  situated  for  fish- 
eries. 

Sahlet  (I'Olonne,  a  trading  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Vendee, 
and  late  province  of  Poitou,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbour.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  31  mile*  W  of  Lucun.  Lon. 
1  36  W,  lat.  4'.  30  N. 

Sableitan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Candahar,  on  the  E  by 
Hindoostan,  on  the  S  by  Makran,  and 
on  the  W  by  Scgestan.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  little  known  to  Europe- 
ans. 

Sacca.  See  Xacea. 

Saccai,  a  strong  city  and  seaport,  one 
of  the  most  famous  in  Japan,  witli  seve- 
ral castles,  temples,  and  palaces.  It  is 
seated  on  the  sea,  and  has  a  mountain 
on  one  side,  which  serves  as  a  rampart, 
300  miles  S  W  of  Jedo.  Lon.  134  5  E, 
iat.  35  0  N. 

Saclitenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  county  of  Waldeck,  68  miles  E 
of  Cologne.  Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  50 
59  N. 

Sachsenhauten,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  comity  of  Waldeck,  76  mile» 
E  of  Cologne.  Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  51 
ION. 

Saffi,  a  trading  town  of  Morocco, 
with  a  castle.  The  Portuguese  wera 
long  in  possession  of  it,  but  they  for- 
sook it,  in  1641.  It  is  surrounded  by 
several  eminences  which  commaml 
tlie  town.     Lon.  8  58  W,  lat.  32  28  N. 

Sagan,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  belong- 
ing to  prince  Lobkowitz.  It  has  double 
walls,  a  castle,  and  a  priory  of  the  Au- 
gustine order  By  permission  of  the  em- 
peror, in  1709,  a  Lulheran  school  was 
founded  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bobei* 
and  Quels,  62  miles  N  W  of  Brcslaw. 
Lon.  15  22  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Sagg- Harbour,  a  port  of  entry,  and  a 
post  town  in  Sufl()lk  county.  New- York  ; 
situated  at  the  N  E  end  of  Long  Is- 
land, .53  miles  E  of  Sniithtown,and  108 
E  by  N  of  the  city  of  New-York,  con- 
taining about  800  inhabitants. 

Saligalien-oula,  a  ri\cr  of  E  Chinese 
Tartary,  which  falls  into  the  sea  of 
Kamtschatka,  opposite  the  island  of 
Saghalicii-oula-hata. 


S  A  I 


SAL 


Sat,  one  of  the  Capedc  Verrt  Wandi, 
42  miles  in  ciirnmference,  lying'  tn  iin) 
E  of  St.  Nicliulas.  It  lias  its  nana-  (Vcmi 
ttic  (freut  quantity  of  salt  tnudc  lure 
from  the  sea  water,  wliii-h  overliows 
part  of  it,  from  time  to  time.  It  i» 
300  miles  VV  of  the  coast  of  Africa 
Lon.  23  56  \V,  lat.  16  38N. 

Satui  or  Salberg,  a  town  of  Sweden, 


Saghalien-oula-hata,  an  island  in  tlie 
tea  of  Kiinitscliatka,  in  about  145*  K 
Ion.  and  from  SO  to  54°  N  lat.  belonging 
to  the  iUissians 

Saghaiien-uxtla-hotun,  a  city  of  E  Clii- 
Heae  'rurtary,  in  tlio  department  of 
Tcitcicar,  on  the  S  side  of  the  Saghu- 
lit-n-oula.  It  is  rich  and  populous,  Hod 
Yerjr  important  on  account  of  its  situa- 
tion, as  it  secures  to  tlie  Mantchew  j  in  Westmania,  near  which  is  a  very 
Tartars  the  possession  of  extensive  de- 1  large  ancient  silver  mine.  This  t.iwn 
serts  covered  with  woods,  in  which  a  i  was  first  built  by  king  Gustavus  Ailoi- 
great  numbi;r  of  sables  are  found.  L(m.  phus  in  1624,  and  destroyed  by  Kre  in 
12r  25  E,  lat.  50  0  N.  ,  1736.     It  is  seated  on  a  river  30  niilci 

Sagrez,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  I  W  of  Upsal,  and  50N  W  of  Stoikhulm. 
Algarva,  with   a  harbour   and  a   fort,    Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  S'J  50  N. 
four  miles  W  ol  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and       Salamanca,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
125  S  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  4  W,  lat.  37  4  N. :  witli  a  bishop'n  sec,  and  u  famous  iini- 

5(i^Mr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro))er,  versity,  consisiing  of  24  cohegcs. 
in  tin- province  of  Malwa,  situate  near  Here  are  magnificent  churches, 
the  fiiinnass  river,  87  miles  N  \V  of  a  large  public  square,  fine  foiintitiiis, 
Gurrah,  and  112  S  of  Agra.  Lon.  7853  and  every  thing  that  can  contribute 
E,  lat.  23  45  N.  !  to  the  beauty   and  commodioiisness  of 

S'a/jiVK/i,  a  tOMmof  Spain,  intheking- '  the  city.  The  structure  called  the 
dom  of  Leon,  seated  in  a  fertile  plain.  Schools,  where  the  sciences  are  tauglit, 
on  the  river  Sea,  17  miles  from  I'lacen- .  is  very  large  and  curious.  There  were 
tia.  Lon.  5  23  VV,  lat.  42  33  N.  formerly    7000    students,     when    the 

SaiJ,  a  town  of  U,)per  E,;^' |)t,  seated    Spunish  monarchy  was  in  a  flouilshin: 


on  tlie  Nile,  150  miles  S  of  Cairo.  Lon 
31  20  E,  lat  27  32  N. 

Said,  in  Palestine.  See  Siclon. 

Saintea,  three  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bee  islands  in  the  W  Indies,  between 
Guadaloupe  and  Dominica. 

Saintes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charer.te,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  There  are  several  monu- 
ments of  antiquity,  of  which  the  most 
famous  are  the  amphitheatre,  the  aque- 
ducts, and  the  triumphul  arch  on  the 
bridge  over  the  Churente.  The  castle, 
built  on  a  rock,  is  deemed  impregnable  i 
and  the  cathedral  has  one  of  the  li-rfrest 
steeples  in  France.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  37  miles  S  S  E  of  Roclieile, 
and  262  S  VV  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  38  W, 
lat.  45  54  N. 

Sainto:me,  a  lute  province  of  France, 
62  miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Angomnois  and  Perigord, 
on  tlie  N  by  Poitou  and  Aunis,  on  the 
VV  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  S  by 
Burdehiis  and  Giron.  The  river  Chn- 
rcnte  runs  through  the  middle  of  it, 
and  renders  it  one  of  tiie  finest  and 
most  fertile  provinces  in  France,  a- 
bounding  in  all  sorts  of  corn  and  fiiiils  ; 
and  the  best  salt  in  Europe  is  made 
here.  It  now  forms,  with  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Aunis,  the  dcpartmentrof  Low- 
er Charente. 


insiiinp 
condition ;  and  there  are  now  upward 
of  4u00,  wlio  are  clothed  liLe  ]iricst«, 
having  their  heads  shaved,  ami  wear. 
ing  raps.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the 
handsomest  in  Spain ;  and  tliere  .ire 
several  fine  convents,  with  churches 
belonging  to  them,  adorned  with 
images,  and  some  with  curious  pic 
tiires.  It  is  seated  partly  in  a  pluin, 
and  partly  on  hills,  and  is  s'lrromu'cJ 
by  a  wall  The  river  Toriiir:i,  wMch 
washes  its  walls,  has  a  h ridge  ovt— it 
300  paces  long,  hiiilt  by  the  Komans. 
Without  thewiilh  \n  a  line  Kom.iiu 
cause *»av.  'It  is  37  lu'leri  SE  of  Mlraiidii, 
•nd  83  N  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  16  W, 
lat.  41  N. 

Salainnncn,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Jncatan,  140  miles  S  of 
Campeachy.  Lon.  89  58  VV,  lat.  17 
55  N 

Salannkem,  or  Sijhntemen,  a  town 
of  Sclavoniii,  remarkable  for  a  battle 
gained  by  the  prince  of  Baden,  o\er 
the  Turks,  in  1691.  It  is  ser.fed  on 
the  Dnnulic,  20  tnilcs  N  W  of  Bel- 
grade, and  25  S  E  of  Peterwuradiii. 
Lon.  20  S3  E,  lat.  45  1 }  N. 

Sulciach,  a  village  of  Gerniary,  in 
the  mar,:?ravate  of  Baden,  two  miles  N 
E  of  Baden.  Here  niareschal  Tu- 
renne  while  reconnoitering  the  enemy, 
received  a  mortal  wound. 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


of  the  Cape  lie  Verd  Mandi, 
In  circiimrerence,  lyinjr  i„  HiJ. 

[iclioliis.    It  lias  its  nanit  (Voin 
quantity  of  salt  tn;ule    iicie 
sea  water,   wliiili   oveiliows 
from   time   to    time.    It  is 
VV   of  the    coast  of  Africa 
i6\V,  lat.  16  38N. 
|r  Salbtrg,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
nania,    near   which    is   a  verv 
ieiit  silver  mine.     This  tiwri 
built  by  king   Gustavus  AUdl. 
|624,  aiul  destroyed  by   Hie  in 
is  seated  on  a  nver  30  niilci 
sal,  and  50N  W  of  Stotkholm 
15  E,  lat.  59  50  N. 
anca,  a  city  of  S|)ain,  in  Leon, 
shop's  sec,  and  a  famous  iini- 
consisiinjf    of    24    colleges. 
ire       magnificent     churches, 
public  square,  fine  fountinns, 
.     thing    that  can  contribute 
auty   and   commodioiisness  of 
The    structure    called   the 
where  the  sciences  are  taugiit, 
»rge  and  curious.     There  were 
7000    students,     wiien    tlie 
monarchy  was  in  a  flrmiishinp 
;  and  there  are  now  upward 
who    are  clothed  liLe  iJiicsf!, 
[heir  heads    shaved,   and  wear. 
1.     The  cathedral  is  one  oftlie 
lest  in    Spain  j   and  thi;re   .ue 
fine  convents,    with    cluirciies 
g    to    them,     adorned     with 
and  some    with   curious  pic 
It  is   seated   partly   in  a  pluin, 
ly  on     hills,  and  iss'irro.iiK'cd 
1      The  river  Tormrs,   w!.ich 
its  walls,  has  a  hi-ldge  ovt—  it 
;s   long,  built    by  tl-.e  Komiuis. 
;    tliewiills    it    a  (iiic    Homnni 
y.  It  is  ■:i7  m'lea  SE  of  Miranda, 
I  W  of  Madrid.    Lon.  5  16  W, 

anea,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
ince  of  Ji'.catan,  140  miles  S  of 
;hy.     Lon.   89  58  VV,   lat.   17 

kem,  or  Salinteinen,  a  town 
iinia,  remarkable  for  a  battle 
v  the  prince  of  Dadcn,  o\er 
ks,  in  1691.  It  is  se.-.ted  on 
uhc,  20  miles  M  VV  of  Bcl- 
id  25  S  E  of  Peterwaradin. 
J3  E,  lat.  45  U  N. 
1,  a  vill.'^pe  of  Germany,  in 
ravate  of  Baden,  two  iinies  N 
»den.  Here  niarcschal  Tu- 
ile  reconnoitering  the  enemy, 
a  mortal  wound. 


Sdherg-     S«e  Sola. 

Sake,-,  a  forest  in  the  S  part  of  Ncr- 
iliamiitonshire. 

Sulecto,  a  town  of  the  kiiifjdom  ui 
Tiniis,  near  the  Mediterranean  It  is 
noted  for  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle, 
and  is  22  miles  S  S  E  of  Monaster^ 
Lon.  11  3E,  lat.  35  13  N. 

Salcin,  the  capital  of  Essex  county, 
Maiisachusctts,  being  a  puKt  town  as 
Will  as  port  of  entry.  It  is  situated 
un  a  smad  bason  oftlie  sea,  18  miles  N 
K  of  Boston,  and  about  to  the  VV  of 
Marblehead.  This  is  the  second  town 
liir  trade  and  population  in  Massaclm- 
setts,  the  inhabitants  at  last  census  be- 
ing 9457.  It  was  settled  by  the  Eng- 
lish as  early  as  1638,  and  is  the  well 
known  Naumkeag  of  Indian  history. 
Ill  or  about  1C92  it  was  rendered  fa- 
inuns  for  the  hanging  of  wizzards  and 
witches  i  but  the  present  inhabitants 
are  more  honourably  distinguished  for 
tlieir  industry  and  enterprise  in  com- 
mercial pursuits.  It  lies  in  lat.  42° 
10'  N,  anc'  lon.  71°  W.  The  harbour 
is  defended  by  a  fort  and  citadel. 

Siilejti,  l\\t  capital  of  Salem  county. 
New  Jersey  ;  lying  on  tlie  S  side  of 
Sulfin  creek,  a  few  miles  above  its  en- 
trance into  the  Delaware,  20  miles  N  W 
of  Bridgetown,  and  40  S  by  VV  of  Phi- 
ladclphia.  It  has  a  post  office  and  a- 
buiit  700  inhabitants. 

Salem,  a  post  town  in  Stokes  county, 
Knrtli  Carolina,  planted  and  inhabited 
principally  by  Moravians,  and  situated 
five  miles  E  by  S  of  Bethania,  and  a- 
bout  100  VV  by  N  of  Raleigh,  the  state 
capital.  It  contains  .«bout  700  inhabi- 
tants. 

Saltnche,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Up- 
per Faucigny,  seated  near  a  small 
lake,  on  the  Arvo,  12  miles  S  of  Cluse, 

Sattrno,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  capital 
of  Piincipato  Citeriore,  with  an  arcli- 
l)ishop's  see,  a  castle,  and  a  university, 
principally  for  medicine.  It  is  seated 
at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  37  miles  S  E  of  Naples.  Lo«. 
14  53  E,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Saltrt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  seated  among  the  moun- 
tains, nine  miles  N  of  Aurillac. 

oaliti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Gascony,'  remarkable  for 
Its  springs  of  salt  waters  from  which 
the  white  salt  is  made.  It  is  seven 
miles  W  of  Orthea. 


Salignac,  a  town  of  Franca,  in  th« 
dc|jariiiiint  fif  Upper  Vicniie,  and  lat© 
;irovJnce  of  Perigord,  10  miles  S  bv  W 
of  Liiii'iges.     Lon.  1  18  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Saiigniit,  H  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
seated  on  the  Deva,  at  the  foot  of » 
inuuiUain,  eij^iit  miles  N  by  E  of  Vitto- 
ria,  £1^12^  S  S  E  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  2  54 
VV,  lat  43  J  is. 

Halir.e,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in 
the  Mediterranean.  It  consists  of  two 
high  mountains  joined  together  at  the 
base,  and  lies  N  VV  of  the  island  of  Li- 
pari. 

Saiiiis,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  'he  department  of  Juia,  and  late 
province  of  Franclic  Comte,  with 
a  strong  fort.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
salt  works,  tlip  largest  of  which  is  in 
the  middle  oftlie  town,  and  is  l.ke  a 
little  fortified  place.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  valley,  on  a  stream  that  has  ita 
source  in  the  town,  29  miles  S  of  Uen- 
sancon,  and  200  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6 
5  E,  lat  46  «IG  N. 

Salisburv,  the  capital  of  Rowan  coun- 
ty. North  Carolina,  five  miles  S  \V  of 
Yadkin  river,  34  miles  from  Salem  in 
the  same  direction,  and  120  N  VV  of 
Favetteville ;  containing  about  500 
souls,  with  a  post  ottice. 

StUhbury,  a  post  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the  N 
side  of  Merrimack  river,  four  miles  N 
of  Newbm-y-port,  and  46  N  by  E  of 
Boston. 

SalUbury,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  19  miles  N  VV  of 
Litchfield,  and  60  of  New  Haven,  with 
2266  inhabitajits. 

Salisbury,  a  jiost  town  in  Somerset 
county,  Maryland,  lying  on  the  N  side 
of  VViccomico  river,  near  the  confines 
of  Delaware  state  ;  20  miles  N  VV  of 
Snow  Hill,  and  33  S  by  W  of  Lewis- 
town  near  Cape  Henlopcn. 

Salisbury,  or  tfevi  Sarum,  an  episco- 
pal city  in  Wiltshire,  of  which  it  is  the 
capital  with  a  market  on  .Tuesday  and 
Satiu-day.  It  is  a  well  built  town  situ- 
ate in  a  chalky  soil,  on  the  confluence 
of  the  Bourn,  Nadder,  Willey,  and 
Avon,  by  whose  waters  it  is  almost 
."urrounded,  and  is  rendered  particu- 
larly clean  bjr  a  small  stream  flowing 
through  every  street.  It  has  a  finfe 
cathedral,  which  was  finished  in  1258, 
and  consecrated  in  presence  of  Henry 
III.  and  many  of  the  nobility  and  pre- 
lates. This  fabric,  which  cost  above 
26,000/.  is  the  most  elegant  and  regu. 


SAL 


SAL 


lar  Gothic  structure  in  the  kinf^nm,  I 
bcin)r  built  in  form  of  u  hiiitcrn,  with 
its  spire  of  free-stone  in  the  middle, 
the  loftiest  ill  rngland.  Tlie  towii- 
hall  is  a  haiidsumc  miilding,  and  stands 
ill  :(  spuciou:.'  market  place.  Salisbury 
if  giiverncd  by  a  mayor,  sends  two 
n)enil>er8  topi'-lia.nent,  and  has  manu- 
f  iresof*'.':  'els,  insejs,  hardware, 
*i.,     .  uti'  .>  l^    21    miles   W  E  of 

S'.i  ■ii»i'it)'^-''S  ft"  "i  W  byScifLon- 
doii      Lo»    i  -    W,  lit.  51  3  N. 

Stii<ikin''i''t-r  .  in  the  county  of 
Wilts,  .  -icis  '.  •  r'-leH  E  to  VVinrhcs- 
ter,  antt  lif  W   t>  vmouth  :  and  in 

some  places  is  frot.i  J  j  ■  i  40  in  breadth. 
TluMT  are  so  many  cross  roads  in  it, 
and  so  lew  houses  to  take  directions 
from,  that  the  late  earl  of  Pembroke's 
father  planted  a  tree  at  the  end  of  eve- 
ry mile,  from  hence  to  Shaftesbury, 
for  the  traveller's  guide.  That  part  of 
it  iibout  the  city  is  a  chalky  down, 
like  Kast  Kent.  The  other  parts  are 
noted  for  feeding  numerous  flocks  of 
sheep,  some  of  which  contain  from 
30i<0  to  5000  each  ;  and  several  pri- 
vate farmers  hereabouts  have  two  or 
three  such  flocks.  By  foldinpf  the 
sheep  upon  the  lands  here,  after  they 
are  turned  up  with  the  plough,  they  be- 
come abundantly  fruitful,  and  bear  ve- 
ry good  wheat,  as  well  as  rye  and  bar- 
ley. Un  this  plain,  besides  the  famous 
monument  of  Stonehenge,  six  miles  N 
of  the  city,  there  are  the  traces  of  ma- 
ny old  Roman  and  British  c.imps,  and 
oilier  remains  of  the  battles,  fortifica- 
tions,  sepulchres,  &c.  of  the  ancient 
inh.'ihitants  of  this  kingdom. 

Salitbury  Craig,  a  hilt  on  the  E  side 
of  the  city  of  Edinburg.  It  is  remark- 
ble  for  a  great  precipice  of  solid  rock, 
about  one  mile  long,  and  in  some  parts, 
100  feet  high ;  which  passes  with 
some  regularity  along  its  brow. 

Sallce,  an  ancient  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  with  an  harbour  and  seve- 
ral forts.  Its  harbour  is  one  of  the 
best  in  the  coimtry,  and  yet,  on  ac- 
count of  a  bar  th.it  lies  across  it,  ships 
of  the  ismallest  draught  arc  forced  to 
imload  and  take  out  their  guns,  before 
they  can  get  into  it.  There  are  docks 
to  build  ships,  but  they  are  seldom 
used,  for  want  of  skill  and  materials. 
It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New 
Tonilr,  by  the  river  Guero ;  and  has 
long  been  famous  for  its  pirttes,  which, 
make  prizes  of  all  Christian  ships  that 
come  in  tbcir  way,  except  tlitre  U  a 


treaty  to  the  contrary.  It  is  100  tniiti 
VV  of  Fez,  and  150  S  of  Gibraltar. 
Lon.  6  31  \V,  lat.  ."■4  0  N. 

Sahii,  a  town  of  Germany  in  ,iie 
dutchy  of  Luxemburg,  11  miles  S  S  E 
of  Spa,  and  3H  N  of  Luxemburg.  Lun. 
5  55  E,  lilt.  50  25  N. 

Suhn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mem  the,  «nd  '''tc  ,i,iAi  f 
of  Lorrain  v  itii  a  castle,  seated  at  the 
so.irce  of  the  Sar,  20  miles  W  of 
Strusburg,  and  55  S  £  of  Nanci.  Lon. 
7  15  E,  lat.  48 34  N. 

Saio,  an  important  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Brescianoi  seated  on  the  lake  Hi. 
garpa.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1796,  and  is  17  miles  N  E  of  Brescia. 
Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  45  38  N. 

Salohrena,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  with  a  castle.  It  curries  on 
a  great  trade  in  sugar  and  lish,  and  ii 
seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  E  of 
Almunecar,  and  36  S  of  Granada.  Lon. 
3  30  VV,  lat.  36  31  N. 

Salon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de. 
partment  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  seated 
on  the  canal  of  Craponne,  20  miles  NW 
ofAix.     Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Salona,  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Dalmi* 
tia,  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice. It  was  formerly  a  considerable 
place,  and  its  ruins  show  that  it  was 
ten  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  18 
miles  N  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  29  E, 
lat.  44  10  N. 

Satone,  a  town  of  Livadia,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  The  inhabitants  are 
Christians  and  Turks,  pretty  equal  in 
number ;  and  Jews  are  not  suitered  to 
live  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
on  the  top  of  which  is  a  citadel,  20 
miles  N  E  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  23  1  £, 
lat.  38  50  N. 

Salonichi,  the  ancient  Thessalonica, 
a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  capital 
of  Macedonia,  with  an  archbishop's  see. 
It  is  ten  miles  in  circumference,  and  a 
place  of  great  trade,  carried  on  princi- 
pally by  Uie  Greek  Christians  and  the 
Jews,  the  former  of  which  have  30 
churches,  and  the  latter  as  many  syna- 
goggles  :  the  Turks  also  have  a  few 
mosques.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls, 
and  defended  on  the  land  side  by  a 
citadel,  and  near  the  harbour  by  three 
forts.  It  was  taken  from  the  Venetians, 
by  the  Turks,  in  1431.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  partly  on  the  top,  and  partly  on 


SAL 

I  the  contrary.  It  is  100  milti 
Fez,  unci  150  S  of  Gibrullar. 
U  W ,  lat.  .'>4  0  N. 
,  a  town  »i"  Germany  in  ,iie 
of  Luxemburg,  H  miles  S  S  E 
and  38  N  of  Luxemburg.  I.on. 
hit.  50  25  N.  .     ,     , 

,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlic  de- 
ntof  Meuilhe,  i<ml '"t*.  ,  .-ai  f 
ain  V  ill.  a  castle,  seated  at  tlie 

of  tlie  Sar,  'iO  miles  W  of 
irt?,  and  55  S  E  of  Nanci.  Loii. 
,  lat.4834N.  ,  ,.  ,    . 

an  important  town  of  Italy,  in 
esciano;  seated  on  the  lake  l)i. 

It  was  taken  bv  the  French  in 
and   is  17  miles  N  E  of  Brescia. 

0  49  E,  lat.  45  38  N.  .      . 
hreiia,    a  seaport    of   Spain,   in 
da,   with  a  castle.     U  carries  on 
It  trade  in  sugar  and  l.sli,   ami  u 

on  a  rock,  near  the  n.outh  of  a 
)f  the  same  name,  \2  miles  E  of 
^ccar,  and  36  S  of  Granada.  Lon. 
,V,  lat.  3631  N. 

,«,  a  town  of  France,  in  t^ie  lie- 
ent  of  the  Moutha  of  the  Rlione, 
ate  province  of  Provence,  se^ttd 

•  canal  of  Craponne,  20  miles  NW 
s.     Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  4338  N. 
„„rt,  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Dalma- 
;atcd  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Ve- 

It  was  formerly  a  considerable 
,  and  its  ruins  show  that  it  wa« 
niles    in  circumference.     It  is  IS 

1  N  of  Spalatro.    Lon.  17    29 1, 

*  10  N-  .     ,.  -.1.  . 
lone,  a  town  of  Livadia,     with  » 
,p'»    see.       The    inhabitants    are 
stian.  and  Turks,  pretty  equa  in 
ier;   and  Jews  are  not  suffered  to 
here.     It  is  seated  on  a  mounUin, 
le  top  of   which  is  a   citadel,  20 
s  N  E  of  Lepanto.    Lon.  23  1  h, 
JB50N.                          ,         ,    . 
ilonichi,  the  ancient  Theasalonica, 
aport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  capital 
lacedonia,  with  an  archbishop  s  see. 
I  ten  miles  in  circuroferenoe,  amli 
e  of  great  trade,  carried  on  princi- 
ybySie  Greek  Christians  and  the 
rs.'the    former  of   which  have  30 
rches,  and  the  latter  as  many  syna- 
■ues :    the  Turks  also  have  a  few 
jques.    It  is  surrounded  by  wal". 
.  defended  on  the  land    side  by  » 
idel.  and  near  the  harbour  by  three 
ts.  It  was  taken  from  the  Venetians, 
tlie  Turks,  in  1431.  It  is  seated  at 

bottom  of  the  gulf  of  the  same 
ne,  partly  on  th«  top,  and  partly  w> 


SAL 


,',r  .fa  hill,  near  the  river  Va-(lar, 

SO.  Nof   Larissa,  ami    -M    vV  ol 

rl,,nv..   .tinoplc.      Lou.  2}  ti    E,    I:. 

V,,/.,  ,.     Sec  ShraL.,n  -.  , 

":,,.»  town  of  M.ii)loH,  in  CupiLi- 
„.;        situate      u  a  hike,  near  tlic  sea. 
U       .>.ted  fo.-  couHideiMl.K-  s.ill-wcrK. 
,1  •   s  JJ  miles  S  ..f  MantVc.l..n..i,  ami 
yik  N  E  >if  Naples,     '.on.         JO  E, 

''^5.!L,^l  «l''<>nff  castle  of  France,  in 
the  dtlKiianieiit  of  Easlern  Pyrenees, 
routed  on  a  lake  of  Hie  ■*•""«'>"""■•  ,''; 
,a„„g   mount;un.H,  10  nules  Not    Ici- 

'  \,U.tU,  a  line  i^l-uid  of  the  Uercan 
of  Hi,  looslan,  lyi-t?  ■>'•  the  coast  »1 
Coiuun,  to  the  N  t:  of  Bombay,  tn.n 
wiru-hitissei..iiMteabya,.am.wHtKut 

forckble  at  low  w.ler.  U  is  abou  lo 
miles  square,  and  terUle  m  nee,  trU^U, 
and  s.iif'a-caues.     Is  has  subteiTau J.u. 


temples  cut  oat  of  the  hve  rock,  in  the 
manner  of  those  of  Elephanta,  which 
appear  lo  be  monuments  ot  a  sapersli. 
tion  anterior  to  that  of  the  Hindoos.  I.. 
Vri.  Salsette  was  conquered  tromtli'- 
Maliruttasi  and  it  has  proved  a  valua- 
ble acquisition  to  Bombay,  which  toi- 
meily  depended  on  foreign  supplies  loi- 
its  subsistence.  .      .     „  . 

SaUonna,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  CaU- 
loniu,  seated  on  the  Lobregut.  44ui,les 
N  W  of  Barcelona.    Lon.   1  M  £-,  lai. 

41  56  N.  .    „  ,,      .,, 

Saltash,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  for  horses,  o\en, 
sheep,  cloth,  and  a  few  hops.     It  con- 
sists  of  three  streets,  which  are  wash- 
ed  clean  by   every  shower  ot  rain,  is 
Koverned  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
fnembers   to  parliament.     It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  steep  hill  six  miles  N 
W  of  PlymouUi,  and  220    W  by  S  ot 
London.     Lon.  4  17  W,  lut.  50  25  N. 
Saltcoat;   a  seaport  of  Scotland,  m 
Ayrshire,  much  resortedtoas  a  water- 
'me  place.     It  has  a  considerable  trailc 
in  salt,  coal,  and  sail  clotli,  togetlier 
with  a  rope-yard.     It  is  situate  on  the 
frith  of  Clvde,  10  miles  N  N  W  of  Ay'-, 
and  22  S  \V   of  Glasgow.     Lon.  4  45 
W,  lut.  5.5  39  N. 

Salt-mil,  a  village  in  Berks,  noted 
for  its  fine  situation  and  elegant  nun*. 
It  is  on  the  road  to  Bath,  22  miles  VV 
of  London. 

Sdtza,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  m 
the  dutchy  of  .Ma^^leburg.  It  tukes  if 
name  from  the  saltpits,  audw  12  miles 


SAL 

S    S   F.  of  Magdeburg,  Lon.  1154K, 

I.   .  52  J  N.  .     .„ 

'6\ilt.:.Lun',  an  aiehbishol«MCof  Germa- 
many,  in  the  cirae  of  B.vvana./O  mi.es 
long  ai.d  ivj  bu.  .;  bo.nuUd  ou  the  N 
Ly^Ba^ami.  .^  ...e  E  by  AjMna.  on 
the  S  by  Caniitlna  and  lie  1  irol, 
u^d  >.i  'iie  \V  by  the  1  irol  and 
H  .varia.  It  is  a  moanliinous  country, 
•out  piMly  ieilile,  and  contains  iiuncB 
of  copper,  silver,  ami  iion. 

sJiuhur^',    an  ancient  and  popu  ous 
citv  of  Oennany,  capital  ot  an  archbij 
sliopr.c   of  llic  same  name.     It  is  well 
built,    and   defendcl    by  a  castle  on  a 
mounlain,  and  near  it   are  some  consi- 
dei-able  salt  Works  wluch  are  very  pro- 
ductive.  The  archb.sl.op  who  is  a  sove- 
reign   prince,  has   two  noble  P;fl^";?' 
the -mi  to.  sanimer,  and  the  other  lor 
wnuer;  the    latter  contains  lOJ  ap:.r- 
n.onts,    ail   richly    furnished,    wilmm« 
i-eekoniugihe  halls  an.lguUenes.      I  he 
XversUv   depends  on  the  Beiiedictino 
monks,   the  cathedral  is  very  tme,  and 
contains    live    organs.     It  is  seated  on 
both   sides   the  iWerSat^    45  miles  S 
by  W   of  Passaw,  and  15j   VV  by  S  ot 
Vienna.     Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  47  37  N. 

SaltZiuM,  a  town  of  Gerinany  in  tha 
'  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  old 
marche  of  Brandenburg  noted  or  ita 
tlourishing nianufacturesof  cloth,  serge, 
and  stoekh.gs.  It  was  formerly  one  of 
the  Hanse  towns,  and  is  situate  on  the 
let/.e,  20  mile*  N  N  VV  ot  Gardelc 
leu;  and  43  E   N  E  of  Zell.     Lon.   U 

^"ii/if^'-  of  the   Bahama 

^1;:t.r^^'u^"5tii  of  Uie  king- 
dom of  Congo,  with  a  large  palace, 
where  t!ie  king  and  a  Portuguese  b.sh- 
op  reside.  It  is  seated  on  ^  ciaggy 
mountain,  240  mdcs  E  by  b  of  Loai.go. 
Lon.  15  39  E,  lat.  4  50  S.  , 

Satva^lor,  St.  apopuUms  city  ofSoutti 
America,  in  Brasil.  with  an  archbish- 
o-k  see,  and  several  f  .rts  U  con Uins 
many  religious  houses  ;  the  inhabitant., 
are  C-oluptuous,  and  carry  on  a  cons.de- 
..able  trade.  The  houses  -■«  ^J*"  "^ 
,h,ec  stories  high,  and  the  walls  thick 
and  strong,  being  built  of  *ton«.  Tho 
principal  streets  are  large,  and  the  e 
Lrc  m'any  gardens,  full  o  great  variety 
.,r  fruit-trees,  herbs,  and  Howers.    The 


"I 


ehief  comuv)dities  are  sugir,  tu^' o, 

woad  for  diers,  rawhides,  talloW,  and 

|l,ainoil.     It  is  sealed  on  a-.i  emmenee^ 

I  m  the  h  ;y  of  All  S»iuts,  120  mdsa  S  VV^, 

H    H  H   tt 


SAM 


SAM 


1) 


of  Scrgippy.  Lnn  40  10  W,  li.t.  l."?  10  S. 

S.tlviiget,  sm.ill  iini]ili;i!>ite(l  IkIhiuN, 
lyinj^  hctwi'di  Miiilc.ini  ami  tlie  Caiui- 
rifit,  27  li-.tnii«'»  N  of  I'oint  Ntip;o  in 
TciuTill,  K,ni.  1.5  54  W,  lilt.  :iO  0  N. 

Siiivateirii,  a  lown  of  Hmini^iil,  in 
F.stii'in.i<IiiiM,  Willi  .1  i<)\  al  |»:il«ri',  iciil- 
ea..iitlM-Tii);o.  Lnn  7  51  W,  lut  JS.i'j  N. 

Salvutrir.i,   a  slr.iiij^' tivMi  of  I'ui-tii. 

fill,  in  hfirii.  Il  WHS  tiiliL-ii  by  tht 
I'fiicli  ill  1704,  iinil  by  tlie  ullics  in 
1705.  Il  is  siiitcil  on  the  Elia,  \Z 
tnili'»  N  E  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  14  W, 
lat.J'J30.N. 

Siilv. It'll ira,  u  to\*ii  of  Spain,  In  Ga- 
licia,  .seiitid  on  the  Minho,  56  miles  S 
of  Coniposlella.  I. on.  8  16  VV,  lat.  41 
48  N. 

Sulvutierra,  a  town  of  S|iain,  in  His. 
cay,  Hcati.-(l  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St. 
Adrian,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Vittoria. 
Lon.  2  17  W,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Saluzzo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capi- 
tal of  a  mai-qiii»ate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  binhop's  see,  and  a  castle.  The 
cathedral  is  niai^nificent  and  rich.  It 
it  seated  on  an  eminence,  at  the  ((K>tof 
the  Aluu,  near  the  river  Po,  22  miles 
S  bv  VV  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  3,7  E,  lat. 
44^  N. 

Satnantlrachi.     See  Saiiwthracia. 

Samnrcaml,  an  ancient  and  populous 
city  in  the  country  of  the  Usbcc  Tar- 
tars, with  a  castle  and  a  university .  It 
was  the  birth-place  and  scatof  I'amer- 
lanc  the  Gie;it.  It'  carries  o;-  a  trade 
in  exccHen*  fruits,  and  is  pleasantly 
seated  near  the  Sog'de,  whicli  runs  in- 
to the  Amo,  138  miles  E  bv  N  of  Bok- 
hara,    Lon.  65  15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Sainar,  Phtlippina,  or  Tandago,  one 
of  the  Phillippine  Islands,  in  the  Indian 
ocean  S  E  uf  that  of  Luconia,  from 
vrhich  it  is  separated  by  a  strait.  It  is 
320  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  full 
ofcragg'}  mountains,  among^  which  are 
fertile  vallifs. 

Samara,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Ufa,  situate  on  the  con- 
flux of  the  rivers  Salmisch  and  Sakma 
ra,  12  miles  N  of  Orenburg.  Lon.  55 
5  E,  lat.  53  2  N 

Samara,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment ()f  Simbirsk,  not  far  from  the 
Volga.     Lon.  49  26  E,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Samarand,  a  populous  town  on  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Java. 

Samathan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle on  a  mountain.  It  is  seated  in  a  val- 
ley, on  the  river  Save,  five  miles  N  of 


Lomlji'i.     Lon.    1  0  E,  Int.  43  34  N. 

Stnnbniliit,  islands  on  the  N  const  of 
the  ihiliiniis  of  iJariun,  not  iniiubitciJ 
but  cluiiiied  by  the  SpimiardM. 

Siiinliut,  u  toM'U  of  the  island  of  ilnr. 
nco,  sitiuitc<l  near  the  W  coast.  Il  it 
11  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  ■lume 
name,  and  in  its  vicinity  diamonds  are 
i'utind.    Lon.  109  0  E,  lat.  2  20  N. 

Siirtthie,  a  ri\er  of  the  NetherlamU, 
whirh  rises  in  Picardy,  and  passing  by 
Lundrecy,  Maiibeuge,  '1  hun,  and 
Cliurieioy,  fulls  into  the  Maete,  at  Nt- 
mur. 

Samogitia,  a  province  uf  Poland,  175 
miles  long  and  125  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Courland,  on  the  C  by  Litliu. 
vnia,  on  the  W  by  the  Baltic,  and  on 
the  S  by  Western  Prussia,  being  about 
175  miles  long,  and  125  broad.  It  ii 
Cull  of  forests  and  high  mountain!, 
which  feed  a  great  number  of  cattle, 
and  produce  a  great  quantity  of  honey 
Here  are  also  very  active  horses,  in 
high  esteem.  The  inhabitants  are 
clownish,  but  honest;  and  they  will  not 
allow  a  young  woman  to  go  out  in  tlie 
night  without  a  candle  in  her  hand,  and 
two  bells  at  her  girdle.  Rosienne  ii 
the  principal  town. 

Samot,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  of  Natolia,and  to  the  £  of  the 
isle  of  Nicaria.  The  women  are  clothed 
in  the  Turkish  manner,  except  a  red 
coif,  and  their  hair  hanging  down  tlieir 
backs,  with  plates  of  silver,  or  block- 
tin,  fastened  to  the  ends.  It  is  32  milei 
long,  22  broad,  and  extremely  fertile. 
It  abounds  with  partridges,  woodcocks, 
snipes,  thrushes,  woodpigeons,  turtle- 
doves, wheatcars,  and  excellent  poul- 
try. They  have  abundance  of  melons, 
lentils,  kidneybe.ins,|,mu8cadine  grapes, 
and  white  figs,  four  times  as  big  as  the 
common  sort,  but  not  so  well  tasted. 
Their  silk  is  very  fine,  and  tlie  honey 
and  was  admirable.  Tlicy  have  iron 
mines,  and  most  of  the  soil  is  of  a  ri'.sty 
colour;  they  have  also  emery  stone, 
and  all  the  mountains  are  of  white  mar- 
ble. The  inhabitants,  about  12,000, 
are  almost  all  Greeks,  and  hcve  a  bish- 
op who  resides  at  Corea.  Lon.  27  13 
E,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Samotliraciii,  now  called  Sainandra- 
chi,  a  small  Lslaiid  of  the  Archipelago, 
between  Stalimoni  and  the  coast  of  Ko- 
mania,  and  to  the  N  of  the  isle  of  Im- 
bro.  It  is  17  miles  in  circumference, 
and  pretty  well  cultivated,  Lon.  25  17 
£,  lat.  40  34  N. 


SAM 

I.on.  1  0  F.,  lilt.  i3  34  N. 
lint,  iNluiidti  cm  tlic  N  ciiitst  uf 
iniis  1)1'  iJitriun,  not  inliubiteJ 
iii'ii  In  tlic  Spiiiiiiirds. 

Lf,  IX  loM-n  (ii'tli«  iitlanil  of  Ror. 

|mite(l  iH'ar  llie  W  coail.  It  ij 
I  of  a  kinffdon)  of  tlic  same 
lid  in  its  vicinity  diumoiids  are 
.un.  lUy  0  E,  tut.  3  20  N. 

>;r,  u  ri%ci-  ui'  thf  NetlierlamU, 

igeB  in  Piiurdy,  and  pasHing  by 

fey,      Maiibeuge,     '1  liun,      and 

(ly,  falU  into  tlie  Maeie,  at  Ni- 

ogitin,  a  province  uf  Poland,  l7j 

oiif,^  and  125  broad  ;  bounded  on 

ly  Cmiriand,  on  the  E  by  Litliu- 

n    the  W  by  the  Baltic,  and  on 

y  Western  Pnusia,  being  about 

les    lon(f,   and  125  broad,     it  ii 

forcstM    and    high    mountaini, 

fV:cd  n  prcut  number  of  cattle, 

udiice  a  great  quantity  of  honey 

lire  also   very  active  horses,  in 

cstcenn.      1'hc    inhabitants    are 

i&h,  but  honest;  and  they  will  not 

a  young  woman  to  go  out  in  tlic 

without  a  candle  in  her  hand,  and 

)ells   at  her  girdle.     Rosienne  ii 

rincipal  town. 

not,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
;  coast  of  Natolia,and  to  the  E  of  the 
f  Nicaria.  The  women  are  clothed 
c  Turkish  manner,  except  a  red 
and  their  hair  hanging  down  tlieir 
I,  with  plates  of  silver,  or  block- 
»stencd  to  the  ends.  It  is  32  milei 
22  broad,  and  extremely  fertile. 
)undB  with  partridges,  woodcockj, 
8,  thrushes,  woodpigeons,  turtle- 
I,  wheatcars,  and  excellent  poul- 
They  have  abundance  of  melons, 
s,  kidneybenns.^muscadine  grapes, 
rhite  figs,  four  times  as  big  as  the 
ion  sort,  but  not  so  well  tasted. 
•  silk  is  very  fine,  and  tlie  honey 
wax  admirable.  Tliey  have  iron 
i,  and  most  of  the  soil  isof  a  rusty 
r;  they  have  also  emery  stone, 
ill  the  mountains  are  of  white  roir- 
The  inhabitants,  about  12,000, 
Imost  all  Greeks,  and  hwe  a  bish- 
ho  resides  at  Corea,  Lon.  27  13 
t.  37  46  N. 

motliraciu,  now  called  Samandra- 
X  small  Island  of  the  Archipelago, 
een  Stalimoni  and  the  coast  of  Ko- 
»,  and  to  the  N  of  the  isle  of  Im- 
It  ii  17  miles  in  circumference, 
retty  well  cultivated.  Lon.  25  U 
t.  40  34  N. 


SAN 

Sitmnyedet,  once  a  numrrout  and 
posverful  nation  of  Tartary.  They  in- 
habit llie  coasts  of  the  Frozen  Sea, 
frum  the  65  degree  of  N  lut.  to  the  sea 
iliure.  The  cuuntrie^i  they  occupy  are 
marshy  and  full  of  rocki,  so  thai  from 
the  67  degctc  of  lat.  there  arc  no  tr<'i  . 
of  any  kind  i  and  the  cold  that  prevu  . 
in  these  climates  prevents  vcj<^etatioii  to 
such  a  point,  that  even  the  little  brush 
wood,  here  andtiiere  tube  set-ii,  dwin- 
dles away  to  nothing  as  yo.iuilvance  to- 
wards the  nortli.  In  slatiu'e  the  Sa- 
movcdcs  are  scarcely  of  a  luiddlir.g 
liciijlil  ;  It  being  rare  to  meet  with  u 
m.iii  of  more  tlian  five  feet,  though  it 
must  at  tlie  same  time  be  confessrd, 
that  the  shortest,  wlio  are  about  iour 
luet,  are  equally  scarce.  They  sccni 
all  of  a  heap;  have  short  legs,  small 
neck,  a  large  head,  flat  nose  and  face, 
with  the  lower  part  of  the  face  project- 
ing outward-s  ;  they  have  large  mouths 
and  ears,  little  black  eyes,  but  wide 
eyelids,  small  lips,  and  little  feet.  Their 
winter  huts  are  made  half  way  in  the 
ground,  like  those  of  the  Ostiaks,  and 
are  seldom  more  than  two  or  three 
by  the  tide  of  one  another.  Poles  pla- 
ced so  as  to  lean  against  zach  otlier, 
and  covered  with  the  skins  of  rein 
deers,  or  bark  of  birch,  make  the 
whole  of  their  composition.  In  summer 
they  U'avel  from  lake  to  lake  for  the 
purpose  of  fishing  ;  and  wherever  they 
stop  for  a  time,  there  they  build  tempo- 
rary hovels  upon  the  ground.  Hunting, 
fishing,  and  tending  their  rein-deer, 
make  the  whole  of  their  employment. 
The  two  former  are  the  common  busi 
ness  of  all,  as  furnishing  them  with  the 
principal  part  of  their  subsistence. 
Like  all  savage  nations  they  treat  their 
wives  with  the  utmost  contempt,  and 
oAen  with  a  severity  absolutely  inhu- 
man. 

Satnio,  or  Samtoi,  an  island  of  Den- 
mark on  the  E  coast  of  N  Jiitluml  Ii 
is  eight  miles  long  and  three  broad,  and 
very  fertile.    Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Sanuon,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  river  Rille, 
five  miles  from  Pontuudemer. 

Sana,  or  Zana,  a  town  of  Pern,  and 
capital  of  a  jurisdiction  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Truxillo.  Its  situation  is  delight' 
ful,  and  adorned  with  the  most  beauti- 
ful flowers,  whence  it  receives  tlie 
name  of  mirafloris.  It  is  90  miles  N  of 
Truxillo.    Lon.  78  30  W,  lat.  40  35  N. 


SAN 


^ 


Sanaa,  the  capital  of  Ar:ibia  fclix 
ill  Yemen  Proper.  It  is  i.^-iitfil  aiii"ng 
mountains,  and  fine  on-liiii'U,  '2\Q 
miles  N  N  K  of  .Mo^Moi,  and  IJU  S  E  of 
Mecca.     Lon.  46  JA  E,  lat    17  .'tt  N. 

Snnbinh,  u  town  in  C'lienliii c,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  »c;itiil  ini  t!ic 
VVclock.  Ill  the  market-pluii-  are  two 
square  stone  croswH,  ailorneil  with 
images.  It  is  26  nulcs  K  of  Cluntei', 
ami  161  N  N  \V  of  Loiuloii.  Lon.  i 
J8  W,  lat.  5J  8  N. 

Swi-fiw,  a  town  of  Franct.-,  in  tiie  clc- 
partnu  iit  of  Cher,  ami  laic  piuvince  of 
Hcrry.  la  its  iici^'ihiinrliooii  are  ex- 
cellent wines,  cqn:il  lo  those  of  Bur- 
gundy. It  is  scuted  on  a  nionntain, 
near  the  river  Loire,  2'J  miles  N  W  of 
Nevcrs,  ami  Uo  N  of  P.iris.  Lon.  2 
5^  E,  lat.  4,'  18  N. 

Siiitcian,  an  iilaiul  of  Clii'ia,  on  the 
coast  of  liiiaiiKtonjc,  40  niiUn  in  cir- 
cumference, aii<l  fumons  for  lioiiij^'  the 
buryiiig-place  of  St.  Francis  Xavicr, 
whose  tomb  is  to  be  been  on  a  small 
hill. 

Simeoint,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
depurtniciit  of  Clier,  and  l;ile  province 
of  Berry,  seated  on  the  Argent,  15 
miles  S  W  of  Ncvcrs. 

Sanda,  one  of  the  Orkney  i.slands,  in 
Scotland,  lying  N  E  of  that  called 
Maiiiland- 

SanJecz,  a  strong  town  of  little  Po- 
land, in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow.  There 
are  mines  <if  gold  and  copper  in  its 
territory,  and  it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Krapack,  32  miles  S  E  of  Cra- 
cow.    Lon.  20  32  E,  hit  49  43  N 

Saiulcrtltben,  a  town  of  (ierniany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  prin- 
cipality of  Anhult  Dessaii,  situate  on 
the  Wipiier,  16  milts  S  E  of  Qiicdling- 
biirg,  ami  31  S  W  of  Dussaw.  Lon. 
II  22  E,  lilt.  51  3S  N. 

SanJertteJ,  a  village  in  Surry,  to  the 
S  of  Croydon,  and  in  an  elevated  situa- 
tion, which  ahords  a  delightful  pros- 
pect over  the  adjacent  country. 

SanJgate  Cattle,  a  castle  in  Kent, 
S  W  of  Folkstone,  built  by  Henry  VIII. 
here  queen  Elizabeth  lodged  one  night, 
when  she  came  to  visit  this  coast  in 
1588. 

Sandhamn,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Upland,  appointed  for 
the  examination  of  all  ves.sels  to  and 
from  Stockholm.  It  is  10  miles  E  of 
Stockholm.  Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  5y  20  N. 

Sando,  an  island  of  Japan  on  the  N 
coast  of  Niphon  ;  with  a  town  of  the 


I'l.H*''    • 


SAN 

•ame  name.     It  \*  87  niilcn  in  cimiin- 
fer-nce.     I,on.  KW  30  E,  Int.  >18  :i5  N. 

Sandtmiir,  a  Htroii)^  town  of  Little 
Polund,  ciipitiil  of  a  |)iilatiiiutc  of  tin 
•umc  iiiiinc,  Willi  n  rastli-,  se:it'.:cl  on  a 
liill,  on  tlic"  ViHtuU,  7.5  mil  s  K  t.f  Cra- 
cow, and  I  U  S  ofWiunaw.  Lon.  22 
0  K,  lut.  50  /i  N. 

Siimlugnl,  u  small  town  of  Portiiifal, 
in  till'  in'ovlnce  of  Ucira,  siatcd  on  the 
Coa,  IJ  miles  S  SE  of  Giiaida. 

Siuulvilet,  a  towii  ot  Urab;irit,  scatrd 
on  llif  ri\er  Silicldt,  I'J  uidcs  N  W 
of  Antwerp.  I.on.  1  12  E,  h.t.  .51  22  N. 

SanJ'uhh,  a  town  in  Kent,  willi  a 
market  on  U'cdiicsday  and  .Saturday 
It  1h  one  of  tlie  cinque  fxirtN,  jfinerned 
by  u  mayor  and  jurats,  and  sends  <wii 
nieniliers  to  paiTiunient  It  liiis  tliree 
clmrchcs,  and  about  1.500  hoiMcs,  most 
of  tliem  built  With  wood,  othc  i»  with 
brick  and  flints,  and  6,000  Inhabitants. 
It  is  walled  round,  and  fortified  with 
d:ttlics  and  ramparts,  but  the  walls  are 
nincli  decayed,  though  four  of  the 
gates  are  \et  standing-.  It  had  once  a 
considerabli;  trade,  but  is  now  much 
deemed,  the  river  Stour,  on  which  it 
is  seateil,  being  »o  choked  up  with 
Band,  a»  to  admit  only  small  vessels.  It 
is  IJ  miles  E  of  CanteihiUT,  and  67  E 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  E,  lut.  51 
19   N. 

Siin.hvicfi,  a  poet  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts  j  fiitiiatcd  on 
Barnitabic  Hay,  12  miles  W  of  Harn- 
•table,  18  NE  of  Falmouth,  and  64 
S  E  of  Boiiton,  containing  2000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Sandwich,  a.  town  of  New-Hampshire, 
in  Straf1i)rd  county,  a  few  miles  W  of 
Winninpiokee  lake,  with  1434  inhabi- 
tants. 

Sandxich  Islands,  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  S  Sea,  among  the  last  discove- 
ries of  captain  Cook,  who  so  named 
them,  in  honour  of  the  car!  of  Sand- 
wich, nnder  whose  administration 
these  discoveries  were  made.  They 
consist  of  eleven  islands,  extending  in 
lat.  from  18  54  to  22  15  N.  and  in  lon. 
from  150  54  to  160  24  W.  They  are 
failed  by  the  natives,  Owhyhce,  Mo- 
wee,  Raiiai,  Morotoi,  Talioorowa, 
^Voahno,  Atooi,  Necheehenw,  Orec- 
}io\ia,  Morotinne,  and  Tahoora,  all  in- 
habited excepting  the  two  last.  An  ao- 
cnunt  of  all  tlie  inhabited  islands  will 
be  found  in  tlieir  proper  places  in  this 
■work.  The  climate  of  these  islands 
4lii;fc6  very  little  from  that  of  the  West 


SAN 

Indies  in  the  same  btit\tde,  though 
perhaps  more  temperate  j  and  tliere 
are  no  tr:ue»  of  those  \icilent  windiunil 
hurricanes  whicli  render  the  stormy 
months  in  the  Went  Indies  in  dreadful. 
There  is  also  more  rain  at  the  Sand- 
wich  Isles,  where  the  moimtaiiKnii 
parts  being  generally  en\eloped  in  u 
clond,  successive  ,,liowers  fall  in  tlic 
inland  parts,  with  line  weather,  and  a 
clear  sky,  on  the  sea  shore.  Hence  it 
is,  that  few  oi"  those  inconvcnieni  ies, 
to  which  many  tropical  countries  arc 
subject,  either  from  heat  or  moisture, 
are  experienced  here.  The  winds,  in 
the  winter  months,  arc  genei  ally  from 
E  S  E  to  N  E,  The  vcgr^table  produc- 
tion.! are  nearly  the  same  as  those  of 
the  other  islands  in  this  ocean  ;  but 
the  taro  root  is  here  of  a  superior  qua- 
lity. The  bread-fruit  trees  thrive  not 
in  such  uhuncianee  as  in  the  rich  plaiim 
of  Otaheite,  but   pnuluce    double    tiic 

I  quantity  of  fruit.  The  sng;ir-canps  .-up 
of  a  very  unusual  si/e,   some  of  them 

I  nieasiu'ing  eleven  inches  and  a  quarter 
in  circuint'ercnce,  and  having  14  icut 
eatable.      There    is    also   a  root   of  » 

<  brown  colour,  shaped  like   a  yam,  am! 

I  from  six  to  ten  pounds  in  weig'it,  tl.e 
juice  of  which  is  very  sweet,  of  a  plea- 
sant taste,  and  is  an  excellent  substi- 
tute for  sugar.  The  quadrupeds  sre 
confined  to  the  three  usual  sorts,  hugj, 
dogs,  and  rats.  The  fowls  are  also  of 
the  commcm  sort ;  and  the  birds  arc 
beautiful  and  numerous,  though  not  va- 
rious. Goats,  pigs,  and  European 
.seeds,  were  left  b>  captain  Conki 
but  the  possession  of  the  goats  soim 
gave  rise  to  a  contest  between  two  dis- 
tricts, in  which  the  breed  was  entirely 
destroyed.  The  inhabitants  are  un- 
doubtedly of  the  same  race  that  pos- 
sesses the  islands  south  of  the  equator; 
and  in  their  persons,  language,  customs, 
and  maimers,  approach  nearer  to  the 
Ne\'Zealanders,  than  to  their  less  dis- 
tant neigldjours,  either  of  the  Society 
or  Friendly  islands.  They  are  in  gene- 
ral above  the  middle  size,  and  well 
made  J  they  walk  very  gracefully,  run 
nimbly,  and  are  capable  of  benrinf 
very  great  fatigue.  Many  of  both  se.xes 
have  line  open  countenances,  and  tlie 
women  in  particular  have  good  eyes 
and  teeth,  with  a  sweetness  and  sensi- 
bility of  look  that  render  them  vei-y  en- 
gaging. There  is  one  peculiarity,  cha- 
racteristic of  every  part  of  this  great 
nation,  that  even  in  the  handsomest 


SAN 


SAN 


SAN 


tlir    Rninr  latitude,  IIkhi^Ii 
iiioro    tPinpcratc  i    und  there 
:uc»  (if  those  violent  wiiidit anil 
•s   wliifli    rt'iuU'r   the   Btopiny 
1  tin-  Went  Imlifit  «n  drcndl'iil. 
aU(i  more  rain  at   the   Sand- 
I's,   where    the     nicMiiitaimnn 
iijf   g'cii'-rally  enieluped   In  u 
itccNtive   nhowei'ii    fall  in  Ihc 
rti,  with  line  weather,  and  u 
,  on  tlic  Hca  shore.     Hcnrc  it 
few  of  those  ineonvcnieni  ics, 
many  tropiral   countries  arc 
either  from  heut  or  moisture, 
■rieiirtd  here.     The  wiiidii,  in 
er  montliii,  are  geni-ially  fnim 
)  N  E.    The  vc(:fr?tal)le  iirodnc- 
c  nearly  the  name  us  those  of 
er   i«liin(ls   in   this  ocean  ;  htit 
root  is  h(  re  of  a  superior  qua- 
le hrcjul-fniit  trees  tlirive  not 
abniidaTice  as  in  the  rich  plains 
leite,  hill   pri'diicc    doidde    the 
fruit.     'I'he  siig;;r-canps  arc 
>    lU'iiisiial  size,   some  of  them 
n)^•  eleven  inches  and  a  quarter 
uinfercnce,   and  luivin(f  14  Ccct 
I'here    is    also   a  root   of  a 
colour,  shaped  like   a  yam,  and 
ii  to  ten  ])oiMidH  in  wei^'Sit,  tl;e 
f  which  is  very  sweet,  of  n  plea- 
'ste,  and  is  an  excellent  snbsti- 
)r   suijar.     The  quadrupeds  sre 
(I  to  the  three  usual  sorts,  liujfj, 
ind  rats,     The  fowls  are  also  of 
nimon  sort ;    and  the  birds  arc 
III  and  numei-oiis.thoupli  not  va- 
Goats,    p'lj^a,     and    European 
were    left    b\     captain    Cook; 
e  possession  of  the  poats  sow; 
se  to  a  contest  between  two  dis- 
n  which  the  breed  was  entirely 
ed.     The    inhabitants    are  iin- 
lUy  of  the  same  race   that  pns- 
the  islands  south  of  the  equator; 
heir  persons,  language,  customs, 
uiners,  a[iproach  nearer  to  the 
ealanders,  than  to  their  less  dis- 
i(r!ibours,  either  of  the  Society 
iidly  islands.     They  are  in  gene- 
le    the    middle   size,    and  well 
they  walk  very  fp-acefiilly,  nm 
ami   arc   capable    of   bearing 
-■at  fatii,^iic.    Many  of  both  se.yes 
,c  opon    countenances,  and  the 
in  particular  have    good   eyes 
til,  with  a  sweetness  and  scnsi- 
'  look  that  render  thein  very  en- 
Thei'e  is  one  peculiarity,  cha- 
tic  of  every   part   of  this'  greiit 
that  even  in  the  handsomest 


facri  tlifr«  it  a  fulness  of  the  nostril, 
without  any  flatness  or  Npreuilln(C  of 
the  nose  'I'liey  swller  their  b  urds  to 
prow,  and  wear  their  hair  uOer  various 
fuiliioiis.  The  dress  of  both  men  and 
wonii^ii  nearly  rescinblis  tliose  of  New 
Zealand,  and  both  sexes  wear  neckla- 
ces of  small  variegated  shells.  Tal- 
towin(f  the  body  is  practised  by  every 
colony  of  this  nation.  'I'he  hands  and 
anil*  of  the  women  are  also  very  neatly 
marked,  and  they  have  the  Niiigiilar 
custom  of  tattowing  the  lip  ot  the 
tdiiguc.  Like  the  New  Zi  uli'iiders, 
lliey  have  'uloptedthe  method  of  living 
ill  villages,  cantuining  from  lau  to  20U 
houses  built  pretty  closely  together, 
without  any  order,  and  having  a  wind- 
ing path  bclween  them.  They  are  ge- 
nerally Hanked  towards  the  sea  with 
(letariied  walls,  wliicli  are  meant  both 
for  hheller  and  defence.  'I'licse  walls 
consist  (<f  loose  stones,  and  the  iiihulii- 
tants  are  very  dexterous  in  shitting 
them  suddenly  to  such  places  a."  the 
direction  of  the  attack  may  require.  In 
the  sides  of  the  hills  or  surrounding 
eminences,  they  have  also  little  holes 
or  eaves,  the  entrance  to  which  is  also 
securo'l  by  a  fence  of  the  same  kind. 
They  serve  for  places  of  retreat  in  cases 
of  extremity,  and  may  be  defended  by 
a  single  person  against  several  assail- 
ants. Their  iiouses  are  of  dittisrent 
si/.cs,  some  of  them  being  large  and 
conimodioiis,  fiom  40  to  50  feet  long, 
and  from  20  to  30  broad  ;  while  others 
are  mere  hovels.  The  food  of  the 
lower  class  consists  principally  of  fish 
and  vegetables,  to  which  the  people  of 
higlicr  rank  add  the  flesh  of  dogs  and 
hogs.  The  manner  of  spending  their 
time  admits  of  little  variety.  They 
rise  with  the  sun,  and,  after  enjoying 
the  cool  of  the  evening,  retire  to  rest 
a  few  hours  after  sun  set.  The  mak- 
ing of  canoes,  mats,  &c.  forms  the 
occupations  of  the  men ;  the  women 
are  employed  in  manufacturing  cloth, 
and  the  servants  are  principally  engag- 
ed in  the  plantations  nni  shing.  Their 
idl>;  hours  are  tilled  up  vith  various 
amusements,  such  as  dam  .  ig,  bo.xing, 
wrestling,  &c.  Their  agriculture 
nnd  navigation  bear  a  grc  •  resem- 
blance to  those  of  the  South  Sea 
isiaiidr,.  Their  plantations,  which  are 
spread  over  the  whole  sea  coast,  cim- 
sist  of  the  taro,  or  eddy  root,  and  sweet 
potatoes,  with  plants  of  the  cloth  tree 
set  in  rows.     The  bottoms  of  their  ca- 


noet  are  of  a  single  piece  of  wood,  hol- 
lowed out  to  the  tliickness  of  an  inch, 
and  brought  to  a  pouit  at  each  end. 
The  sides  consist  of  thfic  boards,  each 
about  an  inch  thick,  neatly  fitted  and 
lushed  to  the  bottom  part.  Some  of 
tlieir  double  canoes  iiieasiire  70  feet  in 
length,  three  and  u  half  in  depth, 
and  12  in  breadlli.  Tlirir  coriliige, 
ilsh-hooks  and  fisliing  tackle,  ditier  l>ut 
little  from  those  of  the  other  islands. 
Among  their  arts  must  not  be  forgot- 
ten that  of  making  salt,  wniili  they 
have  in  great  .  buiuiaiue  and  if  a  good 
quality.  'I'heir  iiistrunieiits  of  war  are 
spears,  daggers,  clubs,  and  slings  ;  und 
for  defensive  armour,  thi_\  wi'ar  strong 
mats  which  are  not  easiiy  penetrated 
by  such  weapons  as  tiieirs.  As  the 
islands  arc  not  united  under  one  sove- 
reign, wars  are  freipient  among  them, 
which,  no  doubt,  contribute  greatly  to 
reduce  the  number  of  iiibuliitants, 
which,  according  to  the  pro])orlion  as- 
signed to  each  island  docs  not  exceed 
400,000. — The  same  system  of  sub- 
ordinatiun  (iivvails  here  as  at  the  other 
islands,  the  same  absolute  authority 
on  the  part  of  the  chiefs,  and  the  same 
unresisting  submission  on  the  part  of 
the  people.  The  giivcrnment  i.<  like- 
wise monarchical  and  hereditary.  At 
Owli)her  there  is  u  regular  society  of 
priests  living  by  theiriselves,  und  dis- 
tinct in  all  respects  from  the  rest  of 
the  people.  Human  sacrifices  are  here 
frequent  j  not  only  at  the  commence- 
ment of  a  war,  or  any  signal  enterprise, 
but  the  death  of  every  considerable 
chief  calls  for  a  repetition  of  these 
horrid  rites.  Notwithstanding  the  ir- 
reparable loss  in  the  death  of^  c.iptain 
Cook,  who  was  here  murdered  through 
sudden  resentn  ent  and  violence,  they 
are  acknoyvledged  to  be  of  the  most 
mild  and  attectionate  disposition.  They 
live  in  the  utnio.st  harmony  and  friend- 
ship with  each  other ;  and  in  hospita- 
lity to  strangers  they  are  not  exceeded 
even  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Friendly 
Islands.  Their  n.itural  capacity  seems 
in  no  respect  behiyvtlie  common  stand- 
ard of  mankind  ;  and  their  improve- 
ments in  agriculture,  and  the  perfec- 
tion of  their  manufactures,  are  certain- 
ly  adctiuale  to  the  circimstances  of 
their  situation,  and  the  natural  advan- 
tages which  they  enjoy 

S{wdis:kh  Lund,  a  b.trrcn  and  deso- 
late country  in  the  soulliern  Ocean. 
This  is  the  greatest  S  latitude  ever  yet 


J 


S  A  N 

explored,  and  the  most  •outhern  part 
that  was  seen  lies  in  Ion.  27  45  W,  lat. 
59  34  S. 

Sandy  Hook,  a  small  island  of  the 
United  States,  near  the  coast  of  New 
Jersf 

Su  n,  or  Geuenay,  a  town  of  Swis- 
serlund,  in  Bern. 

Sanguesia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 
varre, seated  on  tlie  Arragon,  20  miles 
S  K  of  ramjKfluna.  Lou.  1  17  VV,  lat 
42  34  N. 

Sanpo.     See  Burrampooter. 

Sanore-Bancabuur,  a  town  of  the  My- 
sore country,  in  the  E  Indies,  \\7  milc^s 
E  bv  N  of  Goa.  Lon.  75  4d  E,  lat.  15 
39  N. 

Sanquhar,  a  borough  of  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland  ;  with  a  ruined  castle  ; 
a  coal  trade,  and  a  manufacture  of 
worsted  mittens  and  stockings.  It  is 
seated  on  the  small  river  Nith,  24 
miles  N  of  Dumfries.  Lon.  3  36  W, 
Lit.  55  30  N. 

Santa  Clara,  an  island  of  South 
America,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
in  the  bay  of  Guyaquil,  90  miles  W  of 
Guyaquil.       Lon.  823:»  W,  lat.  2  18  S. 

Santa  Cruz,  a  seaport  on  the  E  side 
of  Tencritt',  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  same 
name,  defended  by  many  small  batte- 
ries, and  a  strong  fort.  It  has  a  well 
built  pier,  and  an  excellent  quay,  on 
wiiich  is  a  handsome  mall,  shaded  by 
several  rows  of  trees.  The  town  is 
irregularly  built  j  the  principal  street 
is  broad,  and  has  more  the  appear- 
ance of  a  square  than  a  street:  at  the 
upper  end,  is  the  governor's  house,  and 
at  the  lower  a  square  monument,  com- 
niemoraling  the  appearance  of  Nuestra 
Senora  (Our  Lady)  to  the  Guanches, 
the  original  inhabitants  of  tlie  island. 
Lon.  1(526  W,  lat.  2827  N. 

Snnta  Cruz,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  Morocco,  with  a  fort. 
The  Moors  took  it  from  the  Portu- 
guese in  1536.  It  is  seated  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  Mount  Atlas,  on  Cape 
Agner.     Lnn.  10  -  W,  lat.  30  58  N. 

Santa  Cruz,  one  of  the  Caribbee 
Islands.     Lon.  64  35  W,  Ut.  17  45  N. 

Snnta  Cruz,  an  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  most  considerable 
of  those  of  Solomon,  being  250  miles  in 
circumference.  "Lon.  130  0  W,  lat.  10 
21  S. 

Santa  Cruz,  a  seaport  on  the  N  side 
of  the  island  of  Cuba,  in  the  West 
IndicH,  60  miles  E  of  Havannab.  Lon. 
81  10  W,  lat.  2310  N. 


SAN 

Sar,^a  Cruz-de-la-Sierra,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  Peru,  and  capital 
of  a  government  of  that  name,  in  the 
audience  of  Los-Charcos,  with  a  bl. 
shop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  in  a  country  aboimding  in 
good  fruits,  on  the  river  Guapv,  300 
miles  E  of  Plata.  Lon.  59  55  VV,  lat. 
19  46  S. 

Santa  Fe,  the  capital  of  New  Mexi- 
co, in  N  America,  seated  among  moun- 
tains, near  the  Rio-del-Norte,  950 
miles  N  of  Mexico.  Lon.  106  35  W, 
lat.  35  32  N. 

Santa-Fe-de  Bogota,  a  town  of  South  A- 
merica,  and  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 
with  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  univer- 
sity. It  is  the  seat  of  a  new  vice-royal- 
ty established  in  the  present  century. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Madalena,  in 
a  country  abounding  in  corn  and  fruit, 
with  mines  of  silver  in  the  moimtains, 
360  miles  S  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  73  i 
W,  lat.  3  58  N. 

Santarem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadui'a,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Tajo,  in  a  country  fertile 
in  wheat,  wine,  and  oil.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Moors  in  1 447,  and  is  55  miles 
N  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon  8  25  W,  lat.  39 
2N. 

Santen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  thd 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  dutchy  ofl 
Cleves.  It  has  a  handsome  church  be] 
longing  to  the  papists,  wherein  is  ai 
image  of  the  Virgin,  which,  tliey  pref 
tend,  performs  a  great  many  miracleJ 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  15  miles  ! 
E  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  25  E,  lat.  51  50  : 

Santillana,   a    seaport    of   Spain, 
Asturias  de  Santillana,   of  which  it 
the  capital ;  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Bij 
cay,  50  miles  E  of  Oviedo,  and  200 1 
W  of  Madrid.    Lon.  4  32  W,  lat.  \ 
34  N. 

Santorini,  and  island  of  the  Archid 
lago,  to  the  N  of  Candia,  and  to  thej 
of  Nio.  It  is  eight  miles  in  length,  < 
nearly  as  much  in  breadtli  j  and  nd 
it  are  three  or  four  other  small  islanj 
each  of  which  bears  evident  marks  i 
volcanic  origin,  being  all  covered  ' 
pumire  stone.  It  produces  plentvl 
barley,  cotton,  and  wine,  in  which,  i 
the  cotton  manufactures,  its  trade  i 
sists.  Fruit  is  scai-ce,  except  figs,  i 
it  has  neither  oil  nor  wood.  The  I 
habitants  are  .dl  Greeks,  about  10,| 
in  number,  and  though  subject  to 
Turks,  they  choose  their  own  ma 


SAN 

T..a  Cruz-de-la-Sitrra,    «  town  of 

America,  in   Peru,  and  capital 

government  uf  that  name,  in  the 

nee  of  Los-Charcos,  with   a  bi. 

's  see.    It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 

lountain,   in  a  country  abounding  in 

I   fruits,   on  the  river  Guapv,    300 

sE  of  Plata.     Lon.  59  55   W,  Ut 

6S. 

'anta  Fe,  the  capital  of  New  Mexi- 
in  N  America,  seated  among  maun. 
a,  near  the  Rio-del-Norte,  950 
es  N  of  Mexico.  Lon.  106  35  W, 
55  32  N. 

'anta-Fe-de  Bogota,  atovan  of  South  A- 
rica,  and  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 
th  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  univer- 
y.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  new  vice-royal, 
established  in  the  present  century. 
is  seated  on  the  river  Mudalena,  in 
ountry  abounding  in  corn  and  fruit, 
th  mines  of  silver  in  the  mountains, 
iO  miles  S  of  Carthagena.     Lon.  73  5 

"  lat.  3  58  N. 

Santarem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 

madu:'a,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 

le  river  Tajo,    in   a  country   fertile 
wheat,  wine,  and  oil.     It  was  taken 

om  the  Moors  in  1447,and  is  55  miles 

r  E  of  Lisbon.    Lon  8  25  W,  lat.  39 

Santen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
ircle  of  Westphalia,  and  dutchyof 
Meves.  It  has  a  handsome  church  be- 
anging  to  the  papists,  wherein  is  an 
miage  of  the  Virgin,  which,  they  pre. 
end,  performs  a  great  many  miracles, 
t  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  15  miles  .S 
i  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  25  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Santillana,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Vsturias  de  Santillana,  of  which  it  is 
he  capital ;  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
ay,  50  miles  E  of  Oviedo,  and  200  N 
V  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  32  W,  lat.  4J 
4N. 

Santorini,  and  island  of  the  Archipe- 
igo,  to  the  N  of  Candia,  and  to  the  S 
f  Nio.  It  is  eight  miles  in  length,  and 
early  as  much  in  breadtli ;  and  near 
L  are  three  or  four  other  small  islands, 
ach  of  which  bears  evident  marks  of  a 
olcanic  origin,  being  all  covered  with 
timi^e  stone.  It  produces  plenty  of 
arley,  cotton,  and  wine,  in  which,  and 
lie  cotton  manufactures,  its  trade  con- 
ists.  Fruit  is  scai'ce,  except  figs,  and 
;  has  neither  oil  nor  wood.  The  in- 
abitants  are  .dl  Greeks,  about  10,000 
1  number,  and  though  subject  to  tlie 
rurks,  they  choose  their  own  magiR- 


S  A  R 

trates.    Pyrgfos  is  the  capital.    Lon,  26 
1  E,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Saonne,  Upper,  a  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river,  which  rises  in 
Mount  Vosgc's,  and  falls  into  the  Rhone 
at  Lyons.     I'lie  capital  is  Vesoul. 

Saone  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy.  Macon  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Saoigit,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
situate  on  the  summit  of  a  rock  ;  taken 
by  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  7  33  E, 
lat.  36  38  N. 

Sapiema,  three  small  islands,  and  a 
cape,  near  the  S  coast  of  the  Morea, 
The  largest  island  was  anciently  na- 
med Sphucteria.  The  pirates  of^  Bar- 
bary  conceal  themselves  behind  it,  to 
surprise  vessels  which  come  from  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  or  the  coast  of  Sicily. 
Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Saracent,  a  pccple  celebrated  some 
centuries  ago,  who  came  from  the  de- 
serts of  Arab. a :  San  am  their  language 
signifying  a  desert.  They  were  the 
first  disciples  of  Mahomet,  and  within 
40  years  after  his  death,  conquered  a 
great  part  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe. 
They  kept  possession  of  Spain  several 
hundred  years,  till  1511,  when  they 
were  expelled.  They  '  maintained  a 
war  in  the  Holy  Land,  a  long  time, 
against  the  Westc-n  Christians,  and 
at  length  drove  them  out.  There  are 
now  no  people  krtowu  by  this  name, 
for  the  descendants  of  tlio.ie  who  con- 
quered Spain  are  calk-d  Moors. 

Saragosta,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  a  uni- 
versity, and  a  court  of  inquisition.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Phani- 
cians  j  and  the  Romans  sent  a  colony 
hither  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  whence 
it  had  the  name  of  Caesar  Augustus, 
which  by  corruption  has  been  chanjj^od 
into  Saragossa.  It  is  adorned  with  ma- 
ny magnificent  buildings,  and  there  arc 
17  large  churches,  and  14  handsome 
monasteries,  besides  others  less  consi- 
derable. The  river  Ebro  runs  througli 
the  city,  dividing  it  into  two  parts ; 
and  on  its  banks  is  a  handsome  quay, 
wliich  serves  for  a  public  valk.  The 
Holy  street  is  the  largest,  and  so  broad, 
it  may  be  taken  for  a  sqi'are  i  and  here 
they  have  their  hifll  fi<;hts.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  spacious  Gotliic  building;  but 
the  finest  church  is  that  of  Nucstva  Se- 


S  A  R 

nora  del  Pilar,  and  a  place  of  the  great* 
est  devotion  in  Spain.  They  tell  us, 
that  the  Virgin,  while  yet  living,  ap- 
peared to  St.  James,  who  was  preach- 
mg  the  gospel,  and  left  him  her  image, 
with  a  handsome  pillar  of  jasper,  still 
shown  in  this  church,  which  they  pre- 
tend is  the  first  in  the  world  built  to  her 
honour.  This  im-ige  stands  on  a  mai*- 
ble  pillar,  with  a  little  Jesus  in  her 
arms,  illuminated  by  5U  lumps,  balus- 
trades and  chandeliers  of  mussy  silver. 
The  ornaments  of  this  image  are  the 
richestthatcan  be  imagined,  her  crown 
being  full  of  jewels  of  an  inestimable 
price,  and  scatcely  any  thing  is  to  be 
seen  but  gold  and  jewels;  and  a  vast 
number  of  people  come  in  pilgrimage 
hither.  The  town-house  is  a  sumptuous 
structure  ;  in  the  hall  are  the  pictures 
of  all  the  kings  of  Arragon,  and  in  the 
corner  of  it  St.  George  on  horseback, 
with  a  dragon  of  white  marble  under 
him.  Saragossa  is  seated  in  a  large 
plain,  where  the  Ebro  receives  two  o- 
ther  rivers  ;  and  over  itare  two  bridges, 
one  of  stone  and  the  other  of  wood, 
which  last  has  been  thought  the  most 
beautiful  in  Europe.  A  victory  was  ob- 
tained here  over  the  French  and  Span- 
iards in  1710,  but  it  was  abandoned  by 
the  allies  soon  after.  It  is  137  miles 
W  of  Barcelona,  and  150  N  E  of  Ma- 
drid.     Lon.  0  28  W,  lat.  41  53  N. 

Saratqf,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  Astracan.  It  con- 
tains 11  districts,  of  which  that  of  the 
same  name  is  the  principal. 

Saratof,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
the  government  of  tiie  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Volga,  220  miles  S  of  Kasan, 
and  300  N  AV  of  Astracan.  Lon.  49 
25  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Saratoga  Springs,  a  post  town  in  Sa- 
ratoga count* ,  New  York.  These  wa- 
tern  are  10  miles  N  of  Balltown  .springs, 
25  N  of  Skenectady,  and  41  N  by  W  of 
Albany.  TIjey  are  esteemed  salutary 
in  gravelly  complaints,  chronic  rheuma- 
tism, goneraldchility,  and  various  other 
diseases  that  '•  flesh  is  heir  to,"  and 
are  therefore  much  frequented. 

S.irhourg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Sare, 
eight  miles  S  of  'I'reves.  Lon.  5  40  E, 
lat.  49  37  N. 

Sarbourg,  a  towi  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  soafod  on  the  Sare. 
Lon.  7  9  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


Sarbruci,  a  town  of  Franre,  in  tlie 
departinentof  M<isi;lle  ami  hite  province 
of  LoiTuin,  scHleil  on  the  Sure,  14  miles 
£  S  £  of  Sarloiiiii,  and  40  K  by  N  of 
Metz.     Lon.  7  2  E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Sxirdain,  a  scupnrt  of  N  Holland, 
where  there  are  vast  ma)ra/.ines  of  tim- 
ber for  building' ships,  and  naval  stores, 
with  a  great  number  of  sliipwrights  ; 
Peter  the  Great  resided  in  this  town 
while  lie  worked  as  a  sli  pwright  and 
his  hut  is  still  to  be  seen,  Sardam  is 
seated  on  the  Wye,  seven  miles  N  \V 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  45  £,  lat.  52 
28  N. 

Sardinia,  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 142  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  80 
from  E  to  VV.  The  soil  is  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  oranges,  citrons,  and  olives. 
On  the  coast  is  a  fishery  for  anchovies, 
and  coral,  of  which  large  quantities  are 
sent  to  Genoa  and  Leghorn.  Beeves 
and  sheep  are  numerous,  as  well  as 
horses,  which  are  good  for  labour  and 
the  road.  They  are  fed  in  the  little 
islands  about  it,  which  abound  in  game : 
and  in  that  of  Asmaria  are  a  great  num- 
ber of  turtles.  The  air  is  very  un- 
heplthy,  from  the  marshy  land.  Here 
are  mines  of  silver,  lead,  sulphur,  and 
alum ;  and  they  make  a  good  deal  of 
salt.  This  island  has  imdcrgone  various 
revolutions :  in  1708  it  was  taken  by 
the  English  for  the  Emperor  Charles 
VI. ;  and  in  1720,  ceded  to  the  duke  of 
Savoy,  as  an  equivalent  for  that  of  Si- 
cily, and  erected  into  a  kingdom  j  but 
his  Sardinian  majesty  keeps  his  court 
at  Turin,  the  capital  of  his  Piedmontese 
territories.  He  has  a  viceroy  at  Cagli- 
ari,  the  capital  of  this  island. 

Sardo,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Natolia.  It  was  formerly  called  Sardis, 
and  was  the  capital  of  Lydia,  under  the 
famous  king  Crcrsus.  It  was  one  of  the 
seven  churches  of  Asia,  celebrated  in 
the  book  of  Revelation  It  now  contains 
pnly  a  few  wretched  huts.  However, 
here  is  a  large  caravansery,  where 
there  are  handsome  lodgings  for  travel- 
lers, it  being  in  the  great  road  from 
Smyrna  to  Aleppo  \  and  the  Turks  have 
a  mosque  formerly  a  ciiristian  church. 
The  inhabit-mls  are  now  almost  all 
shepherds,  who  feed  their  flocks  in  the 
neighbouring  plains.  There  are  also  a 
few  Christians,  who  emjiloy  themselves 
in  gardening,  but  they  have  ncitlier 
church  nor  priest.  It  is  70  miles  E  of 
Smyrna.     Lon.   28  30  E,  lat.  28  44  N- 

Sare,  a  river  which  rises  at  Salm,  in 


France,  runs  N  into  Germany,  »nd  falU 
into  the  Moselle,  a  little  above  Treves. 

Sarepta,  Culonj  of,  a  Hoiu'ishing  colu- 
ny  of  Moravian  brctiireii,  seated  un  the 
banks  of  tlie  little  river  Sarpa,  towlucli 
the  founders  have  given  the  name  of 
Snrepta,  borrowed  from  tlie  sacred 
writers.  The  beginning  of  this  seUle- 
nient  is  dated  in  1765,  and  in  the  suine 
year  the  most  distinguished  privilu|rt:j 
were  granted  it  by  the  Imperial  Coiirt. 
i  he  foundation  was  laid  by  five  of  the 
brethren,  deputed  to  make  choice  of  a 
spot  of  ground  |)roper  for  a  colony,  and 
to  mark  out  the  scite  of  the  chief  house; 
since  which  time  it  has  been  augment- 
ed every  year  by  families  of  the  Unitas 
Fratrum,  who  have  come  voluntarily  to 
.issenible  in  this  place  in  quality  of  co- 
lonists. They  amounted  in  1773  to  2J0 
persons  of  both  sexes,  and  it  is  annual- 
ly increasing  by  new  comers.  Ths 
chief  house  is  not  yet  entirely  hnislied, 
at  least  according  to  the  intended  plant 
but  there  are  a  considerable  number  of 
dwelling  houses  already  extremely  well 
built,  partly  of  timber,  and  partly oi 
carpentry  and  brick. 

Sargani,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  In 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  with  a  castle  on  a 
rock,  where  Andrew  Doria,  was  de- 
feated by  Barbarossa.  It  is  seated  on 
the  top  of  a  hill ,  and  near  it  are  mine- 
ral springs,  good  for  various  diseases. 

Sargel,  a  large  and  ancient  seaport  of 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  and  province 
of  Treinesen,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  seacoast,  25  miles  S  S  W  of  AU 
giers.     Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Sargutmine,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  seated  on  the 
Sare,  nine  miles  from  Sarback-  Lon. 
7  6  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Sari,  an  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in 
Mesanderan,  20  miles  S  W  of  Ferabad. 

Sark,  a  little  island  belonging  to 
Great  Britain  on  the  coast  of  Norman- 
dy, situated  between  Guernsey  and 
Jersey. 

Sark,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  risci 
in  the  E  part  of  Dumfrieshire,  and  for 
many  miles  forms  the  boundary  with 
England. 

S.irlat,  formerly  an  episcopal  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  and  late  province  of  Perigord. 
It  is  a  poor  place,  seated  in  a  valley, 
.surrounded  by  mountains,  27  miles  S  E 
of  Pcrigiieux,  and  87  E  by  N  of  Bor- 
deaux.   Lou.  1  19  E,  lat.  44  5  N. 


S  A  R 

I,  runs  N  into  Germany,  »nd  falli 

Muselle,  a  little  above  'I'reves. 

ta,  Culonj  of,  u  tloiiriNli>ii|r  cqIo- 

lorax'iaii  bretlireii,  seated  on  the 

i'tlie  little  river  Surpa,  towiucli 

nders  liave  g'lveii  tlie  name  of 

,    borrowed   tVom    tlie  sacred 

Tlie  befj^'inning  of  tliis  settle- 

dated  ill  \765,  and  in  tlie  same 

e  most  distinguished  privile),ri'S 

ranted  it  by  the  Imperial  Court. 

undation  was  laid  by  Kve  of  the 

n,  deputed  to  make  choice  of  a 

ground  proper  for  a  colony,  and 

k  out  the  scite  of  the  chief  house  i 

which  time  it  has  been  augment- 

ry  year  by  families  of  the  Unitas 

im,  who  have  come  voluntarily  to 

ble  in  this  place  in  quality  of  co- 

They  amounted  in  1773  to  250 

IS  of  both  sexes,  and  it  is  unnuaU 

■easing    by    new  comers.    The 

louse  is  not  yet  entirely  finished, 

t  according  to  the  intended  plaiij 

ere  are  a  considerable  number  of 

ng  houses  already  extremely  well 

partly   of  timber,  and  partly ol 

ntry  and  brick. 

^■gaiit,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
anton  of  Zuric,  with  a  castle  on  a 
1  where  Andrew  Doria,  was  de- 
d  by  Barbarossa.  It  is  seated  on 
op  of  a  hill ,  and  near  it  are  mine- 
wings,  good  for  various  diseases. 
rgel,  a  large  and  ancient  seaport  of 
.ingdoin  of  Morocco,  and  province 
reinesen,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
seacoast,  25  miles  S  S  W  of  Al- 
.  Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  36  30  N. 
rgufmine,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
I'tment  of  Moselle,  seated  on  the 
,  nine  miles  from  Sarback.  Lon. 
i,  lat.  49  8  N. 

■■I,  an  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in 
inderan",  20  miles  S  W  of  Ferabad. 
<'k,  a  little  island  belonging  to 
t  Britain  on  the  coast  of  Norman- 
situated  between  Guernsey  and 
y. 

'k,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  risen 
;  E  ])art  of  Dumfrieshire,  and  for 
miles   forms  the  boundary  with 
ind. 

■lat,  formerly  an  episcopal  town 
ancc,  in  the  department  of  Dnr- 
i,  and  late  j>rovince  of  Perigord. 
a  poor  place,  seated  in  a  valley, 
uiuied  by  mountains,  27  miles  S  E 
?rigueux,  and  87  E  bv  N  of  Bor- 
s.    Lon.  I  19  E,  lat.  44  5  N. 


.■||' 


S  A  R 

Sarlauii,  a  strong  town  of  Frnnoe,  in 
the  department  of  Moselle,  seated  on 
the  isthmus  of  a  peninsula  formed  by 
the  river  Sure,  20  miles  E  of  Tliion\  ille, 
and  3i  N  E  of  iMutz.  Lon.  6  48  E,  lat . 
W  21  N. 

Sarnen,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Undcrwalden,  seated  on  a 
lake  of  that  name.  It  is  nine  miles  S 
of  Lncern.     Lon.  8  7  E,  lat.  46  9  N. 

Sarno,  a  river  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, which  rises  near  Sarno,  and  falls 
into  the  bay  of  Naples. 

Sitrmi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principa- 
to  Citcriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sarno,  near  its  source, 
12  miles  N  E  of  Salerno,  and  20  S  E  of 
Naples.  Lon.  14  49  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 
Saroi,  a  strong  castle  in  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Tariza,  at  the  foot  of 
Muunt  Krapacli,  5  miles  N  N  W  of 
Epcries. 

Sarp,  or  Serpen,  a  town  of  Norway, 
in  the  province  of  Christiansand.  It  is 
situated  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  Ca- 
taract, which  is  hcar<l  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  is  10  miles  W  S  W  of  Fre- 
dericsUdt.  Lon.  10  47  E,  lat.  59 
9N. 

Sarreal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, seated  on  tlie  Francoli,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  which  are  quarries  of 
nlabaster,  so  transparent  that  windows 
are  glazed  with  it.  Lon.  2  0  £,  lat.  41 
SON. 

Sanana,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Romagna,  138  miles  N  W  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  14  E,  lat.  43  59  N, 

Sanina,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Romagna,  11  miles  W  S  W  of  Ri- 
mini.   Lon.  12  32  E,  lat.  44  0  N. 

Sarte,  a  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding the  late  province  of  Maine.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  joins 
the  Maine  and  the  Loir,  above  Angers. 
The  capital  of  the  department  is  Mans. 
Sarum,  New.  Sec  Salisbury. 
Sarum,  Old,  an  aacient  borough  in 
Wilts,  with  the  ruins  of  a  fort  that  be- 
IniiRfcd  to  the  ancient  Britons.  One 
farm  h^use  is  all  that  remains  of  this 
town,  wliich  yet  sends  two  members 
10  p.irliamcnt.  It  once  covered  the 
siiiTimtt  of  a  steep  hill,  and  was  strong- 
ly fortified;  but  nothing  is  to  be  seen 
exeept  the  ruins  and  traces  of  the 
\v:iUs.  It  is  two  miles  N  of  Sails- 
b.iry.     Lon.  1  42  W,  lat.  51  7  N. 

Sarvcnlcn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departmeiii  of  Moselle,  seated  on  th'; 


SAT 

Safe,  18  miles  S  of  Sarbruck.     Lon.  " 
XE,  48  58N. 

Snrwar,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Raab,  at  its  confluence 
with  a  small  river.  It  is  50  miles  W  by 
N  of  Buda.  Lon.  16  48  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Sarzana,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  was  given  to  the  Genoese,  by 
the  great  duke  of  Tuscany,  in  lieu  of 
Leghorn.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Magra,  50  miles  S  E  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  9  52  Et  lat.  44  8  N. 

Sr.seraiii,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  Bengal,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  near  a  great  lake,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  which  is  an  island  with  the  mag> 
niiicent  mausoleum  of  emjieror  Shere 
Shah,  and  a  superb  mosque,  which  had 
a  fine  bridge  leading  to  it ;  but  both 
have  fallen  to  decay.  It  is  50  miles  S 
E  of  Benares.  Lon.  86  44  E,  lat.  2S 
ION. 

Sauari,  an  archiepiscopal  cityofSaf' 
dinia,  capital  of  the  territory  of  Lugari, 
with  a  castle.  It  contains  30,000  inha-- 
bitants,  and  is  famous  for  a  fountain 
called  Rossel,  which  is  said  to  be  more 
magnificent  than  the  best  at  Rome.  It 
is  seated  in  a  plain,  six  miles  N  of  Al- 
gher.  Lon.  8  39  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Sasaebes,  a  strong  town  of  Transylva- 
nia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  satno 
name  j  seated  at  the  confluence  of  two 
rivers,  which  fall  into  the  Maroch. 
Lon.  26  40  E,  lat.  46  26  N, 

Sas  van  Ghent,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch 
Flatiders.  It  has  fin*  sluices,  and  ia 
seated  on  a  canal,  which  communicates 
with  Ghent,  about  eight  miles  N  from 
it.  It  was  built  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Ghent,  as  a  bulwark  to  that  town,  hue 
was  taken  in  1644  by  the  Dutch,  and 
by  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  3 49  E,  lat, 
51  1 1  N. 

Saasuola,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dut.. 
chy  of  Modena,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Seccia,  10  miles  S  W 
of  Modena.  Lon.  11  U  £,  lat.  44 
28  N. 

Satalia,  a  strong  seaport  of  Turkey 
in  Asia,  and  in  Natolia,  on  the  coast  of 
Car.imania.  It  is  divided  into  three 
towns,  and  has  a  superb  mosque,  which 
was  formerly  a  church.  The  surround- 
ing country  is  very  fertile  ;  and  the  cit<« 
rons  and  oranges  are  extremelv  fine. 
It  is  150  miles  W  by  S  of  Cogni,  and 
265  S  by  E  of  ConstantinoplQ.  ]*on,  .»a 
31  E,  lat.  37  1  N. 
J  J  1 1 


I 


t 


I 


.'!■ 


S  A  V 

Satgong,  or  Satagong,  a  vlllag^e  of  Hin- 
doostaii  Proper,  in  Bcng'sil  In  1566  and 
even  later  it  was  a  large  c()niiiifrci:il 
city,  in  which  the  Euro|)cun  traders 
in  Bengal  had  their  factories.  It  is 
seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Hoojjly  River, 
nboi'.t  four  miles  N  W  of  Hoog'ly. 

Sattarah,  a  town  of  tlie  Ueccan  of 
Hinduostan,  in  the  provinc*  of  Visia- 
pour,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Mnh- 
rattah  state,  it  lies  near  the  E  foot  of 
the  Gliauts,  and  near  the  most  distant 
source  of  the  river  Kistnali,  63  miles  S 
of  Poonah,  and  77  VV  of  Visiapour. 
Lon.  74  8  E,  lat.  17  45  N. 

Savage  Mand,  an  island  in  the  S  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  so  named  by  captain  Cook, 
from  the  inhospitable  behaviour  of  its 
inhabitants.  It  is  about  35  miles  in 
circumference.  Lon.  169  37  W,  lat.  19 
IS. 

Savannah,  a  river  of  N  America, 
which  forms  a  partof  tlie  divisionalline 
that  separates  the  state  ol'  Georgia  from 
that  of  S  Caifilina.  Its  course  is  nearly 
from  N  W  to  S  E.  It  is  formed  princi- 
pally of  two  branches,  which  spring 
from  the  mountains.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  vessels  up  to  Savannah,  and  for 
boats  of  100  feet  keel  as  far  as  Augusta. 
It  falls  into  the  ocean  at  Tybee  Bar,  in 
lat.  31  57  N,  where  it  has  16  feet  wa- 
ter at  half  tide. 

Savannah,  the  largest  town  in  Geor- 
gia, and  formerly  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. It  is  situated  on  the  S  W  of  Sa- 
vannah river,  in  Chatliam  county,  in  lat. 
32°  5'  N,  and  lon.  81°  24' W,  and  about 
15  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  town  is  ac- 
counted healthy  for  so  hot  a  climate, 
being  Seated  on  a  blufl  in  a  bend  of  the 
river,  and  elevated  considerably  above 
the  surrfiunding  plantations.  Vessels 
of  large  burden  can  moor  close  to  the 
town  ;  but  from  its  vicinity  to  the  ocean 
they  are  often  exposed  to  tremendous 
floods.  The  inhabitants  enumerated  in 
1800,  were  5146,  of  whom  2367  were 
slaves.  The  trade  is  gi'eat,  and  increas- 
es rapidly.  In  1803  the  exports  amount- 
ed to  ^2,370,875,  which  almost  doobled 
those  of  the  ancient  State  of  Connecti- 
cut. Here  is  a  bank  of  discount  and 
deposit.  The  town  is  115  miles  S  W 
of  Charleston  (South  Carolina,)  100  S 
E  of  Louisville,  and  653  S  by  W  of 
Washington. 

Save,  ariver  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  sourer  in  Carniola,  runs  through  that 
'?ountry  '  jm-W  to  E,  separates  Scla- 
von-.i  .'\cm  Croatia,  Bosnia,  utdServia, 


S  A  U 

and  falls  into   tlie    Danube,  at  BeU 
grade. 

Scivaiat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de^ 
partment  of  Lower  Loire,  18  miles  N 
W  of  NanU-s.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  47 
23  N. 

Savendroog,  a  strong  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Mysore.  It  is  situate  on 
the  tup  of  a  vast  rode,  rising  half  a  mile 
in  per]}endicular  height,  from  a  base  of 
above  eight  miles  in  circumference,  and 
divided  at  the  summit  by  a  chasm,  that 
Ibrms  it  into  two  hills ;  these  having 
each  its  peculiar  defences,  serve  as  two 
citadels,  capable  of  being  maintained 
independently  of  the  lower  works, 
which  are  also  wonderfully  strong. 
Notwithstanding  this,  it  was  taken  by 
the  English,  in  December  1791,  after 
a  siege  of  seven  days.  It  is  18  miles  W 
of  Bangalore. 

Saverdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Arriege,  seated  on  the 
Arriege,  25  miles  S  S  E  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  1  36  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Savenie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late 
county  of  Foix.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  Mont  Vorges,  in  a  fertile  country, 
which  produces  plenty  of  wine,  18 
miles  N  W  of  Strasburg,  and  120  E  of 
Paris.  Lon.  7  33  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

SavigUano,  a  strong  town  of  Pied- 
mont, capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Maira,  five  miles  W 
of  Fossano,  and  26  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
44  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Saulgen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
capital  of  u  county  of  the  sam.e  name, 
which  belongs  to  the  baron  of  Wal- 
burg. 

Saulieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  la»«!  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  25  miles  W  of  Dijon,  and 
142  S  E  of  Pans.  Lon.  4  7  E,  lat.  47 
17  N. 

Saumvr,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  witii  an  ancient  cas 
tie.  Here  is  a  fiimous  bridge  over  tiu 
Loire,  consisting  of  12  elliptic  arches 
each  60  feet  in  diameter  It  is  22  mile 
S  E  of  Angers,  and  ICO  S  W  of  Pari; 
Lon.  0  4  V/,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Saunders,  Cape,  a  cape  of  Sandwic 
Land,  in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  2 
57  W,  lat.  54  6  S. 


'» ■■■-  Jm-i 


■'>.\-. 


S  A  U 

Us  into    Uie    Danube,  at  BeU 

tiat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de. 
Mitof  Lower  Loire,  18  miles  N 
Nana-s.     Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  47 

'lulroogt  a  strong  and  almost  im. 

ihle   fortress  of   Hindoostan,  in 

gdom  of  Mysore.  It  is  situate  on 

>  of  a  vast  rodt,  rising  half  a  mile 

[jendicular  height,  from  a  base  of 

eight  miles  in  circumference,  and 

;d  at  the  summit  by  a  chasm,  that 

I  it  into  two  hills ;  these  having 

iU  peculiar  defences,  serve  as  two 

ds,  capable  of  being  maintained 

icndently    of   the    lower    works, 

\\   are    also    wonderfully    strong. 

/ilhstanding  this,  it  was  taken  by 

English,  in  December   1791,  after 

ge  of  seven  days.  It  is  18  miles  W 

iingalore. 

\verdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
irtment  of  Arriege,  seated  on  the 
ege,  25  miles  S  S  E  of  Toulouse. 
.  136E,lut.  43  UN. 
jwnif,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late 
kty  of  Foix.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
ilont  Verges,  in  a  fertile  country, 
ich  produces  plenty  of  wine,  18 
es  N  W  of  Strasbiirg,  and  120  E  of 
•is.  Lon.  7  33  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 
<avigUano,  a  strong  town  of  Pied- 
nt,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
ne,  with  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey, 
s  seated  on  the  Maira,  five  miles  W 
Fossano,  and  26  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Saul^en,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
liUd  of  u  county  of  the  same  name, 
lich  belongs  to  the   baron   of  Wal- 

rg- 

Saulieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
rtment  of  Cote  d'Or,  and  la*",  pro- 
ice  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on  an 
linence,  25  miles  W  of  Dijon,  and 
2  S  E  of  Pans.     Lon.  4  7  E,  lat.  47 

N. 

Saumtir,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
rtment  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
ovinoe  of  Anjou,  wi»ii  an  ancient  cas- 
;.  Here  is  a' fi'.mous  bridge  over  the 
oirc,  consisting  of  12  elliptic  arches, 
.ch  60  feet  in  diameter  It  is  22  miles 
E  of  Angers,  and  ICO  S  W  of  Pans. 
on.  0  4  W,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Saunders,  Cupe,  a  cape  of  Sandwich 
and,  in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  o" 
r  W,  lat.  54  6  S. 


S  A  U 

Saunders  Ide,  an  island  near  S  Geor- 
gia, in  the  Southtm  Ocean.  Lon.  26  38 
W,  lat.  58  0  S. 

Savona,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  strength,  has  two  castles,  and  se- 
veral fine  churches.  The  Genoese,  fear- 
ing that  it  would  hurt  their  trade, 
ruined  the  harbour,  and  rendered  it  un- 
fit for  large  vessels-  It  was  taken  by 
the  king  of  Sardinia  in  1746,  restored  in 
1748,  and  taken  by  the  French  in  1795. 
The  surrounding  country  is  well  culti- 
vated, and  abounds  in  silks  and  all  sorts 
of  fruits.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Mediter- 
ranean, 20  miles  S  VV  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
8  20  E,  lut.  44  18  N. 

Sammier.t,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  live  miles  from 
Tours.  Near  it  are  caverns,  famous  for 
their  petrifications. 

Samy,  a  dutchy  of  Europe,  between 
France  and  Italy,  83  miles  long  and  67 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  which  separates  it  from 
Swisserland;  on  the  E  by  the  Alps, 
which  divides  it  from  Piedmont  and 
Vallais ;  on  the  VV  by  the  Rhone,  which 
parts  it  from  Bresse  ;  and  on  the  S  by 
Dauphiny  and  Piedmont.  The  air  is  cold 
on  account  of  high  mountains,  which 
are  almost  always  covered  with  snow ; 
but  the  soil  is  pretty  fertile.  The  moun- 
tains which  are  not  covered  with  snow 
in  winter,  abound  with  pastures  that 
feed  a  vast  number  of  cattle.  There  are 
also  stags,  fallow  deer,  roebucks,  wild 
boars,  bears,  marmots,  white  hares, 
I'ed  and  gray  partridges,  woodcocks, 
and  pheasants.  The  lakes  are  full  of 
fish,  and  the  principal  rivers  are  the 
Isere,  Arc,  and  Arve.  Tliis  country 
was  subdued  in  1792  by  the  French, 
and  the  National  convention  decreed 
that  it  should  constitute  the  84th  de  ■ 
partment  of  France,  by  the  name  of 
Mont  Blanc.  Chambcrry  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Saurungpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  MaUva,  42 
miles  N  N  E  of  Indore,  and  43  N  E 
of  Ougein.  Lon.  76  32  E,  lat,  23 
35  N. 

Sauvet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Vidoure,  12 
miles  S  W  of  Alais. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and 
late  province  of  ficarne,  with  an  old 


SAX 

ruined  castle,  20  miles  W  N  V/   of 
Pau. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Aveiron,  and  late  pro. 
vince  of  Rouergue,  12  miles  S  E  of 
Villefranche. 

Savu,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
to  which  the  Dutch  formerly  had  un 
exclusive  trade,  having  entered  into 
an  agreement  with  the  rajahs-,  that 
their  subjects  should  trade  with  no 
ships,  but  those  of  the  Dutch  £  India 
Companv.  Lon.  122  30  E,  lat.  10 
35  S. 

Saxenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  diitchy  of  Cariiithia.  It  is  situated 
on  the  river  Drave,  38  miles  VV  of 
Clagenfiirt.  Lon.  13  40  E,  lat  46  52  N. 

Saxenhagen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  of 
Schawenburg,  20  miles  N  W  of  Hano- 
ver.    Lon.  9  36  E,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Saxinundhani,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  a 
hill,  29  miles  N  E  of  Ipswich,  and  89 
N  E  of  London,  Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  52 
18  N. 

Saxony,  Upper,  one  of  the  circles  of 
the  German  empire,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  Prussia,  and  part  of  Poland  and  Si- 
lesia ;  on  the  S  by  Bavaria,  Bohemia, 
and  Franconia;  on  the  W  by  the  cir- 
cles of  Upper  Rhine  and  Lower  Saxo- 
ny ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  Baltic  and 
Lower  Saxony.  The  elector  of  Saxony 
is  the  director.  It  comprehends  the 
electorate  of  Saxony,  or  Saxony  Pro- 
per, the  principality  of  Anhalt,  the 
iandgravate  of  Thuringia,  the  marohe 
of  Brandenburg,  and  the  dutchy  of  Po- 
merania. 

Saxony,  Lamer,  one  of  the  circles  of 
the  German  empire ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  Baltic  and  the  dutchy  of  Sles- 
wicic,  on  the  W  by  the  German  Ocean 
and  VVestphalia,  and  on  the  S  and  E  by 
the  circles'of  Upper  Rhine  and  Upper 
Saxony.  The  directors  of  this  circle 
are  the  dukes  of  Magdeburg,  Bremen, 
and  Brunswick-Lunenburg,  It  com- 
prehends the  arch-bishopric  of  Magde- 
burg, the  bishopric  of  Hildesheim,  the 
.nrch-bishopric  of  Bremen,  the  bishop- 
rics of  Halberstadt,  Schv/erin,  Rat/, 
burg,  Liibec,  and  Sleswick  j  the  dutch- 
ies  of  Brunswick  Lunenburg,  Lawen- 
burg,  and  Mecklenburg ;  the  prinripa' 
lity  of  Verden,  the  counties  of  Rein- 
stein  and  Blauberg,  and  the  free  cities 
of  Hamburg,  Lubec,  Goslar,  Mulhau. 
sen,  and  Nortlmusen. 


■S 


S  C  A 


3  C  A 


M 


Saxony  Proper,  or  the  electorate  of. 
Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Upp  r  Saxony, 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  marche  of 
Brandenburg,  on  the  £  by  Lower  Lu- 
satia,  on  tiie  S  by  Miania,  and  on  the 
\V  by  the  principality  of  Anhalt.  It  is 
75  miles  in  length,  and  62  in  breadth. 
The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich  and  fruit- 
ful, yielding  corn,  fruits  and  pulse  in 
abundance,  together  with  hops,  flax, 
lieir.p,  tobacco,  aniseed  ;  various  sorts 
of  beautiful  marble,  serpentine  stone, 
and  almost  all  the  diilerent  species  of 
precious  stones.  It  contains  besides, 
valuable  mines  of  silver,  copper,  tin, 
lead  and  iron.     It  is  cut  into  two  une- 

2uul  parts  by  the  river  Elbe  j  and  divi- 
ed  into  three  principal  parts  ;  numeU, 
the  dutchy  of  Saxonj,  of  which  Wil- 
t'>-nberg  is  the  capital,  Lusatia,  of 
>\hich  Baut/cn  is  tiie  capital;  and  Mis- 
nia,  the  capital  of  which  (and  of  Uie 
whole  electorate)   is  Dresden. 

Saybroo*,  an  ancient  post  town  in 
Middlesex  county,  Connecticut,  settled 
by  a  colony  directly  from  England,  un- 
der the  patronage  of  lords  Say  and 
E  —ok,  as  early  as  1634.  It  contains 
3363  inhabitanU,  and  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Cor.necticut  river,  36  miles 
E  of  New  Haven,  and  45  S  by  E  of 
Wartford,  in  lat.  41°  13'  N,  and  long, 
73"  30'  \v. 

Saycock,  one  of  the  islands  of  Japan, 
divided  from  Niplinn  by  ariarrow  clian- 
nel.  The  Dutch  factors  arc  pm-mitled 
to  reside  in  the  little  island  of  Disnia, 
which  is  on  the  W  side  of  ^Iiis.  Lon. 
132  28  E,  lat.  34  0  N. 

Sayn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Trt;  >' ,,  situate  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  six  miles  N  of  Coi>lentz. 

SaypaUy  one  of  the  Ladropo  Islands; 
it  is  a  large  and  pleasant  islaiid,  lying 
between  140  and  150  £  4(in.  and  in  15 
32  N  lat. 

Schaget.,  or  Scagerif,  a  promontory 
of  N  Jutland,  in  Denmark,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  passage  out  of  the  ocean 
into  the  Categate.  From  this  cape,  a 
dangerous  sand  bank  stretches  out  in- 
to the  sea,  upon  which  in  1715,  a  tow- 
er was  erected  64  feet  high.  Lon.  10 
6  E,  lat.  57  16  N. 

Scala,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citcriore.  It  was  a  large 
city  formerly,  but  is  now  greatly  decay- 
ed. It  is  six  miles  N  of  Amalfi.  Lon. 
14  44  E,  lat.  40  34  N. 

Scalanova,  a  neat  maritime  town  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  ft  cas- 


tle .ind  harbour,  eight  miles  from  Ephe- 
sus.     Lon.  37  31  E,  lat.  37  54  N. 

Scalitz,  or  Scala,  a  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  in  thecoimty  of  Poson.  Tliere 
is  a  very  advantageous  passage  by  it, from 
Moravia  to  Hungary,  and  it  is  seated 
on  the  Marck,  50  miles  Nof  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  17  E,  lat.  49  4  N. 

Scanderam.     See   Akxandretta, 

Scaiiio.     See    Schoncn. 

Scaro,  or  Scartn,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
in  VV  Gothland,  seated  on  the  lake 
Wenner,  66  miles  N  of  Gottenburg. 
Lon.  12  42  E,  lat.  58  16  N. 

Scarborough,  a  seaport  and  borougii, 
in  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  oh  a 
steep  rock,  near  which  are  .such  craggy 
cliffs  that  it  is  almost  inaccessible  on 
every  side.  On  the  top  of  this  rock,  is 
a  large  green  plain,  with  two  wells  of 
fresh  water  springing  out  of  the  rock. 
It  has  of  late  been  greatly  frequented 
on  accent  of  its  mineral  waters,  called 
the  Scarborough  Spa,  and  also  for  sea- 
bathing ;  on  which  account  it  is  much 
mended  in  the  number  and  beauty  of 
its  buildings.  The  spring  was  under 
the  clill',  part  of  which  tell  down  in 
1737,  and  the  water  was  lost ;  but  in 
clearing  away  the  ruins  in  order  to  re- 
build the  wharf,  it  was  recovered  to 
the  gi-eat  joy  of  the  town.  The  waters 
of  Scarborough  are  chalybeate  and  purg- 
ing.  Here  are  assemblies  and  balls  in 
the  same  manner  as  at  Tunbridge. 
St-arborough  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  has  a  good  harbour,  pos. 
sesses  a  considerable  trade,  and  is 
much  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  It  is 
36  miles  N  E  of  Yoi-k,  and  237  N  of 
London.     Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  54  18  N. 

Scarborough,  a  town  i»nd  fort  on  the 
island  of  Tobago,  taken  by  the  English 
in  1793. 

Scarboro^,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Saco  river,  14  miles  S  by  W  of  Port- 
land, and  9  N  Eof  Biddeford,  contain- 
ing 2100  inhabitants  at  last  census. 

Scardona,  an  episcopal  towm  of  Tur- 
kish  Dalniatia,  seated  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Cherca.  It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken  by  the  Turks  and 
Venetir.ns,  and  these  last  ruined  the 
fortifications,  and  its  principal  build- 
ings, in  1.537;  but  the  Turks  have  since 
put  it  in  a  state  of  defence.  It  is  35 
miles  N  W  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  1  E, 
lat.  44  29  N. 

Scartino,  a  maritime  town  of  Tusca- 


C  A 

iglit  miles  from  Ephe- 
K  lat.  37  54  N. 
"A(,   a  town  of  Upper 
county  of  Poson.  There 
tons  passage  by  it, from 
rijjary,   and  it  is  seated 
•0  miles  Nof  Presburp 
It.  49  4  N. 
ee   Alexandretta. 
Schuncn. 
,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
seated  on  tlie  lake 
les  N  of  GottenburjT. 
^'.  58  16  N. 

soaport  and  boroug'li, 
r  "f  Yorksliire,  witli  a 
idav.     It  is  seated  oh  a 
which  are  such  cragfjy 
almost  inaccessible  on 
tlietop  oftiiis  rock,  \h 
lain,  witii  two  wells  of 
■intji'.ijf  out  of  the  rock, 
ecn  greatly  frequenfe<l 
mineral  waters,  called 
Spa,  and  also  for  sea- 
ich  iicr.oimt  it  is  much 
number  and  beauty  of 
The  spring  was  under 
)f  which  fell  down  in 
water  was  lost ;  but  in 
be  ruins  in  order  to  re- 
f,    it  was  recovered  to 
Lhe  town.     The  waters 
re  chalybeate  and  purg. 
assemblies  and  balls  in 
ler  as  at    Tunbridge. 
nds  two  members  to 
a   good  harbour,  pos. 
cr^ible    trade,    and   is 
in  til."  fisheries.     It  is 
'♦'  Yoik,  and  23/  N  of 
•15  W,  lat.  54  18  N. 
town   and  fort  on  the 
,  taken  by  the  English 

St  town  in  Cumberland 
situated  on  the  S  side 
miles  S  by  WofPort- 
of  Biddeford,  contain- 
nts  at  last  census, 
piscopal  town  of  Tur. 
lated  on  the  E  bank  of 
a.  It  has  been  often 
in  by  the  Turks  and 
hese  last  ruined  the 
tl  its  principal  build, 
the  Turks  have  since 
of  defence.  It  is  35 
ilatro.    Lon.  17  1  E, 

■itime  town  of  Tusca- 


S  C  H 

ny,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  sea- 
coast,  five  miles  S  of  Massa,  and  10  E 
NEof  Piombino.  Lon.  10  57  E,  lat. 
42  58  N. 

Scaro,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Santo- 
rini,  with  a  bishop's  sec.  Lon.  25  58 
E,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Scarpanto,  an  island  of  the  Archipe- 
\:\^o,  22  miles  long  and  ei^i^ht  broad, 
lying  S  W  of  Rhodes,  and  N  E  of  Can- 
dia.  There  are  several  high  mountains  ; 
but  it  abounds  in  cattle  and  game,  and 
has  mines  of  iron,  quarries  of  marble, 
and  several  good  harbours.  The  Turks 
itre  masters  of  it,  b*.r  the  inhabitants 
are  Greeks.  Lon.  27  t'^  E,  lat.  35 
45  N. 

Scarpe,  a  river  of  France,  which  has 
iw  source  in  Artois,  and  flowing  past 
Arras,  Doiiay,  and  St.  Amund,  falls 
into  the  Scheld. 

Scaradale,  a  fertile  tract,  in  the  M 
E  part  of  Derbyshire,  surrounded  by 
barren  rocks  a'nd  mountains. 

Schaafatadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  m 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  eight  miles 
W  of  Mersburg,  and  26  W  of  Lcipsic 
Lon.  11  3CE,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Schaffhaiutn,  the  smallest  canton  of 
Swisserland,  bounded  on  the  N  and  W 
by  Suabia,  on  the  E  by  the  canton  of 
Zuric  and  the  bishopric  of  Constance, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  same  and  Thurgaw. 
It  is  but  five  leagues  in  length  and  three 
in  breadth,  and  contains  30,000  inha- 
bitants. It  produces  all  the  necessa- 
ries, as  wine,  fish,  wood,  flax,  horses, 
sheep,  wool,  black  cattle,  and  deer.  Be- 
fore the  invasion  of  Switzerland  by  the 
French,  who  completely  overturned  the 
ancient  and  long  established  government 
of  the  Swiss  cantons,  the  revenues  of 
this  state  were  not  very  considerable, 
tliQ  salary  of  the  burgomaster  only  a- 
mounting  to  150/.  a  year.  The  clergy 
were  paid  by  the  state,  but  their  re- 
venues were  too  scanty  for  their  main- 
tenance. Sumptuary  laws  were  in  force 
here,  as  well  as  in  most  parts  of  Swis- 
serland ;  and  no  dancing  was  allowed 
except  upon  particular  occasions.  The 
principal  article  of  trade  is  wine,  the 
country  abounding  in  vineyards  ;  and 
Hs  the  canton  affords  but  little  corn,  it 
is  procured  from  Suabia  in  exchange 
for  wine. 

Schnff/tauien,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  and  owes  its 
origin  to  the  interruption  of  the  navi- 
gation   of    that    river    by  the    cata- 


S  C  H 

net  at  LaufFen  ;  huts  being  at  first  con> 
structed,  for  the  conveniency  of  imluad* 
iitg  the  merchandise  from  the  boats,  by 
degrees  increased  to  a  large  town.  - 
Though  a  frontier  town,  it  has  no  gar- 
r.4nn,  and  the  fortifications  arc  weak  ; 
lout  it  lately  had  a  famous  wooden 
bndgc  over  the  Rhine,  which  wag 
biimt  by  the  French  in  1779,  being  de- 
feated by  the  Austrians,  and  obligod  to 
evacuate  Schaflhausen.  This  river  be- 
ing extremely  rapid  here,  had  destroy- 
ed sereral  stone  bridges  of  the  strong- 
est construction,  when  Ulric  Grubcn- 
man,  n  carpenter,  oflljred  to  throw  a 
woodem  bridge,  of  a  single  arch,  over 
the  rivi^r,  which  is  near  400  feet  wide. 
The  iTiugistrates,  however,  required 
that  it  should  consist  of  two  arches, 
and  tluat  he  should,  for  that  purpose, 
employ  the  middle  pier  of  the  old  bridge. 
He  did  so  ;  but  contrived  to  leave  it  a 
mutter  uf  doubt,  whether  the  bridge 
was  supported  by  the  middle  pier.  The 
Sikles  and  top  of  it  were  covered  ;  and 
it  was  a  kind  of  hanging  bridge  ;  the 
road  which  is  almost  level,  not  being 
carried,  as  usual,  over  the  top  of  the 
arch,  but  let  into  the  middle  of  it,  and 
there  suspended.  Scliaffhauscn  con- 
tains about  6U00  imhabitant.s,  and  is  22 
miles  N  by  E  of  Znn-ic,  and  39  E  of  Ba- 
sil.    Lon.  3  41  E,  lat.  47  39  N. 

Schalholt,  an  episcopal  town  of  Ice- 
land, with  a  college.  Lon.  22  20  W, 
iat.  64  40  N. 

SchamaMe,  a  town  of  Persia,  capi- 
tal of  Schirvan.  It  was  formerly  very 
large,  but  is  now  decayed,  above  6000 
houses  having  been  thrown  down  by  an 
earthquake.  It  has  manufactures  of 
silk  and  cottons,  and  is  seated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  2.'>0  miles 
N  E  of  Taurus.  Lon.  37  5  E,  lat.  40 
50  N. 

Schantz  Sterney,  a  fortress  in  the 
Russian  government  of  Wiburgh,  seat- 
ed on  the  Neva,  a  little  E  of  Peters- 
burgh.    Lon.  31  15  E,  lat.  60  0  N. 

Scharding,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  Inn,  seven  miles  S  of  Pus- 
saw.     Lon.  13  36  E,  IjU.  48  21  N. 

Scharnitz,  a  fortified  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Tirol.  It  is  a  passage  of 
great  importance,  on  the  confines  of 
Bavaria,  12  miles  N  of  Inspruc. 

Schauenbiirg,  a  territory  of  Westpha- 
lia, 22  miles  long  and  10  broad,  belong- 
ing to  the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel. 

Schauiisleiii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  circle  of  Franconia,  and  i  ."'niipali- 


1 


Imm 


ty  of  CuUemhgcli,  18  miles  N  E  of  Cul- 

Jenihatli.     Lon.   11  44  E,  IhI.  54  35  N. 

^cliaumherg,    a  town  and  cuslle  ol' 

Germany,   in    Lower  Rhine,  23  miles 


N  N  W  of  Mentz,  ami 


S  VV  of 


Wctzlar.     Lon.  8  2  E,  Int.  50  10  N. 

Sheiberg,  a  town  of  Gcimany,  in  the 
circle  of  Ujiper  Saxony,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  are  mines  of  siher 
and  iron.  It  is  four  ntiles  N  E  of 
Scliwartiiburp. 

Scheldt,  a  considerable  river  of  the 
Ketherlancis,  whicli  rises  in  Fr.ince,  in 
the  Lite  province  of  Picarily.  It  passes 
tlirough  riandcrs,  Rnd  divides  into  two 
brunrlies  below  Fort  Lillo,  and  both 
forniinu  several  islands,  enter  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  In  1647,  P)iilip  IV.  of 
Spain  acknowledged  the  ind'.'ijondence 
of  the  Seven  United  provinces,  and 
ceded  to  them  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Scheldt ;  stipulating,  moreover,  that 
no  large  ship  should  go  directly  to 
Antwerp,  but  should  unload  its  cargo 
in  Holland.  In  1792,  when  the  French 
took  Antwerp,  they  insisted  upon 
opening  the  navigation  of  this  river,  on 
the  plea  that  all  rivers  were  free,  and 
that  the  consequent  right  of  navigat- 
ing it  could  not  be  ceded  by  any  trea-  I 
ty  whatever.  1  his,  with  their  invasion  ' 
of  Holland,  drew  that  country  and 
Great  Britain  into  the  general  coali-  j 
tion  against  them,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  1793. 

Schelestadt,  a  strong  to^vn  of  France, ' 
in  the  de|)artment  of  Upper  Rhine  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  , 
river  III,  20  miles  S  W  of  Strasburg. , 
Lon.  7  40  E,  lat.  48  17  N. 

ScheUa,   a    town    Upper    Himgary,  , 
seated  on  the  Wang,  25  miles  N  E  of 
Presburg.     Lon.    18    70   E,     lut.    48 
32  N.  j 

Sclieltenbtirg,  a  fortress  of  Germany, 
in  Bavaria,  remarkable  for  a  victory  : 
obtained  here  by  the  allies,  over  the  I 
French  and  Bavarians,  in  1704.  It  is  ! 
22  miles  W  of  Ingolstadt.  Lon.  10  58  ; 
E,  lat.  48  46  N.  | 

Schelling,  an  island  oi'  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Friealand,  lying  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Zuidcr-Zee.  Lon.  5  10 
E,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Schctnnitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, one  of  the  seven  mountain-towns, 
■with  three  castles.  It  i.'j  famous  for 
mines  of  silver  and  other  metals  ;  as 
also  for  its  hot  l>;iths.  Ne.ir  it  is  a 
high  rock  of  shinii  blue  stone,  mix- 
ed witli  green  and  .>onie  spots  of  yel- 


S  C  H 

low.    It  is  50  miles  N  E  of  Presbtirif. 

Schenck,  a  fortress  of  Dutch  Guel- 
derlund,  seated  on  the  point  where  tlie 
Rhine  divides  into  two  branches.  It 
is  the  centre  of  communinitlon  be- 
tween Holland  and  Germany.  Lon,  5 
26  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Schenectady.     See  Skenecfady. 

Scheniiig,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  £ 
Gothland,  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
ten  miles  S  £  of  VVostena.  Lon.  15  47 
E,  lat.  5812  N. 

Scheningen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxonv,  16  miles 
N  of  Halberstadt,  and  18  E  S  E  of 
VVoifenbuttle.  Lon.  11  25  E,  lat.  J2 
22  N. 

Scher,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
behinging  to  the  baron  of  Walburfr, 
seated  on  the  Danube,  36  miles  S  W 
ofUlm.     Lon.  0  32  E,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Silierding,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river 
Inn,  eight  miles  S  by  W  of  Pa.isaw. 

Scheve,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N 
Jutland,  seated  at  the  moutli  of  a  river, 
in  the  gulf  of  Virk-Fund. 

Schiedam,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces in  Holland,  seated  on  a  canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  Maese, 
four  miles  £  by  S  of  Rotterdam.  Lon. 
4  30  E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Schilta,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary,  in  the  county  of  Neitra,  seated 
on  the  river  Waag. 

Schintznach,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  Bern,  remarkable  for  its  agreeable  po- 
sition on  the  Aar,  and  its  waters,  which 
flow  warm  from  a  rock.  Near  it,  (in 
a  lofty  eminence,  are  the  ruins  of  the 
famous  castle  of  Hapsburg. 

Schirasf  a  famous  city  of  Persia,  in 
Farsistanj  .and  the  capital  of  all  Persia. 
It  is  three  miles  in  length,  but  not  so 
much  in  breadth  ;  and  is  seated  at  the 
end  of  a  spacious  plain,  surrounded  by 
high  hills,  under  one  of  which  the 
town  stands.  The  houses  are  built  of 
bricks  dried  in  the  sun,  the  roofs 
are  flat  anti  teriaced.  There  are  15 
handsome  mosques,  tiled  with  stones 
of  a  bluish  green  colour,  and  lined 
within  with  black  polished  marble. 
There  are  many  lai-ge  and  beautiful 
gardens,  surroimded  by  walls  14  feet 
high,  and  four  thick,  containing  various 
kinds  of  fine  trees,  with  fruits  almost 
of  every  kind.  The  wines  of  Schiras 
are  not  only  the  best  in  Persia,  but 
some  think,  in  the  whole  world.  Tlit» 
women  are  much  addicted  to  ipallantry, 


H^i 


S  C  H 

50  miles  N  E  of  Pre«biire 
|a  fortress  of  Dutch  Guel 
itL'd  on  the  point  where  ilie 
Ics  into  two  brandies.  It 
tre  of  commiinin.tion  be. 

land  and  Germany.    Lon.  j 

1  55  N. 

YJi-     See  Sienecfady. 
a  town  of  Sweden,  in  £ 

loated  in  a  fertile  countrr 

|E  of  VVastena.    Lon.  15  47 
N. 

I',  a  town   of  Germany,  in 

*  Lower  Sa.\ony,   16  miles 

rstadt,  and   18  E  S  E  of 

Be.    Lon.   11  25  E,  lut.  32 

'wn  of  Germany  in  Siiabii, 
I  the  baron  of    Walburp, 
the  Danube,  36  miles  S  VV 
in.  0  32  E,  lat.  48  8  N. 
a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
viuia,   seated  on  the  river 
>iies  S  by  W  of  Pa.waw. 
town  of  Denmark,  in  N 
ted  at  the  mouUi  of  a  river. 
ifVirk-Fund. 

I  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
[olland,  seated  on  a  canal, 
iiuiicates  wiUi  the  Maese, 
:  by  S  of  Rotterdam.  Lon. 
51  54  N. 

strong  town  of  Upper  Hun. 
!  county  of  Neitra,  seated 

VVaag. 

■h,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
arkuble  for  its  agreeable  po- 

Aar,  and  its  waters,  which 
from  a  rock.  Near  it,  on 
ence,  are  the  ruhis  of  the 
e  of  Hapsburg. 

famous  city  of  Persia,  in 
dthe  capital  of  all  Persia. 
lies  in  length,  but  not  so 
idth  ;  and  is  seated  at  the 
ious  plain,  surrounded  by 
under  one  of  which  the 
The  houses  are  built  of 
in   the   sun,    the  roofs 

teriaced.  There  are  15 
Jsques,  tiled  with  stones 
?reen    colour,   and   lined 

black  polished  marble. 
I  any  laj-ge  and  beautiful 
•oiinded  by  walls  14  feet 
'  tliirk,  containing  various 
trees,  with  fruits  almost 
The  wines  of  Scliiras 
he   best   in  Persia,    but 

the  whole  world.    Tli» 
ich  addicted  to  ipallantry. 


S  C  H 

ind  it  is  called  an  eurlhly  paradise  by 
loine.  In  1758,  the  seat  of  govcin- 
ment  was  trunsrerred  from  Ispalinti 
totliis  ])lace.  It  is  225  miles  S  of  Is- 
pahan.    Lon.  54  20  E,  lut.  29  40  N 

Scliirvan,  a  province  of  Persia,  sur- 
rounded by  Daghestiin,  hy  the  Caspian 
Se»,  by  Ei'ivan,  and  by  Georgia  It  is 
15U  miles  in  length  and  90  in  breadth. 
Sch:imachie  is  the  capitul. 

Schladrn,  u  town  of  Germany  in  the 
cirrle  of  Lower  Saxony,  28  miles  E  S  E 
of  Hildesheim.  L(m  '  10  47  E,  lat.  52 
lUN. 

Schleutsingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
ihf  ciiTle  of  Fruncoiila,  and  county  of 
H  •  inebnrg,  Hcatcd  on  the  Schleuss, 
tc:i  iiiiirs  S  E  of  Smalkald.  Lon.  11  2 
E,  lat.  50  4.3  N. 

Schley.ten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles  N  of 
Treves.     Lon.  6  40  E,  hit.  50  25  N. 

Schlilz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  a  county  of  the 
lame  name,  situate  on  a  small  river, 
seven  miles  N  W  of  Fulda.  Lon.  940 
E,  lat.  5U  45  N. 

Schluaaerburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Riga,  on  the  river 
Neva,  near  lake  Ladoga.  It  has  a  for- 
tress which  is  seated  on  an  iulund,  in 
the  river,  and  is  36  miles  E  of  Peters- 
burg.   Lon.  30  55  E,  lat.  59  55  N. 

Schliissalfielil,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric 
of  Wiirtzburg.  It  is  sm-rounded  hy 
the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  and  lies  13 
miles  S  E  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  58  E, 
lat.  48  54N. 

Schmidberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
Silesia,  in  the  dutchy  of  Jnuer.  Al- 
most all  the  inhabitants  are  smiths, 
whence  the  place  takes  its  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  n  mountain,  near 
the  source  of  the  Baiiber. 

Schneeberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  with '  con  - 
sidcrable  manufactures.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mulda,  and  is  seven  miles  N 
W  of  Schwartzburg. 

Schomberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  15  miles  from  Limbourg. 

Sc/toneci,   or    Schoenect,    a    town    of 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
with  a  castle  .seated   \m  the  N'.  ms,  27 
miles   N  of  Treves.     Lon.  6  26  E,  lat 
50  12  N. 

Schonen,  Scania,  or  Sl-tne,  a  province 
of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  \V  bv  the 
Sound,  which  separates  it  from'  Zea- 


S  C  H 


land  :  on  the  N  by  Halland  and  Smo- 
land  i  and  on  tlic  E  and  S  by  lilekingcn 
■iiiil  the  B  iltic.  It  i3*S8  miles  long 
iiid  40  broiid,  and  is  a  tertilc  country. 
LMnden  in  liie  capital. 

Srhnngaw,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  Lech,  30  miles  S  of 
Augsburg. 

Si-liionhitvcn,  a  strong  town  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Holland  witli  a 
c(<mnu)dious  haven,  seated  on  the 
Leek,  wlierc  there  is  a  productive  sal- 
nion-fislierv,  14  miles  E  of  RoMerdam. 
Lon.  4  54  k,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Schorndurf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Suabia,  in  the  dutchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
with  a  strong  castle  and  salt  spi-ings, 
from  which  a  grc'u  deal  of  salt  is 
made.  The  French  took  this  town  in 
August,  1796.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rems,  12  miles  N  E  oi  Stutgard.  Lon. 
8  54  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Schoutrn,  isla.ids  in  the  Pacific  O- 
cean,  near  the  coast  of  New  Guinea. 
Tliey  were  discovered  by  William 
Schoiiten,  a  Dutchman,  in  1616.  Lon. 
135  25  E,  lat.  0  -id  S. 

Schovien,  an  ishuid  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zealand,  N  E  of  the  isle  of 
Walcheren.  It  is  15  miles  long  and 
six  broad.    Ziriczeeis  the  capital. 

Schuyttitl,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  North  America,  wliicli  rises  N  W 
of  the  Kittatinny  mountains,  runs  120 
miles  from  its  source  bct'ure  it  falls  in- 
to the  Delaware,  three  miles  belovr 
Philadelphia,  and  is  navig.ihle,  85  iniles 
from  above  K'-ailii'g  to  its  iriouth. 

Sc/ni'albach,  a  villa;;'e  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  county  of 
Nassau,  frequented  for  its  mineral  wa» 
ters,  which  are  of  a  similar  nature  to 
those  r)f  .Spa.  It  is  sealed  on  the  river 
Aa.  nine  miles  N  of  Mentz. 

Sc/iMiiiz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  famous  for  its  mines  of  different 
metals.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  III, 
14  miles  NE  oflnspruc.  Lon.  1142 
E,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Schwartzbttrg,  a  town  and  castle  of 
GiM'Miany,  in  Upi)er  Suxony,  in  Thuriii- 
k\h,  capitul  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  bcloii!;ing  to  a  prince  of  the 
house  of  Saxony.  It  is  scaled  on  tlu» 
Sciiwavtz,  22  miles  S  E  of  Erfurt,  and 
•55  N  of  Cullembacli.  Lon.  11  30  K, 
l.it.  50  40  N. 

Sc/i-xartzeiiberg,  a  town  of  Germany, 
i'l  Francoui-.i,  capital  of  a  piiiuiijality 
of  the  same  name,  wllii  a  caslie,  coated 


1 


3 
I 


>. 


"mm 


S  C  H 


S  C  1 


|<H 


p^ 


on  tlie  Lee,  25  miles  N  W  of  Nurem- 
biii'g.     Lim.  10  44  E,  hit.  49  43  N. 

Schviiirtzcnbur^,  a  town  of  Swisser- 
laiul,  in  Uern,  17  miles  S  S  W  of 
Bern.   I.on.  7  1  E,  lut.  46  40  N. 

ScliKfUnitz,  a  stnmjf  city  of  Bohe- 
miii,  in  Silt'sia,  cu|>itul  of  u  province  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  The 
streets  are  large  and  the  fortifications 
considerable,  all  the  magistrates  are 
catholics,  but  most  of  the  inhabitants 
lire  protestants,  who  have  a  church 
■without  the  town,  as  also  a  public- 
School.  In  1716,  the  greatest  part  of 
this  city  was  burnt  down,  but  was  re- 
built in  an  elegant  manner.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Weis- 
tritz,  22  miles  S  W  of  Breslnw,  and 
37  S  E  of  Lignitz.  Lon.  16  54  E,  lat. 
50  46  N. 

Schueiiifurt,  a  strong,  free  and  imperial 
town  of  Germany  in  Frnnconia,  with  a 
palace,  where  the  senators  meet, 
who  are  twelve  in  number.  The  en- 
virons are  rich  in  cattle,  corn,  and 
wine,  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants, 
And  carry  on  a  large  trade  in  wine, 
woollen  and  linen  cloth,  gooae-quiUs, 
and  feathers  :  the  French  took  this 
town  in  July  1796,  but  they  abandoned 
it  in  September  following.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Maine,  2!>  miles  W  of 
of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  50  15 
N- 

Schweinmunder,  a  town  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
isle  of  Usedom.  Lon.  U  18  E,  lat.  54 
3  N. 

Schiveitz,  a  canton  of  Swisserland, 
which  gives  name  to  them  all.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Lake  of  the 
Four  Cantons  on  the  S  by  the  canton  of 
Uri,  on  the  E  by  that  of  Glarus,  and  on 
the  N  b}'  those  of  Zuric  and  Zug.  The 
government  of  Schweitz  and  Uri  is 
entirely  democrattcal,  and  nearly  the 
same.  They  contain,  including  their 
subjects,  50,000  souls  ;  and,  in  case  of 
necessity,  could  furnish  above  12,000 
militia.  The  same  kind  of  soil,  and 
tlie  same  productions,  are  common  to 
the  two  cantons.  Luxury  is  scarcely 
known  in  these  cantons ;  and  a  purity 
of  morals  prevails,  which  can  scarcely 
be  imagined  by  the  inhabitants  of  great 
and  opulent  cities.  The  Roman  catho 
lie  religion  is  here  exclusively  esta- 
blished. Tiie  canton  suffered  in  com- 
mon with  all  Swisserland  when  invad- 
ed by  the  French  in  1798,  being  dread- 
fully wasted  and  desolated. 


Schivritz,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca 
pital  of  the  canton  of  that  name,  scuttU 
near  the  Waldstatter  See,  on  a  hill, 
with  a  large  and  magnificent  churcli. 
It  is  10  miles  S  E  of  Lucern.  Lon,  8  30 
E,  lat,  46  55  N. 

Schevieitz,  Late  of.  See  WalditMtr 
See. 

Schevelni,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  thf 
circle  of  Westphalia,  with  a  medicinal 
spring  near  it.  Lon.  7  25  £,  lat,  51 10 
N. 

Sehwerin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlic 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  dutciiy  nl 
Mecklcnburgh  Schwerin,  of  whii'ii  it 
is  the  capital.  It  is  nearly  surrounikd 
by  a  beautiful  lake,  on  an  island  on 
which  stands  the  ducal  palace  and  gar- 
dens which  have  communication  with 
the  town  by  a  drawbridge.  It  is  33 
miles  W  of  Gustrow.  Lon.  1148  E, 
lat.  53  48  N. 

Schiuerte,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Westphalia,  38  miles  N  N  E  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  715  E, /lat.  51  38  N. 

Schviinburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on 
the  S  coast  of  the  island  cf  Ftmen,  33 
miles  S  S  E  of  Odensee.  Lon,  10  30 
E,  lat,  55  10  N. 

Sciati,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  the  coast  of  J  anna,  20  miles  to  the 
N  of  Negropont  and  almost  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Salonichi.  It  is 
22  miles  in  length  and  eight  in  breadth. 
Lon.  23  40  E,  Ut.  39  26  N. 

Sciglio,  or  Scilla.    See  Scylla. 

Scilly,  a  cluster  of  islands  and  rocks, 
lying  almost  lOleag^ies  W  of  the  Land's 
End,  in  Cornwall,  and  are  easily  dis- 
cerned from  it.  Of  these  only  five  or 
six  are  inhabited.  They  are  supposed 
formerly  to  have  produced  much  tin, 
but  are  now  chiefly  known  as  a  resort 
for  aeafuwl,  and  a  place  of  shelter  for 
ships  in  bad  weather.  The  inhabitants 
principally  subsist  by  fishing,  burning 
kelp,  and  acting  as  pilots.  The  chief 
of  the  islands  is  St.  Mary's,  which  has 
a  g^od  poll,  is  the  best  cultivated,  and 
contains  more  inhabitants  than  all  the 
rest  put  together.  In  tliis  island,  and 
in  two  or  three  others,  are  various  an- 
tiquities, particularly  the  remains  of  a 
temple  of  tlie  Druiilsy  and  ancient  se- 
pulchres ;  but  the  greatest  ornament 
is  the  lighthou,sc,  which,  with  the  gal- 
lery, is  51  feet  hipfh,  and  is  a  very  fine 
column.  The  Scilly  rocks  have  been 
fatal  to  numbers  of  ships  entering  the 
English  '~^hannel.  One  of  the  moat  dis- 
astrous (fvcr.ls  of  this  kind  happened  in 


"1 


S  C  1 

,  %  town  of  SwisierUtul,  ca 
canton  of  that  name,  scuttU 
Val(Utaetter  See,  on  a  hill, 
ee  and  mugnificent  chiircli 
Ici  S  E  of  Liicern.  Lon.  8  3U 

5,  Late  of.    See  Waldtwttr 

», »  town  of  Germany,  in  ihr 
Westphalia,  with  a  medicinal 
r  it.     Lon.  7  25  E,  Ut.  51 10 

,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
Bwer  Saxony,  and  dutcliy  nt 
irgh  Scliwerin,  of  whiiii  it 
al.  It  is  nearly  surrounded 
itifiil  lake,  on  an  island  on 
ds  the  ducal  palace  and  gar- 
h  have  communifcation  with 
by  a  drawbridjfc.  It  is  35 
nf  Gustrow.  Lon.  11  48  E, 
H. 

,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
a,  38  miles  N  N  E  of  Cologne. 
E,  Aat.  51  38  N. 
irg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on 
t  of  the  island  of  Funen,  2j 
E  of  Odensee.  Lon.  10  30 
ION. 

,n  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
nast  of  J  anna,  20  miles  to  the 
popont  and  almost  at  the  en- 
the  gulf  of  Salonichi.  It  is 
length  and  eight  in  breadth, 
i  E,  Ut.  39  26  K. 
or  Scitla.    See  Scylla. 

cluster  of  islands  and  rocks, 
it  10  leugues  VV  of  the  Land'» 
lomwall,  and  are  easilv  dis- 
im  it.  Of  these  only  five  or 
abited.  They  are  supposed 
;o  have  produced  much  tin, 
BW  chiefly  known  as  a  resort 
I,  and  a  place  of  shelter  for 
d  weather.    The  inhabitants 

subsist  by  fishing,  burning 
acting  as  pilots.  The  chief 
ids  is  St.  Mary's,  which  has 
1,  is  the  best  cultivated,  and 
uore  inhabitant.s  than  all  the 
gether.  In  tljis  island,  and 
hree  others,  are  various  an- 
larticularly  the  remains  of  a 

tlic  Druids,-  and  ancient  se- 

but  the  greatest  ornament 
lh()u.se.  which,  with  the  gal- 

i'cft  hiph,  and  is  a  very  fine 
The  Scilly  rocks  have  been 
mbcrs  of'  ships  entering  the 
liuiincl.  One  of  the  most  dis- 
tills of  this  kind  happened  in 


S  C  I 

1707,  when  admiral  »\v  Clo'idesly  Sho- 
vel, with  three  men  of  war,  pi'i'isl.cd 
with  till  tli'ir  crews.  I.'iii.  (i4l>VV, 
lut.  4')  .70  N. 

i'ci.'l,,  a  jfr().<|»(if  Nl.tiiil-i  in  tlic  S  >yih 
Piicilic  Ori-.iii,  (liscovc nd  In  ciiijtii  i 
Waihs  ill  \,-(>r.  l.im.  155  JO  W,  lal 
16  28  S, 

S.inJ.     See  Siiuh. 

.SV/'u,  nncii'iulv  lhUccI  Chios,  a  cele- 
brated islaiui  oMiie  Arrliij.cla)fii,  iie.ii 
tlu-  C().,<M,  ol'  Naloliu,  N  \V  ni  .Suiii  is 
U  ii  31  niilL'S  l<)ii)f.  and  Ij  liriiml,  and 
a  m<«ii\t.iliiiiuH  c»>>iiti'>  !  yet  iViiils  ot 
vaiTjis  Kiii'lii^Tiiw  in  liic  (IcUIm,  micli  iiit 
nraii^fs,  citrmis,  (i'ivr;t,  niiilljcrrics, 
and  ;)'im<.';;'r!ii)alcs,  iiitL'r*].'erHC'l  willi 
myrtles  and  jaMiiiim^.s.  'Ihe  wine  nl' 
Soil),  so  rek'braied  by  tliu  aiu-icnts,  i.s 
still  in  (^ivat  i^'itccin;  btit  iht  isLmd  is 
ni)-.v  nrmiiiialiy  distinniiittiicd  by  tlu; 
proiitalile  cii'.tinv  of  the  iiiitiilu-ii  j  it 
lia.s  alsiiNonu-  lr«'!','  in  silk,  woyl.clK'fse, 
;in(l  fi^a.  'I'Ui."  women  arc  lultor  bred 
than  ill  other  parfj  of  tiie  Levant,  and 
their  dress  is  odd,  Ir.it  very  neat,  'lliey 
have  tamu  parliidijfs  winch  tliey  send 
every  day  into  the  fields  to  feed,  and 
in  the  eveiiiiijj  call  liack  with  a  whistle. 
It  is  computed  that  tliere  are  lO.OJU 
Turks,  lO.OUO  Greeks,  ami  llJ.tWO  La- 
tins, on  this  island.  The  Turks  be- 
came masters  of  it  in  1566. 

Sch,  ase.iport,  thecapitalof  an  island 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bislio|)'!i  see. 
It  is  the  b(^t  built  town  in  the  Arclii- 
pehigd  i  the  liouscs  being  commodiou.s, 
some  of  tlicm  terraced,  ami  others  co- 
vered with  tiles.  The  castle  is  an  old 
citadel  built  by  the  Gen.icse,  in  which 
the  Turks,  have  a  garrison  of  14U0 
men.  The  harbour  is  a  rendezvous  for 
ships  that  go  to  or  come  from  the  Con- 
stantinople i  it  will  C(mt  ill  iiO  vesschi, 
and  is  protected  by  a  low  mole  and  two 
lighthouses.  It  is  .seated  on  the  K  side 
of  the  island,  47  miles  W  of  Smyrna, 
and  210  S  VV  of  Constantinople. 

Scipio,  a  military  township  in  C.'iyu- 
ga county.  New  York  ;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Cayuga  lake,  where  is  a  post 
office  Hi  miles  N  VV  of  Milton,  30  miles 
S  VV  ot  Murcellus,  30  milrs  VV  of  Tul- 
ly,  Hiidiii  thcneij.;liboiirlioodof  Pomiiey, 
Semjironius,  and  many  other  townsiiip;. 
dc'/ig-iated  by  great  names  of  antiquity 

Scituate,    a   post   town  in    Plymouti 
couutv,  .Massacimsctts ;  eight  miles  N 
by  VV'of  Marsiificld,  and  28  S  E  of  Bos- 
ton, with  2rJ8  inhabitants. 

Scir»,  or  Sdroi,  an  island  of  the  Ar- 


SCO 

chipflspo,  VV  of  Mctrlian.  It  ll  15 
niil.'ii  loii^  and  eigiil  InMad,  and  u  iiioiin- 
tainouH  c  Hi.iti )  ,  but  lias  lui  niiiU's.  1  lie 
viiici  iiLtke  the  bvaiity  <if  the  iHlanil, 
and  lac  wine  is  e.xceileiit  ;  nor  du  ihtt 
nauves  sva  t  wood.  It  coiitilns  only 
Ihe  village  and  conti-iit  of  St.  tjeorge, 
liolU  b.iilt  (III  11  conical  rock,  lu  mile* 
tVoin  the  haihoiirol'  St.  Gtoige.  The 
s  ipenor  of  the  convent  exercises  des- 
potic sw.iy  o\e-  the  inlialiitants,  whoso 
iupeiSt:t!on  is  more  excessive  than  that 
td'  the  other  (iieeks  in  the  Archipela- 
go. Til!'  inhabitunts  are  all  Greeks, 
but  tlie  Cadi  is  a  Turk. 

Si-eiiei'l^iilj,  the  capital  of  Skeiiectndy 
couuly.  New  York  ;  IwuK  on  the  S  sidtt 
of  Mohock  river,  lOliiiksN  VV  of  .VU 
h..ny,  aiu!  the  saniedistimce  S  ot  U:ills. 
town.  This,  though  coinparativeiN  all 
ancient  tiwii,  and  planted  on  iiav:j,able 
waicr  in  thebos'iin  of  a  fertile  coM..t.y, 
has  bill  about  jUO'J  inlia'utants,  the  de- 
scendants of  e.iiiy  U  ilcli  eniigraiUs. 
Many  of  the  dwelling  houses  ale  built 
in  the  old  Duicli  8>\le. 

Sc!i:v,iiiiii,  !i  country  of  Europe,  be- 
tween tlie  rivers  S.ive,  Ura\e,  kiiil  Da- 
nube. It  is  di\  ideil  II. to  six  counties, 
and  belongs  to  tlie  house  of  Austria  ; 
It  was  fo:'iiiHrl>  u  kingdom,  and  is  not 
ab.jve  73  miles  in  breadth  ;  but  it  is  3Ut) 
in  length,  I'roni  the  frontiers  of  Austria 
to  Uclgr.'ide.  The  caslerii  part  is  cal- 
led Kat/ia,  and  the  iii>ial)iiaiU.j  Kas- 
cians.  'I'licic  form  a  parlKiilar  n:iti()n, 
ar.d  are  of  the  Greek  cliuich.  '1  lu  lan- 
guage of  Sclavonia  is  the  mother  of 
tiiur  others,  namely  lli(>se  of  Hingarv, 
Boliemia,  Poland,  and  Kussia. 

Scone,  or  Sch>t»w,  a  villng-e  in  Perth- 
shire, on  the  E  side  of  the  river  'I'uy, 
N  by  VV  of  Perth.  Here  is  the  ancient 
niyal  palace  (now  a  seat  of  the  earl  of 
Manslieldj  and  the  celebiated  .stono 
chair,  now  in  Westminster  abbey,  ia 
vv'hich  the  kings  of  .Scoibind  were 
crowned.  It  is  30  miles  N  of  Edinburgh. 

Scopelo,  an  island  of  the  Archipela- 
go, hve  miles  E  of  Sciati,  and  17  N  of 
.Megropont.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of 
tlie  gulf  of  S.ilonichi,  and  is  ten  miles 
long  and  five  broad.  It  is  very  fertile, 
iroduces  plenty  of  good  wine,  and  con- 
tains 13,u00  inhabitants,  who  are  aU 
nost  all  Greeks 

S:opia,  m  Uscapia,  an  archiepiscopal 
lownof  Tiiikcy,  in  Eur'ipe,  m  ijiilga- 
■ia,  seated  (m  the  Vaidar,  over  wliith 
s  a  bridge  of  12  ardies,  6~  miles  VV 
j  VVofSoiia.  Lon. 22  25  E,  lat.4210N. 

K  K  K  K 


\ 


SCO 


SCO 


li'ii 


Scot.tbi':^h,    II   piiHt  iDwn  in   IIiil'"'* 
ODUMlv,  Vir^fiiiiui  JJOinile*  t'romU'^uil,' 

Scotli.nil,  i;r  Niirih  Crhuin,  tl  c  norili 
ei'ii  ot  till'  lull  Wiii)^'il')iMit  into  wliicli  tliu 
is  III ;  (I  uf  Gi'i'iit  llriliiin  vmis  tiirnicily 
ili>itltil.  Il  in  lii.iiiulcil  III)  till-  VV  li) 
tln'  Atliiuic  Oic.iii,  on  ll.f  N  liy  tlie 
North  Si  u.  (Ill  till'  U  bv  tlu'  Gi'rtii..n 
Uocitn,  Oil  tlif  S  K  l>;  Eiigi.ii»i|  .mil  mi 
tli'f  S  by  tlic  Iridli  Si'H.  To  iicollaiiil 
hIno  n|i,i<.'i't.iiii  tlic  fIclii'idi'N,  or  Wl'K- 
ti'io  IhIumiIs,  tliL'  Orkiiiy,  uii'l  Slictl.iiul 
Ibliiiids,  uiul  iiiiiiy  otlici'ii  uniiiMiitiii^'  in 
nil  ti.  .500.  Fr'ini  N  t'l  >  it  cxti  nils  '27^ 
liiik-s,  1111(1  its  i^i'i'iileht  hi'cuillli  Ih  \M, 
but  in  H' me  pliircs  not  iibovc  ju.  lis 
foiin  is  cxlieniily  iii'epiiliir,  being- 
gPfiitiy  broken  iind  iiidentKl  by  iirniH  of 
ilic  SI  a,  iuKi.iniK  II  tliitt  tbere  i.s  no 
|)1;'.("C  in  Scolliind  iibove  50  miles  din- 
luiit  from  file  shore.  '1  his  country  may 
be  dixiiliil  into  tlin  o  iiarts,  viz.  the  N, 
the  Middle,  and  the  South  divisiionN. 
The  boiindarieH  of  these  are  stronu'ly 
marked  by  ihc  bind  of  nature.  T  lie 
(irHt  is  cut  oil  liy  a  rliuin  of  lakes  which 
cross  the  island  in  un  obrK|Uc  direction 
I'ro.ii  N  E  to  S  W  »tretrhiii{f  fmni  In- 
verness to  the  isle  of  Mull.  The  se- 
cond, or  middle  division,  is  8e|)arate(l 
from  the  Hotilhcrn  by  the  liollow  tract 
between  tlie  Forth  aiul  the  Clvdc, 
throii)^h  which  the  preat  Canal  is  car- 
ried. The  face  of  the  country,  in  the 
northern  diviglon,  exhibits,  in  frencrul, 
little  else  than  an  assemblage  of  vast 
dreary  mountains.  On  the  northern 
and  eastern  shores  of  this  division,  how- 
ever, there  are  many  vales  and  level 
tracts  of  considerable  fertility  'I'lie 
middle  division  contains  many  great 
ranges  of  mountains,  which  traverse 
thi.s  part  of  the  island  in  various  direc- 
tions. The  most  sniitherly  ridge,  cal- 
led the  Grampian  Hills,  extends  from 
Aberdeenshire  in  a  S  W  direction,  ter- 
minating in  the  Great  mountain  Benlo- 
mond,  '.n  Stirlingshire.  In  this  division 
too,  cultivation  and  improvement  are 
chiefly  found  on  the  eastern  coast :  and 
one  of  llie  finest  tracts  in  Scotland,  (ler- 
liaps  is  tlie  great  vale  called  Str.ith- 
morc,  sti'etchiiig  along  the  suiithern 
base  of  the  Grampian  Mountains.  In 
both  tiicsc  divisions,  however,  which 
comprehend  more  than  two  thirds  of 
Scotland,  the  arable  ground  bears  but 
a  small  proportion  to  tlie  moimtainous 
rcgion.s,  of  which  the  stprility  will  ever, 
in  a  great  measure,  defy  tlie  ejTorts  of 


human  iiidiiittry.  On  tlie  enstrm  shorn 
of  the  middle,  and  in  the  whole  south- 
ern division,  the  country  bears  more 
rcscn.M.  nee  'o  England  ;  and  the  pro- 
IHiilioii  of  ciiltivuted  ground  is  very 
I'onNiderable.  The  rivers  in  Scotland 
me  in  ginerul  rapid,  and  renuirkabljr 
t;  Mnspari'iif.  In  so  narrow  a  country, 
.1  di  I  1,  we  cannot  expect  to  find  river* 
('(|iial  'othe  Rhine  or  the  Danuhc  i  but, 
vvheii  their  rapidity  and  the  shortneii 
of  their  course  are  kept  in  view,  we 
must  allow  that  the  Scottish  stream* 
uie  by  no  means  inconsiderable:  half 
the  water  they  dischurge,  would  in  • 
h^vel  country,  make  very  broad  and  deep 
rivers.  Though  there  are  many  large 
and  rapid  stitams  in  the  ni/rthern  and 
middir  divisions,  yet  the  Spey  may  be 
reckoned  the  most  northerly  great  ri- 
ver. It  descends  from  the  centre  of  In- 
vcrne.'ishii'e,  with  all  the  fury  of  amoun* 
tain  torrent,  rusiiiiig  along,  impctuutia 
and  irresistible  '1  he  Don  and  tlie  Dee, 
which  pass  through  Aberdeenshire, 
arc  large  rivers  ;  and  the  Tay  dis- 
charges into  tlic  sea,  two  miles  from 
Dundee,  the  greatest  body  of  water 
perhaps  of  any  river  in  Britain.  In  the 
southern  parts,  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde, 
and'  the  Forth,  are  noiile  rivers,  tiic 
prideof  the  natives,  and  the  admiration 
of  strangers.  After  these,  we  may  no> 
ticetheEsk,  the  Annnn,  the  Nith,  and 
the  Sotithern  Dee,  wiiich,  with  seve- 
ral other  fine  streams,  fall  into  the  Sol- 
way  Frith.  The  lakes  of  tliis  country 
arc  numerous,  and  some  of  them  very 
extensive.  Any  attempt  to  describe, 
or  even  to  enumerafe  these,  in  thi» 
place,  would  greatly  exceed  our  limits. 
The  climate  of  Scotland  is  various  in 
difllfrent  plates.  The  northern  extrem- 
ity, which  is  on  the  same  parallel  of 
lat.  with  some  parts  of  Norway,  is  very 
cold  :  but  the  frosts  are  much  less  in- 
tense here  than  in  any  part  of  the  con» 
tinent  equally  far  N,  an  advantage  ari- 
sing from  an  insular  situ.itinn.  The 
-.vl.ole  W  coast  is  stibjected  to  frequent 
summer  rains,  and  sudden  changes  in 
the  atmosphere,  equally  unfavourable 
to  tiic  ripening  and  gathering  in  of  the 
products  of  the  earth.  The  climate  in 
many  jilares  on  the  eastern  coast,  and 
in  the  whole  south  division,  is  not  infe- 
rior to  that  of  the  northern  part  of  Eng- 
land. The  air  in  Scotland  is  in  general 
healthy  s  nor  do  we  lierc  find  any  such 
extensive  fens  as  those  of  Lincolnshire, 
and  other  low  tracts  iu  South  Brltuin. 


SCO 


ttliiKtry,  On  (lie  enitrrn  iihorei 
iiUlk-,  iuul  ill  the  vrliule  xouth- 
sioii,  tlic  country  bciim  mure 

lire  ♦')  Ep){liiii(l  ;  and  the  pro- 
of ciillivutcil  j;rouml  In  very 
able,  The  rivcm  in  Srotiitiid 
^iiicrul  rapid,  and  rcniarljuhly 
int.  In  HO  narrow  ii  country, 
we  cuiinot  ixpcct  to  find  rivers 
till'  Rhine  or  tlie  Duniihc  i  but, 
licir  rapidity  »nd  the  ithortne«i 

coiuHv  ure  kept  in  view,  we 
low  that  thi;  Scottish  stroumi 
no  nicunit  inconiiidcrubic  :  bulf 
or  they  dlscharffe,  would  in  a 
nitry,  make  very  broad  and  deep 
Though  there  are  many  lar|{» 
lid  .itieumi  in  the  nortl.ern  and 
diviHiona,  yet  the  Spcy  may  lie 
d  the  nioHt  iiDrlheriy  great  ri- 
lesceiids  from  the  centre  of  In- 
lire,  with  all  the  fury  of  umoun* 
■rnt.  rushing  along,  impetuous 
sistibU:  '1  he  Don  and  tlie  Dee, 
pass  through  Aberdeenshire, 
^e   rivers  ;    and  the   Tay  dis- 

into  the  Kca,  two  miles  from 
,  the  greatest  body  of  water 
of  any  river  in  Britai'.i.  In  the 
I  parti,  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde, 
I  Forth,  are  noble  rivers,  the 
the  natives,  and  the  admiration 
gers.  Afterlhese,  we  may  no. 
Esk,  the  Annan,  the  Nith,  and 
itherii  Dee,  which,  with  sevc. 
rfme  streams,  fall  into  the  Sol- 
tb.  The  lakes  of  this  country 
lerous,  and  some  of  them  very 
'e.  Any  attempt  to  describe, 
I  to  enumerare  these,  in  thi» 
would  greatly  exceed  our  limits, 
imate  of  Scotland  is  various  in 
t  plaies.  The  northern  extrem- 
ich  is  on  the  same  parallel  of 
1  some  parts  of  Norway,  is  very 
ut  the  frosts  are  much  less  in- 
lere  than  in  any  part  of  the  con- 
r|uully  far  N,  an  advantage  ari- 
nm  an  insular  situation.  The 
W  coast  is  subjected  to  frequent 
!•  rains,  and  sudden  changes  in 
losphcre,  equally  unfavourable 
ipening  and  gathering  in  of  the 
8  of  the  earth.  The  climate  in 
ikrcs  on  the  eastern  coast,  and 
vliolc  south  division,  is  not  infe- 
that  of  the  northern  partof  Eng- 
Tlie  air  in  Scotland  is  in  general 

;  nor  do  we  lierc  find  any  sucli 
ve  fens  as  those  of  Lincohishire, 
ler  low  tracts  in  South  Britain. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0   Sr«-  I 


I.I 


12 


2.5 

M 
1.8 


1.25      1.4      1.6 

- 

« 6"     

^ 

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SCO 


8  C  Y 


Tlie  produce  of  the  soil  in  the  nortlierrt 
parts  of  Scotland  uiul  its  isles  is  not 
considerable,  but  lime-stone,  s.hcll-S!ind, 
and  marl,  thtise  licli  niiinmcs,  are 
found  in  great  plenty  in dil^ereiit  places 
Even  the  rocky  sliorcs  produie  abun- 
dance of  kelp,  an  urticle  of  considera- 
ble importance  in  several  manufactures. 
The  fisheries  in  t!ie  surrounding  seas 
have  lonjj  been  esteenud  an  object  of 
national  importance  ;  and  when  increas- 
ing conuiK-ice  shall  enuble  the  inhabi- 
tants to  form  roads,  erect  towns,  and 
open  canals,  in  tlio>e  remote  parts  of 
the  country,  tliese  fisheries  may  be 
come  a  P.al  souri:(f  of  wcallli  to  the  na- 
tion. The  products  of  Scotland,  in  ge- 
nital, hov'Mcr,  are  multifarious  and 
valuable.  It  it.,  ds  vast  herds  of  cattle, 
and  Its  hills  arc  covered  witli  sheep ; 
it  produces  much  grain  and  flax ;  its 
woods  of  oiik  and  iir  might  furnish  masts 
and  timber  for  the  use  of  tiie  British 
na^ y  ;  its  mines  are  rich  in  coal,  lead, 
and"  iron ;  freestone,  llwe  stone,  and 
slate  are  fovmd  in  abundmice  ;  neither 
Greece  nor  Italy  can  boast  a  gi-eater 
store  of  beautiful  marble  j  fine  rock 
crystals,  pearls,  and  vamgated  pebbles, 
are  not  uncommon  ;  and  its  rivers  ami 
lakes  are  richly  stored  willi  salmon  and 
trout,  anda  variety  of  other  fishes.  Iht: 
Scottish  mountains,  in  former  times, 
were  infested  by  the  w(;lf  and  the  bear  ; 
but  hapjiily  those  ferocious  animals 
have  long  been  extirpated.  The  wild 
ox  was  also  an  inhabitant  of  the  Cale- 
donian forest :  herds  of  vviid  roes,  to 
this  day,  range  at  large  in  the  liorthern 
mountains  j  and  the  stag  is  often  seen 
in  the  woods.  There,  too,  the  beauti- 
ful  bird  called  capercailzie,  or  cock  of 
the  wood,  is  sometimes  found.  The 
lofty  suunii  its  are  the  haunt  of  the  ptar- 
migan und  tlie  Alpine  hare  and  black 
game,  and  grouse  swarm  among  the 
heath,  and  often  become  the  prey  of 
the  eagle  and  the  falcon.  Among  the 
wild  animals  which  Scotland  possesses 
in  common  with  England,  arc  the  fox, 
the  badger,  the  otter,  the  hedgehog,, 
the  hare  and  rabbit  j  the  weazle,  the 
mole,  and  other  small  quadrupeds  ;  the 
partridge,  the  quail,  the  snipe,  the 
plover,  and  many  other  birds.  The  cat- 
tle and  sheep  are  small,  but  much  va- 
lued for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh  ;  and 
the  Heece  of  the  Scottish  sheep  often 
emidates  the  finest  Spanish  wool.  Even 
the  shepherd's  dog  peculiar  to  Scotland, 
so  hardy,  docile,  and  sug^acious,  ia  not 


unworthy  of  mention.    Thoiipfh  the  cKt* 
tie  in  the  high  gr(;un(i3  be   diminutive, 
yet   in    many  p.irts  of  tlie  cov.ntry  the 
horses  and  cows  are  not  inhr.or  in  si/.« 
and   beai.ty   to   those   of   the    Eri^i.sl 
breed.     Scotland    is    divided    inlo   33 
counties  j    namely,  Shetland  and  Ork- 
ney, Bute,  Caithness,  Sutherland,  Ross, 
Cromarty,  Nairne,  Invurr.ess,  M  ::ru3-, 
Baiitt,   Aberdeen,   Kuicard.ne,   .A  \;mis, 
Pcilli,     Fife,     K.iiiross,    Clackin:Jc;i,in, 
Stiliinir,  Diinih.alon,  .VrgNle,  Heniiew, 
A^r,    "\Vi,;toii,    Kuki-iulbi'it,'ht,    Durn- 
fVies,     H)'.\liM!'gli,     Selk'i-k,     P.  elilcs, 
Lanerk,  Lir.lilhgow.  lUl:  -.liirgl',  Had- 
dington, and  liei  wick.    Tlu  se  send  oiie 
mend)er    i-acli    to   parli.inx-.i,    er:tept 
Bute,    and    Cii  lliness,    Cioioart;.    and 
N»irne,     Kinro.is     and     Clai  kniaoiian, 
whicli    send   mendnMs  in  ciiiij'iin 'Jon  ; 
so  that  the  cooi.t.ei  send  30  n.enil  ers, 
which,  with    1.5  sent  b\  the  boroughs, 
make  the  •Lf  niendicrs  sent  h}  Scotland. 
The  cbtablislied  relig'on  is  tiie  Pre  sby- 
tcrian.     The    trade    and    poputalion  of 
great  towns  liave  considerably  increas- 
ed of  l.;te.     Some   districts,  however, 
on  the  western  shores,  especially,  have 
been    greatly   thinned  by  emigration  ; 
the  spirit  cif  wliicli,  however,  is  now 
happily  subsided. 

Scrivdii,  a  seaport  of  Terra  Finna 
Proper,  50  miles  £  of  Porto  Bello. 
Lon.  78  49  W,  htt.  9  40  N. 

S::ut,vi,  a  strong  town  of  Turkey  iu 
Europe,  capital  of  Uj-j-er  Albania,  with 
a  bishop'.s  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake 
Zeta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Boc- 
ana,  20  miles  N  E  of  Antivari,  and  47 
N  VV  of  Alhanopolis.  Lon.  19  25  E; 
lat  42  35  N. 

Scutari,  a  town  of  Tirrkcy  in  Asia, 
in  Natcdia,  with  a  good  haihoor,  seated 
on  the  E  side  of  C(;;:stantino]>le,  of 
which  it  is  considered  as  a  suburb,  be- 
ing directly  opposite.  It  contains  a 
handsome  moscpio,  and  is  built  on  the 
side  of  a  hill.    Lon   29  4  E,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Scj//ii,  a  rock,  near  the  Faro  of  Mes- 
sina, on  ti:e  coast  of  C.labria,  o])posite 
the  celebrated  Char>bdls.  It  is  about 
a  mile  frcim  the  entr;;nce  of  the  Faro, 
and  forms  a  small  promontory,  whicli 
runs  u  little  out  to  sea,  and  meets 
the  whole  force  of  the  waters  as  tiiey 
come  out  of  the  narrowest  part  oi  the 
straits.  The  head  of  this  promoiU'  ry 
is  the  famous  Srylla  of  the  ancient 
popfs.  It  does  not  cimie  uv  to  the  for 
midable  descriptKin  that  Honitr  gives 
of  it,  nor  is  tiie  passage  so  extremely 


lit 


S  E  B 


S  E  D 


narrow  and  difficult  as  he  represents  It ;  capital  of  the  province  of  Rio  Janeirn, 
but  It  IS  probable  that  its  breadth  is  and  a  bishop's  sec.  It  has  a  very  ex- 
greallv  iiuTcased  sinec  his  time,  b\  the   tensive  and  commodious   haibour.   de- 


viiJent  ini|)ttiiosity  of  tlie  current ;'  and 
this  viiijcuce  niiist  always  lia^e  dimin- 
ished, in  projjortiou  as  the  breadth  of 
the  channel  increased.  There  are  ma- 
ny small  rocks  that  slinw  tl  eir  heads 
near  ihe  l):se  of  the  large  ones.  These 
are  probable  the  dfijfs  lliat  are  describ- 
ed a.s  liowlinj;-  round  tlie  monster  Seyl- 
la.  Tiiere  arc  likewise  many  caverns 
tliat  Kdd  greatly  to  the  noi'se  of  tiic 
v;.ter,  and  tend  to  increase  the  horror 
o(  O'e  scene.  Tlie  rruk  i."  nearly  LjUU 
fe<-l  lugii ;  and  there  i.s  a  kind  of  castle  I 
or  fiiit  <n  its  sun  niit.  | 

^  S:;!la,  or  Si:i^:io,  a  town  of  Sicilv . 
sitiii.ie  on  the  sine  (ji  the  rock  S(\h;:. 
In  I'-.e  terrible  eai  tlnpnike  of  lr8.3  (s<-e 
Cci/iiOiii.)  .1  w;i\e  of  lie  sea,  wim  h  liad 
«w  rt  ti.e  coiMUry  for  three  miles,  car- 
rie<l  (H,  on  its  return  24^3  (}f  t!ie  in- 
li.'ihi'.at'ts  with  ll.epilnreat  iliclr  head. 
It  i.s  10  n  iles  N  E  of  Messina. 

S'f.foru,  a  horoiig'h  and  seaport  in 
Shsscv,  wiiicJi  sends  two  members  to 
parliamem,  but  has  no  m;,rket.  It  is 
right  miles  S  S  E  «i  I. ewes,  and  59  S 
b\  K  of  London.  Lon.  0  U;  E,  IM  50  50  N. 
Setitoii,  or  Pari  Sciiion,  a  seaport  in 
H.Kldingtonshirr.  Here  is  a  ruinous 
palace,  in  wlitcii  Marv  (jticen  of  Scots 
occasio-v.dl;,  \ej;t  her'  court,  after  her 
reUiii.  from  France.  In  the  chapel  t.vc 
several  curious  monuments   of  murble 


Senton  has  a  considerable  trnt^e  m  salt 
and  coal,  and  is  situate  on  Cie  frith  of 
Forth,  nine  iiiiK*  E  of  Edinbtirc'h. 
l.on   2  54  W,  lat.  56  0  N'. 

Sei'iistia,  n  town  of  Turkey  in  Pales- 
tine,s-.il  to  be  the  remains  of  Samarii.. 
It  is  34  miles  N  K  E  of  JerusKttm. 
L.  n.  35  40  f,  lat.  32  15  .V. 

Sebastian,  St.  n  populous  seaport  of 
Sp  in,  in  Giiiintscoa.  It  is  seated  .nt 
the  fi)')t  of  a  mountain,  on  the  top  of 
whirh  is  a  strong  citadel  ;  anil  the 
h;irbu\ir  is  secured  by  two  moles,  and 
a  narrow  entrance  Sir  the  shit.s.  The 
town  is  s'lrro.Mu'ed  by  a  double  wall, 
am!  is  f  :ri;fied  towird  the  sea.  It  rar- 
r'les  on  a  great  inide,  panicularh  in 
iron,  still,  iir.d  wool.  .St.  Sebasian 
v-as  t'iV-n  b',  ti'p  rfench  in  1"£4  It 
is  50  n.ilesi:  o!  BiU.'-a.  and  SO  X  'W  of 
Pan;;,.luna.  Loi;.  1  56  \V,  iat.  4o  24  N. 
Si:/m  itian.St.a  town  of  Soutii  .\nuri- 
ra  in  Mc.\i(0.  c;ipit;dof  tliC  provinro  of 
Cliiametlan.  Lon.  105  5E,  hit.  24  20  N. 
Sebattian,  St.  a  larj-e  city  of'Uiasil, 


fended  i)y  numerous  forts.  The  city 
stands  on  low  ground,  ar.d  is  surround- 
ed by  high  hill.s,  wi  iche.sclude  the  be- 
nefit of  the  ielie.,l'.ing  sea  and  land 
bree/.es  ;  so  that  it  is  sufocatingly  li<it, 
aivl  unhealthy  in  the  s\imnier  St  Se- 
b;i.siian  is  sealed  near  ihe  mouth  of  the 
Ki.i  Jar.eiro,  in  the  AUanlic.  Loii.  42 
44  W,  lat.  2.2  54  .S. 

Schi.^tol^dU,  a  town  of  Mingrd'a, 
under  llit.-  piotection  of  Russia,  260 
miles  N  N  \V  of  Krivau.  Lon.  65  15 
E,  lat  40  16  N. 

Sc!:LT.:c.i,a.  strong  seaport  oi  Venetian 
!).dn(a(ia,  capital  of  ;i  ei;.ri!ly  of  t'<e 
jiinie  name,  witli  a  bis!ioi,'s  see,  a  fj,  i, 
.Old  aeastle.  Tlie  Turiv.  liave  ofi^r  .it- 
tempted  in  vain  to  tai:e  it.  It  is  fi  at.-d 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Cherca,  in  tl.e 
gulf  of  Veiii'-e,  25  miles  .S  £  of  2..ia. 
L(m.  16  46E,  lat.  44  \7  N. 

Sebourg,  a  to'/-n  of  Frut.ce,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Nori;>,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Haijiault,  12  miles  E  of  Valen- 
ciennes and  12  S  ii  of  Coiide.  Lon.  3 
50  E,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Sec/iiira,  a  town  of  South  America  in 
Peru,  in  the  bif.iinpric  of  Truxillo,  ."O 
miles  S  S  EofPaita.  Lon.  81  10  E, 
lat  5  55  S. 

Seciiiu,  »  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria  and  in  Upper  Stiria, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  sealed  on  tiie 
G.. vie, nine  mile.,  N  of  Jude!'burg,and  ;'0 
S  \V  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  27  E,  lat.4r  lyN. 
Secieii/iehn,  a  town  of  Germanv,  in 
the  ciii-'e  of  the  Rhine,  four  miles  E  of 
Mu'".!'eim. 

Seckingcn,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Sua- 
bia,  one  of  the  forest  towns.  It  l^e- 
I'lngs  to  th.e  ho\ise  of  Austria,  and  is 
sealed  on  an  isle,  formed  by  the  Rhine, 
six  miles  S  Eof  Rhcinfelden,Hnd2?' VV 
of  Scliafi  hausen.  Lon.  7  57  E,  lat.  47 
34  N. 

Sfi-i-ington,  a  village  in  Warwickshire. 
On  the  N  side  of  its  ehvirch  are  the  ru- 
ins of  a  fort,  and  near  it  an  artificial  hill, 
45  feet  high. 

Sediin,  a  stroniylown  of  France,  in  the 
<lepartment  of  the  Ardenne-,  .and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  important  keys  of  the  country; 
•ind  has  ji  strong  castle,  in  which  the 
famous  Marshal  Turenne  was  born,  an 
arsenal,  a  foundery  of  cannon,  and  a 
nianufacture  of  tine  black  cloths.  Sedan 
is  seated  on  the  Maese,  26  miles  S  £  of 


D 


S  E  G 


S  E  G 


lice  of  Rio  Janeiro, 
It  lias  a  very  e\- 
ious  harbour,  de- 
s  Corts.  The  city 
il,  iiiiil  is  siirround- 
ichL-xcUuie  the  l>e- 
liiiS,^  sea  and  hiiid 
s  sufocatinj^ly  liot, 
s\ininier  St  Se- 
r  ilif  mouth  of  the 
i.llai>lic.     Loll.   42 

svn  of  Mingrcl'a, 
m  of  Russia,  t^6l) 
ivuii.     Lon.  65  15 

:;aport  oi  Venetiiin 
a  c(;/i!ty  of  {\.t 
is!io|/'s  sec,  a  fj'  l, 
iiviif.  liaveofi^r  .it- 
I'f  it.  It  is  fi  a!>(l 
e  Chorea,  in  tl;e 
iil('s  .S  L  of  Z..ra. 
1?-N. 

Frur.ic,  in  tlie  do- 
•li',  and  late  pro- 
liiilcs  E  of  Valcii- 
if  Coiide.     Lon.  3 

South  Atnerita  in 

:   of  Tnixilh),  .30 

Lon.  SI    10  E, 

Germany,  in  tlie 
in  Upper  Stiria, 
i  sealed  on  tjie 
Jiule!'burj>-,and  90 
4  27E,lat.47IyN. 
I  of  Germui'.y,  in 
e,  four  miles  E  of 

Germany  in  Siia- 
it  towns.  It  l^e- 
('  Austria,  and  ia 
iifdbythe  Hirine, 
ifchlen,  mid  27  W 
>n.  7  57  E,  lal.  47 

in  Warwickshire. 
Iiuich  are  tlie  rii- 
it  an  artiticial  hill, 

I  of  France,  in  the 
dennc-.-,  and  late 
ne.  It  is  one  of 
IS  of  the  coMiitry  ; 
e,  in  which  the 
nne  was  born,  an 
f  cannon,  and  a 
ick  cloths.  .Sedan 
i,  '26  miles  S  £  of 


Cliarlemont,  and  135  N  E  of  ParLs. 
Lon.  5  2R,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Se-lgcvicior,  a  large  and  ricli  tract  of 
land  in  Somersetshire,  where  the  duke 
of  Monmouth  was  defei.ted,  in  16aj. 
It  IiLS  between  Somerton  and  Bridge- 
water. 

Sevching,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  sealed  on  a  small 
navi|.fabie  river,  four  miles  S  of  Ljnn, 
ami  93  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  24  E,  lat. 
5244N. 

Sta;  :'.  town  of  Asia  in  Arabia,  in  the 
province  oi  Oman.  Lou.  54  38  E,  lat.  25 
ION. 

Scez,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Onic,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  sealed  in  a  fine 
fountry,  near  the  source  of  tiie  (Jriic, 
12  niilcs  N  of  Alencon,  and  102  VV  by 
S  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  48 
36  N. 

Segeberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  dutcliyof  Holstein,  with 
a  castle,  on  a  high  mountain,  consistini^ 
of  limestone,  large  quantities  of  which 
ai'e  carrie<l  to  Hamburg  and  Lubec.  It 
is  seated  on  tlie  Trave,  22  miles  S  of 
Kiel,  and  23  N  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10  9 
E,  hit.  54  0  N. 

Segedin,  a  strong  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Czongrad, 
with  a  castle,  taken  from  the  Turks  in 
1686.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Teifl'and  Maslroche,  50  miles  S  E 
of  Colocza.  Lon.  20  35  E,  lat.  46 
28  N. 

Segestan,  a  province  of  Persia,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  Korasan  and 
Jiuick,  Candahar,  and  Sablestaii,  Mack- 
eran,  Kcrman,  Covhestan,  and  Farsi- 
stan. 

Segeswar,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  ca- 
pit;il  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
built  In  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre, 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Ko- 
kel,  47  miles  N  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon. 
24  55  E,  lat.  47  4  N. 

Scgna,  a  strong  seaport,  capital  of 
Hiiiit'arian  Dalniatia,  with  a  fort,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  k  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  100  miles  N  W  of  Spoletto. 
Lon.  15  11  E,  Int.  45  22  N. 

Scgni,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
Canij.agMia  di  Roma,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  said  that  organs  were  first 
invputed  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 12  iiiilfs  S  E  of  Palestrino,  and 
32  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  15  E,  lat.  41 
5UN. 


Segotbe,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Viileiuia,  with  the  title  ofadiitchy. 
It  is  seated  on  the  a.de  of  a  hill,  be- 
tween two  mountains,  in  a  soil  fi-iiile 
in  com  and  wine,  anil  wlicie  there  are 
quarries  of  tine  marble.  It  is  stated 
near  the  river  Morvedro,  27  miles  N 
VV  of  Valencia,  and  150  E  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  0  3  W,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Scgo'viti,  an  aiieienl  and  po])ulou8  city 
of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with  a  bisho|)'s 
sec,  and  a  castle,  called  the  Alta/..r. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  Ihiiik- 
ed  witii  towers  and  i'ani|.uils;  aiid  is 
Bupjilicd  with  water  by  a  KaiiiMi  lapie- 
duct,  3000  paces  in  length,  and  sup- 
ported by  177  arches  of  a  pi odigiouu 
height,  consisting  of  two  rows,  one 
placed  .ibovethe  other.  Here  the  l;est 
cloth  in  Spain  i.s  niude,  froni  tiie  nne 
Spanish  wool  so  niiuii  estcenijd  in 
other  countries.  T  his  is  one  p;.rt  of 
their  trade,  and  another  is,  very  fine 
paper.  The  cathedral  stands  on  one 
side  of  the  great  square,  and  contains 
the  statue  of  the  Virgin  Mary  in  massy 
silver.  The  Alcazar  is  scatetl  in  tiie 
highest  part  of  the  town,  and  has  16 
rooms  richly  adorned  with  tajiestry, 
and  ornaments  of  mtrble  aiid  pori)liviy. 
The  royal  cluipel  is  ma;.;'nihcenlly  gild- 
ed, and  embellished  wiili  very  line 
paintings.  The  most  lenutikable  striic- 
ture  is  the  Mint,  seati-d  iii  a  valley,  siir- 
rounded  by  a  river,  on  wfiicii  are  nulls, 
employed  in  coining.  Segovia  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  liver  Ari'yadda, 
45  miles  N  VV  of  Madrid.  Lon.o"44VV, 
lal.  40  57  N. 

Sfgofla,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Ter- 
ra Firma,  in  tlie  province  of  Venezuela, 
seated  on  a  river,  near  a  high  mountain, 
where  there  are  mines  of  gold.  Lon.  65 
30  W,  lat.  8  20  N. 

Segovia,  JVc?u,  a  town  of  N  America 
in  New  Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Gua- 
tiinala,  seated  on  the  river  Yare,  on  the 
conilnes  of  the  province  of  Honduras. 
Loii,  84  20  W,  lat.  13  25  N. 

Segoviii,  Niiev-t,  a  town  of  the  E  In- 
dies, in  tlie  isle  of  Luconia,  and  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  Philippines,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  N  end 
of  the  island,  near  the  inoiith.  of  the 
Caga\an,  240  miles  N  of  Munilla.  Lon. 
120  59  E,  lat.  18  39  N. 

Segra,  a  river  of  Spain,  wlilcli  rises  in 
the  Pyrenees,  and  runs  S  W  tl.roi:t;h 
Catalonia,  passing  by  I'ny-Ci  rd.i,  Ur- 
gel,  Belaguer,  Leriila,  and  Ivle<niir.cn. 
za,  wlitic  it  falU  iato  the  Ebro. 


M*. 


S  E  I 

Segura,  a  town  of  Poitniyal,  in  Beirs, 
•witl>  ii  castle  on  a  moiintiiin.  It  is  iieai- 
the  rivers  Elia  and  Tnjo,  eif,'lit  niilos  S 
E  of  Castel-Biunco,  and  'io  N  W  of  Al- 
cantara. 

Segura,  Aiovm  of  Spiiin,  in  New  Cas- 
tile,  and  territory  of  I,a  Manclia,  seated 
among  tlie  mountains  of  Sc}(ura,  3,5 
miles  N  E  of  Bacjia.  Lon.2  3y  VV,  lat. 
57  56  N. 

Segiiru,  a  river  of  Sp«in,  whicli  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Sej^nra,  in  New 
CiisliU',  and  crostinjir  Murcia,  and  the 
S  riait  of  VaUncia,  t^xils  into  the  Medi- 
ten-Miian  at  GuailainBr. 

Sehura»i'oiit ,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Propfi-,  ca,  ital  of  a  district  cftiie  same 
name,  between  tiie  Juniaa »nd the  Gan- 
gtvs,  ill  t:ic  touiilry  of  U-ihi.  It  is  86 
ni.lcs  N  of  Ucllii.  Lon.  T7  15  E,  lat.  30 
4N. 

ScUs,  or  Sicqitet,  the  most  western, 
and  a  very  pov  .rfnl  nation  of  Hindoos- 
tan  ;  iliey  do  not  torm  one  entire  state ; 
but  a  number  of  liR.all  ones,  independ- 
eutofeacli  other,  in  their  internal  go- 
vernment,  and  only  connected  by  a  fed- 
eral union.     They  possess   the  whole 
pii>vince  of  Lahore,  the  principal  pi^rt 
of  Monltan,  and  tiie  VV  part  of  Delhi : 
the  dimensions  of  wiiich  tract  are  about 
400  miles  from  N  W  to  S  £  ;  and  from 
15u  to  200  broad,  in  (jeneral :  althougli 
the  part  between  Altock  .and  Bchker 
cannot  be  less  than  320  miles  in  extent. 
We  know  but  little  concerning  the  state 
of  their  g-overnmeiit  and  politics ;  but 
the  fornn;r  is  represented  as  being  mild. 
In  tli'.i;'  niide  of  making  war  they  are 
untjtiestionubly  savage  and  cruel.  Their 
army  consists  almost  entirely  of  horse, 
of  which  tliey  are   said   to  "b«  able  to 
bring  at  least  100,000  into  the   field. 
The  founder  of  tiieir  sect  was  named 
NaiKjck,  and  lived  in   the  beginning  of 
the  16th  century.    They  are  the  des- 
cendants of  his   disciples :   the   word 
sdis  in  the  Sanscrit  language  signifving 
disciples.     The  forces  of  this  nation  are 
very  numerous,  a  Sicque  will  confident- 
ly  .say,    that   his   country   can  furnish 
300,000  cavalry  ;  but  if  wc  admit  that 
tiie   Slcques    when    united   can   bring 
200,000  horse  Into  the  field,  their  force 
in  cavalry  is   greater  than  that  of  any 
other  state  in  Hindoostan.     The   civil 
and  military  government  of  the  Seiks, 
Liifore  a  common  interest   liad  ceased 
to  actuate  its  Oj)eratioi»s,  was  conduct- 
ed by  general   as^icniblies.     '('lie   army 
met  in  a  grand  coijv«ntioii  called  Gooi  i- 


S  Rl 


mottn,  and  transacted  the  most  impor. 
t:uit  altiiu's  i  such  us  declariitjj  war  or 
peace,  forming  alliances,  or  settlmt the 
netessary  contributions;  birt sincj\t.cir 
•lomiiiions  have  been  so  w  delv  extet,(l. 
ed,  the  grand  assembly  is  now  rarely 
summoned.  The  Sicques  are  in  general 
.strong    and    well    made  j  accustomed 
from  tiieir  infancy  to  the  mnst  laborious 
life,    and    hardest    fare,    they    make 
marches,    and  undergo  fatigues  that 
really  appeal-  astonishing.     'I  hey  have 
commonly  two,   some  of  them  three 
horses  eacli,of  the  middle  size,  strong, 
active,   and  mild  tempered.    Though 
they  make  merry  on  the  demise  of  any 
of  their  brethren,  they  mourn  for  the 
<leath  of  a  horse  :  thus  sliewing  their 
lotve  of  an  animal  so  necessary  to  them 
in  their   professional   capacity.     Their 
dress    is  extremely  scanty  :  a  pair  of 
long  blue  drawers,  and  a  k'ind  of  clicck- 
ered   plaid,    a  part  of  which  is  fasten- 
ed round  the    waist,  and    the  other 
thrown  over  the  shoulder,  with  a  mean 
turban,  form  tiieir  clothing-  and  equi- 
page.   The  chiefs  are  distinguished  by 
wearing  some  heavy  gold  bracelets  on 
their  tvrists,  and  sometimes  a  chain  of 
the  same  metal  bmmd  round  their  tur- 
bans, and  by  being  mounted  on  better 
horses  :  otherwise,  no  distinction   ap- 
pears amongst  them.    The   chiefs  are 
numerous,    some  of  whom   have  the 
command  of  10  or  12  thousand  cavalry ; 
but  this  power  is  confined  to  a  small 
number,  the  inferior  oflicers  mamtain- 
ing  fi-om  1  to  2000,  and  many  not  more 
than  20  or  .'30  horses  ;  a  certain  quota 
of  which  is  furnished  bytPie  chief,  the 
greater  part  being  the  individual  pro- 
perty  of  the  horsemen.    The  Setks  are 
now  beconae  one  of  the  most  powerful 
states  in  Hindoostan.    Thetr  capital  is 
Lahore. 

Seine,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises 
in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or,  and 
late  province  of  Burgimdy,  and  flowing 
by  Troves,  Melun,  Paris,  and  Rouen, 
falls  into  the  English  Channel,  at  Havre 
de  Grace. 

Seine,  Lotser,  a  department  of  France, 
iiiclading  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Nonnaiidy,     Rouen  is  the  capital. 

Seine  and  Maine,  a  department  of 
France,  including  ])art  of  the  late  pro- 
yiiice  of  the  Isle  of  France.  Meaux 
is  the  capital. 

Seine  ami  Oise,  a  department  of 
France,  including-  part  of  tlic  late  pro- 


S  E  I 

sacted  the  most  im|inr. 
Ll'  us  declui-iinf  war  or 
alliances,  or  »ettr«>ir  the 
iuiitioiisj  l)irtsinc.'\Keir 
been  so  w  dely  exlet,(|. 
i?tmbly  is  now  rare,'* 
;  Sicqiies  are  in  general 
■^11    made;  accustomed 
-y  to  the  most  laborioni 
-•St    fare,     they    mate 
undergo   fatigues  that 
toiiibliing.     '1  hey  have 
some  of  them  three 
he  middle  size,  strong, 
d   tempered.     Though 
you  the  demise  of  any 
n.  they  mourn  for  the 
:  thus  shewing  their 
j  so  necessary  to  them 
ional   capacity.     Their 
ely  scanty  :  a  pair  of 
s,  and  a  kind  of  check- 
art  of  whicli  is  fasten- 
waist,  and    the  other 
shoulder,  with  a  mean 
eir  clotiiing  and  equi- 
fs  are  distinguished  by 
;avy  gold  bracelcu  on 
I  sometimes  a  chain  of 
ioiuid  round  their  tur- 
ng  moimted  on  belter 
le,  no  distinction  an. 
lem.     Tiie   ciiiefs  are 
5  of  whom   have   the 
r  12  thousand  cavalry ; 
8  confined  to  a  small 
rior  officers  mamtaiii. 
'0,  and  many  not  more 
■ses  J  a  certain   quota 
hed  by  the  chief,  the 
ff  the  individual  pro- 
men.     The  Seiksare 
of  the  most  powerful 
tan.    Their  capital  is 

'  France,  which  rises 
of  Cote  d'Or,  and 
Lirgundy,  and  flowing 
>  Paris,  and  Rouen, 
ish  Channel,  at  Havre 

epartment  of  France, 
the  late  province  of 
ill  is  the  capital. 
e,  a  department  ot 
part  of  the  late  pro- 
of France.     Meaux 

a   department    of 
part  uf  the  late  pro- 


S  E  L 

vlnce  of  the   IhIc   of   France.      Ver. 
Kailles  in  the  capitid. 

Semheiin,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Franconin,  withacastli',  3.1  miles  N  W 
<>(  Nurt;niburgl.  Lon.  10  28  E,  lut.  4" 
40  N. 

j'«>,  or /for,  a  mountain  in  Apabi;i 
Petr.xa,  whiyii  formerly  bounded  Jii 
lieu  on  the  S,  and  separattul  it  from 
Idiiinea.  It  is  now  called  Sardeny,  and 
is  14U  miles  £  of  Cairo,  in  Eg;,  pt. 

Se/iim,  a  town  of  .South  America,  in 
Mexico,  situate  near  tlic  sea-coast. 
Lon,  90  28  VV,  lat.  39  12  N. 

Sell),;  a  town  in  the  VV  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday, 
seated  on  the  Ouse,  12  miles  S  of 
York,  and  182  N  hv  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  1  2  \V,  lat.  53  47  N. 

Seltthia,  anciently  Se/eiicia,  a  town  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Caramania,  ten 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  38  W  of  Te- 
rasso. 

Srieucia,  Ilber,  an  ancient  episcopal 
town  of  Syria,  seated  on  the  sea-coast, 
eight  miles  N  of  Antioch. 

Seligenatadt,  formerly  an  imperial 
town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
Mcntz,  seated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Gerns|)entz  and  Maine,  27  miles  £  of 
Meiitz.     Lon.  8  32  E,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Selhrea,  a  town  of  TurXey  in  Euro])e, 
in  Rumania  with  an  archbishop's  see. 
It  was  a  large  place  but  is  now  much 
deemed.  It  is  seated  on  the  sea  of 
Marmora,  35  miles  VV  of  Constantino- 
ple.    Lon.  28  12  E,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Selkirt,  a  town  of  Scotland,  and  the 
county  town  of  Selkirkshire.  It  has 
been  long  famous  for  a  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Ettrick,  30  miles  S  of  Edinburgh 
Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  55  26  N. 

SeUirhhire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
which  is  also  called  the  Sheri/lilom  of 
Ettrki  I'oiest,  from  tlie  riier  whi<'li 
runs  throiigli  it,  which  with  the  Yar- 
row, the  Tweed,  and  Gallo-water,  are 
the  chief  rivers,  and  from  its  .ormcrly 
being  covered  all  over  with  wooil.^. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N  and  N  W  b'. 
Pefhlesliire,  and  N  by  Edinburghshire  ; 
on  the  E  by  Roxburghshire  and  part 
of  Berwickshire  ;  on  tiie  S  by  Rox- 
burghsliire  and  part  of  Dunifriesiiire  j 
and  on  the  W  by  part  of  U'lnifnes- 
sliire.  Its  niountains  feed  great  flockv 
of  sheep  and  black  cat'lc,  and  the  val- 
leys on  the  rivers  produce  much  corn 
and  hay.  The  chief  places  are  Sel- 
l^rk,    Philiphaugh,    and    GallashiclU. 


SEN 


Iti  chief  manufactures  are  shncs  «nd. 
boots.  It  >o  the  seat  of  a  presbytery, 
.ludhas  11  pvishes.  Its  chief  town 
is  Seliirk. 

Mi'e.t,  a  lovvn  of  I'l-anre  in  the  de- 
pailmi'iit  of  Lciir  aiuj  Clicr,  and  lat« 
,)n)vini.e  of  Uei-ri,  with  a  -«iNtle.  It  i* 
^eaied  on  the  Cher,  over  \Ctii-h  is  i 
iiridge,  12  miles  S  K  of  Blois,  an-l  li/5 
S  .S  VV  (;f  I'aris.  Lon.  1  30  E,  laf. 
■i7  2.5  N. 

Se/tz,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
parluient  of  Lower  Rhine  .■mil  late 
province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  tha 
Rhine,  270  miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  8 
12  E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Seltztr,  Lower,  a  vilUge  of  Germany, 
with  a  spring  of  mineral  waters. 

Setnendria,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Servia,  with  a  citadel,  sc.itcd 
on  the  Danube,  20  miles  S  E  of  BeU 
grade.     Lon.  21  45  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

SeniigaUia,  the  E  part  of  the  Dutchy 
of  Courland,  separated  by  the  river 
Masza,  from  Courlaml  Proper.  Miltau 
is  the  capital. 

Seminari,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 

in   Calabria   Ultcriore,  32   miles    N  1£ 

of  Reggio.     Lon.  16  21  E,  lat,  38  20  N. 

Seminolas,   a  division  of   tlie  Creek 

Indians,  in  North  America. 

Semlin,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the 
VV  side  of  the  Danube  and  Save,  op- 
posite  Belgr.ide,  and  70  miles  S  E  of 
Esseck.     Lon.  21  0  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Sempach,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in 
Lucern,  about  three  miles  in  length, 
and  one  in  breadth.  The  banks  on 
each  side  sl:)pf  f,-C'ntly  to  tiie  edge  of 
tlie  water,  and  are  checkered  witli 
wood. 

Sempach,  a  town  of  Swisserl.md,  in 
the  canton  of  Liiceni.  Sempach  is 
seated  on  a  laki-  of  the  siime  name, 
seven  miles  N  VV  of  Lucern.  Lon.  7 
57E,  lat.  47  10N._ 

Semur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
piii  tmeid  <>f  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Uurgundy  witii  a  castle.  It 
has  a  manufacture  of  tli!tli,  and  is  .scat- 
•  d  on  the  Arnuuicon,  over  wliich  are 
iwo  bridges,  .)7  miles  <if  Autan,  and 
135  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  19  E,  Lit.  4" 
28  N. 

Semur,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
liie  department  of  Saone  and  Loire, 
.'lid  late  jirovincc  of  Burgund}-,  40 
■niies  N  W  of  Lvons,  .'.iid  175  S  of 
Piris.     Lon.  4  22  V.,  lat.  46  14  N. 

Senejfe,  a  town  of  .Vu'-lrian  Brali.nnt, 
four  miles  S  of  Niviilc  ;    famous  for  a 


m 


SEN 


S  E  R 


b:ittle  ffainpil  l)v  ttie  French,  over  the 
prince  of  OniMgv,  in  1674. 

Senegal,  ime  i,i'  tin;  tJirce  principi.l 
rivers  ot'  At'riea,  tor!<icrlv  supposed  t" 
lie  one  of  the  hrai.rlies  of  tlie  Ni^'cr, 
l)iit  (letertTiiiui.l  In  Mr.  F.irk  lo  liiive  it'. 
soiiree  8^  •::;.-o)rr!i|  liicul  miles  W  u'. 
tliat  riv.-r.  Im  Ijiuiii^lies  are  very  hii- 
ni(;r..iis,  und  intersect  tlie  roiintrv  foi 
«I);jiit  :W0  miles  from  /C  to  \V.  Helow 
tlie  falls  of  Felow  'Slw  Park  judi^cd 
tliat  it  iui^,'I)t  lie  equal  in  si/.e  lo  tlit 
'i'weed  at  iVIelross.  It  sbynomeanv 
a  eajiital  stream,  except  in  the  rainy 
season,  when  its  hid  is  filifd,  and  will 
not  contain  the  additional  waters. 

Siiiegai,  a  kinf-dom  of  .Vcj-Toland, 
lyiiij;  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  overllows  like  the  i'lile,  anJ 
m\ifh  about  the  same  time  of  '.he  year. 
The  Ficncli  once  sent  ,50  men  'ip  this 
river,  who  rowed  KJOO  miles,  imder- 
poiny  ),''ieat  hardship  i,  iiisomncl)  that 
only  live  returned  back  alive.  'I'hc 
kinsrdoin  of  Sc  neg-al  was  formerly  con. 
siderahlc,  bit  is  n'lw  reduced  into  a 
very  narrow  conipass.  It  is  |)o])uiims 
and  full  .A'  Lrees,  but  the  soil  beiig 
Sandv,  they  never  sow  till  the  rainy 
season  comes  en,  in  June  ;  and  get  in 
their  liiu-.i'<ii  in  .Sei'tember.  The 
French  had  a  fort  and  i'actory,  in  an  is- 
land at  i.iie  mouth  of  the  river,  and 
were  entire  masters  of  the  pumtrade 
It  is  called  Fort  Louis,  was  taken  by  the 
En({lisli  in  1758,  and  confirmed  to  them 
by  the  peace  of  1763  ;  but,  in  1783,  it 
was  restored  to  France.  Lon.  16  31 
W,  lat.  15  53  N. 

Stiiez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Alps,  and  late 
province  of  I'rovence,  se;ited  in  a  roug-h 
barren  country,  46  miles  N  E  of  Aix, 
and  49  N  W  "of  Nice.  Lon.  6  40  K, 
I  at.  43  59  N. 

ScrJh,  an  anci<Mit  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Oise,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  lately  a 
bishop's  sec.  The  cathedral  has  one 
of  the  hi^;liest  steeples  in  France.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
river  Nonette,  almost  surrounded  b\ 
a  large  forest,  20  miles  N  W  of  Meaiix, 
and  27  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  40  E, 
lat.   49  12  N. 

Seniuir,  the  capital  of  a  king'dom  of 
the  same  name  in  Africa.  See  Nuliia. 
It  is  five  miles  in  circumference,  and 
contains  near  100,000  inhabitants. 
The  houses  are  all  one  story  hij^^h, 
with  ilat  roofs  ;  but   the  subiubs  con- 


tain only  cottages  covered  with  reerlj, 
The  paluce  is  surrounded  by  hii'li 
Wills,  of  bricks  dried  in  the  sun,  bulls 
inly  a  confused  heap  of  buildiniri, 
I'he  beats  arc  almost  insupponablc  in 
tne  day  lime,  excej)l  in  the  rainy  s.m. 
son,  which  begins  in  April,  and  cmi. 
inues  tlii'ee  inontlia,  at  which  time 
•  he  i.ir  is  unwholesome.  Tiie  oinniii. 
'lilies  are  elephants  teeth,  tamarimls, 
civet,  tobacco,  and  gold  dust.  Tlicre 
is  a  market  near  the  palace,  where 
.slaves  are  sold  ;  the  females  sit  on  oiu- 
side,  the  males  on  another,  and 
the  Egyptian  merchants  buy  gpt:,i 
numbers  of  them  every  year.  'I'hc 
women  of  quality  have  sligltt  garme'its 
of  silk,  and  wear  rings  of  various  ntetals 
on  their  hair,  arms,  legs,  ears,  and  fin. 
jvers.  Women  of  a  low  rank,  and  girls, 
have  clothes  wrapped  round  them  from 
I'le  waist  to  the  knees.  The  men  pi 
almost  naked.  The  merchandise  re- 
quired at  Scnnar  are  spices,  paper, 
brass,  hardware,  glass  beads,  and  a 
bhc '{  drug,  with  which  they  colour 
their  eyelids  and  eyebrows.  It  it  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  near  the  river 
Nile.     Lon.  30  0  E,  lat.  15  4  N. 

Sens,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
ilepartment  of  Yoimc  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  The  metropolitan  church 
is  a  handsome  Gothic  structure.  The 
dauphin  and  daiiphiness,  parents  nf 
Lewis  XVI.  were  interred  in  this 
church,  and  here  was  lately  their 
monument,  a  masterpiece  of  Couston's, 
crowned  by  two  urns  united,  expres- 
sive of  theimalterabtc  aHectiim  of  this 
virtuous  pair  Sens  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile cotmtry  at  the  confluence  of  ths 
Vanne  with  the  Yoiine,  25  miles  N  of 
Auxerre,  an.i  60  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
22  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Sera,  a  tovjii  of  the  peninsula,  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  Mysore  country,  55 
miles  N  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  75  54 
E,  lat.  13  23  N. 

Seraia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
1  lU  miles  S  \V  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18 
5  fi,  lat.  44  24  N. 

Serampour,  a  commercial  town  of  Hin« 
<loostaii  Proper,  in  Bengal,  seated  on 
Hoogly  river.  It  is  a  Danish  settle- 
ment, not  far  from  Calcutta. 

Serav.iUe,  a  town  nf  Italy,  in  the 
dtitchv  of  Milan,  24  miles  N  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Sercclti,  a  seapoi't  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  a  little  to  the  W  of  Algiers. 
Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 


*% 


# 


5  E  R 

res  covered  ■with  ree^lj. 
i    HiirnmiKled    by    hii.!i 

I  dried  in  llic  sun,  bulls 
;d  bcap  of  biiildinirH 
almost  iriHiipponablc  in 
xc(.j)t  ill  tlio  rainy  s.m. 
;iiH  in  April,  und  cmi. 
luintiis,  at  which  time 
olesonie.  Tiic  CMnmii. 
laiits  teeth,  tainariiids, 
and  gold    dust.      Tlicre 

icar  the  palaca,  \vli(;rc 
;  the  tcniuli.-s  sit  un  imc 
es    on      anotiier,     and 

mercliants  buy  ppt:,i 
hem  every  year.  'I'he 
ity  have  slijjlu  garme'itj 
ir  rinjys  ot'variou.s  metals 
rnis,  legs,  ears,  and  fin. 
of  a  low  rank,  and  girls, 
■apped  round  tlicm  from 
le  knees.     The  men  pi 

The  merchandise  re- 
lar  are  spiees,  paptr, 
•e,  glass  beads,  and  a 
'ith  which  they  colour 
id  eyebrows.  It  it  sciit- 
nence,  near  the  river 
0  E,  lat.  15  4  N. 
nttown  of  France,  in  the 
yonnc  and  late  province 
rhe  metropolitan  church 
Sothic  structure.  The 
dauphiness,  parents  nf 
were  interred  in  this 
here  was  lately  their 
lasterpiece  of  Couston's, 

0  urns  united,  expres- 
terabte  atiectiim  of  this 

Sens  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile conHiience   of  the 
:  Yoiine,  25  miles   N  of 
10  S  E  of  Paris.     Lon.  3 
!N. 

II  of  the  peninsula,  of 
the  Mysore  country,  55 
ingapatam.    Lon.  75  54 

1  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
of  Belgrade.     Lon.  18 

N. 

jommercial  town  of  Hin« 

f,  in  Bengal,  seated  on 

It  is  a  Danish  settle- 
■om  CaicMtta. 

town  of  Italy,  in  the 
II,  24  miles  N  of  Genoa. 
t.  44  44  N. 

iport  of  the  kingdom  of 
B  to  the  VV  of  Algiers. 
t.  36  50  N. 


# 


S  E  R 

Serchii),  a  river  of  Italy,  wlilcli  Jins 
its  soune  m  the  Appcimiiiea,  in  Mo- 
deiia.  It  crosses  the  valley  of  Carsag- 
nana,  in  the  teiTitory  of  Lucca,  and 
falls  into  the  Tuscan  Sea,  five  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Arno, 

Ser/'),  ov  Ser/hiiU;  an  inland  of  the 
Arclii|)cl!igo,  50  miles  N  VV  of  Naxia. 
It  is  ei};'l;l  miles  long  and  five  hro.id, 
and  full  of  mountains  and  rocks,  in 
wliicli  are  mines  of  iron  and  loadstone. 
The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks,  and 
have  but  one  town,  called  St.  Nichoto, 
which  is  a  poor  place.  Lon.  25  10  E, 
lat.  37  19  N. 

Sergag,  a  town  of  Kuagia,  in  tlie  go- 
vernment of  Niznei  Novogorod,  48 
miles  S  E  of  liFiznei  Novogoiod.  Lon. 
45  20  E,  lat.  56  50  N. 

Seigipfiy,  a  seaport  of  South  America, 
in  Brasil,  capital  of  a  government  of' 
the  same  name.     It  is   seated  at  thfc 
mouth  of  the  Rey,  120  miles   N  E   of 
St.  Salvador.  Lon.  39  46  W,  lat.  31  30N. 
Sering apatam,   a  city  of  Hindoostai, 
capital  of  Mysore,  situate   in  an  island 
of  the  river  Canvery.  The  Mausoleum 
of  H)  der  Aly  is  one  of  the  most  mag^- 
nificent  objects  in  the  place  :  it  is  on 
tlie   S  angle  of  the  island,  siirrour.ded 
by  a  grove  of  beautiful  cypress  tvees. 
This  city  is  strongly  fortified.     It  was 
closely  besieged  in"  1792  by  lord  Corn- 
wallis,  and  was  only  saved  from  being 
captured,  by  Tippoo's  agreeing  to  sign 
a  treaty  by  which  he  ceded  half  of  his 
dominions,  and  agreed  to  pay  a  vast  sum 
nf  money  to  the  East  India  Company 
and  their  allies.     A  fresh   w.w  broke 
out  in  1799,  when  the  city   was   taken 
by  assault,  and  Tippou  was  killed.  The 
town  was  plundered  of  every  thing  va- 
luable,  and   an   immense   quantity  of 
spoil  was  div'ded   among  the  troops. 
Seringapatam  is  290  miles  VV   S  VV  of 
Madras,  and  350  S  by  E  of  Visiapour. 
Lon.  76  46  E,  lat.  12  31  N. 
Seroiige.     See  Strong. 
Serp.'i,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alcniijo,  seated  on  a  rugged  eminence, 
with   a   castle   three    miles    from    the 
Gu:idi;ma,  and  83  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7 
45  W,  hit.  73  47  N. 

^cires,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pmmcnt  of  Upper  Alps,  15  miles  S  W 
of  Gap. 

Serviii,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  Nby  thcD.inube 
and  Save,  which  separate  it  from  Hun- 
|,'aiT,  oil  the  E  liy  Bulgaria,  on  the  W 
iiy  Bosnia,  luid  oil  the  Sby  Albania  and 


SET 

Miicedoi'Ia.  It  is  190  mileg  long  and 
95  bioad,  and  is  divided  into  four  san- 
giciales  ;  two  of  which  were  ceded,  in 
1718,  to  the  Aiistrians,  who  restinrd 
tliein  to  the  Turks,  in  1739,  by  the 
trctty  of  Belgrade.  The  names  ol  them 
arc  Belgrade,  Scmendriah,  Scupia,  and 
Cratewo.     Belgrade  is  the  capital. 

Scivulo,  n  castle  of  Austrian  Istria, 
seated  on  a  high  mountain,  four  mile.4 
from  Triest.  Near  it  is  a  famous  cavern 
in  which  the  sparry  exudations  have 
formed  various  figures  of  blue  and 
white  colours. 

Sessa,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  was 
'."ornierly  very  considerable,  and  is  30 
miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  19  E,  lat. 
41  20  N. 

Sesti  <li-Pwiiite,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoft,  five  miles  VV  of 
Genoa.     Lon.  8  36  fc,  lat.  44  24  N. 

JVfto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, seated  on  the  Tesin,  where  it 
proceeds  from  the  lake  Maggiore,  2S 
miles  VV  N  VV  of  Milan. 

Seatos,  a  strong  castle  of  Turkey  in 
Europe  in  Komunia,  seated  on  the  strait 
ofGalipoli.     See  Dardaneltts. 

Settri  (Ji-Levante,   un  ancient  town  of 
Italy  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  30  mile* 
VV  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  44  23  N. 
Se-tchuen,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Chen-si,   on  the  E  by 
Hou-quang,  on  the  S  by  Koei-tchetu, 
and  on  the   VV   by  Thibet,  and  other 
neighbouring    countries.      Besides    a 
great  number  of  forts  and  places  of 
strength,  there  are   reckoned   in  this 
province  ten  cities  of  the  first  class,  and 
eighty-eight  of  the  second  and  third. 
It  is  watered  by  the  great  river  Yang- 
tse-kiang,  and  is  rich,  not  only  on  ac- 
count  of  the   great  quantity  o^  silk  it 
jiroduces,  but  its  mines  of  iron,  tin,  and 
lead,  as  well  as  its  amber,  sugar-canes, 
and  lapis  lazuli.     It  abounds  in  musk, 
rhubarb,  &.c.    This  province,  which  is 
at  a  great  distance  from  the   sea,  gets 
all  the  salt  it  consumes  from  its  moun- 
tains,  where   the  inhabitants  dig  pits, 
which  furnish  them  with  it  in  abund- 
ance.    Tching-tou-fou  is  the  capital. 

Seteef,  a  town  of  Tunis,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Algiers,  50  miles  S  VV  of  Con- 
stantlna.     Lon.  5  36  K,  l.it.  35  58  N. 

Settmo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seated 
on  the  Po,  eight  miles  N  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  47  E,  lat.  4.1  14  N. 
Sethies.     See  Athens. 
Setlege,  a  river  cf  H'mdoo»tal)  Proper, 

L  L   I.  I, 


m% 


i< 


f 


p 


' 


SE  V 

the  iiidsl  easterly  of  the  five  c;!^!^^'!!  I 
lirani-lies  of  llu'  liiilus.  Alxml  midway 
between  its  source  ami  the  Ii  diiB,  il 
rc'c-civcs  tlio  Beyali,  and  tlic  coili-Ctive 
sli-cmii  t;iki'3  liie  w.v.nc  of  Kcra  ;  it 
then  jiiinst  the  Indus,  a  gccal  way  to  the 
S  of  Mo-iltaii. 

Sriifiiii,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada 
l,on.  5  10  \V,l»t  .26  4HN. 

Sirti  I,  ane|)isiM(>..l  town  of  the  island 
ofCanlia,  48  miles  li  S  li  of  Candia. 
Lon.  -io  '2  E,  lat.  Jj  .1  N. 

Sctt.'e,    a   town    in   the    VV  riding  of 


Yorksiiire,  witii  a  market  on  Tuesday. 
Il  is  sealed  on  tl'e  Uiljhie,  over  which 
ig  a  stone  brid(,a-,  28  miles  li  by  N  of 
Laniaslcr,  and  235  N  N  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  2  la  W,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Hetwvitone,    a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont   f  inr  miles  N  of  Ivica. 

Sc'uv.i/,  or  Setiihat.  Hcc  Uiies,  St. 
Seven  Islands,  islands  to  that  niimljer, 
in  the  Frozen  Ocean,  lyinj:^  in  lon.  18 
48  E,  lat.  80  31  N.  Amonjj  th.cse 
islands  cajrtain  Phipps,  with  the  Race- 
horse and  Carcass,  were  surrounded 
bv  the  ice,  from  the  15th  of  Jnly  to  the 
iOtb  of  Aug-iiKt,  1773,  but  beins'  aided 
by  a  brisk  pale,  at  N  N  E  cHected 
Vliclr  dciivci-ance. 

Sevenonh,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  obtained  its 
name  from  seven  larije  oaks  which 
■were  near  it  when  it  was  first  built. 
Hero  is  an  hospital  for  the  maintenance 
of  atjed  people,  with  a  freeschool. 
Qiieen  Elizabeth  having  augmented 
the  revenues  of  the  sciwvil,  it  was  cal- 
led tiiiecn  Elizabeth's  School ;  and  the 
whole  was  rebuilt  of  stone  in  1727. 
Near  tliis  town  is  Knole,an  ancient  pa- 
lace of  the  see  of  C:interbury,  which 
archbishop  Cranmer  exclianged  witti 
the  crown  for  other  la;  ds,  and  queen 
Elizabeth  gave  to  Thorn  is  lord  Buck- 
hurst,  afterward  earl  of  Dorset,  from 
whom  it  descended  to  the  present  duke 
of  Dorset.  In  1450,  the  rebel  John 
Cade  defeated  the  royal  army  near  this 
town.  It  is  six  miles  N  W  of  Tun- 
bridge,  and  23  S  S  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  18  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Sever,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Landes,  seated  on  tlie 
Adour,  20  miles  E  of  Dax,  and  65  S  by 
E  of  B<mrdeaux.  Lon.  0  35  W,  lat. 
43  45  N. 

Sever  inn,  St.  a  fortified  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  with  an  arch- 
bislio;)'3  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy 
rosk,  on  the  river  Neeto,  eight  miles 


SE  V 

fi'om  the   sea,   and  45  S  E  of  Rosmno, 
L.m   17  14  E,  lat  39  15  N. 

Scvrrlmt,  St.  an  episcopal  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  inar({uisate  of  Ancona.  It 
has  fine  vineyards,  and  is  seated  be- 
tween two  hills  on  the  river  Petenza, 
Hi\  miles  N  W  of  Tolentino.  Lon.  1] 
6  E,  lat.  43   Ui  N. 

Scverini),  St.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cite- 
riore, .seated  on  the  river  Sarno. 

Severn,  a  river  of  England,  which  ri- 
ses in  the  motmtain  of  Plynlinunon,  in 
.Montgomeryshire,    and    flowing    first 
across    that    comity,    it    then    enters 
Shropshire  at  its  confluence    with   the 
Vyrnew,  or    VVirnew.     It  is  navigable 
in  its  wliole  course  through  this  conn- 
tv.     In   its  course  it  waters  Llanydlos, 
I^ewton,       Welshpool,       Shrewsbury, 
Bridgeiiorlh,  Bewdly,  Worcester,  Up- 
t<m,  Tewkesbury,  and  Gloucester  ;  and 
entering  the    sea   its  month    is  called 
the  Bristol  Channel.     It  is  the  second 
river  in  England,  and  has   a  commimi- 
cation    -vith    the   Thames  by   a  canal. 
See  Tiumie*. 

Severn  Vale,  an  extensive  and  fertile 
vale  in  Gloucestershire,  abounding  in 
fertile  pastures,  which  furnish  that 
cheese  for  which  that  county  is  so  fa- 
mous.    See  Evesham,  Vale  of. 

Severn,  a  river  of  North  America,  in 
Maryland,  which  waters  Annapolis, 
and  enters  into  Clicsapeak  Bay. 

Seve-ndrotig,  an  island  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  60  miles  S  of  Bombay,  on 
which  was  a  strong  fort  that  belonged 
to  Angria  the  pirate,  taken  by  commo- 
dore James,  in  1756.  See  Shooter's  Hilt. 
Severn,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
nata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a 
plain,  75  miles  N  E  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  34  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Severus'  Wall,  commonly  called  Gra- 
ham's Dike,  in  the  W  of  Scotland.  It 
is  a  work  of  the  Romans,  supposed  to 
be  done  by  the  emperor  whose  name  it 
bears,  to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the 
Picts  and  Soots.  It  began  at  Ahercorn, 
on  the  frith  of  Forth,  four  miles  NE 
of  Linlithgow,  and  runs  W  to  the  frith 
of  Clyde,  ending  at  Kirkpatrick,  near 
Dunibarton. 

Sevierci'le,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Sevier  county,  Tennessee,  25 
miles  E  by  S  of  Knoxville,  the  State 
capital 

Seville,  a  considerable  city  of  Spain, 
cipital  of  Andalusia,  and  abishop'ssee. 
It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the 


E  V 


S  E  V 


S  H  A 


1  45  S  E  of  Rostano. 

39  15  N. 
ciiiscopul  town  of 

lisati'  of  Ancoiia.  It 
,  and  is  suatcil  be- 
lli tlio  river  Petenza, 
Tolenliiio.     Lon.  ij 

:n\vii   of  Italy,  in  tlie 
H,  in  Principato  Cile- 
ic  river  Sariio. 
if  England,  which  ri- 
in  of  Plynlinunon,  in 
,    and    flowing    first 
iity,    it    then    enters 
confluence   with   the 
new.     It  is  navigable 
ie  through  this  conn- 
!  it  waters  Llanydlos, 
ipool,      Shrewsbury, 
vdly,  Worcester,  Up- 
,  and  Gloucester  ;  and 
I   its  mouth    is  called 
icl.     It  is  the  second 
and  has   a  commiini- 
1  hamcs  by  a  canal. 

1  extensive  and  fertile 
ershire,  abounding  in 
which  furnish  that 
h  that  county  is  so  fa- 
havi.  Vale  of. 
of  North  America,  in 
h  waters  Annapolis, 
Micsapeak  Bay. 

I  island  of  Hindoostan 
s  S  of  Bombay,  on 
>ng  fori  that  belonged 
rate,  taken  by  commo- 
756.  See  Shooter's  Hill. 

II  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
shop's  see,  seated  in  a 
N  E  of  Naples.     Lon. 

40  N. 

commonly  cnlled  Gra- 
he  W  of  Scotland.  It 
:  Romans,  supposed  to 
;mpcror  whose  name  it 
It  the  incursions  of  the 

It  began  at  Abercorn, 
'  Forth,  four  miles  N  E 
ind  runs  W  to  the  frith 
ig  at  Kirkpatrick,  near 

post  town,  and  the  ca- 
:ounty,  Tennessee,  25 
of  KiiosvlUe,  the  State 

iideruble  city  of  Spain, 
usia,  and  abisliop'ssee. 
1  a  large  plain,  on  the 


Giiadalqiiiver,  and  takes  more  ground 
than  Madrid,  although  it  has  not  so  ma- 
ny inhabitants.  The  Phenicians  are 
supposed  to  have  been  its  founders, 
who  called  it  Hisjiatis  j  and  it  is  the 
Julia  of  the  Romans,  who  cinbetlisbed 
it  with  many  magnificent  buildings.  It 
is  of  a  round  form,  foililied  with  strong 
walks.  Hanked  by  high  towers.  Tlie 
Moors  built  an  utpiediict,  still  to  be 
seen,  six  miles  in  length.  The  cathed- 
ral is  the  largest  in  S))ain,  being  175 
feet  long,  and  80  broad  j  the  steejjle  is 
of  curious  workmansiiip,  and  evtiemo- 
ly  liigli,  consisting  of  three  towers,  one 
above  another,  with  galleries  and  bal- 
conies. Of  the  convents  that  of  St. 
Francis  is  the  most  curious,  adorned 
with  a  handsome  public  square,  in  the 
midst  of  which  is  a  fine  fountain.  The 
university  consists  of  many  colleges  ; 
and  the  professors  enjoy  rich  pensions. 
The  royal  palace  called  Alca/ar,  was 
partly  built  after  the  antique  by  the 
Moors,  and  partly  in  the  motlern  taste 
by  king  Pedro  j  it  is  a  mile  in  extent, 
and  flanked  by  large  square  towers, 
built  with  stones,  taken  from  the  anci- 
ent temple  of  Hercules.  Some  say  it  is 
not  equalled  in  Europe  ,  behind  the  Al- 
cazar is  a  magnificent  snuff  manufac- 
ture, erected  by  Ferdinand  VI,  where 
a  thousand  men  are  constantly  employ- 
ed. The  exchange  is  a  square  building 
of  the  Tuscan  order,  each  front  100  feet 
in  length,  and  three  stories  high.  The 
townhouse  is  adin'iied  with  a  great 
number  of  statues,  and  there  is  a  large 
square  before  it,  with  a  fine  fountain  in 
tlie  middle.  There  are  120  hospitals 
richly  endowed,  the  pleasant  situation 
of  Seville  near  the  sea,  makes  it  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  trading  towns  in 
Spain.  The  suburb  of  Triana  stands  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  over  wliich 
is  a  long  bridge  of  boats.  In  this  su- 
burb the  house  of  the  Inquisition  is 
placed)  and  there  are  inihllc  walks, 
wliere  most  of  the  inhabitants  go  to 
take  the  air.  Formerly  tin;  trade  of 
the  New  World,  centered  in  this  port, 
and  there  were  16,000  looms  and 
130,000  persons  employed,  but  there 
are  now  only  400.  The  country  about 
it  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  &c. 
and  there  is  abundance  of  oil ;  for  to 
the  W  of  the  river  is  a  grove  of  olive- 
trees,  30  miles  in  length.  Seville  is  45 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  113  W  of 
Granada,  and  212  S  bv  W  of  Madiid. 
Lon.  5  22  W,  lat.  27  32  N. 


Sevrft,  Two,  a  department  of  Fr.incfr, 
inciiuliiijv  purl  of  the  late  proviiu  c  <if 
Piiitoii.  It  is  so  naniiil  froin  two  rivers, 
one  of  which  flows  V\  by  St.  Maxieiit 
and  Niort,  into  the  b:iy  of  Hiscay,  op- 
posite the  isle  of  Khe,  and  tlic  ulher 
takes  a  N  W  direclion,  parses  by  Glis- 
son,  and  enters  the  river  l.oir(;,  oppo. 
site  KmUcs.  St.  ATaxicnt  is  llie  capi- 
tal. 

Se',\iti/kJl;  Mount,  a  chain  of  mountains 
that  borders  on  the  level  country,  on  the 
N  of  ihc  province  of  Uellii.in  Hindoos, 
tan  Proper.  At  Hiulwar,  the  Ganges 
forces  its  way  through  ll:is  ildge  into 
tlie  plains  of  lilivloostali, 

Se  ssel,  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  in  tlic  de- 
partment of  Aiii,  and  late  (jro^iiiccof 
Bresse,  divided  by  tlie  Rhone,  intotwo 
parts,  wliere  it  is  first  navigable,  tlic 
eastern  part  was  ceded  to  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  by  the  treaty  of  'I'urin,  in 
1760.  It  is  14  miles  N  E  of  Bcllev. 
Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Sezanne,  a  town  of  Fr;iiice,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marnc,  and  late  province  of 
Clianiiiagne,  seated  on  a  little  river,  27 
miles  N  W  of  I'roves,  and  65  S  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  4  10  ll.  Int.  48  41  N 

Sezza,  ail  episcopal  town  of  Italv  in 
Naples,  29  miles  N  N  W  of  Naples. 
Lon.  13  45  E,  ha.  41  19  N. 

S/iiditr,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile. 
Lon.  3'J  33  E,  lal.  ,30  47  N. 

SliackUford,  a  post  town  in  King  Wil. 
liani  county,  Virginia,  15  miles  N  W  of 
Gloucester,  75  Eof  Ricliinoii<l,  and  143 
S  by  E  of  lV,.s!:iiig:on. 

.Sli.ftsbury,  a  l)()i'ou;^h  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  market  on  S:itur(lay.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  in  form  of  a  bow,  wliere  wa- 
ter is  so  scarce,  that  the  poor  get  a 
living,  by  fetcliing  it  from  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  but  it  enjoys  a  serene  whole- 
some air,  and  has  a  fine  ])ro«pect.  It  is 
a  corporation,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  had  formerly  10  par- 
ish churches,  which  are  now  reduced 
to  3,  It  is  25  miles  N  N  E  of  Dorches- 
ter, and  102  W  by  S  of  London,  Lon.  2 
20  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Sluiflslmry,  a  town  in  Bennington 
county,  Vermont,  about  half  way  be- 
tween Bennington  and  Arlington,  or 
nearly  10  miles  from  each. 

Shuhjehav.pour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  E  Indies.  Lon.  76  18  E,  lat.  23 
26  N. 

Sham.     See  Damascus. 

Sliamokin,  a  village  in  Northumher- 
land,  Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the  E 


SHE 


SHE 


aide  of  Siixqiiehannali  river,  about  six 
mill's  below  Nurtliumberluiut. 

Shannon,  tlic  largest  river  of  Ireland, 
which  issues  from  Lough  Allen,  in  the 
province  of  Coniuiii},'ht,  and  running  S 
divides  the  provinces  of  Leinster  and 
Connitught  j  it  then  turns  S  W,  passes 
l)y  tile  city  of  Limerick,  and  falls  into 
the  Atlimt'c  Ocean  belw.-cii  the  coun- 
ties of  Clare  and  LimeritL 

Shiifi,  a  villiige  in  VVestni.  ■eland,  at 
the  source  of  the  Loder,  between  Or- 
ton  »m\  Penrith,  ll  had  once  a  famous 
abbey,  built  in  Uiyi  but  is  now  of  little 
note,  except  for  sonie  great  stones, 
like  pyramids,  |)laced  almost  in  a  direct 
line,  llir  a  mile  together,  at  eight,  ten, 
and  12  yards  distance,  of  such  immense 
weight,  that  carriages  now  in  use  couhl 
not  support  them.  The  abbey  stood 
about  n  mile  \\  from  the  church,  of 
which  little  remains,  except  the  tower 
at  the  W  end  of  the  destroyed  church, 
and  the  ruins  of  an  old  bridge. 

Shapleigh,  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Maine ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Piscataqua  river,  about  40  miles  N  of 
Portsmouth,  in  New  Hampshire. 

Sharon,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut!  situate  on  the 
border  of  New-York  State,  51  miles 
\V  by  N  of  Hartford,  and  20  N  E  of 
Ponghkepsie,  on  Hudson  river, 

Sharpsburg,  a  post  town  in  Washing- 
ton county.  Maryland  ;  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  Potowmack  river,  'lOmi'cs  above 
Harper's  ferry,  and  about  21  VV  of 
Frederick  town.  It  has  about  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Shcvwangunk,  a  post  town  in  Ulster 
county,  New-York  ;  lying  on  the  E  side 
of  Walkill  river,  26  miles  S  of  Kings- 
ton, and  20  N  of  Goshen,  containing 
2800  inhabitants. 

Shappinjha,  one  of  the  Orkney  Is- 
lands, lying  N  E  of  Mainland. 

Sheerneas,  a  fort  in  Kent,  seated  on 
the  N  point  of  the  isle  of  Sbepey,  at 
the  principal  mouth  of  the  Med'way, 
three  miles  N  of  Qiieenborough.  It 
wiis  built  and  fortified  by  Charles  II. 
•with  a  line  of  cannon  facing  the  Med- 
way,  after  the  insult  of  the  Dutch,  who 
burnt  the  men  of  war  at  Chatham. 
The  huihiings  belonging  to  it,  in  which 
the  officers  lodge,  make  a  little  neat 
town,  and  there  is  also  a  yard,  a  dock, 
»nd  a  chapel.  The  yard  and  garrison 
Used  to  be  supplied  with  water  from 
Cliatliara  well,  till  an  excellent  spring 


!  was  discovered  here.  Lou.  0  48  E,  lut.  51 
28  N. 

Sheffield,  a  large  and  populous  town 
in  the  W  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  'I'his  town  has 
been  noted  several  hundred  years  fur 
cutlers  and  smiths  manufactures,  which 
were  encouraged  and  advanced  hj  the 
neighbouring  mines  uf  iron,  particular- 
ly for  liles  and  knives,  or  whittles  ;  for 
the  last  of  which  especially  it  has  been 
a  staple  for  above  oOO  years  i  and  it  ii 
reputed  to  excel  Birmingham  in  these 
wares,  as  that  does  this  town  in  hicks, 
hinges,  nails,  and  polished  steel.  The 
lirst  mills  in  England  for  turning  grind- 
stones were  also  set  up  here.  Here  are 
also  lead  works  and  a  silk  mill.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Don,  which  is  navigable 
within  two  or  three  miles  of  the  town, 
and  its  iieighbourhood  abounds  with 
coal.  It  has  two  large  churches,  and  a 
spacious  market  jilace,  furnislied  with 
neat  shops  for  butchers,  £(.c.  It  is  54 
miles  S  S  \V  of  York,  and  IC!  N  N 
VV  of  London.  Lon.  1  29  VV,  lat.  53 
20  N. 

Sheffield,  a  post  town  in  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  30  miles  S  E  of 
of  the  city  of  Hudson,  (New- York)  and 
53  N  W  of  Hartford.  (Connecticut.) 
It  has  2050  inhabitants. 

Shefford,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  cominodiously 
seated  between  two  rivulets,  which 
unite  their  streams  below  the  town, 
and  fall  into  the  Ousc.  It  is  eight 
miles  S  E  of  Bedford,  and  41  N  by  VV 
of  London.  Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52 
8N. 

Shefnal,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  nine  miles  N  E  of 
Bridgenorth,  and  136  N  W  of  London. 
I. on.  2  22  VV,  lat.  52  42  N. 

SheiUls,  North,  a  dirty  place  and  sea- 
port in  the  county  of  Northumberland. 
It  is  remarkable  for  being  the  mart 
where  ships  take  in  their  loading  of 
coal,  seated  on  the  N  side  of  theTyne, 
10  miles  E  of  Newcastle.  Lon.  1 12  W. 
lat.  55  4  N. 

Shei/da,  South,  a  seaport  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Durham,  where  there  are  up- 
wards of  200  salt  pans.  It  is  seated 
on  the  S  side  of  the  Tyne,  10  miles  E 
of  Newcastle.  Lon.  i  12  W,  lat  55 
4N. 

Shdbume,  a  flourishing  new  town  of 
North  America,  in  the  British  province 
of  New  Brunswick.  It  is  situated  at 
Port  Roseway,  and  extends  two  miles 


i  E 


SHE 


S  H  I 


e.  Loii.0  48E,lut.51 

!  and  populous  town 
P  Yorknliire,  with  u 
uy.     'riiin  town  lia« 

I  hundred  years  for 
rimiuifuctun'ii,  which 
1411(1  advanced  i)j  the 
s  of  iron,  piu'lirnhir- 
es,  or  whittles  i  for 
Hpcciiilly  it  I1U.S  hcen 
'ibu  ynuVH  i  und  it  ii 
iirniin(i;h:tin  in  these 

II  thii  town  in  locks, 
lolishcd  steel.  'I'he 
lid  I'ortiirninj^fjrind- 
t  up  here.  Here  are 
d  a  silk  mill.  It  it 
,  which  is  navijfuble 
E  miles  of  the  town, 
liood  ubounds  with 
irgo  cluuTJic.i,  and  a 
ttce,  fiirni.'ilied  with 
chers,  &.C.  It  is  54 
ork,  and  IC!  N  N 
on.  1  2U  VV,  lat.  63 

town  in  Berkshire 
etts,  30  miles  SEof 
on,  (New- York)  and 
brd,  (Connecticut.) 
ants. 

1  Bedfordshire,  with 
day,  cominodiously 
wo  rivulets,  which 
i  below  the  town, 
Ousc.  It  is  eight 
rd,  and  41  N  by  W 

0  21    W,    lat.   42 

1  Shropshire,  with  a 
nine  miles  N  E  of 
36  N  W  of  London. 

2  42  N. 

dirty  place  and  sea- 
[)f  Northumberland, 
or  being  the  mart 
in  their  loading  of 
N  side  of  theTyne, 
castle.  Lon.  112W, 

eaport  in  the  coun- 
icre  there  are  up- 
pans.  It  is  seated 
:  Tvne,  10  miles  E 
i>.  i  12  W,   lat   55 

•ishing'new  town  of 

the  British  province 

It   is  situated  at 

extends  two  miles 


on  the  water  side,  und  one  mile  back, 
with  wide  streets  crossing  each  otiicr 
St  right  angles.  The  harbour  is  deep, 
r:ipacinus,  and  secure.  About  a  mile 
friim  Shelhiirnc,  and  separat('<l  from  it 
by  a  small  river,  is  the  Black  Town, 
contaiiitng  about  I'JUU  free  blacks,  that 
served  on  the  royal  side  during  the 
liitc  war.     Lat.  43  46  N,  lon.  65  0  VV. 

Sheila,  a  town  of  Africa  in  Morocco, 
where  none  arc  allowed  to  enter  Inii 
Mahometans.  It  is  four  miles  £  of 
Salloe. 

Slifplierd'i  It/ei,  a  cluster  of  islands, 
in  tlic  Pacitic Ocean.  Lou.  1G8 42 E, lat. 
l(i  58  S. 

Shepey,  an  island  of  Kent,  at  the 
mnutli  of  the  Tiiumes,  separated  from 
the  mainland  by  the  East  Swale.  It 
produces  corn,  and  feeds  numerous 
ti'icka  of  sheep.  It  contains  the  boroiig'li 
ot't^iccnborough  and  the  fortof  Sheer- 
noss. 

ShepherdsUmn,  a  post  town  in  Berkley 
cnunty,  Virginia  j  lying  on  the  .S  side 
of  Potowmuck  river,  opposite  to  Sliarp.s- 
liurg,  16  miles  N  W  of  Harper's  ferry, 
nnd  J4  N  E  of  Winchester.  It  has  a- 
liDUt  1000  inhabitants. 

Shepton  M  diet,  a  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Frid.ay.  It  has  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  cloth,  is 
seated  under  Mendip  Hills,  17  miles  S 
W  of  Batli,  and  114  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  30  VV,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Sherborn,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  witli 
a  market  on  Thursday  and  Saturday.  It 
WHS  formerly  a  bishop's  see,  and  had 
three  churches,  though  now  but  one, 
wliich  was  the  cathedral.  It  had  also  a 
castle,  now  in  ruins.  Here  is  a  free- 
school,  founded  by  Edward  VI  j  two 
Urge  silk  mills  i  and  a  conduit  of  ex- 
cellent water,  which  is  continually 
running.  It  is  computed  to  contain 
20,000  inhabitants,  16  miles  N  by  W 
of  Dorchester,  and  118  VV  bySof  Lou. 
don.  Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Sherborn,  a  town  in  the  VV  riding  of 
Yorksiiire,  with  a  market  on  Friday, 
seated  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls 
into  the  Ouse,  14  miles  S  W  of  York, 
and  181  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  15 
W,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Slterborough,  a  fv)rt  of  Guinea,  in  Afri- 
ca, seated  at  the  mouth  of  Sherborough 
river.  It  belongs  to  tlie  English,  and  is 
100  miles  S  E  of  Sierra  Leone.  Lon. 
HOW,  lat.  6  ON. 

Sherburne,  a  town  of  North  America, 
ill  the  island  of  Nantucket,  80  miles  S 


of    Boston.    Lon.  70  30    W,  lat.  41 

ON. 

Slierlmrn,  a  post  town  in  Chenaiipi 
county,  New-York  i  situated  on  the  \V 
side  of  Chenango  river,  about  .34  iiiile* 
VV  of  Cooper'stown,  and  20  S  of  Suii- 
gcrlield,  with  1282  inhuhilanls. 

Sheriff- Afiiir,  iihcia\i  in  I'l'ilhsMie, 
Scotland,  between  the  Ocliils  and  the 
Grampian  nioiuitains ;  tamous  Im  a 
bloody  but  undecisive  battle,  in  I'Ij, 
between  the  royal  army  and  the  rthcl 
forces  under  the  earl  oi'  MiU-. 

Shetland,  the  general  name  of  aliiiut 
40  islands,  lying  100  n.iles  N  N  K  ..f 
Caithncsshire,  in  Scotland,  between 
59  56aiMl61  11  N  lat.  The  names  of 
the  principal  are  Mainland,  Yell,  Uiist, 
and  Pula  or  Thule.  'I'hc  Auronv  IJor- 
eales,  or  Merry  Dancera,  us  they  are 
called  in  tliese  islands,  are  tlie  constant 
attendants  of  char  evenings,  and  pi-ove 
great  reliefs  amid  the  gloom  of  the  long 
winter  nights.  What  the  inhabit.mt* 
have  been  hitherto  alik:  to  do,  tlici'  ua- 
tural  advantages  considered,  di.eK  nut 
iL'serve  that  name,  nolwilh-.liii^ding 
they  export  large  quaniiUes  of  cod, 
tusk,  ling,  und  skate,  iiisii'iuch  that 
the  bounty  allowed  by  acts  or'p''iliu. 
ment  amoimts  from  1400/.  to  :'(JUO  mi- 
nually.  They  have  besides,  harK;'Hl.s, 
whitings,  turbot,  and  a  variety  ol Oilier 
lish.  In  many  of  tlie  inletsVic:!.-  arc 
prodigious  quantities  of  exicll^-iit  oys- 
ters, lob.sters,  muscles,  cocMes,  u'ul 
other  shell-fish.  As  to  anipiiibiou* 
creatures,  they  li.r.c  multitudes  of  ot- 
ters and  seals  ;  add  to  these  that  am- 
ber,  ambergri.s,  and  other  spoils  of  the 
ocean,  are  iTrequeiitly  found  upon  the 
coasts.  The  inliabitants  arc  stout,  v/ell- 
made  and  comely  ;  the  lower  soi't  of  a 
swarthy  complexion,  a  hardy,  robust, 
and  laborious  people,  who,  generally 
speaking,  get  their  bread  by  iishiiHc  in 
all  weathers  in  their  yawls,  wliich  are 
little  bigger  than  Gravesend  wherries, 
live  hardly,  and  in  the  siuiimer  season 
mostly  on  fish.  Shetland,  with  Ork- 
ney,  forms  one  of  the  counties  of  Scot- 
land. 

Sheoagunga,  a  town  of  the  East  In- 
dies  in  Hindoostan,  25  miles  N  \V  of 
Bangalore.  Lon.  77  18  E,  lat.  13  20  N. 

Shin,  Loch,  a  lake  in  tlie  mountains 
of Sutherlandshire,  Scotland;  81  miles 
in  circuit  From  which  issues  a  stream 
which  flows  into  the  frith  of  Dornoch. 

Shippensburg,  a  post  town  in  Cumber, 
land  county,  Pcnnsyhania ;  21  miles  S 


S  H  R 


S  H  R 


Wk: 


W  of  Carlisle,  11  N  E  of  Chambers- 
burg',  and  146  W  of  PliiliuU'lpliia.  It 
is  s'lluatcil  in  tlic  heart  of  u  feilik-  coun- 
try, aiul  coMtiiined  1045  in]i:ibilants  at 
the  last  envinicvution  in  1800. 

S/iiflor.,  an  ancient  town  in  Worccs- 
tersliire,  tlionph  3iirrounik<l  by  War- 
wicksliire,  with  a  marlcet  on  Saturday. 
It  is  sopited  on  the  Stour,  14  miles  W 
of  Banburv,  and  83  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  125  W,  Lit.  52  5  N. 

Shoates,  Isles  uj,  in  North  America, 
on  the  coast  of,  and  the  only  islands  be- 
Inngin^fto  Niw  Hampsliire.  They  lie 
convenient  for  ibo  cod  fishery,  whicli 
was  formerly  eari'ied  on  here  to  great 
advuntag'c  ;  buttiie  inliubjtants  are  now 
few  and  poor. 

Shogte,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Syria,  seat- 
ed on  the  Asia  anciently  caih'd  Oron- 
tes,  over  whicii  is  a  bridge  of  13  arciies. 
It  i.i  18  miles  S  bv  E  of  Anliocb,  and 
4.':  S  W  of  Aleppo.  L  on.  36  40  E,  lat. 
35  20  N. 

Slimmska,  one  of  the  Kuriles  in 
Kamtsciiatka,  which  is  inhabited  by  a 
mixture  of  natives  and  Kamtschadales. 
See  Kuriles. 

Shooter's  Hill,  a  village  in  Kent,  si- 
tuate on  a  hill  so  called,  eight  miles  E 
S  E  of  London.  From  this  liill  is  a  fine 
extensive  ])rospect,  and  the  Tliames 
■makes  a  magnificent  appearance  from 
it.  Lady  James  built  a  lofty  tower  on 
this  hill  in  honour  of  her  husband  com- 
modore James,  who  reduced  tiie  fort 
of  Severndroog  in  the  East  Indies  in 
1756.  It  is  called  Severndroog  Castle, 
is  of  a  triangular  form,  and  contains 
some  of  the  arms,  ornaments,  &c.  tak- 
en from  the  enemy. 

Shoreham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Saturdaj .  It  scnils  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  com- 
monly called  New  Shoreham,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  old,  which  lies  near 
it,  and  is  now  of  little  account.  It  iw 
seated  on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  wliicii 
makes  it  a  place  of  some  trade,  and  nui- 
ny  small  vessels  are  built  here.  It  is 
16  miles  N  W  of  New-haven,  and  50 
S  bv  \V  of  London.  Lon.  0  15  W,  lat. 
SO  54  N. 

Shre^vs'jury,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
and  the  capital  of  that  county,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  'I  liursday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  biautifulh  seated  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  the  Sevein,  over 
which  are  two  bridges,  aiid  is  surround- 
ed by  a  wall,  with  three  gates.  Here 
was  formerly  a  castle  and  abbey,  both 


now  in  ruins.  It  contains  five  churches, 
is  governed  by  a  major,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  the  chief 
mart  for  a  coarse  kind  of  woollen  clotli, 
nia<lc  in  M<mtgomcr\  shire,  called 
Welsh  webs,  and  for  all  sorts  of  Welsh 
commodities,  which  are  generally 
bought  in  a  rough  state  at  Welsh  pool, 
and  fini-shed  here,  whence  they  are  ex. 
ported  to  America  and  Flanders.  It  h 
also  famous  for  its  excellent  brawn, 
which  is  sent  to  various  parti  of  the 
kingdom.  In  1283,  Edward  J.,  held  a 
|)arlianient  here,  vvh.cn  tlie  lords  sat  in 
the  castle,  and  the  ccm.moiis  in  a  barn. 
Anotlier  parliament  was  l.eld  here  in 
1397,  by  Richard  II.  Close  to  this 
town,  in  1403,  was  fought  the  bittle 
between  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  Percy, 
surnamed  Hotspur,  in  which  the  h.tler 
was  defeated  and  slain.  Shrewsbury 
is  18  miles  E  of  Welshpool,  36  W  of 
Lichfield,  and  160  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  41  W,  lat,  52  43  N. 

Shrevishur  ,  a  post  town  in  Monmouth 
county.  New  Jersey.;  silUi-ted  on  a  high 
and  dry  soil,  near  the  sea  shore,  and 
therefore  resorted  to  in  sun  mcr  In  the 
gentrjj-ef  New  York  and  Phihidelphia, 
as  a  bathing  place.  It  lies  in  |j.t.  40° 
17'  N,  and  long.  73°  12'  W,  at  the  dis- 
fanre  of  47  mdes  N  E  from  Trenton, 
28  E  i)\  S  fiom  New  Brunswick,  and  77 
Ni  from  Philadelphia.  1 1. c  township 
contains  about  6000  inhabitants 

Shropshire,  (»■  S(.l',p,  a  count}  of  Eng- 
land, boundi  d  on  the  N  h\  Cheshire 
and  a  detached  part  of  Flintshire,  on 
the  E  by  StafTord.'ihiie,  on  tl.e  S  E  ';y 
\\ drcestershire,  on  th.c  S  by  Herc-iord- 
sliire,  on  the  S  W  by  Radr.(ir'.i:iie,  and 
on  th(  W  b)  the  counties  <ii  M<  rtgo- 
n;erj  and  Denbigh  ;  it  is  about  50  miles 
li,ng,  and  40  broad.  It  lies|aitlyin 
I  he  diocese  of  Lidifeh'  and  C(iveiitry, 
and  jjarlly  in  that  of  Hereh.rd  j  contains 
Khundreds,  16n.i  rkel-tc^wns,  and  170 
parishes  ;  and  sends  12  n  c  n  h(  rs  to  par- 
liament. Ihc  air  is  salubrious,  and 
not  very  sharp,  except  on  the  hills 
Sliroi'shire  haj  a  vaiicly  of  soil,  but  in 
p-cr.eral  is  well  tulti\ated,  prtidiicing 
hrge  quantities  of  [.lain  of  all  sorts, 
nu:ch  of  which  is  sent  down  the  Se- 
vern for  cxiKJitalion.  lis  le\el  parts 
(ccd  many  cuttle  ;  and  much  of  the 
cl  eese  sold  under  the  name  of 
Cheshire  is  made  in  this  county.  The 
sluep  of,  its  I'.illy  tracts  af  ord  a  line 
wool,  which  supi)lies  the  manufactories 
of  the  W,  tlieie  being  none  of  any  con- 


--ft  II  ^iiiiiMiiWi^iii  It 


rti  »i 


■-•r ., 


S  H  R 

lis.  It  contains  five  churches, 
(1  l)y  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
;o  piiillanient.  It  is  the  chief 
coarse  kind  of  woollen  clcjtli, 

Montgomerjsliire,  called 
l)s,  and  for  all  sorts  of  Welsh 
es,  which  are  generally 
■i  rough  stale  at  VVcisii  pool, 
■d  here,  wlicnce  they  are  ex. 
America  and  Flanders.  It  in 
us  for  its  excellent  brawn, 
sent    to   various  purl  i  of  the 

In  1283,  EdwHrd  J.,  held  a 
;  here,  vvh.en  the  lords  sat  in 

and  the  con.nions  in  a  barn, 
larliament    was   l.eld  here  in 

Richard  II.  Close  to  this 
14(ij,  was  fought  the  bMtle 
ItT.ry  IV.  and  Henry  Percy, 
Hotspur,  in  which  the  htier 
lied  and  slain.  Shrewsbury 
3  E   of  Welshpool,  36  W  of 

and  160  N  W  of  London. 
W,  lat,  52  43  N. 
ur  ,  a  post  tow  II  in  Monmouth 
i\v  Jersey.;  siUi;.ted  on  a  high 
sell,  near  the  sea  sliore,  and 
resorted  to  in  sun  mer  b\  the 
New  York  itnd  PhiladelVhla, 
ig  place.  It  lies  in  If.t.  40' 
;1  long.  73°  12'  W,  atthedis. 
[7  miles  N  E  from  Trenton, 
fiom  N<?w  Brunswick,  and  77 
Philadelphia.  The  township 
bout  6000  inhiLbilunts 
•re,  or  S(.i';p,  a  count}  of  Eng- 
udi  d  on  the  N  bj  Cheshiie 
iched  part  of  Flintshire,  on 
statTordsl.il  e,  on  tl.e  S  E  by 
rshire,  on  tl.e  S  by  Herc-iord- 
he  S  W  by  Radn(ir'.i:iic,  and 
by  the  counties  ol  R;(  ntgo- 
Jeubigh  ;  it  is  about  50  miles 

40  broi.d.  It  lies  |  aitly  in 
e  of  Lidifeh'  and  toven'trj', 
in  tliat  of  Hereli.id;  contains 
lis,  16n  i  rkel-<owns,  and  170 
ai'd  .send.s  12  n  i  n  In  rs  to  par- 
Ihc  air  is  salubrious,  and 
sharp,  except  on  the  hills 
i  had  a  variety  of  soil,  but  in 

well  tulti\iited,  producing 
ntilies  of  prain  of  all  sorts, 
which  is  sent  down  tl'.e  Se- 
exiioitation.  lis  level  parts 
V  cuttle  ;  and  much  of  the 
old  under  the  name  of 
s  made  in  this  courity.  The 
its  I'.illy  tracts  af  ord  a  fine 
ch  supplies  the  manufactories 
there  being  none  of  any  con- 


S  I  A 

sequence  in  Shropshire.  The  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  ■  VVrekin  and  Brid.vi'- 
nortli,  and  that  of  Chmn,  in  the  S  VV 
CDnier,  aiv  rcckiiied  to  yield  w.»ol  c- 
qiwi  I  >  Uuit  of  Lemster.  This  cointy 
abouids  witiiload,  0,1, )er,  iron,  lime 
stme,  f'cestoiie,  pi,)c-ciiiy,  bitumen, 
and  c>al  Tlie  prineiijul  rivers  are  the 
Severi)  .uid  tlie  Tend.  The  capital  is 
Slirewsbary. 

Siam,  a  kingdom  of  .\sia,  bounded 
on  t!ie  N  by  Cliiiui,  on  the  E  by  Luos 
and  Camb)dia,  on  tie  S  by  the  jrnlf  of 


-^"'     S  I  B 

They  have  schools  for  t!ic  education  of 
ihcir  ciilldrcn,  and  tliere  is  scarce  any 
among  them  but  what  can  read  and 
write.  O  liiini,  Jathia,  or  Juda,  is  the 
caj)ital  town. 

Siam,  a  capital  city  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  sealed  on  the  Meuan, 
near  its  m.)Ulh  in  the  gulf  of  Siam,  400 
miles  S  E^of  Pegu.  Lon.  101  20  E,  lat. 
M  20  M. 

Siiini,  a  town  of  S  >utii  Anierica,  in 
Brusil,  capital  of  a  cuptainsliip  of  the 
same  ii-ime,   which   lies  between  those 


Siam,  andon  the  VVbvlhe"  b.ivof  Ben-lof  M.iragnan   and  Rio  Grande,  on  the 
gal  and  Peg  1.  It  is  .5.5 J  miles  in  kngth,  I  N   coast.     In    the    neighbiuirhood  w  » 


and  250  in  breadtti,  though  in  s.ime 
places  not  abi>ve  50.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Higher  and  L  iw.'r,  an.l  111--  £;oH 
produces  plenty  of  rice,  eotton,  and 
fruits,  bnt  different  fr)m  iliose  in  Eu- 
rope. The  inhabitants,  both  mon  and 
women  go  almost  naked.  The  better 
sort  indeed  wear  rieii  garincnU ;  and 
vet  th>3e   about  the  court  aic  uiuler  a 


fort,  on  a  mount.Vui,  near  the  river  Sia^ 
ra.     Lon.  33  35  W,  lat   .^  '5S. 

Sicuhii,  a  town  of  Ru».,.a,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Petershurgh.  It  is  seated 
not  far  from  Lhela'Ke  Lad.igft,  ^4  mile* 
N  E  of  New  Lad.ga.  Lon.  30  47  E, 
lat.  60  16  N. 

Siberia,  a  largo  country  comprehend- 
ing the  mostjtortlierii  part  of  'he  Rus- 


iniserable  subjection  to  toe  king,  who  !  siaii  emi)ire  in  Asia.  It  is  bounded  on 
shows  himself  bit  once  a  year  to  the  the  E  by  the  Eastern  Ocean,  on  the  S 
coinm)'!  peo.ile  He  is  proimetor  of  ;  by  Great  Tartary,  on  the  W  by  Russia, 
rll  the  lands  in  the  country,  and  no  one  and  on  tlie  N  by  the  Frozen  Oi;ean.  It 
..,\n   btiy   any  merchandises  till  he  has    c\teiids    2U0U  miles  from  E  to  W,  and 

"oO  from  N  to  S.     The    south  part  is  a 
fertile  country,  producing  all  the  neces- 
saries  of  life  i    but   the  N  part  is  ex- 
tremely cold,  almost  uncultivated,  and 
thill  of  people.     The  principal  riches  of 
Siberia   cmsist  in    fine  skins  and  furs. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  three  sorts,  pa- 
gans, or  the  natives  of  the    country; 
M  hometaiis,    or  Russians.     The    for- 
mer dwell  in  forests  in  the  winter,  and 
in  the    summer  on  the  banks  of  rivirs. 
They  are  clotlud  with  the  skins  of  wild 
beasts,  and  their  riches  consist  in  bows, 
arriiws,    a   knife   and  a  kettle.     They 
make  use  of  reindeer  and  dogs,  instead 
of  horses,  to  draw  their  sledges.  They 
have    several    idols,    wliich    they   are 
sometimes    displeased    witli,  and    will 
either  beat  or  burn  them    They  all  live 
in  wretched  huts,  which   they  remove 
from  jilace  to  |)lare.  Those  in  the  south- 
ern   parts   are   not   much  more  polite  j 
but   they  have  hor.ses  with  whicii  they 
go  a  hunting,  and  their  houses,  thougU 
poor,  are  not  shifted  from  place  to  place. 
Nor  are  the  Maho  .Ktaii  Tartars,    who 
dwell  ill  tbes(  'lans,  so  ugly  as  in  other 
places.     The  k,  -sians  settled  here  are 
much  the  same  as.    '  their  n:iti%e  coun- 
try.    Througli   this  vast  tract  ihe  Rus- 
sian caravans   travel  every  year,  with 
tl'.cir  merchandise,  to  China.  The  prin- 


the  refusal  of  them.  He  generally  keeps 
a  numerous  army,  among  which  there 
are  1000  elephants,  and  it  is  said  he  can 
bring  250,000  men  into  the  field.     It  is 
a  flat  country,  which  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son   Ls   overflowed ;    for  wliich  ^ea^^ou 
most  of  the  hfnises  are  built  on  pillars, 
and  they  have   no  communication  for 
some   months  biit  by  boats.     The  wo- 
men are   the  only  mcrrhants  in  buying 
goods,  the   mt-p  behig  generally  main- 
tained by  the   industry  of  their  wives. 
The  inhabitants  are  well  shaped,  have 
large  foreheads,  little  noses,  handsome 
mouths,  pkim-j   lips,  and  black  spark- 
ling eyes.     Both  sexes  go  bare-headed, 
and  the  men  are  of  an  olive  colour,  with 
little  beards,  but  the  women  of  a  straw 
complexion,  and  some  have  their  cheek" 
a  little    red.     Tney  have  ab.mdance  of 
wild  animals   in  the    woods,    as   ele- 
pliants,    rhinocerosses,    leopards,    and 
tigers.     Their  tame  cattle  are  beeves, 
buffaloes,  and  hogs,  of  wliicli  the\  have 
plenty    about    their    farms.      Besides 
which,   there  aw  large  and  dangerous 
crocodiles,    and    serpents  20  feet  hmg. 
Their  temples  and  priests  .ire  very  nu- 
merous ;  the  latter  distinguished  from 
the  laity   by    *n   orai'gc  coloured  gar- 
ment,   and    they    kfcji    their    heads, 
beards,   and  eyc-brosvs  close  shaved. 


I 


p\ 


M- 


S  I  c 

cipal  rivers  arc  the  Oby,  Lena,  Irtysh, 
Yenise,  and  Okota.  In  this  country  are 
not  only  a  jri'ciit  niimber  of  fresli  water 
lakes,  but  likewise  several  whose  wa- 
ters are  Salt  ;  and  these  reciprocally 
chiinge  their  nature,  the  salt  sometimes 
becominjf  fre.sh,  and  the  fresh  chang- 
in|;'  into  saline.  Some  lakes  also  dry  up, 
and  others  apjiear  where  none  were  ev- 
er seen  before.  The  salt  lake  of  Ya- 
musha,  in  the  province  of  Tobolsk,  is 
the  most  remarkable  of  all,-  for  it  con- 
tains a  salt  as  while  as  snow,  consist- 
ing entirely  of  cubic  crystals  One  finds 
also  in  Siber'.i  saline  springs,  salt-wa- 
ter hi'ooks,  and  a  hill  of  salt.  The  W 
part  of  Sil)cria  is  comprised  in  the  Rus- 
sian g-overnments  of  T(  'nlsk  and  Ko- 
ly  van  ;  the  E  part  in  1  '.le  government  of 
Irku'zk.     Tol)olsk  is  the  capital. 

Sic/iem,  a  town  of  Austrian  Urabant, 
to  the  S  of  wliirli  is  a  celebrated  mon- 
astery. It  is  seated  on  the  Demcr,  18 
miles  E  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat. 
51  6  N. 

Sicitf,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  almost  in  the  form  of  a  tri- 
an(;le,  terminating-  in  three  points  or 
capes  i  that  which    is   neart  aly  is 

called  Cape  del  Faro  :    th  '  re- 

gards the  Morea,  Capo    Pa  and 

the  third  which  points  to  At.  .,  0'  .o 
di  Boco.  As  Sicily  is  an  inlan^l  it  can 
be  only  bounded  by  the  sea  ;  liovv  ver 
it  is  se|)aratcd  from  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  by  a  narrow  strait,  called  the 
Fai-o  ;  but  as  Messina  is  seated  on  it, 
it  is  called  the  Faro  di  Messina.  This 
is  about  live  miles  in  breadth,  and  in 
it  are  the  famous  shelves  called  Scylla 
and  Charybdis,  so  much  celebrated  by 
the  Latin  pnets,  but  these  are  now 
said  to  have  been  removed  by  the  ter- 
rible earthquake,  which  happened  here 
and  in  Calabria,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1783,  and  which  destroyed 
many  cities  and  villages,  and  above 
40,000  inhabitants.  The  two  kingdoms 
of  Naples  and  Sicily,  are  under  the 
same  climate,  and  the  productions  arc 
much  the  same,  only  Sicily  abounds 
much  more  in  corn,  particularly  in  the 
vallies  of  Noto  and  Mazara  ;  but  then 
there  are  fewer  trees  and  fruits  :  The 
valley  of  Domona  has  more  forest  and 
fruit  trees  than  the  two  others.  It  is 
s  lid  to  contain  one  million  of  inhabi- 
tants, who  in  general  have  a  ^■ery  bad 
character.  They  formerly  cuHivated 
sciences  here,  and  there  was  a  univer- 
sity at  CiUanca,  but  now  they  arc  great- 


S  I  £ 


ly  neglected.  It  is  said  there  arc 
mines  of  all  kinds,  but  it  does  uot  ap. 
pear  that  they  derive  any  advau- 
taj,e  from  them.  It  is  divided  into  the 
vallies  just  mentioned,  called  by  them 
Val  di  iJeraona,  Val  di  Noto,  and  Val 
di  Mazor:!,  wliich  are  taken  notice  of 
in  their  proper  places.  Don  Carlos 
bf'came  king  of  the  two  Sicilies  in 
17 o6,  in  C(;nsequence  of  tlie  treaty  of 
Vienna ;  but  the  king  of  Spain  dying  in 
1760,  he  succeeded  to  that  crown,  ami 
his  tlurd  son  Ferdinand  became  king 
of  the  two  Sicilies.  Mount  jttna,  no-.v 
called  Gibello,  the  famous  volcano,  is  in 
Val  di  Uemona.  It  is  about  165  miles 
in  length,  and  112  in  breadth  ;  and  iti 
produce  not  already  mentioned,  is 
wine,  oil,  silk,  and  excellent  fruits. 

Sicquen.     See  Seiks. 

Sidaj/e,  a  strong  town  on  the  N  coast 
of  the  island  ot  Java  in  tbe  East  In- 
dies with  a  harbour.  Lon.  113  15  £, 
lat.  6  40  S. 

Siddington,  avillage  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  handsome  chapel,  an  tnifinish- 
ed  tower,  and  some  painted  glass.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Churn,  one  mile 
S  E  of  Cirencester. 

Siderocapsa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  En- 

rope,  in  Macedonia,  famous  fbr  a  gold 

Tiine   in  its  neighbourhood.    It  is  five 

.lies  from  the  gulf  of  Contessa.    Lon. 

13  44  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Sidmouth,  a  fishing  town  in  Devon> 
shire,  much  frequented  in  tl"?  bathing 
seafon,  and  was  formerly  p.-.2tty  con- 
siderable before  its  harbour  was  choak- 
cd  no.  It  is  12  miles  S  E  of  Exeter, 
and  158  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  15 
VV,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Sidon,  or  Said,  a  seaport  of  Palestine, 
anciently  a  place  of  great  strength,  and 
extensive  trade.  It  is  still  of  some 
note,  has  a  good  castle  and  a  -well  fre- 
quented harbour ;  and  is  also  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Turkish  bashaw.  It  is  45 
miles  W  S  W  of  Damascus.  Lon.  36 
5  E,  lat.  33  33  N. 

Sidra,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
between  the  gulfofNa|)oU  and  that  of 
Engia.     Lon.  24  0  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Sidra,  a  spacious  gulf  on  the  coast  of 
Barbary,  between  Tripoli  and  Barca. 
which  takes  its  name  from  a  small  is- 
land at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf. 

Siedcnberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  of 
Hove,  nine  miles  S  S  W  of  Hoye. 

Siegbtirg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of   Westphalia,    and  dutcby  of 


^  I  E 


S  I  £ 


S  I  E 


It  is  said  there  arc 
ids,  hut  it  does  uot  up. 
y  derive  any  advan- 
I.  It  is  divided  into  tlie 
itiniied,  called  by  tlicm 
,  Val  di  Noto,  and  Val 
cli  are  taken  notice  of 
r  places.  Don  Carlos 
if  the  two  Sicilies  in 
[jiience  of  the  treaty  of 
e  king  of  Spain  dying  in 
:ded  to  that  crown,  and 
'erdinand  became  kinj; 
lies.  Mount  MX.n&,  no-.v 
he  famous  volcano,  is  in 
.  It  is  about  165  miles 
112  in  breadth  ;  and  iu 
llrcudy  mentioned,  is 
and  excellent  fruits. 

Seih. 
ng  town  on  the  N  coast 
)t  Java  in  tbe  East  In- 
•bour.     Lon.   113  15  E, 

lage  in  Gloucestershire, 
ne  chapel,  an  nnfinish- 
ome  painted  glass.  It 
:  river  Churn,  one  mile 
iter. 

town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
onia,  famous  (br  a  gold 
ighbourhrod.  It  is  five 
gulf  of  Contessa.    Lon. 

30  N. 

ishing  town  in  Devon* 
[juented  in  tl"?  bathing 
a  formerly  p.-.;tty  con- 
:  its  harbour  was  choak- 

miles  S  E  of  Exeter, 
>  of  London.    Lon.  3  15 

',  a  seaport  of  Palestine, 
:  of  great  strength,  and 
!.  It  is  still  of  some 
I  castle  and  a  well  frc* 
r ;  and  is  also  the  rcsi- 
kish  bashaw.  It  is  45 
[)f  Damascus.  Lon.  36 
N. 

id  of  the  Archipelago, 
ilf  of  Na|)oli  and  that  of 
t  0  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 
nus  gulf  on  the  coast  of 
en   Tripoli  and  Barca. 
name   from  a  saiall  is- 
>m  of  the  gulf, 
own  of  Germany  in  the 
plialia,    and  county  of 
:s  S  S  W  of  Hove, 
wn  of  Germany,  in  the 
phalia,    and  dutchy  of 


Jierg,  subject  to  tlie  elector  palatine. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sieij.  1.5  inik-s  S  I. 
of  Cologne.     Lon.  7  22  K,  Kit.  jJ  43  N 

Hkgcn,  a  town  of  Gei-manj,  in  Wetc- 
raviu,  with  a  cn.ille,  and  the  title  of  u 
ptincijjiility,  wliiili  it  n'ivcs  to  a  brancli 
of  the  house  of  Nassau.  It  is  seutcii 
'm  tlie  river  of  tlie  same  name,  1" 
milts  N  VV  of  DiUcmhurgli,  and  i7  K 
of  Colopie.     Lon.  8  5  li,  lut.  50  53  N. 

Sit'^yniiiiiigeii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  ciic'lu  of  Suabia,  and  c'a|)ltal  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  26 
miles  N  of  Constance,  and  44  8  of 
Slutgard.     Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  48  2  N 

Sie^itadt,  a  town  of  Norway,  ji;  the 
province  of  Aggeviiuvs. 

Sienna,  a  celebrated  city  (^f  Tuscany, 
capital  of  the  Sieniicsc,  with  an  arcli- 
bishop's  stc,  a  university  and  u  citadel. 
It  is.ibout  four  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  The  archi- 
tecture of  the  Gothic  metropolitan 
church  is  admirable,  and  much  esteem 
ed  by  all  travellers  i  it  is  built  with 
black  and  white  marble,  and  the  pave- 
ment is  of  Mosaic  work.  Sienna  is 
not  very  populous  j  but  the  women 
have  more  freedom  than  in  most  parts 
of  Italy.  It  is  adorned  with  a  great 
number  of  palaces,  fountains,  and  su- 
perb churches.  The  great  area  is 
round,  and  the  houses  about  it  arc  of 
the  same  '-.eight,  supported  by  piazzas, 
under  wnich  people  may  walk  in  all 
weathers.  In  the  middle  is  a  basin, 
which  they  can  fill  with  water  ut  any 
time,  and  represent  a  seafight  with  small 
vessels.  The  Itali.-in  language  is  taught 
here  with  such  purity,  that  many  for- 
eigners  fre(j(ient  it  on  that  account. 
It  is  seated  on  three  eminences,  36 
miles  Sof  Florence,  and  105  N  by  VV 
of  Rome.     Lon.   HUE,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Siennese,  a  dutchy  of  Italy,  boun  ded 
on  the  N  by  the  Florentino,  on  the  S 
by  the  Mediterrtnean  and  the  dutchy 
of  Castro,  on  the  E  by  the  Perugino 
and  Orvictano,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Flo- 
rtntino  and  the  Tusoan  Sea.  It  is  a- 
bout  55  miles  in  length,  and  as  much 
in  breadth.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile, 
especially  in  r.iiilbctry  trees;  which 
feed  a  great  number  of  silk-worms, 
mul  there  are  several  mineral  springs. 
Sienna  is  the  rapital. 

Siemioi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
KovermneiU  of  Moliilef,  60  miles  N  N 
W  oi  Mohilef.  Lon.  29  45  E,  lat.  54 
30  N 

Sierrit  Leone,  Acounlrj on  the  W  coast 


of  Africa,  .so  named,  according  to  some 
.lutliors.    In    tlic    Portuguese,    on    ac 
c(.unt  (.f  its    mountains  on  this   coast 
al>oundin(j    with    lions      Some    extend 
its  limits  li'oni  the  Grain  Coast  on  tho 
•i  E,    to  Cape    A'erg-a  or  Vega   on   the 
N  W  ;    that  is,    between  7  and  10°  N 
lat.       Others,     however,     confine  the 
country    between     Cape    Verga    and 
Cape  i'agriii.     In   the   open   and  plain 
parts,    on  the  banks  of  a   river  of  the 
same  name,  the  heat  of  the  sun  befure 
any  brce/e  arises,  is  almost  intolerable  ; 
but  as   a    refreshing    gale    constantly 
springs  up  about  noon,   it   renilers  the 
country  support.ible.     The  wlmle  tract, 
on  each  side  the  river,   is  rich  iti   rice 
and   millet,  which  is  the  chief  suste- 
nance of  the    inhabitants ;    and    upon 
the  whole  it  is  one  of  the  best  countries 
on  the  coast.     In  1~91,  an  act  of   Par- 
liament was  obtained,    incorporatil.g  a 
company  called  the  Sierra  Leone  Com- 
I'lany,  for   the    purpose   of   cultivating 
West  India,  anil  other  tropical  produc- 
tions on  tile  banks  of  this  river.     The 
first  settlers  amounted  to  200  white  per- 
sons,  besides  a  number  of  free  blacks 
from    Nova   Scotia.     The    natives    aip- 
peared  to  be  extremely  friendly,  and  a 
few,  in  1792,  had  come  to  work  for  the 
colony.    On  the  setting  in  of  the  rains, 
about  the  latter  end  of  May,  the  same 
year,  a  considerable  degree  of  sickness 
and  mortality    prevailed,    occasioned 
chiefly  by  the  insufficiency  of  the  tem- 
porary habitations,  which  could  not  be 
completed    before    the    rains    set    in. 
Thirty-five   white    persons    (of  whom 
fourteen    were   soldiers ^  and  many  of 
the  bl:icks  died  of  tliis  sickness.    The 
ne.\t  year  the  setting   in   of  the    rains 
was  not  productive  of  the  same  efiects. 
The   colonists   were    in    good    health, 
were  all  put  into  possession  of  small  lots 
of  land,  and  anew  town,  on   a  regular 
and  extended  scale,    whs   begun  to  bo 
built.     Besides  the  Nova  Scotia  blacks, 
a  large   party  of  the    natives  were   at 
work  for  the  company,  and  the  experi- 
ments in   sugar,  cotton,  &e.  ap])eared 
to   be  promising.     The    native    chiefs 
and  people  appeared  to   be    extremely 
friendly,   and  the    Company's  schools 
were   regularly   attended  by  300  elilU 
dren,  among  whom  were  som.e  cliild.en 
of  the  natives.     But  tiiis  clieei  ful  seen© 
was    soon    overcast,     and    this    beau- 
tiful and  pro.'iperous  colony  overwhclm- 
.(1  witli  ruin.     In  Sept.  1794,  a  French 
s(|uadi'on  arrived  at  Sierra  Leoiie,  firod 
M  m  111  in 


-?p 


"wpfi 


S  1  F 


tipoii  t'.ie  town  and  did  much  damage. 
In  tlie  afternoon  the  enemy  landed, 
finding  the  town  almost  destitute  of 
people,  but  rich  in  provisions,  clothmg, 
and  other  stores.  Tliey  began  imme- 
diately to  break  open  the  houses  and  to 
plunder.  What  tliey  did  not  want, 
they  destroyed,  burnt,  or  threw  into 
the  river.  They  killed  all  the  cattle 
and  animals  they  found  in  the  fields  or 
streets,  yards,  or  elsewhere,  not  spar- 
ing even  asses,  dogs,  and  cats.  These 
proceedings  they  continued  the  whole 
succeeding  week,  till  they  had  entire- 
ly  ruined  this  beautiful  and  prospermg 
colony  ;  and  when  they  found  nothing 
more  worth  plundering,  they  set  fire 
lo  the  public  buildings  and  all  the 
houses  bclorging  to  the  Europeans. 

Siena  Leone,  a  river  of  Africa,  m  a 
country  of  the  same  name.  Its  source 
is  uncertain,  but  its  mouth,  in  Ion.  12 
30  W,  lat.  8  15  N,  is  nine  miles  wide. 
Sierra  Leone,  or  Lion  Mountains, 
mountains  of  Africa,  which  divide 
Nigritia  from  Guinea,  and  extend  as 
far  as  Abyssinia.  They  were  styled 
by  the  ancients  the  Mountains  of  God, 
on  account  of  their  being  subject  to 
thunder  and  lightning.  . 

Sierra  Murena,  mountains  m  Spain, 
which  divide  the  kingdoms  of  Estrama- 
dura  and  New  Castile  from  that  of  An- 
dalusia.  Cervantes  has  pl.iced  the 
most  entertaining  adventures  of  his  he- 
vo,  Don  Quixote,  among  these  moun- 
Uins  which  has  made  them  famous  all 
over  Europe. 

Si-Fans,  the  name  of  a  people  subject 
to  China.     Their  country  is  only  a  con- 
tinued ridge  of  mountains,  bounded  by 
the  rivers  Hoang-ho  on  the  N,  Ya-long 
on  the  W,  and  Yang-tse-kiang  on  the 
E,  between  30  and  35°  of  N  lat.    The 
greater  part  of  the  Si-fans  live  in  tents; 
but  some  of  them  have  houses  built  of 
earth,  and  even  brick.    Their  habita- 
tions  are  not  contiguous  ;  they  form  at 
most  but   small  hamlets,  consisting  of 
five  or  six  families.    They  feed  a  great 
number  of  flocks,  and  are  in  no  want 
of  any  of  the  necessaries  of  life.      The 
principal  article  of  their  trade  is  rhu- 
barb, which  their  country  produces  in 
feat  abundance.    These  people  are  of 
proud  and  independent  spirit,  and 
acknowledge  witli  reluctance  the  supe- 
riority of  the  Chinese  government,  to 
whicii  they  have  been  subjected.  They 
have  lost  much  of  their  ancient  splen- 
dour ;  for  the  Si-fans,  who  at  present 


S  1  L 

are  confined  in  a  wild  country,  wber? 
tliey  have  not  a  single  city,  enjoyed  for- 
merly  an  extensive  dominion,  and  form- 
ed a  powerful  and  formidable  empire 
The  Chinese  annals  fix  the  epocha  of 
the  downfal  of  their  empire,  about  the 
year  1227  :  since  that  time,  the  Si-fans 
have  retired  to  their  native  mountains, 
where,  from  being  a  conquering  and 
polished  people,  they  have  again  sunk 
into  their  original  barbarity. 
Sigelmesta.     See  Sugelmessa. 
Sigeth,  or  Zigat,  a  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name.     It  is  seated  in  a  morass, 
has  a  triple  wall,  with  ditches  full  of 
water,  and  is   defended  by  a  citadel, 
being  one  of  the  strongest  places  in 
Hungary.     It  was  retaken  from  the 
Turks  in  1669,  after  it  had  been  block- 
ed up  two  years.    It  is  50  miles  N  VV 
of  Rsscck,  and  38  W  by  S  of  Colocza. 
L<m.  18  58  E,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Signau,  a  townofSwisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern.     Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  46 

44  N. 

Sigtuna,  an  ancient  town  of  Sweden, 
in  Upland,  seated  on  the  lake  Maeler, 
between  Stockholm  and  Upsal. 

Siguema,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  a tim- 
versity,  and  a  castle,  in  which  is  an 
arsenal.  It  is  surrounded  with  strong 
walls  and  well  fortified.  The  universi- 
ty consists  of  several  colleges  ;  but  the 
most  considerable  structure  is  the  ca. 
thedral.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Atienca,  60  miles  NE 
of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  41  6  N. 
Silchetter,  a  village  in  Hampshire, 
England,  wl»«re  tradition  says  king 
Arthur  was  crowned. 

Si-hou,  a  beautiful  lake  of  China, 
which  washes  the  walls  of  Hang- 
tcheou-fou,  its  water  is  pure  and  lim- 
pid, and  its  banks  are  almost  every 
where  covered  with  flowers.  Halls 
ami  open  galleries,  supported  by  pillars, 

Ihave  been  erected  here  on  piles,  for 
the  convenienee  of  those  who  are  fond 
of  walking.  In  the  middle  of  the  lake 
are  two  islands,  to  which  company  ge- 
nerally resort  after  having  amused 
themselves  with  rowing,  and  in  which 
a  temple  and  several  pleasure  houses 
have  been  built  for  their  reception. 

Silesia,  a  dutchy  of  Germany,  274 
miles  long,  and  100 broad:  bomided  on 
the  N  by  Brandenburg  and  Poland,  on 
the  S  by  Moravia  and  Hungary,  on  the 
E  by  Poland,  and  on  the  W  by  Lower 


mm 


1  L 

wild  country,  where 
ingle  city,  enjoyed  for- 
ve  ilominion,  and  form- 
id  formidable  empire, 
lals  fix  the  epocha  of 
heir  empire,  about  the 
5  that  time,  the  Si-fans 
heir  native  mountains, 
ing  a  conquering  and 

they  have  again  sunk 
il  barbarity. 
lee  Sugelmessa. 
at,  a  town  of  Lower 
il  of  a  county  of  the 

is  seated  in  a  morass, 
,  with  ditches  full  of 
efended  by  a  citadel, 
lie  strongest  places  in 
vas  retaken  from  the 
ifter  it  had  been  block- 
.  It  is  50  miles  N  VV 
38  W  by  S  of  Colocza. 
It.  46  17  N. 

nofSwisserland,  in  the 
Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  46 

icient  town  of  Sweden, 
ed  on  the  lake  Maeler, 
lolm  and  Upsal. 
town  of  Spain,  in  New 
>  archbishop's  see,  atini- 
castle,  in  which  is  an 
lurrounded  with  strong 
fortified.  The  universi- 
sveral  colleges  ;  but  the 
ble  structure  is  the  ca. 
seated  on  a  hill,  at  the 
Atienca,  60  miles  N  E 
,on.  2  41  W,  lat.  41  6  N. 
village  in  Hampshire, 
re  tradition  says  king 
•owned. 

jautiful  lake  of  China, 
9  the  walls  of  Hang- 
water  is  pure  and  lim- 
banks  are  almost  every 
d  with  flowers.  Halls 
ries,  supported  by  pillars, 
cted  here  on  piles,  for 
te  of  those  who  are  fond 
In  the  middle  of  the  lake 
s,  to  which  company  ge- 
t  after  having  amused 
Ith  rowing,  and  in  which 
several  pleasure  houses 
It  for  their  reception, 
lutchy  of  Germany,  274 
id  100 broad:  bounded  on 
indenburg  and  Poland,  on 
avia  and  Hunj^ary,  on  the 
and  on  the  W  by  Lower 


S  I  L 

Lusatia  and  Bolicmia.    The  principal 
rivers   are,  the  Oder,  the  Vistiil.i,  tlie 
Ncisse,  the  Bobcr,  the  Qiiels,  the  Op- 
pa,  and  the   Else.    There   is  a  long 
cliain  of  mountains,  which  sep.irate  Si- 
lesia from  Boliemia,  one  half  belonging 
to  tlie  one,  and  the  other  to  the  other, 
and  they  have  their  particular   names. 
Oil  the  top  of  the  mountain  of  giants, 
is  a  famous  spring  frequented  by  a  great 
number  of  people,  partly  out  of  devo- 
tion, and  partly   to  drink  the  waters. 
Tiicre  were  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
other  metals  ;  but  they  have   not  been 
worked  for  many  years.  Tiiere  are  also 
some  precious  stones,  bui  too  much 
lime  is  requited  to  procure  tliem.  The 
highest  moimtaiu  of  Silesia  is  called 
Zotenberg,  silualed  in  the  principality 
of  Schweidnitz,   and  is    104  miles  in 
circumference.     Tlie  most  considera- 
ble silver-mines  at  present,  are  at  Reit- 
stein,    in    the    principality    of   Breig. 
There  are  also  mines  of  lead,  copper, 
and  iron,  and  quarries  of  various  stones; 
besides  antimony,  salt-petre,   s'.ilpiuir, 
alum,  vitriol,  quick-silver,  sealed  earth, 
and   other   minerals.      The    principal 
manufactory  is  linen-cloth,    and  they 
have  also  some  woollen  manufactories, 
and  glass-houses.    They  feed  a  great 
number  of  cattle,  have  large  studs   of 
horses,  and  plenty    of  game    in    the 
woods.    They  have  but  few  lynxes  and 
bears,  and  fewer  wolves,  because  they 
Ijive  a  ducat  a  head  for  every  one  that 
is  killed.    They   have  a  great  many 
lakes  full  of  pikes,  carps,  and  other 
good  fish  ;  also  plenty  of  bees,  which 
produce  a  great  deal  of  honey  and  wax. 
They  have  wheat,  barley,  oats,  millet- 
seed,   and  turnips,  sufficient  for  the 
use  of  the  inhabitants  ;   and  in  some 
places  they  cultivate  saffron  ;  but  their 
wine  is  very  bad,  and  therefore  thev 
turn  it  mostly  into  vinegar.      Silesia  is 
divided  into  the  Up|>cr  and  the  Lower. 
In  the  Upper,  the  inhabitants  are  gene- 
rally   Roman-Catiiollcs,    speaking  the 
Polish  language,  and  in  the  Lower,  al- 
most all  Protestants,    and   speak  their 
mother-tongue.     Silesia  is  divided  into 
17  small  dutchies,  and   7   free   states, 
witliout  comprehending  the  county  of 
Glatz.     These   are   taken  notice  of  in 
their  proper  places.    The  greatest  part 
of  this  country  was  ceded  to  the  king 
of  Prussia,  in   1742,   by  the  treaty  of 
Brcslaw. 

Sil/iet,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
East  Indies,  100  miluit  N  £  of  Dacca, 


S  I  N 

and  200  E  N  E  of  Moorshedabad.  Lon 
91  57  E,  hit.  24  52  N. 

Siiijitiii!,  Ill-  Dorestru,  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Bidgarla,  with  a  cita- 
del, and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  confluence  of  the  Missovo 
and  Danube,  97  miles  N  hi  of  Nieopoli, 
and  170  N  E  of  Adrianople.  Lou.  37 
31  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Silieburg,  formerly  a  strong  town  of 
Denmark  in  N.  Jutland,  18  miles  W 
of  Arhusen.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  56  3  N. 
Sillebar,  a  seap.  .1  on  the  W  coast  of 
Sumatra  in  the  East  Indies,  a  little  S  o 
Bencooleii.     Lon.  101  0  E,  lat.  4  0  S. 

Si,)i.imcax,Si  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle,  si- 
tuate on  the  Douero,  eight  miles  S  W 
of  V.illadolid.  Lon.  4  30  W,  lat  41  45N. 
Simbirsk,  a  government  of  Russia, 
formerly  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Kasan,  which  contains  13  districts. 

Sivibirst,  a  capit.il  town  of  Russia  in 
the  government  of  Simbirsk.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Volga,  100  miles  S  by  W 
of  Kasan.  Lon.  48  34  E,  lat.  54  22  N, 
Simi,  an  island  in  tlie  Mediterranean, 
six  miles  N  of  Rhodes.  Lon.  27  33  E, 
lat.  36  35  N. 

Shmnervn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tl-.e 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
diitchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
It  belongs  to  the  elector  palatine,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Simmeren,  26  miles  W 
of  Mentz,  and  35  E  of  Triers.  Lon.  2 
41  E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Simogu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
East  Indies,  93  miles  N  W  of  Seringa- 
patam.     Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  13  21  N. 

Simons,  St.  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, on  the  coast  of  Georgia,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Alatamaba,  about  15 
miles  long,  and  four  broad.  The  chief 
town  is  called  Frederica. 

Simonthorna,  a  sti-ong  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Toliia,  witli 
a  castle.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks 
in  1686,  and  is  seate^i  on  the  Sarwigc, 
eight  miles  from  Tolna.  Lon.  18  16  E, 
lat.  46  40  N. 

Sivubury,  a  small  post  town  in  Hart- 
ford county,  Connecticut,  14  miles  N 
W  of  Hartford  and  eight  S  E  of  New- 
Hartford. 

Sinai,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petraea, 
in  the  peninsula  formed  by  the  two 
arms  of  the  Red  Sea.  Here  the  law 
was  given  to  Moses,  for  which  reason 
the  Mahometans  hold  it  in  great  vene- 
ration J  and  here  the  Christians  have  * 
monaster}-,  which  formerly  contained  ■^, 


S  I  N 


S  I  N 


yreat  number  of  Monks,  and  there 
were  many  little  chapels  and  cells  for 
hermits.  The  monastery  is  surrounded 
by  a  hijyh  wall,  and  those  that  go  in 
and  out,  are  drawn  up  and  let  down  in 
baskets.     Loo  31  1.5  E,  lat.  2'J  2  N. 

Siiicnpow,  an  island  and  town  at  the 
most  Hoiitliern  extremity  of  the  pcnin- 
8\da  of  Malacca,   op|)osite  the  island  of 
Snmatra,    which     with    the     Mahic  < 
coast  forms  the  strait  of  Sincapour. 
is  lOJ  miles  S  E  of  the  city  of  M;'.laeca 
Lon.  104  10  E,  lat.  1  10  N. 
Sinie.     See  In.tm  and  Tutla 
Sin-telfingen,   a  tnw.i  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Siiabia,  six  miles  S  W  of 
Slutijard.     Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  48  45  N'. 

SMj,  or  Sand,  a  pi-oviiice  of  Hin- 
doosta'n  Proper,  bomided  on  the  W  by 
Persia,  on  the  N  by  tiie  territories  of 
the  kinjT  of  Candahar,  on  the  N  E  by 
tirise  of  the  Seiks,  on  the  E  by  a  sandy 
desert,  and  on  the  S  E  by  Cutch.  It 
extends  along  the  course  of  the  Indus, 
from  its  mouth,  to  the  frontiers  of 
Monltan,  300  miles;  audits  breadth, in 
the  widest  part,  is  160.  In  many  par- 
tictdars  of  soil  and  climate,  and  the  ge- 
neral apjieurance  of  its  surface,  it  re- 
sembles Ejrypt  i  tlic  lower  part  being 
composed  of  rich  veget.ibic  motdd,  and 
extended  into  a  wide  delta ;  while  the 
upper  part  is  a  narrow  slip  of  country, 
contined  on  the  Persian  side  by  a  ridge 
of  mountains,  and  on  tl\e  oilier  by  a 
sandy  desert  \  the  Indus,  equal  at  least 
to  the  Nile,  winding  thn)u_t;h  the  midst 
of  this  level  valley,  and  auniially  over- 
flowing it.  During  great  part  of  the 
S  VV  monsoon,  or  at  least  in  July,  An- 
gust,  and  part  of  September  (which  is 
the  rainy  season  in  most  other  parts  of 
of  India)  the  atmosphere  is  here  gene- 
rally clouded  i  but  no  rain  falls  except 
near  the  sea.  Indeed  very  few  show- 
ers fall  during  the  whole  year.  Owing 
to  this,  and  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
sandy  deserts  on  the  E  and  on  the 
N  W  the  heats  are  so  violent,  and  the 
winds  from  those  (piarters  so  perni- 
cious, that  the  hiMises  are  contrived  so 
as  to  be  occasionally  ventilated  by 
apertures  on  the  top,  resembling  the 
funnels  of  small  chimnies.  When  the 
hot  winds  prevail,  the  windows  are 
closely  shut,  by  wlilch  the  hottest  cur- 
rent of  air,  near  the  surface,  is  exclud- 
ed ;  and  a  cooler  part,  because  more 
elevated,  descends  into  the  house 
throug'ii  the  funnels.  By  this  also  vast 
elouds  of  dust  are  excluded ;  tlie  en- 


trance of  which  would  alone  be  snffiri. 
ent  to  render  the  houses  uninhabitable. 
1  he  roofs  are  composed  of  thick  layers 
of   earth    instead    of   terraces.     Few 
countries   are    more   unwholesome   to 
European  constitutions,  particularly  the 
lower  part  of  the  Delta.  The  Hindoos, 
who  were  the    original    inhabitants  of 
Sindy,  and  who  are  reckoned   to  out- 
number  the    Mahometans,    as  ten    to 
one,  are  treated  with  great   rigour  by 
their  Mahometan    governors,  and   are 
not  pcimitted  to  erect  any  pagodas,  or 
places  of  worsliip :  and  this    severity 
drives  vast  numbers  of  them  into  other 
countries.     The  inland  parts  of  Sindy, 
produce  saltpetre,  salammoninc,  borax, 
bezoar,  lapis-laziili,  and  raw  silk.  They 
have  also   nuioiif.icturcs  of  cotton  and 
silk  of  various   kinds;  and   they   make 
fine   cabinets,    inlaid   with   ivory,    and 
Knely    lacquered.     They    also    export 
grt-at    quantities    of   butter,    clarified 
and  wrapped  up  in  duppas,  made  of  the 
hides  of  cattle.  The  ladies  wear  hoopn 
of  ivory  on  both   their   arms  and  legs, 
and  when  they  die  they  are  burnt  with 
them.     They  have  large   black  cattle, 
excellent    mutton,    and    small    hardj 
horses.     Their  wild   game   are   deer, 
hares,  antelopes,  and  foxes,  which  they 
hunt  with  dogs,  leopards,  and   a  small 
fierce    creature    called    a    shiahgush. 
The  prince  of  this  province  is  tributary 
to  the  sultan  of  Candahar.     He  resides 
at  Hydrabad,  though  Tattais  the  capital. 

Sine*,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Estremadura.  Lon.  8  55  W, 
lat.  37  40  N. 

Sii-.g,  a  strong  town  of  Dalmatia,  tak. 
en  b)  the  Venetians  from  the  Turks  in 
1686  It  is  16  miles  N  of  Spalatro. 
Lon.  17  30  E,  lat.  47  10  N 

Si-iigan-fuu,  a  large  city  and  capital 
of  the  province  of  Chen-si  in  China. 
Next  to  Pe-king  it  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  largest  cities  in  China; 
its  walls  are  thick,  exceedingly  high, 
and  four  leagues  in  circumference  ; 
they  are  flanked  with  a  great  number 
of  towers,  a  bow-shot  distant  one  from 
the  other,  and  surrounded  by  a  deep 
ditch.  A  large  block  of  marble  was 
dug  up  in  the  neighbourhood  of  this  ci- 
ty, with  an  inscription,  partly  in  Chi- 
nese, partly  in  Syriac  characters  ;  the 
substance  of  which  was,  that  an  angel 
had  declared,  that  the  Messias  was 
born  of  a  Virgin  in  Judea,  an<l  that  his 
birth  was  indicated  by  a  new  star  in 
the  heavens;  tliatthe  kings  of  the  East 


^  -.;:*.***  ■^^**ffiiiii«^^i 


I  N 


S  I  O 


S  I  R 


lid  alone  be  suffiri. 
ii!sc8  iininhubituble. 
()st-(l  of  thick  liiyerg 
of  terraces.     Few 
B   tinwliolesonie  to 
ops,  particularly  the 
c'lta.  The  Hindoos, 
;inal    inhabitants  of 
!  reckoned  to  out- 
metans,   as  ten    to 
til  great   rigour  by 
^overnoi's,  and   are 
ict  any  pagodas,  or 
;  and  tliisi    severity 
s  of  thcni  into  other 
and  parts  of  Sindy, 
lalammoniac,  borax, 
and  raw  silk.  They 
turcs  of  cotton  and 
[»!  and   they   make 
id  with  ivory,   and 
Tlicy    also    export 
>f  butter,   clarified 
duppas,  made  of  the 
e  ladies  wear  hoops 
leir   arms  snd  legs, 
they  are  burnt  with 
larje   black  cattle, 
and    small    hardj 
Id   game  are  deer, 
id  foses,  which  they 
ipards,  and  a  small 
ailed    a    shiahgushf 
province  is  tributary 
idahar.     He  resides 
h  Tattais  the  capital. 
Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
ura.    Lon.  8  55  W, 

wnofDalmatla,  tak> 
IS  from  the  Turks  in 
liles  N  of  Spalatro. 
47  10  N 

rge  city  and  capital 
F  Chen-si  in  China, 
t  is  one  of  the  most 
;est  cities  in  China  ; 
c,  exceedingly  high, 
in  circumference  ; 
with  a  great  number 
ihot  distant  one  from 
irrounded  by  u  deep 
t)ck  of  marble  was 
libourhood  of  this  ci- 
ption,  partly  in  Chi- 
■iac  characters  ;  the 
h  was,  that  an  angel 
it  the  Mcssias  was 
1  Jiidea,  an<l  that  his 
cd  by  a  new  st;ir  in 
the  kings  of  the  East 


observed  it  i  and  came  to  oflTcr  presents 
to  this   divine    child;    its  district  con 
tains  six  cities  of  tiie  stjcoud  :aid  .31  of 
the  third  class      It  is  480  miles  S  \V  of 
Pt'kin.     Lon.  108  43  E,  lat.  34  16  N. 

SiiigHtfi;  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go 
vernnuiit  of  Slmbrisk.  Lon,  48  34  E, 
hit.  54  1  N. 

Sii^go,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  F.i'rope, 
Iti  Macedonia,  uu  the  gulf  of  M;)iUe 
S:(iito.     Lon.  24  0  E,  l.it  40  13  N. 

Siiignr,  a  toivn  of  Asi:'.  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Malacca,  seatitil  at  t!ie  inoiith 
of  a  smull  river,  in  tiie  bay  of  I'atan. 
Lon.  101  25  E,  lat.  6  40  N.' 

Siiiigiigl'.a,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  martiuisate  of  Aiit-oiut,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  two  harbour.s.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Nigola,  in  tiie  gidfof 
Venice,  in  an  unwholesome  sitiuition 
17  miles  S  E  of  Pesuro,  and  30  E  S  E 
of  Urbino.     Lon.  13  29  E,  lat.  43  45  N. 

Sinob,  iir  Sinope,  a  seaport  of  Turkey 
in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  siiivouniled  by 
walls,  with  double  ram])arts  ;  but  the 
castle  is  much  neglected.  It  is  greatly 
decayed,  being  nothing  like  what  it 
was.  The  inhabitants  are  Turks,  who 
will  not  admit  any  Jews,  and  the  Greeks 
are  obliged  to  live  in  the  suburbs.  It 
is  the  birth-place  of  Diogenes  the  cy- 
nic philosopher,  and  seated  on  the  isth- 
mus of  a  peninsula,  in  the  Black  Sea. 
Lon.  33  59  E,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Siiiogu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
East  Indies,  90  miles  N  W  of  Seringa- 
patam.    Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  13  30  N. 

Sintzheim,  a  town  of  G^tnany,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia  and  pal.atinjitc  of  i lie 
Rhine,  seated  in  a  morass,  12  miles  S 
E  of  Heidleberg.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  49 
15  N. 

Sion,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisserhinil, 
capital  of  the  Vallais,  and  an  episcopal 
see,  whose  bishop  is  a  prince  of  the 
empire.  >t  is' situated  near  the  Rhone, 
at  the  foot  of  three  insulated  rocks, 
that  rise  immediately  from  the  plain. 
The  present  episcopal  palace,  an  edifice 
of  stone,  built  in  1.547,  staiuk  on  a  rock  ; 
tlie  apartments  are  furnished  with  great 
plainness  and  simplicity.  Si<m  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  the  Scduni,  and 
some  Roman  inscriptions  still  remain. 
It  is  50  miles  K  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  12 
E,  hit.  46  o  N.     See  Fal/ais. 

Sion,  a  famous  mountain  of  judea,  on 
t!ie  S  side  of  Jerusalem. 

Sio.it,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
populous  towns  in  Egypt.  It  has  seve- 
ral mosques,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Coph. 


tic  bishop.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  iiniphitl.calre,  and  some  sepiil- 
clires  of  the  Roiiiaiis.  It  is  suiToumUd 
by  line  gardens,  and  pulni  trees  tlnil 
hear  the  best  dates  in  Egypt.  This 
place  is  the  reiidc/.voiis  of  tin  sc  who 
go  in  tlie  caravan  to  Sennar,  in  Nubia. 
It  is  a  mile  from  the  Nile,  and  185  S 
of  Cairo.     Lon.  31  24  E,  lat.  27  2  N. 

Siphuiiti),  an  island  of  the  Arelii|-,ela. 
go,  about  3C  miles  in  circumreieiicc. 
The  air  is  so  good,  that  many  of  the 
inhabitants  live  to  the  age  of  120  ;  and 
the  country  abounds  with  marble  and 
granite,  excellent  grapes,  olives,  i-a- 
|)ers,  and  silk.  Lon.  25  15  E,  hit.  37 
9  N. 

Siradia,  a  town  of  Gre.at  Poland,  ca- 
pital of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain, 
on  the  river  Warta,  62  miles  N  E  of 
Breslaw,  and  105  N  W  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  18  55  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Sir.Tf,  a  town  of  Pf  rsia,  lying  in  the 
Persian  gulf.  Lon.  52  25  E,"  lat.  35  20 
N. 

Sirgiaii,  a  town  of  Persia  noted  for 
its  beautiful  pottery. 

Sirhind,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  the  province  of  Del- 
hi. The  art  of  weaving  silk  was  hroKght 
back  to  Constantinople,  in  the  lOth  cen- 
tury, by  the  monks  who  ictiinicd  from 
Sirhind.  It  is  195  miles  N  \V  of  Del- 
hi.    Lat.  30  1  N,  long.  75  35  E. 

Sir  Charles  Hardy s  Island,  an  island 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
Captain  Carteret.  Lon.  154  20  E,  lat. 
4  41  S. 

Sir  Charles  Saunders  Island,  an  island 
ill  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
captain  Wallis.  Lon.  151  4  W,  lat.  17 
28  S. 

Sirii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pprtment  of  Moselle,  with  a  castle  on 
a  neighbouring  hill.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  25  miles  N  of  Metz.  Lon.  6 
38  E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Sirinagtir,  a  large  rugged  country  of 
Asia  J  bounded  on  the  N  and  N  E  by 
the  Thibetian  moiuitains,  on  the  S  E 
bv  Napaul,  on  the  S  by  Rohilla,  on  the 
S'  W  by  Delhi,  and  on 'the  N  W  by  La- 
hore. The  capital,  of  the  same  n.nme, 
is  160  miles  S  of  Delhi.  Lon.  77  38  E, 
lat.  30  59  N. 

Siritis  Islatid,  an  Island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  162  30  E,  lat.  10  52  S. 

Sirmich,  or  Sirviium,  atowuof  Scla- 
vonia,  capital  of  a  county  of  tlic  s:iiiie 
n.ime,  with  a  bishop's  sec.     It  is  scat- 


JJ" 


S  I  V 

e<l  on  the  Boswcth,  near  the  Save,  42 
miles  S  Eot'Lsscck.  Lon.  20  U  K,  lat. 
45  UN. 

Siion^,  or  Sernnge,  a  brffe  towi  ol 
Himloostun  l'i-!)|)ri-,  in  tl:c  pruvincc  _ot 
MiiUvii.  It  is  120  iiiilrs  N  li  ofOiU'X-in. 
Lon.  78  4  E,  lat.  M  l  N. 

SixiZiVi,  u  se.|  . n  on  the  E  ciusl  ot 
ijiiMinia,  (incofii;.-  i'liilipi'ii"-  ishii'ls. 
It  is  situate  iil-.iiosl  iiniiitdirtitl)  ()|)|)i)- 
»ltc    to    Manilla,    anil  in  the  vicii.ity  «t 


which  rc-niliM-  thi' 
Lon.  123  li  E, 


very  high  niount^iini, 
air  cxtrrmcly  nviisL 
lat.  14  20  N.  ... 

Sisi-ac.  .itov.n  of  Swisserhuid,  in  the 
rantim  ot  B-usil,  ca|ii(i.l  '>i  i\w  province 
ot'Sisgow.  r.  is  17  n)ilc!i  S  E  of  Basil 
Sixaeg,  a  town  of  Aiisli'ian  Croatia, 
with  a  ^1on.^.stcry,  seated  on  ths  Save, 
28  liilles  S  E  of  ZuR-nul,  ami  42  E  of 
Cailstadt.  Lon.  16  1/  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 
Siste/;  a  strong  town  of  Croatia,  si- 
t\iate  at  tiie  confhieiice  of  llie  !:iave  unil 
Kiili)H.  40  miles  E  of  Carlsladt.  Lon. 
22  10  E.  lat.  45  48  N. 

Sissopoli,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Rotniinia,  with  an  archbishop's 
see  ;  seated  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Black 
Sea,  25  miles  S  of  Mesembria,  and  97 
N  VV  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  28  9  E, 
lat.  42  30  N.  . 

Sisteroi',  a  town,  and  late  episcopal 
see,  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vpnce,  with  a  citadel  on  the  top  of  a 
rock,  which  w  as  the  prison  of  Casmir 
V.  kin<j  of  Poland.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Durance,  45  miles  N  E  of  Aix,  and 
407  S  E  of  Paris.     Lon.  6  1  E,  lat.   44 

11  N. 

Siston,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  brass,  and  ano- 
ther of  saltpetre  ;  and  tin  ore  has  like- 
wise been  found  here. 

Sitia,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of  the 
isle  of  Candia,  near  a  bay  of  tlie  same 
name,  58  miles  from  Candia.  Lon.  26 
29  E,  lat.  35  0  N. 

Sittard,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Juliers,  seated  near  the  Ma- 
cse,  10  miles  S  of  Ruremonde.  Lon. 
5  50  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Situngbtirn,  a  small  corporate  town  in 
Kent,  15  miles  W  H  W  of  Canterbury, 
and  40  E  S  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  48 
E.  lat.  51  19  N.  .      ,      , 

Sivrtii,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  seated  on  the  Cha- 
rente,  25  miles  S  of  Poitiers,  and  100 
S  S  W  of  Paris.  Loki.  0  23  E,  lat.  46 
16  N. 


SKY 

Sizun,  a  small  island  of  France,  oi, 
tlie  coast  of  Bretagne,  ei(fht  miles  from 
the  mainl.'md.  It  is  almost  on  a  level 
with  the  water,  and  producet  only  bar- 
lev. 

S^ara,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  with  tlie  ruins  of  an  anclem 
palaie,  the  residence  of  the  Gothic 
kiiii^B  It  is  »e  ted  on  the  Lida,  in  a 
morass,  17  miles  N  E  of  Falkoping. 
L'm.  14  0  E,  lat.  58  Iti  N. 

Sieai,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  go- 
vernmenl  of  Af.'i?licrhuys,  remarkable 
for  its  mines  of  iron  and  copper.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Catc^'ate,  40  miles  W 
uf  Freilericstudt. 

Shcnectadf,  or  Schenectady,  a  town  of 
the  st?.le  of  New  York.  The  French 
and  Indians  surprised  and  massacred 
the  inhabitants,  in  1690.  It  is  seated 
on  t!ie  Mohawk  river,  16  miles  N  W  ol 
Albany. 

Skiddavi,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  England, 
being  above  1000  yards  perpendicular 
height  from  the  fiirfnce  of  the  lake  uf 
Uerwent-water,  to  the  N  of  which  it 
is  situate.  It  is  the  haunt  of  eagles  and 
other  birds  of  prey.  This  mountain  is 
not  difficult  of  access,  and  is  almost  co- 
vered  with  grass,  which  gradually 
grows  coarser  in  the  ascent.  The 
whole  top  is  covered  witli  a  loose  brown 
slaty  stone. 

Siipton,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  nt 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  a  handfcome  place  seated  among 
hills,   near  the  river  Aire,  41  miles  S 
by  E  of  Richmond,   and  231  N  by  W 
of  London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  53  55  N 
Si-one.     See  Schnnen. 
Stye,  an  island  of  Scotland,   om  of 
the  largest  of  the  Hebrides.  It  is  sepa- 
rated on  the  E  from  Scotland  by  a  very 
narrow  channel,  but  its  western  part  is 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  Lewis. 
It  is  not  less  than  40  miles   in   length, 
from  20  to  30  in  breadth,  and  almost  an 
hundred  in  circumference.    The  whole 
island  is  very  high   ground,   and  there 
are  seven  high   mountains  near  each 
other,  almost  in  the  centre.  The  soil  in 
the  mountains  is  generally  black,  though 
there  are  some   parts  of  a  red  colour, 
which  thev  <lerive  from  iron.   The  ara- 
ble ground  is  for  the   moat  part  black, 
\et  affords  clay   in   some  places,  blue, 
red,  and  white  j  and  in  one  or  two  i)la- 
ces  they  have   fullers   earth.     The  is- 
land  of  Skye  is   excellently  provided 
with  bays  and  harbours ;  the  S  peninsu- 


K  Y 


S  L  E 


S  L  U 


,1  island  of  France,  m, 
Uigne,  cijflit  miles  fnun 
It  is  almost  oil  a  level 
and  producer  only  bar- 

■n  of  Sweden,  in  W 
tlie  ruins  of  an  ancient 
Idcnce    of  tlie    Gotliic 

ted  on  the  I.ida,  iu  a 
I's  N  E  of  Falkoping. 
.58  16  N. 

of  Norway,  in  the  go- 
p}fhci'hiiys,  r<Mnaikiible 
iron  and  copper.     It  is 

Cutt'tjate,  40  miles  W 

Schenectady,  a  town  of 
;w  York.  The  Ficncli 
rprised  and  massacred 
,  in  1690.  It  is  soateil 
river,  16  miles  N  W  ol 

ountain  in  Cumberland, 
remarkable  in  England, 
(00  yards  perpendicular 

Fiirfftce  of  the  lake  nf 
,  to  the  N  of  which  it 
the  haunt  of  eagles  and 
)rey.  This  motmtain  is 
iccess,  and  is  almost  co- 
pass,    which    gradually 

in  the  ascent.  The 
'ered  witli  aloose  brown 

wn  in  the  W  riding  of 
h  a  market  on  Saturday, 
(me  place  seated  among 
I  river  Aire,  41  miles  S 
nond,  and  231  N  by  W 
n.  2  42  W,  lat.  53  55  N 
Schnnen. 

»d  of  Scotland,  ono  of 
he  Hebrides.  It  is  sepa- 
from  Scotland  by  a  very 
1,  but  its  western  part  is 
)le  distance  from  Lewis, 
lan  40  miles  in  length, 
n  breadth,  and  almost  an 
cumference.  The  whole 
high  ground,  and  there 
h  mountains  near  each 
in  the  centre.  The  soil  in 
is  generally  black,  though 
i  parts  of  a  red  colour, 
rive  from  iron.  The  ara- 
for  the  most  part  black, 
y  in  some  places,  blue, 
E  J  and  in  one  or  two  i)U- 
fullers  earth.  The  is- 
is  excellently  provided 
,  harbours ;  the  S  peninsu- 


la, called  Oronsa,  ha*  an  excellent  place 
fur  aiichoraije  The  mountains  lierc 
are  of  considerable  heifjht  j  and  of  some 
the  tops  are  covered  with  snow  all  the 
year  round  ;  the  tops  of  otlicrs  are  co- 
vered with  sand,  wliich  tht  Turns  wash 
down  in  great  quantities.  All  of  tliom 
abound  with  heath  and  grass,  which 
allijrd  good  pastura("'i  for  cuttle  and 
sheep.  The  arable  j^round  is  genciallj 
in  the  vallies  betwixt  the  mountains, 
and  which  have  idwa_\s  a  river  running- 
through  the  middle.  The  soil  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  insomuch  that  some 
places' are  said  to  produce  constant 
crops  without  manure  for  40  years. 
When  manured  with  seawarc,  the  gen- 
eral produce  is-  from  20  to  30  fold,  and 
instances  are  even  recorded  of  100  fold 
produce.  Skve  abounds  with  rivers, 
all  of  which  aftbrd  fish  of  different  kinds. 
Some  abound  with  salmon,  and  some 
with  the  black  muscles  which  protliice 
pearl  The  climate  of  Skye  is  cold  ^nd 
moist,  the  S  W  wind  blowing  over  a 
vast  tract  of  sea,  brings  abundance  of 
rain  }  but  the  E  wind  blowing  over  the 
northern  part  of  Scotland  brings  fair 
weather,  uhich  holds  g^od  also  in  the 
other  western  isles.  The  N  wind  is  very 
told,  and  destructive  both  to  corn  and 
grass.     Portree  is  the  capital. 

Slaguen,  a  town  of  Germany,,  in  Prus- 
sian Pomerania,  seated  on  the  Wippcr. 
10  miles  E  by  S  of  Rugenw.d.d. 

Slaney,  a  decayed  town  of  Bohemia, 
with  a  castle,  18  miles  N  W  of  Prague. 
Lon.  18  27  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Slate,  a  district  of  the  islandof  Skye, 
situate  on  the  S  E  side  of  the  island.  It 
is  a  peninsula,  and  termir.ntes  in  a  rug- 
ged promontory,  called  the  Point  of 
Slate. 

SloKiaix,  or  Autteriitz,  a  to\vn  of  Mo 
ravia,  capital  of  a  cirrle  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Brinn.  Lon. 
16  ST  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Sleaford,  a  populous  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
lias  »  ruined  castle,  and  a  large  mar- 
ket-place, built  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelogi'am.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  on  a 
rapid  rivulet,  18  miles  S  of  Lincoln,  and 
115  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  21  VV,  lat.  53 
IN. 

Siesiuick,  or  SiMth  yutland,  a  dutchy 
of  Denmark,  separated  from  Holstein, 
by  the  river  Eyder.  It  is  100  miles  long 
and  CO  broad,  and  a  fertile  and  populous 
country. 

Sleswici,  an  ancient  and  considerable 


town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  a  dutchy 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  an  irrcfjulail;' 
b\iilt  town  of  K-rcut  Iclij^th,  r.d  contains 
about  .jIkIO  inli:ibit'iiits  1  be  houses  arc 
of  brick,  and  like  ail  the  other  towns  .ii 
this  coiinliy,  itsenibh-  ibosc  of  Holland. 
The  inhabitants  tlrcss  also  like  llie 
Dutch  :  and  inuny  of  lliem  speak  their 
tongue,  though  the  usual  laiij/iiail^es  are 
the  German  and  Danish.  C\i<:i'j  to 
.Sleswick,  is  the  old  paUec  of  Gottorp, 
formerly  the  ducal  residence  ;  sc  Oot- 
torp.  Sleswick  is  situate  near  tl,  .lot- 
tom  of  an  arm  of  the  Dalli<-,  called  the 
Sley,  60  miles  N  W  of  Lubec,  and  iiS 
S  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  100  E,  lat.  j4 
39  N. 

Sligo,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaiight,  25  miles  long  and 
nearly  as  much  broa<l ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Leitrim,  on  the  S  E  by  Uoscoin- 
m<ni,  on  the  S  W  and  \V  by  Mayo, 
and  on  the  N  by  the  Atlantic.  It  con- 
tains 41  parishes,  imd  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament. 

Siigo,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  acoun- 
ty  of  the  same  name,  and  the  only  mar- 
ket town  in  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay 
of  Sligo,  26  miles  E  of  Killala,  and  100 
N  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8  26  VV,  lat.  5* 
13  N. 

Slimln-idge,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, 11  miles  S  VV  of  Gloucester.  In 
this  parish,  which  is  20  miles  in  com- 
pass, 1000  acres  of  land  have  been 
gained  from  the  Severn. 

Sltmim,  a  Vown  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Novofjrodeck,  with  « 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sezraa,  40 
miles  S  VV  of  Novogrodeck,  and  60 
S  E  of  Grodno.  Lon.  23  57  £,  lat.  53 
ON. 

Slnntrn,  or  Sloten,  a  populous  town  of 
the  I'nited  Provinces,  in  Friesland, 
seated  on  a  lake  called  Slooten-mere, 
three  miles  from  the  Ziiider-Zee,  and  18 
N  VV  of  Steenwick.  Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  52 
55  N. 

Slticzt,  a  populous  town  of  Lithuania, 
capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  famous  for  three  battles  gr.ined 
here  over  the  Tartars  by  C(mstamine, 
duke  of  Ostrog,  in  the  i-eign  of  Sigis- 
miind  I.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sluczk, 
70  miles  S  E  of  Novogrodeck.  Lon,  l";r 
44  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Slutldbwg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  'Jie 
government  of  Petersburg,  seated  on 
the  S  side  of  the  lake  Ladoga,  SOinih  s 
E  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  31  20  E,  lut.  (JO 
0  N. 


r 


J 


S  M  O 


S  M  Y 


S/u.s,  a  (nun  (if  Diifrli  FlandcrN,  op. 
p.is.ii'  till-  isliiiiil  i.r  Cudsiiml,  with  n 
piixl  liiiil)(nii'  It  lias  its  iiiiMU'  (rimi  its 
iini-  sliiiics.  by  wliicli  tin-  wlinli-  coiiri- 
tn  f.'iii  lie  inuii'l.iUil.  Il  lias  hccn  f'rc- 
<|';riill>  takfii  all.!  rrt„ki'ii,lliu  last  tinu' 
b;  llip  J'liiuh,  ill  l:\U  It  is  10  milis 
^  at'UrifVs.   L  ci   ,5  5  F„  ha.  51   19  N. 

SnuiUiiiii,  u  tiiwiKiCFraiicoiiia,  iiitlif 
colli, IV  <;t'  ileiiiii'btijr',  siibiect  to  tlie 
laiii'uravfiil  Hvssc  CmsscI.'Ii  is  (animis 
fir  a  i.i,r.ti-(lfriu  \  I'litcrcil  into  by  tlit- 
Gti'Jiiaii  piiiU  slants,  a,i,'ainHt  tlir  ein- 
pcroi',  ill  Lriy,  fi  dcl'i'iid  tlioir  i-cliffion 
atid  liheitits,  cominniily  called  llic 
Siiialk.ddic  Uaj;iK".  It  is'scatctl  on  llic 
AV.-.iM.j;  units  S  W  (,rKr(iirt,  ami  50 
N  \V  1,1  iJaiiibfPj,'.  Lon.  10  jj  E.lut.  50 

4y  >: 


kc 


procally  possessed  by  Poland  and  Hw 
■MM,  it  was  roi)<|iicrc(i  by  Alcxav  Miili 
Hil-)vit(ii  in  Ifi.H,  and  cedi'd  to'  Hiuai, 
l)y  the  [icacL-  of  Mosf(,w  in  1666.  It 
ni<w  forms  one  of  iht   41    Uiissiun  rd. 

VlTIIIliLlltS. 

S>iu,k>isvi),  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  oi 
a  (jpovcriinn.iit  of  tin-  same  mane.  It  is 
situate  (Hi  tlie  I)iiie|iir,  and  stands  -p. 
•m  two  bills,  and  the  valley  betwein 
tlitni.  It  is  sumimided  bv  walls  o,i 
tilt  liijfli  and  15  ibirh  j  the 'Uiwir  part 
of  stone,  I  be  upper  ofbmk,  and  tiii-ii 
<  iiiumfcrence  four  miles  and  tlirct 
<)Mai'teis.  Tlie  bouses  are  mostly  iif 
wi.od,  i.nd  little  better  than  cotti.jVfs 
tliiy  are  only  of  one  story,  except  afew 
I  sealteicd  line  and  ll.eVe,  wliicb  aic 
,,         ,  „  !  dignified  witb  tlie  title  of  palaces.  One 

.S»,„n.V«,  a  town  of  Kent,  witii  a  mar-  !  b.n^-  bi'oad  street,    wliieh    is  paved,  in- 
I  on  bridu',.  I'J  iink.s  S  S  E  ol  Maid- 1  ter.seels  tlie  wbolc  leiiLrtb  of  tlie  town 
«tone,ai..i   .ON  L.ot  London.  Lon.  04.?,  in   a  .strainbt   line;    tlie   otlier   streets 
'..•'!!      ,^'-  ..  ;  fi-encially  wind   in    circular  directions, 

^'"nhi  l.uoiJ,  an  island  in  the  ,  and  are  lioored  witb  planks,  'I  be  walls 
Paeilie  Oeeai,  co-e-neied  in  1790,  by  ,stietcbin,r  over  tbe  uneven  sidesof  the 
lieotenant  Ball.  Lon.  101  54  E,  lat.  9  lulls  till  tliey  reacb  tbp  bai  ks  of  the 
^^-  .  ,.  ,,  I  Diiiejier,  their  antient  8t^lc of  arcliiter. 

iimithfrld,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca-  ■  tore,  tlieir  {rrotescjiie  towers,  tbe  spires 
pital  of  Joli.isl.m  coinily.  North  Caro- |  of  cliurclies  shooting  above  the  trees, 
linaj  Ijinn-oiiibe  N  sideof  Niiseriver.  which  are  so  numerous  as  almost  to 
30  miles  N  VV  of  VVayiusboiM,',  and  conceal  the  buildiiig-s  from  view,  tlie 
100  U  by  N  of  >iewberii,  and  322  from  appearance  of  meadows  and  the  arable 
W..sl,ii'}(Um  ig-'-ound,  all   these   objects   blended  tu. 

6j,utlj,e!il,  a  post  town  in  We  of  Wight  ;  gethcr,  exhibit  a  scene  of  the  most  sin. 
county,  \  iri;inia ;  situated  on  Pa^aii  ;  gular  and  contrasted  kind.  On  tlie 
creek,  a  biv.neh  ol  James  river,  38  iiides  ;  further  side  of  the  Dnieper  are  a  num. 
W  of  Norfolk.  ;,l,„iit  55  S  E  <if  Peters-  her  of  straggling  wooden  houses  that 
burg,  and  218  S  by  E  of  Wanhir^ton. 
_  Si),it/itmu>i,  a  post  town  in  New-York, 
situated  near  Crane's  Point,  in  Siillolk 
coiiiUy,  Long  Island,  50  miles  E  bv  N 
of  t!  e  eity  of  New- York,  and  14  N  W 
of  Brook-haven.  In  1800  the  township 
contained  1413  inhabitants 

S7>i(}iwid,  a  province  of  Gothland,  in 
Sweden,  112  miles  long  and  62  broad. 
It  has  immense  forests  of  i)ine  and  fir  ; 
and  tbe  approach  to  the  villages  is  an- 
nounced by  gro\es  of  oak,  beech,  and 
birch,  and  numerous  plots  or  parterres 
of  arable  land  amongiiastures  and  rocks. 
Mr.  Coxe  frequently  observed  an  acre 
of  land  laid  out  witb  alternate  slips  of 
rye,  barley,  flux,  and  hem|);  tht  inter- 
vals l>elween  and  around,  sown  with 
grass.  In  many  parts  the  trees  are  cut 
down,  and  burnt,  in  order  to  manure 
the  soil.     Calmar  is  the  capital. 

Srtwkiisto,  a  dtitchy  of  Kiissia,  on  the 
froiiticrs  of  Lithuania.  After  having 
been  an  oliject  of  contention,  and  reci- 


lous^s  that 
|<>rm  the  suburbs  of  the  town,  and  are 
joined  to  it  by  a  wooden  bridge.  Ac 
cording  to  Mr.  Coxe,  it  contains  about 
4,000  inhabitants  i  it  has  no  maniifac. 
tnres,  but  carries  on  some  commerce 
with  the  Ukraine,  Dantzic,  and  Uiga. 
1  be  principal  articles  of  its  trade  are 
Hax,  hemp,  honey,  wax,  bides,  hogs 
bri.stles,  masts,  planks,  and  .Siberian 
furs.  It  is  I'lr  miles  N  E  of  Novogro- 
deck,  and  'iiKi  N  of  Kiof  Lon.  32  34E, 
lat.  54  50  N. 

Smrui,  a  noted  cavern,  on  the  N  coast 
of  .Siilhei'landsbire,  between  Cape 
Wrath  and  Loch  Eribol.  It  runs  so 
far  under  ground,  ihit  its  extremity, 
it  is  said,  could  never  be  explored. 

Sm\rna,  a  seaport  of  Turkc'j  in  Asia, 
in  Nutolia,  and  one  of  the  largest  and 
richest  cities  ol  the  Levant.  The  good- 
iiess  of  tbe  harbour  has  caused  il  to  be 
rebuilt  scveiwl  times,  after  having  been 
destroyed  by  eai  tlitpiukes.  It  is  the 
i-tndczvouB  oi'  mercltunts  from  almost 


M  Y 

(1  l)>  Poland  and  Hm 
ercii  by  Altxay  Miili 
,  uiul  ceded  to  Kiitjj.t 
Moscow  III  1666.  It 
'  llie    41    UiiSHiuit  gt). 

ly  of  Riiasiu,  cnpituldi 
tlic  sumi*  iiuiiic  It  i> 
lirpcr,  and  .stund.s    p 

I  the  valley  liclweiii 
I'oiiiulcd  l>y  walls  ju 
thick  i  the  lower  part 
rr  ol  lirick,  und  tlit'ii 
iiiir  iiiileH  mid  three 
houses  urc  mostly  i>| 
Ijetter  tliiili  colli'jfC!! 
me  story,  except  u  tew 
nut  ll.eie,  wliicli  ari; 
e  title  of  palaces.  Ont 
,  which  is  paved,  in- 
Ic  leii)^li  of  the  town 
ic  ;    the    other    stieuts 

II  circular  directions, 
.'itii  planks,  'I  lie  walls 
he  uneven  tides  of  the 
cli  tlif  Imi  ks  of  the 
itienl  style  of  arcliitcr- 
Kpie  towerii,  the  spires 
oting  above  the  trees, 
meroiis  as  almost  tu 
Lliiig's  from  view,  tlie 
[.-udows  and  the  arable 

objects   blended  to. 

scene  of  the  most  sin- 

asted    kind.     On   the 

Dnieper  are  a  niim- 

wooden   houses  that 

of  the  town,  and  are 

nrooden   bridge.     Ac- 

oxe,  it  contains  about 

it   has  no  manufac- 

on  some   commerce 

Dantzic,  and  Ui|»a. 

iclcs  of  its  trade  are 

wax,   hides,   liof;« 

lilaiiks,   and    Siberiun 

les  N  E  of  Novopro- 

t  Kiof  Lon.  32  34E, 

■avern,  on  the  N  coast 
•e,  between  Cape 
Eribol.  It  runs  so 
thut  its  extremity, 
ever  be  explored. 
itt  (if  Turkv:'j  in  Asia, 
le  (f  the  lar^Jest  and 
Levant.  Tlje  j^oid- 
tr  has  caused  it  to  be 
ics,  after  having  been 
thquukes.  It  is  the 
:rciiunt$  from  aliuust 


S  N  O 


til  p;^rt»  of  the  world,  and  the  nianja- 
/iiie  of  their  merchuiulise.  '1  lie  'J'urks 
have  li)  nioiipies,  the  Greeks  two 
rliiirclies,  t!le  Jews  e);,'lit  syiiujfojjues, 
tlie  ArnieiiiuMS  one  elim-eli,  and  the 
I.uliiis  tliiee  convents.  Tlierc  arc 
tlirce  bishops,  one  Greek,  the  other 
L:iliii,  and  the  third  Anneniun.  Tlie 
sLictts  are  more  op^n,  belter  paved, 
and  the  houses  bcter  bii  It,  tlian  in 
o'iicr  towns  of  the  continent.  The 
sti'..;:t  of  the  Franks  is  the  linestinSmvr- 
n.i,  and  lies  all  ahin^;  the  harbour.  It  i.s 
ei|,'lil  days  journey  from  Constantino- 
ple by  land,  '25  d.iys  from  Aleppo,  by 
the  carftvaiiv,  six  from  Co^ni,  seven 
from  Cataya,  and  six  frum  Sataliu. 
The  citravaiis  of  Persia  often  bring' 
2'JD  b.dos  of  silk  in  a  year,  besides 
drnjjs  aiul  cloths.  The  other  commo- 
dities bron)>'ht  here,  are  thread  made 
of  ijo.its  hair,  cotton  yarn,  cotton  in 
baj,''a,  various  kinds  of  drugs,  and  all 
sorts  of  carpets.  The  English  and 
Dutch  factors  have  protestant  chapels, 
aiui  taverns  arc  as  open  here  as  in 
Europe.  The  fortifications  consist  of 
a  fort,  a  castle,  a  nioimtain,  und  an  old 
citadel.  It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of 
a  large  bay,  1B3  miles  VV  by  S  of  Con- 
stantinople.     Lon.  27  19  E,  Lit.  38  2H  N. 

Snacierburg,  a  commercial  town  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  Brunswick- Lunen- 
burg, seated  at  the  conriui.Mice  of  the 
Utciit  with  the  Elbe,  35  miles  E  by  S 
ofDanneberg.  Lon.  12  22  E,  lat.'53 
10  N. 

Siuiitli,  a  tow^l  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Fnihiy, 
seated  near  the  Aire,  22  miles  S  of 
York,  and  174  N  bv  VV  of  London. 
Lull.  1  2  W,  lat.  53  39  N. 

Snueck,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Fricsland.  It  is  called  jnitz 
by  tlie  natives,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  in  marshy  l.ind, 
eigiit  miles  .S  of  Franeker.  Lon.  5  26 
E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Sncts/uim,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  seated  on  a 
sinrill  inlet  of  tlic  sea,  12  miles  N  N  E 
of  Lynn,  and  111  N  by  E  of  London. 
Lon.  U  32  E,  lal.  52  55  N. 

Suiatin,  a  trading  town  of  Little  Po- 
land, capital  of  Pokclia,  sealed  on  the 
Pi",,th,  eigiit  miles  E  of  C  iloni,  and  45 
S  E  of  Halitz.  Lon,  26  7  E,  lat.  48  44 
N. 

Snou'Jon,  a  famous  mountain  in  Car- 
narvonshire, generady  tltought  to  be  the 
tii|j;he8t   iu  Britain,   tl-iU'    suiue  think 


s  o  c 

that  its  hci^lit  is  equalled,  and  even 
exceeded,  l)y  nioiinlaiiis  in  .Scotland. 
Its  name  signitie.'*  literally,  the  llill  of 
Snow,  from  snow  und  down.  This  it 
the  most  noted  eminence  in  the  whole 
region  of  the  Welsh  Hills,  and  may, 
w;th  pr.ipriety,  be  styled  the  British 
Alps.  The  height  of  this  mountain 
was  measured  in  1682,  when  it  was 
computed  to  be  3720  feet  i  but  more 
modern  calculutiims  make  it  only  3568, 
reckoning  from  the  quay  of  Curiiurvun 
to  the  highest  peak.  I'he  stone  that 
composes  this  mountain  is  excessively 
hard.  Large  coarse  crystals,  and  frc- 
<]'ieiitly  cubic  pyrites  are  found  in  the 
hssures.  An  immense  quantity  of  wa- 
ter rushes  down  its  sides  in  numer- 
ous rivulets.  It  is  boggy  on  the  top, 
and  has  two  lakes  tiiat  abound  with 
lish,  particularly  the  char  and  the 
guiniard.  It  was  held  sacred  by  the 
ancient  Britons,  as  Parnassus  was  by 
the  Greeks.  From  its  summit  may  be 
seen  a  part  of  Ireland,  of  Scotland, 
and  of  Cumberland,  Lancashire,  Che- 
shire, and  all  North  Wales. 

SiioiD  Hilt,  the  capital  of  Worcester 
county,  Maryland;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Puconioke  river,  20  miles  E  of 
Princess  Ann.  and  31  S  by  W  of  Dag- 
bury  ill  Delaware  state.  This  isa|)iist 
town  and  port  of  entrv,  lying  in  lat. 
38  12  N.  and  lon.  75  15  \V. 

Soana,  or  Sitane,  aiul  ancient  episco- 
pal town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany.  It  is  novr 
reduced  to  a  village,  on  account  of  the 
unwholesomeness  of  tlie  air.  It  ia 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Flora,  30  miles  .S  E  of  Sienna.  Lon. 
11  46  E,  lilt.  42  40  N. 

Siiitne,  a  river  of  Hindoo.stan  Proijer, 
which  ri-ics  on  t'ne  S  coidiiies  of  Al- 
l.ihabad  issuing  from  the  same  lake 
wUich  is  the  source  of  the  NerlKi<lda  t 
and  ttowing  in  an  opjiosite  diretuon  to 
that  river  15o0  miles  it  falls  into  the 
Ganges  above  Palna.  Thi.s  river  ia 
conjniiction  with  the  Nerbuddu  and 
the  Ganges  make>  as  it  were  an  is. 
land  of  the  southern  part  of  Hindoos* 
tan. 

Society  Islet,  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in 
1769,  situate  between  150  57  and  15!i 
0  VV  lon.  and  16  10  and  16  55  S  lat. 
They  are  seven  in  number,  Hiiaiieine, 
Uli'ea,  Otaha,  Balabola,  Moiirooa, 
Toobaee,  und  rabooyainu  iO'),or  Saim- 
dei's  island,  which  is  here  included, 
as  being   sibject   tu    Uuahciuc.     Tlits 

N   N   N    N 


s  o  c 


Ho'lV.  the  pro.'.'iitidin,  tlif  ir-ojilo,  llieu- 
lun;(ii:.KV,  iViiK'ion.  ciHlo.i,,,  J"'  "';"'■ 
m-.H,  ui'c  »  I  iKu.ly  tlic  sum-  ;.•<   '    "la- 
ll<-Ue,    timt  liule    in;»;<l  be  ;uUlo(l   licif 
on    llK.t    Hiil>|a't.       NttHiiv    li»t    l';i-" 
ciiiuill)   l)i'ii:iUtul  ill  uniiiU.u.Uil  ])Ui 
t\,  uii<l  llic  uilKibituats  luv  :.>i  luxiinoiiH, 
rul  ii«  iiiil.)ciit.     A  liluiiUin  liruiith  is 
the    liiibli-m  of  |M'acc,   u:iil    cluinR:iiiK 
liHims  llii-  (fiviilcbl  tokfii  ot'tniMiUliiii. 
TlicinUmics  urc  nmrt.'  oU'Kant,   tlicir 
uia.iialic   i-iiUruiiimciits    iiuvc    Honir 
thiiirt'  "f'pliit  uiid  toiiHistc'tuv ,  ttiitl  llic> 
exl.ib.t  ti'iup'Tary   occiinciuin    as  I U- 
objects  olpi-aisc  iir  aatile;    mi  ibut  tlif 
orit^m  of  uiicicnt   ciinii'dy  inny    be  b\ 
reudy    iliwceriird    nnxmi^  lliem.     T  be 
pcoji'le    (if    Huimcine    aif'    in   i.-eiK-ial 
stouter   and   fairer   lli:>ii  ibdse  of   Ou 
heite,  uiid  lliis  island  is  remarkable  for 
its  populoiisness  and   fertility.     Tliose 
ot  Ulilea,  on  tbe  contrary,  are  smaller 
snd    blacker,  and    niucb  less   ortU  rl> 
Captain  Cook  put  on  shore  a  Cape  ewe 
at  Bal.bola,  wliere  a  ram  bad  been  left 
bv  the  Spani-rils  ;    and  also  an  Eni^libli 
boar  and  sow,    with  two  U'>«t»,  at  Uli 
tea.     If  the    valuable   animals    wimb 
have  been    trans|)orted    tliitbcr    from 
Europe  should  be  siitlcrcd  to  multiply, 
no  part  of  tlie  world  will   e(iual  tUe.se 
Islands  in  variety  and  abundance  of  re- 
freshments for  tutiire  navigators. 

Siicuniisco,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Mexico,  88  iTiiles 
loim-,  and  nearlv  as  much  broad; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Chlapi,  •»  the 
E  bv  Guatimala,  on  the  S  by  the  Pact- 
lie  Ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  Guaxaca. 
It  is  sheltered  from  the  N  winds  by 
hieh  mountalnn,  which  render  the  air 
exceed, nj,'  hot ;  and  the  soil  is  not  very 
fertile,  i  here  are  few  Spaniards  set- 
tled here. 

Soamuscn,  or  Gtirottlan,  a  town  ot 
Kew  Spain,  capital  <if  a  province  ot  the 
same  name,  440  miles  S  E  of  Mex.co. 
Lon.  98  16  W.  lat.  15  12  N." 

Socotora,  an  island  of  Asia,  between 
Arabia  Felix  and  Africa,  about  50 
miles  lonp  and  22  broad.  It  aboiindH 
in  fruit  and  cattle,  and  is  purlicularl\ 
noted  for  it.s  fine  aloes,  known  by  the 
name  of  Soeotrine  aloes.  The  natives 
are  Mahometans,  with  a  mixture  of 
pag'.mism,  and  they  have  a  king  who 
tlepends  on  Arabia. 

SocMiu,  u  town  of  Tiu'key  in  Eu- 
roiie.  in  Molduv'.i.,  seated  on  the  Scrct, 
32  miles  S  W  of  J  assy.  Lon.  36  20  E, 
lat.  4716N. 


S  O  G 

SoSury,  M  Chifipif'g  Sodbury,  ft  town 
in  Gloucestershire,  with  u  nmiket  o.i 
fhiir^aav,  ttiul  noted  t.ir  iti.  fine  clici»e. 
It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  Ijear  the 
dovv.is.  .J..V.I.HENEOI  Ur.stol.und 
UJ  VV  of  London.     Lon.   2  14  W.Ut. 

^^i,J^r',  a  village   in  Icolmklll.oneof 

the  Western  Isles  ot  S'tot  "'"'•,  l''"l 
h.Hhop  of  Man  i.  still  called  b..hop  of 

Sudor  Htul  Man,  on  account  of  itt  once 
having  been  a  bishop's  see.  which  com. 
prehemle.l  all  the  isUitds.  together 
with  the  isle  ot  Man. 

W-ciiv.   a  town  of  Denmark,   in  Uie 
'ixl'ind  ot  Zealand.  .    „ 

i.a  large  town  of  We.tphal... 
■nulK.;onntvofMarck,  l^^.rmer'y  tree 
and  imperial,  but  now  behmgrng  to 
the  king  of  Prussia.  The  streeta  are 
watered  with  stream*  that  proceed 
^omalake,  and  U.c  inhabitant,  are 
generally  papists.  It  .»  12  miles  S 
W  of  Li5.«{adt,  an.l30S  E  of  Mun.tcr. 
Lon.  8  U  E,  lat.  51  41  N. 

.;,/;,/fl.  a  kingdom  on  the  E  const  of 
Africa,  'exteiuhng  S  "f  Z-'.^B";!-'. 
from  the  river  Cuama  to  the  r.vcr  DJ 
Espirito  Santo ;  that  is,  trom  17  to  25 
S  lat.  It  contains  mines  ot  gold,  and il 
tributary  to  the  Portuguese. 

S^fala,  the  capita  ot  a  V^uj^Aim  of 
the  s..mc  name,  with  a  fV.rt  bu.lt  by 
the  PorlosTiKse,  which  .sot  peat  im- 
portance for  their  trade  to  the  L  Imhcs. 
It  is  seated  in  a  smuU  island,  ixar  the 
mouth  of  tt  river.  Lon.  35  40  E,  lat. 
90  "^U  S 

Snf'a,  or  SnMa,  a  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  capital  of  Bulgaria,  with  «n 
arclibishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains  of  Argentaro.  on 
the  river  Bogana.  135  miles  VV  N  tv 
of  Adriunople.  and  155  E  of  Scutari. 
Lon.  23  58  E,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Sofro^,  a  town  of  the  kmgdom  of 
Fez,  noted  for  a  very  liandsome 
mosque.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at  tlie 
foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
part  of  Mount  Atlas,  and  between 
1  wo  rivers,  12  miles  E  of  Fez.  Lon.  4 
48  \V,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Soxno,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Con. 
go,  in  a  province  ^.f  the  same  name. 
It  is  a  drv  sttndv  country,  but  yields  a 
great  deal  of  salt.  The  inhabitants  are 
said  to  be  Christians,  converted  by  tiie 
Portuguese,  and  the  Capuchins  have  .i 
clmrcli  here.  It  is  seated  «"  ^  '^  X";'^!. 
near  its  mouth.  185  m.ies  W  S  W  «! 
St.  Salvador.  Lou.  13  15  E,  lat.  5  SO  S. 


P  G 

'>ltiiig  Sudbury,  ft  town 
1-,  witli  u  iiittiktl  0.1 
led  »()!•  it»  fine  cliciKi'. 
11  hoitum,  luiir  tliu 
li  N  E  ol'  Ui'iHtol,  und 
Loll.   2  13  W.lut. 

in  Icolmkill,  one  of 
cH  of  StotUnd.  The 
_  Htlll  culled  biiliop  of 
on  account  of  iti  once 
liop'n  HKC,  which  coin- 
tlie  inUndii,  together 
Mun. 

m\  of  Denmark,  in  Uie 
id. 

•  town  of  Weitphalia, 
■  Murck,  formerlv  free 
but  now  bchinginK  to 
uiisiii.  The  utreetii  ur<: 
streams  that  proceed 
nd  tlie  inhabitants  are 
its.  It  is  12  miles  S 
and  30  S  E  of  Munstcr. 
I.  51  41  N. 

^dom  on  the  E  coast  of 
ling  S  of  Ziinguel).ir, 
Cuuma  to  the  river  Del 
;  that  is,  from  17  to  25 
tins  mines  of  gold,  and  ii 
c  Portuguese, 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
ne,  with  a  fort  built  t>y 
c,  which  is  of  great  im- 
leir  trade  to  tlie  E  Indies. 
I  a  small  iEland,  r.car  the 
ver.     Lon.  35  40  E,  lat. 

Ma,  a  town  of  Turkey 
Vital  of  flulgiina,  with  an 
ee.  It  is  seated  at  the 
unlalns  of  A  rgentaro,  on 
una,  135  miles  VV  N  W 
.,  and  155   E  of  Scutari. 

lat.  42  36  N. 
wn  of  the    kingdom    of 

liir  a  very  handsome 
s  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the 
\tain  of  tlic  same  name, 
nt  Atlas,  and  between 
J  miles  E  of  Fez.  Lon.  4 
40  N. 

wn  of  the  kingtlom  of  Con- 
ivince  .of  the  same  name, 
iidy  country,  hut  yields  a 
salt.  The  inhabitants  are 
ristians,  converted  by  the 
and  the  Capvichins  have  a 

It  is  seated  on  the  Xaire, 
ith,    185  miics  ''.V  S  W  ol 

Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  5  SO  S. 


SOL 

Sohagepour,  a  town  of  llinilon^tan 
Projier,  in  the  province  of  Alluhaliad 
Lon  H2  20  E,  lat.  23  50  N. 

Siihaiii,  a  town  in  Cunihridgcshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seuted  on 
a  fen  of  the  same  name,  near  Si)li:im 
mere,  which  takes  up  1000  acres  ol 
land.  It  is  live  miles  S  E  of  Elv,  aiiil 
70  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  14  E, 
lat.  52  21  N. 

Soho,  a  village  in  Staffi)r<lshire,  two 
miles  N  W  of  Hirminglium.  This  vil. 
lage  was  founded  by  Mr.  Ilollon,  wlio 
CHtahlished  a  manufacture  for  every  ar- 
ticle common  to  the  Birmingham  trade, 
the  plated  ware  usually  made  at  Shef- 
field, and  of  elegant  pieces  of  silver 
both  light  and  massive.  Here  also  are 
made  the  improved  steam  engines,  now 
adopted  in  numerous  manufactures  and 
other  concerns  throughout  the  king, 
dom.  The  copper  coinage  of  penny  and 
two  penny  pieces  issued  by  govern- 
ment in  1797,  were  stamped  here  ;  and 
in  1799,  a  coinage  of  halfpenny  and 
farthing  pieces  were  manufactured  here 
by  a  new  and  very  ingenious  appara- 
tus. 

Soigniei,  a  town  of  Austrian  Hainault, 
aeateil  near  a  forest  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Senne,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Mons,  and  17  VV  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4 
14  E,  lat.  53  29  N. 

Sohtonoit,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Lyunnnis,  on  the 
E  by  Champagne,  on  the  S  by  La  Brie, 
and  on  the  W  by  Vnlois.  It  abounds 
in  com,  wood,  and  pastures  ;  and  with 
the  late  province  of  Vermandois,  now 
forms  the  department  of  Aisne. 

Sniitoni,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Soissonnois,  anciently  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  under  the 
first  r.ice  of  the  French  monarchs.  It 
contains  12,000  inhabitants,  and  is  a  bi- 
shop's see.  Here  St.  Lewis,  Philip 
the  Bold,  and  Lewis  XIV.  were  crown- 
ed. The  fine  cathedral  has  one  of  the 
most  considerable  chapters  in  the  king- 
dom i  and  the  bishop,  when  the  arch- 
bishop  of  Rheims  was  absent,  liad  a 
right  to  crown  tlie  king.  The  castle 
though  ancient,  is  not  that  in  which 
the  kings  of  the  first  race  resided.  Sois- 
sons  is  seated  in  a  fertile  valley,  on  the 
river  Aisne,  30  miles  W  by  N  of 
Klieims,  and  60  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
18  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

Soldania  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S  W  coast  I 
of  Africa ;  a.Uttie  to  the  N  of  the  Cape  I 


SOL 

of  Good  Hope.     Lon.   18  4  E,  lut.  33 

10  S. 

Solehnj.     See  Stnileh.iy. 

Sdleuhifen,  a  tdwii  of  (/rrmany,  in 
the  circle  of  Kriiiiciniia,  ami  |iriii('ipidi> 
tv  of  Anspacli.  Lon.  10  M  K,  lat.  44 
•16  N. 

Stiteiire,  or  Soliithurn,  a  canton  of 
Swissirlaiiil,  wliich  holds  the  ttcienth 
lank  in  the  Helvetic,  conli  deracy,  into 
which  it  was  admitted  in  MHl.  It 
Mtrctches  partly  tlnMii^li  the  plain,  and 
pal  tly  ailing  the  chains  of  the  Jurii,  ;!S 
miles  in  leni;th,  and  .15  in  lirLadih,  uiul 
contuina  5O,O0>)  iMiiabitants.  The  soil, 
for  llie  most  p;iit  i.i  lertilc  ill  corn  ;  and 
the  districts  within  the  Jiiru  .ihiiimd  in 
excellent    pastiiics.      It  is  ilividi  (I  into' 

1 1  bailiwics,  the  inhabitants  "f  which 
are  all  Komaii  catlnilics,  except  lluwe 
of  the  bailiwic  of  Hnckeghertf,  who 
profess  the  rerorircd  religiciii  The  go- 
vernment of  this  canton  was  entirely 
aristocratical  before  the  French  iiu  ailed 
Swisserland;  they  overt iiriu-d  the  an- 
cient government,  and  erected  a  demo- 
cracy in  its  place. 

Sulcure,  or  SoLithtirn,  an  ancient  town 
of  Swisserland,  capital  (.f  a  caiiti.ii  of 
the  same  nnme.  It  contains  4U00  inha- 
bitants, and  is  seated  on  tlie  ,\ar,  which 
here  expands  into  aniihlc  river.  Among 
the  mo.st  reniarkuble  objects,  is  the 
newcliurcliof  St.Urs,  finished  in  1772: 
it  is  a  noble  edifice  of  a  whitish  grey 
stone,  drawn  from  the  nciglibonring 
quarries,  which  admits  a  polish,  and 
is  a  species  of  rude  marble.  Soleure  i* 
surrounded  by  rctfular  stone  fiirtWica- 
tions,  and  is  20  miles  N  by  E  of  Bern, 
and  27  S  S  W  of  Basle.  Lon.  7  20  E, 
lat.  47  15  N. 

Solfatara,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Cam- 
pagna  of  Rome  near  Trivoli,  which 
empties  itself  by  a  whitish  muddy 
stream  into  the  Teverone,  tl..*  ancient 
Anio  ;  a  vapour  of  a  sulphureous  smell 
arising  from  it  as  it  flows.  The  waters 
of  this  lake  lii^d  anciently  a  high  medi- 
cal reputation,  but  are  no  longer  in  es- 
teem. In  the  middle  are  several  float- 
ing islands,  formed  of  matted  serge  and 
herbage,  springing  from  a  soil  of  dust 
and  sand  blown  from  the  adjacent 
ground,  and  glued  together  by  the  bi- 
tumen which  swims  on  the  surface  of 
the  lake,  and  the  sulphur  with  which 
its  waters  are  impregnated.  Some  of 
these  islands  arc  15  yards  long,  and 
will  bear  five  or  six  people,  who,  h\  a 
pc!e,  may  move  to  difi'erent  parts  of  the 


SOL 


S  O  M 


lake.  Frnm  this  lake  issues  a  whitish 
mufldy  stream,  which  emits  vapour  of 
a  sulphureous  smell,  till  it  reaches  the 
TeviTone. 

Snifaterra,  a  mountain  oritaly  in  the 
kin};(lom  of  Naples,  and  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ro.  This  mouiita-n  appears  evidently 
to  have  been  a  volcuno  in  ancient  times  ; 
and  thfi  soil  is  yet  so  hot,  that  the 
■workmen  employed  there  in  making  al- 
um need  nothinf^  else  besides  llie  heat 
of  the  ground  for  evaporating  their  li- 
quids. In  the  plain  within  the  crater, 
smoke  issiies  from  many  parts,  as  also 
from  its  sides  !  here,  by  means  of  stones 
and  tiles  heaped  over  the  crevices, 
through  which  the  smoke  passes,  they 
collect  in  an  awkward  manner  what 
they  call  ante  annoniaco  ;  and  from  the 
sand  of  the  jilain  they  extract  siilpluir 
and  alum.  The  hollow  sound  produced 
by  throwing  a  heavy  stone  on  the  plain 
of  the  crater  of  the  Solfaterra,  seems 
to  indicate  that  it  is  supported  by  a  sort 
of  arched  natural  vault ;  and  one  is  in- 
duced to  think  that  there  is  a  pool  of 
water  beneath  this  vault  (which  boils 
by  the  heat  of  a  subterraneous  fire  still 
deeper),  by  the  very  moist  stream  that 
issues  from  the  cracks  in  the  ]t\Rm  of 
the  Solfaterra,  which,  like  that  of  boil- 
ing water,  runs  off  a  sword  or  knife, 
presented  to  it,  in  great  i'i/n;''s.  Near 
it  is  a  small  lake  full  of  black  thick  wa- 
ter, which  seems  to  be  always  boiling. 

So!fwitzborgt  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Blekingen.  Lm.  14  31 
E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Solihul,  a  towT;  in  Warwickshire, 
neap  which,  to  the  VV,  is  a  triangular 
Danish  camp,  on  an  eminence,  contain- 
ing about  nine  acres.  It  is  20  miles  N  E 
of  Worcester,  and  107  N  W  of  London. 

Solingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  dutchy  of 
Ee'g,  sealed  near  the  river  Wipper, 
15  miles  S  E  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon.  7  10 
E,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Soiiamsi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Perm.  In  its  vicinity 
are  some  salt  works,  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ussolka,  430  miles  N  £  of  Kasan. 
Lon.  57  26  E,  lat.  5  16  N. 

Solmoiia.     See  Siihnona- 

So/iiu,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine.  It  has  a  strong 
catle,  belonging  to  a  branch  of  the 
house  of  N;  asau,  and  is  sealed  on  a  hill, 
I'J  miles  S  E  of  Hcrborn.  Lon.  8  31 
It,  lat  50  35  W. 


So/ovion't  hlamlt.     See  JJunger,  hlet 

'if- 

So/or,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 

to   the    S  of  Celebes,  governed  by  its 

own  king.     Lon.   123  55  £,  lat.  9  0S. 

Soltau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  Lon.  10  2  E, 
lat.  53  10  N. 

Soln-xld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
old  marclic  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 
the  Jetze,  40  miles  N  W  of  Stcndal. 
Lon.  11  36  E,  lat.  53  6  N.  ■ 

Sol'v.-ay  Frith,  an  arm  of  the  Sea,  be- 
tween Cumberland  in  England,  and 
Kircudbrightshire  in  Scotland. 

Sohiiay  Most,  a  black  morass  in  Cum- 
berland ;  near  it  is  the  river  Esk,  on 
the  borders  of  Scotland,  which,  in 
1771, being  swoln  by  rains,burslthroiig!i 
the  shell  of  turf  wliich  covered  it,  and 
spread  a  deluge  over  400  acres  of  cul- 
tivated land,  and  entirely  filled  up  the 
valley  in  its  vicinity. 

S'imbrere,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  30  miles  N  of  Nicobnr.  The 
inhabitants  are  m''d,  timorous,  and  ve- 
ry obliging  to  strangers. 

Sombrero,  a  cluster  of  uninhabited 
islands  in  the  West ,  Indies,  belonging 
to  the  English.  The  most  remarkable 
of  them  is  a  league  long,  and  consist  of 
an  eminence,  to  which  the  Spanish  dis- 
coverers, finding  some  resemblance  to 
a  hat,  gave  the  name  of  Smubrero.  It 
is  80  miles  N  W  of  St.  Christopher. 
Lon.  63  37  W,  lat.  18  38  N. 

Somertetshire,  a  county  of  England, 
65  miles  long  and  45  broad  ;  bounded, 
on  the  N  W  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  on 
the  N  by  Gloucestershire,  on  the  E  by 
Wiltshire,  on  the  S  E  by  Dorsetshire, 
and  on  the  S  W  by  Devonshire.  It  lies 
iu  the  dioceses  of  Bristol,  and  of  Bath 
and  Wells  j  contains  42  hundreds, 
three  cities,  31  market-towns  and  385 
parishes  ;  and  sends  18  members  to  par- 
liament. The  air  in  the  lower  grounds, 
is  universally  mild,  and  generally 
wholesome.  The  soil  in  the  N  E  quar- 
ter is  in  general  stony,  and  possesses  a 
lofty  mineral  tract,  called  the  Mendip 
Hills.  Toward  the  centre,  where  its 
principal  rivers  unite,  are  fens  and 
marshy  moors  of  great  extent  On  the 
W  side  arc  tlie  Qiiantock  Hills,  with 
many  downs  and  open  heaths  ;  and  in 
the  N  W  corner  is  the  black  sleril  re- 
gion of  Exmoor.  The  S  part  toward 
Dorsetshire,  is  high,  but  well  cultiva- 
ted i  and  throughout  the  county,  espe- 
cially in  its  S  W  quarter,  vales  of  the 


S  O  M 

t  Iilamlt.     See  Danger,  Itlet 

iHland  in  the  Indiftti  Ocoan, 
of  Celebes,  govenied  by  its 

Lon.   123  55  E,  lat.  S  0  S. 

town  of  Germuny,  in  the 
ower  Saxouy.     Lon.  10  2  E, 

a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
:  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 

40  miles  N  VV  of  Stendal. 
;  E,  lat.  53  6  N.  ■ 
'i'rith,  an  arm  of  the  Sea,  be- 
mberland  in  England,  and 
^htshire  in  Scotland. 
ifou,  a  black  morass  in  Cum- 
near  it  is  the  river  Esk,  on 
rs  of  Scotland,  which,  in 
;  swoln  by  rains.burslthrovigii 
f  turf  wliicli  covered  it,  and 
ehige  over  400  acres  of  cul- 
nd,  and  entirely  filled  up  the 
s  vicinity. 

e,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
I  miles  N  of  Nicobar.  The 
i  are  m''d,  timorous,  and  vc- 
r  to  strangers. 

0,  a  cluster  of  uninhabited 
the  West  Indies,  belonging 
flish.  The  most  remarkable 
a  league  long,  and  consist  of 
ce,  to  which  the  Spanish  dis- 
finding  some  resemblance  to 
e  the  name  of  Scmibrero.  It 
9  N  W  of  St.  Christopher. 
'  W,  lat.  18  38  N. 
tshire,  a  coimty  of  England, 
long  and  45  broad  ;  boiuided 
iV  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  on 
Gloucestershire,  on  the  E  by 
,  on  the  S  E  by  Dorsetshire, 
S  W  by  Devonshire.  It  lies 
:e.seg  of  Bristol,  and  of  Bath 
Is  ;  contains  42  hundreds, 
!S,  31  market-towns  and  385 
and  sends  18  members  to  par- 
rhe  air  in  the  lower  grounds, 
■sally  mild,  and  generally 
e.  The  soil  in  the  N  E  quar- 
eneral  stony,  and  possesses  a 
;ral  tract,  called  the  Mendip 
Bwurd  the  centre,  where  its 
rivers  iniite,  are  fens  and 
oors  of  great  extent  On  the 
•e  the  Qiianlock  Hills,  with 
vns  and  open  heaths  ;  and  in 
corner  is  the  black  sleril  rc- 
Exmoor.  The  S  part  toward 
re,  is  high,  but  well  cultiva- 
throiighout  the  county,  espe- 
ts  S  W  quarter,  vules  of  the 


SON 

greatest  fertility  are  iiitcrspcrned.  The 
irinri|)al  rivers  are  (he  Parket,  Ivei, 
Tlitmi',  Hrent,  and  Avon.  Tiie  Mom- 
dip  Hills  atiord  abin\diince  of  t  ual,  lead, 
ciilumlne,  copjier,  manganese,  bole,  and 
nil  oilire.  C.'ittle,  nearly  equal  in  size 
to  the  Lincoliishiie,  are  fed  in  fine  nu-:i- 
(iows  ;.b()iit  tlic  liead  of  the  I'arrct, 
The  bfst  gjose  feathers  for  beds  coine 
fVom  the  marshes.  Cider  is  a  couinioii 
product  of  this  county,  anil  ii  has  a 
considerable  -share  in  llie  woollen  ini 
nufactures.  Bristol  is  the  caj-ilalof  this 
countj  with  respect  to  size,  p(>])iilation, 
and  comn-icrce  ;  but  liatli  is  the  great 
place  of  resort  for  hc;i!'li  and  plciisure 

Somerset, a.  post  town  in  Bii^tol coun- 
ty, Ma8.Siicliusclt.s,  4.3  Uiiits  S.  ofKos- 
t on,  and  21  E  of  I'ro-.idor.ce,  Rhode 
Island. 

Sumerset,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Somerset  county,  Peuns\lvania,  36 
miles  S  E  of  Gieensburg,  and  ."9  W  ot 
Bedford,  containing   1431   inliabitants. 

Somerset, ».\>itst.  town  in  New  Jersey, 
the  principal  seat  of  justice,  in  Somer- 
set county,  10  m.les  W  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  28  N  of  Princeton,  on  the 
S  W  side  of  Millf  tone  creek. 

Somerton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  '  It  was 
formerly  a  considerable  place,  from 
which  the  county  took  its  name,  and  is 
at  present  prettv  large.  It  is  13  miles 
S  of  Wells,  and  123  VV  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  5l'22  N. 

Snmma,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in 
its  vicinity,  between  7000  and  8000 
poun<ls  weight  of  silk  of  the  best  quali- 
ty, are  annually  made.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Naples. 

Sonime,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
tliiding  the  late  province  of  Picardy.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  rises 
in  the  dcpartnient  of  Aisne,  and  water- 
ing St.  Qiientin,  Peronne,  Amiens,  and 
Abbeville,  enters  the  English  Channel. 
Amiens  is  the  capital. 

Siimeifeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  72  miles  dis- 
tant from  Berlin 

Siwiniierec,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
drpiirtniciit  of  Gard,  and  late  province 
f!l  Langueddc,  which  carries  on  a  ma- 
niifat-tiive  in  serges.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Vidourse,  10  miles  \V  of  Nismcs. 
Lon.  4  11  E,  lat.  43  43  N. 

S'viciiw,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
f  itinnnosc,  scr.ted  on  the  Oglio,  20 
mill  s  N  W  of  Cremona.  Lon.'i)  44  E, 
I'lt.  45  24  N. 


SOP 

Sonderborg,  a  town  of  Denma'-k,  in 
the  island  of  Alsen.  It  has  a  roya!  pa- 
lace, and  its  harbour  is  said  to  be  the 
l)ost  in  Denmark.  It  is  16  miles  E  N  E 
of  Flendshburg.  Lon.  9  49  E,  lat.  .54 
57  N. 

Somkrshausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  on  the 
small  river  Wipper.  Lon.  11  5  E,  lat. 
48  25  N. 

Sondiio,  a  town  in  the  country  of  tlie 
Grisons,  and  cajtital  of  the  Valteline, 
built  on  both  sides  of  the  Maleuco,  a 
furious  torrent.  It  is  34  miles  N  E  of 
Como.     Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  46  UN. 

Sonergon,  or  Sunnergnwni,  a  village  of 
Hinchiosian  Proper,  once  a  large  city, 
the  provincial  capital  of  the  eastern  di- 
vision of  Bengal  before  Dacca  wag 
built,  and  famous  for  a  manufacture  of 
fnie  cotton  cloths.  It  is  seated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Burrampooter,  13  miles 
S  E  of  Dacca. 

Song-kiangfou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang  nan.  It  is  built  close 
to  the  water  ;  the  prodigious  quantity 
of  cotton  cloth  with  which  it  siip|)lics, 
not  only  the  empire,  but  also  forcigni 
countries,  renders  it  very  celebrated, 
and  causes  it  to  he  niucii  fie(]u<-ntcd. 
This  city  has  only  four  others  uiulcr  its 
jurisdiction. 

Sonneberg.     See  Siiitnehn-g. 

Sonora,  a  province  oi'  New  Navarre 
in  South  America,  extending  along  the 
E  side  of  the  gulf  of  California.  It  lies 
in  the  most  delightful  part  of  the  tem- 
perate zone,  in  lon.  6°  W,  lat.  29°  N. 
There  are  rich  mines  of  gold  and  sil- 
vcr  in  this  province,  and  it  belongs  to 
the  Spaniards. 

Soo/oo,  an  island  of  the  Eastern 
Ocean,  situate  S  Wof  Mindanao,  almost 
midway  between  that  island  and  Boi> 
neo.  It  is  30  miles  long  and  12  broad, 
and  contains  about  60,000  inhabitants. 
It  is  governed  by  a  king  or  sultan,  and 
the  natives  are  Malays,  and  consequent- 
ly Mahometans.  The  populousness  of 
this  little  spot  is  caused  by  its  advanta- 
geous situ^ion,  which  renders  it  a 
great  nwtft.  The  English  East  India 
Company  have  a  resident  here.  Lon. 
121  25  E,  lat.  5  58  N. 

Sophia.     See  Soffa. 

Sophiania,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Ader- 
beitzan,  seated  in  a  valley,  25  miles 
N  W  of  Tauris.  Lon.  47  25  E,  lat.  38 
35  N. 

Snphknberg,  a  town  of  the  island  cf 


^1 


sou 

Zealand,  in  Denmark.    Lon.  12  40  E, 

lat.   iS  54  N. 

Soprn  Selvu,  a  vallej  of  SwUserland 
io  thu  country  oftlic  Orisons. 

Sopton, -jisnon^ U>vi\  ofL^wcr  Hun- 
gary, c:i|Jit;il  of  a  county  of  llie  com.- 
name,  seated  on  a  small  river,  27  miles 
S  W  of  Prcsburg,  and  30  S  E  of  Vienna 
Lon.  17  0  K,  lal.  4?  46  N. 

i'yru,  a  tow,-,  of  N:ii;lcs,  in  'lerra  di 
Lavaro,  with  a  ca.-tlc  and  a  bisiiop's 
see  j  seated  on  tlie  GM'igliano,  6j 
miles  N  V  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  4  E, 
lat  41  54  N. 

Sora,  a  stronjf  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Zealand,  v.il'.i  a  e')!l.-ge  Pn-  tlic  nobility, 
nine  miles  W  of  Kindled.  Lon.  11 
53  E, lat.  55  20  N. 

i'omiy,  a  town  of  Oennany,  in  Liisa 
tia,  seated  near  the  U-liir,  25  miles  S 
of  Crnssen,  ;uid  32  N  K  of  Gvjrlivz.  Lon. 
15  48E,  lat.  5140  N. 

Soreiito,  an  arcliieniscopal  town  of 
Italy  in  Naples,  witli  a  IsM'bour  at  tlie 
fcot  of  tlic  mountain  Soiento.  in  tlic 
biv  of  Naples,  17  miles  S  E  of  Naples. 
L<".n,  14  24   E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Soria, Si  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
built™  the  ruins  of  llie  anci>jnt  Nuuian- 
tia,  neji.-  the  scmrcc  of  the  Donero,  74 
miles  S  E  of  fluijjos.  Lon.  2  2  W, 
lat.  41  48  N. 
Soriano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples. 
Soroct,  a  town  of  Poland,  seated  on 
the  Dniester,  with  a  stron((  castle.  The 
Turks  were  oblipd  to  raise  the  siege 
of  thisplai-e  in  1602. 

Soiac,  a  tow't  of  Denmark  in  the 
island  of  Z:^a!and.  It  is  encompassed 
by  three  fresh  water  hikts,  anil  is  35 
niiles  S  VV  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  15 
E,  lat.  55  5  N. 

Sospello,  a  town  of  Pirdmnnt,  in  the 
county  of  Nice.  It  has  a  trade  in  dried 
fruits,  particularly  f.„'s  ;  and  is  seate<l 
at  the  fool  of  tiirce  very  \n^\\  mounlains, 
on  the  river  lievera,  15  miles  Nfc  oi 
Nice.     Lon.  7  34  K.  l.U.  43  52  N. 

Sovano,  a  town  (..''  Italy  in  Tuscany, 
in  the  Sienncse,v.'iUi  a  bishop's  see,  25 
miles  W  of  Orvietiu.  Lon.  11  43  E, 
lat.  42  42  N. 

Suubiie,  a  town  of  I  ranee,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  ('.'h;i-,ente,  and  late 
territory  of  Siiiisl"iiV-',  seated  tm  an 
eminence,  on  U\^  ri.or  Ci. [.rente,  22 
miles  S  of  Koci'.cile.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat. 
45  57  N. 

SouilLic,  a  town  of  France,  in  tin- 
department  of  L^t,  :.".d  l;.te  tcvritorv 
of  Q^icrci,  sjatcu  «;:  liie   Borese,  32 


SOU 


miles  N  of  Cahors.     Lon.  1  21  E,  lat. 
44  55  N. 

io.  •>(/,  a  passage  or  strait,  Ijing  be- 
tween the  island  of  Zealanil,  in  Den- 
M)aik,  and  the  continent  of  Schoncn,  in 
Sweden,  through  which  vessels  pass 
from  the  ocean  into  the  Baltic.  On  ibe 
Denmark  side  stands  the  town  of  Elai- 
ne ur,  und  the  strong  fortnss  of  Cro- 
nenbiug,  near  wl.ich  is  a  tolerable  good 
road  J  and  on  the  side  of  Sweden  stands 
llie  townof  Hclsingbnrg,  yithonly  one 
old  tower  reiniiiniiig  of  a  demolished 
castle.  The  Danes  take  toll  of  aU 
ships  that  pass  tliroilgh  the  strait, 
•.vliich  is  about  four  miles  over.  See 
EUiiiure. 

Sour,  or  Siir,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  m 
Asia,  in  Syria.  Here  8too<l  the  famoui 
city  of  Tyre,  of  which  there  is  n  w 
nothing  remaining  but  ruins.  Lon.  35 
50  E,  lat.  33  18  N.     See   r,re. 

Sour,  or  Sur,  a  river  of  the  Nether- 
lands, winch  runs  from  W  to.E  throngli 
Loxemburg,  and  falls  into  Moselle,  » 
little  above  'I'revcs. 

Souri,  a  town  of  Persia  in  the  pro- 
vince L;irisian.  Lon.  55  30  E,  lat.  26 
IB  N. 

Soma,  or  Susa,  a  strong  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  in  Africa,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle  and  a  good  harbour.  It  is  a 
plnceofsxine  trade,  and  seated  on  a 
high  rock,  near  the  sea,  65  miles  S  E 
of  Tunis.  L(m.  11  15  E,  lat.  33  .52  N. 
Sou  tcheou-fou,  a  city    in   China,  the 


second  in  the   province   of  Kiang-naii, 
and  one  of  the  most  agreeable  in  China; 
Europeans  who  have  seen  it,  compare 
it  to  Venice,  with  this  <litierencc,  that 
the  latter  is  built  in  the  sea,  and  Sou- 
tchc:ju-f  )U    is   intersectc<l  by  canals  of 
fresh  water.     There  is  not  perhaps,  in 
the  universe,  a  ountry  more  delightful, 
eitlicr  by  the  pleasantness  of  its  situa- 
tion i  or  the   mildness   of  its  cUnuate  ; 
the  air  is  so   temperate,   provisions  so 
plentiful  and  cheap,  the  soil  so  fruitful, 
afid  the  manners  of  the  people  so  gentle, 
that  this  citv  is  considered  as  the  para- 
dise of  China.     Above  (say  the  Chinese 
authors)  is  the  cetettial paradise  :  but  the 
piradisc  of  this  %v'trld  is  Sou-tcheou.    To 
ste    the    continual   tnotion  of  its  im 
mcnse  number  of  inhabitants,  and  tlie 
coufiision   caused  e^ery  where  by  their 
comnui-cial  intercourse  with  strangers, 
one  would  he  induced  to    believe   that 
the  traiU-  of  all  the  provinces  centered 
in  it.    The  brocades  and  cmbroidcricfi 


o  u 


sou 


s  o  tr 


)rs.     Lon.  1  21   E,  iat. 

lagc  or  Btruit,  I>ing  be- 
l  of  Zeiilaiul,  ill  l)en> 
oiitiiicnt  of  Sclioncii,  in 
^h  wliicli  vessels  pusa 
into  the  Bultic.  On  llie 
Umls  the  town  ofEUi- 
troiij^  f'lrtrtss  of  Cro- 
irliirli  is  :t  tnlvrable  gtMid 
e  side  of  Sweden  stand* 
sinpfbiirg,  >»ilhonly  one 
iii'iiig  of  a  demolisiicd 
Jiini-s  take  toll  of  all 
throilffli  tlic  strait, 
foiii"  miles   over.     See 


a  seaport  of  Turkey  in 
Here  stood  the  funioui 

>f  wliii'h   there   is  n  'w 

in)r  but  ruins.     Lon.  35 

i  N.     See   r,re. 

a  river  of  tlie   Nether- 

ins  from  W  to.E  tiirongh 

id  falls  into  Moselle,  » 

ves. 

of  Persia    in   the  pro- 
Lou.  55  30   £,  Iat.  26 

a,  a  stroni^  town  of  the 
nis,  in  Afnra,  capital  of 
he  same  name,  with  a 
good  harbour.  It  is  Sk 
rade,  and  seated  on  a 
■  the  sea,  65  miles  S  E 
II.  11  15E,  Iat.  33  52  N. 
I,  a  city  in  China,  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan, 
ftost  Mj^reeuble  in  China ; 
;i  have  seen  it,  compare 
ith  tins  <lifierencc,  that 
lilt  ill  llie  sea,  and  Sou- 
intersected  by  canals  of 
rliero  is  not  perhap.s,  in 
country  more  delifjhtful, 
leasantness  of  its  situa- 
lildness  of  its  climate  ; 
emperate,  provision*  so 
licap,  the  soil  so  fruitful, 
■s  of  the  people  so  gentle, 
i  c'lnsidered  as  the  jiara- 

jtbnve  (say  the  Cliincse 
telettial paradhr  :  but  the 
( ^vtrld  ii  Sou-tcheim.  To 
nual   motion  of  its  im- 

of  inhitbitnnts,  and  tlie 
ed  t^el■y  where  by  tl;cir 
ercourse  witli  strangers, 
ndiiced  to  Ijolicve  lh:it 
I  tlif  provinces  centered 
jcades  and  cmliroidcricR 


BwJe  here  are  in  great  request 
thrmijjii. Hit  tlie  whole  em|iire.  Itsju- 
ris.liclioa  exieiidi,  over  only  eiglil  ci- 
ties; one  of  wiiicli  IS  <if  the  second 
class,  and  the  lesl  of  tiie  third;  l)'it 
all  these  c:t  es  uic  beautiful  and  above 
two  or  tliree  le  cgues  in  cirriiiult'ience 
tath.     Lon.  112  20  E,  hit.  38  40  N. 

Souterraiiie,  u  town  of  France,  in  the 
de|)urlinenl  of  Creiise,  and  late  pro- 
viiiceof  Marcli<  ,24iaiL-s  N  of  Limoijes. 

Suucli  Sea.     See  Pacijic  Ocean. 

Smtnum,  a  town  in  Warwicksliirc, 
with  a  murkct  on  Monda),  and  noted 
fcr  its  cider.  It  is  13  nuies  .S  ol  Cov- 
eiilrv,  and  83  N  \V  ot'  London.  Lon 
1  2J\V,  Iat   52  36  M. 

Siintluiviptii'i,  a  seaport  and  borounfli 
in  Hampshire,  vvitli  a  iiiari;et  on  Tiies- 
dav,  1  liursday,  and  Saturday.  It  is 
coinmodiousl}  situated  between  the 
Itchen  and  lest,  which  here  How  in- 
to an  inlet  of  the  sea,  called  Soulhamp- 
top  Water  whidi  is  so  ileep  that  ships  of 
15U0  tons  have  been  launched  here,  and 
it  i-i  navigable  ainiohl  to  the  head  for 
vessels  of  considerable  burden.  Both 
rivers  are  navigable  for  some  way  up 
the  country,  fnmi  whence,  especially 
from  the  New  Forest,  vast  qiuanlities  of 
timber  are  brought  (huvii,  wiiieh  lie  on 
.  the  shore  here  sometime"  for  two  miles 
inlenffth,  and  arc  fetclic<l  by  the  ship- 
buihler.s  at  lortsmouth  dock,  few  ships 
being  of  late  built  at  Southampton.  It 
was  formerly  a  port  of  great  commerce, 
still  possesses  a  trade  in  French  and  port 
wines,  an<l  has  a  particidar  connection 
willi  Guernsey  and  Jersey.  It  is  a 
large  and  well  huilt  to\  n,  and  contains 
five  chureheii ;  is  '-.i., ousted  by  walls 
and  several  watehtowers  ;  :oid  hud  a 
strong  ca.stle  now  in  ruins.  It  is  a  coun- 
ty of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
s-^nds  t  w"  nu  iiibeis  loparlian.'ciU.  It  is  a 
fashionable  place  of  resort  for  sea-buth- 
ing  ;  anil  it  w.is  on  this  beach  that  the 
Danish  king  Canute  gave  that  striking 
reproof  to  his  flattering  eo.n  tiers, 
when  the  disobedient  tide  w;is!o.vl  his 
feet.  Two  miles  from  this  town  is 
Woodmilis,  where  is  u  very  ciiri  lus 
inannfactui'e  of  ship-blocks,  from  whieh 
all  the  king's  yards  arc  supplied. 
Southampton  is  12  miles  S  by  \V  of 
Winchester,  and  75  W  S  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  26  W,  hit.  50  5.5  N. 

Smith uniptnn,  a  post  town  in  SiifTolk 
county,  New  York;  situated  on  the  S 
E  side  of  Long  Inland,  near  the  sci 
tliurej    at  the  distance  of  12  milc.^  S 


W  from  S!igg-l::,rbour,  and  96  E  by  H 
from  New  Vork. 

Southbwy,  a  lowii  of  the  jiroviiicc 
of  CoTiiiifcticut  in  North  America. 

Si>utheiiJ,  Avw,  a  village  in  Essex, 
seated  at  tlie  mouth  of  i  he  Thaincs,  -14 
Hides  E  of  London,  the  nearest  place 
to  London  for  sea-hathiiig,  and  on  that 
account  much  resorted  to. 

Si'ut/i  H.vilrf,  a  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massacluiselts  ;  lying  on  the  E 
Side  of  Connecticut  river,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  N  'rthampton,  and  96  miles  W 
of  Boston.  Here  is  a  post  office, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  aliniit  8U0 

Siuthviuii,  -i  borough  in  Surry  which 
belongs  to  the  metropolis,  being  under 
tiie  jurisdiction  of   the    corporation  of 
I  L'Midon,  who  have  an  officer  here  call- 
ed the  bailih  of  South  wark      It  is  call- 
ed the  Biirintgh,  by  way  of  distinction, 
and  is  a  p.')|)iilo>is  place.     It  sends  two 
;  members    to  parliament.     It    contains 
j  si.\  parishes,   a  Roman  catholic  chapel, 
,  many  places  of  worsjiip  for  dissenters, 
I  and  several  charitable  foundations,  par- 
I  tieiilarh   St.  Thomas'  Hospii .(,  Guy's 
'  Hospital,  and  the  Magdalen  Hospital: 
I  also  the  King's  Bench  and  Marshalsea 
I'risons,  and  a  county  gaol.    See   Lon- 
ilun. 

Soiith'.-cell,  a  town  in  Nottingliait.  • 
shire,  witii  a  market  on  Sattu-diiy.  It 
is  an  undent  place,  and  has  a  collegi- 
ate church.  It  is  10  miles  N  E  of 
NotlinglKim,  and  139  N  N  W  Of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  51  W,  Iat.  53  6  N. 

SoutliKmld,  a  town  and  scapoi^  hi 
Sufiiilk,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  cliH",  near  a  fine  bay, 
with  a  harbour  to  the  S,  and  the 
river  BMhe,  and  a  drawbridge  on  the 
VV,  is  strongly  scted,  being  almoit 
surrounded  with  water,  especially  at 
very  high  tides.  Here  a  much  esteem- 
ed salt  IS  made,  and  it  has  also  a  trade 
in  corn,  beer,  and  the  herring  fishery 
estjblished  here  contributes  to  the  ad- 
vantage  of  tlie  town.  It  is  a  corpora- 
tion e<immonly  called  Smale  or  Sole. 

SmoMj.'  or  Soi'ebay,  a  bay  of  the 
town  of  Sowie,  where  was  fought  tht 
!^reat  seafi»ht  between  the  Dutch  ad- 
mind  I).  Iluvtcr,  and  Jiimes  diike  of 
Vork,  in  which  the  victory  was  unde- 
cided. Sout'iwild  is  20  miles  S  of 
Yarmouth  .ind  104  S  E  of  London. 
Lon   1  .54  W,  Iat.  52  24  N. 

Snutn  Af.ijnr,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Beira.  Lon.  6  48  W, 
Iat.  41  J  N. 


-J-. 


^ili 


SPA 

S<Kignj/,  a  town  of  Fruiire,  in  t!ie 
clci)aniin;nl  tit'  Kluine  and  Loii'e,  seat- 
ed on  tlm  (^icsiie,  50  miles  S  E  ol 
Boniges,  ami  167  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  o 
21  E,  lat.  46  JU  N. 

Soiitra  Hill,  Uie  most  -levated  hill 
in  tlic  nioiuiluinous  ridge  of  Lanitner- 
muir,  in  tlie  N  part  of  Bcrwltksliirc 
in  Scotland.  In  former  times  it  was  a 
noted  sea  mark.  In  this  dreary  part 
of  the  country  tl'ere  is  scarce  a  tree 
or  a  bush,  and  few  houses  or  villages 
wortiiy  of  mention.  Some  success- 
ful exertions,  however,  have  been 
made  to  improve  the  auuthern  side  ot 
this  mountain,  near  the  village  ot 
Chunnelkirk. 

Souyotes,  or  Soyotet,  the  name  of  a 
people  in  Sibei-ia,  subject  to  Russia  and 
Cliina.  They  dwell  in  the  higher 
part  of  the  Sayane  mountains,  toward 
the  S  W  border  of  the  lake  Baikall,  on 
the  Ironliers  of  Mongalia.  Tiie  Soyotes, 
botli  Chinese  and  Russian,  arc  poor 
lierd.smen,  traversing  uncultivated 
motmtains,  and  drawing  after  them 
miserable  huis,  covered  with  the  bark 
of  the  birch  tree.  Some  few  of  them 
possess  a  small  number  of  rein-deer  j 
but  with  the  gi-eatest  part  dogs  are 
the  favourite  animal.  Tney  live  solely 
by  the  chuae,  fishing,  and  on  wild 
roots  J  and  tiieir  whole  method  of  liv- 
ing is  miserable  and  dirty.  They  are 
all  pagan  Schamanes  ;  and  differ  in  no 
respect  from  most  cf  the  otlier  savages 
in  Siberia  as  to  dress,  ceremonies  and 
national  manners. 

Sov>,  a  river  in  Staffordshire,  which 
rises  near  Healy  Castle,  in  the  W  part 
of  the  county,  runs  parallel  to  the 
river  Tient  till  it  falls  into  it  near  Staf- 
ford, below  wliicli  it  receives  the  Pink. 
S/)(t,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of 
Liege,  famous  for  its  mineral  wiiters. 
It  is  situated  at  one  end  of  a  deep  val- 
ley on  the  bunks  of  a  small  rivulet, 
and  is  sin-rounded  on  all  sides  by  higli 
mountains.  The  aides  of  these  moun- 
tains next  to  Spa  are  rnde  and  unculti- 
vated, prt'sentiiipf  a  rugged  appearance 
as  ifshatteretl  by  the  convulsions  of 
earthquakes  ;  b<it  as  they  are  strewed 
with  tail  oaks  and  abundance  of  shrubs, 
the  country  around  forms  a  wild  ro- 
tnantic,  and  beautirul  landscape.  The 
access  to  tiie  town  is  very  beautiful. 
The  road  winds  over  the  niuuiitains 
till  it discends  to  tiieir  bi)ltoni,  wiien 
iti'uns  along  a  smooth  valh'v  for  a  mile 


SPA 


or  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  town  con- 
.^i!)ls  of  four  streets  in  form  of  t 
L;ross,  and  contains  about  4U0  iiihubi- 
lants.  Spa  has  no  weaitli  to  bon-.i  of, 
It  can  scarcely  furnish  the  necessaries 
»f  hfe  to  its  owji  iiiliubitants  during 
the  winter,  and  almost  ull  the  hi.\urics, 
w.iich  are  requisite  it»r  the  greiit  ion. 
course  of  ailiucnt  visitors  dui-l;ig  tin- 
summer,  are  carried  from  Liej,'e  by 
women.  Its  only  source  of  weaitli  is 
its  mineral  waters.  I'lie  names  of  tlie 
hve  principal  \\clls  are  Pouhoii,  Genm. 
ilerd,  Saviniere,  Watj.jtz,  and  rimiit. 
let.  The  inliabitants  are  employed  in 
in.iking  toys  for  strangers.  Spa  wus 
liikfii  by  the  Freiicli  m  1794.  It  is 
s.ated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by 
mounlains,  17  nii.es  S  E  of  Liege. 
Lon.  3  5U  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Spain,  a    considerable    kingdom    of 
Europe  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  l):iy 
of  Biscay  ;  on  the  N  E  by  the  Pyrenees, 
wiiich  separate  it  t    m  r'rance  ;  on  tlic 
E  S  E,    and  S  by  me  Mediterranean; 
on  the  S  W  by  the    Atlantic  ;    and  iin 
the  W  by  Portugal   and  the    Atlantic. 
It  is  70U  miles   long  and  5U0   broad  -, 
and  contains  the  provinces  of  Old  and 
New    Castile,    Andalusia,     Arragon, 
Estremadura,  Galicia,  Leon,  Catalonia, 
Granada,  Valencia,  Biscay,  the  Astu. 
rias,  Murcia,  and  Upper  Navarre,  some 
of  which  have  been  separate  kingdoms. 
The  air  of  Spain,   during  the  months 
of  June,  July,  and  August,  is  excessive- 
ly hot  in  the  day-time  ;  but  the  rest  of 
the  year  it  is  pleasant  and  temperate. 
Even  during  the  above   months  it  is 
very  cool  in  the  shade ;    and  so  cold  in 
tlie  night,   that  it   makes  a  traveller 
shiver;  and  in  the  day-time  the  violent 
heatcontinuesoiily  for  about  four  orfive 
hours.     In   the   N   on  the  mountains, 
und  near  the  sea  coast,  the  air  is  much 
less  sultry   in  summer  than  in  the  S, 
especially   in  the  lower  parts    of  the 
country,  and  at  a  distance  from  the  sea. 
It  seldom  rains  here,  except  about  the 
equinoxes :    the   frosts   are  very  gen- 
tle   towards     the    S ;       but    on     the 
mountains   in  the  N  and  N  E  the    air 
is  very  sharp  in  winter.     Though  tliore 
are   some  sandy  barren  deserts  in  the 
S,  and  ma.iy  bairen   mountains   in  the 
N,  yet  in  the  greater  part  of  the  coun- 
try,   particularly    in    the  valleys    and 
plains,  tii2  S'jil   is  good,   producing  s 
j^reat  variety   of   rich    wines,  oil,  and 
fr  lits  ;      such     as     oranges,    lemons, 
prunes,  citrons,  almonds,  raisins,  dates. 


n 


SPA 


I  a  liiilf.     The  town  con- 

sliccls  in  i'oiiii  of  K 
iiluiiis  about  400  iiihulji. 
s  IK)  weiiitli  to  boil, I  of, 
y  I'unusli  tlie  neccsHuries 

owji  inliubitanls  (iurliig 
(1  ulmost  ull  the-  liixunch, 
[uisite  ior  tlic  ijri;;a  con. 
ilciU  visiturs  dui-'i;ig  tin? 
ciirried  fioin  LiC|,'e  by 
jiily  source  of  wcnitli  is 
itcis.  Tlie  iiu)iie.s  of  llie 
«clls  are  Pouhoii,  Gcron. 
e,  Wiiti.otz,  and  rinmc. 
ibitants  are  employed  in 
for  slranjjcrs.     Spa   \vu.s 

Frencli    in    1794.     It  is 

valley,     diirroundcd    by 
7  mi.es   S  E   of  Liege, 
lat.  50  30  N.  _ 
jnsiderable    kingdom   of 
ided  on  tlie  N  by  the  l):iy 

tlie  N  E  by  the  Pyi-eiiecs, 
e  it  t  Ti  rrance  -,  oa  tlie 
S  by  vne  Mediterranean; 
y  the  Atlantic ;  and  (in 
,'tugal  and  the  Atlantic. 
;»  lung'  and  500  broad  j 
the  provinces  of  Old  and 
,    Andalusia,     Arragun, 

Galicia,  Leon,  Catalonia, 
lencia,  Biscay,  the  Astu- 
and  Upper  Navarre,  some 
:  been  separate  kingdoms, 
pain,   during  the  months 

and  August,  is  excessive- 
day-time  ;  but  the  rest  of 
i  pleasant  and  temperate. 

the  above  months  it  is 
he  shade ;  and  so  cold  in 
lat  it  makes  a  traveller 
n  the  day-time  the  violent 
sonly  for  about  four  or  five 
)e  N  on  the  mountains, 
sea  coast,  the  air  is  much 
n  summer  than  in  the  S, 

the  lower  parts  of  the 
at  a  distance  from  the  sea. 
ns  here,  except  about  the 
the  frosts  are  very  gen- 
the  S ;  but  on  the 
I  the  N  und  N  E  the  air 
in  winter.  Though  tliore 
.ndy  barren  deserts  in  the 

bau'cn  mountains  in  the 
:  greater  part  of  thecoun- 
larly  in  the  valleys  and 
•)il  is  good,  producing  a 
/  of  rich  wines,  oil,  and 
h  as  oranges,  lemons, 
ns,  almonds,  raisins,  dates. 


SPA 

fi;fs,  clicsnuta,  pomegranates,  capers, 
[Kfars,  and   peaches ;  but   not  a  sufii- 
cieiicy  of  grain,  which  is  chietly  owing 
to  tiie  neglect  of  tillage.     Wheat  and 
bai'Icy  are    the  most  common   grain ; 
llie  former  of  which  is  said  by  some  to 
be  the   best  in  Europe.     There  is  not 
iTi'ich  flux,  hemp,  o:its,  or  hay,  in  Spain  ; 
l»it  there  is  plenty  of  liont-y,  salt,  line 
wool,  bilk,  and  c  iton ;    and   in  siome 
pluL'cs,  of  rice  and  sugar-canes.     Here 
also  are    abundance   of    mules,    and, 
ill   some     provinces,     of    horses,     to- 
gether with  di-er,  wild  fowl,  and  other 
game,   cliain.iis  and   other   goats,   but 
few  horned  cittle.     Wolves  arc  almost 
the  only   wild   beasts  in  the  country. 
Tile  herb  kali  which  is  used  in  making 
sitlt,  soap,  and  glass,  grows  ia    great 
plenty   on  the  i,"u  shore,      'i'lie    wild 
bulls,  used   in   tlieir    bidl-fights,     are 
bred  in     Andalusia.      The   seas    about 
Spain  are  well  stored  with  fish  ;  among 
which  is  the  anchovy,  in  tlie  Mediter- 
ranean.    We  may  guess   at  the   num- 
ber of  sheep  here  by  that   oftiie  shep. 
herds,    which    is    said    to    be    about 
40,000.     Tlie  sheep  that   bear  the  line 
wool  move  regularly,  every    summer, 
from    S   to   N,   along  the   mountains, 
whieli  yield  a  great  variety  of  sweet 
herbs  and  plants,    and  return  again  to- 
wards  winter.     During  this  progress, 
large  quniitities  of  salt  arc  distributetl 
among  them,  and   all  pos.sihie   care  is 
taken   both   of   their    healtli  and  flee- 
Cfs.    The    chief   mountains    arc    the 
l'>renees,    wiiicli     stretch     from     the 
Mediterranean  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
but  not  in  a  direct    line,   for  near  200 
miles  :  their  breadth  is,  in  some  places, 
not  Il'SS  than  80      The  nioiiiMains  yield 
gieat  quantities  of  timber  for  shipping, 
wliich  arc  conveyed   by  the  Ebro   and 
other    rivers   to    the    Mediterranean. 
According  to  the  ancient  and  modern 
writers,  they  abound   also   with  gold, 
silver,  iron,  lead,  tin,  cinnabar,   q.iick- 
."iiUcr,    alum,    vitriol,   co|)peras,    lapis 
c;ilHiMinaris,    &c.     besides   gem.<,    and 
niinoral    w,iters    both     hot    and   coUl. 
The   (Told   and   silver   mines    arc   iiijt 
worked   at   prest-iu,  but  those  of  iron 
are.     The   neglect    of   the    fonner  is 
owing   partly  to  the   indolence   of    the 
Spaniards,    and  partly  to  the  gold   and 
silver  im|it)rted  from    America.     Tlu' 
principal  river.s  arc  the  Douero,    Tajo, 
C".ii;ulian,a,    Ga'idilquiver,     muI    Ehn; 
The  Spaniards  are  zealous  Koinani.sls 
^'u  where   is  there  more  pouip,  fujxe,  | 


SPA 

and  parade,  in  what  regards  religion  < 
and  no   where   Ic.is  true   Christianity. 
Their  zeal    and  their   superstition  ex- 
ceed that  of  any  other  Roman  Catholic 
country,   unless  perhaps  we  should  ex- 
cept Portugal.     There  .ire  eight  arch- 
bishn|)s  in  Spain,   seven    in  America, 
and  o.ie   in  Asia  at    Manilla ;    each  of 
which    has     his     sutiiagan     bishops, 
41    episcopal    sees,     and    24    iini%er- 
sities.       Tliough     the     rest    of     the 
nation    is    poor,    the    clergy    arc  im- 
mensely  rich,   and   tlieir    revenues  of 
all    kinds      very    great.     Most  of  the 
towns  and  estates  belong  to  them,  and 
are  exempt    from  ail  public    burdens  ; 
yet  their  avarice  is  insatiable,  especially 
that  of  the  Mendicant   friars,    tlio;igli 
they  profess  poverty.  Their  cominerce, 
which   is   free  from  sU  duties  and  im- 
posts,   is  also  a  rich   fund    to   them. 
Though   the     Spaniards   are   naturally 
men  of  wit  ancl  of  an  elevated  geniu?., 
yet   little  progress  in  the  sciences  is  to 
be  expected  from  them,  while  the  cler- 
gy use  tlieir  utmost  eiliirls  to  keep  them 
in    ignorance,   bran<ling  all  literaiy  re- 
searches with  the  name  of  heresy,   and 
inveighing  against  the  seats  of  the  mu- 
ses as  the  Ncluiols  of  hell,    where  the 
devil  teaches  sorcery.     The  chief  nia- 
niifactuves   of  Spain  arc  those  of  silk, 
wool,    iron,    copper,   and    other    hard- 
wares ;    but  these  fall  far  short  of  the 
flourishing  condition    to    which    they 
might  be  brought  :  hence  a  great  part 
of  the  treasures  of  America  go  to  the  fo- 
reign merchants,  wl")siipj)ly  them  willi 
goods  ffu-  that  part  of  the  world.  How- 
ever,  it  is  certain,  that  Spain,  since  it 
hatli  had  princes  of  the  house  of  lioiir- 
hon  upon  the  throne,  hath  improved  its 
revenues,  inoreiisod   its    fiirccs    by  sea 
and  land,  and  applied  itself  more  than 
it  did  before  to  manufactures  and  hus- 
bandry i   having  shaken   off,    in   some 
measure,  that  idle  indolent  disiHisitioii 
which  rendered   it  so  contemptible  ia 
the  eyes  of  other  nations  :    but  it   will 
be  a  long  time  before  they  will  be  able 
to  supply  the  wants  of  their  own  coun- 
try, and  those  of  America,  in  any  great 
degree.     Spain  is  e.\tremely  '"ell  situ- 
ate! for  tri'de  ;   but.  most  of  it.-,  pr  )diictt 
is  exported  by  foreigners,  except  what 
is  carried  to  the  I'idies  ;   and  even  willi 
regard  to  tluit  trade,  they  are  little  bet- 
ter than  r.icl'.rs  to  the  English,  Frciici), 
)i(tch,  and  It  ilians.     It  is  s.iid  to  ha-e 
.)nt:iiiied    hi  i.wicn   t\veiit\    and  thirty 
miilioos  ;   •.vlieieas  now  it  docs  not  con- 
O  o  o  o 


SPA 


SPA 


tiitn  aborc  nine ;  and  this,  anM>tt(|f  other 
I'.aiifKS,  is  (Aving  to  the  pride  and  lazi- 
ness (if  the  inhabitants,  want  of  manu- 
factures and  good  icgulations,  neglect 
of  the  mines  and  agriculture,  the  ex- 
piilMion  of  tlie  Moors,  the  peopKng  of 
America,  heavy  taxes,  tlie  great  nuni- 
bcr  of  uoiweuts,  excessive  venery,  and 
the  conseciiient  infecundity  of  both  sex- 
es. 'I'heir  debauchery  and  sterility  are 
partly  occasioned  by  their  way  of  liv- 
ing ;  for  tbey  make  great  use  of  spices, 
rnci  drink  a  great  deal  of  chocolate, 
:tfld  stroii)^'  ^'ine  mixed  with  brandy. 
The  causes  assigned  far  the  want  of 
people  in  Spain  vrill  account  in  some 
measure  for  its  poverty  ;  notwithstfnt.'. 
ing  it  is  computed  that  it  receives  one 
year  with  another,  setting  aside  other 
stims,  above  26  millions  of  pieces  of 
eight,  in  registered  g^>ld  and  silver. 
As  most  of  the  manufactures  that  are 
sent  to  America  are  furnished  l>y  Bri- 
tiiiii,  France,  Italy,  and  Holland,  so  a 
gre:.t  part  of  the  treasure  brought  home 
by  the  galleons  is  paid  to  the  merchants 
of  those  nations.  In  tlie  last  centiin-, 
the  revenues  of  Spain  amounted  to  32 
or  S3  millions  of  livres  ;  but  afterwards 
they  were  so  reduced,  that  they  did 
not  exceed  seven  or  eight  millions.  At 
present,  the  revencesof  the  crown  ari- 
sing in  Spain  are  computed  at  Ave  mil- 
lions Sterling  per  atwum,  besides  what 
ririses  tk>m  America.  The  silver  mines 
there  arc  inexhaustible ;  and  of  the 
produce  of  these,  a' fifth  belongH  to  the 
king.  The  taxes  in  Si)ain  are  nume- 
mui  and  heavy.  The  land  forces,  in  time 
of  peace,  are  computed  at  about  80,000; 
jHul  in  time  of  war,  must  be  much  more 
iHiniemus.  Their  navy  at  present  can- 
not be  ascertained.  The  language  of 
this  country,  especially  tliat  spoken  in 
Castile,  which  is  by  far  the  purest,  ap- 
proaches the  nearest  to  the  Latin  of  any 
language  in  E\irope,  mixed  with  Ara- 
bic words  and  terminations  introduced 
by  the  Moors.  The  Spaniards  in  ge- 
neral are  tall,  their  complexions  swar- 
thy, their  countenances  expressive.  As 
to  wliut  regards  the  character  of  the 
Spaniards,  they  do  not  want  cither  an 
inclinntion  or  capacity  for  the  sciences  ; 
but  have  h.irdly  an  "opportunity  of  ac- 
(juiring  any  true  learning  or  knowledge, 
at  least  in  their  schools  and  universities, 
'i'hey  are  admiretl  for  their  secrecy, 
vonstancy,  gravitv,  patience  in  adver- 
siiy,  and  loyalty.  They  are  also  s.iid 
to  be  true  to  their  word,  gieat  uiicnucii 


to  lying,  imd  so  nice  and  jcalnus  in 
point  of  honour,  that  they  will  stick  »t 
nothingto  wife  oH  any  stain  that  is  cast 
iipon  it.  The  beauty  of  the  l»d:es  reipnn 
chiefly  in  their  hotels  urftl  romances  ; 
in  their  persons  they  are  small  and  sicn- 
cier.  Jealousy  is  no  longer  the  chai':>c. 
terlstit  of  a  Spanish  hunband  ;  the  mar. 
ried  ladies  have  hcie  the  cortejo,  or 
mule  attendant,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Italians  have  tht'ir  cicisbcos.  The 
established  religion  is  popery  ;  and 
here  the  rnt^uisition  once  reigied  in  all 
its  horrors  :  bvt,  although  it  still  exists, 
it  h:is  been  lately  rendered,  b)  the  in- 
tervention of  the  rdjal  aTithdrity,  com- 
I  aratnely  hirmless.  Spain,  once  tht 
most  free,  is  ri<>w  our  f.f  the  nrst  des- 
potic monarchies  in  Europe.  They  had 
6nce  their  cortes,  or  parliaments,  which 
had  great  privileges  :  but  though  not 
absolutely  abolished,  they  have  no  pait 
in  the  government.  They  are  nssew!- 
bled  indeed,  occasionally  (as  at  the  ac- 
cession of  il.c  monarch)  but  merely  a« 
an  »p|:i-ndage  to  the  royal  state,  with- 
out power  or  liny  oriier  conscqtierce 
than  what  remits  from  their  individual 
rank.     Madrid  is  the  capital. 

Spain,  Ncm.     See  Mexico,  Old- 

Spaitla,  a  town  of  Tunis,  in  AfVir«. 
In  its  neighliourhood  there  are  some 
magnificent  mins.  It  is  90  miles  S  W 
of  Tunis.     Lon.   9   15  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Spaiatro,  or  Spclatto,  a  strong  town 
of  Venice,  capital  of  Venetian  Dalma- 
tia,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's sec.  It  is  built  upon  the  ruirii 
of  the  palace  of  Dioclesian,  the  walls 
of  which  make  two  thirds  of  those  of 
the  city,  and  of  which,  in  1764,  Mr. 
Robert  Adam  published  a  splendid  ac- 
count. In  1784,  Spaiatro  was  ner-rly 
depopulated  by  the  plague.  It  is  strong- 
ly seated  on  a  peninsida,  in  the  giilf  of 
Venice,  35  miles  S  E  of  Sebcnico,  ami 
102  N  W  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  31 E, 
lat.  44  4  N. 

Spalding,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  a  ve- 
ry neat  town,  and  is  seated  near  the 
rtiouth  of  the  Wellarid,  with  a  p-ood 
coasting  trade.  Hire  i»  the  most  ex- 
tensive heronry  in  England,  and  the  he- 
rons ;,bui'd  together  on  high  tree.s  like 
rooks.  It  is  1 4  miles  S  by  W  of  Bos- 
ton, and  100  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  2 
E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Spandtiu,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  fho 
circle  of  Upper  Sflxony  and  middle 
marclic  of  Biandcnbuijj,  surrounded o:) 


P  A 

0  nice  and  jcalnui  in 
tlmt  they  will  stick  »t 

iH  inystatn  that  is  cast 

iity  of  the  Ud'es  reipn« 

rto^els  antl  romances ; 

hey  are  small  anil  slcn- 

1  no  lonpcr  the  charae. 
liith  hiinband  ;  the  mar- 
!   here  the  cortcjo,  or 

in  the  same  manner  as 
thi'ir  cicisbcos.     Tlie 
gicn   is   popery  ;     and 
lion  once  reit,'iecl  in  all 
,  althonj^h  it  still  exists, 
ly  rendered,  b)  the  in. 
:  rdVhl   »»ithr>rity,  com- 
le«H.     Spain,  once  tht 
iw  one  f.f  the  rrrat  lies. 
:s  in  Europe.   Thej  hid 
I,  or  parliaments,  which 
ilepres  :  but  though  not 
ihed,  they  have  no  poit 
nent.     They  are  nsseir- 
:aaionally  (as  at  the  ac< 
nonarch)  but  merely  m 
;o  the  royal  state,  vrith. 
any  otlier  consequence 
ts  from  their  individual 
s  the  capital. 
See  Mexico,  Old. 
m  of  Tunis,  in  Africa. 
Lirhood  there  are  some 
IS.    It  is  90  miles  S  W 
.  9  15  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 
Spclatto,  a  stronff  town 
ital  of  Venetian  Dalma- 
l  harbour,  and  an  arch> 
t  is  built  upon  the  ruirs 
r  Dioclesian,  the  Malls 
!  two  thirds  of  those  of 
of  which,  in  1764,  Mr. 
published  a  splendid  ac- 
14,  Spalatro  was  nciirly 
the  plague.  It  is  dtroiijf- 
leninsula,  in  the  K\At  of 
;»  S  E  of  Sebcnico,  anil 
lagusa.    Lon.  17  31  £, 

town  in  Lincolnshire, 
on  Tuesday.     It  is  a  vt- 

and  is  seated  near  the 

Wellaiid,  with  a  px)i>d 
Here  is  the  most  e.r. 

in  Eni^land,  andtl.c  he- 
ether  on  hiph  trees  like 
i  miles  S  by  W  of  Bos- 

of  London.     Lon.   0  2 

nwn  of  Germany,  in  the 
■r  Siixony  and  middle 
tlcnliui  jj,  surrounded  o:i 


5    P   1 

«H  (ides  by  morasses,  and  cloae  to  it  is 
■X  line  fortres*.  The  l^•aenal  is  ii)  sub- 
terriuieuuB  vaults,  and  there  i»  a  pviaon 
for  state  crimii>!4s.  |t  js  seated  on  the 
Huvcl,  eiifht  miles  N  Wqf  Berlin,  and 
ir  N  £  of  Br,iiuleuburp.  Lon.  13  33 
E,  lat.  .52  36  N. 

Spiiiuah-lo'wn.    See  y<tgo,  St. 

Sparta,  a  post  tow^  in  Sus^icK  cotm- 
ty,  New  Jersey;  12  miles  N  W  of 
Uuckaway,  4ii  of  Newark,  and  48  N  E 
of  Eastoii,   in  Pennsylvania. 

Spuria,  a  post  town  in  Hnnpiick coun- 
ty, Georgia;  25  miles  if  £  pf  Fort 
Wilkinson,  an(t  39  N  W  of  LoMtsviUe, 
the  State  Capital. 

Spirtet,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the 
cuaktof  Barbury,  at  lUcentranpe  of  the 
straiu  of  Gibraltar.     Lon.  5  56  W,  la'. 

35  50  N. 

Spr.rtifiento,  Cape,  a  promontory  qf 
the  kingdom  of  Nuplea,  at  tiie  S  £  ex- 
tremity of  Calabria  Ulterione.  Lon.  Hi 
40  K,  lat.  i7  50  N. 

Spean.     See  Lochy,  Loch. 

Sped",  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbria. 
Here  arc  the  ruins  of  a  llicrttra,  and 
other  remains  of  aiulqulty.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hilU  three  miles  N  VV  of  Foligni, 
and  13  N  of  Spuletto.  Lon.  12  24  E, 
lat  42  50  N. 

Spetisbiiry,  a  village  of  Dorsetshire, 
with  the  remains  of  a  Saxon  canip. 

Spey,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  has 
its  source  in  Invcrnesshire,  divides 
Murrayshirc  from  Banll'shire  fiir  more 
tlian  20  miles,  and  discliargcs  itself  in 
the  German  Ocean,  at  the  village  of 
Spcymouth,  eight  miles  \V  of  Cullen. 

Sbczzia,  or  Spetia,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  tlie  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  good 
harbour,  it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill,  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the  same 
n.ime,  47  miles  S  E  nf  Genoa,  and  65 
N  W  of  Florence.  Lon.  9  o7  E,  lat.  44 
10  N. 

.S^^iV«  lilandt.     See  Molucctu 

Spielberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
rirrle  of  Suabia,  13  milei  S  S  £  of 
An.sjiach. 

Spietz,  a  townof  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  ueated  on  tiie  W  aide 
of  the  lake  Thun,  20  miles  S  £  of  Bern. 

Spigelburg,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westplialia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  22  miles  S  W  of  Hilde- 
sheim.     Lon.  9  46  E,  lut.  51  56  N. 

Spigna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Mimtser- 
rat,  wltli  a  cattle,  15  miles.  N  by  W  of 
Siivona,  and  40S  £  of  Turin.     Lon.   8 

36  £,  lat.  44  45  N. 


S.P  I 

Spilemhurgo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ve- 
netian Friuli,  37  miles  N  \V  of  Aqui* 
leia,  and  47  M  by  E  Venioe.  Lon.  12 
15  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Spflthy,  «  town  in  Lincolnshire,  wHIi 
amui-ketun  Monday,  seated  on  tlie  si<'.e 
of  a  hill,  SO  miles  £  of  Lincoln,  iuia 
133  N  by  £  of  London.  Lon.  0  7  E, 
lat.  53  12  N. 

Spinahnga,  a  town  of  the  island  of 
Ca&dia  in  the  Mediterranean.  U  lias 
a  good  harbour  and  a  citadel,  and  is  si- 
tuate near  the  cafie  of  Spiualongo,  SO 
miles  £  of  Candia.  Lon.  25  58  £,  lat. 
35  20  N. 

Spinie,  •  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inver- 
nesshire,  about  five  miles  long,  and 
half  a  mile  broad,  situated  in  a  flat  cuun,- 
iry.  During  winter,  great  nunibers  of 
wild  swans  migrate  hitlier,  and  even 
breed  here. 

Spire,  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Bhine,  50  miles  in 
length,  and  30  in  breadth,  where  broad- 
est,  divided  into  two  parts  by  tlie  Rhine» 
and  is  a  fertile  country. 

Spire,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Germa^ 
ny,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  llliiiie,  and 
capitalof  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  burnt  by  the  French  in  1689| 
and,  in  1693,  the  imperial  chanibei', 
which  was  in  this  city,  was  removed  to 
Wetzlar.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794,  and  is  seated  on  v  ic  W  side 
of  the  Rhine,  seven  miles  Nof  Piiilips* 
burg.    Lon.  8  32  £,  lat..  49  19  N. 

Spirebach,  a  townof  Germany,  in  the 
palatin.ite  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a  ri- 
ver of  the  same  name,  eight  miles  N 
of  Landau.     Lon.  8  12  E,  la.  49  20  N. 

Spiritii  Santo,  a  seaport  of  firasil,  in 
S  America,  cai>ital  of  a  government  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  custle.  Lon.  41 
0  E,  lat.  20  10  S. 

Spiritu  Santo,  a  town  nf  the  island  of 
Cuba,  155  miles  £  S  £  of  llavannuh. 
Lon.  79  47  E,  lat  23  15  N. 

Spital,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carin- 
thia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Liser, 
near  the  Drave,  30  miles  W  of  Clagtn- 
fiirt.     Lon.  13  37  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Spital,  an  ancient  village  in  Lincoln- 
shiie,  11  miles  N  of  Lincoln,  noted  for 
two  springs,  one  called  Julian's  Well, 
and  the  other  Castleton  Well.  It  was 
part  of  the  Roman  causeway,  leading 
from  London,  by  Lincoln,  to  the  Huni- 
ber.  Great  numbers  of  Roman  coinf 
have  been  dug  up  in  this  vilkge. 

Spithead,  a  famous  road  between 
Poi-tsmoutU  and  the  isilc    of  Wight, 


SP  R 

■where  the  royal  navy  frequently  rendcz* 

VOIIH. 

Spitzbergen,  tlie  most  northern  coun- 
try ill  Eninpc,  l)rin(y  to  tlie  N  of  Nor- 
>v  ly,  liflvicrii  Gi-cfnUnd  totlie  W,  and 
Novii  iiimblu  to  tlic  E.  The  coast  is 
bo-tt  witli  cr.iffKy  iiiciiintiiins,  and  in 
the  winter  '.t  is  cdiitinuul  nijfht  tir  four 
riii'.'tiis.  li.c  aiiiiiiiils  an.  Isuj;'e  wliite 
bci.rs  mill  wli.te  fiXcR.  I  litMe  are  no 
scllU-il  inlinbitants,  and  it  is  kpown  on- 
ly to  ;liose  wlio  (To  on  tlie  coast  to  iisli 
for  whales      Sci..  G'eentand. 

S/i'tis^eii,  a  town  ol'tiie  country  of  the 
Grii  iiis,  scuted  near  tlie  source  of  tlic 
Hiiuler  Rliine.  It  is  tlie  capital  of  llie 
vallrv  (if  Hliinewuld,  and  is  42  miles  S 
\V  of  t'.oire. 

S/joi'eito,  a  dnlchy  of  Italy,  55  miles 
loiu;-  and  40  broad  ;'  bounded  on  tiie  N 
1)1  Ancona  and  Url)ino,  on  the  E  by 
M.ij  Us,  on  the  S  by  Sabina  and  the  pa- 
tri'rM>iiy  of  St.  Peter,  and  on  the  W  by 
Orvieti)  and  Perugino.  It  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Unibria. 

S/K>tetio,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  ca- 
pital of  a  dntchy  of  the  same  name, 
•with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle  It 
fullered  creatly  b\  an  earthguakc  in 
1703,  and  now'contains  12,000  inhabi- 
tants. Here  arc  llic  ruinsof  anamphi- 
tliiatrc,  a  ti-iuniplial  arch,  and  an  aque- 
duct. It  is  sealed  partly  on  a  hill,  and 
partly  on  a  |  lain,  in  a  country  noted  for 
pood  wine,  near  tlie  river  Tessino, 
40  niil«>s  E  of  Orvjcto.  an<l  60  N  by  E 
of  Rome.     Lon.  13  6  E,   lat.  42  45  N 

Spunheitn,  a  town  nf  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  U'lper  Rhine  It  ic  capital  of 
a  rnunty  of  tlie  same  name,  27  miles  W 
of  Meiib;,  and  46  E  of  Treves.  I. on  7 
21  E,  lat  49  54  N. 

Spnt3;h'ania   Cnurt-howe,  the    princi 
pal  s(;it  of  Justice  in  Spotsylvania  coun- 
ty, Viitv'n  a-  IH  miles  S   \V   of  Freder 
icksburgh  on  the   Rappahannock,   and 
78  S  VV  of  Washington.     Here  is  a  post 
ofli'-e. 

Spree,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  ri- 
ses in  the  niomitains  of  Bohemia,  and 
passi'^p  tliroui;-h  Lusalia,  into  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Braivlenburpr,  runs  by  Ber. 
liii,  ;Mid  falls  in'io  the  Havel,  opposite 
Sp'r.daw. 

Sprii^feld,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
cou'.iti,  Mussachiisetts  ;  lyin;';  on  the  E 
bank  of  Connecticut  river,  29  miles  S 
W  of  Brookfield,  and  about  the  same 
dlstnnre  N  by  K  of.  Hartford,  contain- 
ing 2812  lihabitants. 

Spriit^tldj  a  post    towit  in  Essex 


ST  A 

emmty,  New  Jeisey  j  about  10  mile*  N 
W  of  Eli/abc(ht>  wn,  and  about  the 
same  distance  S  W  of  Newark,  on  the 
west  side  of  Ral  Miiv  rwvx. 

Sprin/rfeld,  a  post  town  in  Hamp. 
shire  county,  Virj^iniu  ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  south  brni  cli  of  Potcw- 
mac,  58  miles  W  by  N  of  Wimhes- 
ter,  and  about  14  S  W  of  Old-town, 
M;lr^hlnd. 

Sprottdu,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
dntchy  ot  Glog'nw,  with  walls  fliir.licd 
by  towers,  and  a  stronjr  castle.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  B' bar 
and  Sprotta,  20  miles  S  W  of  GlopuMr. 
Lon.  I5  38E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Spurn  Head,  alonjf  sickle-shaped  pro. 
montory  in  Yorkshire,  at  the  N  E  en- 
trance of  the  mouth  of  the  Hi  nber,  on 
which  is  a  lij^hthouse.  Lon.  0  15  £,  Int. 
53  38  N. 

Sr/uilace,  an  episcopal  town  of  Ncplea, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore.  It  was  formerly 
famous,  but  is  now  a  small  place,  seat- 
ed on  the  Favelone,  rear  a  pulf  of  the 
same  name,  30  miles  S  W  of  St,  Seve- 
rino,  Lon.  16  40  K,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Stablo,  or  Stutselo,  at  town  of  Germ*, 
ny,  in  the  bishoyiric  of  Liepe,  with  a 
celebrated  abbey,  whose  abbot  is  a 
prince  of  the  empire.  Here  is  a  ma- 
nufacture of  leather,  which  is  sent  to 
forci pfn  parts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Recht, 
nine  mile*  S  of  Limburg.  Lon.  6  5  E, 
lat    50  29  N. 

Stade,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  dutcby  of  Bre- 
men, with  n  fortress,  a  collcpe  and 
three  churches  It  is  the  principal  town 
of  the  dntchy,  subject  to  the  elector  of 
Hanover  ;  Bremen,  the  capital,  brinpr 
a  free  imperial  town.  It  is  the  se.it  of 
the  repepcy,  and  chief  courts  of  justice 
of  the  diitcliies  of  Bremen  and  Verden  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Swinpel,  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Elbe,  22  miles  W 
of  Hamburpr,  and  45  N  E  of  Brem  n. 
Lon.  9  17  E,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Siadthcgfti  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westnhalia,  and  county 
of  Schanenberp.  Here  is  a  palace  in 
the  parden  of  which  is  a  mineral  sprinp. 
It  is  eipht  miles  E  of  Minden.  Lon.  9 
14  E,  lot.  52  24  N. 

Stnfarday  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
msrquisate  of  Salnzzo,  seated  on  tho 
Po,  with  a  rich  abbey.  It  is  fantous 
for  a  victory  pained  by  the  French,  in 
1690,  over  the  duke  of  Savov.  Lon.  7 
25  E,  lat.  44  54  N. 
Staffa,  a  famous  island  of  Scotland, 


>»■      :.    , 


ST  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


!t»ey  j  abotit  lOmileg  Jf 
lilt'  MP,  iiiul  alioMt  tlie 
■i  W  (if  Newark,  on  tlie 
al  Miiv  riAt-r. 
■I  post  town  in  Homp. 
irpiiiiu  ;  sitiiBtrd  on  tlie 
Koiitli  brni  cli  ol  Potnw. 
W  bv  N  of  Wimlies- 
U  S    W  ofOlil-towii, 

own  of  Silesin,  in  tlie 
paw,  willi  Willis  fiiii'.Vfd 
1  H  strong  cBstlp.  It  is 
confliienrc  (if  tin- B' bar 
0  milc8  S  W  of  GlnpuiT. 
lat.  51  40  N. 
a  lonjif  sickle-sbaped  pro. 
rkshire,  at  tbe  N  E  en- 
loiith  of  tbe  Hi  nber,  on 
thouse.  Lon.  U  15  E,  Int. 

'pisropal  town  of  Ncplea, 
eriore.  It  was  fcrmerlf 
now  11  small  place,  sent- 
'lone,  rear  a  piilf  of  tlie 
0  miles  S  W  of  St.  Seve- 
40  K,  lat.  39  3  N. 
\,Telo,  at  town  of  Germ*. 
Iiopric  of  Liepe,  with  a 
bey,  whose  abbot  is  a 
empire.  Here  is  a  ma- 
eather,  which  is  sent  to 
It  is, seated  on  the  Recht, 
r  Limbiirg.      Lon.  6  5  E, 

n  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
RXony,  and  tliitcby  of  Bre- 

fnrtre«s,  a  college  and 
4    It  is  the  principal  town 

stihjert  to  the  elector  of 
•men,  the  capital,  bring 
il  town.  It  is  the  seat  of 
11(1  chief  courts  of  justice 
?  of  Bremen  and  Vetden  ; 
on  the  Swingel,  near  its 
ih  the  Elbe,  22  miles  W 
and  45  N  E  of  Brem  n. 
at .  53  36  N. 

a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westnhalia,  and  county 
rg.  Here  is  a  palace  in 
^vhicb  is  a  mineral  spring. 
PS  E  of  Minden.  Lon.  9 
24  N. 
town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 

Sabizzo,  seated  on  th(? 
cb  abbey.  It  is  tnmoiis 
•ained  by  the  French,  in 
?  duke  of  Savov.  Lon.  7 
54  N. 
nous  island  of  Scotland, 


one  of  the  Hebrides,  a  little  to  the  W  i 
(if  Mull.  It  is  one  mile  long,  and  half 
a  mile  broad.  'I  he  whole  S  VV  end  is 
supported  by  ranges  of  natural  pillars 
inostl\  ;ih()vc  50  feet  high,  standing  in 
colnrd -s,  according  as  the  bays  or 
points  of  l.ind  fnrni  llu-mseives  upon  a 
(irm  basis  of  solid  Midiirnied  rock,  above 
tlioe,  the  stratum  wliicli  reaches  to 
the  soil  or  sur'acc  of  the  island,  varied 
in  thirkness,  as  is  the  island  itself  for- 
med into  hills  and  vallies  ;  eac!i  hill, 
which  hangs  over  the  columns  below, 
forming  an  ample  pediment  ;  some  of 
these  above  60  feet  in  thickness,  from 
the  base  to  the  point,  formed  by  tbe 
sloping  of  the  hill  on  each  side,  almost 
into  the  shape  of  those  used  in  archi- 
(ectiire.  Here  is  also  a  cavern,  called 
Fin-ma-ci>ul,  or  Fingal's  Cave,  which 
extends  2.50  f^et  under  ground.  Its 
entrance  is  a  natural  arch,  more  than 
100  feet  high  ;  it  is  supported  on  each 
side  by  ranges  of  columns,  and  roofed 
by  the  fragments  of  others  that  have 
been  broken  off  in  forming  it.  The  rnind 
can  hardly  form  an  idea  more  magnifi- 
cent than  stich  n  space,  supported  on 
each  side  by  ranges  of  c.ilunins  ;  and 
roofed  by  the  bottoms  of  those,  which 
have  been  broken  off  in  order  to  form 
it;  between  the  angles  of  which  ayel- 
lovir  stalagmitic  matter  has  exuded, 
which  serves  to  define  the  angles  pre- 
cisely ;  and  at  the  same  t'mc  vary  the 
colour  with  a  great  deal  of  elegance, 
.nnd  to  render  it  still  more  agreeable, 
the  whole  is  lighted  from  without  ;  so 
that  the  farthest  extremity  is  very  plain- 
ly seen  from  without,  and  the  air  with- 
in be'iig  appVated  by  the  flux  and  re- 
flux of  the  tides,  is  perfectly  dry  and 
wholesome,  free  entirely  from  the  damp 
vajiours  with  which  natural  caverns  in 
general  abound.  This  island  is  every 
where  supported  by  bnsaltie  rocks  and 
jiillars,  superior  in  beauty  and  gran- 
deur to  those  which  form  the  Giants 
Causeway  in  Ireland. 

r>tnffi'lstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric 
of  Bamberg,  situate  on  the  Lantcr,  16 
miles  N  N  E  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  12 
E,  lat  50  l.-i  N. 

St,:^ori!,  a  borough  and  the  county- 
town  of  Staffordshire,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  has  two  parish  church- 
es, and  a  fine  square  market  place,  in 
wliirh  is  the  shire  hall,  and  under  il  the 
niai'ket-hoMse.  It  is  governed  by  a 
m.iyor,  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 


ment, and  is  seated  on  a  plain  Imtinded 
by  rising  ground,  at  a  very  liltie  dis- 
tance from  the  river  Siw,  o\.r  wliieli^ 
there  is  i  bii(l(,-e.  14  miles  N  \V  of 
Litchfield,  and  135  N  VV  of  Loiulo;i. 
Lon.  24  VV.  lat,  57  48  N. 

Staffordshire,  a  cdiinty  of  Enp,land,.55 
miles  long  and  4*  bmad.    This  is  :i  lung 
and  narrow  tract  of  country,  ernHng  in 
apoint  at  the  N  and  S  extreniitifs,  Imy 
ing  to  th<-'  VV  the    counties  of  C'lester 
and  Salop  ;  to  the  R  those  of   Dirhy 
and    Warwick  :  and  to  the  S    VVtirces- 
tershire.      The  rivtrs  Dove  and   Trent 
form  a  natural   bmnidary  on  the  Di'r- 
bvshire    side;    on    the    other  si'lvs  it 
has  no  remarkable  limits.  It  lies  in  the 
diocese   of  Litchf:rld   and    Coventrv  j 
contains  five    hundreds,    one    citv,    17 
market-towns,   anrl   130  parishes  ;  rind 
sends  10  members  top.irliament.     Tho 
N   part    of  Stairordshire,     called    the 
Moorlands,     is  a  wild  hilly    eoiuilrv, 
resembling  the    adjacent   Pevbyslilre. 
The   valley    along    wliieh    the    Trent 
glides  is  for  the  most  part  very  feriile 
and  beautiful,    .idorned  with  scats  and 
plantations,   and    a'liirding  a  variety  of 
beautiful  prospects.   Tlio  mid'He  and  S 
parts  of  tbe  county  in  general  are  agree- 
ably diversified  with  wood,  jKisture,  and 
arable.     The   great   fiu-est  of  Cank  or 
Cannock,  in  the  centre,  once  covered 
ivith  oaks,  is  now,   and  h.TS  long  been, 
a  wide  naked  tract.     At  the   S    e-.tre- 
mity  the  Clent-hills,    Hnirlcy,    and  its 
neighbourhood,  are  well  known  for  the 
more  romantic  beauties  which  thevpos- 
sess.     Coal  is  abundant  in  various  parts 
of  Stafierdshire  ;    particul.irly   in   the 
moorlands   and  the   neighbourhood  of 
Newcastle  ;    and  also    iiboiit  VV'.lver- 
hatnptou,  at  Bilston  and  Wediieshiirv, 
whence  Birmingham  is  chieHy  snjipli. 
ed  with    its  fuel.     The   N  and  S  parts 
also  contain  much  iron  ore.  This  county 
has  long  been  noted,   and  is  now  parti- 
cularly famous,  for  its  potteries  j   t!ie 
chief  scat  of  which  is  near  Newca.stlo, 
in  a  line  of  villages  extending  about  10 
miles.     The  S  extreniitv  of  the  county 
is  enlivened  by  various  branches  of  the 
hardware    manufacture,    in    which    it 
participates  with  tbe  neiirhbouring  Bir- 
mingham.  The  trade  of  this  co'inlyisin 
a  peculiar  manner  assisted  by  the  g-a'-.d 
system  of  canal  navigstion,  of  wh'ch  it 
is,  as  it  were,  tbe  centre,  and  which  is 
carried  through  its  whole  length.   The 
grand  tnint-    as   it     has   been    inircni- 
ouslv  termed,  enters  tlie  north  of  the 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


county  from  Cheshire,  and  after  pierc- 
ing; ti!irccut>il|;-hill,  hy  a  iublcrranc- 
uuii  puiiitugc  of  »  mile  iMid  a  half  in 
Iciif^h,  puajcs  tlirim|rii  the  potteriesi 
and  lIuMice  HouthwHrds  acruiis  the 
Trent  almost  to  Litchfield,  from  whence 
it  turns  Hhort  over  thu  i'rcnt  a^^uin,  und 
over  the  Dove,  in  its  wuy  to  mix  with 
the  Trent  at  VVildcn-furry.  From  tlie 
nei^hbourlimKl  of  Stutlbrdit  ncnds  oil'a 
branch,  which  runs  directly  south- 
wards by  I'inkridge,  and  near  Wolvcr- 
humpton,  to  join  the  Severn  near  Kid- 
derminster. With  this  a  canal  from  Bir- 
mingham and  another  from  Stouroridj^c 
communicate-  Tims  the  ^rcav  ports  of 
Bristol,  Liverpool,  and  Hull,  arc  all 
accessible  to  the  various  products  .'ind 
manufactures  of  StaHurdMhirc.  Tite 
principal  rivers  are  the  Trent,  Dove, 
Sow,  Cliurnet,  Stour,  Peak  and  Many- 
fold. 

Stdffurth.  a  to^vn  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principa- 
lity of  AnhMt  Bernburi^',  21  miles  T.  S  '.V 
of  M;t{ydeburg.  Lon.  11  4J  li,  hit.  51 
55  N. 

Stagira,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Mucedonia,  seated  on  tiie  gulf  of 
Contessa.  It  is  remarkable  for  being 
the  birthplace  of  Aristotle,  whence  he 
is  called  the  Stagirite.  It  is  now  cnllcd 
Lyba  K.  a,  and  is  16  miles  from  Con- 
tessa.    Lon.  22  48  K,  lat.  41  15  S. 

St.igr.o,  a  seaport  of  Ragusan  Dalma- 
tia,  with  a  bisliop's  see,  seated  on  a 
peninsula,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  30 
miles  N  \V  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  50  E, 
lat.  43  12  N. 

Stain,  a  town  of  Austria,  seated  on 
t'tc  Danube, over  wliich  is  atoll-bridge, 
65  nnlcs  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  0  E, 
lat.  -13  11  N. 

St  iJiis,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
m:irket  on  Friday,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge. 
At  some  distance  above  the  bridge,  at 
Coin  Ditch,  is  the  London  Mark  Stone, 
vrhicii  is  the  unriont  boundary  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  London  on 
the  Thames,  and  bears  the  date  of 
1280.  Stains  is  17  miles  W  by  S  of 
Loiul  m.     Lon.  0  25  \V,  lat. 51  27  N. 

Sta/hri.'^c,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  MKiilcet  on  I'uesday,  and  a  ma- 
nufacture of  stocking.'*.  Here  is  an 
ancient  cross  of  <«icstone,  21  feet  high, 
rn  a  base  of  eii^-ht  feet.  It  is  20  miles 
.N  by  E  of  Dorsetshire,  and  lU  \V  by 
S  of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Staliviene.    See  Ixmnot. 


Statnfnrd,  a  borough  in  Lincolnslili  t, 
with  a  market  i/n  Monday  f nd  Frulu), 
yituktcd  at  the  most  souUiern  part  di 
the  country,  on  the  Welland,  wliich  it 
navigable  hence.  It  is  a  large  old 
town,  which  formerly  ixisscsseda  uni- 
versity, and  has  a  good  trade,  pariicu. 
larly  in  malt  and  free-stone.  It  teiuU 
two  members  to  parliament,  ia  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  and  has  six  paritU 
churches.  It  is  26  miles  N  of  Huntni^- 
don,  and  96  N  by  W  of  London.  Lun. 
0  31  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Staii\f'ord,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut,  on  a  small  stream 
tliat  runs  into  Long  Island  .S()und,  20 
miles  S  W  of  Fairbeld,  and  44  N  E  of 
New  York.  The  township  hus  4363 
inhabitants.  "^ 

Stampatio,  an  island  of  the  A~chipe- 
lago,  60  miles  W  of  Hhodcs,  and  Z7 
from  the  coast  of  Matulia.  It  is  li 
miles  long,  and  five  broad,  almost 
witiiout  inhabitants,  and  wants  fresii 
water. 

Staiichio,  a  fertile  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, near  the  coast  of  Natolia,  13 
miles  N  E  of  Stampalio,  and  40  N  W 
of  Rhodes.  It  is  the  ancient  Cos,  tlie 
birthplace  of  Hippocrates  and  Anpel- 
les  i  and  is  23  miles  long,  anu  10 
broad.  The  capital,  of  the  sarqc  name, 
is  well  built,  and  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and 
near  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  26  54  E| 
lat.  36  45  N. 

Stamlitli,  a  small  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Maine,  on  the  E  side 
of  Sacu  rivsr,  25  miles  N  \V  of  Port- 
land. 

Standon,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  eight  miles 
N  of  Hertford,  and  27  of  London. 
Lon.  0  5  E,  ht.  51  56  K. 

Stanmore,  a  dreary  district  in  the  E 
angle  of  Westmoreland,  of  the  most 
savage  aspect,  and  which  has  been  de- 
scribed in  poetry  and  romance.  Here 
'  s  a  fragment  of  Rerecross,  set  up  as  a 
ooundary  between  England  and  Scot- 
land, when  Cumberland  belonged  to 
the  latter. 

Stanhope,  a  town  in  tlie  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
20  miles  W  of  Durham,  and  2&>/  N  of 
London.     Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  54  4ft  N. 

Stanky,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  S 
of  Gloucester,  and  104  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Stanmore,  Great,  a  village  in  Middle- 


S  T  A 

Ixirmi^li  iu  Liiicolnklilit, 
t  v"  Monday  ^ml  Fiula), 
t  most  HoiiUiei'li  part  oi 
n  tlic  VVclluiid,  which  i« 
ice.  It  it  a  \urgc  olj 
urmerly  iNtntcstecra  uni- 
»s  a  ffuod  traite,  purticu. 
ml  t'rec-Htdiie.  It  wmU 
to  purliaiiiciit,  is  govern- 
lyiu',   and  huv   six  parith 

I  26  niiirs  N  ui'  Huntin);. 

by  VV  i)f  Londuii.  Luti. 
52  43  N. 

post  town  in  Fairfield 
cticut,  oil  a  small  stream 
Long  Island  .Sound,  20 
Fairfield,  and  44  N  E  uf 
The  tovwnsbip  has  4362 
1 

10  island  of  the  Archipe- 
W  of  Khodfs,  and  37 
It  of  Matulia.  It  is  li 
luid  five  broad,  almost 
)itantB,   and  wauts   fresii 

fertile  island  of  the  Ar 
r  the  coast  uf  Natolia,  II 

Stampalio,  ai)d  40  N  W 
t   is  the  ancient  Cos,  tlie 

Hippocrates  and  AnpeU 
23  rniles  lon$,  anu  10 
apital,  ofthe  a*n}c  name, 
and  seated  at  the  foot  of 
.  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and 
larbour.    Lon.  26  54  E, 

imall  post  town  in  Cum- 
y,  Maine,  on  the  £  side 
,  25  miles  N  W  of  Port- 
town  in  Hertfordshire, 
on  Friday,  eight  miles 
I'd,  and  27  of  London. 
t.  51  56  K. 

dreary  district  in  the  £ 
tmoreland,  of  the  most 
and  wliirh  has  been  de> 
try  and  romance.  Here 
[>f  Rerecross,  set  up  as  a 
irecn  England  and  Scot- 
umberland  belonged  to 

town  in  tlie  county  of 
I  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
'  Durham,  and  i64,  N  of 
.  2  0  W,  lat.  54  4ft  N. 
)wn  in  Glouccstcrsiiire, 
on  Saturday,  1?  miles  S 

and  104  W  of  London, 
lat.  51  40  N. 
real,  a  village  in  Middle* 


S  T  A 

lex  i  here  if  &  bill,  which  it  tn  ytff 
ilevated,  thul  the  trees  upon  il  are  • 
Hcuinarlc  front  the  German  Urean. 

St.vttnort,  Little.     See  tVhitchurch. 

Stimlon,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  marktw  on  M.mituy,  16  miles  fi  of 
Lincoln,  and  129  N  of  London.  Lon. 
UJW,  lat.  5altf  K. 

Siantz,  a  town  oi'  Swisserland,  capi- 
tttl  ofthe  canton  of  Underwalden,  It  in 
tcated  in  ■  plain  at  the  foot  of  the 
Slanzberg,  near  the  lake  of  Lucern,  29 
miles  S  of  Zaric.  Lun.  tt  22  E,  lat.  46 
il  N. 

5(ci  ui'.y,  a  ibrt  of  North  America,  in 
New  York,  seated  near  the  source  of 
the  Mehanlc  river,  60  miles  N  W  of 
Albany.     Lon.  75  15  VV,  tat.  43  15  N. 

Staraia  Rutta,  a  town  of  Hussia,  in 
tlie  government  of  Novogorod,  seated 
Oil  the  river  Holish,  near  the  lake  II- 
men,  40  miles  S  by  E  of  Novogurod. 
Lon.  a  2  E,  lat.  57  40  N. 

Starjfitrd.,  ».  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 
per  Saxouy,  in  Prussian  Pomerania, 
with  a  college,  and  the  ruins  of  a  cas- 
tle. It  ii.is  manufactures  of  serges, 
shalooiifl,  tammies,  druggets,  &c.  and 
is  seated  on  the  Ihna,  18  miles  S  E  of 
Sletin.,  an^l  37  N  VV  of  Landsperg. 
Liin.  25  8  E,  lat.  53  32  N. 

Stiirgdrd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  30  miles  dis- 
tant fnirh  New  Brandenburg. 

Stari  Point,  a  proin'Mitory  of  DeVort- 
H'lirc,  in  the  English  Channel,  14  miles 
S  bv  VV  of  Dartmouth.  Lon.  3  51  W, 
l:iC, 'iO  9  N. 

Staten  Island,  an  island' of  North  Ame- 
nc:i,  which  firms  the  county  of  Rich- 
iiiond  in  the  state  of  New  Yoi'k.  It  is 
18  miles  long,  and  six  broad,  and  con- 
':iiiis  ni>wai-ds  of  3000  inhabitants.  Oh 
liic  S  .lide  is  a  considerable  tract  of 
level  land  ;  but,  in  general,  this  island 
U  riin^h,  and  the  hills  high.  Rich- 
mond It  iti  only  town  of  any  not«,  and 
iliMis  .1  poor  inuonsiflcviible  place,  tlie 
in'.i'fii'uints  are  chieflv  French  and 
D'ltcli. 

Sriten  Land,  a  b  iiTcn  craggy  island, 
ill  x\u\  P:icitic  Ocean,  in  55°  .S  lat.  lie- 
t  veen  this  isliind  and  Terra  del  Fuego 
it  tiie  sti'uit  of  [.e  Maire. 

iV.(toA'/r»,  a  p'lsi  town  in  Claremont- 
i-'r.inty,  Soilii  Carolina,  3t  miles  F.  of 
ColiMDijia,  and  about  sis  due  east  of 
S;ir)t'_'e  river. 

:>t  iteahu-y,  a  Host  town  in  Diito!iess 
•  >nity,  No»v  Vork ;  34'^  mires  Twin 
iV.Hhh.t:n. 


S  T 

Statetrille,  a  port  town  in  IretleH 
county.  North  Carolina,  24  miles  W  bjr 
S  of  Salisbury,  and  58  of  Salem,  a  Mora- 
vian town  in  the  same  direction. 

Stavmger,  an  episcopal  town  in  Nor* 
way,  in  the  province  of  Bcrgvn,  capital 
of  a  territory  ofthe  same  iiami-,  with  ■ 
harbour,  h  is  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
near  the  fortress  of  Dnswitk,  75  mileit 
9  of  Bergen.     Lon.  5  45  E,  Fat.  59  6  N. 

Stavtren,  an  ancient  sca|M)rt  oftlie 
United  Provinces,  iu  Friesland,  formcr- 
Iv  a  considerable  town,  but  now  mu«h 
decayed,  the  harboTir  being  choked  u|> 
witli  sand.  It  it  seated  on  the  Zuider- 
zee, eight  miles  W  fif  Sl(H>ten,  and  M 
N  E  of  Enchuysen.  Lon.  5  13  E,  lat. 
I  52  54  N. 

'  StauLhach,  a  ot^cbrafed  cataract  of 
Swisserland,  near  the  villatpc  of  Lau* 
terbrunn,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  which 
falls  down  a  rock,  93U  feet  higli  with 
such  impetuosity,  as  to  resolve  itself 
into  a  fine  s])ruv,  wliieli,  viewed  iit 
soihc  p.irticulUr  siiiuilinns,  resembles  a 
cloud  of  dust.  The  rouKng  noise  \t 
makes  is  accompanied  by  a  tempest, 
occasioned  by  the  violent  agitation  of 
the  air,  excited  by  the  rapidity  of  th« 
full.  Hence  it  derives  its  name:  the 
word  Staubbacb,  in  Giirman,  signifying; 
a  s])ring  of  (lust.  The  brook  whiu& 
fbrms  this  torrent  is  named  the  Kupfer- 
Baehlein,  or  Rivulet  of  Copper. 

Stauefin,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tli» 
circle  ofSuabia,  and  subject  to  Austria. 
Lon.  7  44  E,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Stauffenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  10  mile* 
from  Wetzlar. 

Staunt6n,  the  capital  of  Augusta  couiw 
ty,  Virginia,  and  a  post  town  j  situated 
on  a  branch  ofthe  Slicnandoa  Rlvev,  12 
miles  VV  of  Waynesboro',  42  miles  of 
Monticello  in  the  same  course,  .'nul  95 
S  VV  of  Winchester.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  valley,  .ind  <listing'iished  as  the 
place  (if  exile  of  sundry  (^lakers  in  thff 
Revolution  war. 

Sliivrofiol,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  tli6 
government  of  Simbirsk.  Lon.  38  58  K, 
lat.  53  -U  N. 

Starrn[)ol,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  thw 
government  of  Caucaiius.  Lon.  41  5i> 
E,  Lit.  •»4  r.)  N.  4 

Staunton,  a  town  of  North  America  in 
ViriVinia,  on  t!ic  i-ivor  Potomac,  otV 
tni!':-s  VV  N  VV  of  Charlottesville. 

St  C'liirsvillf,  a  post  town  in  JefTet'- 
■j'ji!  county.  Ohio  j  sitiiat(«loigi:t  m\lc% 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


W  of  WhcclinK'.  anil  34  S  W  of  Mid- 
(llciuwii,  in  \Vi.>liiiigloii  ciiiiiily,  I'ciiii- 
«vlviiniii 

S/<T^;e,u  town  ni'  Dopmark,  in  llie  is- 
L)ii(l  •<!  Mr'iii.  w>lli  :i  liuili'jiir  ;^H  null  1 
S  S  \V  (.ICi.1)ci\Ikiki'M.  Ldm.  IJ  .'U  K, 
Jut,  .Sj  J  N. 

Slicnheifien,  u  Ntrimjr  (own  of  Diilcli 
l)r:il).iii<,  ill  till'  iiiai'(|<;is:iir  of  Utij^t'ii- 
(i|)-)^oi)iii  ll  Ikih  II  ('(iiiiiii'niciirKiii  with 
tlif  Maisr,  mill  is  .sr\.ii  milfH  N  ol 
l^;■l•^';l  ii-op-iCooiii,  iiir.l  17  VV  ol  llrctlu. 
Lirn.  4::HK,  111'.  51  M  N. 

Sire  hfi-,  u  town  ol'  Norway,  in  the 
pro^ilu•l•  of  Dior.tliL-ini.  L<m.  11  J-VE, 
Int.  (i.J  :>i)  N. 

.Sn-iii^iri;  II  villuK'i!  of  Austrian  Main- 
atilt,  (i.nioim  f  r  tin-  x  ictory  olitiiiiicd 
over  William  III,  in  10'.12,  l>y  tlie  cliiko 
(>f  I.iixi'iiihtir^  It  is  Ij  niilcii  N  ot 
Mohs,  iiiul  10  ^V'  III  Hi'iissfU. 

iiti'cin-Jid;  a  htnnij,''  town  of  the  Uni- 
tfil  Provinces,  in  0\ff)s;iol,  seated  on 
till-  livcf  Aa,  '20  niiks  S  E  of  Slooten, 
and  ii'2  N  of  Uevcnttf.  Lon.  5  50  E, 
lut.  52  50  N. 

S'te;;rhiii^',  a  seai'ort  of  Sweden,  in 
£  Goililanil,  HLiitcl  on  the  Baltic,  25 
miles  S  (if  Nikopli  {f,  ami  8,2  S  VV  of 
Stockiiolm  Lon.  lb  tO  E,  hit.  5a  16  N. 
Stfiit,  a  town  of  Swisserlanil,  in  the 
caiit;M  of  Znric.  It  is  seated  on  tiie 
lihiiic,  where  it  issues  fioni  the  laki;  of 
Conytance,  commanding'  a  Jelii^htful 
pro.spect,  and  is  15  niilea  W  of  Con- 
.slance.  and  15  N  E  of  Ziiric.  Lon.  8 
4!!  E,  lat.  47  42  N, 

SU'inau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
and  capital  of  a  circle.  Lon.  16  5U  E, 
hit   5:2;:  N. 

StviyJ'urt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  It  has  ;.n  ucade- 
liiv,  and  is  stated  on  the  Veelit,  16 
miles  N  W  of  Mmister.  Lon.  7  41  E, 
lal.  12  15  N. 

i'.'c/'t/K'/))!,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  :■  hill, 
near  the  river  Maine,  with  a  castle, 
nine  miles  from  Francfort.  Lon.  8  54 
E,  l;.l  4ii  52  N. 

Stv.'.e,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  tlic  N 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Mom  ,  with  a  castle. 
It  is;  Iniost  sturounded  l)v  a  lake.  Lon. 
12  15  E,  lat.  55  4  M. 

^ivinij,  a  forlitied  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Meiisc,  and  late 
diitchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  river 
Meii'^e,  24  miles  N  hv  W  of  Verdun. 
Lot).  J  I'.i  K.  lat  50  28  N. 

S/cnJ,i/,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Rianiiiibalc  ct  Braiii'.tiib  ir;^-,   and  sub- 


ject lo  I'ruimia.     Lon.  12  6  E,  lui.  ^ 
41  N. 

Striiiiit,  a  village  in  the  iiluiiil  ,,( 
Oikne).  At  tlin  place,  hctwetn  Kill- 
Wall  and  Slroniniiis,isucuriouiiLriil|^(, 
or  cauhevvay,  aciosii  a  nuirow  link  ot 
land,  hi'twirii  two  lakes.  At  tic  tml 
o|  tins  caiisi  vva),  some  st' iiri  <i|  :,st>i> 
iiisliinjc  tiiU)>nitiiile,  and  20  feet  lo^li, 
liu\c  lieen  creeled  ;  aijil  there  xre  11  uny 
liiif^c  masbes  of  btoiit:  in  the  iici^lihuiii. 
i.oi.il,  vimihir  tu  btunchcngc,  uii  Sulii- 
hiiry  Main. 

Slefiiiey,  a  villaj^r  E  of  London,  ar.n 
alliiOiit  conti}{iioiiS  to  it.  Its  )'iiiis|i 
was  of  such  extent,  that  it  wan  (livid, 
ed  into  six,  and  it  is  one  of  the  lai-gesl 
in  the  bills  of  mortality, 

itteniLer^,  u  town  of  Germany  in  tlic 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marqui- 
sate  of  Brandcnbiii'if.  It  carries  on  a 
(fieat  commerce  in  cuttle,  and  iv  aOniilci 
N  E  of  Kraiicfort  on  the  Oder,  Lon. 
15  11  E,  lat.  52  30  N, 

Siernbrrg,  u  town  of  Germany  in  tlic 
circle  of  Lower  Siixonv,  16  miles  S  E 
of  Wisinar,     Lon.  11  50  E,  lat   5345N. 

Sititiii.gen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  Tyrol,  seated  at  the  f()ot  cf  u 
mo<intuin,on  the  river  Evsoch,  12iiii1ch 
N  VV  of  Bri.\en. 

atetin,  or  Stettin,  a  seaport  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Ujiper  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  Prussian  Pomeraniu,  and  of  :i 
dutchy  of  the  »unic  name,  with  a  caa- 
ile.  It  is  a  Hoiirishing  place,  and  cur- 
ries on  a  considerable  trade.  In  17'j5, 
great  part  of  tl  town  was  burnt  down 
iiy  a  dreadful  !•.  -.  It  is  beuted  on  tliu 
Oder,  70  niilci  N  by  E  uf  Berlin,  and 
72  N  of  Fruncfurt.  Lon.  14  08  E,  lat 
53  35  N. 

Sirveiiiige,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
willi  a  market  011  Friday,  12  miles  N 
N  W  of  Hereford,  and' 31  N  by  W  ot 
London.     Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Stevens/jitrg,  a  post  town  in  Freder- 
ick county,  Virg'inia,  10  miles  N  E 
of  Strasburg,  and  eight  S  W  of  Win- 
chester. 

Steieiia/iurg,  a  town  in  Culpepper 
county,  Virginia;  38  miles  N  W  of 
of  Fredericksburjr  on  the  Kappidiaii- 
nock,  and  83  VV  by  S  of  Wusliiugtun  ■ 
with  a  post  office. 

SleubettviUe,  a  post  town  in  Jcficrson 
county,  Ohio;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Ohio  river,  23  miles  N  of 
Whcelin;;-,  and  64  W  by  S  of  Pitts- 
buru',  ill  lat.  40°  25'   Ji,   and  ion.    tlO* 


S  T  E 


STl 


8  T  I 


iu.     Lon.  12  6  E,  lat.  jj 

villu|(c  in  tlie  i»luii()  d) 
till*  j/larc,  hitwecn  KiiL- 
iiiia  HH,  iH  a  I  uriiiUD  biiilgi , 

ucioHii  u  naiTdw  iitrk  ot 
II  l%vo  li<k(N.  At  tic  riiil 
w:!\,  oDIiu- St' lien  lit  i.slii. 
(iliiili',  lilld  20  I'cit  liij.'li, 
•tli-tl  i  multlieir  tux-  ii  uiiy 
iif  bldiii:  ill  the  iitinlihcm. 

tu  Sluiiciiviigc,  (Jii  bulla- 

illH(re  E  of  London,  am 
HUduii  to  it.  llH  jiiiish 
•xtiiit,  tliat  it  was  divitl- 
lul  it  is  one  of  the  lui-gi'iil 
riiiiii-tulily. 

)  town  of  Gtrmany  in  tlic 
11 1-  Siixcny,  in  tlic  inarqtii- 
iU-iil>iir(j. '  It  canics  on  a 
rce  ill  cuttle,  and  is  iOniilts 
itfuit   on  tlie  Oder.     Lon. 

52  30  N. 
I  town  of  Germany  in  tlic 
wcr  Suxonv,  16  miles  S  E 

Lon.  11  50  E,  lat  J3  45N. 
,  II  town  of  Germany,  in 
seated    at    the    foot  (,f  a 

the  river  Evsoch,  12  nults 
en. 
iiettin,  a  seaport  Germany, 

of  V\>\>er  Saxoii},  capi- 
liaii  Ponieraniu,  and  of  a 
E  same  nume,  with  a  cas- 
tloiirishing  place,  and  car- 
isiderahle  Irado.  In  IT'jS, 
'tV  town  was  hunit  down 
I  |j.  ?.  It  is  seated  on  tliu 
le  i  N  by  E  of  Berlin,  and 
icforl.     Lon.    14  o8  E,  lat 

a   town  in  Hertfordshire, 
set  on  Friday,    12  miles  N 
•rcford,  and  31  N  hy  W  ot 
on.  0  10  \V,  lilt.  51  59  N. 
J,   a  post  town  in  Freder- 

Virginia,  10  miles  N  E 
g,  and  eight  S  VV  of  VViii- 

f,  a  town  in  Culpepper 
,nnia;  38  miles  N  W  of 
ksbiirg  on  the  Ksppahaii- 
3  W  by  S  of  Washington  . 
■  office. 

le,  a  post  town  in  Jcfierson 
lio;  sitviatcd  on  the  W 
iiio  river.  23  miles  N  ol 
and  64  W  by  S  of  Pitts; 
:,  40°  25'    N,   and  lon.    UO 


iPurifir  Ocean,  discovrrccl  by  ciptftin 
Hunter  in  1791,  and  named  by  him  in 
iKiniiiir  of  admiral  Keith  Stewart. 
Lon   IflJ  18  E,  lat,  8  26  S. 

S'inaiirUlmvn,  A  small  town  of  Scot 
Innil  in  the  county  of  Ayr,  14  miles  N 
N  E  of  Ayr. 

StezviirMrnvn,  an  inconsiderable  town 
oflrelnnd,  in  the  county  of  Tyrone, 
fin-  miles  N  N  E  of  Dimjfannon. 

Sleiiiiing,  a  bc>roiit;li  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Weilnesdny.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  15 
miles  W  of  Lewes,  ami 51  S  bv  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  50  5f>  N 

Sttyre,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  and 
rjimrfcr  of  Traun.  It  carries  on  u  great 
trade  in  iron,  and  is  seated  at  the  con- 
Hiience  of  the  Stcyre  and  Ens,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Lintz.  Lon.  1  23  E,  lat. 
48  r.  N. 

Steyrcgg,  n  town  of  Germany  in  the 
arcluliitchy  of  Austria,  .16  miles  F.  S  F, 
of  Paiissau,  and  H 4  \V  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  20  E,  lat.  40  15  N. 

St.  George's,  a  post  tOM-n  in  New 
Casile  comity,  Delaware,  on  the  N 
su'.o  of  St.  George's  creek,  ten  miles 
S  of  New  Castle,  and  nine  N  of  Cunt- 
'vcll's. 

Stickhausen,  a  town  and  citadel  of 
Germany  in  VVcstpiialia,  and  county  of 
E  Frie.sland,  18  miles  E  S  E  of  Einb- 
den.     Lon.  7  13  E,  lat.  53  14  N 

Stiligiano,  a.  town  of  Naples,  in  Ba- 
silicata,  famous  for  its  baths,  and  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Salandrell.i. 

Stilhi'titer,    a   post  town  in    Saratoga 
coimty.  New   York  ;    situated  on  the  . 
W  side  of  Hudson  river,    16  miles  N  ' 
of  Troy,  15  E  of  Ball-town,  and  21  N  . 
of  Albany. 

Stilton,  a  town  in    Hunting'donshire,  | 
wliich   gives    name   to  a  rich  kind  of  | 
cheese.     It  is  14  miles  S  by  E  of  Stam- 
ford, and  75  N  by  E  of  London. 

Stirid,  a  dutchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
«irclc  of  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  archdutchy  of  Austria,  on  the  E 
by  Hungary,  on  the  S  by  Carniol.i,  and 
on  the  W  by  Carinthia  and  Saltzhiirg. 
It  is  125  miles '  long,  and  contains 
200,000  inhabitants.  Though  a  moun- 
tanious  country,  there  is  much  l.ind  fit 
f»r  tillage,  and  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  mountains  are  clothed  with  oak, 
beech,  and  pine  ;  every  kind  of  grain 
is  well  cultivated,  and  the  white  wine 
13  very  plcas.int.     It  contains  mines  of 


t«nt«  »re  nealous  wi>rsli!p|X'ri  of  ths 
Virgin  Mary.     Oral/,  is  tlic  capital. 

Stirli  ig,  the  capital  of  Stirlingshirr, 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Forth,  on 
a  hill,  which  rising  tVoin  the  E,  teriiiin. 
ates  abruptly  in  a  sterp  rock,  the  site 
of  the  castle,  rcscnibliiig,  on  a  siinlli-r 
scale,  the  appcaraiue  of  Kdinbiirgh. 
The  castle  ii  of  great  aiititjuity,  but  !(• 
origin  is  not  c.\acl')  known.  The  Scot- 
tish kings  often  resided  here,  and  hU 
most  the  whole  minority  of  J  :,ines  VI. 
was  spent  here,  under  his  tutor  Due- 
haiian.  In  the  Inst  rebellion,  it  wuh 
successfully  'letcnde<l  bv  general 
litackeney.  The  outside  of  tin-  palact; 
i»  curioiuly  encircled  with  va- 
rious grotesque  figures.  The  chiircli 
is  a  inagniticent  Gothic  structure, 
and  serves  for  two  separiite  places 
of  worship.  The  view  of  the  river 
Forth  from  the  castle  is  rcmurka' 
blc  on  account  of  its  windings,  for 
though  the  distance  bctwr.'cn  Stirling 
and  Allon   be  only    four  miles  by  lalul, 

I  yet  by  water  it  is  above  twenty.  In 
the  town   and   its    ncighhourliood    nrt^ 

I  maniifactiirt  •  of  carpets,  shaloor.s,  und 
other  woollen    stuffs ;    that  of  tartan*, 

1  formerly  very  flourishing,  is  now  on 
the  decline.  Stirling,  from  its  com- 
modioiis  situation,  coniinanda  the  pass 
between  the  M  and  S  part  of  Scotland. 
It  is  30  miles  N  \V  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  4  59  W,  lat.  56  6  N. 

Stirlitiga/iire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  river  Forth, 
which  ilivides  it  from  Perthshire,  niul 
Clackmannanshire ;  on  tlie  N  E  by 
the  mouth  of  the  Foitli ;  on  ihe  S  E 
by  Linlithgowshire,  on  the  S  by  La- 
ncrkshire  ;  and  on  the  S  W  and  \V 
by  Dumbartonshire.  It  is  about  25 
niiles  from  E  to  W,  and  15  from  N  to 
S.  The  S  part  of  this  country  i« 
.mountainous,  but  that  part  which  is 
near  the  Forth  is  fertile,  and  abounds 
with  coal.  This  county  produces 
com,  piusture,  black  c.ittic,  sheept  ami 
hcu'ses  ;  besides  salmon  and  other  fish 
frota  the  rivers.  The  Forth,  which  is 
the  most  famous,  though  not  the 
l.irgest  river  in  Scotl.ind,  runs  from  \V 
to  Eintothe  Fritliof  Forth,  receiving;  a 
great  number  of  smaller  streams  ;  be- 
sides which,  this  country  is  watered 
by  the  Carron,  Glazcrt,  .ind  Avon 
waters  j  and  h.is  the  advant«ji-e  of  the 


very  good  iron,  wlience  the  arms  made    new    canal     from    Glasgow     running 
here  ;.rs  in  great  esteem.    Ttie  inhabi.  tliroiigh  it,  to  th<!  Curron  m»:ith.    Ita' 

P  r  V  T 


\ 


S  T  O 

principal  towns  are,  Stirling  with  its 
tiiie  castle,  Falkiik,  Kilsyth,  and 
Kli'kiiitulloch. 

ii'tirum,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
diuciiy  of  Burjy,  seated  on  i.he  Roer, 
12  twWs  N  ut  DusseUlorp.  Lon.  6  52 
E,  l:a.  41  2'i  JNi. 

St.  LeoiiiirUf,  a  post  town  in  Calvert 
coiinly,  Man  land,  situated  on  the  VV 
side  1)1  Chesapcak  bay,  about  ten  miles 
N  W  of  Diiimpoint,  12  N  E  of  the 
town  of  Benedict  on  Potowmack,  and 
58  fi'oni  Washington. 

St.  Micluwt'a,  a  post  town  in  Talbot 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  VV  side  of 
St.  Micl  el's  river,  ten  miles  W  of 
Easlon,  25  S  E  of  Annapolis,  and  69 
from   Washington. 

St.  Mar/s,  a  post  toAvn  in  Camden 
counts,  Gcor^^ia,  at  the  montli  of  St. 
Mary 's  river,  and  on  the  line  tliat  se- 
parates this  state  fi-om  East  Florida, 
in  lal.  30  44  N,  and  lon.  79  30  W. 

Stodiem,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
VVeiitphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Liege, 
.seated  on  the  Maese,  12  miles  N  of 
Maestricht.  Lon.  5  42  £,  lat.  51  4 
N. 

Stoctach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  landgravate  of  Nellenburp, 
In  tlie  neighboui'hood  of  this  town 
on  March  25,  1796,  the  archduke 
Charles  totally  defeated  the  French 
under  {general  Jourdan,  and  dispersed 
tlieir  army.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  12  miles  N  of  Con- 
stance.    Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Stockbridge,  a  borough  in  Hiimpshire, 
■witli  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  nine  miles  N  W 
of  Winchester,  and  67  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Stockbridge,  a  post  town  in  Berksliire 
county,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  N  of 
Sheffield,  and  6/  N  W  of  Hartford  in 
Connecticut ;  and  has  1261  inhabi- 
tants 

Stocierau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  archdiitchy  of  Austria.  It  is  situ- 
ate on  the  Danube,  and  is  six  miles  N 
W  of  Neuburg. 

Stoctholm(  tlie  capital  of  Sweden, 
in  a  situation  remarkable  for  its  ro- 
mantic scenery.  This  capital  which 
is  very  long  and  irregular,  occupies, 
besides  two  peninsulas,  seven  small 
rocky  islands,  scattered  in  the  Maelcr, 
in  the  streams  which  issue  from  that 
-'ake,  and  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  A 
j-arialy  of  conti-asted  views  are  lurmed 


S  T  O 

by  numberless  rocks  of  granite,  rising' 
boldly  from  the  surface  of  the  water, 
partly  bare  and  partly  craggy,  a-ul  part- 
ly dotted  with  houses,  or  feathered 
with  wood.  The  harbour  is  an  inlet 
of  the  Baltic;  the  water  is  as  clear  as 
crystal,  and  of  such  de)>th,  that  sliipi 
of  the  largest  burden  can  approach  tlie 
qu-iy,  which  is  very  large,  and  lined 
with  spacious  buildings.  Towards 
the  sea,  about  two  or  three  miles  from 
the  town,  the  harbour  is  contracted  in- 
to a  narrow  strait,  and  winding  among 
high  rocks  disappears  from  the  sight ; 
and  the  prospect  is  terminated  by  dis' 
tant  hills  overs]>rcad  witli  forest.  It  is 
far  beyond  the  jjower  of  words,  or  of 
the  pencil,  to  delineate  these  singular 
views.  The  central  island,  from  which 
the  city  derives  its  name,  and  the  Rit- 
terholm,  are  the  handsomest  parts  of 
the  town.  At  the  extremity  of  the 
harbour,  several  strpets  rise  one  above 
another,  in  the  form  of  an  amphithea- 
tre ;  and  the  royal  palace,  a  magnifi- 
cent building,  crowns  the  summit. 
Except  in  the  suburbs,  where  several 
houses  are  of  wood,  painted  red,  the 
generality  of  the  buildings  are  of 
brick.  There  ave  here  an  academy 
of  sciences,  and  an  arsenal.  Stock- 
holm is  200  miles  N  E  of  Copenhagen, 
and  900  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  18  9  E, 
lat.  59  20  N. 

Stocl-port,  a  town  in  Cheshire  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  has  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  cotton  and  printed 
gootls,  and  is  seated  on  the  Mersey, 
six  miles  S  of  Manchester,  and  175  N 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W,  lat. 
55  33  N. 

Stocitan,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  has  a  large  manufacture  of 
sailcloth,  a  trade  in  lead,  corn,  and 
butter,  and  is  noted  for  its  good  .ile. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees,  not  far 
from  its  mouth,  18  miles  S  S  £  of 
Durham,  and  444  N  bv  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Stockzmu,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Si- 
lesia, in  the  principality  of  '."eschen, 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  12  miles  S  E 
of  Teschen.  Lon.  18  32  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Stoke,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  near 
which  in  1750,  some  antic|uitics  were 
dug  up. 

Stoke,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  S  £  of 
Downham,  with  a  fair  in  December, 
and  a  ferry  on  the  Stoke,  which  is  navi- 
gable to  it  from  the  Ouse. 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


rless  rocks  of  granite,  rising 
m  the  stirface  of  the  water, 
e  and  partly  craggv,  a-ul  part- 
with   Jjouses,    or   feathered 
I.    The   harbour  is  an  inlet 
tic  ;  the   water  is  as  clear  as 
ind  of  such  depth,  that  sliipj 
^est  burden  can  approacli  the 
ich  is  very  large,   and  lined 
cious     buildings.      Towards 
bout  two  or  three  miles  from 
,  the  harbo\ir  is  contracted  in- 
)W  strait,  and  winding  among 
ts  disappears  from  thesiglit; 
prospect  is  terminated  by  dis- 
overspread  witli  forest.     It  is 
d  tlie  power  of  words,  or  of 
1,  to  delineate  these   singular 
riie  central  island,  from  whicli 
lerives  its  name,  and  the  Rit- 
are  the  handsomest  parts  of 
[1.     At  the  extremity  of  the 
several  streets  rise  one  above 
in  the  form  of  an   amphithca- 
[  the  royal  palace,  a  magnifi- 
ilding,    crowns    the    summit, 
n  the  suburbs,   where  several 
re  of  wood,  psuntcd  red,  the 
ty    of  the   buildings    are     of 
There    are  here  an    academy 
ces,    and   an  arsenal.    Stock. 
200  miles  N  E  of  Copenhagen, 
N  E  of  London.    Lon.  18  9  E, 
SN. 

ort,  a  town  in  Cheshire  with  a 
on  Friday.  It  has  a  considera- 
ufacture  of  cotton  and  printed 
ind  is  seated  on  the  Mersey, 
s  S  of  Manchester,  and  175  N 
■  London.    Lon.  2  18  W,  lat. 

on,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
I,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
,  has   a  large   manufacture    of 

I,  a  trade  in  lead,  corn,  and 
and  is  noted  for  its  good  ale. 
ited  on  the  river  Tees,  not  far 
»  mouth,  18    miles  S   S  E    of 

II,  and  444  N  bv  W  of  London. 
6  W,  lat.  54  38  N. 

i(nu,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Si- 
1  the  princip.illty  of  '."eschen, 
on  the  Vistula,  12  miles  S  E 
hen.  Lon.  18  32  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 
,  a  village  in  Dor.setshire,  near 
n  1750,  some  antiquities  were 

,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  S  6  of 
am,  witl\  a  fair  in  December, 
;rry  on  the  Stoke,  which  isnavi- 
0  it  from  the  Ouse. 


Stoie,  a  village  in  Suffolk.  Its 
church  which  is  situated  on  a  hill,  has 
a  tower  120  feet  hiiyli,  and  is  a  land- 
mark to  ships  that  pass  the  mouth  of 
the  harbour  of  Harwich,  at  13  miles 
distance. 

Stiiie,  or  Stole  Pages,  a  village  in 
Buckinghamsliire,  four  miles  N  N  E 
of  VVincisor,  Its  churchyard  was  tiie 
scene  of  Gray's  celebrated  Elegy. 

StokewDier,  a  town  in  .Somersetshire, 
26  miles  W  of  Wells,  and  152  W  by  S 
of  London. 

Stoke  Dabernon,  a  village  in  Surry, 
witli  sulphureous  springs. 

Stokealey,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorksliire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
."36  miles  N  of  York,  and  2.59  N  by  W 
of  London.     Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  54  29  N. 

Stotberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  Tluu-ingia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, where  the  count  resides,  and  is 
seater".  in  a  valley  between  two  moun- 
tain.. 10  miles  N  of  Nordliausen,  and 
58  N  W  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  11  8  E,  lat 
31  42  N. 

Stothoffeit,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Su- 
abia,  in  tlie  marqursate  of  Baden,  seat- 
ed in  a  morass,  near  the  Kliiiie,  eight 
miles  S  W  of  Baden,  and  12  N  E  of 
Strasburg.  Lon.  8  10  E,  lat,.  48  41 
N. 

Stalpen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up 
))er  Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  in  a  v.iUey,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  50  miles  N  E  of  Colberg, 
and  66  N  W  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  IS  85  E, 
lat.  54  32  N. 

Stent,  a  town  in  Staflbrdshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 
Trent,  seven  miles  N  by  W  of  Stafford, 
and  140  N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  2  6  VV, 
lat.  52  54  N. 

Stoneham,  North,  a  village  in  Hants, 
seated  on  tlie  Itchen,  three  miles  N  E 
of  Southampton.  lu  its  church  is  an 
elegant  monument  erected  in  1783  to 
tlie  memory  of  Admiral  Huwke, 

Stonehenge,  a  remarkable  heap  of 
stiMies,  on  Salisbury  Plain,  six  miles  N 
E  of  Salisbury.  It  consists  of  several 
very  large  stones,  placed  on  one  ano- 
ther ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
temple  of  the  ancient  Druids,  because 
it  is  in  a  circular  form,  and  seems  to 
have  been  much  more  regular  than  it 
appears  to  be  at  present.  It  has  puz- 
zled many  diligent  inquirers  to  account 
for  the  laying  of  those  enormous  stones 
qae  upon  auvthei'    jtw  Ui^y  u'e  so  l^c>i- 


vy,  that  it  is  thought  no  method  now 
known  is  sui^'cient  to  have  raised  those 
tliat  lie  across,  to  that  height. 

Stowha've)!,  the  county  town  of  Kin- 
cardineshire, Scotland  j  with  a  good 
harbour  secured  by  a  stone  pier.  Near 
it  stands  Dunnoter  castle  on  a  lofty  per- 
pendicular rock,  almost  surrounded  by 
the  sea.  Not  far  hence,  is  a  |)recipitou3 
cliff,  called  Fowl's  Heugh,  reniarkablo 
for  tlie  resort  of  the  birds  called  kltti- 
wake.s,  the  young  of  which  are  thought 
a  jlelicacy  and  ^re  much  soiMHit  after 
in  the  hatching  season.  In  this  town  is 
a  manufacture  of  canvass  and  sonic 
trade  in  dried  fish  and  oil.  It  is  14 
miles  S  by  VV  of  Aberdeen. 

Stoiiiiigton,  a  post  town  in  New  Lon- 
don county,  Connecticut ;  lying  on  Long 
Island  S.iund,  15  miles  eastward  of 
New  London,  and  near  the  W  line  of 
Rhode  Mand;  in  lat.  41°  30'  N,  and 
long.  72°  W.  The  township  contained 
5437  souls  at  hist  enumeration. 

Sturiau,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  24  miles  E  S  E 
of  Berlin,  and  26  W  S  W  of  Frankfort 
on  the  Odor.  Lon.  13  35  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

5(onnrtna,  a  principality  in  the  dutcliy 
of  Holstein,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Hoi. 
stein  Proper,  on  the  E  by  Wageria  and 
Lawenburg,  and  on  the  S  and  \V  by 
Lunenburg  and  Bremen,  from  which 
it  is  separ.ited  by  the  Elbe.  Gluck- 
stadt  Is  the  capital. 

Stornaivay,  a  town  of  Scotland  in  the 
isle  of  Lewis.  It  has  a  harbour  called 
Loch  Stornaway,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
N  division  of  the  isLmd. 

Stort/onl,  or  BUhnfi's  Stortfonl,  a  town 
in  Hertfordshire,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  on  the  river  Stort,  which  has 
been  made  navigable  hence  to  the  Lea. 
On  the  E  side  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle, 
on  an  artificial  mount.  It  is  12  miles  N 
E  of  Hertford,  and  30  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  12  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Stossen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  six  miles  S  of  Wcisscnsels,  and 
six  S  E  of  Naniburg. 

Stour,  a  river  which  rises  on  t.ie 
most  nortlierly  point  of  Dorsetshire,  on 
the  edge  of  Wiltshire,  and  after  washing 
Stourminster,  and  Blandford,  Hows  to 
the  Hampshire  border,  and  enters  the 
sea  at  Christ-church. 

Stour,  a  sm.iU  stream  in  Kent,  which 
rises  in  the  Wealk,  Howsbv  Canterbu- 
ry, and  empties  itself  into  the  sen  below 
bW-lwivli. 


S  T  O 


S  T  R 


Stow,  the  most  considerable  river  in 
Suffolk,  whicli  forms  the  eiitii'e  boun- 
dary between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  wu- 
tcring  Clare,  Sudbury,  Nayland,  utul 
Manuiiit^tree,  and  being  joined  by  the 
Orwell  an  huh  of  the  sea  from  Ipswich, 
at  whicli  place  it  reCvi'-'.-s  the  Gipping, 
it  fulls  into  the  .tea,  and  forms  the  har 
hour  of  llarwicb. 

Stour,  a  river  in  StaHlirdshire,  which 
runs  through  the  S  ang-le  of  that  coun 
ty  in  its  course  to  meet  the  Severn,  in 
Worcestershire. 

Stourbridge,  a  town  in  Worcester 
shire,  with  a  market  on  I'riday.  This 
town  is  noted  for  its  jyhiss  and  irov. 
w>rkj,  J  and  is  seated  on  the  Stoi.r,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  21  miles  N  of  Wor- 
cester, and  124  N  W  of  London.  I. on. 
2  0  W,  hit.  32  32  N. 

Sunirbri  ige,  or  Sturbich,  R  field  near 
Cambridge,  famous  for  an  annual  fair 
on  the  7tli  of  September,  which  conti- 
nues a  fortni({ht.  This  fair  is  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  tin;  university  of 
Canihrii._  "^ :  and  the  commodities  arc 
horses,  hops,  iron,  v.ood,  Icatiicr, 
cheese,  &c. 

Stottrmiitster,  a  town  in  Dor.sctshirc, 
willi  a  market  on  'Ihursday,  noted  for 
the  ruins  of  an  ancient,  castle,  in  its  ti- 
cinity,  which  was  the  seat  of  the  W 
Saxon  kings.  It  is  se.itcd  on  the  Stour 
over  which  is  a  stone  brid;fe,  20  miles 
N  E  of  Dorchester,  and  111  W  by  Sof 
London      Lon.    2  37  W,  hit.  50  56  N. 

Stdurport,  a  considerable  village  in 
AVorce.stershire  where  the  Staliiird- 
sliire  and  Worrester  canal  joins  the  Se- 
vern, is  a  place  in  a  manner  created 
and  from  a  plain  field  is  becouie  a  thriv- 
ing an;l  very  busy  centre  of  inland  wa- 
ter c.trriage.  It  has  a  »tone  bridge 
over  the  Severn  finished  in  1775,  and  is 
four  miles  S  of  Kidderminster. 

Stoia,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursi'.ay.  Some  call 
it  Slow  on  tiin  Would  ;  and  it  is  not 
only  seated  on  a  bleak  hill,  but  is  des- 
titute of  wood  and  water  It  is  11 
miles  Sof  Campdcn,  and  77  W  bv  N  of 
London.     Lon.  1   50  W,  hit.  51*54  N 

SuAjey,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seven  miles 
W  I)y  N  of  Bridg<  water,'  .nd  145  W 
!>)•  s"of  London.  Lon.  3  9  W,  lat.  51 
10  N. 

Stow  Mariei,  a  town  in  Sufl'olk,  witli 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seavvfd  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  Gip|)ingand 
tDi-wcll,  uiid  iiiUi  a  n.ivij^abic  cut  tu  Ips- 


wich. Its  cherries  arc  tlioiight  to  be 
the  finest  in  England,  and  it  has  a  large 
manufacture  of  woollen  stuflis.  It  is  12 
mil^s  N  W  of  Ipswich,  and  75  N  N  E 
of  London.     Lon.   1  ti  C,  lat.  52  16  N, 

Strabane,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  situate  <m  the  Moun- 
ne,  11  miles  S  S  W  of  Londonderry. 
Lon.  7  19  W,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Siradclla,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  with  a  castle,  seated  (<!i 
the  Versa,  near  the  I'o,  IJ  miles  S  E 
of  Ravin,  and  47  N  W  of  Parma.  Lon. 
9  12  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Strait.i  of  Ciilaii.     See  Pas  de  Calaii. 

Straelen,  a  town  of  the  Kctlicrlands, 
in  Prussian  Guelderland,  five  miles  S 
W  of  Gticldres.  Lon.  5  57  E,  lat  51 
23  N. 

Struiiund,  a  strong  seaport  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  .Swedish  Pumerania.  In 
1(378  it  surrendered  tu  tlie  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  after  lUOO  houses  had 
been  burnt  in  one  night.  Charles  XII. 
in  171tJ,  came  hither  af\er  his  return 
from  Turkey  ;  but  Sweden  not  being 
able  to  hold  out  against  five  great  pow- 
ers, it  was  forced  to submitin  1715.  In 
1726,  it  was  restored  to  Sweden,  but 
in  a  very  poor  condition.  It  is  almost 
surrounded  by  the  Baltic,  and  the  lake 
Francen,  and  liafl  a  harbour  separated 
from  the  isle  of  Rugeii  by  a  narrow 
strait.  It  is  15  miles  N  W  of  GripE- 
wald,  and  40  N  EofGustrow.  Lon. 
13  28  E,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Stratigftn-d,  a  maritime  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Uoun,  seated  on 
the  narrovf  channel  that  connects 
Lough  Slrangford  with  the  Irish  Sea, 
seven  miles  E  of  Down.  Lon.  5  30  W, 
lat.  54  31  N. 

Stranfford,  Lough,  adoep  inlctof  the 
sea,  in  the  county  of  Down,  on  the  E 
coast  of  Ireland.  It  conteins  54  islands 
that  have  names,  s.id  many  others  that 
are  nameless.  The  burning  of  Kelp 
profitiibly  em{jloys  a  f^reat  number  of 
liands  in  these  islands.  Four  of  them 
are  called  Swan  Islands,  from  the  num- 
ber of  Swdns  that  frequent  them.  It 
is  17  miles  long  and  five  bro:u],  and  a- 
boimds  with  excellent  fish,  particularly 
I'melts  i  and  off  the  b.ir,  about  Augft.st, 
is  a  periodical  herring  fishery.  Tho 
bar,  or  entrance  into  it  fro.n  the  Irish 
Sea,  is   three  miles  below  Strangford. 

Stranravjer,  a  borough  in  Wigton- 
shirc,  situate  on  Loch  Ryan.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  linen,  and  is  eight  miles 
W  of  Cleuluc*.  L.on.  5 15  W,  lal,  35  0  X, 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


arc  tliotiglit  to  be 
,  and  it  has  a  Xax^e 
Icii  stuils.  It  is  12 
id),  and  76  N  N  K 
I  G  E,  lat.  52  16  N. 
of  Ireland,  in  tlie 
liiute  on  the  Moun- 
V  of  Londonderry. 
t50  N. 

g  town  of  Italy,  in 

a  cuistle,  aeati'd  <in 

I'o,  li>  miles  S  E 

\V  of  Purina.   Lun. 

See  Pas  de  Calatt. 
if  the  Kttlicrlands, 
irland,  five  miles  S 
on.   5  57  £,  kt  51 

p  seaport  of  Upper 
ill  Pomerania.  In 
d  ti  >  tlie  elector  of 
r  lUOO  houses  had 
ight.  Cliurlcs  XII. 
ler  after  his  rctvirn 
Sweden  not  being 
inst  five  great  pow- 
1  submit  in  1715.  In 
:d  to  Sweden,  b\it 
ition.  It  is  almost 
Qaltic,  and  the  lake 
i  harbour  separated 
Liigcn  by  a  narrow 
Ics  N  W  of  GripE. 
of  Gustrow.  Lon. 
N. 

ritime  town  of  Ire- 
of  Uoun,  seated  on 
ncl  that  connects 
with  the  Irish  Sea, 
nvn.   Lon.  5  30  VV, 

,  a  dvipp  inlet  of  the 
of  Down,  on  the  E 
contains  54  islands 
id  many  others  that 
burning  of  Kelp 
a  great  number  of 
ids.  Four  of  them 
mds,  from  the  nuni- 
frccpicnt  them.  It 
I  live  broad,  and  n- 
nt  iish,  particularly 
bar,  abunt  Augri.st, 
rring  fishery.  The 
:o  li  fro.n  the  IriHlv 
*  below  Stranfffoitl. 
>rough  in  Wigton- 
)rh  Il>an.  It  ha.s  a 
1,  and  is  ci)fht  miles 
1. 5  15  W,  Ul.  35  0  X. 


Siiatberg,  a  town  and  iordship  of  Sn- 
Mm,  18  miles  E  of  Uotw-sli,  and  19  W 
yl'Huchau. 

Suaiburg,  a  commt  cial  city  of 
France,  in  the  dcpartr.cnt  of  Lower 
Klilne,  and  late  province:  of  Alsace.  It 
n  situate  a  quarter  of  a  league  from 
tlic  Rhine;  and  tlie  river  III  runs 
tlirniigh  it,  and  forms  muny  eauHls. 
Tliero  are  six  bridges  of  eoiiimunica- 
tiim  between  the  dilferent  quarters  of 
the  city  ;  and  the  inhabilants,  exclusive 
of  the  garrison,  are  computed  to  be 
46,000.  The  principal  structures  -mc 
made  of  a  red  stone,  dug  from  the  quar- 
ry, which  arc  along  tiie  Khinc.  'I'his 
town  formerly  imperial,  was  tak<-n  by 
Lewis  XIV.  iii  1631.  The  citadel  and 
iiirtilioutions,  which  he  constiucted, 
have  been  so  much  augmented,  that 
Sirioburg  may  be  consiilertil  :w  one  of 
tlie  strongest  places  in  Europe.  It  wan 
c'infirmed  to  France  by  the  peace  of 
Ry.swick.  in  1697.  The  town  is  enlei-ed 
by  six  gates.  Before  the  French  revo- 
lution it  was  an  archiepiscopal  see.  In 
ilic  cathedral  is  a  clock  which  shews 
tlie  motions  of  the  constellations,  tlie 
revolutions  of  the  sun  aiul  moon,  the 
(lays  of  the  weeks,  the  hours,  &c.  Auo- 
ilicr  remarkable  circumstance  in  this 
cathedral  is  its  pyraniidical  tower, 
wiiich  is  549  feet  high.  Here  is  u 
school  of  Hrtillery,  and,  in  one  of  the 
Lutheran  churches  the  mausuleum  of 
Marshal  Saxc.  Strasburg  is  55  miles 
N  (if  Brasil,  and  "255  E  of  Paris.  Lun. 
7  51E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Sirathurr,  a  strong  town  of  Western 
Prussia,  in  Culm,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
ol'tcii  taken  and  retaken  in  tlie  war  be- 
tween the  Swedes  and  Poles,  and  is 
seated  c:i  the  Drigentz,  30  miles  from 
Thnni.     Lon.  18  nj  E,  lat.  5J  5  N. 

Straiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Uckcr  marche  of  Bran- 
•k'liburg,  12  miles  N  of  Prenzio,  and 
i6  N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  43  E,  lat.  53 
38  N. 

Strnttiurg,  a  post  town  in  Fr.iiiklin 
c'liinly,  Pennsylvania.  10  miles  N  \V  of 
Chambcrsburg,  13  W  of  Shippensburg, 
and  .i3  E  of  Dcilford. 

■S'tnuburg,  a  post  town  in  Lancaster 
foiiiiiy,  Peniisylvania ;  eight  miles  S  E 
'it  t'c  borough  of  L;incaster,  and  55 
W  of  Philadelphia. 

Striiabiirg,  a  i)08»;  town  in  Shenandoah 
I'oumy,  Virginia;  situated  on  a  iM'.inch 
<|f  SheiiaiKloah  river,  18  m'lcs  S  by  W 
elWinciinstcr,  and  32  >  E  of  i'icw- 


niarktt,  containing  uboiit  500  .iilinbi* 
tai.ts. 

Stratford,  a  considerable  village  in 
Essex,  I'litir  miles  E  N  E  of  Loiuloii.  It 
is  sejiai'ated  from  Ui)\v,  in  MiddlescJ., 
by  the  riviM*  Lea,  over  whicii  is  a  bridge, 
said  to  be  the  inoslanciunt  stoiie  one  In 
Eiigiiinil 

Slriit/iir.i,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
coi'.nty,  C.iniierlicut ;  ! .  ingon  the  S  W 
side  of  tLiiisatonie  rivi  i ,  1 J  miles  S  W 
of  New  liiiveti,  and  lij  N  £  of  FairlicUl, 
containing  '2650  inhabitants. 

UtrMforloH  Avon,  A  e"r;';;ratc  town  in 
\y .'rwicksliir.-.  v.it':  .i market <  •!  Thurs- 
day, il:ietly  .neni  irable  for  tii  birth  of 
Shake sj)i- are,  win  wa.5  interied  herein 
1616  It  is  govciiied  by  a  mayor,  .and 
seated  on  tl;e  Avon,  over  .vhich  is  a 
stone  bridgi-,  »i:;lit  iii!<?s  S  \V  of  War- 
wick, and  94  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
44  VV,  lat.  52  Li  N. 

Strat/unl,  Fenny,  a  town  in  Bucking, 
hanisliire,  with  k  market  on  Monday, 
seated  on  the  Roman  Watling  street, 
12  miles  E  of  Buckingham,  11  from 
Dunstable,  aiul  45  N  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  0  42  VV,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Stratford,  St.  Mar  V,  a  considerable! 
village  ill  Suffolk,  which  has  a  sh:  -e  in 
the  woollen  mHiiuiucture.  Ii  is  12 
miles  S  VV  of  Ipswich 

Stratford,  Stony,  a  large  town  in 
Buckinghamshire,  stands  with  a  stone 
bridge  on  the  river  0\'..^^^•,  to  whicli  the 
Watling  street  comes,  crosses  the 
country  from  Dunstable,  six  miles  f.'om 
Fenny  Stratford,  and  52  from  London, 
in  the  road  to  Chester.  Lon.  0  50  W, 
lat.  52  3  N. 

Strathitvon,  a  town  in  Lancrksliire, 
to  the  S  of  Hamilton,  surrounded  by 
the  fertile  tract  of  Stralhmore,  from 
w'.iich  it  takes  its  name 

Strathbogte,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  \l  miles  S  VV  of  B.intf", 
and  56  N  W  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  25 
VV,  lat.  57  25  N. 

Strat.'iern,  a  bcR'itiful  vale  in  Perth- 
shire, alioiit  thirty  miles  in  length,  full 
of  rich  meadows  and  cornfields,  divid- 
ed by  the  river  Earn,  wiiich  serpen- 
tines finely  thrmigh  the  middle,  falling 
into  th.;  Tay,  of  which  there  is  a  sight 
at  the  E  eiul  of  the  vale.  It  is  prettily 
diver.»ilied  with  groves  of  trees  and 
gentlemen's  houses. 

Strnthmore,  a  valley  in  Kincardine- 
shire, one  of  the  fuicsl  tracts  in  Scot- 
land. It  begins  near  Stonehaven,  ex- 
tending S  \V  almost  as  far  as  Ben  Lo* 


3  T  R 


wond,  and  Is  sheltered  to  the  N  W  by 
the  Gnimi.iaii  mountuins. 

Slrai/rmore,  a  river  in  Sutherland- 
sliire,  Uiiit  UU  into  Loch  Hope.  On 
this  river  are  the  ruins  of  a  curious  an- 
cient fort,  called  Doniadilla. 

Strathnavtr,  a  district  in  Sutherland- 
shire,  which  comprises  the  N  E  part 
of  that  county.  It  takes  its  name  from 
tiie  river  Naver. 

Stiutlape;,',  a  fertile  vale  In  Murray- 
shire,  famous  for  Rivin},'  name  to  a 
popular  species  of  Scotcli  music.  Tul- 
lochgoruni,  Rothienierches,  and  several 
<itliep  plates,  cclehrated  in  song,  are 
niet  witii  in  this  vale. 

Stnithy,  a  r'wCv  in  SutlieHandshire, 
which  flows  into  an  extensive  b.iy  of 
the  North  Sea,  sheltered  by  a  large 
promontory  to  which  it  (■ives  name. 

Strattun,  a  town  hi  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seatcU  be- 
tween two  rivulets  which  here  unite 
and  fall  into  the  Bristol  Channel  at  a 
small  distance.  It  is  18  miles  N  W  of 
LauDicston,  and  231  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  4  43  W,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Straitbiiigen,  a  town  of  Uuvaria,  capi- 
tal of  a  territory  of  the  bame  name.  Jt 
IS  a  large  place,  with  broad  streets, 
handsome  churches,  and  fine  convents. 
It  was  taken  in  1743,  by  the  Austrians, 
yiio  demolished  the  fortification  j  but 
It  was  restored  in  1745.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Danube,  22  miles  S  E  of  Uatisbon, 
and  65  N  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  liJ  35  E 
lat.  48  54  N. 

Strcathum,  a  village  in  Siirrv,  five 
miles  S  of  London.  A  mineral  water 
of  a  catbariic  quality,  was  discovered 
in  this  parish,  in  1660,  quantities  of 
wliich  arc  sent  to  some  London  hospi- 
tals. "^ 

Strebla,  a  town  of  Germanyj  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  seated  on  the"  Elbe,  14 
utiles  N  W  of  Meissen,  and  18  N  W 
of  Dresden.  Lon.  23  15  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Sireiitz,  Old,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  du'tchy 
of  Mecklenburg  Strclitz.  Its  palace 
was  burnt  down  in  17V2  ;  duke  Adol- 
pliHs  Frederick  III.  and  his  family  nar- 
I owly  escaping;  upon  the  destruction 
sftlijs, 

Stre/itz,  Nca.',  a  town  in  the  dutchy  of 
Mecklenburg  Strclitz,  was  founded  bv 
Adolpiius  Frederick  III.  who  began  to 
erect  a  magnificent  palace,  two  ...iles 
from  the  site  of  the  old  one,  and,  in 
irSS,  he  founded  a  new  town  adjoining 
to  the  pulace,  and  ordsred  it  »o  be 


called  New  Strclitz.  It  is  reguhirlv 
jjlanncd  in  the  form  of  a  star,  the 
streets  branching  out  from  the  centre 
which  is  a  spacious  market-place.  The 
chief  street  leads  to  the  palace,  and  the 
next  to  a  pleasant  lake. 

Streiig,  or  Streiigues,  a  town  of  S wed- 
en  m  Sudermania,  with  a  bishop's  see 
and  a  college.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake 
Maeler,  30  miles  W  of  Stockliolm 
Lon.  17  40E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Streigau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
sia,  nine  miles  N  W  of  Schweidnitz. 

Stroemsholm,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Westmanland.  Here  is  a  royal  palacf, 
prettily  situated  on  a  small  island,  en'- 
circled  by  two  rapid  currents.  It  is 
situate  on  the  lake  Maeler,  45  miles 
S  VV  of  Upsal.  Lon.  16  ^4  E,  lat.  5') 
30  N. 

Strmia,  a  small  island  on  the  co.ist 
of  Caitlinesshire,  once  used  as  a  place 
of  interment,  by  the  inhabitants  of  se- 
veral of  the  neighbouring  i;-lands.  In 
the  caverns  of  this  island,  uncorruptcd 
human  bodies  that  had  been  dead  sixty 
years  or  more,  were  formerly  to  be 
foimd.  This  island  is  fertile  in  corn, 
and  is  inhabited  by  about  40  families, 
who  do  not  plough  but  dig  their  corn 
land. 

Stioinherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  capital  of  a  small  district, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Munster.  It  is  20 
mdes  S  E  of  Munster,  and  20  N  W  of 
Paderborn.  Lon.  7  43  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Stromberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Low^r  Rhine,  26  miles 
W  of  Mentz,  and  48  E  of  Treves.  Lon. 
7  21  E,  lat.  49  57  N. 

Stromboli,  the  most  northern  of  the 
Lipari  islands  It  is  a  volcano,  which 
rises  in  a  coni<;al  form  above  the  surface 
of  the  sea.  On  the  E  side,  it  has  three 
or  four  little  craters  ranged  near  each 
other,  not  at  the  summit,  but  on  the 
declivity,  nearly  at  two  thirds  of  its 
height.  It  is  inhabited,  notwithstand- 
ing its  fires  ;  but  care  is  taken  to  avoid 
the  jiroximity  of  the  crater,  which  is 
yet  much  to  be  feared.  Of  all  the  vol- 
canoes  recorded  ,  i  history,  Stromboli 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  that  burns 
without  ceasing.  Etna  and  Vesuvius 
ofYen  lie  quie*  for  many  months,  and 
e\en  years,  i^ithout  the  least  appear- 
ance  of  fire  ;  but  Stromboli  is  continu- 
ally flaming, and  forages  past, has  been 
looked  upon  as  the  great  lighthouse 
of  the  MediterrancHii  Sea.  Lon.  15  45 
E,  lat,  38  40  N. 


8  T  R 


S  T  U 


S  U  D 


•clitz.  It  Is  regularly 
e  form  of  a  star,  tlie 
iig  out  from  tlie  centre 
,0118  market-place.  Tiie 
Is  to  the  palace,  and  the 
nt  lake. 

viguea,  a  town  of  Swcd- 
ia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
It  is  seated  on  the  lake 
les  W  of  Stockliolm. 
lat.  59  20  N. 
wn  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
H  \V  of  Schweidnitz. 
a  town   of  Sweden,  in 

Here  is  a  royal  palace, 
1  on  a  small  island,  cii- 

rapid  currents.     It  is 
lake  Maeler,  45  mileg 

Lon.  16  24  E,   lat.  i'i 

all  island  on  the  coast. 
;,  once  used  as  a  plucc 
^  the  inhabitants  of  sc- 
ghbourinf^  iulands.  In 
[his  island,  uncorruptcd 
iiat  had  been  dead  sixty 
were  formerly  to  be 
iland  is  fertile  in  corn, 
I  by  about  40  families, 
igh  but  dig  their  corn 

town  of  Germany,  in 
pital  of  a  small  district, 
of  Munster.  It  is  20 
unster,  and  20  N  W  of 
743E,  lat.  5145  N. 
town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Khinc,  26  miles 
43  E  of  Treves.  Lun. 
N. 

most  northern  of  the 

It  is  a  volcano,  which 

form  above  the  surface 

le  E  side,  it  has  three 

iters  ranged  near  eacit 

summit,  but  on  the 

at  two   thirds  of  i's 

iibited,  notwitlistand- 

care  is  taken  to  avoid 

the  crater,   which  li 

eared.    Of  all  the  vol- 

1  history,  Stromboli 

only  one   that  bums 

Etna  and  Vesuvius 

many  months,  and 

out  the  least  appear- 

Stromboli  is  continu' 

for  ages  past,  has  been 

the  great   lighthouse 

leiui  Se4.    Lou.  15  H 


IX 


Siromness,  a  town  on  the  W  side  of 
the  island  of  Orkney,  with  an  excellent 
harbour,  nine  milos  \V  of  Kirkwall. 

Stnimioe,  a  town  of  Norway,  18  miles 
S  W  of  Christiania.  Lon.  10  20  £,  lat. 
59  43  N. 

3irnimtadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  cele- 
brated for  its  shell  fish.  Lon.  11  4£, 
lat.  59  43  N. 

Strungoli,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
In  Culiibria  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  rock,  stir- 
muiided  by  others,  three  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  seven  N  of  St.  Sevcrino. 
Lun.  17  26  E,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Stroma,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
the  Urknies,  situate  N  E  of  that  called 
M.'unlund. 

Stroud,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  a  brook,  whose  waters  being  pecu- 
li:ii'ly  adapted  to  the  dying  of  sc.irlet, 
its  bunks  are  crowded  with  the  houses 
of  cloiliiers  ;  and  a  navigable  canal  ac- 
ciim|)!inie8  its  progress  to  the  Severn. 
This  town  has  likewise  a  manufactory 
of  broad  clotii,  and  the  canal  has  been 
hitely  extended  to  join  the  Thaiiies  at 
Lcciilade.  See  Thames.  Slroudisll 
miles  S  E  of  Gloucester,  and  102  VV 
bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  8  W,  lat.  51 
42  N. 

Stroud,  a  large  village  in  Kent,  join- 
ing the  N  end  of  Rochester  bridge,  be- 
in;;  parted  from  the  city  by  the  river 
Med  way. 

Stuhheitsenburg,  a  strong  town  of 
Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  Ekekcr- 
scdjfewar.  It  had  the  title  of  regulis, 
or  rnyal,  because  formerly  the  kings 
were  crowned  and  buried  here  It  has 
been  several  times  taken  by  the  Turks, 
but  li.as  been  in  the  bunds  of  the  house 
of  Austria  ever  since  1688.  It  is  seal- 
cil  on  the  Kausiza,  20  miles  S  \V  of 
liiida,  and  162  N  by  W  of  Belgrade. 
I.on.  18  40  E,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Stuiirgen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Siiabia,  with  a  custle,  35 
miles  VV  of  Constance.  Lon.  8  24  E, 
lat.  47  45  N. 

StutgartI,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
hia,  capital  of  the  diucliy  of  Wirtem- 
\)wf.  It  is  surroiiiuleci  by  wiills  .ind 
dilcbcs,  and  bus  an  itivicnt  castle,  wiUi 
a  rich  cabinet  of  cuiiosities,  n  ilucal  p:i- 
la;'c,  an  orphan  l!(u:se,  and  u  fdllij^t. 
Tlic  streets  «■■«  ni.rrow  in  tlic  cit_\.  and 
tiic  houses  gcncriiliy  of  wood  ;  but 
there  are  fine  luiuscs.'indstraityhtttrcctd 
iiimic  of  llie  .Huburbs.  Ilstands  so  \yw, 


that  if  19  impossible  ever  to  make  it  a 
strong  place.  The  French  twik  Slut- 
gard  in  1796.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain 
among  mountains,  near  the  river  Neck- 
ar,  36  miles  E  of  Baden,  ami  52  N  E 
of  Strasburg.  Lou.  9  10  E,  lat.  48  50 
N. 

Sualiia,  a  circle  of  Germany,  bouml- 
ed  on  the  N  by  Franconia  and  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Khine,  on  the  W  by  that 
circle  and  Alsace,  on  the  S  by  Swis- 
serland,  and  on  the  E  by  Bavaria.  It 
contains  the  diitchy  of  Wirteml'urg,  the 
niargravate  of  Buden,  the  principali- 
ties of  Hocn-Zollern,  Oetingen,  and 
Mindlehcim,  the  bishoprics  of  Augs- 
burg, Constance,  and  Coirc,  with  se- 
veral abbies,  and  im|K'rial  towns.  In 
1796,  the  French  ai'my  entirely  over- 
run this  country,  but  evacuated  it  be- 
fore the  end  of  the  year, 

Siiaiie,     See  Svaita. 

Siinnea,  Suaiti,  or  Suancti,  a  poor  and 
simple  people  of  .\sia,  who  inhabit  one 
of  the  four  divisions  of  Imcritia.  They 
sub.sist  by  raising  cattle,  and  by  a  little 
agriculture. 

Suaquam,  a  seaport  of  the  country  of 
Abcjk  in  Africa,  seated  on  asmull  island 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  W  side  of 
the  Red  Sea.  It  is  the  residence  of  a 
Turkish  governor  under  the  bashaw  of 
Cairo,  and  was  once  a  very  flourishing 
place,  but  is  now  gone  to  decay.  Lont 
Sr  55  E,  lat.  19  56  N. 

Siibiaco,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campag< 
na  di  Honia,  with  a  castle,  scr.icd  on 
the  Teverone,  33  miles  E  of  Koine. 

Success  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  island  of 
Terra  del  Fucgo,  in  the  P.-icific  ocean. 
The  S  promontory,  at  its  entrance,  cal- 
led Cape  Success,  is  in  lon.  65  27  W, 
lat.  55  1  S. 

Stichtc/en,  a  town  of  Govmany,  in 
Westphalia,  12  miles  E  of  Riircuioiide, 
and  21  N  of  Julieis.  Lon.  6  2  E,  lat, 
51  18  N. 

Sudlnry,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Satuiday  It  lia.s  three 
churclies,  is  governed  In.a  mayor,  and 
seni.s  two  memhors  to  |i;o'tiainent.  It 
was  one  of  the  l:rst  seats  of  the  Fler.- 
iiigs,  V  lio  were  brought  over  by  Ed- 
w:;rd  HI.  to  teach  the  English  the  art 
of  niaiiuraclurii'g  tlicir  own  wool.  Its 
trade  i.s  lunv  diverted,  in  great  part, 
into  other  channels  ;  but  niauy  kii.ds  of 
tliin  stiids  aie  still  made  here,  paiticu- 
larl;.  says,  burning,  .".ml  cra;:ci.  It  con. 
tails  5;. (10  sduis,  and  i.-;  staled  mi  tlic 
S'.u'.'.r    (whirh    is    navigable   lience    to 


,-,   % 


M»nnin^rce)  14  miles  S  E  of  Biirj-  St. 
Kilmuml's,  mkI  36  N  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  JOK.  l:it.  52  UN. 

6'i(i/t7/'i(<tJiM,  mown  of  Sweden,  in  tlie 
jjrovince  ofHclsinnlar.d,  wliirli  carries 
on  :i  consideiahlcliiidein  linen,  biilUr, 
tinilicr,  and  ll:!\.  It  is  fitiiiirt-  iit  tlie 
moudi  of  11  n\ir,  nearllic  gidfof  Bolli- 
nin,  20  niilen  N  of  Gesle.  Lon.  17  5 
E,  ht.  ()3  50  N. 

Smierkopi.g,  a  town  of  Swudcn,  in  E 
Golldaul,  10  miles  S  of  Nordkopinjr, 
and  90  !-  W  of  Stotklu  lin.  Lon.  15  56 
E,  lat.  58  19  N. 

SuJentiania,  or  Sudermanland,  a  pro- 
viiKX  of  Sweden  Pro;-ev,  62  miles  lonp 
and  42  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Upland  and  Westermania,  on  the  E  by 
the  jjeninsidaof  Tarin,  on  the  S  hy  the 
Baltic,  and  on  the  W  by  Nerieia.  It 
is  the  nioKt  popidoiis  part  in  Sweden, 
and  abounds  in  corn,  and  mines  of  di- 
verK  metals.     Nikoping  is  the  capital. 


SUP 

Haven.    In  1800  the  township  confaii;. 
ed  3CK6  inhabitants. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  England,  SSniilei 
lonjr  and  28  broad  \  botnided  on  the  \V 
by  Cunibridpeshirc,  on  the  N  by  Nor- 
folk,  on  the  S  by  Essex,  and  on  the  F. 
hy  the  German  Ocean.  It  lies  in  tlie 
diocese  of  Norwich  ;  contains  22  hun- 
dreds, 28  market-towns,  and  575  pa- 
rishes J  and  sends  16  members  to  par- 
liament. Siiflolk  is  in  gfnernl  a  level 
coimtry,  without  any  considerable  emi- 
nenees.  In  res])ect  to  soil  it  may  be  ili. 
vided  into  three  portions.  The  sea- 
coast,  to  some  distance  inland,  is  for 
the  most  part  »andy,  and  is  distribiiteil 
into  arable  land,  heaths  and  marshcu. 
The  arable  produces  excellent  barley } 
and  towards  the  .S  E  great  quantities 
of  carrots  are  grown.  The  heaths  af- 
ford extensive  sheep-walks  j  and  the 
marshes  feed  numbers  of  cattle.  Tlie 
soil  has   in  many  parts  been  much  im- 


Siulerte.^t,  a  town  of^Sweden,  in  the  |  proved    by    shell-marl,     (called    here 
province  of  Suderniania,  with  a  manu- 1  crnngj   of  which  vast  beds  have  been 


facture  of  worsted  and  silk  stockings 
It  is  16  miles  V.  S  VV  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  59  10  N. 

Sutloree,  one  of  the  Faro  Islands,  in 
the  Northern  Ocean  ;  ren  arkaMe  for  a 
tlapgcrous  whirlpool  near  it,  which  is 
occasioned  by  a  crater,  61  fathoms  deep 
in  tlie  centre.  The  danger,  especially 
in  storms,  is  very  great ;  but  at  the  re- 
flux, and  in  very  still  weather,  the  in. 
habitants  venture  in  boats,  for  the  sake 
of  fishing. 

Svenborg,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in 
the  island  of  Funen,  with  the  best  bar- 
hour  in  the  island.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  and  linen.  It  is  22 
miles  S  of  Odensce.  Lon.  10  37  E,  lat. 
55  9  N. 

Suez,  a  sepporl  of  Egypt,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  at  the  N  end  of  the  ^V  gulf 
of  the  Red  Sen,  called  the  gulf  of  Su 
ez.  This  gulf  is  separated  from  the 
Mediterranean,  by  an  isthmus,  125 
miles  over,  which  joins  .Asia  to  Africa. 
The  town  is  svu-rouiided  by  a  sandy 
countrv,  and  is  without  water.  It  is 
crowded  with  pe'ople,  when  the  Turk- 
ish gallics  arrive  there,  but  at  other 
times  is  almost  deserted;  and  the  bar- 
l)oi'.r  is  too  shallow  to  admit  sl-.ips  of 
rreat  burden.  It  is  65  miles  E  of  Cai- 
ro.    I.on.  32  45E,  lat.  30  2  N. 

SvjjhU,  a  i)ost  town  i"  Hartford  coun 
ty,    Coniicelicut  i  situated   vn  the  W 
h.ink  (d   Cnrtu-cticut  river,  18  miles  N 
•f  HauS.id,   and  55   N  by  E  of  New 


discovered,  particularly   iiT  the  neigh- 
bourhood   of    Woodbridge.     The    nea 
shore  is  chiefly  composetl  of  loamy  cliffs, 
which  are  continually  falling  down,  un. 
dermined  by  the  waves.     Hence  great 
changes  have  been    effected   on  tiiis 
coast ;  and  some  towns,  once  conside- 
rable,  as  Dnnwich  and   Aldborouffli, 
have  been  almost  washed  away  by  the 
sea.     About  Orfbrdness  there  are  va- 
rious salt-w.itcrcreeks  andinlcts,  which 
form  extensive  marshes-     The  internal 
part  of  the  county,  from  N  to  S,  and 
across  quite  to  the  S  W  angle,  is  in  ge- 
neral  a  strong  clayey  soil,  fertile  to  a 
great  degree  in  all  the  objects  of  hiis- 
biindry.     A  part  of  it  called  high  Suf- 
folk, has  a  soil  so  stiff  and  tenacious, 
that  its  iiKids  in  wet  seasons  are  scarce- 
ly passable.    The  great  prodttct  of  this  ] 
tract  is  butter,   which  is  exported  to 
London   and  other  parts  in  great  quan- 
titles.     Much  cheese' too  is  matlehcrc 
but  as  it  is  only  supplementary  to  tlie 
b<*ter.  it  has  gained,  almost  proverb- 
ially, the  ch.iractcrof  the  worst  in  Enp- 
lanil.     Besides  grain  of  all  sorts,  beans 
are  grown   abundantly  in  the  middle 
parts  of  Suffolk.    Hemp  is  likewise  ctil- 
tivatedtoaconsidcrablc  extcnt.and s;iiro 
and  woven  on  the  spot  into  cloth  of  viri- 
ons degrees  of  finenessi  Some  hops  arc  I 
grown'nol  far  from  Sudbury.    The  .N  | 
W  portion  of  Suffolk  is  an  open  countrv, 
,'ui(l  forms  a  considerable   part  of  ttic  | 
wide  tract  of  barren  heath  which  occu- 


S  U  F 

)00  tlie  township  confali;. 
itanU, 

unty  of  England,  58  mile? 
'im<1 ;  bodiided  on  the  \\ 

«liirc,  on  tlic  N  by  Nor- 
)  by  Essex,  and  on  the  E 
nn  Oceiin.  It  lica  in  the 
)rwicli  ;  contains  22  him- 
ai'kct-towMs,  and  575  inl- 
ands 16  members  to  p«r. 
oik  is  in  g'r'nernl  a  level 
o\it  any  considerable  cmi. 
jspectto  soil  it  may  be  dl. 

rec  portions.  The  sea. 
nc  distance  inland,  is  for 

fandy,  and  is  distributed 
and,  heaths  and  marshei. 
•odiices  excellent  bal'leyj 

the  S  E  great  quantities 
e  grown.  The  heaths  af. 
-c  sheep-walks  ;    and  tiic 

numbers  of  cattle.  Tlie 
nany  parts  been  much  im- 
ihell-marl,  (called  here 
hich  vast  beds  have  been 
larticularly  irt  the  neigh- 

Woodbridge.  The  an 
y  composed  of  loamy  cliffi, 
ntinnally  falling  down,  un. 
the  waves.  Hence  great 
f  been  effected  on  this 
bmc  towns,  once  conside- 
imwich  and  Aldborotigli, 
Imnst  washed  away  by  the 

Orfi)rdnes9  there  are  vs- 
ter  creeks  and  inlets,  which 
ve  marshes.  The  internal 
county,  from  N  to  S,  and 
lo  the  S  W  angle,  is  in  ge- 
ng  clayey  soil,  fertile  to  a  I 
:  in  all  the  objects  of  hiis- 
part  of  it  called  high  Siif- 
soil  so  stiff  and  tenacious, 
s  in  wet  seasons  are  scarrr- 

The  great  product  of  tliis 
ter,  which  is  exported  to 
I  other  parts  in  great  quan- 
h  cheese' too  is  matlehere; 
only  supplementary  to  the 
IS  gained,  almost  proverb- 
tractcr  of  the  worst  in  Env- 
ies grain  of  all  sorts,  heRns 
abundantly  in  the  middle  | 
bik.  Hemp  is  likewise  cui- 
msidcrablc  extcnt.andsmin 
n  the  spot  into  cloth  of  v.iri- 
of  fineness.  Some  hops  arc  I 
xr  from  Sudbury.  The  N 
r  Suffolk  is  an  open  cotnitrv,  | 

considerable   part  of  ttic 
if  barren  heath  which  occu- 


S  U  L 

pies  SO  much  of  this  quarterof  the  Wng- 
Jom.  It  is  chiefly  in  warrens  and  sheep- 
walks,  but  interspersed  with  poor  ara 
bic  land.  The  extreme  angle,  hor<ler- 
ing  on  the  Ely  fens,  pkrtukes  of  their 
nature.  On  the  whole,  this  county  is 
one  of  the  most  thriving  with  respect 
to  agriculture,  and  its  farmers  are  o])u- 
lent  and  skilful.  The  culture  of  tur- 
nips prevails  here  almost  as  much  as  in 
Norfolk.  They  have  a  very  excellent 
breed  of  draught  horses,  middle  siz- 
ed, and  remarkably  short-made,  capa- 
ble of  vast  e.icrtions.  The  principal  ri- 
vers arc  the  Stour,  Waveny,  Little 
Ouse,  Larke,  Deben,  Gipping,  and 
Orwell.  Ipswich  is  the  principal  town  ; 
but  the  assizes  are  held  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's. 

Suffolk,  a  post  town,  and  the  princi- 
pal  seat  of  justice,  in  Nansemond  C(mn- 
ty,  Virginia;  lying  on  the  S  E  side  of 
Nansemond  river,  29  miles  S  \V  of 
Norfolk,  and  65  S  E  ef  Petersburg  on 
the  Appomattox.  It  lias  about  350  in- 
habitants. 

Sugelmesta,  or  Sigelmetta,  a  pro- 
vince of  Barbary,  bounded  on  the  S 
by  the  kingdom  of  Tafilct,  and  on  the 
N  by  Mount  Atlas.  It  is  about  100 
miles  in  length ;  abounds  in  corn,  dates, 
and  other  fruits,  and  has  mines  of  iron, 
lead,  and  antimony.  The  governmitnt  is 
a  republic.  The  c.ipitui,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Zig,  150  miles  N 
N  E  of  Tafilet  Lon.  5  5  W,  lat.  29  40  N. 

Sullivan,  a  post  town  in  Hancock 
eounty,  Maine  ;  situated  at  the  head  of 
Frenchman's  bay,  35  miles  E  of  Cas- 
tine,  (U  lat.  4430N,  and  lon.  68  23  W 

Sully,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc, 
partnient  of  Loirct,  and  late  province 
of  Orleannois,  seated  on  the  Loire,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Orleans.  Lon.  2  26  C, 
lat.  47  40  N. 

Sulmona,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  anciently 
called  Sulmo.  It  is  remarkable  for 
being  tiie  birthplace  of  Ovid.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sora,  26  miles  S  W  of 
Cheiti.     Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Sullania,  a  considerable  town  cf  Per- 
sia, in  Irac  Agcini.  Here  is  a  matj 
niticcnt  mosque,  which  contains  ihe 
tomb  of  sultan  Cliodabend.  It  is  50 
miles  N  W  of  Casbin.  Lon.  51  5.5  E, 
lat.  36  16  N 

Sultiiiponr,  a  town  of  Hindoo.stan 
Hroner,  in  the  province  of  Lahore. 
i.nn'.  73  50  E  lat.  30  25  N. 

Sfh.tnpciir,    a   town    of   Hindoostan 


SUM 

Proper,  in  the  province  of  Oude,  fivb 
miles  N  of  Alhdiabad.  Lon.  »2  30  E, 
lut  29  5  N. 

Sultz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Snabi  a,  and  duttliy  of  Wirtcm- 
burg,  near  the  Neckar,  where  arc 
some  salt-works  sutlicient  to  supply 
the  dtitchy  with  salt.  It  is  12  miles  S 
E  of  Frcudenstadt,  and  12  N  of  Hotli- 
weil.     Lon.  835  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Sultz,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  ds- 
pai-tnient  of  Upper  Rliiiie,  with  a  ni<-. 
dicinal  spring,  12  miles  S  S  VV  of  C(jI- 
mar. 

Sultxbiich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
p.ilatinate  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle, 
subject  to  the  duke  of  Neuburg-Sultz- 
bach.  It  is  10  miles  N  \V  of  Amberg, 
and  32  N  of  Katisbon.  Lon.  11  56  E, 
lat.  49  38  N. 

Sultzburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  in  the  niargravate 
of  Uaden-Durlach,  with  a  fine  ]>alaco. 
It  is  seated  iu  a  territory,  fertile  ingO'xl 
wine,  eight  miles  S  \V  of  Friburg. 
Lon.  7  30  E,  l.it.  47  54  N. 

Sumatra,  an  island  of  Asia,  t!)e  most 
western  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  and  con- 
stituting on  that  side  the  boundary  of 
the  Eastern  Archipelago.  Its  gcner.il 
ilirection  is  ne.irly  N  W  anil  S  E. 
The  equator  divides  it  into  almost 
equal  p.irts,  the  one  extremity  being 
in  5  33  N,  and  the  other  in  5  56  S  lat. 
.•Vcheeu  Ha.td,  at  the  N  extremity  of 
the  island,  is  in  lon.  95  34  E.  It  lies  ex 
iiDscd  on  the  S  W  side  to  the  Indian 
Ocean  j  the  N  point  stretches  into  tha 
bay  of  Bengal;  to  the  N  E  it  is  <li- 
vidcd  from  the  peninsula  of  Mal.acca 
by  the  straits  of  that  name  ;  to  tli'>  E 
by  the  straits  of  Banca,  fi-om  the  iskjiil 
ofth.it  name  ;  t;>  the  .S  E  by  the  cnm- 
mencenicnt  of  wliat  are  ca'lfl  the 
Chinese  Se?s ;  and  on  the  S  by  tlic 
straits  of  Sur.da,  wliich  separate  it 
from  the  island  nf  Java.  It  is  iibout 
900  miles  in  length,  but  from  100  to 
130  only  in  lireadth.  No  .-iceount  had 
been  given  of  this  island  by  any  Er.g- 
lishnian  till  the  year  1778,  when  Mr. 
Charles  Miller  (.son  of  the  late  bota'ii- 
cal  gardener)  published  an  account  ot 
liie  m.inncrs  of  a  ))articn|.i''  di.st.-ict. 
These  were  the  Battas,  a  i>eoi.le  \vl  <» 
live  in  t''e  interior  parts,  called  tlu; 
CKS.sla  Coi:!iti"v.  They  ditii-,'  fV'mi  all 
tlic  othcvinliabitants  in  lang'uu^'c,  niaii- 
nci's,  and  cistoms.  They  eat  lUe  pri- 
soners whom  they  tak'.-  in  war,  nul 
iianyiin  tlu'ir  skulls  asU'ophies  in  Uieir 


i 


i!!  ■*( 


SUM 


houses.     He  obstrves,    linwfvcr,   that 
hiim.m  flfsh  is  ciitcii  by  them  in  terra- 
rem,  ami  not  as  romnion   food,   thoiif^h 
I'lcy  pret'ci'  it  to  ull  others,    and  Rpcitk 
with  peculiar  rajitures  of  the   soles  of 
thf  feet  and  palmnofthe  hands.     The> 
expressed    ini.rli    surprise     that     the 
white   people    did   not  kill,    much    less 
cat  tlicir    -rifon-.-rs.     From   this   coiui- 
lij  the  pTtK'est  part  of  the  cassia  that 
is  sent    !')   Luropi.'  is    procurt  J.     It  :i 
liuunda  also  with   the  cunipliirc   trees, 
wliieli  t'l'istitutc    the    rorr.mnn  tltiiher 
iu  use  ;  aiu'  in    these   trees  the    caiu- 
])hire  is    found    nati\e,    in  a   concrete 
iiirm.     In    1783,    jMr.    Marsden,    who 
lia<l  been     scr.retarv  to   the  president 
iuu)  council  of  Fort  MHrlboroujfh,  pub- 
lisliec'  a  history  of  Sumatra,  witli   very 
copioi'.s  partiouhtrs  of  the  island.      He 
ivpres;iits    it    as    surpassfd    by    few 
in  the  beautiful  ipdulf^euces  of  nature. 
A  cliain  of  h'l'-h  ino\nita  us  runs  through 
its  whole  cNteiit  j  the    raMj;es  in  many 
I)aits  biiiifj  double   and   treble;  their 
alliludi',  thoiig^h  jfreat.  is  not  sufficient 
to  occasion   their  beinjr  covered  with 
snow  duriuff   any    jiart   of    ttie    year. 
Between   Ihtst  ridges    are    extensive 
plains,  considerably  elevated  above  the 
sin  lUcc  of  the  maritime  lands.    In  these 
the  air  is  cool  i    and    from   tliis  advan- 
tage they  are  esteemed  the  most  eligi- 
ble  j)'irtion   of   the  c<Hiiitry,    are    the 
best  inhabited,  ai'd   tin-    most  cleared 
from  woods,  vvliich  elsewhere,  in  gene- 
ral   throughout  Sumatra,    cover    both 
hills  ai;d  valleys  with  an  eternal  shade. 
Here  too   are  found   manv  large    and 
beautiful    lakes,  that    facilitate    much 
the  coinnuinication  between  the  difficr- 
cnt  parts.     The  heat  of  the  air  is    far 
from    being  so  intense  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from   a  country   occupying  tlie 
middle  of  the    Torrid  Zone;    an<l  it  is 
more   temperate    tlian    many    regions 
within  the  Tropics  ;    the   thermometer 
at  the  most  sultry  hour,    about  two  in 
the  afiornoon,  generally  fluctuating  be- 
tween H2  and  8.)  degTees.     Mr.   Mars- 
i.en  divides  the  inhabitants  into  Malays, 
Achenese,  B:ittas,  Lampoons,  and  Ke- 
jangs  !    and   he   takes  the  latter  .is  his 
stMvl'U'd   of  deseriptio!',    v.-ith  respect 
ti>  tlie  persons,  mannerj,   and  customs 
of  the   iiiliabirMuts.      'I'liey  are    rather 
bolow  tlu'  middle  stature  ;   tli.-iv   bulk 
in  pr«"o;  ti.)M  ;   t!;e'v  limbs  fir  tliemost 
Vurt  s!ij;!it ;   hul  w(  II  s'.aped,  and  p;u-t! 
rufiviv  siiiHil  at  the  wrists  nrd    i.nclos; 


I'M!. 


'.on 


111!.-  wiiule,  t)ioy  are  (^race 


■XPPI 


SUM 

fully  formed.    Their  hair    is    strong, 
and  of  a  sliming  black.    The  men  are 
beardless,    great   pains  being  tiiken  to 
render  them  so  when  boys,  by  rubbing 
their   chins  with  a   kind  of  qiiiekliine. 
Their  complexiim  is    properly  yellow, 
wanting  the  red  tinjje   that  constitutes 
a  copper  .>r  tawny  coloii!-.     'I'liey  are 
in  general  lighter   than   the    Meiitfes, 
or   half-breed,   of  the    rest   of  India ; 
those  of  the   superior   class,   who  are 
not  cx|)Osed   to  the  rays   of  the  sun, 
and  particularly  their   women  of  rank, 
ap|)roaching  to   a  degree  of  fairness. 
It  beauty  con.-iisted  in  this  one  quality, 
some  of  them  would  surpass   our  bru- 
nettes  in  Europe.     The    major  part  of 
the  fi";'..iles  are  ugly,   many   of  them 
even  to  disgust;  yet    among  them  are 
some    wliose   appearance   is  strikingly 
beautiful,  whatever  comimsition  of  per- 
s(m,    features,   and    ccmiplcxion,    that 
sentiment  may  be  the  insult  of     Some 
of  thc.inluibitants  of  thehiliy  parts  are 
observed  to  have   the  swelled  r.eck  or 
goitre  (    hut   they  attempt  no  remedy 
for  it,  as  these  wens  arc  consistent  with 
'll*  highest    health.       The    riles    of 
pMtrriag«  among  the  Sumatrans  consist 
kimply  in  joining  the  hands  of  the  parties, 
and    pronouncing  t^iem   man  and  wife 
without  much  ceremony,  excepting  the 
entertainment  which  is  given  upon  the 
occasion  by  the  father  of  the  girl.    The 
customs  of  the  Suinatrans  permit  their 
having  as  many  wives  as  they  run  pur- 
chase, or  afford  to  maintain ;    but  it  is 
extremely   rare    that   an  instance   oc- 
curs of  their  having    more   than  one, 
and    that    only  among   a  few    of   the 
chiefs.     This  continence  they  owe,  in 
some  measure   to  their  poverty.    The 
dictates  of  t>ugality   are  more  power- 
ful with  them  than   the    irresfular  calls 
of  aiipctitc,  and  make  them  decline    an 
indulgence  from  which  their   law  docs 
not    restrain    them.       Mothers    carry 
their  children,  not   en  the    arm  as  our 
nurse.s  do,  but  straddling  on    the   hip, 
and  usually  siipjiorted  by  a  cloth  which 
ties  In  a  knot  on  the  opposite  shoulder. 
The    children    i;ic    n.ir.scd    but   little; 
are  not  eontined    bv  any   swathing  or 
liandages  ;  and  being   suffered  to   roll 
ahoitt  the  floor,  soon  learn  to  walk  and 
shift   f)r   thems(«lves.     When   cradles 
■ij.f.  psed,  they  swing  suspended  from 
tlie  ceilings  of  tiio  rooms.     The  Suma- 
traiis  arc  so  fond  of  eock-fii^hting,  that 
a   father   on    iiis    de;ithbetl    has  been 
known  to  desire  iiis  son  to  take  the 


U  M 


SUM 


SUM 


lioip  hail-    IS    utroTip, 
black.    Tlie  men  are 

pains  heiiiK  tiikrii  to 
vlicn  boys,  by  rubbinp 

u  kind  ni'  qiiicklitne. 
in  is  properly  yellow, 
Un^e  tliut  conHtiliites 
^ny  colour.  'I'liey  are 
r  tbnn  the  Mebtces, 
if  the  rent  ot°  India; 
)eri<)r   rlass,   -who  arc 

the  rays  of  the  sun, 
their  women  of  rank, 
;i  (Icffrec  of  fairness, 
il  in  tliis  one  quality, 
'>ul(l  siirpas.s  our  bru- 
.'.  The  major  nart  of 
ufjiy,  many  of  thcnx 

)ot  iimonif  them  are 
|)caranci:  is  strikinffly 
vcr  composition  of  per- 
uul  ciiiiiplexion,  that 
)C'  the  Insult  of  Some 
softhe^hiliy  parts  are 
'c  the  swelled  r.eck  or 
;y  attempt  no  remedy 
ens  arc  onsistent  with 
alth.  The  riles  of 
the  Siiir.atranH  consist 
the  hands  of  the  parties, 
)^  t^iem  man  und  wife 
;remony,  exceptinjy  the 
vhicli  is  given  upon  the 
father  of  tho  girl.  The 
Sumutrans  permit  their 
wives  as  they  ran  pur- 
to  maintain ;    but  it  is 

that  an  instance  oc- 
avinff  more  than  one, 
amonj^  a  few  of  the 
Dntincncc  lliey  owe,  in 
to  their  poverty.  The 
^ality  are  more  power- 
tian  the  irres^idar  calls 
m:ikc  them  decline  an 
1  which  tiicir  law  docs 
hem.  Mothers  cai-ry 
ufit  (.n  the  arm  as  our 
straddlinif  on  the  hip, 
ported  hy  a  cloth  which 
\  the  opposite  slmuliler. 
Me  n-.ir.wd  but  little; 
I  l>v  any  Kwathing'  or 
hL-'.r.f^  sufi'eied  to  roll 
soon  learn  to  walk  and 
s(«lvcs.  ^VI)cn  cradles 
swinfr  suspended  from 
he  rooms.  The  Sunia- 
id  of  co(k-fi}.'liling-,  that 
i.s  deathbed  has  been 
e  liis  .sun  to  take   the 


first  oiTportiinity  of  mRtohlnjj  ,1  coek 
for  a  sum  equal  to  hi.s  wliole  property, 
umler  a  bluiil  (Vinviclion  of  its  being  in- 
vuliieriible.  Whenacurk  is  killed  or 
riuis,  the  other  must  h:ive  surticicnt 
spirit  and  vigour  left  to  peck  Hi  him 
tlu'ee  times  on  his  beiujf  ticid  up  to 
him  fir  that  purpose,  or  il  becomi-s  a 
drawn  battle  i  and  s'lmetiuies  an  ex 
perienced  cocker  will  pbice  tlie  head 
of  his  vaiKpiiHlied  bu'd  in  such  iui  mi- 
couth  sittiation  a.')  to  terrify  the  other, 
and  render  bim  unable  to  give  this 
proof  of  victory.  I'he  wild  beasts  of 
Sumatra  are  tigers,  elephants,  rhinoce 
roses,  bears,  aiul  monkeys.  Ibe  ti- 
g.'rs  prove  to  tlic  iiiliubitants  both  in 
their  journeys  itiid  even  their  domestic 
occupations  most  (lestructive  enemies. 
The  number  of  people  annually  slain 
by  these  rapacious  tyrants  of  the  woods 
is  almost  incredible.  U'ho'.e  villngf  s 
have  been  depopidatcd  by  them  ;  yet 
from  a  super.s*.itlous  prejudice,  it  i.s 
with  difKoulty  they  are  prevailed 
upon,  by  a  lar;ff  rew:u'd  wliicii  the 
India  Company  offers,  to  use  methods 
<if  destroying  them,  till  they  have  sus- 
tained some  parliiular  injury  in  their 
own  family  or  iandied.  The  size  and 
strength  of  the  species  which  prevails 
on  tliis  island  is  prodigious.  1  hey  are 
s.iid  to  break  with  a  stroke  of  their 
tore  paw  the  leg  of  a  horse  or  a  bufl'a- 
lo  J  and  the  largest  prey  they  kill  U 
without  difficulty  dragg»'d  by  lliem  iii- 
t!i  the  woods.  'I'his  t.'icy  liiiially  per- 
form on  the  secoml  night,  being' sup- 
posed on  the  first  to  gratify  themselves 
with  sucl:ing  the  blood  only.  Time  is 
by  this  delay  adiirdt-d  to  prep.ire  for 
tlieir  destruction,  eitliir  by  .shooting 
them,  or  placing  a  vessel  of  w.iter 
strongly  impregnated  with  arsciiie 
near  the  carcass,  which  is  f..,,lened  to 
a  tree  to  prevent  its  being  carried  oli'. 
Tiie  tiger  having  satiated  lilmself  with 
the  flesh,  is  prompted  to  assuage  h's 
tiiirst  with  the  tempting  liq  lor  at 
h.ind,  and  perishes  in  tlie  indulgence 
.Alligators  likewise  occasion  t!ie  loss  of 
iiiany  inhabitants,  frequently  destroy- 
ing tlie  people  as  t'ley  bathe  in  tlie  riv- 
er, according  to  their  regular  ciis'.om, 
and  whic'i  the  perpetual  evidence  of 
the  risk  atteii'ling  it  cannot  deter  them 
from  A  superstitious  idea  of  their 
sanctity  also  jircserves  them  from  mo- 
lestation, although  willi  a  lioc^k  of 
sufuciciit  strcngtli,  Uiey  may  be  taken 
without  nvich   difiicultv      'i  he   otiier 


animals   of  Sum:iti:i   arc   btift'aloe.s,   a 
small  kind  of  horses,  goals,  hogs,  deer, 
oiillocks,  and    hog  deer        1  bis  biHt  it 
an  animal  somewoat  larger  than  a  rab- 
bit,  the  bead  resemliliiig  lliat  of  a  hog, 
and    its    sli.;nks  and  feet  like  those  nf 
the  deer      I'lie  be/.i:u'   sti'iie  found   o;i 
this    uuim.il    has    been    v.i|iit'<l    .'t  ten 
times  its  wei';hl  in  gold;  it  /s  of  a  (lark 
brown  ciilo'.r,   smuilii  mi    the  oitslde  j 
:iiid  tlie  eo;ii  being  taken  oli,  it  appears 
still  dariver,    witli    strin;.;s  running  mi- 
derneatli  the  eoat :    it  wi'.i  swim  on  the 
top  of  the  w:it.'r.     If  it   be  ini'.iscd  in 
any  liepiid,  it  makes  it  e\'reiiiely  bitter ; 
t!ie  virtues   usu.dly  atliilmud  to    this 
stone    are     cleansing     the     stomach, 
■  rcating  an  .ippc';'-,  and   sweetening 
the  blood.     Oi  birds  iiie\  have  a  great- 
er variety  than  of  beasts.     'I'lie  eoo-ow, 
or  .Suuintran  iiheasaut,  is  a  bird  of  un- 
common beauty.     'J'lu'y   luve  slorki  of 
prodigious      si/.e,     p:uri)ts,     tlung-liill 
iowls,  ducks,  the    largest  eoeki  in  the 
world,    wood[;Igeoiis,     do\(:»,     and    a 
great  viiriety  of  small    birds,  ditlercnt 
from  ours,  and    tlislinguished    by  the 
be'Uity  of  their  colours.     Of  their  rep. 
liles,  tlicv  have  li/..irds,  flying  lizards, 
aiulcameleons.    'iht  island  swarms  with 
insects,  and  their  varieties  are   no  less 
extraordinary     tlian     their     n;;mbers. 
nice  is  the  o.ily  grain  that  grows  in  the 
country;  they  have  sugar-canes,  beans, 
peas,   radislies,  yanw,    potatoes,  puin- 
kins,    and    several    kinds   of  p;)t-!!erb.. 
unknown  to  Europe  ;    and  here  are  to 
be  found  m"  t  of  the  fruits  to  be  me*, 
with  ill  other  parts  of  the  East  Indies, 
ill  the     greate-it    perfection.       Iiidi;;-), 
flrasil-wo'ul,  two  species  of  the  bread- 
fruit tree,   p(  pper,   lienjamin  ;    coli'ee, 
and  ciittoii  ;ire  likewise  the  produce  of 
this  island,  Jis  well  m  cas.iia  and   cam- 
pliire  mentioned   abuve.     Here  al.io  is 
t.'ie    cabliiige    tree    and     silk     cotton 
tree;    and  tlie  forest   contains   a  great 
v;iriety  of    valiialil"    species    of  wood, 
as  ebony,  pine,  sandal,   ea;  le  or  .ilies, 
teek,    luijiuliioecl,  and    irii  i-wo'.d,  juul 
also    the     banyan     tree.       tiold,    tin, 
iron,  copper,  and  lead,  are  round  in  tho 
cruntry;    and  the  firmer   is  sujiposed 
t(  be  as  plentiful    here   as    in  Peru   or 
Mexico.    'I'll'  liiiest  gold  and  gold  dust 
are  found  in  tlie    country   of  I.inioiig, 
immediately  coutiguou.;    to  the  presi- 
dency of  Fort  MarlboiMU.!;h,   to  which 
the    merchants  rep.ur  an.:  •  dly  f  .r  the 
purchase  of  opium,  and  sucii  olher  ar- 
ticles as  tiK-y  may   be   in  w;u'.t  of,  an^ 


SUN 


4 


M  !f 


give  for  them  fifotil  of  no  pure  n  n»liire; 
an  tr>  ciMitnin  little  or  no  alloy.  Tiiu  nn- 
tivi»  inil  )lcMico  of  the  Muliiy  ilinpoHition 
prcvi-iit*  tliem  from  collcc.tini?  more 
tli.iM  i»  .4iifrK.'i(-nt  to  Hiipply  till*  lew  and 
»in);ilc  WiiriJi  of  a  racp  of  men  us  yet 
iliu:iilig'litiMicd  by  clvilizulioii  «imI  ttci- 
fiice,  mul  if^noriiiit  of  the  full  extent  of 
the  ;ulv;mt'ij;e»  of  the  country  they  in- 
liulnt.  I'iiv  roiuls  leailin(^  to  this  golden 
country  itre  ulinost  iiTi|)t;rviouii  i  alT'ord- 
iuff  only  n  scanty  path  to  a  sintjU:  tr'i- 
vi'Ucr,  where  whole  nit>ht»  liiJi  he 
psHsed  in  the  open  air,  exposed  to  the 
iniili)ynaiit  influence  of  u  jioiitile  climate, 
in  a  c  )i;ntry  infested  by  the  nu)»t  fero- 
cious wihl  l)e-i->ls.  These  are  cireum- 
Btnnces  that  liuvu  hitherto  cheeked  curi- 
osity j  hut  |)er<(cvcriince  and  studied 
precaution  wdl  surmount  the  (.'bstacles 
tliey  fiu'nisli,  and  sucli  discoveries 
nii(,'iit  be  made  as  would  amply  coin- 
pcnsate  lor  the  diflic/.il'ics  leading'  to 
them,  'i'he  gold  merclui'itH  who  come 
from  the  nei)>lihouring  and  less  rich 
countries,  give  us  sur.h  accounts  of  the 
facility  of  pnicuiiug  gold,  as  baidcr 
nearly  on  the  marvellous,  and  vvoidd  he 
altojfcther  incredible,  if  great  quanti- 
ties of  that  metal  produceii  hv  lliem  did 
not  in  »<m>c  degree  evince  the  certain- 
ty of  the'r  accoiuits,  'I'h;-  Knglish  and 
Dutch  have  factories  on  tKis  island  j 
the  prinr''|)!d  one  of  the  former  being 
Fort  M.ulborougb,  on  tlie  S  W  coast. 
The  (u-igiual  natives  of  Sumatra  arc  Pa- 
pans  I  but  it  is  to  be  observed,  that 
vrlun  t!ie  Suma'.rans,  or  any  of  the  na- 
tives of  the  eastern  islunds,  learn  to 
read  the  Arabic  character,  and  submit 
to  circumcisio;),  they  are  iiaid  to  be- 
come Malays ;  the  term  Malay  being 
understood  to  mean  MuKselman.  See 
Jcheen. 

Sumbitl,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  (.rovince  of  Oudo,  45  miles 
W  N  W  oflicreillv,  artd  65  E  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  78  SS  E,  lat  21  25  N. 

Sumhulpmir,  or  Semi/pour,  a  town  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Orissa,  280  miles  W  of 
Calcutta.     Lon.  83  40  E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

Siivteh,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
the  province  of  Natolia,  14  wiles  E  of 
Pergamo. 

Sumerein,  a  town  of  Lower  Himgary, 
seated  in  the  island  of  Scliut,  made  by 
the  river  Danube.  It  is  16  miles  .S  of 
Preshurg.     Lon.  17  23  E,  lat.  48  4  N. 

Sunart,  a  distric*  in  Argylcshire,  in 
t^ie  peninsula  :vt  tbp  N  W  end  of  that 


SUN 

county.  It  it  remarkable  for  numeretm 
veins  of  lead,  wliich  however  are  not 
very  prmhu-tive. 

Smart,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  in 
Argyteshire,  which  divides  the  isUnd 
of  Mull  from  the  dietrict  of  Morven. 

Sunlmry,  a  post  town  in  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania  i  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Susipiehannah  river,  two 
miles  below  Northumberland,  .56  N  of 
Harrisbiirg:,  and  Itvi  N  W  of  Philadel- 
phia, containing  about  700  inhabitant!. 

Sunbury,  a  post  town  and  port  of  en- 
try,  in  Liberty  cotinty,Georgta ;  lying  on 
the  S  side  of  N.  Newi)ort  river,  45  mile* 
S  bv  E  of  Savanrtah,  in  lat.  31°  43'  N, 
and" lon.  81°  18'  VV.  The  harbour  is 
formed  and  defended  fr''.»  the  weather 
by  the  interposition  oi  Catherine  Is- 
land, which  lies  oil' its  entrance. 

Sunt  JsiiinJ,  nil  island  within  the 
mouth  of  the  Huinber,  about  9  miles  in 
circuit,  separated  from  Vorkshire  by  a 
ch.'mnci,  near  two  miles  broad. 

Sunning,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  sittl- 
ate  on  the  Thames,  two  miles  N  E 
of  Reading.  It  was  once  an  episcopal 
see. 

Sunning  Hill,  a  village  in  Berkshire, 
in  Wiutlsor  Forest.  It  is  noted  for  il« 
medicinal  wells,  which  are  efHcacious 
in  paralytic  rases,  and  is  six  miles  S  S 
W  of  Windsor. 

Sumla  Idands,  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  the  straits  of  Simda.  The 
chief  of  them  arc  Borneo,  Java,  and  Su- 
matra. 

Siinderbunds,  or  The  IVoodt,  a  tract  of 
country,  consisting  of  that  part  of  'he 
Delta  of  the  Ganges,  in  Hindoostan 
Proper,  and  in  the  soubali  of  Beng.i), 
whirh  borders  on  the  sea.  It  is  com- 
posed of  a  labyrinth  of  rivers  and  creeks, 
all  of  which  are  salt,  except  those  that 
immediately  commimicate  with  the 
principal  arm  cf  the  Ganges.  In  extent 
it  is  equal  to  the  principality  of  Wales. 
"  It  is  so  completely  enveloped  in  woods 
and  infested  with  tigers,"  says  major 
Rennell,  "  that  if  any  attempts  have 
ever  been  made  to  clear  it  (as  is  report- 
ed.) they  have  hitherto  miscarried." 
Here  salt,  in  t|uantitica  equal  to  the 
whole  consumption  of  Bengal  and  ita 
dependencies,  is  made  and  transported 
with  equal  facdity ;  and  here  also  is 
found  on  inexhaustible  store  of  timber 
for  boat-building.  The  breadth  of  the 
lower  part  of  this  Delta  is  upwards  of 
180  miles,  to  which,  if  we  aild  that  of 
the    two   branches  of  tlie  river  that 


U  N 


SUP 


S  U  R 


tnarkuble  fnr  niimeretm 
'Inch  iiowever   are  not 

an  inlet  of  the  tea,  in 
lich  dividei  the  'iHlitnd 
s  dietrict  of  Morven. 
t  town  in  Northiimber< 
irsylvania  i  lituutrd  on 
iiti|iieliunnah  river,  two 
rthiimberUnd,  56  N  of 
i  1(S4  N  WufPhlladel. 
about  700  inhabitanti. 
ft  tnvtni  and  port  of  en- 
nintyiGeorfpa ;  lyinfron 
ifcw|)ort  river,  45  inilpt 
i:iuh,  in  lat.  31°  43'  N, 
'  VV.  The  harbour  ii 
ndcd  fr'ia  the  weather 
ition  oi  Cutherinc  Is- 
oft'  it«  entrance. 
Ml  island  within  the 
nnbcr,  aiioiit  9  miles  in 
(i  from  Yorkshire  by  a 
rii  miles  broud. 
ige  in  Berkshire,  situ- 
ncs,  two  miles  N  t', 
was  once  an  episcopal 

I  villa^  in  Berkshire, 

:st.    It  is  noted  for  iU 

which  are  eftiimcious 

8,  and  is  six  miles  S  S 

islands  in  the  Indian 
straits  of  Suiida.  The 
a  Borneo,  Java,  aiid  Su- 

r  The  Woods,  a  tract  of 
iiig  of  tliat  part  of  'lie 
ranges,  in  Hindoostan 
he  soubali  of  Bengal, 
n  the  sea.  It  is  com- 
ith  of  rivers  and  creeks, 
salt,  except  those  that 
immimicate  with  the 
the  Ganges.  In  extent 
;  principality  of  Wales, 
tely  enveloped  in  woods 
th  tigers,"  says  major 
if  any  attempts  have 
to  clear  it  (as  is  report- 
hitherto  miscarried." 
lantitiea  equal  to  the 
:ion  of  Bengal  and  its 
I  made  and  transported 
ity ;  and  here  also  is 
iistible  store  of  timber 
f.  The  breadth  of  the 
is  Delta  is  upwards  of 
lich,  if  we  aild  that  of 
lies  of  tlie  river  that 


liouml  It,  we  Bhall  have  about  200  miles 
f'lr  the  distance  to  which  the  Ganges 
expands  its  bran'-.hes,  at  its  junction 
with  the  sea. 

Sumlerburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in 
the  island  of  Alsun,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  strait,  called  Sunderbui-g 
•Sound,  12  miles  E  of  Flcnsburg.  Lon. 
10  0  £,  lat.  54  51  N. 

Sundtrdoo,  or  Mttundy,  a  fortified  is- 
land and  seapoit  of  the  Deccaii,  on  the 
Coiican  coast,  reduced  by  commixlore 
James,  in  1756.  It  is  about  10  miles  N 
K  of  Vingorla  Hocks,  and  36  N  N  W  of 
Ooa.     Lon.  73  20  E,  lat.  16  3  N. 

Sunderland^  a  seaoovt  in  the  bishopric 
of  Durham.  It  iit  u  large  and  thriving 
town,  which,  for  llie  exportation  of 
cnals,  is  next  in  consequence  on  this 
side  of  the  kingdom  to  Newcastle.  Its 
|)ort,  on  the  mouth  of  the  Were,  though 
improved  from  its  former  state,  will 
lint  admit  the  largest  ships  ;  but  vessels 
c.in  get  out  to  sea  from  hence  much 
nwre  readily  than  from  the  Tyne.  The 
coals  arc  brought  down  the  Were  from 
niimerouu  pits  near  its  banks.  There 
.ire  several  glass-lioui>es  at  Sunderland ; 
and  it  alto  exports  grindstones  and 
other  articles.  It  is  13  miles  N  E  of 
Durham,  and  264  N  by  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  1  14  W,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Sunderland,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Massachusetts  ;  seated  on 
Connecticut  river,  100  miles  W  of  Bos- 
ton. 

Siindi,  a  provinceof  Cong«,  in  Africa, 
which  lies  ulong  the  river  Zaire.  Its 
rivers  render  it  e.  tremely  fertile,  and 
in  the  mountains  are  mines  of  several 
metals.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name.     Lon.  17  55  E,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Stmdrjiall,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Medf-lpadia.  It  carries 
on  a  trade  in  tar,  bark  of  birch  trees, 
deals  and  linen,  and  is  seated  near  tlie 
gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  62 
45  N. 

Sunneherg,  or  Sonneberg,  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Saxoii}',  and 
territory  of  Stemburg,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Darta,  50  miles  E  by 
N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52 
41  N. 

Superior,  Late,  a  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, one  half  belonjfiiig  to  the  United 
States,  and  one  half  to  Great  Britain, 
so  called  from  its  being  the  largest  on 
that  continent,  According  to  the 
French  charts  it  is  15C0  miles  in  cir- 
cumferenf  c.    \t  contaiivs  n)i»ny  isj.in(ls ; 


two  of  them  very  large,  espfcially  Idle 
Kuyalc,  which  is  lUU  miles  loii!;',  uiul  in 
many  plaees,  40  bri;ad.  Upward  of  30 
rivers  enter  it,  Biimc  of  wliicii  .'ire  of 
considernliI<!  si/e.  It  alxmmU  with 
trout  and  sturgeon.  Stnrnis  allertitas 
much  as  they  do  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  dikcliargcs  its  water  fiom  the  S  E 
corner,  through  the  straits  of  St. 
Marie,  into  Lake  Huron.  The  IndiruiH 
suppose  the  islands  in  it  to  be  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Great  Si)irit. 

Supiiiu,  an  ancient  town  of  N.ij^les,  in 
Molise,  with  a  castle.  It  is  scaled  at  the 
source  of  the  Tamara,  at  tlie  foot  of  thr 
Appennines,  17  miles  N  by  W  ofBenc- 
vento. 

Sur.  See  Sour. 

Sum,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  tlic  pro- 
vince of  Westnianland 

Sural,  a  city  and  sca|)orl  of  the  Dec- 
can  of  Hind(Mistan.  Il  is  s:iid  to  have 
200,000  inhaijitanti,  and  its  trade  is 
very  considerable.  In  tliiscity  are  nianjr 
diHerent  religions,  for  there  are  Ma- 
hometans of  several  sects,  many  sorts 
of  Geiitoos,  and  Jews  and  Cluislians  of 
various  denomiiiiiliiins.  Tlic  Mahome- 
'ans  at  Surat  arc  not  by  far,  so  strict  as 
they  are  in  Arabia,  or  in  other  Turkish 
countries,  nor  arc  the  distinctions  of 
tribes  among  the  Hindoos  who  reside 
here,  strictly  observed.  Touards  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  tliis  place 
was  only  the  resort  of  a  few  merchants, 
who,  under  the  shelter  of  an  old  insig-  • 
nificaiit  castle,  laid  tl.c  first  foundations 
of  a  city,  now  almost  as  lar.i<'e  and  fully 
as  popiiiaus  as  London  within  the  walls, 
and  containing  many  fine  buildings  of 
Indian  architecture,  which  is  partly 
Ceiitoo  and  partly  Morisqiic,  Those  of 
the  greatest  note  are  so  contrived,  that 
the  i^-ateway  is  defensible  against  any 
sudden  irruption  of  a  few  armed  men. 
The  private  apartments  lie  backwards 
for  the  conveniency  of  the  women,  of 
whom  the  Moors  a'-e  remarkably  jeal- 
ous. During  the  intense  iieats  of  sum- 
mer they  have  country  retirements  a 
little  way  out  of  town,  wliere  they  re- 
side, or  go  in  parties  to  annise  them- 
selves. The  streets  are  irregiil.irly  laid 
out ;  but  have  one  property  wliicli  ren- 
ders it  agreeable  to  walk  In  tlicm,  vi^. 
that  a  competent  width  beinj;-  left  at, 
bottom,  the  upper  stories  of  the  hou.scs 
prnjcct  over  o<ie  another  in  such  a 
manner,  that  people  may  witli  ease  con- 
verse from  them  j  by  which  means  the 
street  is  agreeably  shaded,  at  the  same 


S  U   R 


S  U  R 


:.i> 


4 


lime  that  a  proper  vciitilutlon  U  not  im- 
p<'ilc'il,  bill  nitlirr  promoted.  'I'lio 
aliopt,  notwitliHlaiuliii^  tlie  vast  trixlc 
(Mi'i-ieil  on  ill  tlii*  f^rt^ut  uiul  po|)iil(>iij 
city,  liavf  a  vi-ry  ?ne;iit  appeiiruiicc-,  ow- 
111(7  to  llic  <lciiler«  kcj'pinj^  tlicir  (foods 
in  wart'liotiNCH,  mill  xeHiMff  by  <tumplcs. 
Nil  pi:iff  in  IiottiT  iiippticd  with  provi- 
iiioiis,  llian  the  city  of  Siirat,  wucre  its 
cununiinicatlon  with  tlie  country  re- 
mains iipi-n.  Ui'.-idrs  tiic  iinbuiinded 
inipoi't.ilion,  by  wbi<'b  every  aitieio  '}% 
bruDKbt  here  in  j^reat  ub.nnl:tnce,  the 
nntiirul  productions  of  the  noil  arc  cx- 
r.elleiit,  tbou;;b  Ick^  cheap  ilian  in  other 
]jartH  of  Indi.i,  as  at  ncn(;al  especially  i 
yrt  in  tliat  pl.ue,  t!ioii(fIi  tlie  cuttle  and 
jioiilliv  arc  bounlit  on^finally  at  a  ver\ 
low  rale,  they  turn  out  very  dear  by 
tlie  time  they  arc  fed  for  the  table. 
Here,  however,  all  kinds  of  eatables 
may  be  had  at  a  reasonal)le  price,  reaily 
for  immediate  use,  and  as  jfoo<l  as  can 
be  foii:id  any  where.  The  wheat  of 
Sural  is  famous  all  over  India  for  its 
Rlm;"i!;ir  sulistanc,-,  wliitcnes»,  and 
taste  i  and  its  sall.ids  and  roots  arc  like- 
wise  of  an  exccllcMt  quality.  Tiiere  are 
nUo  ii».tiy  kiiuUof  wdd-fowl, andotlicr 
game  to  be  had  at  an  easy  rate  j  but  for 
M'ine*  and  spiriliioos  liquors  they  de- 
pend most  on  impf.rtiition.  Sural  was 
surrounded  wiih  a  wall  in  a  short  time 
nflcr  it  had  assumed  tlie  form  of  a  town. 
The  fortification,  however,  was  meant 
•  rmly  to  prevent  tlie  incursions  of  the 
Mahrattas,  who  had  twice  pill:'.;^cd  it  : 
to  that  the  pl.'^ce  was  by  no  means  ca- 
pable of  standing  any  re^ynlar  siep^e. 
Even  the  eastic  appears  but  a  poor  de- 
fence, bein;^  mounied  wltli  cannon  here 
and  theiv,  without  any  order,  or  with- 
out any  thinff  like  an  a'.lemiit  towards 
military  arcliiteeturc.  ():ie  thing;  sin- 
j:f;ilar  ill  Sirat  is,  tlial,  tho'i,^h  tiiere  is 
no  hospital  for  human  beiiiiJ.s,  there  is 
an  extensive  tstablislinient  of  tliis  na- 
tiire  for  sick  or  maimed  animals.  When 
t'.ic  Eiirnprans  turn  out  rn  old  linr.se, 
or  any  other  domestic  animal  to  perish, 
ftc  useless,  t!ic  ^.'i;u^l  <h  v'luntardy  as- 
Kume  the  care  of  it,  and  place  it  in  tliis 
lions.-,  which  is  full  of  infirm  decrepid 
cows,  siieep,  rabbits,  hens,  piireons, 
r^c.  Tl-.e  charitable  Hindoos  keep  a 
ph'slcianto  liHik  i.fter  these  animals. 
The  country  round  Sural  is  feitile,  ex- 
cept towaril  tlic  sc:i,  which  is  sandy 
a;i:l  barren.  IJefoie  the  Eni^llsli  E  In- 
dian Company  obtained  possession  of 
Bombay,  the  presidency  of  their  ailVirs 


on  the  coa..l  oi  Aialubar  w««  at  5>nrat ; 
.iiid  thev  hnda  factory  establiiihcdilu'rc. 
I'.u-n  alter  the  premdeiicy  was  truni 
I'vrred  to  Uoinbuy,  the  factory  was  con. 
tinned.  I'he  Great  Mn(rii|  had  then  an 
olhcer  here,  who  was  styled  hii  adnn. 
ral,  and  received  n  revenue  called  tlie 
tanka,  of  the  nnniial  vmIiic  of  three  lack^ 
of  rupees,  arisinif  from  the  rents  of  ad. 
jncciit  lands,  and  the  tnxeii  levied  .it 
Siirat.  The"  tyranny  of  I  hin  oflicer  to- 
wards the  merchants,  induced  the  li 
India  Company,  in  1759,  to  (it  nut  »ii 
armament,  which  disjiossesscd  thead 
niiral  of  the  castle  ;  and  soon  after,  the 
possession  of  this  castle  wan  conhrnicil 
to  them  by  the  court  of  Delhi.  Tiicj 
obtained,  moreover,  the  appoinlincn' 
to  the  post  of  admiral,  and  were  consti- 
tnted  receivers  of  the  tanka,  by  wliirli 
their  authority  in  this  place  became  su 
preme.  Sural  is  situate  on  the  confines 
of  Guzeral,  20  miles  up  the  river  Tap. 
tv,  and  177  H  ofBombav.  Lon.7248E, 
lat.  21  10  N. 

Sure,  a  river  of  Ireland  in  Tippcrary, 
which  flows  into  St.Gcorge'u  Channel. 

Surgo:ij.i,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
HindooHtan,  18U  miles  SS  VV  of  I'atna. 

Surinam,  a  country  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Guiana,  extending  "5  miles  alonpr 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  abounds 
with  (fame  and  singular  animals  of  dif- 
ferent kind.s ;  the  toad,  in  particular, 
bcinjf  remarkable  for  its  eno.  irons  size 
and  ujjly  form.  It  proiluces  fruits,  in- 
diffo,  sug'ar,  cotton,  tobacco,  ffums, 
and  wood  for  dying.  The  woods  are 
full  of  monkics,  and  it  is  said,  there 
arc  serpents  30  feet  long.  This  coun- 
try was  ceded  by  the  English  to  the 
Dnteli,  for  the  pronnce  of  New  York, 
in  1074,  and  was  taken  again  by  the 
English  in  August  1799.  The  capital 
is  Faruitiaribo. 

Suitngia,  a  commercial  town  of  Ja- 
pan, in  the  island  of  Niphon,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle,  where  the  emperors  formerly 
resided.     Lon   139  5  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Surry,  a.  county  of  England,  37  miles 
long,  and  27  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Middlesex,  on  the  E  by  Kent,  on 
the  S  by  Sussex,  and  on  the  W  by 
Hampshire  and  Berks.  It  lies  in  the 
diocese  of  Winchester;  contains  13 
hundreds,  11  market  towns  (including 
Soutlnvark)  and  140  parishes  ;  and 
sends  14  members  to  parliament.  The 
air  is  generally  temperate  and  healthy. 
Surry  has  been  compared  to  a  piece  of 


R 

iibar  wa«  at  Siii-at ; 
•ycmahlinhcdiliii.t 
iideiicy  was  trum 
111-  fartory  wa.i  con. 
Mnjriil  had  ilifn  j,,, 
an  styled  liii  iiilmi- 
rovfiiiie  Cttlll'd  the 
value  of  thivr  luckj 
Din  the  rent*  ofad- 
lie  taxes  levied  at 
y  ofthiii  oflicer  tn. 
«,  induced  tlic  V. 
17 5\),  to  fil  out  nil 
si)')SNCH!!cd  the  ad 
and  HiHiii  after,  thn 
9tli-  wan  fonlirnicil 
:  of   Delhi,     Tliej 

tlic  appoint inoiit 
1,  and  were  ronsti. 
e  taiika,  by  wliirli 
H  place  becnniesu- 
ate  on  the  confineii 

up  the  river  Tap. 
d):iy.  Lon.72  48£, 

land  in  Tippcrary, 
George's  Channel. 
r  the  pcnin.inla  of 
18  S  S  VV  of  I'nttia. 

of  Soiith  Aiiicri- 
infj:~,1  miles  ulonp 
anie.  It  abounds 
lar  animals  of  ilif. 
ad,  in    particular, 

its  eno.  i.:ous  size 

rodiices  fruits,  in. 

tobacco,    gums, 

The   woods  arc 

it  is  said,  tliire 
lonjc.  This  coun- 
e  English  to  tlic 
ICC  of  New  York, 
ken  ng-ain  by  the 
799.    The  capital 

'cial  town  of  Ja- 
J^iphon,  ca]>ital  of 
me  name,  witli  a 
iiprrors  formerly 
E,  lat.  39  30  N. 
England,  37  miles 
)0<uided  on  the  N 
le  E  by  Kent,  on 
d  on  the  W  by 
c».  U  lies  in  the 
er ;  contains  13 
towns  (including 
)  parishes  ;  and 
parliament.  The 
rate  and  healthy. 
red  to  a  piece  of 


s  u  s 

.  Mme  cloth  with  a  fine  bordcf  ;  its 
iivumfcrcnre  being'  in  general  fi-rlile, 
l.iit  its  nubile  part»  b.,rrcn.  On  the 
h;iiiks  i)f  liie  Ihanics  it  ha»  a  ranjfc  of 
liouiitiful  nicadnws  ihteibpcrsed  with 
iiiiniLrous  vill.is  and  pliusure  grounds 
Arnisa  the  ninldlu  of  tl.o  county,  E 
II  W,  runs  a  ridge  of  irregular  hills, 
aliiiunding  in  chalk,  and  interiuixftl 
■.vitli  wide  open  (loyvns  and  sandy 
Ircallis.  The  Uansteud  downs  in  this 
Uiicl  are  notcil  fur  feuding  the  sweetest 
ii'ittoM.  It  produces  corn,  bi>.\wi)od, 
V,  .liiuls,  hops,  and  fidlers  earth.  The 
piini-ipal  rivers  beside*  the  Thames 
(wliicli  is  the  boiindarv  of  this  county 
on  till!  N)  are  the  Mole,  Way,  auil 
Uaiidle.  Tlic  lent  assizes  are  held  at 
Kingston,  and  the  summer  assi/es  at 
Guilford  and  Croydon  alternately. 

Sursee,  a  toyvii  of  Swisserland,'  in  the 
cnnton  of  Lucern,  ieateil  near  tlie  lake 
"I  Sempach,  five  miles  S  of  Lucern. 

Sursmjty,  a  town  of  llindoostan  Pro- 
per,   lU  miles  N  W  of  Uellii. 

Sus,  a  river  of  Morocco,  whith  forms 
ilic:  S  boundary  of  the  empire  of  Mo- 
iwco  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Messa. 
K  fertilizes  its  banks  by  annual  iniiii- 
(lulions. 

Sm,  one  of  the  three  grand  divisions 
iif  the  empire  of  Morocco,  bounded  on 
tlic  VV  by  the    Atlantic,    on   the  N  bv 
Mnmt  Atlas,  on  tlie  E  by  Gesiila,  and 
i.ii  tlie  S  by  the  river  Sus.     It  is  a  flat 
r.yiiiitry,  abounding'  in  corn,  sugar-canes, 
:uid  dates.     The   inhabitants,  who  are 
(liledy  Archers,    Berebers,   or  ancient 
ii.itives,   are  diatingiiished  by  tlieir  in- 
il'istry  ;  and  many  of  tliem,  who  live  in 
t  'WI13,  become  opulent  and   are  much 
"'ire   polite   than   the   natives   of  Fez 
.■iKi    Morocco.      In    the    mountainous 
puit   they    are   entirely   free,   and  are 
,t  ivi'rned  by  their  own  chit  i'j. 
^'ir;,  a  .seaport  of  Tunis     See  Soum. 
S.ii-a,  a  stronif  town  of  Viedniont,  cu- 
piiiil  of  a  martpi'sate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fort.     Here   is   a  ricli  convent, 
I  billed  the  abbey  of  St.  Just,  and  a  U-i- 
"•iiplial  arch  to  the  honour  of  AiiRustus 
Ccar.     It   is    seated    on   the    JJoi  ia, 
^'■■long  pleasant  mountains,  and  is  c:dlo(l 
'iiL-kcy  of  Italy,    being   the   prinrip.'il 
!>  iss;i^-c  out   of  France   into   Italy,     I, 
iviis  taken  by  the  Fren.-h  in    ITOl,  Imu 
"■■itored  to  the  duke  of  Savoy  in   1707 
H  13  30  miles  N  W  of  Turin.     Lon,  7 
■  'i'.,  lat,  4.')  20  N. 

^^  W/j/,    an    archicpiscopal    tov;n   of 
"■'^'.^la,  in  tlie  g-overnniont   of  Vo!o-!i- 


SUS 

mir,  ca|)itul  of  a  dntchy  of  thr  samp 
name.  It  is  built  ol  wood,  mid  scaled 
on  the  Khasnia,  'JO  nules  N  E  of  Mo». 
cow      l.oii.  40  25  E,  lat.  .'5(1  2C  N. 

.'>iisf/iic/i(iiii!ii/i,  a  river  of  North  Ami)- 
rica,  wliiidi  has  its  source  in  I,:ike  Ot- 
sego,   crosses    three    times    the    liiim 
which  divults   the  state  of  New    York 
from    Pennsylvania,  and  empties  itself 
iMt(i  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Chcsapealc. 
Xuatex,  u  county  of  Enghiiul,  70  miles 
in   length,   and    28    where    broadest  j 
boiin(le<l   on   the   N   by  Siirrv,  on  the 
N  E  and   E   by   Kent,  on  tlie's  by  tlio 
English    Channel,   and  on   the    \V  by 
llamp..,hire.     It    lies   in  the  diocese  of 
Cliiehesteri  contains  65  himdieds,  one 
city,  16  market-towns  and    142  parish- 
es ;  and  sends  18   members   to   purlia- 
nient.     The  N  iiart  of  Sussex,  a  tract 
continued   from    the  Weald  of  Kent, 
and   of  the    same  nature  with  it,  yv.ig 
ti-rnierly  entirely  covered  with  forests; 
and  though  many   of  these  have  been 
cut  down,  it  is  still  well  furnished    'itli 
timber  both  of  large  and  small  .tv:    wth. 
The  midille  line  of  the  coimtv  is  a  ricU 
tri  ct  of  arable  and  laeadow.  To  it  giic- 
cccd  the  Downs,  a  range  of  green  oijcu 
lulls  of  a  chalky   soil,   afliwdiiig  c»ccl- 
lent  pasturage  for  sheep,  and  in  many 
partd  fertile  in  corn.     The   birda called 
wheat-ears  are   particularly  nuincroti* 
and  excellent  on  these  Downs,  and  are 
caught  l)y  the  shepherds  m  great  num- 
bers.    Tlie  tract  from  Lewes  and  ita 
heighbourhootl  to  the  sea  is  peculiarly 
famous,  under  the  name  of  the  South 
Downs,   for   its   lino  velvet-like   tiiif, 
and  the  goodness  of  its  wool  and  iiiut' 
ton.     'I'owards  the  se.i  tJie  land  in  ge- 
neral (lecliiics,   and  in  some  parts  ig 
marshy.      This   comity    was   formerly 
famous  for  iron-works,  in  which  gre.nt 
quanfities   (if  charcoal    were  used   for 
smolting  t!ie  ore,  av.d  ihtis   tJie  woods 
came  to   l.-e   gradually   wasted.     Tlie 
works  arc  now  almost  or  entirely  aban- 
dom-'d  ;  till;;  business  from  tlie  late  im- 
rrov.  incnts  in  .srntUlng  iron  with   pit- 
co.'il,    h.'iving   migrated  to  the  countie.9 
I  wluc.i    ab.,i!nd  in  that  cheaper  article, 
as  well  as  in  iron  ore.      The  product.* 
U>l-_  \V!;ic!i    Sui::<ex    is  at  present  di.stin- 
giiislicd    ",e   chietly  com,   hopi,  wool, 
c.-.tt  c  II. ,d  timber.  U  is  not  distinguish- 
ed ivr  any   manufUct.ii-e,  but  that   of 
,rrun;,owdcr  U  BatUi,  :mI  of  needles  at 
Ui;clu...tcr.     TIh;   p.M.clpal   rivers  ;u-e 
t.ie  Aruii,    Adur,    0-iu:,   v.v.d    Hot'.c-,- 
Cliiche-itcr  h  iJia  ca-lial. 


% 


SWA 


m 


Suster,  ail  aiicient  and  celebrated, 
but  now  dcciyed  town  of  Persia,  capi- 
tal of  Kiisistan.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Caron,  105  niil.^s  S  \V  of  Ispaltan.  Lon. 
51  19E,)at.  31  15  N. 

Susterer.,  a  Icwn  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  diitcliy  of  Julicrs,  two 
miles  from  the  river  Maese,  and  12  S 
of  Riiremondc.  Lon.  5  50  £,  lat.  50 
56  N. 

Suthei-landshire,  includes  the  divisions 
of  Sutherland  and  Strathnavershirc,  it 
is  bounded  on  the  N  and  part  of  the  W 
by  the  Nortliern  ocean  j  on  the  S  W 
by  Rosshire  on  the  S  and  S  E  by  the 
Firth  of  Dornock,  and  on  the  E  by 
Caithnesshire.  It  is  about  50  miles 
long  from  N  to  S,  and  46  in  its  broad- 
est part  from  E  to  W,  terminating'  at 
the  South  to  not  more  than  12  miles 
broad.  It  is  mountainous,  but  the  val- 
lies  are  fertile ;  abounding  with  black 
cattle  and  wild  fowl.  It  has  Uiree  re- 
markable forests,  and  many  woods. 
The  1;  lis  produce  marble,  freestone, 
limestone,  ironstone,  slate,  &c.  The 
country  is  full  of  hays,  rivers,  and  lakes, 
which  abound  with  salmon,  shell-iish, 
swans,  geese,  ducks,  &c.  They  have 
plenty  of  deer,  Stc.  The  chief  towns 
are  Dornoch,  Strathy,  Galspcy,  and 
Brnra. 

Hutri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  witli  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Puzzulo,  22  miles  N  W 
of  Rome.     Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Sutton,  a  vilifigo  in  Cambridgeshire, 
hix  miles  S  W  of  Ely.  In  1694,  here 
v.-ere  ploughed  tip  several  old  small 
coins,  three  silver  plates,  with  a  Saxon 
inscriptiop,  but  unintelligible,  tliree 
twisted  rings,  and  a  plain  one.  There 
was  a  Saxon  insciiption  on  the  plates, 
but  not  legible. 

Sutton  Cntcjitlil,  a  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, with  II  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  a  small  place,  and  is  24  miles  NjNjW 
of  Warwicli,  and  111  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  W,  lat    52  39  N. 

Suzanne,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  and  late  province  of  Maine, 
with  a  considerable  paper  manufacture, 
24  miles  W  of  Mans. 

Sviaffhr.m,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  s'jatcd  on  a  hill, 
.14  miler,  N  N  E  of  Newmarket,  and  94  N 
E  of  London.  Lon.  0  46 E,  hit.  52  42  N. 

S'.vuU-,  a  river  in  Vcn-kshire,  vvlsich 
rises  on  the  conliiies  ot  Westmoreland, 
rutl  running  S  E,  by  Uifhmond  and 
'i'hirsk,  \\\U  inly  tl  e  Ou>f. 


S  W  E 

S^tially,  atownofthe  Deccanof  Ilin. 
doostan,  in  Cambaya.  It  has  a  harbour, 
where  ships  receive  and-  deliver  their 
car  -oes  for  the  merchants  of  Surat,  be- 
ing 12  miles  N  W  of  that  place.  Lon. 
72  15  E,  lat.  31  18  K. 

Smantcomii,  a  village  of  Kent  tviro 
miles  W  by  S  of  Gravesend.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  camps  and  forts,  suppo- 
sed to  be  Danish. 

Siiiamey,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  lying  50  miles  S 
of  Boston,  containing  1741  inhabitants 
at  last  census. 

Sviansey,  a  maritime  town  in  Ola- 
morganshire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday,  an  old  castle,  and 
two  churches.  It  is  a  corporate  town, 
and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tawj', 
and  is  governed  by  a  portreve.  Tlie 
neighbouring  country  abounds  with  coal 
of  which  it  sends  great  quantities  to 
Ireland  and  the  S  coast  of  England. 
Many  ships  have  been  built  here,  and 
it  is  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing.  Here 
are  great  works  for  the  smelting  of 
copper  and  le.-id  ore,  and  it  carries  on 
a  considerable  tr.ide  to  Bristol.  It  it 
24  miles  W  N  W  of  Cowbridge,  and 
205  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  51 
38  N. 

Simnshalet,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  V/ 
Gothland,  25  miles  W  S  W  of  Lind 
koping. 

S'aarra:ich,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire, 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  English  Channel.  It  has  quarries 
of  fine  stone,  of  which  many  thousand 
tons  are  shipped  here  annually.  See 
Purbeci,  Isle  of. 

Sivarteberg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  18  miles  N  W  of  Uddev.nlla. 

Swartduyi,  a  town  and  fortress  of  .!ie 
United  Provinces,  in  Overyssel,  seats  d 
on,  tlie  Vccht,  four  miles  from  its 
rn^uth,  .ind  live  N  N  \f  of  Hassclt. 

'Svceden,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  tlie  N  by  Danish  Lapl.ind  ami 
the  Ocean,  on  the  E  by  Russia,  on  the 
S  by  the  Bidtic  ^ndthe  gulf  of  Finland, 
and'  on  the  W  by  Norway,  the  Sound, 
and  the  Categate.  It  extends  800  miles 
from  N  to  S,  and  350  from  E  to  W. 
The  whole  kingdom  is  divided  into  five 
general  parts;  namely,  Swede'.  Pro- 
per, Gothland,  Norlancl,  Laplard,  am! 
Finiand  ;  and  e.ich  of  these  is  subdivi- 
ded into  several  provinces.  Sweden 
rmper  contains  Upland,  SudermaiiiM, 
Nericia,  \\'estmttnii,  and  Dalccarlia. 
Gutiiiand  coiituins    O.-itrogothia    or  t'. 


W  E 


S  W  E 


S  W  E 


vm  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin. 
imbaya.  It  has  a  harbour, 
receive  and-  deliver  their 
B  merchants  of  Surat,  be- 
f  W  of  that  place.  Lou 
21  18  N. 

a  village  of  Kent  two 
of  Gravesend.  Here  are 
'  camps  and  forts,  suppo- 
lish. 

post  town  in  Bristol  coun- 
setts  ;  lying  50  miles  S 
)ntaining"  1741  inhabitants 

maritime  town  in  Gla- 
with  a  market  on  Wed- 
jturday,  an  old  castle,  and 
.  It  is  a  corporate  town, 
It  the  mouth  of  the  Tawj', 
ned  by  a  portreve.  The 
country  abounds  with  coal 
sends  great  quantities  to 
the  S  coast  of  England, 
nve  been  built  here,  and 
to  for  sea-bathing.  Here 
orks  for  the  smelting  of 
lead  ore,  and  it  carries  on 
le  trade  to  Bristol.  It  it 
N  W  of  Cowbridge,  and 
ndon.  Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  51 

,  atown  of  Sweden,  in  V/ 
i  miles  W  S  W  of  Liad- 

a  village  in  Dorsetshire, 
bay  of  the  same  name,  in 
Channel.  It  lias  quan-ies 
of  which  many  thousand 
pped  here  annually.    See 

if- 

,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  \V 
i  miles  N  W  of  Uddevalia. 
,  atown  ind  fortress  of  .lie 
iices,  iii  Overysspl,  seattd 
:ht,  four  miles  from  its 
five  N  N  Vr  of  Hasselt. 
Ivinjjjdora  of  Europe,  bound- 
N  i)v  Danish  Lapland  and 
)n  th'e  E  by  Russia,  on  tise 
tic  and  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
\V  by  Norway,  the  Sound, 
;g-ate.  It  extends  800  miles 
S,  and  350  from  E  to  W. 
;ingdom  is  divided  into  five 
ts  J  namely,  Swede  Fro- 
nd, Norl.in'd,  Laplard,  and 
d  each  of  these  is  sdbdivi- 
;veral  provinces.  Sweden 
tains  Upland,  Sudermani:i, 
estmanii,  :ind  Dalecarli.i. 
autttins    0.-;tvogothia    or  t'. 


Gothland,    Jimoland,  Westrogotliia  or 
W  Gothhmd,  tlie  islesof  Gathland  anil 
(Eland,     Wernicland,     Bohus,    D.ilia, 
Scunia  or  Schonen,  Haliand,  and  Ble- 
kingcn.     Norland  inclMdes  Gestrike  or 
Ge^trikclaiid,     Holsinj^^and,    Medelpa- 
dia,  Hcimtliiiid,  Kerjedalia,  O.igorma- 
nia,  and  W  Elotliniu.  Swedish  L.ipland 
comprises    Aocia,    Heimthind,    Umeo, 
Pitheo,  Luleo,  Torneo,  and  Kemi.  Fin 
land  contains  Finland  Proper,  E  Both- 
nia, Tavasteland,  Nylaiid,  Suvolak,  and 
that  part  of  Kymene  and  Carelin,  which 
SwL-den    has    preserved.     Tlie   face  of 
Sweden  is  in  general   similar  to  that  of 
the   neiglibo\iring   countries,  only  it  is 
well  watered  by  rivers,  numerous  lakes, 
and   inland  p  ci  i-s   ol'  watev,    on    tlie 
banks  of  wiiich  the  palaces  and  villas 
are  usually   built.    The  same  may  be 
said   with   regard  to  its  climate,  soil, 
&c.    Summer  bursts  from  wintei"  j  and 
vegetation    is    more    speedy    than    in 
southern   climates.     Stoves  and  warm 
furs  mitigate  the  cold  of  winter,  which 
is  so   intense,    that  the  noses  and  ex- 
tremities,  of  the  inhabitants  are  some- 
times   mortified.     The   Swedes,    since 
the  days  of  Ciiarles  XII    have  been  at 
incredible   pains   to   correct  the  native 
barrenness  of  their  country,  by  erecting 
colleges  of  agriculture,   and   in   some 
places  with  great  s-.iccess.     The  soil  is 
much  tlie  same  with  that  of  Denmark 
and  some  places  of  Norway,  generally 
very  bad,  but  in  some  vallevs  surpris- 
ingly  fertile.     The  Swedes  till  of   lute 
years,  had  not  intlustry  suflicient  to  re- 
medy  the   one,  nor  improve  the  other 
The   peasants  now  follow  the  agricul- 
tiire  of  France  and  England  ;  and  some 
lute  accounts  say,  that  they  re.ir  almost 
as  much  prain  as  maintains  the  natives. 
Gothland    produces  wheat,    rye,    bar- 
Icy,  oats,  peas,  and  beans  ;  and  in  case 
of  deficiency,  the    people  are  supplied 
fiom    Livonia  and  the  Baltic  provinces. 
In  summer,  tlie  fields  are  veiilaiit,  and 
covered    with    flowers;    and    produce 
strawberries,     raspberries,     currants, 
and  other   small  fruits.     The  common 
penide  know,  as  yet,  little  of  the  culti  • 
viitidii  of  apricots,  peaches,  nectarines, 
pinr>-:im)les,   and  the  like  high-Havour- 
ed   fruits  ;   but  melons  are  brought  to 
;jTc:it   ijcrfcction  in  drv  seasons.     The 
animals  are  horses,  cows,  hogs,  goats, 
sheep,    elks,  reinrteer,  boars,  wolves, 
fixes,  wild  cats,  and  squirrels.  In  win- 
ter, the  foxes,  and    stpiirivls,    bccnine 
Iji'ey,  and  the  hares  aa  white  a.s  snow. 


Hera  are  several  sorts  of  fowls,  and 
partridges,  woodcocks,  and  falcons,  in 
great   plenty.     Sweden  produces  crys- 
tals,  amethysts,  topazes,  porphyry,  la- 
,)is    la/.'ili,     agate,   cornelian,    marble, 
and  other  fossils.     The  clnef  wealth  of 
the  country,  however,  arises  from  her 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron. 
The    last   mentioned  metal  emphiys  no 
fewer    than   450    forges,    hamme'ring- 
niills,  and  smelting-houses.     The   first 
gallery   of  one   silver   mine  is  100  fa- 
thoms below  the  surface  of  the  earth  j 
thcnof  is  supported  by  prodigious  o.ik- 
en  beam'-,  and  fiom  thence  the  miners 
descei  il  about  40  fathoms  to  the  low- 
est vi  in.     The   articles  of  export  aro 
bo!ir(l.<,  gunpowder,  le-.ther,  iron,  cop. 
per,    taliow,    skins,    pitch,   re»in,  and 
niJ.sts  J    and    it    imports   salt,  brandy, 
wine,  linen   cloth,  stufis,  tobacco,  su- 
gar, spice,  and  paper.     The  peasant* 
seem  to  be  a  lie.ivy  plodding  race  of  men, 
strong   and  hardy  ;  but  without  any  o- 
tlier  ambition  than   that  of  siib^sisting; 
themselves  and   their   families  as  well 
as   tbpy  can:  they  are  honest,  simple, 
and  hospitable  i  .-^ndth- mercantile  das- 
ses  are  much  of  the  same  cast ;  but 
great  application  and  per.severaiiCe  is 
discovered  among   hem  all.     The  prin- 
cipal  nobility  and  gentry  of  Sweden  are 
naturally  brave,  pcV'e,  "and  lios|>itable  j 
they  have  high  and  warm  notions  of  ho- 
nour,  and  ate  jealous  of  their  .lational 
interests.     The  dress  of  their  common 
people   is  almost  the  same  witli  that  of 
Denmark  ;  the  better  sort  are  infatua- 
ted  with    French    modes  and  fashion. 
The  common  diversions  of  the  Swedes 
are,  skating,  running  races  in  sledges, 
and    sailing   in   yachts    upon   the    ice. 
rlieir  houses    are    generally  of  wood, 
•villi  very  little  art  in  their  construction. 
The  roofs,  in  many  places,  are  covered 
with    turf,   on  which  their  gnats  often 
feed.   There  is  no  cinuitry  in  the  -^orld 
where   the    women  do  so  much  work  ; 
for   they  till  the    ground,    thresh   the 
corn,    and  row  the  boats  on  the  sea. 
The   revenues   of  Sweden    amount  to 
something  move,  than   1,000,000/.   ster- 
ling, but  nmy,  on  an  averajre,  be  taken 
at    1,0.50,000   a   year:    they  have  been 
mueli   augmented    since  the  revolution 
in  1772,  as  thevilid  nottlien  amount  to 
more  than  7.')0,600/.  or  at  most  a,)r,.i00/. 
The  form  of  t!;e  Swedish  i^ivoi-nnieui, 
has   fref|o<-iilly  varie<l.     Btt'oic  the  ac- 
cession of  Gustaviis  I.  it  was  I'll  elective 
iTionarchy.     Hy  the  union  yf  Calmar,  in 
K  u  a  K 


m 


m 


S  W  E 


1397,  it  was  stipulated  that  the  Same 
monarch   shnuUl   rule   over  Ueiimark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway,  to  be  chosen  by 
thi'    deputies  from  tlic  states  ol"  those 
tliree    k'Mgdoms  assenil)le(l  Jit  Calniar. 
By   this   regulation    Sweden  became  a 
nii-re   tributary   kingdom  to  Denmark. 
From  this  state  of  subjection  to  a  tj  ran- 
niial   forcij^n  yoke,   it  was  rescued  by 
Gii.U;i.iis  Vasa,  on  wliom  the  Swedes, 
in  IJJv),  conferred  the  si)verei{jnty,  and 
uiiide  the  crown  hereditary  in  his  male 
isiue,  witii  this  reservati<m,  that  in  de- 
fault of  such  issue,  the  rijflit  of  election 
should  return  to  the  states.    But  queen 
Christina,   flic   last   of  Gustavus's  de- 
scendants  abdicating'  the   crown,  she 
|)eisnadcd    ibe  states   to   confirm   tlie 
rij^lit  of  succession  on  the  descendants 
of  her  cousin  Charles  Guslavus,  count 
palatine   of  the    Rhine.     In  1G82,  the 
slati.-s  agreed  that  the  daughters  should 
succeed   in   case  the  male  heirs  failed. 
The  kingdom  became  hereditary,  and 
soon    after    absolute    by    Qharles  XI. 
whose  son  Charles  XII.  carried  his  au- 
thority  to  the  highest  pitcli  of  despo- 
tism :  upon  bis  death  his  sister  Uh'ica 
Eleonora  renounced  forever  all  absolut; 
power  for  herself  and  her  successors, 
determining  to  n-establish  the  govern- 
ment in  tiie  ancient  farm  it  happily  cn- 
joyi-d   in  former  times.     U|)on    her  re- 
ronimond.ilion,  her  consort,  the  lierc- 
dilM  V   prince    of   Hesse,    was  elected 
king-,  awl  it  continued  in  the  same  man- 
ner till  1772,  when  the  states,  who  bad 
obtained  the   whole  power    since  the 
d.'.oh  of  Charles,  aiid  made  ii  very  in- 
dilU'rent  use  of  it,   were  entirely  sub- 
jected by  adextermis  inano:iivre  of  Gus- 
taviis,  tlielatc  king,  so  that  the  govern- 
ment is  now  altogether  as  despotic  as 
it  w:is  during  tlie  reigns  of  Cliarles  XI. 
and  XII.  He  was  assassinated  in  1792, 
leaving  his   son  Gustaviis  Adolplius  u 
minor,    who   attained   his   majority  in 
3  796.     The   established  religion  is  the 
I.ul'ieran,   and   they   have  one  archbi- 
shop, and  aovcn  bishops,     'i'be  capital 
is  Stockii.ilni. 

6'iU"<i/j.Wo',  a  post  town  in  GInucesler 
nmnty,  Niw-Jcrscy ;  siluali-il  on  the 
S  sidi-  of  Raccoon  t  reck,  S  niiles  S  of 
\Vood')ury,  and  16  from  Philaleliihi!', 
.S"  .tcf  Sjirr:^:t,  a  \ill:i;.'.'<.'  with  u  post 
oiiite,  in  Uoutetout  county,  \'irgini;i; 
siiualed  4  3  miles  S,  \V  ol  Ualh  court 
iiiusf,  and  0\  in  ihe  sHMie  cours'.-  frtmt 
Sta'.inlo;i.  'rliese  waters  have  long 
bftta  fnrmvis  for  their  nicdiciital  vir- 


S  W  I 

tups,  and  '.ttract  a  numerous  company 
of  valelud  lariuns  yearly. 

S\\!eniich,  'x  town  of  Turkey  in  Ett- 
rope,  on  the  confines  of  Servia  and  Bos- 
nia, seated  on  the  Drino,  70  miles  S 
W  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  1S32E,  lat.  41 
42  N. 

Swindon,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seated  on  the  lop 
of  a  hill,  near  a  rich  vale,  28  miles  N  of 
Sidisburv,  and  83  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  45  W,'lRt.  51  30  N. 

Sioinna,  a  little  island  of  Scotland,  one 
of  the  Oi'knics,  situate  to  the  U  £  of 
that  called  Mainland.  Here  are  two 
whirlpools,  that  havo  been  known  to 
draw  in  boats  and  ''  ,ht  vessels,  which 
arc  instaiitly  swa!'.^  v.-ed  up. 

Sainton,  a  village  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  nine  miles  S  W  of  Doncas- 
ter.  Here  is  a  naviga.j!c  canal  to  the 
river  Don,  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  earU..^n  ware,  and  a  lai'ge  iron 
forge. 

S^visseriand,  or  Switzerland,  a  country 
of  Kurope,  boimded  on  the  E  by  Tyrr !, 
nn  the  W  by  France,  on  the  N  by  Sn;i. 
bia,  and  on  the  S  by    Savoy  and   ituly. 
It  is  225  miles  long  and   83  broad,  se- 
parated from  the  adjacent  coimtries  by 
iiigh     mountains,    called     the     Alps. 
Though  Switzerland  lies  between   45 
and  40  deg.  of  N  lat.  yet  being  situated 
among  the  Alps,  the  highest  mountains 
in  Euro]»e,  and  whose  tops  are  covered 
with  snow  most  part  of  the  year,  tl.i 
air  is  nuicli  sharper  than  in  more  north- 
erly latitudes.     As  Switzerland  is  se- 
questered as  it  were  from  other  neigh- 
bouring  t  ountries  by  high   niotmtains, 
so  almost  every  canton  is  divided  from 
the  rest  ')y  a  ridge  of  hills,  which  af- 
ford god  pasture  in   summer,  and  on 
soir;i  of  them  are  corn  fields,  particu- 
larly Bern,  tv.o  thirds  of  which  canton 
is  a  plain  country,  abounding  in  corn. 
But  the  soil  iii  general  does  not  pro- 
duce it  in  great  quantities!  besides  tlie 
fruits  of  tlic  earth    arc   frequently  de- 
stroyed by  storms  or  cold  rains  ;  so  thai, 
in  plei.tiful  years  they  lay   up  corn  in 
granaries,  to  prevent  a  general  famine. 
Swit^erhuul  is  divided  into  13  cantons, 
exclusive   of  their  allies  ;  namely,  Lu- 
cern,    Uri,    Schweitz,    L'nderwalden. 
Z'lg,  Fribiirg,  and  Soleurr,  which  a  .; 
catho'';-s.     Tlic  protostatit  cuntoiis  are 
Zuric,  Bern,  Basle,   and  Srhafi  hausen. 
GIrirus  and  Appenzcl  contain  both  reli- 
gions     'Ihcre  arc   fcur  passages  over 
llii;  Aljis  into  Italy  from  Switzerland  ; 


77  I 


S  W  I 


SYR 


a  immerous  company 
1  yearly. 

,vn  of  Turkey  in  Eu. 

nen  of  Servia and  Bos- 

;    Drino,  70  miles  S 

Lon.  IS  32  E,  lut.  41 

\  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
ly,  seated  on  tlie  lop 
ich  vale,  28  miles  N  of 
I  W  of  London.  Lon. 
ON. 

island  of  Scotland,  one 
ituate  to  the  U  E  of 
land.  Here  are  two 
havo  been  known  to 
d  ''  ^ht  vessels,  wliicii 
,!'.>.  v.-ed  up. 

ge  in  the  W  riding  of 
iiiles  S  W  of  DoniMS- 
iiaviga.j!c  canal  to  the 
siderable  manidkctiii-e 
■e,    and    a  loi'ge  iron 

'  Sviitzerlaml,  a  country 
led  on  the  E  by  Tyrr!, 
ince,  on  the  N  by  Siiii. 
i  by  Savoy  and  italy. 
3ng  and  83  broad,  sc- 
:  adjacent  countries  by 
>,  called  the  Alps. 
•land  lies  between  45 

lat.  yet  being  situated 
,  tlie  highest  mountaii.!) 
vhose  tops  are  covered 

part  of  the  year,  \.\.i 
per  than  in  more  north- 
As  Switzerland  is  sc- 
ivere  from  other  neigh- 
18  by  high  ninnntnins, 
canton  is  divided  from 
ge  of  hills,  ^vhich  af- 
re  in  summer,  and  on 
■e  corn  fields,  particu- 
thirds  of  which  canton 
y,  abounding  in  cnrn. 
general  docs  not  |)i'0- 
qM.nntities  i  besides  tlie 
til  arc  fieqiicntly  de- 
ns or  cold  rains  ;  so  than 
s  they  lay  up  corn  in 
[■vent  a  general  famine, 
livided  into  13  cantons, 
eir  allies  ;  namely,  Lu- 
iweitz,  Underwalden. 
ind  Soleun-,  which  a  i 

protcstant  cantons  are 
sic,  and  Srhafi  hiiuscn. 
lenze!  contain  both  rcli- 
:iie  four  passages  over 
.aly  from  Switzci-lund  ; 


Ihe  first  of  which  is  beyond  the  lake  of 
Geneva     over    Mount   Cennis,   which 
leads  to  Savoy ;  the   second  begins  in 
the  coimtry  of  the  Grisons,  and  crosses 
Mount  St.  Bernard,  leading  to  the  vat- 
ley  of  AoMsta,  which  belongs  to  Pied- 
niiMit ;  the  third  begins  in  the  country 
of  the  Grison.s,  crosses  Mount  Simplc- 
berg,  and  leads  to  the  diltchyof  Milan  ; 
t'-e  fourth  crosses  Mount  St.  Gothard, 
and  the  bailiwics  of  Italy,  and  termi- 
nates in  the  Mdanese.     The    principal 
lakes  are  those  of  Constance,  Geneva, 
Lucern,  Zuric,   and   Neuchatel.     The 
most  considerable  rivers  are  tic  Rhine, 
Rhone,  Aar,    Arve,    Reuses,  am'.   Inn. 
The  chief  riches  of  Switzerland  con- 
sist of  excellent  pastures  in  which  ma- 
ny cattle  are  bred  and  fattened,  and  the 
),'oat8,  and  chamois,  feed  on  the  momi- 
tains,  and  in  the    woods.     The   Swiis 
are  a  brave,  honest,   hospitable,  hardy 
|>eoplc  :  very  true  to  their  eng.igements, 
friendly,  and  humane.     In  short,  there 
is  not  a  ,^eople  in  Europe  whose  nation- 
al character  is  better.  In  their  persons 
they  are  ge-erally  tall,  robust,  and  well 
made  ;  but  their  complci^ions  are  none 
of  the  best,  and  those   that  live  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the   mountains   are 
subject  to  wens.     The  women  arc  said 
to  be   generally  handsome   and   well- 
shaped,  sensible  and  modest,  yet  frank, 
easy,    and  agreeable  in   convi.  rsation 
Few  of  the  peasants  are  miserably  poor  ; 
maay  of  them   are   rich,   especially  in 
the    protcstant    cantons,    and   tliat   of 
Berne    in    particular.      In    1797,    the 
French  having  long  endeavoured  to  ex- 
cite intestine  con-.motion  and  discord 
in  Switzerland,  succeede<l  but  too  well 
in  their  misciiievous   designs.     Being 
favoured  by  the  disturbances  tiiey  had 
excited,  their  troops  entered  Switzer- 
land., and  defeated   the  Swiss   troops, 
who  opposed  tiiem  with  great  courage 
and  resoUition  in  severid  desperate  en- 
gagements.    The    whole  country  was 
subdued  and  obliged   to   submit  to  the 
palling  yoke  of  Ihe   French,  who  com- 
jiietely  overturned  the  constitution  of 
the  principal  cantons,  and  imposed  up- 
on them  what  they  called  the  Helvetic 
ropublic,  with  a  form  of  government, 
like  that  of  Fi  ance,  composed  of  a  legis- 
lative body,  consisting'  of  two  counci.. 
and  a  directory     O/i  the  recommence- ! 
ment  of  the  war  with  tlic  emperor  of 
Germany  in  1799,  the  archduke  Charles 
entered  Switzerland,   and  h.iving  de- 
tcatcd  the  French,  he  made  himself 


master  of  Schaffh.iusen  and  Zuric  ;  buC 
in  the  close  of  the  ctnnpnigii,  he  met 
with  a  check  which  obliged  him  to  re- 
linquish part  of  his  coiifjuists.  This 
formerly  |)e!iccf'ul  and  happy  coiintrj', 
distracted  by  the  con'licts  of  contend- 
ing armies,  is  at  present  in  a  vci-y  ex- 
hausted and  impoverished  situation. 
See  Glaciers,  and  Se/nccitz. 

Sya,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W  Goth- 
land, 13  miles  S  W  of  Lindknping. 

Sydenhavt,  a  village  ui  Kent,  on  the 
declivity  of  a  hill,  eight  miles  S  by  E  u'.' 
London.  It  is  noted  for  metlicinal  wells. 

Syd.iey  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S  sitle  of 
Norfolk  island,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
formed  by  Point  Hunter  and  Point  Ross, 
which  are  near  two  miles  asunder.  On 
this  bay  a  .settlement  of  convicts  is 
formed  from  E.igland.  Lon.  168  1'.^  E, 
lat.  29  't  S. 

Sydney  Cove,  the  town  or  settlement 
of  convicts,  foiuidcd  at  Port  Jackson,  in 
New  S  Wales,  in  februury  1738.  The 
ground  about  it  was  then  covered  by  a 
thick  forest ;  but,  in  1790,  some  good 
buildings  h;iid  been  erected,  and  the 
greatest  part  of  the  civil  and  military 
oHicors  comfortably  lodged.  The  go- 
vernor's house  is  built  of  stone,  and  has 
a  very  good  appearance,  being  TO  feci 
in  front.  The  liei;tonant-_gtivernor's 
house  is  of  brick,  as  are  also  those  be- 
longing to  tiic  judge,  and  tlic  commis- 
sary. 'I'he  rest  of  tlie  houses  are  buill 
of  logs  an<l  plastered,  and  ;i!l  tlic  roofs 
are  either  covered  by  shingk's,  or 
thatched.  Sydney  Cove  lies  on  the  S 
side  of  the  harboiM',  belween  five  and 
six  miles  from  the  entravice.  The  neck 
of  land  that  forms  this  cove  is  mostly 
coverc<l  with  wooil,  yet  so  rocky,  that 
it  is  not  easy  to  comprehend  how  the 
trees  could  have  found  sviiHcicnt  nnur- 
ishmcnt  to  bi  ing  them  to  so  considora- 
ble  a  magnitude.  Lon.  151  28  E,  lat.  33 
50  S. 

S:r,  citse,  a  strong  city  of  Sicily,  in 
Val-ii  Noto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a 
fine  harbour,  defended  by  a  castle.  It 
was  almost  ruined  by  an  cartlifpiakc: 
in  1693.  Near  this'  phce,  in  1718, 
there  was  a  scafight  between  the 
Spaniards  and  English,  in  which  thii 
former  were  beaten.  It  if>  seated' neap 
the  sea,  72  miles  S  bv  W  of  Messina, 
and  110  S  E  of  Palermo.  Lot.  15  30 E, 
lat.  37  5  N. 

S,-iin,  or  Siiiistan,  a  provin  e  of  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  b  uinded  on  the  N  by  Diar- 
beck  and  NiUolta,  outheEhjr  Diarbcck 


T  A  A 

an<\  tlie  deserts  of  Ariibia,  on  the  S  by 
the  sume  deserts  and  Judea,  andoiithi- 
W  by  the  Mediterranean.  Under  tlie 
general  ni.nie  <it'  Syria,  was  ii\chidcd  the 
ancient  Phanicia,  King  S  oi' bjria  Pro- 
per. 1  liis  provinie  abounds  in  oil, 
corn,  and  several  sorts  of  fruits,  as  well 
as  peas,  beans,  and  all  kinds  of  pulse 
and  garden-stuii  i  but  it  would  pro- 
duce nnich  nuirethan  it  does,  if  it  were 
wcl!  cultivated  j  for  there  aie  the  (ine.st 
plains  and  pastures  in  tl.e  world.  'I  he 
inliabiti»c-ts  have  a  trade  m  silk,eanilets, 
and- salt.     Damascus  is  the  capital, 

Sjrimi,  a  town  of  Pegu,  seated  near 
the  bay  ot  Bengal,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  is  one  oi  the  extreme 
branches  of  the  Ava.  Lon.  S;6  40  E,  lat. 
16  50  N. 

Szeben,  a  town  of  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  river  Tareza,  30  njiles  N  of  Cas- 
sovia.  L'-n.  "^l  25  E,  lat.  44  \.0  N. 

Szekely,  a  town  of  Hungary,  18  miles 
E  S  E  of  Debreczen.  Lon.  22  15  E,  lat. 
4r  26  N. 

Szucca,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Culm,  seated  on  the 
Vistula.    Lon.  18  24  E,  lat.  5'i  14  N. 


T. 


'T^AAFE,  or  Tnvt,  a  rapid  river  in 
■*  Glamorganshire,  v.liicli  enters  the 
Bristol  Channel  at  Cardiff.  On  this 
river,  near  Caerphilly,  is  a  stone  bridge 
called  Pont  y  Pruldal;  of  a  single  areh, 
supposed  one  of  the  widest  in  the  world, 
140  feet  in  the  span,  and  34  high,  plan- 
ned and  executed  by  tlie  self  taught 
genius  of  a  common  mason  in  this  coun> 

Tiwif,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Hedjas.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  dried  fruits,  and  is  situate  on  a 
lofty  mountain,  60  miles  S  E  of  Mecca. 
Lon.  41  35  E,  lat.  21  5  N. 

Taas,  a  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  pro 
vince  of  Veman,  where  is  the  tomb  of 
a  saint,  who,  according  to  tradition, 
was  king  of  the  country-  When  M. 
Niebuhr  was  here  it  had  a  garrison  of 
600  men.  It  is  48  miles  R  N  E  of 
Mocha.     Lon.  44  10  E,  lat.  13  45  S. 

Taata,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  one 
mile  from  the  .Nile.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  goverr.oi ,  has  many  curious  re- 
mains of  anticpiity,  and  is  200  miles  S 
of  Cairo.    Lon.  31  25  E,  lat.  20  56  N. 


T  A  C 

Tabaga,  an  island  of  A  merif «,  in  the 
S  Sea,  and  buy  of  Panama,  four  miles 
l(<ng  and  three  broad.  It  is  amountain- 
iius  place,  abounding  with  fruit  trees, 
,.nd  belongs  to  the  bpaniards.  Lon  80 
16  W,  lat.  7  50  S. 

Tabarca,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Uaibary,  belonging  to  the  Genoese, 
v.\\<j  have  a  garrison  of  200  men  to  pro- 
tect their  coral  fishing  here.  It  is  50 
miles  W  oi  'lunis.  Lon.  9  16  £,  lat.  36 
50  N. 

Tubuiia,  the  ancient  Tiberias,  a  tovn 
of  Palestiie,  situate  on  the  W  8i(.e  <.f  a 
lake,  ioi  nierly  called  the  sea  of '1  ibei  ias, 
50  miles  N  N  E  of  Jer\isaUm,  and  70 
S  S  W  of  Lamascus.  Lon.3546E,lut. 
32  40  N.  _ 

Tabasco,  a  provirre  of  ?'ew  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Mexico  ;  hounded  on 
tl.e  N  L)  the  ha)  of  Ciiniijet(h\,on  the 
E  bv  Yucatan,  on  the  S  bj  Clii;]  a,  tr.d 
en  the  A\  b)  Guuxaca.  It  is  about  100 
miles  in  length,  ar^d  nearly  as  much  in 
breadth,  and  its  chief  riches  consist  in 
eoroa  n-ots.  The  air  is  extremely  moist, 
andtheieare  sluiwers  every  day  for 
nine  nonlhs  in  the  jcar. 

'J'(,b(isco,  an  islai  d  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  I'abasco,  about  30 
miles  long,  ar.d  ten  broad,  formed  by 
the  river  Tabasco,  and  the  rivers  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul. 

Tabasco,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  capi- 
tal of  the  j.^rovinre  of  1  abasco.  Cor- 
tez  obtained  a  victory  here  on  his  first 
arrival.  It  is  situate  in  tlie  islai  d  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  58  15  £,  lat.  17 
40  N. 

Table  Is/and,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  tie  South  Sea.  Lon.  16  77 
E,  lat.  15  38  S. 

Tabic  Mountain,  a  promontory  of 
Africa,  near  tl  e  Cape  of  Good  H<>pe, 
being  the  most  southern  promontory  in 
the  Old  Woild.  The  b.iy  at  the  foot 
of  it  is  called  Table-Bay. 

Tutor,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Bechin,  on  a  mountain,  which 
the  Huslites,  under  tlicir  celebrated 
general  Zisca,  fortified  and  made  their 
principal  retreat.  It  is  25  miles  N  by 
E  of  Btidweis,  and  45  S  bv  E  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

Tabristan,  a  province  of  Persia,  on 
the  South  shore  of  the  Cispian  Sea, 
bounded  by  Astrabad  on  the  E,  and 
Ghilan  on  the  W.' 

Tachau,  or  Tuchovs,  a  town  of  Bolie- 
mia,  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen,  28  miles 
Wof  Pilsen.  Lon,  13  27 E,  Ut.  4945N 


h.  '^i 


A  C 


TAG 


T  A  I 


tl  of  Amerira,  in  the 
Panuma,  iiiiii'  miles 
ud.  It  is  antoiiiilain- 
iig  witli  fruit  trees, 
bpaniards.     Lon  UO 

md  on  the  mast  of 
g  to  the  Genoese, 
in  of  20U  men  to  pro- 
bhiiig  here.  Il  is  SO 
Lon.  9  16  £,  Int.  36 

?if  nt  Tiberias,  a  town 
l.e  on  the  \V  sii.e  (.t  a 
:({ the  seaof'l  ikeiias, 
P  Jen^saltm,  and  70 
U8.    Lon.Sd46I:.,lut. 

rre  of  ?'cw  Spain, 
Mexico  ;  Loiiiuled  on 
lit  Ci<ni]^eM('h\,iin  the 
the  S  bj  Cl'.i;|  u,  tr.d 
laca.  It  in  iihuiit  100 
.d  nearly  as  nine  h  in 
liief  I'idirs  consist  in 
ir  iscxtrtrr.eh  moist, 
weis  every  day  for 
e  jcar. 

id  of  New  Spain,  in 
I'abasco,  about  30 
n  broad,  fornred  by 
>,  and  the  rivers  St. 
ih 

of  New  Spain,  capi- 
e  of  Tabasco.  Cor- 
tory  here  on  his  f.rst 
iiatc  ill  th.r  islai  d  of 
Lon.  58  15  E.lat.ir 

le  of  the  New  He- 
,th  Sea.      Lon.  16  77 

n,  a  promontory  of 
Cape  of  Go<d  Hope, 
iitliern  promontory  in 
rhc  bay  at  the  foot 
le-Bay. 

of  Bohemia,  in  the 
in  a  mountain,  which 
dcr  their  celi'brated 
tified  and  made  their 
It  is  25  miles  N  by 
45  S  bv  E  of  Prague. 
49  23  N. 

ovince  of  Persia,  on 
)f  the  Ci'Spian  Sea, 
abad  on  the  £,   and 

'job),  a  town  of  Bohe- 

of  Pilsen,  28  miles 

13  27'E,lat.  4945N 


Tadcatter,  a  town  in  the  W  riding 
of  Yorkeiiire,  with  a  market  on  Tiuirs- 
day.  Great  plenty  of  limestone  is  dug 
up  iicur  It  i  and  tliere  is  a  la  gc  stone 
bridge  over  the  ri»er  Wharf.  It  is 
nine  miles  S  \V  of  York,  and  188  N 
by  W  uf  London.  Lon.  1  12  W,  lat. 
bi  52  N. 

TaSvan,  or  Taduan,  a  town  of  Per- 
sia, in  the  province  of  Farsistaii,  60 
miles  S  of  Schirus.  Lon.  54  15  E,  lat. 
28  45  N. 

Tj.ivwr.     See  Palmyra 

TuUoutac,  a  town  of  Lower  Canada, 
ill  N  America,  which  is  a  place  ui' 
great  resort  fur  triuliiig  with  the  In- 
dihiis,  who  bring  thitiier  furs  to  ex- 
change f  r  cloth  and  i.tlier  European 
giiods.  It  is  situate  at  the  mouth  uf 
the  Sagueiiay,  98  miles  N  E  of  Ciiiebcc. 
hon.  m  35  W,  lut  48  5  N. 

Tafula,  or  Tufullu,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  witii  a  custk-,  seated  on 
the  Cidaz^o,  in  a  country  producing 
goud  wine.  18  miles  S  of  Pampeluiia. 
Lon.  1  36  VV,  lat.  41  2-J  N. 

Tafilet,  a  kingdom  of  Barbary,  in 
the  empire  of  Morocco;  bounded  on 
tlie  N  by  Fez  and  Tremesen,  on  the 
E  by  the  Beriberies,  on  the  S  by  the 
deserts  of  tiarbary,  and  on  the  W  by 
Sus,  Morocco,  and  Fez.  It  is  divided 
into  three  provinces,  Dras,  Saro,  and 
Tuet.  It  is  a  mountainous  sandy  coun- 
try, but  produces  w.ieat  and  barley  by 
the  sides  of  the  rivers.  'I'he  inhabi- 
tants live  upon  camels'  flesh  and  dates, 
and  they  breed  horses  to  sell  to  for- 
eigners. The  Arabs  live  in  tents,  and 
the  Beriberies,  the  ancient  inhabitants, 
dwell  in  villages.  Tablet,  the  capital, 
is  a  trading  place,  with  a  castle,  ami 
seated  Tin  a  river,  275  miles  S  E  of 
Murocco.     Lon.  5  45  VV,  lat.  28  2  N. 

T.igatta,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Algiers, 
in  the  province  <if  Constantina,  former- 
ly a  considerable  place,  but  now  great- 
ly reduced.  It  is  famous  t'or  being  the 
iiirth  place  of  St.  A'-igustin. 

T.ige,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a 
castle  on  a  mountain,  60  miles  E  of 
Meica.     Lon  42  5  E,  hit  21  45  N. 

Titghmon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wexford. 

Tagtiacuzzo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Na- 
ples, 18  miles  S  W  of  Aqiiila,  and  33 
E  N  E  of  Rfjme.  Lon.  U  57  E,  lat.  45 
50  N. 

Tagost,  a  town  of  African  Morocco, 
the  largest  in  the  province  of  Sus.  A 
great  many  Jews  live  here,  wUo  carry 


on  f  co;'.giderable  trade.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  plain,  37  miles  S  of  Turu- 
daiit.     Lon.  8  5  VV,  lat.  29  23  N. 

TagiiviaUert,  a  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  1  aiilei  in  Africa,  with  a  strong  <as- 
tie  on  u  mountain,  seated  on  the  river 
Dras.     Lon.  b  43  W,  lut,  27  10  N. 

'J\ihu  iroFuia,  one  of  the  smallest  of 
the  Sauu-vich  lnhnnds,  Iving  olt  the  S  W 
part  of  Muwee,from  which  it  is  distunt 
three  leagues.  li  is  destitute  of  wood, 
and  the  soil  seems  to  be  sand}  and  bar- 
ren. 

Tajo,  anciently  Tugttt,  a  river  whicli 
has  its  source  on  the  conlincs  of  Arra- 
gon,  in  Spain,  runs  through  New  Cas- 
tile, by  I  uledo  and  1  alavara,  whence 
it  proceeds  to  Alcantara,  in  Eslroina- 
<lura ;  wlien  entering  Portugal,  it 
washes  Santaren,  below  which  it  lornis 
ihe  harbour  of  Lisbon,  ai.d  then  (alls 
into  the  Aihiiuic  Ocean.  This  ri>er 
was  formerly  famous  for  its  golden 
sands,  and  is  called  'J'ejct  by  the  Portu- 
guese. 

Till  niivg Jim,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Pe-Tchcli,  with  one  city 
of  Ihe  second  class,  and  eighteen  of 
the  third,  in  its  district. 

Tuin,  i>  borough  and  seaport    in  Ros- 

shire,   remarkable   for  a   large  square 

tower,  adorned   with  five  spires,   and 

I  for  a  collegiate  cliiirch,  still  pretty  en- 

I  tire,  founded  by  the  bishop  of  Ross   in 

!  1481.     It  is  seated  on  the  frith  of  Dor- 

noch,  12  miles  N  of  Cromarty. 

Tainton,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
seven  miles  W  of  Gloucester.  In  1700, 
an  ore  was  found  liere,  from  which 
was  extracted  a  little  gold,  but  not 
suiticient  to  defray  the  expense  of  se- 
parating. 

Tai-ouang,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Formosa,  in  the  China  Sea.  It  is  a 
large,  well  peopled  place,  and  carries 
on  a  great  trade.  The  greater  part  of 
the  streets  are  as  straiglit  as  if  laid  out 
with  a  line,  and  are  all  covered  during 
seven  or  eight  montlis  in  the  year  to 
moderate  the  excessive  heat  of  the  sun. 
These  streets  are  30  or  'tO  feel  broad, 
and  several  of  them  are  about  a  league 
in  length  ;  they  arc  almost  all  border- 
ed with  houses  belonging  to  tlie  mer- 
chants, or  rich  shops,  in  which  are 
displayed  si'k  stiifls,  porcelain,  lacquer- 
ware,  and  other  kinds  of  merchandise, 
nil  raiigeil  with  great  order  and  sym- 
metry ,•  they  have  the  appearance  of  so 
many  galleries  ornair.ented  in  the  same 
manner ;  and  one  migiil  walk  through 


T  A  I 


T  A  M 


ilicm  vv'ili  much  jtlfasure,  were  not 
the  pavement  bad,  ami  tlic  crowd  of 
pUBsengers  so  (ji-eat.  The  hoiiscH  for 
tlie  iTiobt  piirt  are  bnlll  of  c\a_v  and 
bamboo  reeds,  and  are  only  thntrhed 
witli  straw;  bvit  the  awninprs  with 
wliich  tlic  streets  are  covered  leave 
iiotliing  to  be  seen  but  tlie  shops, 
'i'his  capital  has  neither  walls  nor  any 
kind  of  works  j  its  harbour  is  good, 
and  shelters  vessels  from  every  wind  j 
but  the  entrance  of  it  becomes 
every  day  more  difficult.  This  port 
formerly  could  be  entered  by  two  pas- 
sages ;  one  of  which  had  water  suffi- 
cient to  float  the  largest  vessels  j  but 
it  has  now  often  only  four  or  five  feet 
of  water,  and  seldom  above  seven  or 
eight :  the  sand  tli;it  is  continually 
washed  into  it  bj-  the  sea  must  soon 
choak  it  up  entirelv.  Lon.  120  30  E, 
lat.  23  25  N. 

Tai-ping-fm,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  built  upon 
tlie  banks  of  the  river  Kiang,  and  its 
|)lains  ure  watered  by  a  niniiber  of  navi- 
i^'pble  rivers,  which  render  it  very  opu- 
lent. Its  jurisdiction  extends  over  on- 
ly three  cities.  Lon.  107  15  E,  lat.  32 
20  N. 

Tai-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Tche-kiang.  It  has 
six  cities  in  its  district.  Lon.  121  2  E, 
lat.  28  55  N. 

TaHebourg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and 
late  territory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on 
tlie  Charente,  30  miles  S  E  of  Ro- 
chelle.     Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Tni-tong-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chan-si.  It  is  a  place  of 
strength,  built  near  the  great  wall, 
rendered  impcn'tant  by  its  situation, 
because  it  is  the  only  place  exposed 
to  the  incursions  cf  the  Tartars  ;  it  is, 
besides,  strongly  fortified,  and  the 
troops  kept  for  its  defence  compose  a 
numeiHius  garrison.  Tlic  Jurisdiction 
of  Tai-tong-fou  is  very  extensive  ;  it 
comprehends  four  cities  of  the  second 
class,  and  seven  of  the  third. 

Tai-yucnfon,  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Chan-si.  It  is  an 
ancient  city,  and  about  eight  miles  in 
circumference  ;  but  it  has  lost  much 
of  that  splendour  wliicli  it  formerly 
had  when  the  princes  of  the  blood  of 
the  last  imperial  family  of  Tai-ming- 
chao  resided  in  it ;  nothing  remains  of 
their  palaces  but  heaps  of  rubl>ish  and 
a  few  mclanchoUy  niir.s,     The    only 


monuments  entire  are  the  tombs  of 
these  princes,  which  are  seen  on  \ 
neighbouring  rqountain.  Tai  yuen-fou 
has  under  its  Jurisdiction  five  cities  nf 
the  second  class  and  twenty  of  the 
third.  The  principal  articles  of  itj 
trade  are  hard- ware,  stuffs  of  difi'crent 
kinds,  particularly  carpets  in  imitation 
of  those  of  Turkey.  It  is  160  miles  S 
W  of  Pekin. 

Talamone,  a  seaport  of  Tuscany  in 
Italy,  15  miles  N  of  Orbitello.  Lon. 
11  6  E,  lat.  42  SON. 

Talavera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  with  a  fort.  It  belongs  to  the 
archbishop  of  Toledo,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Tajo,  in  a  valley  abounding  in  corn, 
fruits,  and  excellent  wine,  58  miles  S 
W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  1  W,  lat.  39  41 
N. 

Talaveruela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  E.s. 
tremadura,  seated  on  the  Gandiana, 
14  miles  E  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  34  W, 
lat.  38  34  N. 

Talgaguana,  a  town  of  S  America  Ir 
Chili.  It  is  now  the  only  Spanish  set- 
tlement in  the  bay  of  Concejrtion,  and 
is  seated  on  the  S  E  shore,  near  the 
ruins  of  the  old  city  of  Conception, 
nine  miles  from  the  new  city  of  Con- 
ception.   Lon.  73  0  W,  lat.  36  42  S. 

Talliich,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wateiford,  23  miles  W  N  W 
of  Cork,  and  32  W  S  W  of  Waterfoid. 

Tallwto,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  situ- 
f.te  on  the  gulf  «)f  Tallano,    30  miles 

5  S  VV  of  Cortes.  Lon.  9  18  E,  lat.  51 
20  N. 

Tallard,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Upper  Alps,  and  late 
province  of  Daupbiny,  seated  on  the 
Dur.'ince,  47  miles  S  of  Grenoble.  l<on. 

6  20  E,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Talmont,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and 
late  territory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  a 
peninsula  of  Gironde,  20  miles  S  E  of 
Saintes,  and  260  S  VV  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  50  W,  lat.  45  32  N. 

Tamalameca,  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica in  Terra  Firma,  and  government 
of  St.  Martha,  seated  on  the  Rio-de-la- 
Madalena.     Lon.  74  45  VV,  lat.  9  6  N. 

Tainan.     See  Phanagorin. 

Tamar,  a  river  of  England,  which 
runs  from  N  to  S,  and  divides  Cornwiii! 
from  Devonshire,  and  after  forming  the 
harbour  of  Harnouze,  enters  Plymouth 
Sound. 

Tc.mara,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast 
of  the  island  of  Socotora,  in  the  East  In 


r  A  M 


TAN 


TAN 


ntire  are  the  tombs  of 
,  which  are  seen  on  x 
rT)(nintain.  Tai  yuen-fou 
Jurisdiction  five  cities  nf 
ass  aii<!  twenty  of  tlie 
principal  articles  ol'  its 
-ware,  stuffs  of  difi'crent 
arly  carpets  in  imitation 
rkey.     It   is  160  miles  S 

1  seaport  of  Tuscany  in 
1  N  of  Orbltello.    Lon. 

>  30  N. 

town  of  Spain,  in  New 

1  fort.  It  belonps  to  the 
Toledo,  and  is  seated  on 
valley  abounding'  in  corn, 
client  wine,  38  miles  S 

Lon.  4  1  W,  lat.  39  41 

a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
lated  on  the  Gaudiana, 
Badajoz.     Lon.  6  34  W, 

a  town  of  S  America  k 
:)w  the  only  Spanish  set- 
;  bay  of  Concejrtion,  and 
he  S  E  shore,  near  the 
)ld  city  of  Conception, 
n  the  new  city  of  Con- 
,73  0  W,  lat.  36  42  S. 
town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
ei-ford,  23  miles  W  N  W 

2  W  S  W  of  Waterfoid. 
leaport  of  Corsica,  situ- 
f  of  Tallano,  30  miles 
es.     Lon.  9  18  E,  lat.  51 

town  of  France,  in  tlie 

Upper  Alps,  and  late 
>aupl)iny,  seated  on  tlie 
liles  S  of  Grenoble.  Lon. 

28  N. 
seaport  of  France,  in  the 

Lower  Charente,  and 
f  Saintonpe,  seated  on  a 
Jironde,  20  miles  S  E  of 
60  S  VV  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  32  N. 
J,  a  town  of  South  Ame- 

Firma,  and  government 
seated  on  the  Rio-de-la- 
on.  7i  45  VV,  lat.  9  6  N. 
e  Phanagorin. 
'iver  of  England,    which 

>  S,  and  divides  Cornwiii! 
ire,  and  after  forming  the 
mouze,  enters  Plymouth 

seaport  on  the  N  coast 
F  Socotora,  in  the  East  In 


jlics,  near  the   strait  of  Babclmandel. 
I.on.  52  25  E,  lat.  U  20  N. 

Tame,  ariver  which  rises  in  StalTord- 
jhirc,  and  entering  Warwickshire, 
runs  iirst  E,  and  then  N,  till  it  re-en- 
ters Stalfnrdsliire  at  Tamworth,  and 
»oon  after  falls  into  the  Trent. 

Tame,  an-  incontiderable  rivulet  in 
Oxfordsliire,  which  flows  into  the 
'J'hames  at  Dorchester,  and  has  been 
erroneously  supposed  to  give  name  to 
tlicTiiames      See  Thames. 

Tunu;  a  town  of  Oxfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  a  famous  free- 
school,  and  a  small  hospital.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  rivulet  of  the  same  name,  12 
miles  E  of  ('xford,  and  45  VV  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.   0  55  VV,  Kit.   51  46  N. 

Tainich,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  one  of 
tlie  canals  u'lich  runs  into  the  Nile. 

Tumvijrth,  a  borough  in  Staflbrd- 
sliire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Tame,  eight  miles  S 
E  of  Lichfield,  and  114  N  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  38  W,  lat.  52  49  N. 

Tanaro,  a  river  of  Piedmont,  which 
vises  in  the  Appennincs,  and  flows  by 
Cherasco,  Alba,  and  Asti,  to  Alexan- 
(W'vd,  in  the  Milanese,  and  fulls  into  the 
Po. 

Tanasserim,  a  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Siam,  in  Asia,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  220  miles  S  VV  of 
Siam.     Lon.  98  0  E,  lat.  11  50  N. 

Tanbnf,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  part  of  the  government  of  Vo- 
runctz,  containing  13  districts. 

Tinb:)f,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  govcnunent  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Zna,  which  falls  into 
Mokclia. 

Tancns,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadiira,  seated  on  the  Zezara,  near 
its  full  into  the  Tajo,  CO  miles  N  E  of 
Lisbon.     Lon.    8   30  VV,  lat.   39  20  N. 

Tancroviall,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Ni- 
j;'ritia,  seated  on  tiie  Gambia,  where 
the  English  have  a  fort,  30  miles  E  of 
Jiimes  River. 

TanJa,  or  Tanrah,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostaii  Proper,  in  Bengal,  of  which 
soiibah  it  was  the  capital  in  the  ITth 
century.  There  is  little  remaining  of 
it  but  the  ramp.irt ;  and  the  period  when 
it  \y;ts  deserted  is  not  certainly  known. 
It  is  scited  cm  the  Giinges,  iao  miles 
N  ^V  of  Dacca.  Lon.  87  5(j  E,  lat.  23 
■J5  N. 

Tan(liif;n.     See  Samar. 

Twiej-toijii,  a  post  town  in  Frederick 


county,  Maryland ;  situated  on  a  branch 
of  Monacasy  creek,  20  miles  N  by  E  of 
Fredericktown,  12  N  by  VV  of  West- 
minster, and  40  of  Baltimore. 

Tangataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands  in  the  South  P.-jcilic  Ocean,  tho 
residence  of  the  sovereign  and  the 
chiefs. 

Tangennumle,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  old  marche  of  Brandenburg,  with, 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Tangcr,  whtro 
it  falls  into  the  Elbe,  24  miles  N  W  of 
Brandenburg,  and  28  N  E  of  Magde- 
burg.    Lon,  13  30  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Tangier,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez  in  Africa.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Portuguese,  in  1471,  and  given  its  a 
dower  to  the  princess  Catharine,  on 
her  marriage  with  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land ;  but  he  did  not  thi'.k  it  worth  the 
expcnce  of  keei)ing,  and  therefore,  in 
1683,  caused  the  works  to  l)e  blo'vii 
up,  and  withdrew  the  g.irrison.  It  is 
130  miles  N  of  Fez.  Lon.  5  50  VV,  lat. 
35  49  N. 

Tiinjore,  a  province  of  Hindoosta:i, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandet,  bounded 
by  Gingi  on  the  N,  by  the  mountains  of 
Gate  on  the  W,  by  Madura  and  the 
fishing  coast  .)n  tlie  S,  and  by  tlie  sea 
on  the  E,  being  separated  from  the 
island  of  '"'eylon  by  a  narrow  strait.  It, 
is  an  a|.,/endage  of  the  Carnatic,  but 
subject  to  its  own  rajah,  who  pays  an 
annual  subsidy  to  the  English  East  In- 
dia Company. 

Tanjore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cau- 
very,  156  miles  S  by  VV  of  Madr.is,  and 
166  S  E  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  79  12 
E,  lat.  10  46  N. 

Tankia,  or  TinHa-tin^,  a  town  and 
fortress  of  Thiliet,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Langur,  275  miles  VV  by  S  of  Lassa. 

Tanna,  a  fertile  aiiJ  considerable 
island  in  the  South  Sea,  and  one  of  tlii; 
New  Hebrides.  Captain  Cook  l;iy  here 
some  time  in  his  second  voyage  to  the 
South  Sea,  the  inhabitants  are  a  brave 
people,  and  not  inhospitable.  Their 
.irms  are  bows  and  arrows,  slirg,s, 
spears,  and  clubs.  There  is  a  volcano 
in  the  islands,  and  the  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile in  the  tropical  fruits  and  forest  trees. 
The  coast  also  aliounds  in  fi,ili.  Lon. 
169  46  E,  lat.  19  ,30  S. 

Tar.ore,  a  sc;iport  of  Hin<loostan,  mi 
the  coast  of  MaUfbar.  Lon.  75  5U  L'., 
lat.  10  55  N. 

Tuntatlaii,   a  ruinous  cp,?t)e  in  lind- 


ft 

^■4 

ii 


.'8 


TAR 

clinpftonsliirc,  ( wo  iiiiU-s  E  of  N  Ber- 
wli  k.  It  IS  Hfati'd  on  a  liiffli  rtivk,  wuhIi- 
eiliinilii'i'i-  si(U;.-i  bvtiic  Grnnaii  Ocraii. 
It  \v»8<li.-»tru}t;d  bv  the  Coveiiuiitern  in 

7'/')o,  tlie  molt  soiitliem  of  the 
Frii-iidly  Iilaiuls,  in  the  Soiitli  I'aciHc 
O.tai),  ab  lilt  1>I  it'a(^;iies  in  i  iiruit.  It 
lias  Hir\enil  sprinj^'s  inland,  and  a  small 
stream  iil  (fi)i)d  water,  which  reacden 
the-  sea  when  the  H|)riiijfs  are  copiinin. 
Tlie  S  li  siile  rises  with  (jreut  innjiiali- 
ties  inimeitialel)  from  tin-  Ht-a  ;  so  that 
the  plains  and  meadows,  of  which  there 
are  some  o|  ^;rtat  extent,  lie  ail  on  the 
>1  \V  side  i  and  a.'C  adorned  with  tiifls 
of  trees,  i.iteiMiiixod  with  pluntallons, 
and  I'ltc:  irctril  by  pntiis  leuding  to  eve- 
ry p.irt  (i''tlic  isle.  « 

Tiionnina,  a  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val 
di  Dcmona,  seated  on  u  rock,  US)  miles 
S  of  Messina,  famous  for  ilH  costly  inur- 
ble  and  excellent  wine.  Lon.  15  J4  E, 
lat.  ;33  21  iN. 

Taoutau,  an  island  of  tlie  South  Fa- 
rltic  Ocean,  Lun.  145  v  VV,  lat.  14  H) 
S. 

Tdppnhannoet,  a  po»t  town  in  Essex 
coiinl\,  \'ir|riiiia;  situated  on  the  Sside 
of  Uappaiiannoc'k  river,  "^T  miles  N  E 
of  ilichniond,  5o  SE  of  Fredericksburg, 
and  117  from  Wasliinjjtoii  It  is  a  low 
nnhealtliy  sanation,  but  a  place  of  con- 
siderable  trade,  and  has  about  6U0  in- 
habitants. 

T.iploe,  a  villapre  in  Buckinghamshire, 
one  mile  from  Maidenhead.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames,  ami  ('.istinguished  by  its  ma- 
jestic woodlands,  handsome  villas,  and 
picturesque  apjjearance. 

Tut'imr,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hi  dbostan,  15  miles  S  S  W  of  Darai". 
poorv,  and  8,>  E  S  E  of  Seriiijjapatam 

Tiipt;,  a  river  of  the  Dcccan  of  llin- 
ddos'an  which  rises  at  Maltoy,  84  miles 
to  the  N  W  of  Nagpour,  and  fulls  into 
the  gulf  of  Cambay,  about  20  miles  be- 
low Suvat. 

Ttir,  or  Pamlico,  a  river  of  North 
Cirolina,  which  flowin).H)y  Tai '..oroiigh 
and  Washington,  enters  Pamlico Souiui, 
4U  miles  S  E  of  the  latt'M-  town. 

Tiiransii,  one  of  the  Hebriiles  or  W 
Islands  of  Scotland.  Lon.  8  53  W,  lat. 
58  2  N. 

Tarar.to,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Tcr 
ra  d'Otranto,  witii  an  archbishop's  sec. 
It  is  seated  on  a  pei  insula,  nnd  dcfind. 
ed  by  a  .s'r.jng  castL'  -,  but  the  harbmi 
js   choked  ui>,  which   has  hurt  it  very 


TAR 

mnch.  Tliiu  town  gave  name  to  tiie 
venomous  spiders  called  tariintiilat.  U 
Im  55  miles  N  W  of  Otranto,  mid  Ijo 
E  bv  S  of  Naples.  Lun.  IT  29  E,  Int. 
M)  Xi  N. 

Tariigrtlla,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  nf 
Tablet,  in  Africa,  with  a  castle  Hciilcfl 
on  the  Dras,  275  miles  S  VV  of  'ralilct. 
Lon.  ti  3  W,  lat.  27  4U  N. 

Tiirare,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  ami  late 
province  of  Lyomu.is  seated  on  the  Tor- 
dive,  at  the  foo-  iif  .  mnuntiiin  of  the 
h  ine  name,  25  mdes  N  VV  of  Lyons. 
Lon.  4  -13  E.  lat  45  52  N. 

Taraicon,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
<lepaitment  of  the  Months  of  tlic 
Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Provenrc, 
wii!i  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  up- 
posile  Beaucaire,  with  which  it  tom- 
iiumicates  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  li»s 
K.ini.'  tra<le  i^  oil,  brandy,  starch,  ami 
.siur/'s  of  coarse  silk,  and  wool  It  is 
1!.'  miles  N  of  Aries,  and  375  S  by  Eol' 
l'..ri8      I. on.  4  39  E,  lat.  43  48  N. 

Titi-aJicoti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Arriegc,  and  late  pro. 
vince  of  Provence,  seated  on  the  river 
Arriege,  seven  miles  .S  E  of  Foix. 

Tiirazona,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Arragon,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  partly  on  a  rock,  and  partly  in  a 
fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Chiles,  13 
miles  S  \V  <  f  rndelU,  and  127  N  Eof 
Madrid.     Lon.    1  26  \V,  lat.  41  .55  N. 

Tarbat,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Cromarty,  si.\  miles  E  of 
Tain. 

Tarhat,  East,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
the  county  of  Arg)le,  25  miles  N  oC 
Campbletown. 

Tarhes,  a  populous  town  of  France, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Gasrnny,  now 
capital  of  the  department  of  U]'per  Py. 
renecs,  with  a  bisiiop's  see,  an  ancient 
castle,  and  a  college  It  is  seated  on 
the  Adour,  42  miles  S  W  of  Audi,  and 
112  S  bv  E  of  Buurdcaux.  Lon.  0  o  E, 
lat.  43  U  N. 

t'ar()rat<^h,  a  post  town  in  Eagc- 
combe  countv.  North  Carolina  ;  lyiiih 
on  the  S  side  of  Pamphiii  river,  34 
miles  S  of  Halifax,  48  W  by  N  nt 
Washington,  and  83  N  Wof  Newbem. 
It  ha^:  nbniit  600  inhabitants. 

Tiirentesia,  a  province  of  Sarny, 
which  is  a  disagr>.  ::ble  barren  countrv, 
full  ofdreadtrl  nioiintuins.  Moutier  li 
the  capital 

Titrga,  a  town  of  Afi  ica  in  the  l"i"g- 
dom   oi    Fez,    on   the  Mediterranean, 


TAR 

town  i^ave  name  to  tlie 
iUm's  cuIUmI  tariintuliis.  h 
I  W  of  Otranto,  i.iid  150 
pies.     Lon.    17  29  t,  Ut. 

a  town  of  the  kinf^dom  nf 
rira,  witli  a  castle  HCiilcfl 
275  n\ilf»  S  W  of  •lafilct. 
Hit.  27  4U  N. 

)wii  of  France,  in  tlie  dc- 
lionc  and  Loire,  and  late 
'oiint'is  Heated  on  thr  Tor- 
bo*  r>f  .  moiintiiin  of  the 
25  mdcB  N  VV  of  Lyons. 
lat  45  52  N. 

town  of  France,  In  die 
jf  tlie  Mouths  of  tile 
,te  province  of  Provenn;, 
seated  on  the  Khonc.  up. 
lire,  with  which  it  tiim- 
a  brvclpe  of  boats.     It  has 

oil,  brandy,  starch,  and 
•.sc  silk,  and  v/ool  It  is 
Aries,  and  375  S  by  E  of 
t  39  E,  lilt.  43  48  N. 

town  of  France,  in  the 
'  ArrieffC,  and  late  pro. 
ince,  sealed  on  the  river 
n  miles  -S  E  of  Foix. 
I  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
h  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
on  a  rock,  and  partly  in  u 

on  the   river  Cliiles,  13 

rudella,  and  127  N  E  of 
1.  1  26  W,  lat.  41  .55  N. 
own  of  Scotland,  in  tlie 
omarty,    six   miles  E  of 

St,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
f  Argyle,   25  miles  N  of 

[iptdous  town  of  France, 
rovince  of  G.isrnny,  now 
clei)artment  of  Uj'per  Py. 
I  bisiiop's  .sec,  an  ancient 
colli' i^e  it  is  seated  on 
!  miles  S  W  of  Audi,  and 
Uuurduaux.     Lon.  (;  J  E, 

a  post  !own  in  Eopp- 
r,  North  Curolina  ;  Wmi; 
le  of  Pampliia  river,  34 
Malifa\,  48  W  bv  N  of 
and  83  N  Wof  Ncwbeni. 
iOO  inhabitants. 

a  province  of  Sarny, 
aprt ;  ::ble  barren  conntrv. 
'!  mountains.     Moutier  :i 

iwn  of  Afiica  in  the  I'inj^- 
ou  the  Mediterranean, 


TAR 

».vilh  a  caitle  built  on  a  pock.  It  is 
Seated  on  a  plain  surrounded  by  moan- 
tainuus  and  thick  forests,  wbicb  is  con- 
hlJered  as  a  desert ;  but  there  arc  );ood 
well*  anil  line  pastures.  Lon.  4  56  VV, 
lat.  35  20  N. 

Targorml,  .i  town  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Moldavia,  50  miles  S  W  of 
Jassy.     Lon.  26  29  E,  Lit.  46  49  N. 

'fori  fa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, with  a  castle  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  17 
miles  W  S  W  of  GibniHur.  Lon.  5  40 
W,  lat.  30  0  N. 

T,irhi,  the  capital  of  Daghestan, 
seated  (m  the  W  coast  of  the  Caspian 
.Sea,  51  miles  S  E  of  Terki,  and  .300 
NEofTauris.  Lon.  47  5  E,  lat.  45 
50  N. 

Tarn,  a  department  of  FrAnce,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of 
Languednc.     Cnstres  is  the  capital. 

'Aiyii,  a  river  of  France,  which  gives 
name  to  the  above  dejjartment.  It  has 
its  source  in  the  dcpurtmont  of  Loz- 
licre,  and  having  wutcrcd  Mithoud, 
Alby,  Guillac,  Mr-nUuiban,  and  Mois- 
.sac'ftiMs  into  the  Garonne. 

Tannr.-jit::,  a  towni  of  Silesia,  in  tJic 
princip.'dity  (.f  Oppelen,  in  tiie  vicinity 
of  wliich  is  a  silver  mine  It  is  38  mile.s 
S  F  of  Oppelen.  Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  5(J 
20  N. 

Tiiro,  or  B'lr^u  ,'i  Vti! ^i-T.:ro,a  town 
ofltiily,  in  t'le  diilc^iy  of  Parniu,  capi- 
tal of  tiie  territory  of  Val-fli-'i'aro.  It 
i.s  sfutcd  on  the  river  Taro,  25  iiillos 
S  W  of  Purmu.  Lon.  19  9  E,  lat.  44 
.•30  N 

Tjrir.lniit,  or  Tunidant,  a  town  of  Mo- 
rncro,  in  the  |)r<.vlnce  of  Siii,  sealed 
i!(;,r  tlic  Atlantic,  1.10  milo.i  S  S  W  of 
M'lrorco.     Lon.  H  10  W,  lat.  300  N. 

Turraga, or  Tmrr-.a,  a  town  of  Spain, 

ir.  Cutulonia,  seaud  on  a  hill,  iic:tr  t!ie 

rivei-  Cervera,  l.j  miles  E  by  S  v>f  I,<- 

rlda,  and  oO  VV  cf  Barf  elona.   Lon.  1  3 

•,  lat.  41   28  N. 

'/(HT  (^  jra,  a  strong'  seaport  of  Spain, 
in  C.it  lo-.'.ia,  'vith  a  bi.shop's  see,  ar.d  a 
univi'r::ity.  It  was  bail*  by  the  Pl.roni- 
cians,  w.-is  very  poweiful  in  the  time  of 
Ro:nu!is,  wrt  has  many  noble  mo 
niiinenls  of  antiquity.  It  '!<  surround- 
ed 1/ .  walls  built  by  the  Moors,  and  is 
deteiHied  also  by  rcp^ular  works.  It  is 
iicitl'or  so  lui'^e,  nor  so  popnious  as  it 
wa^  rirmi'i-ly ;  for  tlio-igh  f  licre  is  room 
for  '.:;j'JO  houses  witliio  the  w.il!s,  there 
Ml  i)i;t  above  500,  wiruh  m-c  \\\\  built 
xvitli  liu-jj.'  square  stones.   It  r.^/ics  on 


TAR 

a  great  trade,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
on  the  Mcdilerranciin,  35  miles  N  E  of 
Tortosii,  and  220  miles  K  by  N  of  Ma- 
drid.    Lon.  1  1,;  E,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Tiiirb'g,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seatc^l  on  the 
Downs,  not  far  from  the  sea,  24  miles 
E  of  Chichester,  and  52  S  VV  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  21  \V,  lat.  ,VJ  50  N. 

Tanary,  a  very  largo  country  of  Asia, 
situated  between   5*"  and    16U°     )f  E 
Lon.   reckoning  from    the  west  end  of 
•be  isle  of  Ferro,  and  Ijetweeu  37°  and 
55°  of  Lat.     It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Siberia,  or  that  part  of  Asia  which  be- 
longs to  Russia !  on  the  VV  by  the  riv- 
ers Don,  VVolga,  and  Rama,  which  se- 
parate it  from  Russia ;  on  the  S  by  the 
Euxine  and  Caspian  Seas,  Karazni,  the 
two  Bukhurias,  China,  and  Kona  i  and 
on  the  E,  oy  the  Oriental  or  Tart.irian 
ocean.     It   extendi  from  E  to  VV,  the 
space  of  104  liegrecs  in  longitude,  or 
4145  geograpbic^il  mile*;  but  its  hreudlU 
is  not  proportionable,    beii;g  not  above 
960  niiles  wlicre  broadest,  and    where 
narrowest  'iSj      This  vast  region  is  di- 
vided into  two   great   parts;    the  one 
called  the  Weslrni,  the  other  tl.e  Kas- 
teru  Tanary.    V/estcrn  TaiUry,  wiiicli 
is  much  more  extensive   than  (he  Eas- 
tern, containing  13'J  dcgr<'es    of  long, 
out  of  161,  is  inhabit  I'd  !)y  a  iiccat  n'.:m- 
ber  of  nations,  or  tribes  of  i-eople,  cal- 
led Moguls  or  Tai'iars.    In  all  llii<i  Vist 
region  there  are  but  few   towns,   ..lOst 
of  the  inhabitants    living   under   tents, 
e!?p..'cially  in  siiinmer,  and  moving  from 
place  to   place    with    tlieir   Hoi;Us  and 
heriis.     They   generally  encami)   near 
some  river  (or  tlie  convenience  of  wo.- 
ter.     The  air  of  t!iis  country  is  tevnpe- 
rate,  wholesome,  ar.d   pleasant,   being 
equally  removed  fi>,:ii  (lie  cxtrcuc.4  of 
liei.t.  and  cold.     As  to  t'.e  soil,  though 
there  are  many  mountains,    lakes,  and 
deserts  in  it,  yet  the  banks  f;f  the  riv- 
ers,  and  the  plains,  some  of  wliiei»  are. 
of  great  extent,  are  exceeding  fertile. 
The   mountains,  -A'oods,   and   d<'r>ertB, 
abound  with   venison,   game,  and  wild 
fowl  i  and   the    rivers   an  L   lakes  both 
with  fish  and  fowl.     Eastern  Tartary, 
iccordiiig  to  the  limits  usually  assigned 
it  by   historians,    and   geographers,  is 
hounded  to  the  VV  bv    VVcbtcni    Tarta- 
ry,  or  by  that  part   (■■■s-w.-ssed    by   tiie 
proper  Moguls  ar.d   Kalkus  ;  on  tlie  N" 
by  Siberia  ,  on  the  E    !)y   that   p:at  of 
the  Oriental  Ocean  called  the  Tartarian 
S:r  ;  andon  tlic  S  by  the  same  sea,tbe 
Sii  s  s 


mm 


king'clam  of  Korea,  «nd  tlie  Yellow  Sea,  | 
wliicli  •icpurateii  it  fi-um  China,     It  la  . 
sitiiiitc  between   the    137th  uiul  160tl)  | 
(Icg;rcr»  of  Lon.beiiiu'ikbout  900  miles 
lonj;;  ti'oni  S  to  N,  una  near  us  many  iu 
bie;i(ltl)  liom   W    to  E,  yet  but  thinly 
pr()]>lecl.  This  lurge  region  is  at  present 
diviik'cl  into  three  great g«vernments,all 
Kuhject  to  the  Chinese,    viz.    Shing- 
yang  or  Mugden,  KurinuU,   and  Tsit- 
sikitr. 

Tartat,  a  town  of  France,  iu  the  de- 
partment of  LanUcs,  and  laic  province 
of  Gasrony,  The  Mi(h)use  runs  through 
it  i  and  on  one  aide  of  tiiis  river  it  rises 
in  the  form  of  an  anij)hitheatrc  ;  the 
ntlier  n  seuted  on  a  plain.  It  is  12  miles 
N  E  of  Dttx.  Lon.  0  48  W,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Tiirvis,  or  Torws,  a  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Carinthia,  46  miles  N  N  W  of 
Tricst.     Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46  34  N. 

TiumCDita,  a  maritime  town  of  the 
isle  of  I'uhna,  one  of  ti>e  Canuries.  It 
lies  S  W  of  St.  Cruz,  and  being  expo- 
sed to  wesicrly  winds  is  little  fre- 
quented, but  by  boats.  Lon.  17  58  W, 
lat.  28  38  N. 

TiiistmiiJoii,  the  capital  of  Bootan, 
260  miles  S  by  VV  of  Lassa.  Lon.  8'J 
0  K,  lat.  27  43  N. 

TuMiiig,  an  island  of  Denmark,  be- 
tween Funcn,  Langcland,  and  Arroc. 
It  is  separated  from  the  former  by  a 
strait,  and  contains  a  few  towns  and 
vill"j;es. 

Tasto,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  K  jmania,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Contesla.  It  is  35  miles  in  rir. 
cumfercnce  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  mines  of  gold,  and  quarries  of  beau- 
tiful marble.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  has  a  good  hai'bour,  and  several 
ciistles. 

T,isso,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  between 
Bergamo  and  Como,  from  which  the 
illustrious  family  of  die  poet  Tasso  took 
their  name. 

Tatta,  or  Sim/c,  a  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  cajiital  of  the  province  of  Sin- 
dy.  It  is  seated  on  a  brnnch  of  the  river 
Sindc  or  Indus,  >vliich  admits  of  an 
uninterrupted  navigation  to  Moull.in 
and  Lahore,  fur  ve,ssels  of  200  tons, 
land  a  very  extensive  tratle  was  carried 
on  between  these  places. in  the  time  of 
Auruugzebe  but  at  present  very  little 
remains,  owing  to  a  b.-^d  government  in 
Sindy,  and  to  a  hostile  disposition  of 
tlie  Seiks  tha  .present  possessors  of 
Moultan  and  Lahore.  In  the  17th  cen- 
tury, it  was  very  cjiteusive  and  popu- 


T  A  U 

loui,  and  was  a  place  of  great  trutlt, 
]>osscsNing  manufactures  of  eilk,  wool, 
and  cott(m  ;  and  it  was  celebrated  for 
its  cabinet  ware.  Little  of  these  now 
remain,  and  the  limits  of  the  city  are 
verj  circumscribed.  On  the  shores  of 
the  Indus,  above  the  Delta,  considera- 
ble quantities  of  salt-petre  are  mndt . 
and  within  the  hilly  tract,  which  roni- 
niences  within  three  mUes  en  the  N  W 
of  Tatta,  are  found  mines  of  iron  and 
salt.  Tatta  is  741  miles  N  W  of  Horn- 
bay.     Lon.  67  37  E,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Tattah,  a  small  town  on  the  common 
frontiers  of  Morocco,  Drali,  and  Zuhk- 
huga,  and  in  the  route  from  Morocco 
and  Sus  to  Tonibuctuu.  It  is  170  mllci 
S  S  E  of  Morocco. 

TiittvrtlutU,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  n  luarkut  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  liane,  near  its  confluence  witli 
the  AVitliam,  and  was  formerly  of  note 
for  its  castle.  It  is  20  miles  S  £  of 
Lincoln,  and  127  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  3  W.  Ut.  53  6  N. 

T  'stus,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Fin- 
land, L'upital  of  tiic  province  of  Tavastc- 
l.ind,  seated  on  a  river  which  falls  ialc 
liie  lake  Wana,  62jnilus  N  E  of  Abo. 

Tauchet,  a  town  of  Pol.ind  in  Ponit- 
rellia,  seated  on  the  Vcrd,  30  mill'.!, 
N  W  of  Culm.  Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  53  38 
N. 

Tuvenia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriorc,  seated  on  the  Coracs, 
20  n)iles  E  of  Nieohtro,  and  70  N  E  ol 
Kepgio.     Lon.  16  44  E,  lat.  39  11  N. 

Tiivira,  or  Tavita,  a  considerable 
town  of  Portugal,  capital  of  Algarvn, 
with  a  castle,  and  one  of  the  best  har- 
bours in  the  kingdom  defended  by  a 
fort.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Gilaon,  between 
Cape  Vincent  and  the  straits  of  Gibral- 
tar, 100  miles  W  bv  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon 
7  46  W,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Tavittoci,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Tavy,  and  was  once  fii- 
nious  for  a  stately  abbey,  now  divided 
into  tenements.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  has  a  brook  running' 
through  every  street,  and  a  stone 
bridge  of  five  arches  over  the  river.  It 
is  32  miles  W  by  S  of  Exeter,  and  206 
of  London.  Lon.  4  12  W,  lat.  30  35  N. 

Taumago,  an  island  of  the  South  Pa- 
cific Oeciin,  discovered  hv  Qiiiros  in 
1606.     Lon.  17ft  45  W,  lat' 13  0  S. 

Tmtuton,n  river  of  Massachusetts  in 
Kvrtli  Amet'ica.    It  risgs  in  the  Blue 


*    ,»* 


A  U 

n  place  of  j^reat  trutle, 
iifuctiirca  of  silk,  mooI, 
1  it  wan  cclcbrattd  for 
;.  Little  of  thcue  now 
I  liniitg  of  till-  city  are 
bi-d.  On  tlic  shores  nf 
c  the  Delta,  consiidcra- 
fsult-petre  are  mudt . 
hilly  tract,  wliich  rtini- 
tlirec  nitlcit  (;n  tin:  N  W 
iiiid  mines  of  iron  aiul 
r41  miles  N  W  of  Horn- 
\7  E,  Int.  24  50  N. 
ill  town  on  tl:c  conimon 
rocro,  Druli,  and  Zang- 
i  route  from  Moroicu 
ibuctuu.  It  is  170  mlici 

CO. 

town  in  LincolnshiiT, 
m  Friday.  It  is  sciittd 
ar  its  confluence  with 
kI  w.is  fornicrlv  of  note 
It  is  20  miles  S  £  of 
'7  N  of  London.  Lon. 
f)  N. 

)\vu  of  Sweden,  in  Fin- 
tiic  p.rovince  of 'I'avastc- 

u  river  \rhirh  falls  Into 

Cajnilcs  N  E  of  Aho. 
wn  of  Pdl.ind  in  Ponii- 
1   the   Vcril,   ;10  inili's. 

Lon.  IB  JE,  lat.  53  oH 

^wii  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
seated  on  the  Coraco, 
[ioastro,  and  70  N  E  ol 
16  44  E,  iat.  39  11  M. 
lavitii,  a  considerable 
id,  capital  of  Al),Mrvn, 
nd  one  of  the  best  har- 
ingdom  defended  by  a 
ed  in  a  fertile  country, 
f  the  Gilaon,  between 
nd  the  straits  of  Glbral- 
V  bv  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon 
18  N. 

borough  in  Devonshire, 
w  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
Tavy,  and  was  once  fii- 
;cly  abbey,  now  divided 
,  It  sends  two  members 
has  a  brook  running' 
street,  and  a  stone 
rches  over  the  river.  It 
by  S  of  Exeter,  ami  206 
1.  4  12  W.  lat.  30  35  N. 
island  of  the  South  I'a- 
iscovcrcd  by  Qiiiros  in 
G45  W.lat.  13  0  S. 
'er  of  Mussacbiisetls  in 
a.    It  risQs  in  the  Blue 


T  A  U 

Mountains,  and  running  S  E  fells  into 
iJarriijjansct  Uay,  on  the  K  siile  of 
Rliodc  Island. 

Taunton,  a.  town  of  Massachusetts, 
seated  ou  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  navigable  hence  for  small 
vessels,  to  Narraganset  Boy.  It  is  36 
miles  S  by  E  of  Iloston. 

Taunton,  a  b(»ro\igh  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Si- 
tiirday.  It  is  situate  on  the  Thone, 
■•v'tich  is  niivifjable  hence  to  the  I'arrct. 
It  has  a  large  manufacture  of  silk,  and 
a  considerable  one  of  woollen  goods, 
.inch  as  serges,  duroys,  druggets,  8ic. 
Large  quantities  of  malt  liquor  are  also 
sent  to  Bristol  for  exportation.  Tauii- 
1011  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  had 
once  a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is  a 
populous  place,  with  spacious  streets, 
and  two  churches.  It  was  the  scene 
of  many  bloody  exccutionn,  in  the  reign 
of  James  II.  afler  the  defeat  of  the 
duke  of  Monmouth,  at  Scdgenioor, 
near  this  town.  It  is  31  miles  N  E  of 
Exeter,  and  140  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  17  W,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Taunton,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Brist'il  county,  Massachusetts;  lying 
on  the  W  side  of  Taunton  river,  25 
miles  N  of  New  Bedford,  and  35  S  of 
Boston.  The  township  contains  3900 
inhabitants. 

Taunton- Dean,  or  Vale  of  Taunton,  an 
extensive  tract  of  land  in  Somersetshire, 
famous  for  its  fertility. 

Taureau,  an  isle  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre,  and  late  i)ro- 
vince  of  Bretagne,  lying  at  tli<^  mouth 
of  the  river  Morlaix.  On  this  islaml  is 
a  castle,  which  defends  the  port  of  Mor- 
laix. Lon.  3  51  W,  lat.  48  40  N. 
Taurica,  or  TauiiJa.  See  Crimea. 
Tauris,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Aderbeitzan,  and  formerly  the  capital 
of  Persia.  It  is  about  five  miles  in  cir- 
tiumrerencc  and  carries  on  a  prodigious 
trade  in  cotton,  cloth,  silks,  gold  and 
silver  brocades,  fine  turbans,  and  sha- 
green leather.  1  here  are  300  caravan- 
saries, and  250  mosques.  It  is  seated 
in  a  delightful  plain,  surrounded  by 
mountains,  95  miles  S  E  of  Naksivan, 
and  320  N  W  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  47  50 
E,  lat.  33  18  N. 

Taurus,  a  great  chain  of  mountains 
in  Asia,  whicli  begin  In  the  E  part  of 
I.UUe  Caramania,  and  extend  far  into 
Indi;!.  in  dillercnt  jdaces  they  Jiave 
iliJI'trcnt  name.': 


*t  hi 


■   mf^f!^ 


Taut,  » town  of  Bohemia,  ih  the  cle- 
clc  of  Pil»cn,  26milel  S  S  W  of  Pilsen. 
and  50  S  of  Stetz.  Loh.  13  45  E,  Ut 
49  25  N. 

Tavy,  a  river  In  Devonshire,  which 
rising  in  Dartmoor  Forest,  waters  Ta- 
vystock  and  then  enters  the  harbour  of 
Hamouze,  above  Plymouth. 

Tuv!,  a  rivet  in  Devonshire,  which 
rises  in  the  centre  of  the  count  v,  flovys 
to  Barnstaple,  and  then  turns  W  to  join 
the  Trowbridge,  at  its  rtioutli  in  the 
Bristol  Cliannfcl. 

Tawy,  a.  river  in  Glamofganshire  ih 
S  \VaIcB,  which  flows  parallel  to  the 
Neath,  and  enterk  the  Bristol  Channel, 
at  Swansey  Bay . 

Tay,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Scol- 
land,  dividing  it  into  S  and  N.  It  rises 
out  oJ  the  liituntains  of  Bl-eadalbane, 
and  after  spreading  into  a  lajte  of  this 
same  name,  15  miles  long,  and  about 
two  broad,  runs  E  through  Athol,  then 
turning  to  the  S  E  in  a  course  of  ncair 
40  miles,  exclusive  of  windings,  fall» 
into  the  frith  of  Tay. 

Tay,  Frith  of,  an  aMh  of  the  sea, 
which  divides  Fifeshii-e  IT-om  the  couii- 
ties  of  Perth  and  Angus.  Tlie  spaco 
between  tl»e  N  and  S  sands  may  be  tieiih 
a  mile,  with  about  three  fathoms  wa- 
ter, but  within  the  Frith,  it  grows 
deeper,  antl  in  the  road  of  t)undee  is 
full  six  fathoms. 

Tay,  Loch,  a  lake  iii  Perthshire, 
through  which  flows  the  river  Tay.  It 
is  15  miles  long,  and  in  many  parts  ai 
hove  one  bioad.  On  the  I2th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1784,  this  lake  was  seen  to 
ebb  and  flow  several  times  in  a  fpiurlefr 
of  an  hour,  when  all  at  once  the  water* 
rushed  from  E  to  W  in  oppa.site  cur- 
rents, 80  as  to  form  a  ridge,  leaving 
the  channel  dry  to  the  distuiice  of  id- 
most  100  yards  from  its  usuul  boundary. 
When  the  opposing  waves  met,  they 
burst  wHli  a  clashing  noise  and  nwich 
foam  :  the  waters  then  flowed  out  .it 
least  five  yards  beyond  their  ordin.-^ry 
limits.  Tlie  flux  and  reflux  continu- 
ed gradually  decie;ising  for  two 
hours.  A  similar  motion  was  observed 
several  days,  but  in  a  less  degree.  'I  he 
banks  of  this  lake  are  finely  wooded  r 
;ind  it  has  a  small  tufted  island,  on 
wliich  are  the  ruins  of  a  priory,  built 
bv  Alcxaiuie''  I. 

'  Taxcot,  avillasc  of  Pegu,  situated  on 
the  VV  side  of  tlie  river  Irrawaddy.  It 
is  a  long  and  strtfigliiig  t»wii.  L«ii.  96 
.53  E,  kl.  13  30  N. 


T  C  H 


T  C  I 


wJ 


'TilHing-tcfui-Jiin,  a  city  of  Cliiim,  tlie 
c(a|<iial  oTtlu;  S  part  of  thr  province  of 
Huii-(|nanif.  It  \»  touted  on  n  liir|^  ri 
ver,  wliicii  liiiH  II  coTumiinirntion  with 
mi  «:xii'n»ive  hike,  cnllcil  Ti)ii}j-tinpf- 
lidii.  It  Uan  one  city  of  the  Sfcniul  and 
11  (x'tlio  third  cIiims  under  its  jurisdic- 
lion,  and  i<i  625  milts  S  by  \V  of  Pe 
kin.     Lou.  113  35  E,  lat  48  11  N. 

Tchang-tchtou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Fo.kien.  It  is  very  con- 
»idcrid)lc,  on  account  of  its  trade  with 
Enionv,  Ponff-hoii,  and  Formona.  Lon 
Ur  35K,  lat.  24  33  N. 

Tclning-tejiiu,  one  of  the  most  north- 
ern cities  of  tlie  province  of  Honan,  in 
Chin.i.  It  is  remnrkiible  for  a  fish,  like 
a  ci'orodijp,  the  ful  of  which,  when 
once  kindled,  cannot  be  cxtinf^iiished 
In  its  nripfhlHiurliond  is  a  nidinitnin  so 
steep  and  inaccesHible,  that  in  time  of 
war  it  «fr"vd8  a  safe  asvliim  to  the  in- 
habitants.  Lon.  Ill  5  £,  lat.  29  3 
N. 

Tche-Hang,  a  province  of  China,  one 
of  the  most  conHiderahlc  intliat  empire, 
on  account  of  its  maritime  situation,  its 
extent,  riches,  and  population.  It  is 
boundi'd  on  tlie  N  and  W  by  Kiang- 
nan,  on  the  S  W  by  Kianp-si,  and  on 
the  S  by  Fokien,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
Ocean.  The  air  of  this  country  is  pure 
and  healthful  ;  the  plains  are  watered 
by  a  number  of  rivers  and  canals,  kept 
in  g^ood  order ;  and  the  spriiifrs  and 
lakes  with  whicli  it  abounds,  contribute 
jjreatly  to  its  fertility.  The  natives  are 
mild  and  lively,  and  very  polite  to 
stranpfers  ;  but  they  are  said  to  be  ex- 
tremely superstitious.  In  this  province 
whole  plains  may  be  seen  covered  with 
dwarf  inulberry  trees,  purposely  check- 
ed in  their  growth  ;  and  prodifriuiis 
quantities  of  silk  worms  are  bred  here. 
Their  silk  stuffs,  in  which  gold  and  sil- 
ver arc  intermixed,  are  the  most  beau- 
tiful in  China.  The  tallow  tree  j^rows 
hefe,  and  here  are  founAthe  small  gold 
fish,  with  which  ponds  are  stocked. 

Tc/iemig'f,  a  government  of  Russia, 
formerly   a  part  of  the  Ukraine,  con 
talning  11  districts.     Its  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Dcsne, 

Tchmg-Hang-ftm,  a  strongcity  of  Chi- 
na, in  the  province  of  Kiiing-nan,  the 
key  of  the  empire  on  the  sea  const.  Its 
situation  and  trade,  and  the  beauty  of 
its  walls,  give  it  a  pro-eininenee  over 
tlie  othcreities  of  the  province,  but  its 
Jurisdiction  is  confini."!  to  three  cities 
•f  the  third  class.    It,  h  25  miles  E  h\ 


M\.   lU'J  4U  E,  lat. 


N  of  N'un-liing.     Lon.  1 18  55  E,  lat.  U 
14  N. 

Tcliiiig-ichevu-Jui:,  a  city  of  Cliina,  in 
the  province  of  IloU'Uuanv,  scaled  iirar 
the  cunal  through  winch  all  barks  muHi 
pass  in  going  from  Soii-tcheoii,  to  Ki- 
ang.  yiulcr  it  are  live  cities  of  lhc> 
third  class,  in  which  a  kinil  of  plsin 
enrtlien  ware  is  prepared,  highly  vain, 
ed  by  the  Chinese,  who  iirefer  it  to  IIk; 
most  elegant  porcelain.  It  is  C4U  hiJlcA 
S  S  \V  of  I'okin.  Lon. 
38  23  N 

Tching-ting-fou,  a  large  city  of  Clii. 
na,  in  the  province  of  Pc-tchcli,  It.i 
district  contains  five  cities  of  the  se- 
cond and  37  of  the  third  class  ;  and  it. 
is  110  miles  S  by  W  of  Pekin.  Lon. 
114  31  E.  lat.  38  9  N. 

Tchiitg-um-fou,  «  city  of  China,  the 
capital  of  Se-tcheucn,  formerly  the  rc- 
siilcnce  of  the  emperors,  and  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  beautiful  cities  in 
the  empire:  but,  in  1646,  it  was  almost 
entirely  destroyed,  during  the  ci»Ll 
wars  that  preceded  the  last  invasion  of 
the  I'artars.  Its  district  contains  six 
cities  of  the  second  and  15  of  the  tliinl 
class.     Lon.  103  44  E,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Tchi-tcheoufou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Kiiuig-nan.  It  is  seat- 
>.'d  on  the  river  Kiang,  and  has  under 
it  six  cities  of  the  thirtl  cKiss.  Lon.  117 
0  E,  lat.  30  45  N. 

Tcho'Jg-ting-fciu,  a  city  of  China,  and 
one  of  the  most  commercial  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  Le-Scliuin.  It  is  in  a  gi'e:it 
measure  indebted  for  its  trade  to  its  si- 
tnution  at  the  confluence  of  two  Lirgc 
rivers  ;  the  Hin-cha-kiang,  and  llic 
Yang-tse-kiang.  It  is  built  upon  a 
mountain,  and  rises  in  the  form  of  an 
umphitheatre :  the  air  round  it  is  whole- 
some and  temperate.  This  city  is  cclc- 
brati'd  for  its  fish,  and  a  particular  kind 
of  trunks  made  of  canes,  interwoven  in 
the  manner  of  basket-work.  Under  it 
are  three  cities  of  the  second,  and  11 


of  the   third   class. 
Lon. 


It  is  (537  tnilca  S 
106  30  E,  lat.  29 


\V   of  Pekin 

43  N. 

Tcitckar,  tlic  most  northern  of  the 
three  departments  of  Eastern  Chinese 
Tartary,  occu|>ied  l^y  different  Tartar 
tribes. 

Tcitcicar,  a  modern  city  of  E  Chinese 
Tartary,  built  by  llic  emperor  of  China 
to  secure  his  frontiers  against  the  Mus- 
covites. It  i.s  fortified  by  close  nali- 
s.tdes  and  a  wiill  toiistructeil  of  earth. 
'IMic  $psco  uncloPv'd  by  the  t'ersici'  con- 


Z  I 

m.  118  5JE,  lat.iJ 

«  city  of  Cliiiia,  in 
•t^iiainr,  ioalcil  mar 
Inch  all  burkv  miiHi 
Sou-tciieoii,  to  Ki. 
i  five  cities  of  ihii 
li  a  kind  uf  pUJi, 
pared,  higlily  v;ilii. 
who  iwefcr  it  to  llio 
iiin.  It  iit  C40  liilica 
.011.    loy  40  E,  lat. 

larffe  city  of  Clii. 

of  Pc-tchtli.  ht, 
■c  citiei  of  tlie  sc- 
third  clans  i  uiiil  it 
iV  of  Pckiii.     Loii. 

city  of  China,  tlic 
II,  formerly  the  re- 
crors,   and  one  of 

heautifid  citiei  in 
1646,  it  was  almost 

during  the  ciril 
lie  last  invasion  of 
strict  contains  six 
ind  15  of  the  third 
E,  lat.  30  40  N. 
city  of  China,  in 
ip-nan.  It  is  scat- 
I'ff,  and  has  under 
rd  class.  Lon.  11  r 

city  of  China,  and 
nercial  in  the  pro- 
It  is  in  a  ({Tc:\t 
its  trade  to  its  si- 
;nce  of  two  larffc 
-kiangi,  and  the 
is  built  ujjon  ;» 
in  the  form  of  an 
round  it  is  whole. 
This  city  is  ccle- 
t  a  particular  kind 
28,  interwoven  in 
-work.  Under  it 
le  second,  and  11 
It  is  637  miles  S 
106  20  E,  lat.  29 

northern  of  the 
Eastern  Chinese 
different  Tai-tar 

city  of  E  Chinese 
■niperor  of  China 
against  the  iVIus- 
d  hy  close  pali- 
rncted  of  earth, 
the  fgrsjcr  con- 


TED 

tains  the  tribunals  and  the  house  of  the 
Tartur  jfonorul  i  that  whicii  is  hi  twien 
thi;  palisades  and  the  cHrthcii  wall  is 
ii('nu|)ied  by  the  soldiers  of  the  'I'artur 
(farrison,  nierchunts  anil  tradesmen,  the 
((« liter  part  of  whom  arc  Chinese  in- 
viti-il  thither  by  the  hopes  of  |fuin,  or 
•uiidtmned  to  exile  :  their  houses  are 
only  of  earth,  and  form  pretty  large 
streets. 

Teati,  nn  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, ^'0  miles  long,  and  four  broad. 
It  is  the  ancient  Itliaca,  the  kingdom 
of  UlvMses.  Lon.  20  54  E,  lat.  3H  47  N. 
Tetietsa,  u.  tovn  of  the  kingdom  of 
TiiniM,  with  several  remains  of  uiitiqui- 
ty.  It  is  seated  at  tlio  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain.    Lon.  8  5  E,  lat  3151  N. 

Tebzii,  a  strong  town  of  tlie  kingdom 
of  jVIorocco,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
lame  name.  It  carries  on  a  good  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  tlie  side  of  one  of  the 
mountains  of  Atlas.  Lon.  4  jj  W,  lat 
o2  50  N. 

Teceiit,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the 
province  of  Sus,  seated  on  the  river 
Sus,  in  a  cointry  abjundiiig  in  ilutcs 
and  sug;ir-c:mes,  four  niih's  li- of  Mes- 
.ia.^    Lon.  8  25  E,  lat  29  10  N. 

Tccilenlmr:;,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle  on  a  hill.  It  was  bi)n;;ht 
by  llie  king  of  l»:'U3sia  in  ITOr,  ami'  is 
IJ  miles  S  W  of  O.^inabiirg,  ond  25  N 
E  of  Minister.  Lon  8  2  E,  lat.  52  20 
N. 

Tcrou.-Jtepec.i,  a  considerable  soaport 
of  New  Sji.iin,  in  the  audience  of  .Mex- 
ico and  province  of  Giia.\.'ica,  seated  im 
a  i'a\  of  the  same  name,  in  (lif  Pa.lfie 
Ocean.  It  has  a  foitiili  d  ubHey,  and 
several  handsonip  chtirelies.  Lon.  95 
15 '.V,  hit.  15  28  N. 

'Ji\\)rt,  or  Tnwte,  a  strong  tmvii  of 
Barbary,  capital  of  a  kiiiifdoiii  of  the 
tame  name,  in  Biledolgerid.  I(.  iti 
seated  on  a  moiiiitain,  420  miles  S  W 
ot'^rripoli.     Lon.  7  55  E,  lat.  23  35  N. 

Tecrct,  a  town  of  Turkev  in  A.sia,  in 
tlie  government  of  Mosul, '130  miles  S 
nf  .Mosnl. 

T(-u!it,  a  seaport  ^ifllie  kingdom  of 
Morofco,  with  .nn  old  ca:it)c,  .sc.i'cil  v,>, 
tlie  side  of  a  moiinUin,  at  t!in  mnutli 
fifa  river  of  the  s'.mie  name.  Lon.  <)  j 
W,  Int.  30  45  N. 

Tc.l Urigum,  a  villag-e  in  Middlcsi-x, 
seated  on  the  Tli.invjii,  12  miles  \V  S 
W  of  London.  'Ihe  rl.orch  is  a  per- 
Jietnal  curnry,  wliieh  m-:-s  cpjovcd  !r,- 
ilic   celebrated   philot(iilie:-,"Dr.  SiJ- 


T  IE  F 


Phcn  fUlcR,  from  the  year  iriO,  till 
Ids  death  in  176i.  He  i.n  liileried  un. 
•ler  the  tower  of  llie  ehnrch,  which  ho 
creeted  at  his  own  exponce. 

Tedclez,  a  strong  town  of  AI„'iers, 
in  the  pmvincc  of  the  same  iiami',  on 
the  coaatoftlie  Mediterranean,  with  a 
castle,  50  miles  N  E  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
3  5  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

TeMa,  or  Tadila,  a  province  of  Ma. 
rorco,  whirh  extends  along  the  K  side 
of  Mount  Alias,  to  the  borders  of  Fex 
and  Algiers. 

TtUiitit,  a  large  town  of  Morocco,  in 
Africa,  capital  (if  the  province  of  Ilea. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Foriiig'.iese  in 
1517,  hut  tlicy  were  driven  away  soon 
after.  It  is  almost  snrron'ided  by  it 
river.     Lon.  8  :i3  W ,  lat.  ."J  30  N. ' 

TcLi,  IX  commercial  town  oi"  .Maroe. 
CO  in  the  |irovince  of  Sii^i,  s-ated  in  a 
plain  aboiiiulliig  in  cm-n,  2 J  miles  S  K 
of  I'arodaiit. 

Ttij.  a  river  which  rl.ies  on  the  coii- 
fine.s  of  Ciimberland,  di.  ides  the  coun- 
ty of  D.irbani  from  Voiksiiire,  and 
fills  intJ  the  German  Ocean,  budow 
Stockton. 

Tcfl-zara,  a  strong  town  of  Aliri<-rs, 
In  the  province  of  Trumesen,  12  miles 
from  the  elly  of  that  name,  I'Iictc  iirc 
a  great  many  mines  of  iron  in  its  ter- 
rllory. 

VV/iV.v,  tlie  capital  of  Gcora-la,  one  of 
t!ic  be\eii  Caucassian  nations  between 
the  Uliu  k  Sea  and  the  CasjiL-ui.  .Iti« 
called  by   tile  lnhabita;i's  77*.',Vj  Caitir^ 
warm   town,   from    tlie  warm  baths  in 
its    nciglibonrhood.     'I'liougli    its    cir- 
cnmfcience  does  not  exceed  twi  Eng- 
ILsli  miles,   it   contains    20.t,'00  ir.habi-    • 
lant.s,  of  which  mmv  tlian  half  are  Ar- 
menians, the  reinaiiidv.'r  are  prlneipiilly 
Georgians,    ■with   some   Tartar.s.     Ac. 
cordin;;-   to    Mjjor    ItetiiK-!,   it  has  20 
Armenian  and  I'j  Greek  cliiirches,  and 
•netslieds.  There  ai'e  dome  m.igniiicent 
car.iv.".n<!cras,    ba^iars    and    pala'-eu   in 
the   city,   but    no  mos.'incs.     All   the 
houses   are  of  stone,   v.iih   flat  roofs, 
which  .ler-.e,  acci)rilin;r  to  the   eiistoni 
.•i  tlie  Must,  as    walks  fur  the  women. 
Thoy  i-.i-e  neatly  built  s    the  ro.-.ms  are 
w.iiiiscotled,   and    the     floors    spread 
with  carpets.     'I'he  streets  seld:)iii  c:;- 
(•<i'd  fieven  feet  in  brcadtli ;    luul  son-.<? 
are   «o   narrow   -x;   seareely    to   allow 
:'')imfor    a  man  on    horseback:    ilu-v 
Mv  consequently  very    F.ltliy.     Tei'iiis 
:s  a  [diicc  of  cansid(r.;!j!e  trade,  e.s])e. 
■.'i.lly    ill    fur.s,     whith    a'.tfsjcon', eyed 


P' 


i/i 


T  E  I 

bence  to  Constantinople  by  the  w.xy  of 
Erzeniin.  As  for  tlic  silks  of  lliis 
country,  tliey  ai"c  bmiglit  up  on  tlie 
spot  Ijv  tin:  Armeni;\)is,  and  ronvcyed 
to  Smyrna  and  jllicr  ports  of  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  I)Ut  tlie  (jrciitest  piut  is  lii'St 
sent  to  lirzorum  to  he  manufactured, 
the  Gconjians  being-  very  ig'norant  and 
unskilful  lii  tliut  rciiv<'*^t-  from  hence, 
like\\isc,  grc;it  ouaiulliesofa  root  called 
hoyair;  s'.-i-.'  to  Krzcnim  and  Indoostan 
fortht?  Use  of  the  linen  dyi'rs.  Here  is 
likewise  a  fot'.ndery,  .  ^  wiiifli  arc  caat 
u  few  cannon,  tnoriars,  and  balls,  all  of 
whirl)  arc  very  inferior  to  tiiose  of  the 
Tinvs.  'i'l.e  tyuiipowder  made  hcii;  is 
vciy  .^ood.  'I'hc  Armin'ans  have  like- 
w.:i:  >'sUil;lisUed  in  this  town  all  the 
iriunutaclMies  carried  on  by  tlicir  coun- 
try men  in  I'l  rsi!*  :  the  most  (lourish- 
ri.pj  is  that  of  printed  lineni.  TefHis  is 
sei.tcd  nn  the  rivor  Kur,  at  the  foot 
of  :;  tno'nitain  ;  a'l'i  on  the  S  side  of  it 
stauils  a  l^iTj^c  castle  or  f  )rtres.«,  built 
by  the  'I'url.'s  in  \j~Cj,  when  they 
Tiiadc  tl.omselvcs  masters  of  tlie  city 
and  coimlrv,  under  tlic  command  of 
the  furious  Mnstaplia  Pacha.  It  is  125 
md.K  AVof  Turki.  Lon.  Go  3  E,  lat. 
41  .69  N. 

Tif-.tt,  a  towi^  of  M'M'occo,  in  Africa, 
rO  miles  N  E  of  iVIoi-orco. 

Tc^aza,  a  town  of /Jcliara,  capital  of 
ii  tei  ritniT  of  tliat  nauie,  to  the  N  E  of 
Sene[;:!l.  It  is  reniiiikahle  for  moun- 
tains'of  salt.  Lon.  6  GO  W,  lat.  21  40 
N. 

Ti\"^erln>,  a  town  of  Fezza1i,in  Africa, 
SO  n.ili:;  S  W  of  Motn/.ook. 

'I\^!io,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grioi.ns,  capital  of  a  (government  of 
tlie  s:.me  iir.me,  in  the  Valtcllnc.  It  is 
situate  on  the  top  of  a  m*i:ntain,  nine 
miles  from  Tirano,  and  12  from  Son- 
drl". 

7V.;(,'i.',  a  rivcrin  Devonshire,  compos- 
ed of  two  branches,  which  rise  in  the 
centve  ol'  tl'.e  C(^iinty,  and  unitinj^-,  en- 
ter llic  F.ij-'jiih  Channel,  at  '1  ei^n- 
uiouth. 

7(<^-);j;k ;..'.',,  a  seaport  in  Devonshire, 
reckoned  ];avi  of  tlie  port  of  Exeter. 
It  sends  a  nniiiber  of  vessels  to  the 
NewritiiuriMid  ll'liery,  M-.d  bus  a  con- 
siiUr.ibie  coast;-;};  trade,  especially  to 
I.iveriiOvil.  'I'hin  is  the  ];!aco  M-Inrc 
the  Da!if-!  fl'r.t  huuk'd,  r.nd  where 
they  CMnir:;fted  se>er.;i  (Mit!:.;;'fs.  ii 
was  :;hiio>,t  cr.tircly  dcsti-uyed  by  t5:c 
Frciu  h,  wl'.o  'ai\di'd  rir,;l  set,  five  to  it 
iu  i'.i'.O.     «»  :<■  statti:  at  liie   nv.i'.'u  <ji 


T  E  M 

Uir  Teign,  12  miles  S  erf  Exeter,  and 
280  ^V  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  29  VV, 
lat.  50  .'32  N. 

Teisemlorf,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria,  12  miles  W  'A 
W  of  Saltzburg. 

'J'tisse,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which 
rises  in  the  Carpathian  mountains,  pas. 
ses  by  Tockay  aiitl  Sejjedin,  and  fall.n 
into  the  Danube,  near  Titul. 

Teiin.     Sec  Beiuler. 

Te/cmona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tusca- 
ny, with  u  small  harbour,  and  a  strong' 
li>it.  It  io  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ossa,  at  the  extremity  of  a  point  of  a 
craggy  rock,  ten  miles  ft-om  Orbitello. 
Lon.  11  11  E,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Tetesa.     See  Cervito 

Telles,  a  seaport  of  Fez,  in  Africa, 
120  miles  E  S  E  of  Tangier. 

Ttlgein,  or  Tdga,  a  trading  town  of 
Sweden,  in  Sudermania,  seated  on  the 
S  bank  of  the  lake  Maelcr,  12  miles  S 
W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  24  E,  lat. 
59  18  N. 

Ttllicherry,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  where  there  is 
an  English  factory.  It  is  30  miles  N 
N  VV  ,.f  Calicut.  Lon.  75  50  F,  lat. 
1148N. 

Tdtah,  a  tovsm  of  Germany,  in  Mo- 
ravia, seated  on  the  frontiers  of  Bolie* 
mia,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Teva, 
36  miles  W  N  \V  of  ^naim.  Lon.'l6 
OE  lat.  49  ON. 

Temendefust,  a  town  of  the  kinj^- 
dom  of  Algiers,  seated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, ten  miles  E  of  Algiers. 

Temesvjar,  a  to\vn  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, capital  of  a  territory  called  the  ban- 
nat  of  Tcmeswar.  It  formerly  passed 
for  impregnable  ;  but  it  was  taken  by 
prince  E-.igene,  in  a  dry  season,  in  1716. 
It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  60  miles  N  E 
of  Belfcrade,  and  150  S  E  of  Buda.. 
Lon.  22  20  E,  lut.  45  57  N. 

Tcmlssa,  a  large  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Fezzati.  Here  the  caravan  af 
)ii!grims  from  Bomou  and  Nigritis, 
which  takes  its  departtire  from  Moiir- 
zonk,  and  travels  by  way  of  Cairo  to 
Mecca,  usually  provides  the  stores  of 
corn  and  dates,  and  dried  meat,  requi- 
site liir  its  dreary  passage.  It  is  120 
i;i:li-!i  E  N  E  of  Moirzook. 

Tcmjifiton,  a  \iosi  town  in  WnrccRtcr 
comity,  Massachusetts;  lyiugbetween 
At'oni  a;-,d  Petersham,  28  miles  N  W 
of  Worcesttr,  and  63  W  by  N  of  Bos- 

i't  r!:'!i/i,  u  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 


T  E  M 


TEN 


TEN 


13  miles  S  cff  Exeter,  and 

;  of  London.    Lon.  3  29  \V, 

I. 

f,  a  town   of  Germany  in 

if  Bavaria,  12  miles  W  li 

)urg. 

river  of  Hungary,   whicli 

Carputhian  mountains,  pas. 

:ay  and  Segedln,  and  Ms 

nube,  ne.'ir  'i'itul. 

Ice  Bender. 

,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tusca- 

imall  harboiu-,  and  a  strong 

seated  at  the  mouth  of  tlit 

e  estremity  of  a  point  of  a 

I,  ten  miles  ft-om  Orbitello. 

E,lat.42  28N. 

See  Ceraito 

seaport  of  Fez,  in  Africa, 

:  S  E  of  Tangier. 

or  Telga,  a  trading  town  of 

Sudermania,  seated  on  tlie 
lie  lake  Maeler,  12  miles  S 
:kholm.     Lon.  17  24  E,  lat. 

■y,  a  seaport  of  Hin<Ioostan, 
t  of  Mal.ibar,  where  there  is 
factory.  It  is  30  miles  N 
ialicut.     Lon.  75  50  Y,  lat. 

toNvn  of  Germany,  in  Mo- 
id on  the  frontiers  of  Bohe- 
?  source  of  the  river  Teya, 
f  N  W  of  3naim.  Lou.  16 
[)N. 

fust,  a  town  of  the    kin[f- 
giers,  seated  on  the  Medl- 
ten  miles  E  of  Algiers. 
ir,  a  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
of  a  territory  called  the  ban- 
[icHwar.     It  formerly  passed 
liable;    but  it  was  taken  by 
;cne,  in  a  dry  season,  in  1716. 
.1  in  a  morass,  60  miles  N  E 
dc,  and   150  S  E  of   Buda.. 
>  E,  lat.  45  57  N. 
,  a  large  town  of  the  king- 
zzan.     Here  the  caravan  nl' 
from    Bomou    ai\d  Nigritis, 
es  its  departure  from   Moiir- 

ti-ivels  by  way  of  Cairo  to 
iially  provides  the  stores  of 
!late'»,  and  dried  meat,  rcqui- 

dreary  passage.      It  is  120 

E  of  Mo'irzook. 
',,«,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
iissaohusetts  ;    lying  between 
,  Petersham,  28  miles  N   W 
stf  r,  and  63  W  by  N  of  Bos- 

I,  ii  town  oi;  Germany,  in  Up- 


per Saxony,  and  the  Ucker  Marche  of 
Brandenburg,  wliich  has  a  great  trade 
in  timber.  It  is  15  miles  S  VV  of 
Prcnzlo,  and  34  N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13 
'J5  E,  lat.  Sii  5  N. 

Tanrock,  a  seaport  of  Cuban,  sealed 
r>r.  tlie  sea  of  Asujili,  20  miles  E  of  tlie 
straits  of  CafUi.  Lon.  o7  20  E,  lat.  45 
■17  N. 

Tenaaerim,  a  town  of  Siam,  capital 
of  a  province.  It  is  situate  on  a  river  of 
ihe  same  name,  wliicli  falls  into  the  bav 
of  Bengal.    Lon.  98  8  W,  lat.  12  12  N. 

Tenbury,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
witli  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on 
l!ie  Tenie,  15  miles  W  byN  of  Wor- 
(xstcr,  and  130  W  N  W  of  London. 
J.on.  2  13  W,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Te\iby,  a  seaport  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  mar!:et  on  VVcdnesday  and 
S.iturday.  Its  castle  was  demolished 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  its  trade  is  incon- 
siderable. It  is  ten  miles  E  of  Pem- 
broke, and  233  W  of  London.  Lon.  5 
5  W,  hit,  51  42  N. 

Tencli's  Island,  an  isl.ind  in  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  two  miles  iii  circumference, 
iliscovercd  by  lieutenant  Ball,  in  1790. 
It  is  low,  but  entirely  covered  with 
trees,  m.iny  of  whicli  arc  the  cocoa- 
nut.  The  n.'itives  observed  in  tlie  ca- 
noes, that  ventured  to  come  somewhat 
r.car  the  ship,  were  remarkably  stout 
men,  quite  naked,  and  of  a  copper  co- 
lour ;  their  hair  resembling  that  of  the 
Nt'w  Kollandcrs,  and  some  of  t!;cir 
hcards  reaching  as  low  as  the  n.ivcl, 
with  an  appearance  of  much  art  liav- 
i-.'g  been  used  to  form  Uiem  into  long 
ringlets.  Two  or  three  of  the  men  hail 
scinielhing  like  a  bead  or  bone  sus- 
IX'.ided  to  a  string,  which  was  fasUned 
niinid  the  neck.  The  largest  of  their 
raiiocs  appeared  to  be  about  28  feet 
I'mg,  and  made  out  of  a  large  tree, 
with  a  long  outrigger.  Lon.  15131  E, 
Lit.  1  39  S. 

Tciida,  a  town  of  It.aly,  in  Piedmont, 
'■apital  of  a  county  of  the  came  n;nnc. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  a 
the  river  Boga,  52  miles  S  of  Turin. 
I.on.  r  45  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Tcnedos,  a  celebrated  isl.ind  in  the 
Archipelago,  on  the  coast  of  Natoliu, 
a.ul  ten  miles  S  W  of  the  straits  of 
Ciillipoli.  This  island  still  retains  its 
:inclent  name  :  and  l.s  one  of  the  small- 
'">t  Islands  of  the  Archipelago,  slt..at- 
<'il  near  the  coast  of  I.csser  Asia,  W 
Jif  the  ruins  ofTroy.  it  Is  chiefly  rocky, 
out  fertile,  being  reuiaikable  for  pro- 


ducing the  hert  Musc.idinc  wine  in  the 
Levant;  and  i' .  jiosition,  ihiis  near  'he 
mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  has  given  it 
iuiportunce  in  all  ages  ;  vtsscU  bound 
to  —  tls  Constantinople  iinding  shelter 
in  its  port,  or  safe  anciioiage  in  the 
road  during  the  Etesian  or  contrary 
winds,  or  in  foul  weather.  It  is  U 
miles  long  and  seven  broad,  inhabited 
almost  wlioily  by  Greeks.  On  the. 
E  aide  is  a  large  town,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  with  a  line  harbour, 
commanded  by  a  castle.  On  the  5lli  of 
June,  1794,  after  some  severe  shock* 
of  an  earthquake,  a  small  volca'iic  is- 
land was  discovered  to  have  emerged 
from  the  sea,  between  this  town  and 
the  Asiatic  shore. 

Teiien,  or  Knin,  an  episcopal  tnwn  of 
Veniue,  in  Ualmatia,  on  the  borders  oi" 
Bosnia.  It  is  48  miles  S  of  Bihaca. 
Lon.  16  30  E,  \M.  44  5  N. 

Teneriff,  one  of  the  Canary  islands, 
the  most  considcr.'.ble  of  theui  for  rich- 
es, trade,  and  population.  It  lies  W  of 
the  Grand  Canary,  is  70  miles  king, 
an<l  22  broad,  an<l  abounds  in  wine, 
diffei-ent  sorts  of  fruits,  cattle  and 
game.  One  part  of  this  island  is  ^|i:r. 
roinidedhy  inacccslble  nioimtains,  .tnd 
one  in  particular,  called  the  Pike  ci 
Tenerilf,  is  two  miles  and  aqii.irtcf 
above  th  level  of  the  sea;  and  the 
<listance  of  the  peak  from  the  port  of 
Oratavia  is  above  11  miles.  This  island 
is  subject  toearflniu.ikes  j  and,  in  1704, 
one  destroyed  several  towns,  and  many 
thousand  people.  The  nunufactures 
carried  on  here,  are  very  ''^w,  and  the 
product  of  them  little  more  than  sufllci- 
ent  ibr  their  own  consumption.  They 
consist  of  tafielies,  gau/.e,  coiu'se  lin- 
cn.s,  blankets,  a  little  silk,  and  curious 
glutei's.  Tho  princi|5al  dcpeiulente  of 
the  inliabitants  is  on  their  wine,  (their 
stajile  commodity),  oil,  corn,  and  every 
kind  of  stock  for  siiippiiig.  V/iili  these 
the  >.. land  abounds  :  and,  in  their  sea- 
sn;,,  produces  not  only  the  tropical 
fruits,  but  the  vegetable  pr^Hhtctionsof 
tlic  European  garden;;,  in  the  greatest 
plenty.  TencrilV  enjoys  an  agreeable 
.andhe.ilthful  mediocrity  of  climate.  Ii;'- 
deed  none  seems  b(!lter  a<kpted  for 
the  restoration  of  a  valetudinarian  ;  as, 
by  going  into  the  mountains,  he  niiiy 
graduate  tlie  air,  and  choose  that  state 
of  it  wliich  best  suits  his  jomplaint. 
The  laborious  works  in  this  island  ai-.^ 
chicHy  performed  by  oxcli  .tnd  nnil'.'s, 
horsc',5  being  scarce  ;uid  iitserved  for" 


1 


Wie  nsc  of  the  ofiiccrs.  Hawks  and 
jiaiTdts  arc  iiiitivesol'tlic  island,  as  also 
swi'.llows,  jicuijulls,  partridg'c-ii,  canary- 
bii'ils,  Mul  Muciibii'Os.  'I'liei'c  are  alio 
liiT.nls,  lotvists  and  dragonHies.  The 
rlimatc  is  rcmurlif.bly  lieulllifiil,  and 
particularly  adapted  to  afford  relief  in 
jihlliisicid  conn)laint8.  St.  Clirist<iphe 
dc  Lagiina  is  the  capitr.I,  but  the  jjo- 
vcvnov  resides  nt  tjiuita  Cruz. 

Tciteriff,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in 
the  govenin.er.t  oCSt.  Martha,  seated 
fill  tl-e  Uiij  de  la  Mudalena,  100  iriilco 
S  1)3  W  or  St.  Martha.  Lcn.  74  15  W, 
lat.  9  47  N. 

Tcr.fz,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  Africa, 
in  t!ic  province  of  Treinesen,  capital  oi' 
:i  district  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong'  fort.  It  is  seated  on  tlic  side  o( 
u  mountain,  four  inil'.'s  from  the  sea. 
Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  30  20  N. 

Tc-r.^.mfou,  a  rich,  populous  and 
rr.rr.nierrral  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ho»i  quany,  witli  cix  cities  de- 
perd..r.t  on  it.  It  is  200  miles  W  b\ 
S  of  K;;n-kji;^.  Lon.  112  21  E,  lat.  31 
ON. 

Tcn^fovg-hien,  n  city  of  Cl'.ina,  u;;der 
the  jiirisdii  tion  of  Ho-iianfoii,  in  the 
province  of  Ho  niin  It  is  l';iniot;s  o;i  ac 
coi;tit  of  the  tower,  erected  for  an  obser- 
vMon  by  the  celebr.tcd  a'  troncmer 
Tc'.ieoii-Lon(.-,\\l.'.  a(  cordintr  to  the  Chi- 
nese  ii.i  ruled  th.c  marinti 's  eornpiiss. 

'J'enr.cscee,  ore  of  the  United  btbtes 
of  Anicrica,  situ.Me  between  the  paral- 
lels of  35  and  36  and  a-half  degfrccs 
il.itiHide  ;  bounded  on  the  S  by  Caroli- 
na and  Georgia,  (>n  the  W  by  the  Mis- 
sissipiii,  on  the  N  by  Kentucky  and 
Vir};iiiia,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Iron  aiul 
Bald  mounuiins,  whif  h  sepurate  it  fr(.ni 
Korth  C.'>rt>lina.  It  is  lipwiud  of  4('0 
miles  in  lengtli,  and  104  in  breadth  : 
and  contains  three  districts,  afd  11 
tountles.  Its  principal  rivers  arc  the 
Mississippi,  Tenne.''«ee,  Cun.beiland, 
Ucl.-ilon,  Clinch  .'iiul  ])i;rl;  ;  and  it  is 
abundantly  watered  h\  otiicr  rivers  and 
f  reeks.  The  CumberUnd  niounlairis, 
a  ridge  near  30  miles  broad,  cut  this 
state  into  the  eiislern  snd  western  di 
visions.  It  was  forinerh'  a  p:\rt  el 
Korth  Carolina,  hut  it  was  adniiltcd  a 
ji  (  niber  of  the  United  Klalc;  in  17<J6. 
In  1795,  it  C(  ntained  C{),C49  free  per- 
sons, and  ]0,G13  slaves.  Kntjxville  is 
the  c.ipitnl. 

Ten.tisic,  a  river  of  North  America, 
formerly  called  the  Cherokee  River.  It 
vises  in  the  Iron  mountains,  and,  hav- 


T  E  R 

ihg  traversed  the  borders  of  the  Chero- 
kee country  northward,  is  joined  by 
the  Holston  branch,  whence  it  is  called 
the  Tennessee .-  thence  it  runs  S  W 
and  N,  into  the  state  of  Kentucky: 
liei-e  it  soon  turns  to  the  N  W,  and  then 
falls  into  the  Ohio,  6U  miles  above  the 
conHuenre  of  that  river,  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Tennessee  is  600  yaids 
broad  at  its  month,  and  thence  naviga- 
ble by  vessels  of  g-reat  burden  for  i60 
miles,  to  the  Muscle  Shoals,  in  the 
Great  Bend.  It  max  be  navigated,  by 
boats  of  40  tons  burden,  at  Teiutt  60U 
indea  farther,  some  trifling  falls  excep- 
ted. 

Ten  tcheou-fua,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
prov  nee  of  Chang-tong,  with  a  poml 
port,  and  eight  cities  in  its  jurisdiction. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  a  peninsu- 
la of  the  Yellow  Se.i,  200  miles  S  E  of 
Pckin.     Lon.  115  30  E,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Tennettadt,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Thuring-ia,  near  the  rivers  Sclten- 
lein  and  Schambach,  five  miles  from 
Erfurt. 

Tenr.is,  a  town  of  Egy])t,  situate  on 
an  island  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
28  nides  S  K  of  Damietta.  Lon.  32  15 
E,  lat.  ."Jl  2  N. 

Tenterdvn,  a  corporate  town  in  Kent, 
governed  by  a  jnayor,  with  a  market  on 
FridiiV.  The  ^(ee|;le  -f the  ehunh  is 
very  lofty,  and  at  the  tiii.c  of  tin  Si).i- 
nisli  invasion,  in  1588,  was  made  use  iif 
as  a  beacon.  It  is  24  miles  S  VV  of 
('anierburv,  and  56  E  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  0  35E,  lat  51  12  N. 

Tentugal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  eight  miles  W  N  W  of  Coim- 
bra.     Lon.  8  50  W,  lat  40  17  N 

Tepic,  a  town  of  New  Spjui,  in  tlie 
audience  of Guvi'iihijani,  500  miles  N 
W  of  tl;e  city  of  M..'.\ico. 

Tepiifz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Leitmcriti,  celebrated  fop 
Its  warm  baths,  14  miles  W  N  W  of 
Leitnie;i<i!. 

TeraiMO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Ahr'!zzi»Ulterlorc,  with  a  bishop's  sec, 
t:e.'ited  at  the  confluence  of  the  Viciola 
and  Tordino,  ten  miles  N  W  of  .Atri, 
and  25  N  E  of  Aq\iilcia.  Lon.  13  39 
E,  lat  42  37  N. 

Tcrnsso,  a  decajcd  town  of  Turkey 
in  EMro|)c,  in  Caramania,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  was  fcjrmerly  called 
Tarsus,  was  tlie  capital  of  Cilicia,  and 
is  the  birthplace  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Mediterranean.  t,oa-  35  55 
IE,  lat.  37  10  N. 


E  R 

borders  of  the  Chero- 
tiwartl,  is  joined  by 
li,  whence  it  is  called 
hence  it  runs  S  \V 
stiite  of  Kentucky: 
to  the  N  W,  and  then 
(I,  6U  miles  above  the 
t  river,  with  the  Mis- 
:nnGSSee  is  600  yaidg 
It,  and  thence  navipja- 
^•reat  bui'dtn  fop  :^60 
[uscle  Shoals,  in  the 
may  be  navigated,  by 
burden,  at  least  600 
ne  trifling  falls  excep- 

a  city  of  China,  in  the 
g-tong,  with  a  pood 
ties  in  its  jurisdiction. 
le  N  side  of  a  peninsu- 
Sea,  200  miles  S  E  of 
5  50  E,  lat.  J5  50  N. 
own  of  Upper  Saxony, 
ar  the  rivers  Selten- 
bach,  five   miles  from 

I  of  E{m)t,  situate  on 
:e  of  tlic  same  name, 
Damiettu.     Lon,  32  15 

irporate  town  in  Kent, 
layor,  with  a  market  on 
ee]ilt  if ihe  chiinh  ia 
tit  the  tUi.c  ol'tlu  Spa- 

1588,  was  made  use  of 
,  is  24  miles  S  W  of 
I  56  E  bv  S  of  London. 

51  12  N. 

town  of  Portugal,  in 
ic-H    W  N  W   of  Coim- 

\V,  hi  40  17  N 
1  of  New  S\-M\,   i:i  'lie 
••(I.ihijura,  500  miles  N 
f  M'jxico. 

vn  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
noritz,  cckbiated  for 
,   U  miles  W  N  W  of 

town  of  Naples,  is 
ore,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
imtluence  oftheVicioU 
en  miles  N  W  of  Atri, 
Aquilcia.     Lon.   13  39 

■caycd  town  of  Turkey 
^aramanla,  with  an  arch- 
It  W.IS  fdrmevly  called 
e  capital  of  Cilicia,  and 
•c  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  scat- 
iterrancan.    Loa.  35  55 


T  E  R 

Tent  uon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
(lartment  of  Dordogne,  seated  on  the 
Vesert  M  miles  N  of  Sarlat.  Lon,  1 
19  E,  lac.  45  5  N. 

Tercera,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Wes- 
tern Islands.  It  is  very  fertile,  and 
contains  about  20,000  inhabitants.  An- 
gra  is  the  capital. 

Ttrchiz,  or  Terhiz,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  the  province  of  Chorasan,  120  miles 
\»f  N  W  of  Herat.  Lon.  S7  25  E,  lat. 
35  5  N. 

Terga,  a  town  of  Morocco,  seated  on 
the  Ummirabi,  25  miles  from  Azamor. 

Tergovhto,  or  Terois,  a  commercial 
town,  capital  of  Walachia.  It  has  a 
tine  palace,  belonging  to  the  waywode, 
and  is  seated  on  the  jalonitz,  .10  miles 
N  W  of  Bucharest.  Lon.  25  26  E,  lat 
45  45  N. 

Terki,  a  town  of  Circnssia,  where  a 
prince  resides  dependant  on  the  Kus> 
liians,  this  being  their  frontier  town 
:4i^inst  Persia.  It  is  seated  on  a  river 
bf  the  same  name,  in  a  marshy  place, 
one  milefi-om  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  125 
E  of  Tefflis.  Lon.  47  50  E,  lat.  43  32 
N. 

Termini,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of 
Sicily,  in  Val  di  IJemona,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  famous  for  its  mineral 
waters,  and  has  a  line  aqueduct.  It  is 
seated  at  the  moutli  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  in  a  territory  abounding  in 
corn,  oil,  and  wine,  20  miles  S  E  of 
Palermo.     Lon.  13  44  E,  hit.  .'58  5  N. 

Ternioli,  or  Termini,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  .".eated 
wear  the  sea,  70  miles  N  E  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  20  E,  lat.  41  59  N. 

Ternate,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
the  principal  of  the  Moluccas.  It  is 
ir:ountasnous,  and  has  a  great  number 
of  wo<'ds,  which  furnish  much  game  ; 
hut  it  prmluces  a  great  tjuantity  of 
cloves,  and  other  fniits  proper  to  the 
climate.  It  lies  a  little  to  the  W  of 
Glhilo,  and  100  miles  E  of  Celebes. 
Lon.  129  0  E,  lat.  1  0  N. 

Teniavaiso,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  six 
miles  N  E  of  Carmagnola,  and  eight  S 
of  C'.ieri. 

Terneiiie,  a  strong  town  and  fort  of 
Dutch  Flanders  on  the  W  branch  of 
the  Scheldt,  called  the  Hondt.  It  is 
c'lKht  miles  N  of  Sas-van-Ghent,  and 
25  \V  N  W  of  Antwerp.  It  was  taken 
hv  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  3  45  E, 
lat.  n  20  N. 

Terni,  an  ancient  episcopal  city  of 
Ji^ly,  in  the  dutchy  of  Spolelto.    The  j 


T  E  R 

I  cathedral  is  a  magnificent  stnicture, 
and  the  place  contains  ub»ut  9,000 
inhabitants  ;  but  it  was  much  more 
considerable  formerly  than  it  is  now. 
The  famous  cataract  of  the  river  Veli- 
no,  which  falls  from  a  precipice  300 
feet  high,  is  a  mile  from  this  city, 
which  is  seated  on  an  island  formed  by 
the  river  Neva,  on  which  account  it 
was  anciently  called  Interamna.  Terni 
is  the  birthplace  of  Tacitus  the  histo* 
rian.  It  is  15  miles  S  by  VV  of  Spo- 
letto,  and  40  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  40 
E,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Tirnma,  an  ancient  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria. 
It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  princes 
of  Bulgaria,  and  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  Jenera,  88  miles  N  W 
of  Adrianople,  and  97  N  E  of  Sophia, 
Lon.  26  2  E,  lat,  43  1  N, 

Terracina,  anciently  called  Anxur,  a 
decayed  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di 
Homa,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  warlike  Voisci,  and  the 
principal  church  was  originally  a  tem. 
pie  of  Jupiter.  It  is  seated  among 
orange  and  citron  groves,  near  the  sea, 
on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  46  miles 
S  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  15  £,  lat,  41 
24  N. 

Terra  del  Etperitu  Santo,  the  most 
western  and  largest  island  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  tlie  S  Seas,  being  40 
leagues  in  circuit.  The  land  is  exceed- 
ingly high  and  mountainous,  and  in 
many  places  tlic  clitfii  rise  directly 
from  the  sea.  E.^cept  the  hills  anil 
beaches,  every  part  is  covered  with 
wood,  or  laid  out  in  plantations.  Besides 
the  Bay  of  St,  Philip  and  St.  Ja^'o,  on 
the  N  side  of  it,  the  isles  which  lie 
along  the  S  and  E  coast  form  several 
good  bays  and  harbours.  Lat.  16  S,  lon. 
165  E.  ■ 

Terra  del  Fuego  /  under  this  name  are 
comprehendpd  several  islands,  at  tlie 
southern  exl'.'^nity  of  America.  Tlicy 
take  their  name  from  a  volcano  on  the 
largest  of  them.  They  are  ail  very  bar- 
ren and  mountainous,  but  from  what 
Mr.  Forster  says,  in  his  voyage  to  the 
S  Sea,  ihe  climate  would  not  appear  to 
be  so  rigorous  and  tempestuous  as  it  is 
roiM'csented  in  Anson's  voyage  Upon 
the  lower  grounds  and  islands,  tii.it 
were  sheltered  by  the  hij^'h  mounta.ns, 
Mr.  Forster  found  several  sorts  (fti-ees 
and  plants,  and  a  variety  of  b.rds. 
Among  the  trees  was  Winter'.s  bark 
tree,  and  a  species  of  nrbutas,  lo.acle4 
T  r   r  T 


.-W 


T  E  R 

with  red  fruit  of  the  size  of  stballcker- 
ries,  V  iiich  were  very  weil  tasted.  In 
tome  places  there  iaalsopknty  of  cele- 
ry. Aniun^  the  birds  was  a  species  of 
duck,  of  tiie  size  of  »  goose,  wiiich  ran 
along  the  sea  with  atnazing  velocity, 
beating  the  tvatcr  witb  its  wing's  and 
feet  It  had  a  grey  plumage,  with  a 
yellow  bill  and  feet,  and  a  few  white 
<|U)1I  fenthers.  At  tlie  Falkland  islands 
it  is  called  a  logger-head  duck  ;  among 
the  birds  are  also  pleUty  of  geese  and 
falcons.  The  rockn  of  some  of  the  is- 
lands are  covered  with  large  r"::-'c: 
thella,  the  fiah  of  which  is  well  flavour- 
ed. The  natives  of  tliis  country  are 
nhori  in  thoir  )>ersons,  not  exceeding 
five  feet  six  inches  at  most,  their  heads 
targe,  their  faces  broad,  their  cheek 
Uuiuis  very  protninent,  and  their  noses 
very  flat.  They  have  little  brown  eyes, 
with'-Mit  life ;  their  hair  is  black  and 
lank,  hanging  about  their  heads  in  dis- 
order, and  besmeared  with  train  oil. 
Oh  tlie  chin  they  have  a  few  straggling 
short  bait's  instead  of  a  beard,  and  from 
their  nose  there  is  a  constant  discharge 
of  mucUH  ■  ..to  their  ugly  open  mouth. 
The  whole  assemblage  of  their  features 
forms  the  most  '.  )atlisome  picture  of 
misery  and  wretchfidness  to  which  hu- 
man nature  can  possibly  be  reduced. 
Those  which  Mr.  Forster  saw,  had  no 
other  cloUiing  thaA  a  small  piece  of 
«eal-skin,  wiiich  hung  flrom  their  shoul- 
<)cr8  to  the  middle  of  the  back,  being 
fastened  round  the  neck  with  a  string. 
The  rest  of  their  body  was  perfectly 
nake^,  not  the  least  regard  being  paid 
to  what  the  Europeans  would  term  in- 
decency. Their  natural  colour  seems 
to  be  an  olive  brown,  with  a  kind  of 
^088,  resembling  that  of  copper  ;  but 
many  of  them  disguise  themseh'es  with 
streaks  of  red  paint,  and  sometimes, 
though  seldom,  with  white.  Their 
whole  character  is  the  strangest  com- 
pound of  •tivpidit}',  indilference,  and 
inactivity.  They  have  no  other  arms 
thim  bows  and  arrows,  and  titeir  instru- 
ments for  ftshingare  a  kind  offish  gigs. 
They  live  chiehy  on  seals  flesh,  and 
like  the  ftit  oily  part  most.  There  is  no 
appearance  of  any  subordination  among 
them,  and  their  mode  of  life  approaches 
nearer  to  that  of  brutes  than  that  of  any 
other  nation. 

ITerrti  di  £avoro.  See  Laimro. 

Terra  (POtfar.to.  See  Otranto. 

Terra  P'irnni,  or  Tierra  Pirma,  a  king- 
"dOm  of  S  America,  boundeil  oik  the  K 


T  E  R 

by  the  Oaribbeaft  Sea,  on  the  N  E  by 
the  Atlantic,  on  tb^  S  E  by  Guiana  anil 
Amazonia,  on  tlie  S  by  New  Granada, 
and  on  the  W  by  tlie  Paciflc  Ocean  and 
the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  which  last  se- 
parates it  from  N  America.  Its  lengtb, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacliic  Ocean, 
is  upward  of  1300  miles  :  its  greatest 
breadth  is  750 ;  but,  in  some  pldccs, 
toward  the  Oronoko,  not  above  IIM.  It 
is  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Terra 
Firma  Proper,  or  Darien,  Cartlisgeiia., 
St  Martha,  Rio  de  laHacha,  Vene/.uc- 
ia,  Caraccas,  Guinana,  and  Paris,  or 
New  Andalusia.  The  whole  country 
is  now  subject  to  the  viceroy  of  New 
Granada,  who  resides  at  St.  Fc  de  Bu- 
goat.  The  climate  here,  especially  in 
the  northern  parts,  is  extremely  hut 
and  sultry  during  the  whole  year. 
From  the  month  of  May  to  the  cml  nt' 
November,  the  season  called  winter  by 
the  mhabitants,  is  almost  a  continual 
succession  of  thunder,  ruin,  .itid  tem« 
pests  t  the  clouds  prccipitatingthe  rains 
with  such  impetuosity,  that  the  Ion- 
lands  exhibit  the  appearance  of  an 
ocean.  Great  part  oi  the  country  is  <>C 
consequence  almost  continually  flooded ; 
and  this,  together  with  the  excessivn 
heat,  so  impregnates  the  air  with  va- 
(lours,  that  in  many  provinces,  giarticu- 
larly  about  Popayan  and  Porto  Beilo,  it 
is  extremely  unwholesome.  Tliis  pnt 
of  S  America  was  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus, in  his  third  voyage  to  this  con- 
tinent. It  was  subdued  and  settled  by 
the  Spaniards,  about  the  year  1514,  al- 
ter destroying,  with  great  inhumanity, 
several  millions  of  the  natives.  Thiii 
country  was  called  Terra  Firma,  on  ac- 
count of  its  being  the  first  part  of  the 
continent  which  was  discovered,  all  tlic 
lands  discovered  {irevious  to  this  being; 
islai)d». 

Terra  Firma  Proper,  another  name  for 
the  province  of  Darien,  in  America. 
See  Darien. 

Terrannvti,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Yal  di 
Noto.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Monte- 
Leone,  and  is  seated  near  tiic  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  SO  miles  E 
S  E  of  Alicata.  Lon.  14  K»  K,  kt  37 
9N. 

Terra  ifuma,  an  ancient  sCaport,  on 
the  N  E  coast  of  Sardinia,  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  giilf  of  the  samcj  na'me,  6jf 
miles  N  N  £  of  Sassari.  Lon.  935  £,  lat. 
41  3  N. 

Terriato,  or  Mango,  a  smnll  village  of 
Pegue,  boautifully  situated  on  a  h'8f'>^ 


I*  hi 


■■mm»<mmmx'  mmm' 


;  R 

iea,  on  tlie  K  E  br 
«  S  E  by  Guiana  and 
S  by  New  Gp»nad», 
Jie  Paci6c  Ocean  and 
\t'ien,  wbich  laiit  ge- 
America.  Its  leng;<b, 
to  the  Pacliic  Ocean, 

miks :  its  greatest 
ut,  in  some  pUlccs, 
(0,  not  above  ItM).  It 
i  provintes  of  Terra 
Darien,  Cartiiagena. 
:  laHacha,  VenexUL-- 
inana,  and  Faria,  or 
The  whole  countrj- 
the  viceroy  of'  New 
des  at  St.  Fc  de  Bo- 
;e  here,  especially  in 
9,  is  extremely  Iiot 
g  the  whole  year, 
f  May  to  the  cml  nt 
ison  called  winter  l>y 
I  almost  a  continual 
ider,  ruiis  aftd  tem« 
rccipitatiiigthe  rains 
osity,  that  the  low 

appearance  of  an 
t  ot  the  country  is  tif 
t  continually  flooded : 
with  the  excessivft 
tes  the  air  witii  v«- 
f  provinces,  ])articu- 
n  and  Porto  Bella,  it 
olesooie.    This  part 

discovered  by  Co- 
il voyage  to  this  con- 
>dued  and  settled  by 
at  the  year  1514,  »(•> 
It  great  inhumanity, 
"  the  natives.    This 

Terra  Firmu,  on  ac- 
the  first  part  of  the 
as  discovered,  all  tlic 
xvious  to  this  being 

per,  another  name  for 
arlcn,   in   America. 

n  of  Sicily,  in  Yal  dl 
the  duke  of  Monte- 

^l  near  titc  mouth  of 
name,  SO  miles  E 
on.  14  K)  E,  lat.  37 

ancient  seaport,  on 
rdinitt,  seated  at  the 
the  samd  na"me,  63 
lari.  Lon.935E,  lat. 

;'o,  a  small  villsgeof 
situated  on  a  jii^lv 


TES 

commanding  bank  of  the  Ivratvaddy 
liver,  and  surrounded  by  gruves  of 
Mang^o  trees,  from  which  it  takes  its 
name.     Lon.  95  35  E.  lat.  17  32  N. 

Tenidon,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on 
tJic  \V  coast  of  Resshire,  between  Cnir- 
loch  and  Apptecrots.  It  has  many  creeks 
and  buys. 

Ttrruuen,  a  town  of  France,  In  the 
department  of  Uie  Struits  of  Calais, 
icatcd  on  the  Lis,  six  miles  S  of  Kt. 
Omcr. 

'Jirruti,  k  to'On  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
iroti,  with  a  bishu|>*8  see,  seated  in  a 
laryre  fertile  {itain,  ut  the  confluence  of 
the  Guadalqiiiver  and  Alhambro,  75 
miles  S  W  of  harafifossa,  and  113  E  of 
Madrid.     I.nn.  1  0  W.  lat.  40  25  N. 

Tervcre,  or  Fcere,  a  town  of  the  Unit- 
<m1  Provinces,  in  Zealand,  on  the  N  £ 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Walclieren,  with  a 
food  harbour,  and  a  tine  arsenal,  A>ur 
miles  N  E  of  Middleburg.  LOn.  3  43  E, 
lat  51  56  N. 

'JitclitH,  a  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  ca- 
pital of  a  dutchy  of  the  s.ime  name, 
tubject  to  the  house  of  Austria,  it  was 
taken  by  the  Prussians  in  1757,  but  re- 
stored in  1763.  It  is  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  a  morass,  and  seated  near  the 
source  of  the  Vistula.  At  a  little  dis- 
tance from  it  ia  an  old  castle,  on  an 
eminence,  where  the  Ancient  dukes  re- 
sided. The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  trade 
ill  leather,  woollen  stuffk,  and  Hun^^ary 
wines  i  and  make  pretty  good  tire  arms, 
and  excellent  beer.  A  ti-eaty  of  peace 
was  concluded  here,  in  1779,  between 
emperor  Josepli  II.  and  Frederick  Wil 
liam  Hi.  of  Pnissia.  It  is  37  miles  S  £ 
of  Troppau,  and  65  S  W  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  18  17  E,  lat.  49  53  N. 

Ttsfgdelt,  a  town  of  Morocco  Proper, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Techubit.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  cr!:g»^  rock,  which 
fenders  it  impi'egnable.  It  is  300  miles 
W  of  Morocco. 

Tesino,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which 
has  its  source  in  Mount  St.  Gothnrd , 
Hows  throug'h  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
.sons,  and  the  Like  Maggiore ;  then  rim- 
iiing  through  part  of  the  Milanese,  it 
washes  Pavia,  and  a  little  after  tails  in- 
to the  Po. 

Tciet,  a  town  of  Zahara,  which 
irive.s  name  to  a  district.  It  is  170  miles 
Sof. Morocco.  Lon. 6 56  W, lat.  15 24  N. 

Tesaia,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the 
tounlv  of  Tirol,  22  miles  N  E  of  Trent. 
:.nd  24  S  E  of  Bolzsiw.     Lyn.  1 1  40  V.. 

i^.f.  -I'i  :>''i  N. 


t  E  V 

Tsii,  or  7>M,  B  riv«r  which  rises  fai 
the  N  W  of  Hants,  and  passing  Stock- 
brid^e  and  Rumsey,  fklls  into  the  bay  of 
Southampton. 

Tetlntry,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  of 
some  imtwrtance,  but  its  market  f'tr 
tlte  staple  commodities  of  the  county, 
and  for  wool  and  cliccsc  has  of  latM 
years  suffered  a  gradual  decline.  It:i 
chief  ornament  is  its  newly  erected 
church,  built  in  a  spirited  imitation  of 
Gothic  models.  It  is  35  miles  E  N  K 
of  Bristol,  And  99  W  of  London.  Lon.  I 
8  VV,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Tetieaco,  a  lake  of  Peru,  in  the  audi- 
enee  of  Lima  and  province  of  Callao, 
above  200  miles  in  circumference. 

Tettnang,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  oi' 
a  lordship  Of  the  same  name.  It  ia 
eight  miles  N  of  Lindau,  and  18  E  N  E 
of  Constance.  Lon.  9  50  £»  Ut.  4f 
46  11. 

Tettian,  a  city  of  th6  kingdom  of  Pe«r, 
with  a  cattle.  The  houses  have  only 
little  holes  toward  the  streets  to  look 
out  at;  for  the  windows  are  on  the  in- 
side, toward  the  courtyard,  which  Is 
surrounded  by  galleries  (  and  in  thd. 
middle  is  gCneraMy  *  fountain.  The 
housed  are  two  stories  hig4i,  flat  at  th«i 
top,  and  the  streets  very  narrow.  The 
women  visit  each  other  IVom  the  topa 
of  their  houses  ;  they  wear  bracelets  on 
thoir  arms  undlegs,  and  large  ear-rings  i 
have  very  fine  eyes,  and  some  of  them 
beautiful  skins ;  and  their  vest  is  open 
before,  A-om  the  !)osom  to  the  waist. 
The  shO))B  are  very  small,  and  without 
doors  ;  the  master  sitting  cross-legj^d 
on  a  counter,  with  the  goods  disposed 
in  drawers  round  him,  and  all  the  cus- 
tomers stand  in  the  street.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Cus,  three  miles  from  tlifc 
Mediterranean,  21  S  of  Ceuta,  .md  lUg 
N  by  W  of  Fei.  Lon.  *  26  VV,  kt  35 
27  N. 

Tffitrone,  a  river  of  Italy,  the  ancient 
Anio,  which  rines  in  the  Appennines, 
50  miles  above  Tivoli,  glides  through 
a  plain  till  it  comes  near  that  town, 
when  it  is  conflned  for  a  short  spaed 
between  two  hills,  covered  with  groves. 
These  were  siipimsed  to  be  the  resi- 
dence of  the  sibvl  Albunca,  to  whom  a 
teniplft  here  was  dedicated,  the  elC- 
cfant  form  of  which  indicates  its  having 
been  built  when  the  arts  were  in  the 
highest  state  of  perfection.  The  river 
moving  with  augmentcil  rapidity,  as  its 
chaiwel  is  «oni>n«4    at  la«t  rnshtt*!  ti*> 


iv.iuly  over  a  lofty  precipice,  lite  noise 
uf  iu  fall  resounding  tliroii|rh  tlie  hills 
and  groves  of  Tivoli  i  a  liquid  cloud  a- 
riscs  from  the  foaming  water,  which 
afterward  divides  into  numberlcsB  smuU 
cascades,  waters  several  orchard?,  and 
having  gained  the  plain,  (lows  quietly 
on  till  it  loses  itself  in  the  Tiber.  See 
Solftitara. 

Teviot,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  ri- 
ses in  tite  mountains  in  the  S  W  of 
Huxburghshire,  and  passing-  almost 
through  the  centre  of  that  county,  falls 
into  the  Tweed,  near  Kelso. 
Tniotdale.  See  Roxburghth'ire. 
Teurart,  an  ancient  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  seated  on  a  mountain  near 
tlie  river  Za. 

Teuschnitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  in  tliv  bishopric 
of  Bamberg,  .34  miles  N  E  of  Bamberg. 
Lon.  11  27  E.  lat.  50  32  N. 

Teusera,  a  Uiwn  of  Barbary,  in  Bile- 
dulgerid,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
river.  It  stands  on  the  confines  of  Tu- 
nis, in  a  country  abounding  in  dates. 
Lou.  10  16  E,  lat.  31  28  N. 

Tmvietbttry,  a  borough  in  Glouces- 
terHliire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  was  formerly  noted 
for  the  excellence  of  its  mustard,  but 
now  only  diatmguished  (as  to  its  trade) 
for  a  manuf»ctory  of  cotton  stockings. 
But  Its  church,  and  tlie  ruins  of  its  mo- 
nastery, are  most  worthy  of  notice  ; 
tlie  former  of  which  contains  the  relics 
of  those  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Tew- 
kesbury, and,  amongthe  rest,  of  prince 
Edward,  son  to  Henry  VI.  who  was 
butchered  in  cold  blood  ai\cr  the  en- 
gagement. Tewkesbury  is  seated  at 
tlie  confluence  of  the  Severn  and  Avon, 
10  miles  N  of  Gloucester,  and  102  W 
N  VV  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W,  lat. 
.52  N. 

Texcl,  an  island  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, iu  N  Holland,  separated  from 
tlie  continent  by  a  narrow  channel  of 
the  same  name,  defended  by  a  strong 
fort  on  the  continent,  called  the  lielder. 
Tiiis  cliunnel  is  the  best  and  most 
southern  entrance  from  the  ocean  into 
the  Zuider-Zee,  and  through  it  most  of 
tlie  ships  pass  that  are  huund  to  Am- 
sterdam. In  September  1"99,  the  En- 
glish effected  a  landing  liere,  and  took 
the  fort  which  defends  the  ch.innel,  and 
the  whole  of  the  IJutch  fleet  lying 
therein,  surrendered  to  them,  for  the 
service  of  tiie  prince  of  Orange  ;  but 
{i.i.rtly  deterred  by  tUs  impregnable  na- 


T  H  A 

lure  of  the  country,  and  partly  hy  tde 
approach  of  winter,  they  abandoned  the 
fort  in  November  following. 

Teya,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  near  Teltsh,  in  Moravia, 
flows  E  by  Znaim,  on  the  borders  of 
Austria,  and  enters  the  Moraw  on  the 
confines  of  Hungary. 

Tejm,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Prague,  52  miles 
S  W  of  that  city.  Lon.  13  40  £,  lut. 
49  38  N. 

Tezar,  a  town  of  the  kingdotn  of  Fez, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Cum.  Here 
is  a  mosque,  larger  than  that  of  Fez, 
being  half  a  mile  in  circumference.  It 
is  seated  on  a  small  river,  45  miles  C 
of  Fez.     Lon.  4  15  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

TezciKo,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  and 
the  capital  of  a  large  government.  Here 
Cortez  caused  a  canal  to  be  dug,  where 
he  built  18  brigantines,  to  carry  on  the 
siege  of  Me^cico.  It  is  seated  ne.ir  the 
lake  of  Mexico,  30  miles  E  of  the  city 
of  that  name.  Lon.  100  4  W,  lat.  20 
3    N. 

Tezela,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, in  Tremesen,  with  a  castle,  15 
miles  from  Oran.  Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  35 
25  N. 

7'ezote,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  seated  on  the  jiuint  of  a  rock, 
8  miles  from  Melilla.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat. 
44  40N. 

Thainee,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  near  the  mouth  uf  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  120  miles  S  of 
Tunis.    Lon.  10  13  E,  lat.  34  50  N. 

Thaniet,  tlie  finest  river  in  Great 
Britain,  which  takes  its  rise  from  a  co- 
pious spring,  calledThames  Head,  two 
miles  S  VV  of  Cirencester,  in  Glouce.s- 
tershire.  It  has  been  erroneously  said, 
that  its  name  is  Isis,  till  it  arrives  nt 
Dorchester,  15  miles  below  Oxforil, 
when,  being  joined  by  the  Thame  or 
Tame,  it  a.ssunies  the  name  of  Thames, 
which,  it  has  been  obsei-ved,  is  formed 
fi'om  a  combination  of  tlie  words 
Thame  and  Isis.  What  was  the  origin 
of  this  vulgar  error,  cannot  now  be 
traced.  Poetical  fiction,  however,  has 
perpetuated  this  error,  and  invested  it 
with  a  kind  of  classical  sanctity.  It 
plainly  appears  (says  Camden),  that 
the  fiver  was  always  called  Tliamcs  or 
Terns,  before  it  came  near  the  Tlu-iine ; 
and  in  several  ancient  charters  granttd 
to  the  abbey  of  Maluisbury,  as  well  an 
that  of  Ensham,  und  in  the  old  deeils 
relating  to  Crickhtilc,  it  w  never  con- 


'  H  A 

luntry,  and  partly  l)y  the 

nter,  they  abandoned  the 

}er  following. 

r  of  Germany,  wliiclihas 

nr  Teltsh,    in    Moravia, 

Inaim,  on  the  borders  of 

enters  the  Moraw  on  the 

ingary. 

n  of  Bohemia,  belonging 

hop  of  Prague,  52  miles 

city.    Lon.  13  4U  £,  hit. 

wn  of  the  kingdotn  of  Fez, 
province  of  Cu/i.  Here 
larger  than  that  of  Fez, 
iiile  in  circumference.  It 
a  small  river,  45  miles  E 
,4  15  W,  lat.  33  40N. 
town  of  New  Spain,  and 
I  large  government.  Here 
1  a  canal  to  be  dug,  where 
igantines,  to  carry  on  the 
ico.  It  is  seated  ne.ar  the 
CO,  30  miles  E  of  the  city 
!.     Lon.  100  4  W,  lat.  20 

own  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
;megen,  with  a  castle,  15 
ran.    Lon.  U  25  £,  lat  35 

town  of  the  kingdom  of 
on  the  |)uint  of  a  rock, 
Melilla.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat. 

n  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
runis,  near  the  mouth  of  a 
lame  name,  120  miles  S  of 
.  10  13  E,  lat.  34  50  N. 
the  finest  river  in  Great 
cli  takes  its  rise  from  a  co- 
,  calledThames  Head,  twii 
f  Cirencester,  in  Glouces. 
has  been  erroneously  said, 
ne  is  Isia,  till  it  arrives  at 

15  miles  below  Oxtbn!, 
f  joined  by  the  Thame  or 
umes  the  name  of  Thames, 
IS  been  observed,  is  formed 
mbihation  of  the  words 
Isis.  What  was  the  orijjiii 
jar  error,  cannot  now  be 
etical  fiction,  however,  ha.s 

this  error,  and  invested  it 
d  of  classical  sanctity.  It 
jars  (says  Camden),  t!)at 
IS  always  called  Tliamcs  or 
re  it  came  near  the  Thtiine ; 
ral  ancient  charterrt  granted 
V  of  Maliiishiiry,  as  well  a« 
sham,  and  in  the  old  deeds 

Crickluiic,  it  is  never  con- 


T  H  A 

nidered  under  any  other  name  than  that 
nf  Thames.     He  likewise  says,  that  it 
occurs  no-where  under  the  name  of  Isis. 
All  the  historians  wlio  mention  the  in> 
cursions  of  Ethelwold  into  Wiltshire  in 
the  year  905,  or  of  Canute  in  1016,  con- 
cur likewise  in  the  game  opinion,  by 
declaring,    that  they  passed  over  the 
Thames  at  Cricklade  in  Wiltshire.     It 
is  not  probable,  moreover,  that  Thames 
Head,   an    appellation    by  which  tlie 
source  has  usually  been  distinguished, 
should  give  rise  to  a  river  of  the  name 
of  Isis  ;  which  river,  after  having  run 
half  its  course,   should  reassume  the 
name  of  Thames,  the  .ippellation  of  its 
pai'ent  spring.    About  a  mile  below  the 
source  of  the  river  is  the  first  corn-mill, 
which   is    called  Kemble-Mill.    Here 
the  river  may  be  pro])erly  said  to  form 
a  constant  current ;  which,  though  not 
more  than  nine  feet  wide  in  the  sum- 
mer, yet  in  the  winter  becomes  such 
a  torrent  as  to  overflow  the  meadows 
for  many  miles  around.     But,  in  the 
summer,  the  Thames  Head  is  so  dry, 
as  to  appear  nothing  but  a  lu'ge  dell, 
interspersed  with   stones  ani  weeds. 
From   Somcrford  the  stream  winds  to 
Cricklade,  where  it  unites  v/itli  many 
other  rividets.  Approaching  K.emsfurd, 
it  again  enters  its  native  countr}',  divi- 
ding it  from  Berkstiire  at  In.glesham. 
It  widens  considerably  in    its  way  to 
Lechlade  i   and  being  there  joined  by 
the  Lech  and  Coin,  at  the  distance  of 
138  miles  from  London,  it  becomes  na- 
vigable for  vessels  of  90  tons.   Al  Ens- 
ham,  in  its  course  N  E,  to  Oxford,  is 
the  first  bridge  of  stone  ;  a  handsome 
one,  of  three  arciies,  built  by  the  earl 
of  Abingdon.     Passing  by  the  ruins  of 
Godstow  nunnery,   where  the  celebra- 
ted fair  Kosumnnd  was  interred,  the  ri- 
ver reaches  Oxford,  in  whose  academic 
groves  its  poetical  name  of  Isis  has 
been  so  often  invoked.    Being  there 
joined  by  the  Charwel,  it  proceeds  S  E 
to  Abingdon,  and  thence  to  Dorches- 
ter, where  it  receives  the  Tame.  Con- 
tinuing its  course  S  E  by  Wallingford 
to  Heading,  and  forming  a  boundary  to 
the  counties  of  Berks,  Bucks,  Surry, 
Middlesex,  Essex,  and  Kent,  it  wash- 
es the  towns  of  Henley,  Marlow,  Mai- 
denhead,    Windsor,     Eton,    lipham, 
.Slaines,    Laleham,    Chertsey,    Wey- 
bridgc,  Shepperton,  Walton,  Jiunbury, 
Kast   and  West   MouLsey,    Hiimpton, 
Tiiames  Ditton,  Kingston,  Teddington, 
Xwickenham,    Richmond,    Isltwortli, 


T  H  A 

Brentford,    Kew,    Mortlake,    Barnest 
Chiswick,  Hauiniersmith,  Putney,  Ful- 
ham,  Wandsworth,  Battcrsea,  Chelsea, 
and  Lambeth.     I'hen  on  the  N  bank  of 
the   river,  are   Westminster  and  Lon- 
don, and,  on  the  opposite  side,  Soutii- 
wark ;  forming  together  one  continued 
city,  extending  to  Limelinuse  and  Dcpt- 
ford  ;  and  hence  the  river  proceeds  to 
Greenwich,  Erith,  Greenhithe,  Gray's, 
Thurrock,  Gravesend,  and   Leigh,  in- 
to  the  ocean.     It  receives  in  its  course 
from    Dorcb  "ster,  the  rivers  Kennet, 
Loddon,    Coin,  Wey,  Mole,  Wandel, 
Lea,    Koding,    Uarent  and   Medway. 
The  jurisdiction  of  the  lord  mayor  over 
the  Thames  extends  from  Coin  Uitcli, 
a  little  to  the  W  of  Staines,  to  Yei.dcl 
or  Yenleet  to  the  E,  including  part  of 
the  rivers  Medway  and  Lea  ;  and  he 
has  a  deputy,  named  the  water-bailiff, 
who  is  to  search  for  and  punish  all  of- 
fenders against  the  laws  for  the  preser- 
vaiion  of  the  river  and  its  fish.     Eight 
times  a-year  the  lord  mayor  and  alder- 
men hold  courts  of  conservance  for  the 
fi)ur    counties   of    Surry,    Middlesex, 
Essex  and  Kent.     Though  the  Thames 
is  said  to  be  navigable  138  miles  above 
the  bridge,  yet  there  arc  so  many  flats, 
that   in   summer  the  navigation  west- 
ward would  be  entirely  stopped,  when 
the  springs  are  low,  were  it  not  for  a 
number  of  locks.  But  these  are  attend- 
ed witli  considerable  expence  ;   for  a 
barge  from   Lechlade  to  London  pav» 
for  passing  tlirough  them  XSl.  \5s.  &/. 
and  from   Oxford  to  London  12/.  18j. 
This  charge,   however,  is  in  summer 
only,    when    the    water    is  low ;  and 
tiiere  is  no  lock  from  London  Bridge  to 
Bolter's  Lock;  that  is,  for  51  miles  and 
a  half  above  the  bridge.    The  pLin  of 
new  cuts  has  been  adopted  in  some 
places,  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the  na- 
vigation.   There  is  one  nesir  Lechlade, 
which   runs  nearly  parallel  to  the  old 
river,  and    contiguous    to    St.  John's 
Bridge  ;  and  there  is   another  a  mile 
from   Abingdon,   which  has  rendered 
the  old  stream  toward  Culham  Bridge 
useless.     But  a  much  more  important 
undertakinghas  lately  been  accomplish- 
ed i  namely,  the  junction  of  this  river 
with  the   Severn.     A  canal  had  been 
made,  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  parliament 
in    1730,    from    the    Severn    to  Wall 
Bridge,    near   Stroud.     A   new   cinul 
now   ascends   by   Stroiul,  through  the 
Vale  of  Cliidford,  to  the  heiglit  of  34,> 
Jc-ot,  by  means  of  U^  lock.s,  and  tlienrc 


TH  A 

ft>  the  cntrnnrc  of  :i  tunnel,  nefer  iin]i- 
pertoii,  a  diHtaiice  oi'ncar  eif^t  miteH. 
The  caitul  ia  4'2  feet  in  width  itt  top  and 
iiO  »t  the  bottom.  The  tunnel  (which 
\k  extended  under  S:)i>[>crt<)n  Hill,  su\d 
inulcr  that  )>art  of  earl  BathiirRt'it 
ground  called  Haley  Wood,  inukinr  a 
dixtanre  of  two  miles  and  three  nir 
long*)  is  near  IS  feet '"  width,  an.  ■:an 


navigate  barges  of  TC 
dcscei.dii''  'iCi,  e  1  *4 
joins  the  i  iiames  at  . 
lance  of  above  20  ni 'es. 


,    T.. 


il     ' 

i;i. 

e 


m 


of  this  vast  underta.    igti,  - 

the  Severn  at  Froomlaac  to  ;  vyeshaii' 
where  it  joins  the  Thames,  i>i  a  dis- 
tance of  more  than  30  miles.  The  ex- 
pcnce  of  it  exceeded  the  sum  of  200, 
000/.  of  which  3000/.  are  said  to  have 
been  expended  in  gunpowder  alone, 
used  for  the  blowing  up  of  the  rock. 
This  new  canal  was  completed  in  1789, 
in  less  tlian  seven  years  from  its  cum- 
mencement.  A  communication,  not  on- 
ly with  the  Trant,  but  with  tlic  Mer- 
sey, ha.s  likewise  been  elFected  by  a  ca- 
nal from  Oxford  to  Coventry  ;  and  an 
act  of  parliament  ha.s  passed  to  extend 
another  canal  from  this,  at  firaunston, 
to  the  Thames  at  Brentford.  This  is 
to  be  called  the  Grand  Junction  Canal. 
On  the  extensive  advantages  resulting 
from  these  navigable  communications 
from  the  metropolis  with  the  ports  of 
Bristol.  Liverpool,  Hull,  &c.  and  the 
principal  manufacturing  towns  in  the 
inland  parts  of  the  kingdom,  it  is  need- 1 
less  to  expatiate.  The  tide  flows  up 
the  Thames  us  high  as  Richmond,  | 
wliich,  following  the  winding  of  the 
river,  is  70  miles  from  the  ocean  j  a 
greater  distance  than  the  tide  is  car- 
ried by  any  other  river  in  Europe.  The 
w.itcr"  is  esteemed  extremely  whole- 
some, anil  fit  for  use  in  very  long  voy- 
ages, during  which  it  will  work  itself 
perfectly  line. 

Thames,  a  river  of  the  United  St,ites, 
in  Connecticut.  It  is  composed  of  two 
principal  branches,  the  Siietucket  on 
the  E,  and  the  Norwich,  or  Little  Riv- 
er, on  the  W.  This  last,  about  a  mile 
from  its  junction  with  tiie  Siietucket, 
at  Norwicli,  has  a  romantic  cataract, 
which  pitches  from  a  rock  10  or  12 
feet  in  perpendicular  height,  in  <me 
entire  sheet,  upon  a  bed  of  rocks  be- 
low. From  Norwich,  the  Thames  is 
navigable  J 3  miles  to  Long  Isl.ir.d 
Sound,  wliich  it  enters  at  New  London. 

Tlu:m':i<!:ifl',  a  town  of  Germany  in 


THE 

the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Tlmrin- 
gia,  eight  miles  S  E  of  MuHimmn, 
and  16  W  N  W  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  ,o  SS 
E,  lat.  il  20  N. 

Thantt,  an  inland  of  Kent,  cornprit. 
ing  tiie  E  angle  of  that  county,  and  sepa- 
rated tvom  the  mainland  by  a  narrow 
channel  of  the  Stonr.  It  produces 
nnuch  com,  pt<pecially  barley  and  also 
'ladder.  Tie  S  part  is  a  rich  tuct 
Pmarsh  l.-i  a\.  The  h  .sbandry  of  tbii 
Ute  has  long  been  famous.  It  contains 
the  seaports  of  Margate  ami  Hamsgate, 
and  several  villages. 

Thanhauten,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
.  circle  of  8uabia,  situate  on  the  Min- 
del,  14  miles  N  of  Mindclheim,  and  22 
K  of  Ulm.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  48  17  N 
Thaiu,  an  isliind  of  the  Arcbi|>elagp, 
on  the  const  of  Macedonia,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  ii 
12  miles  long  and  eight  broad,  and 
abounds  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life. 
The  fruits  and  wine  are  very  delicate ; 
an<l  there  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver, 
besides  quarries  of  fine  mai'ble.  The 
chief  town  of  the  same  name,  has  i 
harbour  frequented  by  merchants.  Lon. 
24  32  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Thaxted,  a  corporate  town  in  Essex, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
near  the  source  of  the  Chelmer,  20 
miles  N  W  of  Chelmsford,  and  43  NE 
of  London.  Lon.  0  21  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 
Thebaid,  a  country  of  Upper  Egypt, 
reaching  from  Fayoum  to  the  Red  Sea. 
It  is  the  lea&t.  fertile,  and  thinnest  of 
people  of  any  province  in  Egypt,  being 
full  of  deserts,  and  celebrated  fur  the 
retreat  of  a  great  number  of  Christians, 
who  lived  here  in  a  solitary  manner. 
It  is  now  inhabited  by  Arabs,  who  are 
robbers  by  profession. 

Tlmbcs,  the  ancient  name  of  a  city 
of  Upper  Egypt  It  was  celebrated 
for  having  100  gates ;  and  there  are 
many  magnificent  remains  of  antiquity. 
Three  villages  named  Carnack,  Luxor, 
and  Gournou,  are  seated  among  its 
ruins,  which  arc  hence  called  the  anti- 
quities of  Curnnck  and  Luxor. 

Thtbes,  a  city  of  Livadia.  Set 
Tbive. 

Thengt-ii,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suiibia,  situate  on  the  Hcgaii, 
eight  miles  N  of  Schaff  hausen,  and  23 
N  W  of  Constance.  Lon.  3  48  E,  lat. 
47  46  N. 

Thenbalds,  a  village  in  Hertfbrtlshire, 
1*?  miles  N  of  London.  It  w.'is  famous 
i'ui-  Uio  ma^niriccnt  palace  and  {gardens 


titl,  is  I 


''^  f*\ 


H  E 

|5er  Saxony,  in  Tliuiin- 
g  S  E  of  MuUiniiacn, 
of  Erfurt.     Lon.  :,0  5S 

land  of  Kent,  coinprls- 
>f  that  county,  andsepa. 
mainland  bv  a  narri.w 
Stonr.  It  produces 
ecially  barley  and  also 
i  part  \»  a  rich  tuct 
Tilt  husbandry  of  tbii 
Ml  ftimoug.  It  contains 
Margate  and  Hamsgate, 
igea. 

a  town  of  Germany  in 
ibia,  situate  on  the  Min. 
of  Mindelheim,  and  22 
I.  9  50  E,  lat.  48  17  N. 
nd  of  the  Arcbi|)elago, 
Macedonia,  at  the  en< 
ulf  of  Contessa.  It  ii 
and  eight  broad,  and 
he  necesiuries  of  liie. 
wine  ai-e  very  delicate ; 
ines  of  gold  and  silver, 
i  of  fine  mai'ble.  The 
ic  same  name,  has  a 
ted  by  merchants.  Lon. 
59  N. 

rporate  town  in  Esses, 
11  Friday.  It  is  seated 
e  of  the  Chelmer,  20 
helmsfurd,  and  43  N  E 
n.  0  21  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 
mtry  of  Upper  Egypt, 
nyotr.n  to  the  Red  Sea. 
fertile,  and  thinnest  of 
ovince  in  Egypt,  being 
and  celebrated  for  the 
It  number  of  Christians, 
in  a  solitary  manner, 
ted  by  Arabs,  who  are 
ission. 

incient  name  of  a  city 
it  It  was  celebrated 
pates ;  and  there  arc 
It  remains  of  antiquity, 
lamcd  Carnack,  Luxor, 
are  seated  among  its 
;  hence  called  the  anti« 
ck  and  Luxor, 
ity   of  Livadia.      See 

wn  of  Germany  in  the 

situate  on  the  Hegaii, 

r  Schaff  hausen,  and  33 

ncc.     Lon.  3  48  E,  lat. 

illafre  in  Hertfowlshire, 
onilon.  It  was  famous 
[■nt  palace  and  gardens 


T  H  I 

*t  the  great  lord  Burk-iK 


iiublcoian  cschanjfcd  will. 


Arrhip^.a- 
i.id  ne:u'  liie 
long  and  live 


hich  tli-it 
irie    I.  for 

.itKekl.  'I'he  «m;il'  remuns  of  this 
palace  were  demolished  in  i  ^6S. 

'I'lieodotia.     See  Caffu. 

Thermia,  an  island  of 
go,  S  oft!  island  of  Zi. 
gulf  of  Kr  "ia,  1  '  milt- 
b.  i^  'U  i'hi  soil  IS  good  and  well  cnl- 
tirated,  and  it  has  n  great  deal  of  siik:. 
The  principal  town  of  the  samct  niniic, 
is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  bi!jhu|i. 
Lon.  34  59  E,  lat.  37  31  N. 

Theuaty.     See  yaniui. 

Thet/ord,  a  borough  itu  Norfolk,  willi 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  was  once  a 
bislioprick,  .ind  though  now  .n  incon 
siderable  town,  still  cj^hibits  the  ruins 
of  its  former  greatness.  It  is  Ht.itcd 
m  the  Little  Ouse,  and  tlicre  is  a  high 
mount,  which  has  been  walled  roiuul, 
and  fenced  witli  a  douljlc  rampart,  ^t 
lias  some  corn  trade  to  Lynn  and  is 
(,'overncd  by  a  mayor,  sciuls  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  h.ts  three 
nhucches,  a  good  frcescbool,  and  a 
townhalL  The  lent  isizes  for  tiie 
county  are  kept  hs/c  The  river, 
wliich  here  divides  Sudidk  from  Nor- 
fulk,  is  navigable  from  Lynn  ;  and  a 
good  deal  of  wool-combing  is  carried 
on  here.  It  is  30  miles  S  S  E  of  Lvnn, 
and  80  N  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  50  £, 
lat.  52  28  N. 

Thtux,  a  village  three  miles  N  W  of 
Spa,  in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  noted 
for  battle ibuglitlicie  inl794,  in  which 
the  Austrians  were  defeated. 

Thibet,  or  Oreat  Thibet,  a  country  of 
Asia,  lying  between  81  and  102°  E 
lon.  and  25  and  40°  N  lat.  bounded  on 
the  N  W  ami  N  by  the  desert  of  Kobi, 
in  TartJU-y,  tliough  we  have  but  a  faint 
idea  of  its  extent  to  that  qiiarter;  on 
the  E  by  China,  on  the  S  by  Assam 
and  Burmah,  and  on  tlie  W  and  S  W 
by  Hlndoostiin  Proper  and  Dootan. 
This  country  is  one  of  the  higlicst  in 
Asia ;  it  being  a  part  of  that  elevated 
tract  which  gives  rise  not  oidy  to  the 
rivers  of  India  and  China,  but  to  those 
;ilso  of  Siberia  aiidTartnry.  Its  length 
from  E  to  W,  cannot  be  less  than 
1600  British  miles;  it.s  breadth  is  very 
imerjual.  H  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
Upper,  MidcUe,  and  Lower  Thibet, 
'i'he  Upper  division  seems  to  respect 
the  countries  towards  the  soni'i-cs  of 
'lie  Conges  and  Burrampootc,- ;  ilio 
Middle  that  in  whicli  Lassa,  the  cupi- 
tai,  is  seated,   and  of  which  it  forms 


T  n  I 

the  entrt,  and  tin  Lower,  that  whitli 
borders  on '"bina.  The  subject  is  ob- 
score,  and  likely  to  remain  so.  Litt'^ 
Tl.  '  at,  which  is  situated  between  U- 
per  I'hibct  and  Cashgur,  is  ratlicr  a 
dependency  of  the  latter  than  of  Great 
Thibet.  Notwithstanding  the  very 
rough  and  .iti'rilo  stutt  of  i'hibet,  ami 
the  vc'  .1  of  its  climate,  from  its 
\«oiiderful  elevation  its  inhabitants  are 
in  a  high  state  of  clvilj/ation,  their 
lioas-s  lofty  and  built  of  stone  ;  and 
the  useful  manufactures  in  some  de- 
gree of  inipi-ovenicnt.  The  ThilAliaus 
arc  governed  by  the  grand  lunia,  who 
is  not  only  submitted  to,  and  adored  by 
them,  but  is  also  the  great  object  of 
adoration  for  the  various  tribes  of  pa. 
gan  'I'artars,  who  walk  through  the 
vast  tr.ict  of  continent  whicb  stretches 
from  ilie  riverj  Volga  to  Corea.  He  is 
not  only  liie  sovereign  pontid",  tlie  vice- 
gerent of  the  deity  on  earth,  but  by 
the  more  re  .note  'I'artars  is  iihsohitely 
regarded  as  tlic  deity  himself  They 
believe  him  to  be  immort:d,  ai«l  cii- 
dowed  with  all  knowledge  and  virtue. 
He  does  not  reside  in  the  city  of  Lassa» 
but  on  a  mountain  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, called  I'oiitala.  On  this  moon- 
tain  there  is  a  great  nutnber  of  pagods, 
the  most  sumptuous  of  which  he  in- 
h.'ibits.  He  passes  gre.it  part  of  his 
life  on  a  kind  ofaltur,  where  he  sits 
motionless  in  a  cross  legged  postui'e, 
on  a  large  and  in.igniiicent  cushion, 
and  receives,  with  the  greatest  gravity, 
the  adoration,  not  only  of  the  Thibe- 
tians,  but  also  of  a  prodigious  multi- 
tude of  strangers  and  pious  ])ilgrims, 
wiio  undertake  long  and  difticult  jour- 
nies  to  go  and  worship  him  on  their 
bended  knees,  and  to  receive  his 
benediction.  The  grand  lama  .salutes 
no  one ;  he  neither  uncovers  iku'  rises 
up  to  any  person,  whatever  his  rank 
may  he  j  with  the  same  eye,  he  hcIioUls 
nt  liis  feet  the  greatest  princes  and  the 
meanest  of  their  subjects.  He  con- 
tents himself  with  laying  his  hand  on 
the  head  of  his  adorer,  who  imagines 
that  he  obtains,  by  this  ini])ositioii 
.iloiie,  the  remission  of  all  his  sins. 
Next  to  the  Thibeiians,  the  Tartars 
.ire  the  most  zealous  worshippers  of 
the  grand  lama;  they  arrive  in  crowds 
at  Poutala,  from  the  remotest  corners 
oftlie  Cduulrv;  even  the  we.ikest  of 
the  female  sex  are  not  terrified  by  the 
fati;fues  tii;it  in.scparably  attend  these 
l.mg  journics.    Tliis  proibuiid  vciiefa;- 


t  H  I 

♦loll,  wliicli  drawn  so  many  peoiile  to 
Lasxn,  to  prnsti-atc  tliemvclvcit  ut  the 
feet  of  the  frrand  lama,  ii  founded  on 
the  idea  which  they  entertain  of  ]m 
Ifreut  power  and  aanctity.  They  are 
fully  prrsuadcd,  that  all  the  divinity  of 
l-'o  resides  in  him,  that  he  \h  omni- 
scient and  onmiprexent,  and  that  he 
has  ncitlier  need  of  imformation,  nor 
nrcasion  to  hhIc  r[iie8tions,  in  order  to 
discover  the  secret  thoughts  of  men. 
"i'liey  helieve  him  to  be  immortal,  and 
that,  when  he  appears  to  die,  his  soul 
and  his  divinity  only  change  their  place 
of  residence,  and  transmigrate  into  an- 
other body.  All  tlicir  care  is  then 
employed  to  discover  tlie  place  where 
it  hntli  pleased  him  to  be  horn  again  ; 
even  siitiie  of  the  Tiirtnr  princes  tliem- 
aelves  have  assisted  in  tliis  important 
Kearch  ;  but  they  arc  obliged  to  he  di- 
ji-flrtl  by  certain  bunas,  who  alone 
sire  uiqiutinted  with  the  signs  by  which 
the  new  born  god  may  be  discovered, 
orratlicr,  they  only  know  what  thihl 
tiic!  pn-rcding  didui-laina  appointed  to 
he  his  SMCCf.sKiiv.  In  17r4,  tlie  grand  la- 
ma was  an  infaiil,  wiioliad  been  discov- 
ered sonic  time  bct'irc  by  tlic  ta}°08lioo 
lam),  who  in  aulliovily  and  sarictity  of 
character,  is  next  to  the  grand  lama, 
und,  during  his  niinni'ity,  acti  as  chief. 
The  lamas,  wii"  form  the  most  numer- 
ous as  well  as  the  most  ])owerfid  body 
in  the  state,  have  the  priesthood  en- 
tirely in  tlieir  hands  ;  and  lliey  consti- 
tute many  monastic  orders,  which  are 
lield  in  great  veneration  aiiiong  them. 
Hesides  the  religious  iv.fluencc  and  au- 
thority of  the  great  laiua,  lie  is  possess- 
ed of  unlimited  power  tliroughout  his 
dominions.  In  1774,  ilie  English  East 
India  Company  made  .1  ireaty  with  the 
lama.  The  religion  of  Tiiibet,  though 
ill  many  respeils,  it  dillers  from  tiint 
of  the  Ini'ian  Bramins,  yet  in  others, 
has  a  great  nirinity  to  it.  TliC  Tliibe- 
tianb  have  a  great  veneration  for  the 
cow,  and  highly  rcspert  also  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Ganf;cs,thc  source  of  which 
I  hey  belifivefo  by  in  heaven,  Tlic  sun- 
iiiasscs,  or  Indian  pi'.grim.s,  often  vicit 
Tliibet  as  a  lu'ly  place  ;  and  the  lama 
always  maintains  a  bod)  of  near  300 
of  them  in  his  pay.     See /"ii/fc. 

T/tiel,  or  Tic/,  a  stronglown  of  Dutch 
Guclderlund,  which  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1794.  It  'if  Hoated  on  the 
Waal,  20  miles  W  of  Nimcguen.  Lon. 
5  16  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

T/iieit,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanijcrs, 
fa  th*  chatcllunyof  Courti'ay. 


T  H  O 

Thirn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  He- 
partment  of  Puy  do  Dome,  and  late 
province  of  Auvergnc,  (famous  for  iiit 
statuary,  hardware,  and  cutlery.  It  in 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  33  miles  E 
of  Clermont,  and  320  S  by  E  of  Parii. 
Lon.  3  38  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Thior.ville,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Moselle.  It  was 
taken  by  the  prince  of  Comic  in  1643. 
It  was  besieged  bv  the  Austrian!  in 
1793,  who  were  obliged  to  raise  the 
siege.  It  is  stated  on  the  Moselle, 
over  which  is  a  bridg'e  defended  by  11 
hornwork,  14  miles  N  of  Metz,  and 
195  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  15  E,  lut. 
49  21  N. 

Think,  or  T/iurti,  a  borough  in  the 
N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market 
on  Monday.  It  sends  two  nirmbers  to 
parliament  :  and  was  formerly  noted 
fiir  its  strong  castle.  It  is  30  ro.les 
N  W  of  York,  and  230  N  bv  VV  of  Lon- 
don.     Lon.  1  16  VV,  lut.  54  15  N. 

Thirc,  or  Thibet,  a  cclebiated  city 
of  Livudia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  i* 
nothing  now  to  what  it  was  formerly, 
and  yet  is  four  miles  in  cu'cumfcrence, 
but  so  full  of  ruins,  that  there  are  not 
above  4000  Turks  and  Christians  in  it. 
It  is  famous  for  a  line  sort  of  white 
clay,  of  which  bowls  for  pipes  are 
made  af  er  the  TurkisJi  fashion;  tliey 
are  never  burnt,  but  dry  naturally,  and 
become  as  hard  as  stone.  Here  are 
two  mosques,  and  several  Greek 
churches  It  is  leated  between  two 
rivers,  20  miles  N  VV  of  Athens,  and 
280  S  W  of  Constantinople  Lon  23 
40  E,  lat.  38  17  N. 

Thnisiel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ain,  with  a  handsome 
college.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, near  the  Saone  and  Chalerone,  !0 
miles  N  of  Trevoiix,  and  200  S  E  of 
Paris.     I. on.  450  E,  lat.  46  13  N. 

'Jhivui,  St.  an  island  of  Africa,  lying 
under  the  equ.itor  in  8°  E  Ion  It  was 
discovered  in  142'.',  and  is  nhiiost  round, 
about  30  miles  in  diameter.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of  sugar 
canes.  Oi\  the  same  vine  are  blossoms 
and  green  and  ripe  gra|)es,  tUl  tlie  year 
round  It  is  a  very  unwholesome 
country,  possfsscd  by  the  Portuguese, 
and  few  live  to  a  great  age.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  hills  intermixed  with  vallies, 
which  are  constantly  filled  with  a  thick 
stinking  fog,  but  it  agrees  very  well 
i  with  the  cattle,  which  are  larger  and 
i  iincr  here  than  on  the  gold  coast  fS 
I  Guinea. 


T  H  O 


T  H  tJ 


France,  in  the  de- 
i  Dome,  and  Utu 
^c,  i^amoii*  for  \U 
an(l  cutlery.  It  h 
fa  hill,  33  milea  K 
JO  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
^5  51  N. 

n(f  town  of  France, 
if  Moaelle.  It  waa 
of  Coiulc  in  164J. 
'  the  Austriani  la 
)lige<l  to  raiie  the 
1  on  the  Moselle, 
(lg;e  dcfiiiiled  l)y  ii 
s  N  of  Metz,  iind 
Lon.  6  15  £,  lat 

',  a  borough  in  tlie 
ire,  with  «  mai-ket 
(U  two  members  to 
iViis  formerly  noted 
\ii.  It  is  20  m.les 
230  N  bv  VV  of  Lon. 
•,lut.  54  15  N. 
I  a  celebrated  city 
blHliop's  see.  It  ii 
it  il  Wiis  formerly, 
;»  in  circumference, 
that  there  ore  not 
md  Christiana  in  it. 
fine  sort  of  white 
knfls  for  pipes  are 
'kisli  fashion  ;  tliey 
It  dry  naturalh,  and 
stone.  Here  are 
several  Greek 
ated  between  two 
VV  of  Athens,  and 
ntinople       Lon  ^i 

of  France,  in  the 

with  a  handsome 

d  in  a  fertile  coun- 

and  Chalerone,  10 

and   200    S  E  of 

.  lat.  46  13  N. 

md  of  Ali-ica,  lying 

I)  8°  E  lon      It  was 

and  is  almost  round, 

liaineter.     The  soil 

ces  plenty  of  snpar 

vine  are  blossoms 

Rraiies,  iJl  the  year 

ery    unwholesome 

by  the  Portuguese, 

,  at  »\fc.  It  consists 

mixed  with  vallies, 

y  filked  with  a  thick 

it  acjrces  very  well 

.ich'  are  larger  and 

the  gold  coast  <rf 


Thomat,  St.  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands 
m  tiie  West  Indies,  with  a  harbour,  a 
ti)wn  and  a  fort.  After  the  capture  of 
St  Eiistati.'i,  in  17H1,  it  became  the 
mart  of  that  part  of  the  West  Indies. 
It  i.s  15  miles  in  circumference,  and 
belongs  to  the  Danes.  Lon.  64  51  W, 
Lit.  18  21  N. 

Thumns,  St.  an  archicpiscopal  town 
<ir  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coro- 
mandel,  subject  to  the  Portuguese,  and 
tliree  miles  of  Madras.  Lon.  80  25  E^ 
lat.  13  2  N. 

Thomas,  St  a  to\vn  of  Guiana,  seat- 
rd  on  the  Oronoko,  and  subject  to 
Spain.  In  1618,  it  was  taken  and 
burnt  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Lon  63 
!(»  VV,  lat.  r  6  N. 

Thomattmtin,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  VV  side 
of  Penobscot  bay,  seven  miles  S  of 
'Jamden,  the  same  distance  E  of  War* 
rcn,  and  43  N  E  of  Wiscassct,  in  lat. 
U  10  N,  and  long.  68  40  VV. 

Thomdamm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  dutchy 
of  Saxe>Lauenburg,  situate  on  the 
Elbe,  25  miles  S  E  of  Lauenburg,  and 
j8  S  E  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  11  5  £,  lat. 
53  10  N. 

Thomond,  a  county  of  Ireland,  also 
cilled  Clare  ;  which  see. 

Thonon,  a  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Cliablais,  wit))  a  palace,  and  several 
convents.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Drama,  13  milea  S  W  of  Lausanne, 
and  16  N  E  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  44  £, 
lat.  46  19  N. 

Thorn,  a  city  of  Western  Prussia, 
rormcrly  a  hanseatic  town.  A  great 
tumult  happened  here  in  1724,  between 
tlie  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants 
un  account  of  the  students  of  the  Jesu- 
ists ;  upon  which  the  Poles  sent  judges 
to  try  the  magistrates  for  not  suppress- 
ing the  riot,  who  condemned  two  of 
the  principal  magistrates  to  be  behead- 
ed, and  seven  of  the  citizens.  The 
protestants  have  a  handsome  college 
here.  The  Prussians  forcibly  took 
possession  of  this  town  in  1793,  and  an- 
nexed it  to  their  dominions.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Vistula,  over  which  is  a  re- 
markable bridge,  67  miles  S  of  Dant- 
zick,  and  105  N  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
13  43E,1.U.  55  6N. 

Thorn,  or  Thorcn,  a  town  of  Gcrma- 
nv,  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and 
liinliopric  of  Liege,  with  a  noble  abbey, 
scvcH  miles  S  VV  of  Rursmonde. 


Thorn,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  qf 
Yorkshire  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day, situate  in  a  marshy  soil  near  the 
river  Don,  10  miles  N  E  of  Doncustcr, 
and  167  N  by  W  of  l.mdon.  Lun.  1 
2  W,  lat.  53  39  N. 

Thorntburg,  a  small  post  towo  in 
Spotsylvania  county,  Virginia  i  lying  on 
the  N  E  side  of  Muttanoiiy  river,  18 
miles  S  of  Frederickitburg,  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock, and  74  from  Washington. 

Thombury,  a  cor|>>iratc  town  of  Glou- 
cestershire, with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  seated  on  a  rivulet  that  runs 
into  t.hi-  Severn,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  is  24  miles  S  VV  of  Glou- 
cester, and  121  W  of  London.  Lon.  2 
31  W,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Thomey,  a  village  in  Cambridgeshire* 
six  miles  N  E  of  Peterborough.  Near 
it  was  a  mitred  abbey,  and  the  nave  of 
the  abbey-church  is  still  remaining. 

Thorney,  a  small  island,  in  a  bay  of 
the  English  Channel,  near  tlie  coast  of 
Sussex,  with  a  village  of  tlie  same 
name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lavant,  sev- 
en miles  S  W  of  Chichester. 

ThornhiU,  a  town  in  Dumfriesshire^ 
where  fairs  are  held,  chieHy  for  wool- 
len yarn,  and  coartte  woollen  stutlii.  It 
is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  on  tho 
E  side  of  the  river  Nith,  15  miles  N  by 
W  of  Dumfries. 

Thouart,  a  considerable  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Two 
Sevres,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  It 
is  noted  for  a  castle  which  belonged  t» 
the  ancient  dukes.  It  is  sealed  on  » 
rock,  surrounded  by  walls  120  feet 
high,  which  from  the  whiteness  of  the- 
stone,  might  be  supposed  not  more 
than  10  years  old.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  by  the  river  Thoue,  32  miles  S  E 
of  Angers,  and  162  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  15  W,  lat.  46  59  N. 

Thrajaton,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday, 
serted  on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  seven  miles  N  of  Higham-Fer- 
rers,  and  75  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  36  VV,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Three  Hills  Island,  an  island,  one  of 
the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  lying  to  the  S  of  Mallicollo. 

Three  Sisters.     Sec  Kuriles. 

Thuin,  a  town  of  Austrian  Hainault, 
but  subject  to  the  bishop  of  Liege.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Sumbre,  eight  mileit 
S  VV  of  Charleroy,  and  15  S  E  of  Mons. 
Lon.  4  22  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Thule.    SeeFttla. 
V  V  n  V 


T  I  A 

Thule,  Southern.    See  Samhvkli  Land. 

Thun,  u  luko  of  MwiMNcrluiid,  in  tlic 
ruiitnn  of  llcni,  Kvc  Irftj^tii-*  l<>it|i»  and 
one  broud.  I(»  Iioi'iIlti)  hil-  rt<M^  vnrie- 
P'tnl,  uiul  rovvrcd  with  niinicrous  vil- 
l:i(;cii,  uiul  llic  river  AurjJuiMcii  thruug^i 
it. 

'J'/iun,  a  town  of  Kwissei'lHnd,  in  the 
luiitdii  of  Urin,  with  ii  cuMtip,  which 
I  oniniunclii  a  line-  view  of  tlic  Inko.  It 
iM  Houtfil  on  the  N  W  extremity  of  this 
laki',  wliere  tiie  river  Aar  isuues  from 
it,  purtly  in  a  Hmull  island,  und  partly 
on  K  hill,  Ij  miles  8  SK  of  Bern.  Lon. 
7  20  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Thiinihr  Buy,  u  bay,  nine  miles  hmod, 
at  tlic  N  \\  corner  of  Lake  Huron,  in 
North  America.  It  receives  thiH  name 
from  ilii:  continual  thunder  that  is  heard 
them. 

Thur,  a  river  of  SwisBcrlnnd,  which 
lia.«  its  smirce  in  the  S  part  of  the  coun- 
ty of  To(jffcnhur(f  .and  enters  the  Rhine, 
seven  miles  S  S  W  of  Schafl  hausen. 

Thurgau,  a  builiwic  of  Swisserland, 
wliich  hes  along^  the  river  Thur,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  and  N  by  tlie  lake,  town, 
und  bishopric  of  Constance  i  on  the  S 
by  the  territory  of  the  abbot  of  St.  Gal. 
len  i  and  on  the  W  by  the  Caiiton  of 
Zuricii.  It  is  the  largest  bailiwic  in 
Swisscrland,  as  well  as  the  most  plea- 
sant and  fertile  ;  and  is  extremely  po- 
pnlo\is.  The  sovereignty  belongs  to 
the  eight  ancient  cantons.  Frauen- 
field  is  the  capital. 

Thuriiigia,  u  landgravate  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony ;  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Misnia,  on  the  S  by 
Franconia,  on  the  W  by  Hesse,  and  on 
the  N  by  the  dutchy  of  Brunswick  and 
the  principality  of  Anhalt.  It  is  73 
miles  in  length ,  and  nearly  as  much  in 
breadtli  ;  abounding  in  corn,  fruits,  and 
wood.  It  belongs  to  the  electors  of 
Saxony  and  Mentz,  and  several  petty 
sovereigns.     Erfurt  is  the  capital. 

T/wrtc,  a  boroiigh  in  Caithnosshire, 
at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  Thurso,  on 
the  W  side  of  Dimnet-Bay.  It  has  n 
considerable  trade,  and  a  manufacture 
of  woollen  and  linen  cloth  ;  and  salmon 
fisheries  employ  a  number  of  hands. 
Lon.  3  16  W.liit.  58;16N. 

Tiugar,  a  town  of  Hindiiostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  50  miles  W  S  \V  of  Pondi- 
cherrv,  and  75  S  of  Arcot.  Lou.79  0E, 
lat.  li  25  N. 

'fiana,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  with  a  fi.nn'us  nunnery: 
n«iii'  it  i.«  a  miiiei';;!   vpring',    said  to  be 


T  I  D 

excellent  fur  the  itnne.  It  is  15  milri- 
N  W  of  Capua.  L  )n.  14  8  £,  lat.  41 
14  N. 

Tiber,  a  rirer  in  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appennincs,  in  the  Florentino.  |r 
passes  into  the  Erclesi»stiral  Stntr, 
washes  Borgo,  St.  Sepulrhro,  Cittu  i!i. 
Castella,  Orto,  and  Home,  10  miles  fVcm 
which  it  falls  into  the  Metliterrancm 
Sea,  between  Ostia  and  Porto.  Tiver« 
is  its  modern  name. 

Tihuroon,  R  cape,  at  the  most  westrr 
ly  cxr.-emity  of  the  island  of  St  Dniiiiii. 
go.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  and 
royalists  in  1794,  but  retaken  by  the 
republicans  the  next  year. 

Ticartt,  See  Tecort, 

TicMi,  a  town  in  the  W  ridlnp  nf 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  !• 
had  a  castle  and  tbrtitications,  drrrii- 
lished  in  the  civil  wars,  of  which  s<.iiir 
ruins  remain.  It  has  a  distinct  lihrrty, 
called  the  Honour  of  Tirk«ll,  whirli  ii 
part  of  the  ihitchy  of  Laficaster.  It  is 
five  miles  S  of  Doncastcr,  ond  155  N 
by  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1  11  W,  lat.  Jj 
27  N. 

JHcMv,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindnostan,  in  the  cirear  of  Cicacoir, 
30  miles  N  E  of  Cicacole,  and  70  S  W 
nf  Ganjam.  Lon.  84  SO  E,  lat.  43 
50  N. 

Tkondtroga,  a  ft>rt  of  the  United 
States,  in  New-York,  built  by  the 
French  in  1756,  on  the  narrow  passage 
or  coramunication  between  the  laKrs 
George  and  Champlain.  It  had  all  tl:o 
advantages  that  art  or  nature  could 
give  it.  It  was  taken  in  1759  by  gene- 
ral Amherst,  and  in  1779  by  geiieml 
Bourgoj-nc,  but  was  evscuated  soon 
after  the  convention  at  Saratoga,  when 
he  was  obliged  to  surrerder  to  the  A- 
mcrican  army.  It  is  110  miles  S  of 
Montreal,  and  185  N  of  New-York 
Lon  73  25  W,  lat.  43  45  N. 

Tiddenham,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  seven  miles  S  of  Col- 
ford.  Its  parish  is  bounded  on  th/tf 
sides  by  the  rivers  Wye  and  Severn ; 
and  at  the  division  of  the  rivers  are 
still  to  be  seen  on  the  rocks,  at  low 
water,  the  ruins  of  a  chapel,  which  was 
dedicated  to  St.  Thccia,  who  siifienii 
in  tlie  year  47,  being  the  first  female 
martyr. 

TidesM'cll,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  on 
the  S  confines  of  the  Peak,  with  a  m»v- 
ket  on  Wednesday.  It  is  rcm.irkablr 
for  a  well  that  ebbs  and  flows  two  or 
three  limes  in  an  hour,  after  great  ruins' 


I  D 

■tone.    It  in  15  mllfi- 
L.)n.   14  8  £,  Ut.  41 

in  Italy,  vrhich  rises  ii> 
in  the  Flurt-ntind.  It 
!  Eccleiisiitifal  St»t<', 
5t.  Sepulchri),  Citlu  di. 
nd  Rome,  10  miles  fVim 
to  the  Mrditeyraiicm 
sti»  and  Porto.  Tivere 
me. 

pc,  at  the  most  westfr 
lie  iNhiiid  uf  St  Dniiiln. 
;n  by  the  Englinh  ami 
^  but  retaken  by  tlji: 
next  year. 
recort. 

,vn  in  the  W  riding  nf 
a  market  on  Friday.  I- 
d  fortitications,  demo- 
ril  wars,  of  which  i(  nif. 
It  has  a  diitinct  lihrrty, 
lur  of  Tirkall,  wbirhis 
;hy  of  Lancaster.  It  is 
Doncaster,  and  155  N 
n.   Lcn.  1  11  W,  Ittt.K 

wn  of  the  penirsula  of 
the  cirsar  of  Cicacoie, 
f  Cicacoie,  and  70  S  W 
.on.   84  SO   E,  lut.  43 

a  ftirt  of  the  United 
iw-York,  built  by  the 
,  on  the  narrow  passage 
ion  between  the  laKfs 
amplain.  It  had  all  lb 
t  ai't  or  nature  coulJ 
I  taken  in  1759  by  gene- 
id  in  1779  by  general 
t  was  evacuated  sonn 
ntion  nt  Saratoga,  when 
to  durrerder  to  the  A- 
It  is  110  miles  S  ol 
185  N  of  New-York 
lat.  43  45  N. 
I  village  in  Gloucester- 
,  seven  miles  S  of  Col- 
1  is  bounded  on  thi-ec 
■crs  Wye  and  Severn; 
sion  of  the  rivers  are 
on  the  rocks,  at  low 
s  of  a  chapel,  which  was 
;.  Thecia,  who  siiflercii 
being   the   first  female 

town  in  Derbyshire,  mi 
if  the  Peak,  with  a  mar- 
day.  It  is  rem.irkabit- 
ebhs  and  flows  two  or 
n  hour,  after  great  i-uin.*' 


T  IL 

the  wat«r  gushing  from  aeveral  cuvi- 
ties  at  once,  for  the  space  of  iivo  mi- 
nutes :  the  well  is  three  feet  deep  and 
broad,  and  the  water  rises  and  falls  two 
feet,  it  is  deemed  one  of  the  wundtrs 
oftlia  Peak.  Tid«Hwell  is  22  miles 
N  W  of  Derby,  and  153  N  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  46  W,   lat.   53  15  N. 

'fidur,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in 
tiiu  E  Indies,  lying  to  tiic  £  of  Gilolo, 
and  to  the  S  of 'I'ematc.  It  is  17  milcM 
ill  circumference,  and  produc«B  cloves 
aiul  flax.  I'lic  Dutch  arc  masters  of 
the  island,  though  it  luks  a  kinr  of  its 
own.  The  womis  and  tlic  rocks  diat  sur- 
round it,  render  it  a  place  of  defence. 
Lon.  12(J  0  E,  lat.  0  50  N. 

Tiel.  See  'J'/iiel. 

Tiengtn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  situate  on  the  Wutacli, 
19  miles  E  of  Basic,  and  :>6  \V  of  Con- 
stance. Lon.  8  5  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Tirrra  dtl  Eapiritu  iianto.  See  lirra 
del  Etpiritn  Siiiito. 

Titrra  dd  Fuego.  See  Terra  del  Fut- 
go. 

Tigrii,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
which  has  its  source  near  that  ol  the 
Kiiphratus,  in  the  mountain  of  Tchilder, 
ill  Turcomania,  afterwards  it  separates 
Diarbeck  from  Er^ierum,  and  Khusi- 
Mxn  from  Irac-Arubia,  and  uniting  wit!) 
tiic  Euphrates,  Idlls  into  the  gulf  of 
Persia,  under  the  name  of  Schat-el-A- 
vab.  This  river  passes  by  Diarbekur, 
Gc7.ira,  Mousul,  Bagdad,  and  Uussa- 
rah.  ■• 

Tilbury,  East,  a  village  in  Essex,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  'I'liaiiics,  E  of  Til- 
bury Fort.  It  is  stipposed  to  be  the 
place  wlicre  the  emperor  Claudius 
crossed  the  Thames,  in  pursuit  of  the 
Britons  In  this  parish  is  u  held,  called 
Cave  Field,  in  which  is  a  horizontal 
passage  to  one  of  the  spacious  caverns 
in  the  neighbouring  parish  uf  Chad- 
well. 

Tilbury,  Wett,  a  village  in  Essex,  si- 
tuate on  the  Thames,  N  of  Tilbury 
Fort.  Tlie  marsliea  here  feed  a  great 
inimber  of  Lincolnshire  and  Leicester- 
shire sheep,  for  the  London  market. 
In  tliis  parish  is  a  celebrated  spring  of 
alterative  water,  discovered  in  1717. 
In  its  neighbourhood  Q;ieen  Elizabeth 
reviewed  the  army  she  had  assembled 
to  oppose  the  famous  Spanish  armada 
in  1588. 

Tiibury  Fort,  in  Essex,  situate  on  the 
Thames,  opposite  to  Grtivesend,  a  re- 
gul.u  fuitiiication,  wh'tcii  in^ty  be  term- 


T  I  N 

fd  the  key  of  London,  It  was  planned 
by  Sir  Martin  llfckman,  cliiefi  iiKinrer 
III  king  Cliarh's  II.  with  huntioiiH,  the 
largest  of  any  in  l''.n|>'hind.  ll  lus  a 
dunUle  moat  j  the  iniurniost  of  wliicU 
is  170  feet  brnail,  with  a  t^'Xid  eituiitcr- 
scarp,  u  covered  way,  rmehiies  autl 
tenadles,  nud  a  |ilulforin,  on  vvliich  106 
ciiiinoii  are  pliictd,  fruni  2-1  to  46 
pounders  each,  lusides  smaller  onc.^i 
|>lantcd  between  tliein,uiul  the  bastions 
and  curtinc «  also  :ire  pUnted  with 
gunsi  and  here  is  a  hiifli  tou\'r,  called 
the  Block  liout^c,  whicli  is  said  to  have 
been  built  in  the  reign  of  qui-eii  Eli/.:i- 
betli.  On  the  land  side  atc  also  two  r(>« 
doubts  of  brick  \  and  there  it  is  able  to 
lay  the  wliole  level  under  water.  The 
foundation  is  laid  upon  piles  di-iveii 
down  in  two  ranges,  one  over  the  other, 
which  reach  below  the  channel  of  the 
river,  and  the  lowermost  being  pciiiiltd 
with  iron  enters  the  solid  chalk  rock, 
which  extends  under  the  'i  hunies  to  the 
chalk  hills  in  Kent,  It  is  2B  miles  E  by 
S  of  London. 

TiUiens,  a  town  of  Fi'ance,  iri  the  de- 
partment  of  Eure,  and  late  province  of 
Normandv,  six  miles  N  E  oFVerneuil, 
and  12  W  of  Drcu.\.  Lo;i.  1  3  E,  lal,43 
46  N. 

TiLit,  !i  town  of  Prussia,  in  Li'Jni.inia, 
with  a  coiisulerahle  trade  in  liiisec^l, 
butter,  and  other  articles.  It  Is  J.lliiate 
on  the  Meincl,  50  miles  K  K  of  Rooins- 
berg,  and  D.)  S  S  VVof  Mittau.  Lon.  22 
8  E.  lat.  5i  8  N. 

Timana,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  In 
Popayan,  capital  of  a  territory  of  tin; 
same  name,  which  abounds  in  fruits  ::r.d 
pastures.  Il  is  seated  on  a  river,  130 
miles  E  S  E  of  I'opaMUi.  L.oii.7355  VV, 
lat.  1  35  N. 

Tima-ycotta,  a  town  nnd  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of  Goleon- 
da,  64  miles  S  E  of  Hvdrabad,  nnd  Stii 
\V  of  Masulipatam  I.oii.  79  2CE,!at.  15 
20  N. 

Timor,  nn  island  in  the  Indian  Oce.in, 
between  (.  k-bcs  and  New  Holland.  It 
is  150  mile  King  and  37  broad,  and 
abounds  in  ba.idalwood,  wax,  and  lui- 
nev.  The  Dutch  have  a  fori  here. 
Lon.  of  the  S  \  point  123  59  E,  lat.  10 
23  S. 

Tina,  a  towM  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Bosnia,  on  the  river  Tis,  37  miles  N 
WofSpalatro.  Lon.  17  9  E,  lat.  4-1 
28  N. 

T;;ia,  or  Tino),  the   ancient  Tcnos,  " 
an  isliwd  of  the  Arcliipchigo,  one  of  th<j 


' 


i 


} 


\ 


J 


T  I  N 


vr;i<  -'. 


§ 


Cyclades,  to  the  W  of  Nicaria.  It  is  17 
miles  long  and  eight  broad,  and  is  sub- 
ject to  the  Vcnetiiins.  Tliis  island  pro- 
duces 16,000  pounds  of  silk  every  year, 
and  tlie  stockings  made  of  ii  are  very 
godd  i  but  nothing  can  equal  the  gloves 
which  arc  knit  here  for  .le  ladies 
The  fortress  stands  on  rock;  and 
here  is  a  bishop's  see  of  the  Latin 
churcii,  though  the  Greeks  have  200 
papas  or  priests.  St.  Nicolo  is  the 
principal  town.  Lon.  25  24  £,  lut  37 
SON. 

Tineveily.  See  Palamcotta. 
Titiian,  an  island  in  tlie  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  of  the  Ladrones,  12  miles  in  length 
and  six  in  breadtli.  Tlie  soil  is  dry  j  and 
being  somewhat  sandy,  is  tlie  less  dis- 
])oscd  to  rank  and  over  luxuriant  vege- 
tation.   The  land  rises  in  gentle  slopes 
from  the  shore  to  the  niiddle  of  the  is- 
land, intermixed  with  vallies  of  an  easy 
descent;  which  are  beautifully  diversi- 
fied with  the  mutual  encroachments  of 
tlic  woods  and  lawns.   The  woods  con- 
fist  of  tall  and  well  spread   trees,   and 
the  lawns  are  covered  with  clean  and 
uniform   turf,    producing    fine   trefoil, 
and  variety  of  flowers.     Here   are  at 
least  10,000  cattle,  all  milk  white,  ex- 
cept their  ears,   which   are  brown  or 
black  ;  also  a  vast  number  of  fowls, 
which  are  c-tsily  caugiit,  and  plenty  of 
wild  hogs.    In  the  woods  are  prodigi- 
ous quantities  of  cocoa-nuts,  cabbage- 
trees,  guavocs,  limes,  sweet  and  sour 
oranges,  and  bread-fruit.  Here  are  also 
vegetables  proper  for  the  scurvy  ;  such 
as    water-melon,  dandelion,  creeping 
purslain,  mint,  scurvygrass,  and  sorrel. 
Here  are  some  ruins  of  a  particular 
kind,  consisting  nf  two  rows  of  square 
pyramidical  pillars,   each  pillar  being 
about  sis  feet  from  the  next,  and  the 
distance    between    the    rows    is   12 
feet ;  on  tlic  top  of  each  tliere  is  a 
semiglobe,  with   the   fiat  surface  up- 
ward, and  they  are  composed  of  sand 
and    stone  cemented    together.    The 
climate  is  extremely  healthful,  for  the 
rains  are  not  continual,  but  fall  in  fre- 
quent refreshing  showers.    Tiiere  are 
no  streams,  but  the  water  of  the  wells 
and  springs  is   extremely  gooil.    The 
principal  inconvenience  arises  from  the 
number  of  muskitoes,  and  other  kinds 
of  flies  ;  and  there  are  likewise  insects 
called  ticks,    which    fasten   upon   the 
limbs   and  bodies  of  men,   and  bury 
their  heads  under  their  skins.    The 
xofxi  is   inconvenient,   and,  in  some 


T  I  P 

seasons,  there  is  little  si^curity  for  e 
ship  at  anchor.  Lon.  146  0  £,  lat.  IS 
ON. 

Tintnouth,  a  seaport  in  Northumber- 
land,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne,  nine 
miles  £  of  Newcastle.  It  has  a  castle, 
seated  on  a  high  rock,  inaccessible  on 
the  seaside,  and  well  mounted  with 
cannon.  There  is  a  bar  across  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  which  is  not  above 
seven  feet  deep  at  low  water.  There 
are  dangerous  rocks  about  it,  called  the 
Black  Middins  ;  but  there  are  lighthou- 
ses to  guide  the  ships  by  night.  Here 
ships  take  in  their  loading  o:'  coal,  and 
of  goods  brought  from  Newcastle. 
Lon.  1  16  W,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Tinmouth,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in 
Rutland  county,  15  miles  S  of  Rutland, 
and  36  N  of  Bennington,  with  97 o  in- 
habitants, 

Tino*.     See  Tina. 

Tintagel,  a  village  in  Cornwall.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  remarkable  fortifi- 
cation called  King  Arthur's  Castle. 

Tinto,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  province  of  Seville,  and 
its  name  from  its  waters  wjiich  are 
tinj,cd  of  a  yellow  colour.  Near  its 
spring  it  has  a  petrifying  quality,  no 
trees  or  plants  growing  on  its  banks,  nor 
will  any  fish  live  in  it ;  which  proper- 
ties continue  till  other  rivulets  run  into 
it  and  alter  its  nature  ;  for  when  it  pas- 
ses by  Nicbia  it  is  not  difierent  from 
other  rivers.  It  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
about  18  miles  below  Niebin, 

Tinzeda,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Bile- 
dulgcvid.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  in  a  country  fertile  in  dates 
and  barley,  and  abounding  in  indigo. 
Lop.  6  13  W.lat.  27  30  N. 

Timulic,  a  strong  town  of  Barbary, 
in  Biledutgcrid,  seated  on  the  river 
Dras,  Lon.  5  43  W,  lat.  28  15  N, 
Tiorn,  an  island  of  Sweden,  27  miles 
in  circumference,  and  abounding  in  ex- 
cellent pastures.  Lon.  11  29  E,  lat 
58  ON. 

Tiperah,  or  T/prah,  a  kingdom  of 
Asia,  lying  to  the  E  of  Hindoostan 
Proper. 

Tifpercn/,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
provmce  of  Munster,  60  miles  long, and 
40  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  !)y  King's 
County,  on  the  E  by  Qiiecn's  County 
and  I'ilkennv,  on  the  S  by  W.iterfi-i'd, 
and  on  the  W  by  Galway,  Clare,  Li- 
merick and  Cork.  The  S  part  is  fertile ; 
but  the  N  is  rather  barren,  and  termi- 
nates in  s^  row  of  twelve  mountains,  the 


T  I  P 

here  is  little  security  for  a 
ichor.     Lon.  146  0  £,  lat.  IS 

th,  a  seaport  in  Northumber. 
le  mouth  of  the  Tyiie,  nine 
'  Newcastle.  It  has  a  casitle, 
a  high  rock,  inaccessible  on 
e,  and  well  mounted  with 
rhere  is  a  bar  across  the 
the  river,  which  is  not  above 
.  deep  at  low  water.  There 
rous  rocks  about  it,  called  the 
Idins  ;  but  there  are  lighthou- 
se the  ships  by  niglit.  Here 
in  their  loading  o:'  coal,  and 
brought  from  Newcastle. 
W,  lat.  55  6  N. 
r/j,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in 
ounty,  15  miles  S  of  Rutland, 
of  Bennington,  with  973  in- 

See  Tina. 

I,  a  village  in  Cornwall.  Here 
:main8  of  a  remarkable  fortifi- 
ied  King  Arthur's  Castle. 
a  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
the  province  of  Se^-iile,  and 
from  its  waters  w.tiich  are 
'  a  yellow  colour.  Near  its 
has  a  petrifying  quality,  no 
iants  growing  on  its  banks,nor 
ish  live  in  it ;  which  proper- 
Hue  till  other  rivulets  run  into 
;r  its  nature  ;  tor  when  it  pas- 
cbla  it  is  not  difjerent  from 
:rs.  It  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
miles  below  Niebin. 
3,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Bile- 
It  is  seated  nn  a  river  of  the 
ic,  in  a  country  fertile  in  dates 
y,  and  abounding  in  indigo. 
3  W.lat.  27  30  N. 
k;  a  strong  town  of  Barbary, 
ilgcrid,  seated  on  the  river 
Lon.  5  43  W,  lat.  28  15  N. 
in  island  of  Sweden,  27  miles 
ference,  and  abounding  in  ex- 
lastures.    Lon.  11  29  E,  lat. 

i,  or  Tiprah,  a  kingdom  of 
ng  to  the   E  of  Hindoostan 

7.7,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
of  Munster,  60  miles  long,  and 
;  bounded  on  the  N  !)y  King's 
m  the  E  by  Qjieen's  County 
enny,  on  the  S  by  \Vaterfoi-d, 
le  W  by  Galway,  Clare,  Li- 
iid  Cork.  The  S  part  is  fertile  ; 
I  is  rather  barren,  and  tcrmi- 
trowof  twulve  mountains,  the 


T  I  R 

lilgliest  in  Ireland,  called  Phelcm-dhe- 
Madina.  It  contains  147  parishes, 
and  sends  eight  members  to  parlia- 
ment. The  river  Shure  runs  through 
it  from  N  to  S.      Casliel  is  the  capital. 

'iipperary,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  the  same  name,  nine  miles 
S  S  W  of  Cashel. 

Tirana,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Gr'sons,  capital  of  the  Upper  Tcrzero. 
It  contains  several  handsome  buildings, 
but  from  the  narrowness  of  the  streets, 
and  many  ruino\is  houses,  its  general 
appearance  is  desolate.  The  river 
Adda,  divides  it  into  two  parts,  which 
arc  joined  by  a  stone  bridge  of  a  single 
arch.  The  staple  commerce  of  this 
town  consists  in  the  exportation  of 
wine  and  silk.  Near  the  town  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Adda,  is  the  magnifi- 
cent church  of  the  Madona,  or  Virgin 
Mary,  much  visited  by  t!ie  catholic  pil- 
grims. The  massacre  of  tiie  protes- 
fants  of  the  Valteline,  in  1620,  began 
in  this  town.  It  is  17  miles  S  W  of 
Uormio.     Lon.  9  46  E,  Lit.  46  12  N. 

Tiree,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  or  Wes- 
tern Islands  of  Scotland,  lying  to  the 
.S  W  of  Col.  It  v.i  a  small,  rich  island, 
and  noted  for  its  marble  cju-irry,  and  a 
iiandsome  breed  of  little  horses. 

Tireh,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Asi- 
atic province  of  Natolia,  .situate  on  the 
Meindcr,  32  miles  S  S  E  of  Smyrna. 
Lon.  27  30  E,  I.U.  .'JS  10  N. 

Tir/cmont,  a  village  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, tbrmcrly  one  of  llie  most  consi- 
derable places  in  that  diitcliy,  but  ru- 
ined by  the  wars.  Lon.  4  41  E,  lat.  50 
48  N. 

Tirnau,  a  strniig  and  considerable 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  coimty 
ofNcitra.  It  is  seuted  on  the  Tirna, 
five  miles  W  of  Leopolsdtadt,  and  22 
NEofPresburg.  Lon.  17  39  E,  lat. 
48  24  N 

Tirol,  or  Tyrol,  a  county  of  Germany, 
in  th^ircle  of  Austria,  !md  part  of  the 
lieredit.iry  dominions  of  that  ho  ise.  It  is 
1.50  miles  long,  and  120  broad  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Bavaria,  on  the  E  by 
Carinthia  and  the  arclibisliopricof  Saltz 
hiirg,  on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  Ve 
"ice,  and  on  the  W  by  Swisserland. 
Though  a  mountainous  country,  it  pro- 
duces as  m\ich  corn  and  wine  as  the 
inhabitants  have  occasion  for,  and  has 
ilth  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper. 
It  is  divided  into  four  [larts  ;  Tyrol, 
properly  so  called,  the  bishopric  of 
Trent,  the  bishopric  of  JBrixcn,  and 


T  I  V 

four  provinces  of  Suabia,  which  are 
united  to  Tyrol.  Inspruc  is  the  capital. 

Titan,  or  Cabarus,  an  island  of  France, 
the  most  eastern  of  the  Hieres,  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

Titicac.i,  or  Clnicvito,  an  island  of 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos. 
It  is  situate  in  a  lake  of  thesamenr.mc, 
whidi  is  one  of  the  largest,  in  South 
America. 

Tltchfield,  a  village  in  Hampsliire, 
seated  on  a  small  river  six  miles  E  of 
Southampton.  It  had  formerly  an  .ib- 
bey,  on  the  site  of  which  is  Titchficld 
House,  erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  Great  part  of  this  ancieni  man- 
sion has  been  taken  down. 

Titlisberg,  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  Swisserland,  at  tlie  foot  of 
which  is  the  greatest  part  of  the  valley 
of  Engelbei-g. 

Tittinaning,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg.  Tliis 
town  was  almost  depopulated  by  the 
plague,  in  1310,  and  was  reduced  to 
ashes  by  lightning,  in  1571 ;  but  it  h.is 
been  since  rebuilt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Saltza,  24  miles  N  W  of  Saltzburg. 
Lon.  12  46  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Titul,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  countv  of  Bodrog.  Lon.  20  34  E, 
lat.  45  30  N. 

Tiver.     See   Titier. 

Tiverton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  sc.it- 
ed  on  the  Ex,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  is  go\crned  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
has  a  noble  frceschool  (founded  by  a 
clothier  of  this  town)  which  has  .in 
endowment  also  for  the  maintenanre 
of  eight  scholars  at  Ballol  co'lege,  Ox- 
ford, and  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge. It  has  liki-'wise  a  church,  built 
by  subscription.  Tiverton  has  sutVcr- 
ed  very  severely  by  fire,  particularly  in 
1598,  i612,  1731,  and  1794.  This  town 
has  been  noted  foi'  its  great  woollen 
manufacture,  and  is  14  miles  N  N  E  of 
Exeter,  .md  161  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  .18  W,  lat.  50  54'N. 

Tinmen,  a  town  cf  Siberia,  in  the 
province  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Tura,  125 
miles  W  of  Tobolsk. 

Tivoli,  a  cele'  i-ated  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagni  di  Roma,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  now  wretchedly  poor.  It 
was  the  favourite  country  residence 
of  the  ancient  Romans,  as  Fresca^i  is 
of  the  moderns.  Near  the  boltoni  of 
the  (fjninence  oii  which  Tivoli  £t;i:'.us. 


are  tlie  ruins  of  the  vast  and  magnifi- 
cent villa  built  by  emperor  Adrian. 
Other  illustrious  Romans  had  also  their 
vilks  here ;  as  Julius  Cesar,  Caius 
Cassius,  Augustus,  Catullus,  Proper- 
tius,  Mxcenas,  &c.  The  Tiverunc 
ihrms  licre  a  famous  cascade  from  a 
Ktcep  rock,  in  a  cave  of  which  is  said 
to  have  been  Leucothea's  grotto,  the 
Tiburtne  Sibyl,  whence  she  delivered 
her  oracles.  It  was  anciently  the  re- 
treat of  many  eminent  Romans,  and,  at 
present  it  has  an  elegant  summer- 
house,  and  fine  gardens,  belonging  to 
tiie  dul:c  of  Modena.  Horace  is  tiiought 
to  have  composed  great  part  of  his 
works  in  this  favourite  retreat.  Near 
Tivoli  is  the  remarkable  Like  of  Sr)lfa- 
tiira.  Tivoli  is  seated  on  tlie  Terer- 
one,  13  miles  E  N  E  of  Rome,  and  15 
N  N  E  of  Frescati  Lon.  12  43  E,  lat. 
41  59  N.       See  Solfatara  and  Teverone. 

Tizzaiio,  tt  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Parma,  13  miles  S  of  Parma. 

TUiscatii,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Mexico  j  bounded 
on  the  N  bv  Piinnc o,  on  the  E  by  tin 
jjulf  of  Mexico,  on  tlie  S  bv  Giinxica  and 
the  Pacific  Ocefin,  nndoiitiie  W  by  the 
audience  of  Mexico.  In  Ihe  W  part  (^f 
tills  province  is  tiie  niouniiinof 'I'Lasca 
1.1, 12  triilcs  in  circr..,t'i  I'cnce  :  ilis  well 
pe')ple<l  and  cultlvatcJ,  excei)t  on  the 
s'.imrait,  which  is  always  covered  with 
sttow.  Tliere  are  also  otiier  moun- 
tains, covered  with  trees,  in  which  are 
tigers  and  monkies.     See  Angelas. 

Tiascala,  a  town  <)f  New  Spain,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  tlie  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river,  i)avtly  on  a.  moun- 
tain, and  partlv  on  a  plain,  82  miles 
E  S  E  of  Mexico.  I.oii.  sa  22  W,  lat. 
J9  30  N.     See  Angelas. 

T/fmeseii.     See  Treiiir.ifn. 

Tnhaga,  the  most  soiithw.ird  of  th? 
islands  in  the  West  Indies,  p.nd  the 
most  eastward  except  Bavb.idi)es.  It 
{.s  ,12  miles  hr^g  and  nine  brosd.  The 
climate  is  not  so  hot  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  its  sitiuuion  so  near  the 
equator;  nor  is  it  visited  'by  such 
dreadful  hwrricnnes  as  fi'e<;uently  de- 
Rob.te  the  other  islands.  It  is  diversi- 
fied with  liilis  and  vales,  and  is  equal 
in  richiirsa  of  produce  to  any  islands  in 
these  seas.  It  has  been  several  times 
taken  and  reta!;en,  lastly  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1793.  U  is  120  miles  S  of  Bar- 
badcM-s.     Lon.  59  0  W,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Toliiign,  Little,  an  island  near  tlie 
K  E  extremity  of  Tobsgo,  (in  Uie  West 


T  o  c 

Indies)  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad. 

Tobolti,  a  government  of  Rugsia, 
which  comprehends  the  W  part  of  Si- 
beria. It  is  divided  into  the  two  pro- 
vinces of  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk. 

ToioUi,  the  capital  of  Siberia,  and 
of  the  government  of  Tobolsk.  It  is  in. 
habited  by  Tartars,  who  drive  a  great 
trade  on  the  river  Ittysh,  and  carry 
their  goods  to  China.  The  Tartars 
that  live  rotmd  this  city,  for  several 
miles,  are  all  Mahometans,  but  their 
mufti  is  an  Arabian.  There  are  also 
a  great  number  of  Kalmucks,  who 
serve  as  slaves.  1'lie  Russians  com- 
monly send  their  state-prisoners  to 
this  city,  which  is  seated  on  a  hill,  a: 
the  confluence  <if  theTobol  and  Irtyali, 
800  miles  E  bv  N  of  Moscow,  and 
1000  E  by  S  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  68 
12  E,  lat.  58  12  N. 

Toeat,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Natolia,  capital  of  a  province  of  tlie 
same  name.  '1  he  houses  arc  handsome- 
ly built,  and  the  streets  pretty  well 
paved,  which  is  an  uncommon  thing  in 
these  parts  ;  but  the  town  makes  a 
very  odd  a|)pearance,  and  is  in  tlie 
forvn  of  an  amphitheatre.  Theic  arc 
two  rugged  perpendic'.lar  rocks  of 
marble,  with  an  old  castle  upon  each ; 
>iid  so  many  streams,  that  each  house 
lias  a  fountain.  Here  are  20,000  Turk- 
ish, 4000  Armenian,  and  400  Greek 
families  There  arc  12  niosques,  and 
a  vast  number  of  clii'pels  ;  the  A  rnie- 
nlans  have  seven  churches,  and  the 
Greeks  cmly  one.  Besides  the  silk  of 
this  country,  tiiey  manufacture  nuich 
of  that  of  Persia,  and  make  it  into  hew- 
ing  silk.  Their  chief  trade  is  in  cop- 
per vessels,  such  as  kettles,  drinkiiig- 
cups,  liinteins,  and  candlesticks.  'Jlicy 
also  prepare  a  great  deal  of  yellow 
Turkey  leather.  Tocat  may  be  consi- 
dered as  the  centre  of  trade  in  Natolia ; 
for  caravans  come  hither  from  several 
parts.  Its  territory  abounds  in  fruit 
and  excellent  wine.  It  is  310  miles  W 
by  S  of  Erzerum,  and  283  N  of  AU-ppo. 
Lon.  37  15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Toctynia,  a  town  of  New  Grennda, 
seated  on  the  Pali,  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  fruit  andsnga.--ciines  Here  are 
hot  baths  between  two  cold  springs; 
and  near  the  town  is  a  volcano.  Lon. 
72  50  W,  lat  4  3  N. 

Today,  a  strong  town  nf  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  the  county  of  Zinipiin,  with  a 
ciistle.  It  is  relei)rfttcd  for  its  excel- 
lent wine  ;  but  bcipg  produced  only  by 


— ' '  -''■"S 


o  c 

les  long,  and  one  bread, 
novei-niuent  of  Rusiia, 
ends  the  W  part  of  Si- 
ided  into  the  two  pro- 
ik  and  Tonitik. 
capital  of  Siberia,  and 
!nt  of  ToboUk.  It  is  in. 
lars,  who  drive  a  great 
river  Iitysh,  and  carry 
1  China.  The  Tartars 
tliis  city,  for  several 
Mahometans,  but  tlieii' 
abi»n.  There  are  also 
iv  of   Kalmucks,  who 

1.  I'he  Russians  com. 
leir   Btate-prisoners  to 

is  seated  tin  a,  hill,  a: 
if  theTobol  and  Irtyah, 
py  N  of  Moscow,  and 
Petersbui-gh.    Lon.  68 

N. 
I  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 

of  a  province  of  the 
e  houses  arc  handsome- 
he  streets  pretty  wcU 

an  iinconimon  tiling  in 
)ut  the  town  makes  a 
arancc,  and  is  in  the 
phitheatrc.  Theic  arc 
lerpcndic'ilar  rocks  of 
I  old  castle  upon  each ; 
■eanis,  that  each  lioiise 
Here  are  20,000  Turk- 
enian,  and  400  Greek 
•e  arc  12  mosques,  and 
if  chi'pels  ;  tlie  Arnie- 
ven   churches,  and  the 

2.  Besides  the  silk  of 
ley  munufacture  much 
ii,  and  make  it  into  sew- 
1'  chief  trade  is  in  cop- 
■Ii  as  kettles,  drinking- 
and  candlesticks.  'Iliey 
,  great  deal  of  yellow 
.  i'ocat  may  be  consi- 
ntrc  of  trade  in  Natolia ; 
me  hither  from  several 
rit<iry  abounds  in  fruit 
fine.  It  is  310  miles  W 
m,  aii-l  283  N  of  AK-ppo. 
at.  39  50  N. 

town  of  New  Grennda, 
ati,  in  a  country  nboiind- 
sug-ar-canes  Here  are 
rcen  two  cold  sprii'i^s; 
.wn  is  a  volc.'\no.  Lon. 
13N. 

img'  town  nf  Upper  Hun- 
luity  of  ;rinip!in,  with  a 
eleiiratcd  for  its  txccl- 
beitig  produced  only  by 


T  O  L 

ane  vineyard,  it  is  scarce  even  at  Vien- 
na. At  some  distance  from  it  are  large 
salt-works  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence i)f  the  flodrog  and  Teisse,  75 
miles  N  W  of  Great  Waradm,  and  90 
N£  of  Buda.  Lon.  21  2a  E,  lat  48 
ION. 

Tocort,  or  Tuggurt,  a  town  of  the 
kinyliim  of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  240 
njks  SSHl  of  Algiers.  Lon.  4  40  E, 
lat.  32  40  N. 

Toll,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dulchy  of  Spoletto,  seated  on  a  hill, 
neir  the  river  Tiber,  22  miles  S  of  Pe- 
lugia,  and  50  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32 
E,  lat.  42  44  N. 

Tog^enburg,  a  county  of  Swisserland, 
depending  on  the  abbey  of  St.  Gallen. 
It  is  in  the  figure  of  a  leg,  and  is  situ- 
ate between  liigh  mountains.  It  is  fer- 
tile ill  corn  and  fruit,  and  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower.  It  contains  up- 
wards of  46,000  inhabitants,  the  major- 
ity of  whom  are  nrotestants. 

Toissey,  a  tciwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain,  25  miles  N  of  Lyons. 
Lon  4  52  E,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Totaga  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  island  of 
New  Zealand,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon  irS  33  E,  lat  33  21  S. 

TMedo,  a  commercial  city  of  Spain, 
In  New  Castile,  of  which  it  was  for- 
merly the  capital.  It  is  advantageously 
seated  on  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Tujo, 
which  surrounds  it  on  two  sides  j  and 
on  the  land  side  it  hag  an  ancient  wall 
built  by  a  Gothic  king,  and  flanked  with 
100  towers  The  houses  are  fine  and 
there  are  a  great  number  of  superb  struc- 
inres,  beside  1/  public  squares,  where 
the  markets  are  kept.  It  is  an  arcli- 
bishop's  see  ;  and  the  cathedral  is  the 
richest  and  most  considerable  in  Spain  : 
the  Sagrario,  or  principal  chiipel,  is  a 
real  treasury,  in  which  are  !.■>  large 
cabinets  let  "into  the  wall,  I'liU  of  pro- 
digious quantities  of  (>•»''!  .md  silver 
russets,  and  other  works.  Here  are 
33  religious  houses,  with  a  ^reat  num- 
ber of  churches  belonccing  to  17  pa- 
rishes, and  some  hospitJils  Without 
the  town  are  the  rem  li.is  rS  an  am'ilii- 
theatre,  and  other  ."..itiqiities.  It  has 
a  royal  castle,  a  famous  'mivcr.sity,  aivl 
'overal  manufictur.'s  of  silk  and  w  i';l. 
It  is  .'Jr  miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  o  20 
W,  lat.  39  53  >f. 

Toten,  a  town  of  the  Diitch  Nether- 
lands, in  Zealand,  in  .in  isl.md  of  the 
same  name,  seiia'-ated  by  a  narrow 
duiinol  from   Dutch   Urab-int.     I'    i; 


f  O  M 

live  miles  N  W  of  Bcrgen-op-Zoom. 
Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

ToUntino,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  miurquisr.tc  of  Ancona.  It  is  the 
plticc  whei-e  the  relics  of  St.  Nicliola;* 
are  kept,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Chiento,  night  miles  S  E  of  St.  Seve- 
rino,  and  88  N  E  of  Home.  Lon.  13 
11  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

'foUiburg,  a  to'.vn  of  Russia,  in  the: 
government  of  Riga,  with  a  harbour 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  60  miles 
W  of  Narva.   Lon.  26  4  E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Tolfa,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  domin- 
ions of  the  Pope.  In  the  neighlwnr- 
hood  are  mines  of  alum  and  iron,  warm 
baths,  and  quarries  of  alabaster  and 
lapis  lazuli.  It  is  25  miles  N  W  of 
Home.     Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Tolhuys,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  seated  on  the  Rhine.  It  is  eight 
miles  E  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  6  0  E,  lat. 
51  56  N. 

Tolland,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Tolland  county,  Connecticut,  IT 
miles  N  E  of  Hartford,  and  19  W  of 
Pomfret,  containing  1638  inhabitants. 

ToimezTo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Vene- 
tian Friuli,  30  miles  N  E  of  Bellumo. 
Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Toi7ni>iii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Carniola,  12  miles  N  of  Oo- 
ritz. 

Tolna,  a  town  of  Lower  Hung.iry, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  nauie. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  in  a  coun- 
irv  producing  excellent  wine,  eight 
miles  S  W  of  Colocza,  and  45  S  of  Bu- 
da.    Lon.  19  28  E,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Tolnani,  a  town  of  Hindonst?.n  79 
miles  W  of  Burliampour,  and  124  E  of 
Surpt,     Lon.  75  3  E,  lat.  21  15  N. 

Tolosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  ih.e  cipita! 
of  Guipuscoa,  se.ited  in  a  valley,  be- 
tween the  Ara;iis  andOria,  over  which 
are  two  bridges,  and  near  them  several 
natural  cascades.  It  is  inhabited  by  a 
yvcat  luimber  of  artists,  who  make 
sword  blades  in  high  esteem.  It  whr 
t;'.ken  by  llie  French  in  ITS*.  It  is  ?r 
miles  S  W  of  B.avonne,  and  47  S  E  of 
B;iboa.     Lon.  2  5  W,  lat  4.3  10  is. 

To/ii,  a  town  of  South  America  in 
Ten-a  Firma,  in  the  go-i.^inmcnt  oi' 
Carthrip-enn  ;  famous  for  tl>e  halsam  <4" 
Tolii,  brougiil  hence  to  F.'.'.rope,  and 
p;'od:l<ed  from  a  tree  like  a|)ii!i'.  It  is 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Me.^ico, 
fi:i  m.les  S  'ii'Carthagena.  Lou.  7S  22 
\V,  lat,  9  '■fr)  N. 


I 


Ti.1  ill 


a  town  of  Pctugai,  in  Et- 


-ij 


-«v^ 


TOM 


tremadurn,  seated  on  the  river  Naboan, 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  where 
there  is  a  caslle  belonging  to  the 
knif^hts  of  Christ.  It  is  40  miles  S  E 
of  Cuimbra,  and  (i5  N  £  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  7  55  VV,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Tontbec,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
eight  miles  S  of  Louvain,  and  10  E  of 
Brussels.     Lon.  4  49  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Tmnbelaine,  a  small  island  of  France, 
with  a  town  of  the  game  name,  on  the 
coast  of  Normandy,  in  a  small  gulf  be- 
tween Avranches  and  St.  Malo.  This 
island,  as  well  as  that  of  St.  Michael, 
in  which  there  is  a  monastery,  are  every 
day  joined,  at  low  water,  to  the  main 
land. 

'Jombuctoo,  a  kingdom  of  Nigritia, 
which  lies  to  the  S  E  of  the  great  de- 
sert of  Zahara,  and  W  of  the  empire 
of  Caslma.  It  produces  great  plenty 
of  corn,  cattle,  milk,  and  butter.  The 
king  has  300  horsemen,  beside  a  g^eat 
number  of  foot,  wlio  frequently  take 
raptives,  and  sell  them  to  the  mer- 
cliants  for  slaves.  The  l.ouses  are  built 
like  bells,  with  walls  of  hurdles  plais* 
tci-ed  with  th.y.und  covered  with  reeds. 
The  belter  sort  of  women  have  their 
faces  covered,  their  religion  being  Ma- 
hometanism.  Both  men  and  women 
arc  very  fciid  of  dancing,  and  spend  a 
great  part  of  the  night  in  that  exercise. 

Tombuctoo,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  Nigritia,  with  a 
stfitely  mosque  built  of  stone,  and  a 
royal  palace.  Here  in  a  great  number 
oi'" weavers  of  cotton  cloth  j  and  hither 
tlie  clotli  and  oilier  mer'-handise  are 
brougiit  by  caravanc  fiom  Barbary.  In- 
stead of  money,  they  make  use  of  shells 
and  smdl  bits  of  gold.  In  the  proceed- 
injrs  of  the  Afri<an  Association,  this 
pl.icc  is  mentioned  as  a  luxurious,  opu- 
loiit,  and  flourishing  city,  subject  to  a 
severe  police,  and,  as  such  attracting 
the  merchants  of  tlie  most  distant  states 
of  Airier..  It  is  seated  near  tl>e  Niger, 
2r0  miles  S  W  of  Mourzook.  Lon.  0 
8  W,  lat.  19  59  N, 

Tomebainbii.  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the 
p.udience  of  Qiiito,  where  was  a  tem- 
ple of  the  Sun,  whoae  w.iUs,  a»  the 
Spaniards  assort,  were  covered  with 
gold.  It  is  120  miles  S  of  Qiiito.  Lon. 
77  aO  W,  lat.  2  16  S. 

Toniim,  a  Government  of  South  Ame- 
r  .  1,     ill    tli;'    viceroyal'.y   of   Buenos 

Ay:'--.^ 

7;!  i;„i^  a  town  of  the  island  of  Ce- 
'.i.-hf".  m  vh"  Kast  Indies,  in  a  bay  to 


TON 

witich  it  gives  name.    Lon.  119  0  E, 
lat.  0  45  S. 

Timiti,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  pru- 
vincc  of  Tomsk,  with  a  wooden  castle, 
defended  by  14  pieces  of  cannon ;  and 
a  wooden  cathedral,  a  chancery,  and 
an  arsenal.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a 
great  trade,  as  the  town  lies  on  the 
great  road  through  all  the  E  and  N 
parts  of  Siberia.  It  contains  above 
3000  houses,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Tom,  105  .nniles  E  S  E  of  Tobolsk.  Lon. 
84  59  E,  lat.  55  45  N. 

Tonderen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Sleswick,  with  a  fort,  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  German 
Ocean,  25  miles  S  E  of  Ripen,  and  SO 
N  W  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  40  £,  lat. 
54  58  N. 

Tongataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  Isl- 
ands  in  the  South  Pacific  oceant  about 
20  leagues  in  circuit,  somewhat  oblong, 
broadest  at  tlie  E  end,  and  its  greatest 
length  from  E  to  W.  The  S  shore  is 
straight,  and  consists  of  coral  rocks, 
eight  or  ten  feet  high,  terminating  per- 
pendicularly ;  while  the  whole  N  side 
is  environed  with  shoals  and  islands, 
and  the  shore  within  them  low  and 
sandy.  Here  is  also  the  best  harbour 
or  anchoring  place  to  be  found  among 
these  islands.  It  is  nearly  all  of  an 
equal  height,  not  exceeding  60  or  80 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Hence 
it  is  wholly  laid  out  m  plantations,  with 
roads  or  lanes  for  travelling,  disposed 
in  80  judicious  a  manner,  as  to  open  an 
easy  communication  from  one  part  to 
another.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of 
being  the  seat  of  government  for  all  the 
othcrislands,  and  the  ordinary  residence 
of  all  the  principal  chiefs.  Lon.  174 
46  W,  lat.  21  9  S. 

Tongrca,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege.  It  has  severely 
suffered  by  the  calamities  of  war  ;  the 
first  time  by  Attila  king  of  tlie  Hunds, 
and  the  last  by  the  French,  in  1673  and 
1G77.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  12 
miles  S  W  of  Maestricht,  and  15  W  of 
Liege. 

Ttmg-tchang-Jou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
tlic  province  of  Chang-tong.  Its  dis- 
trict contains  three  cities  of  the  second, 
and  15  of  the  thii-d  class.  It  is  150 
miles  S  of  Pekin.  Lon.  115  25  E,  lat 
36  30  N. 

Tang-chuen-foti,  a  fortitled  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Se-tchuen. 
The  inhabitants  are  all  soldiers,  who 


)  N 

B.    Lon.  119  0  E, 

Siberia,  in  the  pru- 
.h  a  wooden  castle* 
;es  of  cannon ;  and 
1,  a  chancery,  and 
labitants  carry  on  a 
;  town  lies  on  the 

all  the  E  and  N 
It  contains  above 
seated  on  the  river 
E  of  Tobolsk.  Lon. 
N, 

of  Denmark,  in  the 
,  with  a  fort,  seated 
y,  on  the  German 
Z  of  Ripen,  and  30 

Lon.  9  40  £,  lat. 

[)f  the  Friendly  Isl- 
Pacific  oceant  about 
L,  somewhat  oblong, 
nd,  and  its  greatest 
^  The  S  shore  is 
ists  ot  coral  rocks, 
jh,  terminating  per- 
2  the  whole  N  side 
shoals  and  islands, 
Lhin  them  low  and 
so  the  best  harbour 
to  be  found  among 
is  nearly  all  of  an 
exceeding  60  or  80 
1  of  the  sea.  Hence 
;  m  plantations,  with 
travelling,  disposed 
anner,  as  to  open  an 
n  from  one  part  to 
Iso  the  advantage  of 
)vemment  for  all  the 
le  ordinary  residence 
1  chiefs.     Lon.  174 

of  Germany  in  the 
fe.  It  has  severely 
iamities  of  war  j  the 
J  king  of  tJie  Hunds, 
French,  in  1673  and 
d  on  the  Neckar,  12 
stricht,  and  15  W  of 

a  city  of  China,  in 
'hang-tong.  Its  dis- 
;  cities  of  the  second, 
rd  class.     It  is  15U 

Lon.  115  25  E,  lat 

a  fortified  city  of 
jvince  of  Sc-tcliuen. 
Tc  all  soldiers,  who 


TON 

have  followed  the  profession  of  arms, 
I'rum  father  to  son.  It  is  867  miles  S 
W  of  Pekin.  Lon.  101  30  E,  lat.  25 
56  N. 

Tongutiant,  a  people  who  inhabit  the 
£  part  of  Siberia,  and  are  subject  to 
the  Russians.  They  are  all  pagans, 
aiid  chiefly  subsist  by  grazing,  and 
hunting  of  sables.  They  live  in  huts, 
which,  when  they  remove  tlieir  dwell 
ings,  they  take  down,  and  set  up  else- 
where. These  huts  are  coAiposed  of 
wooden  poles,  covered  all  over  with 
hair  and  rubbish,  except  a  hole  left  at 
the  top  to  let  out  the  smoke.  Their 
tire  is  made  in  the  middle,  and  they  all 
sit  round  it  upon  tui-fs.  Both  sexes 
are  very  strong,  and  broad-faced,  and 
they  all  ride  on  horseback,  not  ex- 
cepting the  girls.  Both  men  and,  wo- 
men dress  alike  in  a  sort  of  frock, 
■with  boots  of  skins  on  their  legs,  and 
their  common  drink  is  water.  The 
Tungusians  are  of  a  middling  stature  ; 
a  very  tall  or  a  very  short  man  being 
equally  rare  among  them.  They  are 
all  well  made,  and  of  a  good  mein. 
The  features  of  their  face  are  not  so 
flat  as  those  of  tlie  Kalmouks ;  they 
have  a  fresh  complexion,  small  sharp 
eyes,  a  small  tliin  nose,  black  lank 
hair,  very  little  beard,  and  many  of 
tliemnone  at  all.  Their  voice  is  some- 
what hoarse ;  their  sight  and  hearing 
of  an  acuteness  and  delicacy  .-ilmost  in- 
credible {  but,  on  the  contrary,  their 
organs  of  touch  and  smell  are  consid- 
erubly  more  blunt  than  ours.  Tlieir 
young phildren  have  an  iiir  altogether 
Kalmuuk.  The  women  while  young  ai'e 
well  made,  and  of  an  agreeable  figure, 
very  lively,  but  modest,  the  old  women, 
o;i  the  contrary,  are  ugly  to  a  fright- 
ful degree,  all  over  wrinkles,  smoke 
and  filth  of  various  kinds,  with  eyes  as 
red  as  fire. 

Tonna,  a  town  c*"  Germnny  in  Upi)er 
Saxony,  six  miles  N  of  Gotha. 

Tonnay  Boutonne,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Charetite, 
and  late  territory  of  Saintongc,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Boutonge,  17  miles 
■V  of  Saintes.  Lon.  0  34  W,  lat  45 
56  .V. 

Tonnay  Charente,  a  town  of  France, 
ill  tile  department  of  Lower  Charente, 
».id  late  territory  of  Saintonge  with  a 
i-istle,  and  a  small  port.  It  is  seated 
0!!  the  Charente,  tliree  mile.";  iVoni 
lioclicfort,  and  253  S  W  of  Paris. 
I.w,0  46  W,  lat.45  56N. 


TON 

Thnneins,  a  town  of  France,  in  th« 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and 
late  province  of  Guienne,  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  two  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Lot,  and  seven  E  of  Mar- 
mande. 

ToHtiene,  a 'town  of  France,  in  tha 
department  of'Yonne,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  famous  for  its  good 
wines  It  is  seated  on  the  Armancon, 
27  miles  S  of  Troyes,  and  102  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  4  4  E,  lat.  47  51  N. 

Tonningen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  ia 
the  dutchy  of  Sleswick,  capital  of  ■ 
territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  tha 
river  Eyder,  where  there  is  a  commo- 
dious harbour,  25  miles  S  \V  of  Sles- 
wick, and  58  N  W  of  Hamburg.  Loo, 
9  10  E,  lat  54  30  N. 

Toiiyiiiii,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  China, 
and  the  gulf  of  Tonquin,  on  the  S  by 
Cochin  China,  and  on  the  \V  by  Laos. 
It  is  about  1200  miles  in  length  and 
500  in  teeadth,  and  is  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  considerable  kingdoms  of 
the  East,  as  well  on  account  of  tho 
number  of  inhabitants,  as  the  riches  it 
contains,  and  the  trade  it  carries  on. 
The  natives  in  general  are  of  a  mid- 
drmg,st.Uure,  and  clean-limbed,  with  a 
tawny  completion.  Their  faces  are 
oval  and  flattisli,  and  their  noses  and 
lips  well  proportioned.  Their  hair  i» 
black,  long,  lank,  and  coarse  ;  and  they- 
let  it  hang  down  their  shoulders.  They 
dye  their  teeth  black.  They  are  dex- 
terous, active  and  ingeniinis  in  me- 
chanic arts.  They  weave  a  great 
quantity  of  fine  silks,  and  make  curioua 
lackerworks,  which  are  exported  t* 
other  countries.  There  is  such  a  num- 
ber of  people,  that  many  want  employ- 
ment, for  they  seldom  go  to  work  but 
when  foreign  ships  arrive.  The  money 
and  goods  brought  hither  by  the  Eng- 
ligh  and  Dutch  put  them  in  action, 
for  they  have  not  money  of  their  owa 
sufficient  to  employ  themselves ;  and 
therefore  one  third  at  least  must  bai 
advanced  beforehand  by  tlie  merchants. 
They  are  so  addicted  to  gaming,  that 
when  every  thing  else  is  lost  they  will 
stake  their  wives  and  children  Tho 
garments  of  the  Tonquinese  are  made 
either  of  silk  or  cotton;  but  the  poor 
people  and  soldiers  wear  only  cotton  of 
a  dark  tayimy  colour.  Their  houses 
are  small  and  low,  and  the  walls  either 
of  mud,  or  hurdivs  daubed  pver  wit^ 


TON 


TON 


u  -L 


claj      They  have  only  a  ground  floor, 
vith  two  or  three  partitions,  and  each 
room  has  a  square  hole  to  let  in  the  li^ht. 
They  have  stools,  benches,  and  cliarrs  j 
awl  on  the  side  of  a  table  is  a  little  altar, 
with  two  incense  pots  thereon,  which 
no  house  is  without.    The  counti-y   a- 
bminds  with  villages,  which  consist  of 
30  or  40  houses,  surrounded  by  trees  ; 
and  in  some  places  are  banks  to  keep 
the  water  from  overflowinfp  tiieir  gar- 
dens, where  they  have  oranges,  betels, 
pumkins,  melons,  and  salad  nerbs     It) 
the  rainy  season  they  caimot  pass  fiom 
one  house  to  another,  without  wading 
through  the  water,  but  sometimes  they 
have   Doats.    The    people  of  Tonquin 
are  ing^enious,  strong-limbed  and  well 
made;    their  disposition    is  free    and 
open,    although  cheating  among  tliem, 
when  done  with  address,  is  considered 
as    a  stroke   of  prudence   and    skill. 
They  arc  generous ;  but  their  generosi- 
ty yj  regulated  only  by  their  interest : 
and  when  they  have  nothing  to  hope, 
they  cannot  easily  be  prevailed  on  to 
l^ivc :    uH'  such    occasions,  they  take 
great  caic  to  conceul  thcii*  riches,   for 
fear  of  being  impo.'tuned  ;   they  are   in 
general  lavish  in  their  public  expences, 
esper'ially  in  feasts,  marriages  and  fune- 
rals ;  theyh  '.e  the  Europeans,  and  find 
great  satisfaction  in  being  able  to  de- 
ceive them.     The  Tonquinese  are  nei- 
ther so  flat-nosed  nor  so  broad-^'isaged 
as  the  Chinese  ;  their  colour  is  olive  : 
■  they  blacken  their  teeth,  suffer  their 
nails  to  grow,  and  wear  their  hair  as 
long    as    possible.      The    people    are 
slaves  ortc  part  oi  •  e  year ;  for  except 
the  citizens  of  the    cajiital,    all   the 
tradesmen,    Joiners,    smiths,    masons, 
-  rarjienters,  &c.   are  obliged  to  labour 
three  months  in  the  palace,  and  during 
two  others,  fof    tlie    mandarins    and 
great  lord*  :  "'hey  are  ft*ee  the  rest  of 
'".3  yetir,  and  work  for  those  who  em- 
ploy them.      Marriages    are  not  con- 
tracted here  without  the  consent  ofthe 
governor  or  judge  of  tlie  place.     The 
day  after  the  marriage,   the  husband 
styles  his  wife  sister,  and  the  wife  calls 
her  husband  brother.     A  plurality  of 
wives  is  permitted  at  Tong-king  ;    but 
only  the  most  accomplished  takes  the 
title  of  spouse.    The  law  grants   a  di- 
vorce to  the  men,  but  denies  it  to  the 
women  ;  the  children  remain  witli  the 
liusbfvnd.     The   fii\ourite   diversion   of 
the  Tonquinese  are  comedies,    which 
th     generally  act  at  night,  and  acconi- 


pany,  with  abundance  of  machinery  ml) 
decoration.    They  excel^particiilarly  in 
the  representation  of  torrents,  rivers, 
seas,    tempests     and    naval    battle!. 
Learning  in  Tonquin,  as  in  China  con. 
sists  principally  in  the  knowledge  of  i 
great  number  of  characters,  and  in  the 
study  of  the  rules    and  principle!  of 
morality,    .vliich   are   taken   from  the 
writings  of  Confticius.    The   Tonq«i. 
nesc  apply  to  letters,   from  ambition, 
because  they  open  the  wuy  to  honours, 
and  because  it  is  by  tlieir  means  alone 
that  they  can  ever   be  promoted  to 
offices  of  dignity  and  trust.     They  are 
in  general  courteous  to  strangers  ;  but 
the  g^eat  men  are   haughty  and  ambi- 
tious, the  soldiers   insolent,    and  the 
poor  tliievish.      They    buy    all   their 
wii^es,    of  which  the  g^eat  men  have 
several ;    but  the  poor  are  stinted  Ibr 
want  of  money.      In  hard   times  the 
men  will  sell   both    their   wives  and 
children,  to  uuy  rice  to  maintain  them* 
selves.     When  a  man  dies  he  is  buried 
in  his  own  ground,  and  if  he  v;as  mai. 
ter  of  a  family,  they  make  agfreat  feast. 
The  first  new  moon  that  happens  after 
the  middle  of  January,  is  a  great  festi- 
val ;  when   they  rejoice    for  ten  days 
togfether,  and  spend  their  time  in  >ll 
manner  of  sports.    They  have  another 
great  feast  in  May  or  June,  when  tlieir 
first  harvest  is  got  in.    Their  religion 
is  paganism,   and  yet  they  own  a  su- 
preme being.    Their  idols  have  human 
shapcu,   but  in  very  different   forms. 
They  have  likewise  some   resembling 
elephants  and  horses,  placed  in  small 
low  temples  buUt  of  timber.     The  lan- 
guage  is  very  guttural,    and  some  of 
the  words  are  pronounced  through  th»  I 
teeth  :    it  has  a  great  resemblance  to 
the  Chinese.    They  have    schools  it 
learning,  and  their  characters  are  tlic 
same,  or  like  those  of  China ;  and  Uki: 
them  they   write  with  a  hair  pencil. 
The  commodities  are  g^ld,  musk,  silk, 
calicoes,  drugs  of   many  sorts,  woods 
for    dying,   lackered    wares,    earthen 
wares,   salt,  aniseed,  and  worm  seed. 
The  lackered  wai'c  is  not  inferior  to  that 
of  Japan,  which  is   accounted  the  best 
in  the  world.     With  all  their  merrhan- 
dlse,  the   people   are   in  general  very 
poor  ;  the  chief  trade  being  carried  nu 
by  the  Chinese,   Englii^h,   and  Dutch 
This  kingdom  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 
Cachuo  is  the  capital. 

Tonsberg,  a  seaport  of  Norway,  i" 
tin;  province   of  Aggerhiiys,  30  inllc 


OR 

of 


,-        .-^*— 


TON 


TOR 


TOR 


»  abiiTid»nce  of  machinery  »n^ 
They  esci'l,partictilarly  in 
lentation  of  torrents,  rivers, 
npests     and    naval    battle;. 
in  Tonquin,  as  in  China  con. 
cipally  in  tlie  knowledge  of  > 
iber  of  characters,  and  in  the 
the   rules    and  principlei  of 
.vhich   are    tiiken    from  the 
if  Conficius.    The   Tonyii. 
to  letters,   from  ambition, 
hey  open  the  way  to  honoun, 
ise  it  is  by  their  means  alone 
'  can  ever   be  promoted  to 
dignity  and  trust.     They  m 
1  courteous  to  strangers ;  but 
men  are   haughty   and  anbi- 
!  soldiers   insolent,    and  the 
ivish.      They    buy    all   their 
f  which  the  great  men  hire 
but  the  poor  are   stinted  for 
money.      In  hard   times  the 
sell   both    their   wives  md 
to  uuy  rice  to  maintain  them- 
When  a  man  dies  he  is  buried 
n  ground,  and  if  he  was  mtt- 
iroilf ,  they  make  a  great  feast, 
new  moon  that  happens  after 
lie  of  January,  is  a  great  festi- 
sn   they  rejoice    for  ten  days 
,  and  spend  their  time  in  all 
if  sports.    They  have  another 
ist  in  May  or  June,  when  their 
rest  is  got  in.    Their  religion 
ism,   nnd  yet  they  own  a  su. 
3ing.    Their  idols  have  human 
but  in  very  different   forms, 
Lve  likewise  some   resembling 
s  and  horses,  placed  in  small 
^les  built  of  timber.     The  Ian- 
1  very  gixttural,    and  some  of 
Is  are  pronounced  through  th» 
it  has  a  great  resemblance  to 
lese.    They  have    schools  nf 
,  and  their  characters  are  tlie 
'  like  those  of  China ;  and  like 
ley   write  with  a  hair  pencil, 
imodities  are  gfold,  musk,  sift, 
,  drugs  of   many  sorts,  wood? 
ig,  lackered   wares,    earthen 
salt,  aniseed,  and  worm  secil. 
cred  wai'c  is  natinfcriortolhat 
.  which  is   accounted  the  best 
orU.     With  all  their  merrhan- 
c   people   are   in  general  very 
»e  chief  trade  being  carried  ou 
::hir.ese,   Englii.1),   and  Dutch, 
igdom  is  an  ulisolute  monarchy, 
is  the  capital. 

erg,  a  seaport  of  Norway,  i'> 
ince  of  AgTjerhuys,  30  inlt" 


W  Frederickatadt.     Lon.  10  30  E,  lat.  i 
58  50  N. 

Toobouai,  a  small  island  in  the  South 
Sea,  discovered  by  captain  Cook,  beinjf, 
in  any  direction,  not  above  five  or  six 
miles.  Small  as  it  appears,  however, 
there  are  bills  in  it  of  a  considerable 
elevation  i  «t  the  foot  of  which  is  a  nar- 
row border  of  flat  land,  extending  al- 
most all  around  it,  bordered  with  a 
white-sand  beach.  The  hills  are  cover- 
ed with  herbage,  except  a  few  rocky 
clifls,  with  patches  of  trees  interspers- 
ed to  their  summits.  According  to  tlie 
information  captain  Cook  received  from 
some  of  the  natives,  who  spoke  tile 
lang;uage  of  Otalieite,  this  island  is 
plentifully  stocked  with  liogs  and  fowls, 
and  produces  the  several  tunds  of  fruits 
and  ruots  Uiat  are  to  dc  met  with  at  the 
oUier  islands  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Lon.  149.  23  W,  lat.  23  24  S. 

Tupelif,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  seated  on  a  considerable  as- 
cent, on  tlie  Swale,  24  miles  N  of  York. 

Topel,  or  Topi,  a  town  of  the  king, 
dom  of  Bothnia,  24  miles  N  W  of  Pil- 
sen,  and  .56  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  10 
E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Taplitg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  I.eutmeritz,  near  which  tlie 
Auslrians  defeated  the  Prussians,  in 
1762.  It  is  14  miles  ^V  N  W  of  Lsut- 
meritz.     Lon.  14  10  E,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Topoiitza,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Moldavia,  12  miles  S  W  of 
Niemenz.     Lon.  26  9  E,  lat.  46  51  N. 

'fopoltiati,  a  town  of  Hungary,  68 
miles  K  of  Vienna.  I..on.  17  30  E,  lat. 
ii  35  N. 

Topahnm,  a  town  in  Devonsliire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  h.  is  seated  on 
the  Ex,  five  miles  S  E  of  Exeter  (of 
which  it  is  the  port)  and  170  S  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  26  W,  lat.  50  39  N. 

Tor,  or  Eltor,  a  town  of  Arabia  Pe- 
trea,  with  a  good  htrbour  defended  by 
a  castle,  and  a  Greek  convent.  In  the 
garden  of  which  arc  fountains  of  bitter 
water,  said  to  be  those  which  Moses 
rendered  svtreet  by  throwing  in  a  piece 
of  wood.  It  is  seated  on  the  Red  Sea. 
Lon.  33  45  E,  lat.  28  27  N. 

Torbay,  a  bay  of  the  English  Channel, 
on  the  coast  of  Devonshire,  to  the  E 
of  Dartmouth,  formed  by  twro  capes, 
called  Bury  Point,  and  Bob's  Nose.  It 
was  here  the  prince  of  Orar»ge  landed 
in  November  1688)  ^hen  he  came  over 
from  Holland,  by  the  invitation  of  many 
principal  persons,  to  preserve  us  from 


pOp«fy  and  arbitrary  power.  Ir,  gaieft 
of  wind  it  is  often  tlie  stution  of  th« 
Channel  fleet. 

Terbia,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
county  of  Nice.  Here  i»  an  ancient 
tower,  of  Gotfaic  architectnrc,  and  in 
the  environs  ai~:  found  many  remains  of 
Koman  monuta«nt.s.  It  is  seven  mites 
E  of  Nice. 

Torbole,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Trentino,  14  miles  S  E  of  Trent.  Lou. 
11  39  £,  lat.  45  56  N. 

TorceUo,  a  tow»  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Venice.  It  is  thin  of  people, 
on  account  of  the  unwholesome  air, 
and  seated  in  a  sMall  island,  seven 
miles  N  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  9  E,  Lat. 
45  .j2  N. 

Tarda,  or  Torertbatrgh^  a  town  of 
Trantrylvania,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
wliicli  are  extensive  salt  works.  The 
Hunfrarian  language  is  said  tn  be 
spoken  wita  the  greatest  puritv  in  this 
town.  It  is  15  miles  W  N  W'of  Cluu- 
senbuvfi-,  and  44;  N  W  of  Herraiiistadt. 
Lon.  23  12  E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

TordeaiUaa.,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain, 
in  Leon,  with  a  magnificent  palace, 
where  queen  Joan,  mother  of  Charles 
V.  ended  hter  melancholy  days.  It  is 
seated  in  a  ctumtry  fertile  in  com  and 
wine,  on  the  river  Donero,  24  miles 
W  of  Valladolid,  and  75  S  E  of  Leon. 
Lon.  4  56  W:   !at.  41  48  N. 

Torgau,  a  imvn  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Saxony  Proper,  with  a  castle,  the  stair- 
case of  which  is  built  in  such  a  manner, 
that  a  person  may  ride  in  a  chaise  to 
the  top  of  it.  The  inhabitants  brew 
excellent  beer,  wiiich  they  send  to 
other  places  by  the  Elbe,  on  which  the 
town  is  seated.  Here  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia xibtnined  a  great  victory  over  the 
Austrians  in  1760.  It  is  27  miles  N  E 
of  Lcipsic,  and  35  N  W  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  13  3  E,  lat  51  .;4  N. 

Torigny,  e.  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  channel,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  magnificent 
castle,  seated  on  a  rivulet,  seven  miles 
S  E  of  St,  Lo.  Lon.  0  42  ^V,  lat.  49  0 
N. 

Tormes,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises 
in  the  moimtains  of  Avila,  in  Castile, 
passes  by  Alva,  Tormes,  and  Salaman- 
ca, and  falls  into  the  Dauero,  below 
Mirande-de-Douero. 

Torna,  or  Tomaxv,  a  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is  a  for« 
tified  place  ^nd  is  seated  on  an  emi- 


— .-l^ 


ti 


TOR 

ncnre,  on  the  river  Ssyo,  22  miles  W 
of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  4j  K,  bt.  48  5o 
N. 

Tornr,  a  rivc-p  of  Swcilcn,  witich  has 
its  smiivf  ill  tlip  nnnuiilii'MH  of  Norway, 
forma.  !i  i.ikc  of  tlic  suiiie  nuitie,  ami 
tuliiii(^  a  S  E  course,  enters  the  gulf  of 
Uothnia,  at  Tornro. 

Ttiniea,  a  town  of  Sweden  in  West 
Botlinia,  caliilal  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  good  liarhmr.  It 
is  sitnaled  at  the  month  of  the  river  of 
tile  same  name,  on  a  small  island  formed 
by  il,  at  the  N  extremity  of  Uotlinia. 
It  is  a  place  of  some  trade,  hecaiise  uU 
the  Laplanders  in  those  parts  eome  itnd 
exchan);e  their  skins  and  otiier  articles, 
for  wliat  they  want.  The  houses  are 
lo%y,  and  the  eold  so  severe,  that  some- 
times the  |)i;ople  lose  llieir  tinjjers  and 
toes.  It  is  180  miles  N  E  of  Unia,  and 
420  N  N  E  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  24  17 
E,  lat  6)  51  N. 

TljrHfnia,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tiir- 
ke\  in  Eiiro;x',  in  Janiia.  It  is  seated 
at  I'lP  font  of  inoniit  Dragoniza,  on  the 
river  S.ih  nipria  10  miles  N  W  of  La- 
rissa.     Lon.  22  36  E,  lat.  39  J2  N. 

Toro,  a  town  of  .S|)ain,  in  Leon,  seat- 
ed on  a  iiill,  on  the  river  IVinero,  in  a 
country  fertile  in  corn  and  fniits,  and 
whose  vineyards  yleh!  excellent  red 
wine.  It  is  37  miles  N  by  E  of  Sala- 
manca, and  100  N  W  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
5  2  VV.  lat.  41  39  N. 

'r'oreUa-ik-Moigris,  a  seaport  of 
Ji  >-.-n,  in  Catalonia,  famous  for  a  battle 
ga.'-.ed  bv  the  French  over  the  Span- 
iards,  in  1694.  It  is  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Tcr,  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, at  the  fiot  of  the  Pyrenees,  19 
miles  E  by  S  of  Gironna,  and  60  N  E 
of  Barcelona.  fx>n.3  18  E,  lat.  41  55 
N. 

Torpcrlc;,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  nine 
miles  E  of  Cliester.  It  was  formerly  a 
borough,  and  had  a  market, 

Torqua:,  a  village  in  Dpvonshirc,  on 
the  N  side  of  Torbay,  sevfin  miles  S  E 
of  Newton  Bushel.  It  has  a  neat  range 
of  buildings  for  summer  vis  tors,  who 
may  here  enjoy  convenient  batlti.ig  and 
a  romantic  situation.  Near  it  is  a  sin- 
gular cavern  called  Kent's-hole,  which 
is  full  200  yarils  long,  and  in  no  part 
more  than  20  feet  high. 

Torre-del-Greco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra-di  Lavora,  seated  rit  the  foot  of 
Mouut  Vesuvius,  on  the  bay  of  Naples, 
five  miles  S  E  of  that  cil  It  was  de- 
utroycd  by  an  eruption  o     i  esuvius  in 


TOR 

1631;  and  again  in  1794,  was  over< 
whelmed  hy  a  torrent  of  lava.  Tlic  in- 
habitants,  however,  escaped  with  tlitir 
lives,  about  15  excepted. 

Torre  de  Moncorvo,  a  town  of  Portu. 
gal,  in  the  province  of  Tra  los  Montcs, 
with  a  ca.4tle,  surrounded  with  a  wall, 
ami  bastions.  It  is  27  miles  S  E  of  Mi. 
randelu,  antl  42  S  S  W  of  Braganza 
Lon.  5  55  VV,  lat  41  0  N. 

Torre  de  liti  Saiiiuu,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Valencia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Me- 
diterranean, which  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  salt,  procured  from  a  small 
lake  formed  by  saline  springs.  Thin  it 
the  most  considerable  salt-work  in  all 
Spain.  It  is  20  miles  S  E  of  Origuela. 
and  37  N  N  E  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  0 
50  VV,  lat.  37  58  N. 

Torrejo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  15  miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3 
21  VV,  lat.  40  10  N. 

Torres,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  In 
Granada,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
45  miles  S  VV  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  56 
W,  lat.  36  39  N. 

Torret  Nomas,  a  strong  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Estremadura,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  surrounded  hy  walls,  and  sehted 
in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Almonda, 
55  miles  N  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  8  W, 
lat.  39  10  N. 

Torres  Vedras,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Esti  emadura,  with  a  castle,  seated  near 
the  Atlantic,  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  fruits,  and  good  wiue,  17  miles 
S  of  Lisbon. 

Torriglhi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter. 
ritorv  of  Genoa,  10  miles  N  of  Genoa. 
Lon."  8  44  E,  lat.  44  34  N. 

Torrir.gton,  a  corporate  town  in  De- 
vonshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  has  two  churches,  a  manufacture  (if 
stufl's,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor. 
Some  remains  of  ,i  castle  are  still  visi- 
ble. It  is  seated  on  the  Towridge, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  1 1  miles  S  bv 
W  of  Barnstaple,  and  194  VV  bv  S  of 
London.     Lon.  4  0  VV,  lat.  51  4'n. 

Torsil,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Snder- 
mania,  seated  on  the  S  bank  of  the  lake 
Maelcr,  43  miles  of  Stockholm.  Lon, 
17  20  E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Tortoln,  the  principal  of  the  Virgin 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  18  miles 
long  and  seven  broad.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Dutch,  who  built  a  strong 
fort,  from  which  they  were  expelled 
by  the  English  in  1666.  In  this,  vv-hirh 
is  the  prinoip-al  of  the  Virgin  Islands, 
almost  all  th.e  trade  is  carried  on  :  It  i? 


TOR 


TOR 


T  O  U 


[1  affaln  in  1794,  was  over- 
by  a  torrent  of  lava.  Tlic  In- 
lidwever,  escaped  with  tlicii 
lilt  15  excepted. 
e  Moncorvo,  a  town  of  Porlu. 
E  prorince  of  Tra  log  Mnntcs, 
stle,  surrounded  with  h  wall, 
JUS.  It  is  27  miles  S  E  of  Mi- 
and  42  S  S  W  of  Braganza. 
i  W,  lat  41  0  N. 
le  till  Salimu,  a  town  of  Spain, 
:ia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Me- 
an, which  carries  on  a  great 
salt,  procured  from  a  small 
icd  by  saline  springs.  This  i$ 
considerable  salt-work  in  all 
[I  is  20  miles  S  E  of  Origuela. 
[  N  E  of  Carthagena.  Lnn.  0 
It.  37  58  N. 

0,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
15  miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3 
at.  40  10  N. 

,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  in 
,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
I  S  W  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  56 
36  39  N. 

Novas,  a  strong  town  of  Por- 
I  Estrcmadura,  with  a  cuitle. 
rounded  by  walls,  and  sealed 
ile  plain,  on  the  river  Almonda, 
I  N  E  of  Lisbon.     Lon.  8  8  W, 

0  N. 

:  Vtdras,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
idura,  with  a  castle,  seated  near 
intic,  in  a  country  abounding  in 
itits,  and  good  wiuc,  17  miles 
tlxin. 

'Jia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter. 
'  Genoa,  10  miles  N  of  Genoa. 
HE,  lat.  44  34  N. 
■.gton,  a  corporate  town  in  De- 
:,  wit!)  a  market  on  Saturday. 
Wfi  churches,  a  manufacture  (if 
and  is  p:ovcrned  by  a  mayor, 
mains  of  a  castle  are  still  visi- 

is  scaled  on  the  Towridgc, 
ilch  is  a  bridfce,  1 1  miles  S  bv 
arnstaple,  and  19'4  W  bv  S  ol' 
.  Lon.  4  0  VV,  iat.  514'N. 
!,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sutler- 
leated  on  the  S  bank  of  the  lake 

43  miles  of  Stockholm.    Lon. 
,  lat.  59  20  N. 
la,  the  principal  of  the  Virgin 

in  the  West  Indies,  18  miles 

1  se.\e\\  broad.  It  formerly  bc- 
othe  Dutch,  who  built  a  strong 
im  which  thev  were  expelled 
ini^lish  in  1666.  In  thi.s,  which 
riiicipal  of  the  Virgin  Isla.uls, 
dl  the  trade  is  carried  on  :  H  i; 


iip«r  five  miles  long  and  two  broad,  but 
ba'Uy  watereil,  and  reckoned  unliealthy. 
They  cultivate  cotton  here,  which  is 
much  esteemed  by  the  man\ifacturers, 
likcwise'rum  and  sugar;  it  has  of  Lite 
vears  undergone  great  improvements, 
its  fruits,  of  which  there  are  no  great 
variety,  arc  but  indiflc-rent ;  some  ap- 
ples excepted.  The  entrance  into  the 
harbour  i.i  at  tlie  E  end  of  the  island. 
Lon.  63  0  W,  lat.  IS  33  N. 

Tortona,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Tor- 
toncse,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  cr.s- 
tlc  on  an  eminence.  It  is  deemed  a 
considerable  frontier  place  \  was  taken 
by  the  allies  in  1744,  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1745,  and  by  the  French  in  1796.  It 
is  seated  on  tlie  Scrivia,  28  miles  S  E 
of  Cas.'d,  and  'J7  S  VV  of  Milan.  Lon. 
8  58  E,  lat.  45  »  N. 

TortorcUa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipoto  Citeriore,  five  miles  N  Eof  Poll- 
castro. 

Tortosa,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  a  iniivc>rsity,  and  a 
citadel.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New  Town,  both  surrounded  by  modern 
Ibrtifications.  Tiie  entrance  is  over  a 
large  bridge  of  boats,  on  the  river  Ebro, 
whose  head  is  fortiMed.  it  has  a  great 
number  of  churches  and  relig'ious 
houses ;  among  which  the  cathedral, 
the  royal  college  of  Dominicans;  and 
the  convent  of  the  Carmelites,  are  the 
most  remarkable.  It  is  situate  in  a 
country,  fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  and 
abounding  with  quarries  and  mines  of 
silver,  iron,  alabaster,  jasper  of  divers 
colours,  and  stones  with  veins  of  gold. 
Here  is  a  great  deal  of  silk  and  oil, 
and  very  fine  potters  ware,  which  re- 
sembles porcelain.  It  is  seated  partly 
on  a  plain,  and  partly  on  a  bill,  35  miles 
S  W  of  Turragona,  and  180  E  of  Mad- 
rid.  -Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  40  53  N. 

Tortuga,  an  uninhabited  island,  near 
tlie  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  40  miles  VV 
of  the  island  of  Margaretta,  and  about 
30  miles  in  cii'cumference.  The  E  end 
is  full  of  bare  rugged  broken  rocks, 
which  stretch  u  little  way  out  to  sea. 
At  this  end  is  a  large  salt  pond,  where 
tlie  salt  begins  to  kern  in  April ;  there 
have  been  20  ships  here  at  a  time  for 
".alt.  At  the  \V  end  is  a  small  h.-<''bour 
with  iVcsh  water  ;  and  it  Is  full  of  low 
trees.  There  are  a  few  g-o.its  on  it ; 
and  the  turtles  or  tortoises  come  upon 
the    sandv    banks   to    lav   their   eggs, 


formerly  much  frequented  I>y  the  bu. 
cancers.     Lon.  62  20  W,   lat.  11  30  N. 

Tortuga,  an  island  of  the  W  Indies, 
near  the  N  coast  of  the  island  of  His- 
paninla,  where  the  French'  bucaneers 
used  to  fortify  themselves.  It  is  about 
80  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  a 
safe  harbour,  but  difficult  of  access. 
Lon.  75  10  W,  lat.  20  ION. 

Tusa,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia^ 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  b.iy,  whicll 
forms  a  good  harbour,  where  vessels 
arc  sheltered  from  all  winds,  except 
the  S  \V,  It  is  built  partly  on  a  plain, 
.ind  partly  on  a  steep  hill,  which  pro. 
jects  into  the  sea.  On  the  top  of  the 
hil),  nearer  the  sea,  is  a  strong  citadel, 
with  other  fortifications.  It  is  37  mile* 
N  E  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  3  54  E,  lat.  41 
42  N. 

Toscanelln,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  35  miles  N  of 
Home.  Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  42  29  N. 

Tosena,  a  small  town  of  Sweden,  in 
W  Gothland,  20  miles  W  N  VV  of  Ud- 
devalla.     Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Tossn,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W  Goth- 
land, 42  miles  N  N  E  of  Uddevalla. 
Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  58  51  N. 

Totness,  a  borough  in  Dcvon.shire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Dart,  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  and  li.td  formerly  a  castle  and 
walls.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  has 
a  manufacture  of  serges.  It  is  27  miles 
SW  of  Exeter,  and  196  VV  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  3  44  W,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Tottenham  High  Cross,  a  village  in 
Middlesex,  five  miles  N  of  London.  It 
is  so  called  from  a  cross,  which  has 
existed  here  from  time  immemorial.  It 
was  formerly  a  column  of  wood,  raised 
upon  a  hillock.  It  was  taken  down  a- 
bout  200  year?  ago,  and  the  present 
structure  erected  in  its  stead.  Here  are 
three  alms  houses.  The  rivulet  called 
the  Mosel,  which  rises  on  Muswell  Hill, 
near  Highgatc,  runs  through  the  prin- 
cipal street. 

'J'otteridgc,  a  village  near  Middlesex, 
near  Chipping  Barnct,  inhabited  by  the 
citizens  of  London,  so  long  ago  as  the 
reign  of  James  I.  It  is  10  miles  N  N  W 
of  London. 

Toul,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain.  Before  the  revolution  it 
was  a  bishop's  see,  and  the  cathedral 
and  late  episcopal  chapel,  are  hand, 
some  structures.    It .  was   an  iinpef ial 


T  O  U 


T  O  U 


town  of  Germany,  till  taken  by  the 
French  in  ISSQ.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  in  h  plain,  almost  surrounded 
bv  mountuins,  10  miles  VV  of  Nanci,  and 
167  S  E  of  Puris.  Lon.  6  2  E,  lat  48 
40  N. 

Toula,  a  river  of  W  Chinese  Tartary, 
'which  takes  its  course  from  E  to  W, 
•nil  is  a  broad,  deep,  and  rapid  river, 
•nd  its  bunks  are  surroimded  with 
woddii  and  beautiful  meadows.  The 
mountains  which  h-tng  over  it  on  the 
Bovthem  side  are  covered  with  forests 
of  aged  firs,  and  have  the  same  effect 
«n  the  eye  as  an  immense  amphitheatre. 
This  river,  after  having  received  tlie 
'waters  of  the  Selingue,  loses  itself  in 
the  lake  of  Paical,  which  is  the  largest 
of  all  Tartary, 

Toutmiuea,  or  Tulmabine,  a  town  and 
ibrtress  of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  seat- 
ed on  the  Rauve,  70  miles  £  N  E  of 
Moultan. 

Toulon,  n  city  and  seaport  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Var,  and 
late  province  of  Provence.  Before  the  re- 
vohition  in  1789,  it  was  an  episcopal  see. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  80,000. 
Toulon  experienced  the  dreadful  rava- 
ges of  the  plague  in  1418,  1461,  1476, 
1587,  1621,  1630,  1647, 1664,  and  1720. 
It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New 
Qiiarter.  The  first  which  is  ill-built, 
has  nothing  remarkable  in  it  but  the 
Rue  aux  Arbrcs,  (a  kind  of  mall)  and 
the  townhouse.  The  New  Qiiarter  con- 
tains, (besides  the  magnificent  works 
constructed  by  Lewis  XIV.)  many  fine 
houses,  and  a  grand  oblong  square, 
lined  with  trees,  and  serving  as  a  pa- 
fnde.  The  harbour  is  distinguished  like- 
'wise  by  the  names  of  the  Old  Port,  or 
Merchants  Port,  and  the  New  Port,  or 
King's  Port;  but  this  last  appellation 
has  vanished  with  tlie  abolition  of  roy- 
alty.  The  New  Haven  was  construct- 
ed by  Louis  XIV.  as  were  the  fortifi- 
cations of  the  city.  In  the  front  of  this 
haven  is  an  arsenal,  containing  all  the 
places  necessary  for  the  construction 
and  fitting  out  of  vessels :  the  first  ob- 
ject that  appears  is  a  rope-walk,  entire- 
ly arched,  extending  as  far  as  the  eye 
can  reach,  and  built  afler  the  designs 
of  Vauban :  here  cables  are  made,  and 
above  is  a  place  for  the  preparation  of 
hemp.  Here  likewise  is  the  armoury, 
for  musquets,  pistols,  halberts,  &c.  In 
the  pavkof  artillery,  are  cannons  placed 
in  piles,  bombs,  grenades,  mortars,  and 
balls  of  various  kinds,  ranged  in  won- 


derful order.  The  long  sail  room,  tli« 
foinidery  for  cannoii,  tne  dock  yards, 
the  basins,  &c.  are  all  worthy  of  obser- 
vation. The  gallies,  transferred  from 
Marseilles,  some  years  ago,  occupy  «t 
Toulon  a  second  basin  in  the  New  Port. 
Many  of  the  galley  slaves  are  artizani, 
some  merchants,  and  which  i»  most 
wonderful,  of  scrupulous  integrity 
They  no  longer  sleep  on  board  the  pX- 
lies,  but  have  been  lately  provided  with 
accommodations  on  shore,  in  a  vut 
building  newly  CKcted  for  that  purpose. 
Both  the  old  and  New  Port  have  sn 
outlet  into  the  spacious  outer  road  or 
harbour,  which  is  surrounded  by  bills, 
and  formed  by  nature  almost  circulw, 
Its  circuit  is  of  great  extent ;  and  the 
entrance  is  defended,  on  both  sides,  by 
a  fort  and  batteries.  In  a  word,  the  ba. 
sins,  docks,  and  arsenal  at  Toulun, 
warranted  the  remark  of  a  foreigner 
who  visited  them  in  the  late  reign,  that 
the  king  of  France  was  greater  there 
than  at  Versailles.  Toulon  is  the  only 
mart  in  the  Mediterranean  for  the  re- 
exportation of  the  product*  of  the  E 
Indies.  It  was  twice  taken  by  tlie  im* 
perial  troops  in  the  16th  century  t  and 
m  August  1793,  it  was  surrendered  by 
the  iniialitants,  to  the  British  admirti 
lord  Hood,  on  condition  of  enablin|^ 
them  to  effect  the  re-establishment  of 
monarchy  in  France.  It  was  grarrisoned 
for  some  time,  by  the  British  troops ; 
but  the  French  having  laid  siege  to  it, 
they  were  obliged  to  evacuate  the 
place  in  December  foUov/ing,  after 
having  destroyed  the  arsenal,  &c.  Tou- 
lon is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 37  miles  SE  of  Marseilles,  and 
317  S  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  56  £,  lat  43 
TN, 

Touloute,  a  city  of  France,  in  tlie  de» 
partmentof  Upper  Garonne  and  late 

Province  of  Languedoc,  with  an  arch- 
ishop's  see.  It  contains  56,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  the  most  considerable  city 
in  France,  next  to  Ptiis,  although  its 
population  bears  no  proportion  to  its 
extent.  Here  are  many  monuments  of 
antiquity,  and  it  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  cities  of  the  old  Gauls,  and 
a  Roman  colony ;  in  process  of  time  it 
became  the  metropolis  of  the  Visigoths, 
afterwards  of  Aquitain,  and  at  length 
one  of  the  most  considerable  govern- 
ments of  France,  and  the  eeat  of  a  par- 
liament. The  walls  of  the  city,  as  well 
iis  the  houses,  are  built  with  bricks. 
St.  Stephen's,  the  UvtropoUtan  churcb. 


T  O  U 

The  long  aail  room,  tl\« 

cannon,   tlie   dock  yards, 

.c.  are  all  vrorthy  of  obier- 

(pdlies,  transferred  from 

onte  years  afp,  occupy  at 

ond  basin  in  the  N«w  Port. 

galley  slaves  are  artizani, 

innts,  and  which  is  noit 

of    scrupulous    integrity 

^r  sleep  on  board  the  yal- 

been  lately  provided  with 

^ions  on    shore,    in  a  vast 

riy  erected  for  that  purpose. 

I  and  New   Port  have  an 

he  spacious  outer  road  or 

lich  is  surrounded  by  hiUi, 

by  nature  almost  circular, 

)  of  great  extent ;  and  the 

defended,  on  both  sides,  by 

attcries.  In  a  word,  the  ba- 

and  arHcnal    at  Toukm, 

the  remark  of  a  foreigner 

them  in  the  late  reign,  that 

France   was  greater  there 

suilles.    Toulon  is  the  onlf 

Mediterranean  for  the  re- 

of  the  product,  of  the  E 

was  twice  taken  by  tlie  im- 

IS  in  the  16th  century;  and 

1793,  it  was  surrendered  by 

Uts,  to  the   British  admiral 

[,   on  condition  of  enabling 

^ect  tlie  re-establishinent  of 

in  France.  It  was  garrisoned 

me,  by  the  British  troops  i 

ench  having  laid  siege  to  it, 

:    obliged  to  evacuate   the 

December    foUov/ing,   after 

troyed  the  arsenal,  &c.  Tou- 

3d  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediter- 

miles  S  E  of  Marseilles,  and 

Df  Paris.  Lon.  5  56  E,  lut  41 

',  a  city  of  France,  in  tlie  de» 
)f  Upper  Garonne  and  late 
f  Languedoc,  with  an  arch- 
ie. It  contains  56,000  inhabi- 
is  the  most  considerable  city 
next  to  Pai'is,  although  its 
bears  no  proportion  to  its 
lere  are  many  monuments  of 
and  it  was  one  of  the  most 
;  cities  of  the  old  Gauls,  and 
;olony ;  in  process  of  time  it 
e  metropolis  of  the  Visigoths, 
3  of  Aquitain,  and  at  lengtli 
most  considerable  govcm- 
?rance,  and  the  ceat  of  a  par- 
rhe  walls  of  the  city,  as  well 
ises,  are  built  with  bricks, 
in's,  the  nivtropoUtan  church. 


TOU 

»ouId  be  incomparable,  if  the  nave 
were  equal  to  the  choir ;  and  the  arcli> 
bishop's  palace  is  magnificent.  The 
lownnouse,  a  modern  structure,  forms 
1  perfect  square,  324  feet  long,  and  66 
high :  the  principal  tVont  occupies  an 
tntire  side  of  the  grand  square,  lately 
called  th<^  Place  Royale.  In  the  great 
hall,  called  the  Hall  of  illustrious  Men, 
ii  the  statue  of  the  chevalier  Isaure, 
tnd  the  busts  of  all  the  great  men  to 
whom  Toulouse  has  given  birtli.  Com- 
municating with  tlie  Atlantic,  on  oii>' 
side,  by  the  river  Garoiine,  and  with 
the  Mediterranean,  on  th&fther  by  the 
canal  of  Languedoc.  Toiflouse  might 
hare  been  a  very  commercial  city  :  but 
the  taste  of  the  inhabitants  has  been 
principally  for  the  sciences  and  belles- 
Irttres.  Of  course  there  are  two  col- 
leges,  two  public  libraries,  and  three 
tcademies.  The  little  commerce  they 
have,  consists  in  leather,  drapery,  blan- 
kets, mignionets,  oil,  iron,  mercery, 
hardware,  and  books.  The  bridge  over 
the  Garonne  is  at  least  equal  to  those 
«f  Tours  and  Orleans :  it  forms  the 
communication  between  the  city  and 
lubnrb  of  St.  Cyprian.  Toulouse  is  37 
miles  E  of  Auch,  135  S  E  of  Bourdeaux, 
aid  350  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  21  E, 
Ut.  43  35  N. 

Tour,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy  de  Dome,  32  mites  S 
of  Clermont.  Lon.  3  10  E,lat.  43  25  N. 

Tour  de  Rouiiillon,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees 
aid  late  province  of  Rousilloii,  seated 
on  a  hill  near  the  river  Tet,  two  miles 
below  Psrpignan. 

Tour  dtt  Pin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isfere,  and  late  province 
ofDauphiny,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
•ime  name,  34  miles  S  of  Vienna. 

Tour  la  Blanche,  a  town  of  France,  in 
ihe  department  of  Donlogne,  15  miles 
.V  W  of  Perigneux.  Lon.  0  40  E,  lat. 
45  18  N. 

Tour  la  Ville,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Charentc,  and  late 
province  ol"  Normandy,  separated  from 
Oherbtirg  by  a  river. 

Tourrtun,  a  late  province  of  France, 
58  miles  long  and  55  broad,  now  form- 
ing the  department  of  Indrc  and  Loire, 
liounded  on  the  N  by  Maine,  on  the  E 
hy  Ortcamiois,  on  the  S  by  flerry,  ami  on 
the  VV  by  Anjouand  Poitou.  The  river 
Loire  runs  through  the  middle  ;  and  it 
Mi  in  genei'al,  so  pleasant  and  foctilo  u 
Ajimtpy,  that  it  was  called  tlia  Garden 


TOU 

of  France.    It  now  forms  the  deparU 
ment  of  Indic  and  Loire. 

Thurancourcl!j>,  atown  of  Hindoostan  ( 

35  milrs  S  S  \V  uf  Tritchiiiupoli.    Lun. 
78Af)E,  lat.  47.ii0N. 

Taurine,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tins 
bishopric  of  Liege.     Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  5& 

36  N. 

Touman,  ft  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Mame,  and 
late  province  of  the  isle  of  France,  2S 
milc^  E  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45  E, 
lut  48  43  N. 

Tournay,  a  considerable  city  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  capital  of  the  Toumay- 
sis  with  a  bisliop's  see.  It  is  defended 
by  a  strong  castle,  is  a  large  trading 
place  with  several  fine  manufactures, 
and  is  particularly  famous  for  good 
stockings.  Tl:e  cathedral,  and  the  al>- 
bey  of  St.  Martin  are  very  nagnificcrrt. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  and  re- 
taken, lastly  by  the  French  in  1794.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Scheld,  which  divide* 
it  into  two  parts,  that  are  united  by  « 
•bridge  14  miles  S  E  of  Lisle,  30  S  W 
of  Ghent,  and  135  N  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  28  E,  lat.  50  33  N. 

Tournehem,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  oi'  Calais, 
nine  miles  N  W  of  St.  Omer. 

Toumon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardechc,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  with  a  fine  college,  and 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  cleclivitjr 
of  a  moimtnin,  near  the  river  Rhone,  4^ 
miles  W  of  GrenoWe,  and  280  S  by  E 
of  Paris.     Lon  4  50  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Tounats,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  • 
partment  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy  seated  on  the 
Saone,  in  a  country  fertile  in  corn  and 
wine,  15  miles  S  of  Chalons,  and  202 
r  bv  W  of  Pftris.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  4S 
34  N. 

Tours,  a  considerable  city  of  FraiKc, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Indre  and 
Loire.  Before  the  French  revolutioa 
it  was  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  ad- 
vantageously seated  on  the  Loire,  and 
near  the  Cher.  Over  the  former  is  one 
of  the  finest  bridges  in  Europe,  consist- 
ing of  15  elliptic  arches,  cacli  75  feet 
diameter :  tlirec  of  these  were  carried 
away  by  the  bi-eakiii<yup  of  ice  in  1789. 
It  is  a  large  .ind  well  built  city,  and  tlie 
streets  very  clean  by  ren^ioii  of  severjd 
fuijntain.s  in  it,  with  a  line  iTi!>ll  alioi-e 
lOOO  p.ices  long.  Tiie  pviiicipal  church 
is  remarkable  for  the  tiic  dciicacy  of 
its  structure,  its  cwisus  cloc'>i,  its  mv- 


I 


1.1 1 


Ami    I.clirr,  hWa   iiilo  tlic    llaltic,    at 
■|'tMvrnniiiilc. 

Ti..viitiuiii.'c,  n  Kti'Oiif,'  town  nf  Orr- 
niiiiiy,  111  ilic  <  in  li-  ot  Lower  Sitximy 
1111(1  (I'ltrliv  iif  Hiil'ttfiii,  srulid  .It  till' 
mouth  orilii'  Travc.  Il  ii  tin-  port  ol 
1,'ilu'c,  to  wliii'li  it  l)C'|i)n|,''s,  anil  i»  IJ 
iiiiicH  W  I',  ot'tliut  citv.  l.on.  lU  J5  E, 
lot.   .n  IN. 

Tnirm,  «  town  of  SwisKcrlatid,  11 
mills  W  if  Nciu  lintel.  Lnn.  (i  30  1., 
Iat,4r6  N. 

Tiuii.ueiit,  a  town  of  Gi  rmaiiv,  in  V[>- 
per  llavai'iii,  sciicil  iiiulii'  river  'I'raim 
Near  it  are  lipiiiiffsorsall-waUl. 

'/'ttiiitiiiiiu,  a  liiwii  ol  Koiii(;s(frftt/., 
ill  ll.iliciiii.i,  :;l  miles  X  i/f  Kouiijsgral/.. 
Lon.  IG  10  L,  lat.  50  43  N. 

'J'mririira,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  \'a- 
lenria,  ,50  iiiiKs  S  of  'I'oitosa.  Lon.  0 
SO  K,  lal.  40  20  N. 

7>c.6/j/;;,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  eir- 
tie  1)1'  i;|i|)(i-  Saxuiiy,  ten  miles  S  .S  V. 
of  rulsilani,  and  20  S  S  W  of  Uerlin. 
Lon.  I,;  .iOE,  lal.  5 J  M  N. 

'I'll- jilt,  a  river  ot  Italy,  wliirli  rise.s 
ill  the  territoi\  of  Genoa,  washe.s  Ho- 
l)io  in  the  Milanese,  and  falls  into  the 
I'd,  above  Fhucntiu.  On  llie  hanks  of 
this  river  the  Hoinaiis,  under  the  con- 
sul Sempliioiiius,  were  defealt  d  by 
H.'iMhibal,  and  numbers  of  llieni  drown- 
ed ill  il. 

Tn/ii^iii,  or  Tic:iif;na,  a  town  of  Tiirk- 
i.sl)  Dalinatia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
inliabilants  are  partly  'lurks  and  part- 
ly Greeks,  and  there  are  some  papi.sls. 
It  is  sealed  on  ihe  n'ulf  of  Vciiiee,  on 
the  river  'I'lchoiiska,  11  inilis  Nof  Ka- 
jfiisa.     Lon.  18  11  K,  hit.  4.)  4  N'. 

Ticbiisiuci,  it  town  of  Italy  in  Na- 
ples, ill  Calabria  IJlleriore,  seated  on 
llie  Tareiito,  five  miles  E  of  Cassaiio. 

'J'iciiiso'ul,  a  lHri;-e  and  slrotiu;  sca- 
pcrt  of 'I'uikoy  in  Asia,  in  Natoiia, 
with  a  Greek  arehbisbop's  sec,  and  a 
ca.stle.  It  is  sc.'iled  at  the  fool  of  a 
very  sleep  hill.  The  walls  are  sfpiare 
and  hisb,  with  b.aileinents ;  and  are 
i)uilt  of  the  ruins  of  am  lent  .structures, 
on  v.liieh  are  sonic  unintelli;;ablc  in- 
.seriptlons.  The  town  i»  not  pO|)ulous  ; 
for  tliere  are  more  woods  and  fj.irdens 
in  it  tli.in  houses,  .•ind  thesi;  but  one 
story  high.  'Jhe  caslle  is  seated  on  a  Ihit 
rock,  with  ditches  cut  in  it.  'I'he  har- 
bour is  at  Ihe  E  end  of  the  town,  and 
the  mole  built  by  the  Genoese  is  almost 
destroyed.  It  stands  on  the  Black 
bea,  lot  miles  N   N  AV  of  Erzcrum, 


T  RE 

and  4*10  E  of  Coniitantinoplc.     Lon.  4if| 
■J.i  K,  lal.  40  45  N. 

'I'lcbiiz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mn.l 
ravia.     It  has  a  manufacture    of  cliiih,| 
and    is  seated  on  the  Inlaw,    '.21    niili» 
S  E  of  iK'law,  and  5.'   N    W  of    iiiul. 
weis.     Lon.  10  U  E,  lul.  4>)  4   N. 

'J'n/iiiiic.,  ulounol  Girmaii),  in  Si. 
lesia,  with  a  lar^^e  nimiiery.  Near  ill 
il  a  hill  coiiiiiHtinic  of  a  soft  rhiy,  nrl 
stone,  whi<'h  is  imme  .lately  firmed  I 
into  vessels  of  all  kind  i ;  and  on  liL-iii{r| 
exposed  to  the  au',  they  beeoim-  ;, 
hard  as  if  thev  hud  be;  n  h:.ked.  It  i 
1..'  miles  N  of  llreslaw.  Lon.  IT  1JE,| 
lal   51  15  N. 

'J'lij/urt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  U|). 
per  naxonv.inthe  laiidi>-ravale  of  ilosi', 
with  a  ci.sile.  It  In  lon^s  tolhe  elcc 
lor  of  Ment/,  and  i-i  >eated  near  tlie| 
V'erta,  .12  mihvs  \V  o('  Saxe-Gutiia. 
Lriii.  10  19  E,  lut.  51  H  N. 

'I'lfJliiit,  .1   town  of  Germany,  iiitiirl 
circle  of  Lower  Kliine,   ten  miles  \\  .SI 
W  of  Mulliausin,  and  .52  W  ofiirfuit. 
Lon    10  4.>  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

'J'rrginiiwn,  a  corporate  town   in  C.'ir-j 
di;,'-aii.sirne,   with   a   market  on  'I'hiiis. 
day.     It   is  (governed  by  a   mayor,  ami  I 
seated    on  the    'l'}ivy,     15  miles  .S  L  (f| 
Aheiysl  Willi,  and  202  \V  by  N  ol  Luii. 
don.  '  Lon.  J  50  W,  hi(.  5:^  13  N. 

'yVc^'wi,',  a  horoun'h  in  Cornwall,  with  I 
a  market  on  Saturday.  Il  i-^  much  del 
caved,  has  no  iliiireh,  and  only  150 1 
houses  poorly  built,  but  is  (.^ovriied  byl 
a  mayor,  and  sends  two  memhci'slol 
))arliaiTient.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  liy  I 
Falmouth-haven,  41  miles  \V  by  S  <.i| 
I'lvnioiith,  and  J 15  of  Loiulon.  Lon, 
4  4,5  W,  lat.  5()  Iti  N. 

7'iegiucr,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  I 
department  of  the  North  Coast,  ami  I 
late  province  of  Uretjif^'ne,  scaled  near  I 
the  Enjflisli  Channel,  2J  miles  N  W  of  I 
St.  Urleux.    Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  48  47  N. 

'J'rci/cOiir^',    a    seajiort  of  Sweden,  ill  I 
the  jirovince  of  .Schonen,  seated  on  the  I 
D.'diic,    ;';0   miles   S  K  of  Cojienhageii. 
Lon.  13  26  E,  lat.  55  26  N. 

Tieinavn,  or  Tlousi'u,  a    province  nf] 
the    kiiiffihim  Ale-lers,   3r0   miles  loi)),' 
itnil  125  bioad  ;  bounded   on  the  N  i'y  I 
the    Mediterranean,   on   tiie  E    by  tV.e. 
province    of  Africa,   on  the  S   by  liie 
<lesert  of  .Zahara,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
kini-Hhun  of  Fez.     It   i.s    dry,   barren, 
and    mountainous,    ex'cept    on   the    N 
side,  where  tliere  are  plains  ahoundiin;  I 
in    corn,    fruitsi,    and    pastures.     'I'lie  | 
capital,  of  the  sumc  name,  is  sun'ouiiil-' 


T  RE 


<)(■  ConstiiiUinoplc.     L(.n.  4f|| 
40  43  N. 

;i  town  of  C.ii'iniiny,  in  Mo. 
litis  II  iiiimntactuic   of  clii'h,! 
itcil  1)11  ilu-  lul;iw,    •31   mili«| 
liiw,  iinil  .V2   N   W  of    Bud. 
in.  K.  IJE,  lilt  4i)4  N. 
J,  iiiiiwnol    Ci'TMiunj,  in  Si.j 
li   !i  lurj^f  nnniK'ry.     Ntur  it] 
•c)niti»«in«  of  it  nni't    rlay,  cirl 
licli  is    iinnii-  ;i:itcly    lninicdl 
h  of  all  kiiiili;    ami  on  W-'iuA 
to   llic    an-,   tlipy    heivmic  ;i»| 
'  tlii^y  liail  l)C.n  lii.kcil.     It  isl 
N  of  Ui'cshiw.     Lou.  iriJE,| 

N. 

f,  a  town  nf  Ccrniany,  in  Up. 
n ,  in  till'  lunili^Ti.vale  of  lU  sv 
.'silo.     It    IilIoiius  totlii-  flee 
IfUt/,  uiul  iH  i-culc.d  M-M  (lie! 
2   miles     W    of    Saxc-Uotiia.| 
[<:)  i;,  lut.  .'51  H  N. 
■t,  .1   town  of  GcTiniiny,  in  the 
l,ow<T  Khinr,  ti-n  niilis  \\  S| 
illiaiiMn,  anil  ,>2  VV  of  ilifuit. 
'V>  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 
wiwi,  a  {•orporati;  town  in  C.'ir- 
lu,  with   u   niuikil  on  ■I'liurs- 

is  governed  by  a  niayor,  auiil 
)n  lliu  'l^vv,  'l5  miles  .S  iL  ii\ 
witli,  anil  202  \V  by  N  ol  Loii. 
rm.  J  J(i  W.lal.  .52  IJ  N. 
7,',  a  Iioi-oiikIi  in  Cornwall,  willil 
t  on  Satunli.y.  It  i«  "nicli  ilc 
has  no  (•.IiiutIi,  anil  only  150 1 
loofly  bii'lt,  hiit  is  j.^ov';riic(l  by  I 
,  anil  semis  two  incnibcrs  Id 
■nt.  It  is  scaluil  on  a  n-i'ck  liy 
:h.li.lv(n,  41  miles  W  by  S  m] 
tli,  and  21.1  of  London.  Loii, 
,  lat.  66  16  N.  . 

itr,  a  sfapiirt  of  France,  in  tlic 
lent  of  the  North  Coast,  aiul 
viiic-e  of  l).-elaifno,  scaU-dncarl 
'lish  Channel,  22  mil'.'S  N  W  of 
^nx.  Lim.  3  10  W,  lat.  48  47  N. 
»bHi-^i(,  a  seujiort  of  Sweden,  in  I 
vince  of  Schoiien,  seated  on  the  ] 

.10  miles   S  E  of  Copenhagen. 
1  26  E,  lilt.  55  26  N. 
K'vra,  or  Ticimcn,  a   province  fit  I 
i^'dom  Aknevs,    370   n»ile»  Ion);  f 
5  bioad  ;  T)0\inded   on  the  N  yy  I 
editerranean,   on   liie  E    by  l' 
c;    of  Africa,   on  the  S   by  li.e 
of  .Zahara,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
m  of  Fez.     It   is    dry,   barren, 
ountainons,    cxcciit    on   tlie    N 
•here  there  .ire  plains  abonndnij,' 
u,    fniit»,    and    pastures.     Tlie  I 
,  of  the  same  name,  is  hiutouuU.] 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


^  1^    1112.2 


I.I 


I 


4  0 


2.0 


1.8 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


i*'^ 


w. 


II 

1.25 

1.4       1.6 

- 

-^ 

6"     

► 

^hK 

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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductlons  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


T  R  E 


T  R  E 


♦■d  by  stronp  walls,  and  inhabited  by 
i)(){)r  Arabs,  Moors,  ami  Jews.  Loii.  1 
?9  W,  lat.  34  40  N. 

Tremiii,  tlirue  islands  of  Italy,  in  the 
l^nlfiit' Vonice,  15  inilos  from  the  coast 
<)i'  Naples.  They  arc  called  Capraria, 
.St.  Nicolo,  and  St.  Uo'.nmo. 

TremotiiUe,  a  town  oi'  France,  in  the 
ilppartnient  of  Viennc,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  I'oitoii,  seated  on  the  Uennailc, 
1 J  miles  E  bv  S  of  Poitiers.  Lon,  1  10 
E ,  lat.  46  29  N. 

Ticinp,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
.scaled  on  the  river  Nojjiicra  I'.illaresa, 
S5  miles  N  W  of  IJari"lona. 

Trent,  a  larjfe  liver  of  England, 
which,  issuing;  from  three  springs  be- 
tween Congleton  and  Leek,  in  Statlord- 
sliire,  flows  southwards  througli  tiie 
iniast  of  the  co\inty,  continually  aug- 
mented by  rills  from  tlic  same  reg-ion  j 
and  at  length,  havinj;'  received  the 
Tunif  from  the  S,  acquires  a  new  di- 
rection, and,  with  a  N  E  course,  pene- 
trates into  Derbyshire,  just  after  its 
junction  with  the  Dove.  After  form- 
iiig  towards  the  N  part,  the  boundary 
between  Nottinghamshire,  and  Lin- 
c()i)ishirc,  a  corner  of  which  it  crosses, 
il  falls  into  the  Humber,  beiow  Gains- 
bnioiigh.  Parallel  with  the  course  of 
this  river  runs  a  canal,  forming  a  com- 
Jiiiinication  between  it  and  the  Mersey, 
and  joining  it  at  VVilden.  It  is  naviga- 
ble througli  the  whole  of  Nottingliam- 
sliirc. 

Trent,  a  river  of  N  Carolina,  in  the 
United  St.ites  of  .'\mer:ca,  which  falls 
into  the  Neus,  at  Nowbern,  w!ier«  it  is 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  broad. 

Trent,  a  fortitied  city  of  Germany, 
Mpital  «)f  the  Trentino,  with  a  bisho|)'s 
see,  whose  bishop  is  a  ])rince  of  the 
empire,  under  the  protection  of  the 
iiaiise  of  Austria.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city,  and  is  famous  for  a 
council  held  here,  winch  began  in  1545, 
and  ended  in  1563.  It  is  defended  by 
some  fortilirationB,  and  the  bishop's 
palace  stands  without  the  city.  The 
French  took  this  city,  after  the  battle 
(if  Rovcre,  in  1790,  but  abandoned  it 
soon  afterward  It  is  seated  at  the 
ioDt  of  the  Alps,  in  a  fertile  valley,  on 
tlie  river  Adige,  67  miles  N  W  of  Ve- 
nice, and  260  N  VV  of  Hume.  Lon.  11 
27  K,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Trent,  or  Trentino,  a  bishopric  of 
Germany,  in  the  county  of  Tyrol,  seat- 
I'd  among  the  Alps  which  divide  Italy 
from  Gciinanv.     It  is  boundod  on  the 


N  by  Tirol  Proper,  on  the  E  by  FeltrU 
no  and  B'.;llune»e,  on  the  Sby  Viconti- 
no  and  the  Veronese,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Uresciano 

Trentot;  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
New  Jersey;  situated  in  Hunterdon 
county,  on  tise  N  E  bank  of  Delaware 
river,  30  miles  N  E  of  Pluladel|)hia, 
12  S  \V  of  Princeton,  and  3d  of  New 
Brunswick,  in  lat.  40  15  N,  and  lon.  74i 
48  VV.  1  he  irdiubitants  may  be  esti- 
mated at  2500:  the  principal  pnbllQ 
buildings  are  a  State-house,  100  feet 
widu  by  .30  deep,  ami  four  or  five 
houses  of  religious  worship,  belonging 
to  as  numy  sects.  There  is  also  a  bank 
lately   incorporated   by  tlie  legislature, 

Trenton,  a  post  town  in  North  Caro- 
lina, the  cap.tal  of  Jones  county,  seated 
on  the  N  sidt;  of  Trent  rive>,  16  mile» 
S  \V  of  Newheni,  50  N  W  of  Beaufort, 
and  81  N  by  K  of  Wilmington. 

'Trepunv,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pomerania.  It 
has  a  manufai-.ture  of  stockings  and 
woollen  stutl's,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Kega,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Baltic,  4* 
miles  N  E  of  Stetin.  Lon.  15  19  E, 
lat.  54  10  N. 

Trepto-ui,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pomerania,  50 
miles  S  of  Stralsund,  and  50  W  N  W 
of  Stetin.     L<in.  13  12  E,  lat.  ,53  39  N. 

Tresen,  or  Trosa,  a  seaport  of  Sweden, 
in  Sudermania,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  35 
miles  S  VV  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  29 
E,  lat.  59  0  N. 

Treshanisli  Isles,  four  of  the  VV.  isl- 
ands on  the  VV  coast  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween the  island  of  Col  and  that  of 
Mull.  They  are  very  fertile  in  corn, 
&e. 

Trethimrcm,  a  strong  town  of  Poland, 
in  Voliiinia,  seated  on  the  Dniester,  4S 
miles  below  Kiof. 

Treuchcnbrietzen,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Upper  Saxony,  20  miles  S  of  Bran- 
denh'irgh,  and  34  S  VV  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
12  43  E,  lat.  52  5  N, 

Treves,  or  Triers,  an  electorate  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  electorate  of 
Cologne,  on  the  E  by  VVeteravia,  on  th<s 
S  by  the  jjalatinatc  of  tlie  Rhine  and 
Lorrain,  and  on  the  VV  by  Luxeniburp". 
It  is  loo  miles  in  length,  luit  tlie  breadtlx 
is  very  diftcrcnt.  It  is  full  ot  mountains 
and  forests  ;  however,  the  sod  near  thtt 
Rhine  and  Moselle  is  verv  fruitful, 
abouii  ling  in  c(n-n  and  winc!  and  i« 
n»ore  populpys  thers  than  in  gil^r  jiarts. 


tr  H 


T  R  H 


lt»  'mluttiitM\t»  hRve  Buffered  ^ta.\.)y  m 
th«  wars  with  France. 

Trevet,  or  Trkrs,  a  celebrated  cityo! 
Germaiiv.in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rliine, 
cnpitHt  'it"  an  avchbisliopric  of  tlie  sanu- 
U»mc,  whose  arrUbishop  i»  an  elector 
©f  the  empire.    He  likewise  chum'*  tlie 
title   of  archcliiinccUor  of  the  emiMre, 
■rnl  gives  the  first  vote  at  the  election 
of  an  emperor.    It  has  a  university,  se- 
Terhl  remains  of  antifpiity,  and  as  mm\ 
chnicheg  as  awy  town  in  Germany.     !'■ 
has  greatlv  sntt'ered  by  war,  .ind  is  now 
neither    large     nor     populous.      The 
French  took  possession  of  this  town, 
in   1794.     It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle 
(over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge)  be- 
tween two  mountains,  20  miles  N  E  of 
Luxenibiirg,  5S  S  by  E  of  Cologne,  ami  . 
450  W  N  W  of  Vienna.     Lon.  6  41  L, 
Jat.  49  45N.  ,   .     „, 

Ti-evi,  a  town  of  Italy,  m  Umbria,  23 
»iles  S  E  of  Perugia.  Lon.  1 1  51  E, 
lat.4?54N. 

Trevig/io,  a  town  of  Italy,  m  the 
dutcly  of  Milan,  17  miles  E  N  E  of 
jMilan.     Lon.  9  38  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Trevigo,  a  town  of  Naples,  m  Prni- 
cipato  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  2  J 
wileB  E  of  Benevento.     Lon.  15  20  E, 

lat.  42  6  N.  X.  o     •      • 

TiwiTio,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  m 
Biscay,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  ahdl, 
near  the  river  Aguda,  10  m.les  S  W  of 
Vittora.     Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Tr-ccUatio,  a  marqu  sale  of  Italv,  m 
the  republic  of  Venice ;  bomided  on 
tlie  E  bv  Frmli  and  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  S  by  that  gulf,  the  Dogad.i,  and 
the  Paduano,  on  the  N  by  the  Feltr.no 
and  the  BelUmese,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Vicentino.  The  soil  is  fertde,  and  pro- 
duces  com,  wine,  and  wood ;  and  they 
export  cattle,  silk,  and  woollen  cloth, 
f reviso  is  the  capital. 

Trevho,  or  Tre-oigio,  a  large  city  ot 
Italy,  capital  of  Trevisano,  with  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  had  formerly  a 
unlversitv,  which  was  transferred  to 
Padua  'it  is  the  residence  ot  many; 
noble  families,  and  seated  on  the  Silis, 
20  miles  N  W  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  25 
E,  lat  45  44  N.  .    .,      , 

Trevoux,  a  town  of  France  m  the  de- 
partment of  Ain,  and  late  P'^^'"'","* 
Bi-esse.  The  most  remarkable  build- 
ings are  the  ancient  mint,  the  bite  par- 
liament house,  the  governor's  house, 
and  the  printing-office.  The  laUcr  is 
celebrated  for  the  Literary  Jo.iin:ds 
fsoropogeU  by  the  Jesuits  of  the  coll'-gv 


T  R  I 

of  LouIb  le  Grand.  Trcvaux  is  setled 
on  tUc  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  ri»Tr  Sa- 
one,  12  miles  N  of  Lyona,  and  188  S 
bv  E  ol"  Paris.     Lon.  4  51  E,  Ut.  45  57 

N-  .      , 

Trejitu,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  tlw 
ciiile  of  Upper  Sa.-iony,  and  land^jrs- 
vatc  of  Hesse,  capital  of  the  county  ol 
Ziegenheim.  It  it.  seated  on  a  hill,  npav 
the  river  Schwalm,  17  miles  N  of  Mar. 
pure.  Lon.  9  15  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

frezzo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, seated  on  the  Adda,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Bergamasco.  Lon.  9  25  E, 
lat.  45  45  N. 

Triberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  subject  to  thf 
house  of  Austria,  15  miles  N  E  of  Fri- 
biiig,  and  15  S  of  Fieudenstadt.  Lon, 
8  20  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

TriUsers  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tbt 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  castle. 
It  IS  seated  on  the  river  Trebel,  22 
miles  S  S  W  of  Stialsund,  and  30  E  S 
E  of  RostocJc.     Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  5* 

IN. 

Tribatadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  \n  the 
dutchv  of  Ueux  Ponts,  18  miles  K  W 
of  LaiuLiu.     Lon.  8  2  E,  litt  49  22  N. 

Tricala,  a  town  of  Tiirke\,  in  the 
European  province  of  Macedonia,  59 
miles  E  N  E  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  23  45 
E,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Tricala,  a  town  of  Turkey,  m-thft 
Europeim  province  of  J  anna,  21  mile* 
S  of  Larissa. 

Tricarko,  an  episcopal  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  13  miles  S  E  of 
Acei.enza,and21SWofMatera.  Lon. 

16  14  E,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Triceto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
14  miles  E  S  E  of  Scala. 

Triers.     See  Treoet. 

Triest,  an  episcopal  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Carniola.  It  is  a  strong  place, 
the  harbour  is  spacious,  but  not  good  ; 
being  open  to  the  W  and  S  W  winds. 
The  inhabitants  have  a  good  trade  in 
salt,  oil,  almonds,  iron,  &c.  brought 
from  Latibach  ;  and  they  maikc  good 
wines  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  eight  milct 
N  of  Capo  d'Istria,  and  80  N  E  of  Ve- 
nice.    Lon.  14  4  E,  hit.  45  56  N. 

Tr/w,  the  county -town  of  EastMeath^ 
in  Ireland,  seated  on  the  Boyne,  23 
miles  N  W  of  Dublin. 

Tihn-nm -de,  a  town  on  the  E  side  ot 
the  island  of  Ceylon,  with  a  harbour, 
reckoned  the  finest  in  the  Esst  Indies 


In  Jam 

ling-lisi 

by  the 

IJiilch 

t;iken  1 

remiiin 

cd  on 

miles 

ht.  8  4 

Trii: 

i  mail 

Hertfc 

I  .on  0 

Trir 

of  'I'ei 

ontlie 

over ; 

the  g' 

by  Col 

I0115  I 

cotton 

fmit ; 

Uken 

and  in 

dered 

d'Esp 

the  B 

Tri 

theai 

the  P 

but  v< 

harbo 

half  1 

i.mls 

beca' 

thick 

to  tin 

la.    I 

Tr, 

«eatO' 

miles 

73  45 

Tr 

Mart 

harb( 

trade 

Tr 

MonI 

(lliiia 

Fren 


T  R  I 

nnd.  Trcvaox  Is  stkUA 
a  hrll,  on  tiie  rii^cp  Su 

N  (if  Lyons,  and  188  S 
Lun.  4il  E,  Ut.  4S5r 

vny  of  Germany,  in  tltc 
r  Suxony,  und  land^ra- 
capttal  of  the  county  ol 
It  ii.  seated  on  a  htll,  nrar 
vHlm,  17  miles  N  of  Mar- 
5  K,  Jat.  50  50  N. 
own  of  Italy,  in  tlve  Mi- 
en the  Adda,  on  tiie 
gumasco.    Lon.  9  25  E, 


1 


town  of  Germany,  in  the 
l)ia,  and  subject  to  thr 
ria,  15  miles  N  E  of  Fri- 
S  of  Freudenstadt.  Lon. 
3  12  N. 

town  of  Germany,  in  tbt 

cr  Saxony,  with  a  castle. 

on  the  river  Trefcel,  22 

of  Stialsund,  and  30  E  S 

Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  5i 

I  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
'iix  Fonts,  18  miles  N  W 
Lon.  8  2  E,  l;it  49  22  N. 
town  of  Tiirke\ ,  in  the 
)vince  of  Macedonia,  54 
of  Saloniclii.  Lon.  23  4S 
N. 

town  of  Turkey,  inithft 
9vince  of  j  anna,  21  mile* 

an  episcopal  town  in  the 
N^aples,  13  miles  S  E  of 
id  21  S  W  of  Matera.  Lon, 

40  12  N. 

town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
cs,   in  Calabria  Citeriore, 

E  of  Scala, 
ce  Trewi, 

episcopal  town  of  Germa- 
ila.  It  is  a  stronp"  place, 
is  spacious,  but  not  pood  j 
to  the  VV  and  S  W  winds, 
ints  have  a  good  trade  in 
(londs,  iron,  &c.  brought 
^h  ;  and  they  malkc  g-ond 
»  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
fiilf  of  Venice,  ci(»hl  milc» 
'Istfia,  and  80  N  EofVc- 
14  4  E,  hit.  45  56  N. 
rounty-town  of  EastMeath, 
seated  on  the  Boyne,  23 
)f  Dublin. 

•,  a  town  on  the  E  side  of 
f  Ceylon,  with  a  harbour, 
f  finest  in  the  Eust  Indie* 


T  R  I 

In  Janiiftry  1782,  it  was  taken  by  the 
Eiig-hsli,  but  soon  afterwards  iteiaken 
by  tlie  French,  and  restored  to  the 
Dutch  by  the  peace  of  178,3.  It  was 
tuken  by  the  English  iu  17V)5,  and  still 
rrmains  in  their  possession.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  gidf  of  the  same  name,  100 
miles  N  E  of  Candy.  Lon.  81  52  E, 
ht.  8  45  N. 

'IVirg,  a  town  in  Hertfjrdshire,  with 
4  iiiaikot  on  Friday,  23  miles  W  of 
Hertford,  and  31  VV  N  W  of  London. 
J.on  0  30  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

TrinUad,  an  island  on  the  N  E  coast 
of  Terra  Firma,  separ.tted  from  I'aria 
on  tlie  S,  by  a  strait  about  10  miles 
over;  Mnd  from  Cumana  on  the  VV,  by 
the  gulf  of  Paria.  It  was  discovered 
fcy  Columbus  in  1498 ;  it  is  62  miles 
loii<^  and  45  broad ;  produces  sugar, 
cotton,  Indian  corn,  tine  tobacco,  and 
Ihiit ;  but  the  air  is  unhealthy.  It  was 
taken  in  1595,  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
and  in  1676,  by  the  French,  who  plun- 
dered and  left  it.  The  capital  is  Port 
d'Espagne,  in  the  gulf  of  Paria,  near 
the  Boca.     Lon.  61  30  VV,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Trinidad,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Guatimala,  se.ited  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  an  open  town, 
but  very  important,  there  being  no  other 
harbour  on  this  coast.  A  mile  ami  a 
half  hence  is  a  place  which  the  Span- 
i.mls  call  one  of  the  Mouths  of  Hell : 
been'  e  rt  is  t.  onlinually  covered  by  h 
thick  smoke, ;  nd  emits  flames  from  time 
to  time.  It  is  70  miles  S  E  of  Gnatinui- 
la.    L(.n.  89  30  VV,  lat.  12  50  N. 

Triniitad,  a  town  of  New  Granada, 
seated  on  the  lliodela  Mudi.lena,  58 
mrlfs  N  W  of  St  Fe  de  Uogota!  Lon. 
73  4.5  W,  lat  4  45  N. 

Tiiiiitj,  or  La  lyiiiite,  a  town  of 
Mavtinico,  with  a  spacious  and  safe 
harbour.  It  oarrlee  on  a  considerable 
trade.     Lon  61  8  VV,  Lit.  14  53  N. 

Triiio,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
Montferrat,  subject  to  the  king  of  Sar- 
<lliiia.  It  was  taken,  in  1704,  by  the 
French,  who  abandoned  it  in  1706.  It 
ii  seated  near  the  Po,  eight  miles  N  W 
of  Casal,  and  ^5  N  E  of  Turin.  Lon. 
»  .TO  E,  lat.  45  26  N 

Tritioina/y,  a  town  of  Windoo.stan,  in 
the  Carn.atic,  near  which  the  troops  of 
Hyder  AUv  wore  defeated  by  tiie  Bri- 
tish in  1768.  It  i-i  45  miles  S  S  VV  of 
Arcot,  and  52  VV  N  VV  of  Poiulicherrv.- 
Lon.  78  35  E,  l.-,t.  12  2  N. 

Tripoli,  among  the  ancientu,  was  n 
Jarge  l(Jn<fdovi,    now  hu  aristocralical 


T  R  r 

republic  in  Africa;  it  is  bounded  on  tlio 
N  by  tlie  Meditcnancan  ;  on  the  E  by 
Egypt ;  on  the  S  b\  Sura,  or  the  great 
desert ;  und  on  the  W  partly  by  Tunis, 
and  partly  by  Ililcdiilgerld  ;  extending 
1000  miles  along  the  Mediterraiieaii 
from  N  VV  to  S  C,  but  b.irdly  200  broad 
in  any  place  ;  it  lias  several  cities,  some  ' 
of  which  are  large  aril  populous,  parti- 
cuJai'ly  on  the  coasts,  whcx;  theyeari'V 
on  the  piratical  business  to  great  ad- 
vantage.  Near  its  capital  the  soil  is 
tolerably  fruitful;  but  to  the  eastward, 
as  far  as  Kgypt,  is  the  sandy  desert  of 
Qarca  It  hud  the  title  of  a  kingdom, 
but  i.H  now  a  republic,  governed  by  k 
dey,  elected  by  the  soldiers. 

Tripoli,  a  considerable  town  of  Bar- 
bary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  sams 
name,  with  a  castle  and  a  fort.  It  i« 
pretty  lai'ge,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
noted  pirates.  It  was  taken  by  cui|m:- 
ror  Charles  V.  who  settled  the  knight* 
of  Rhodes  here  ;  but  they  were  expel- 
led by  tbe  Turks  in  1551.  It  was  for- 
meriy  very  tloiirishing,  and  has  now 
some  trade  in  stuff's,  salTron,  corn,  oil. 
dates,  ostrich  feali:ers,  and  skins  ;  birt 
they  gain  more  by  tlu-  Christians  taken 
at  sea:  for  they  cither  set  high  ran- 
soms  on  them,  or  sell  il.siu  for  slaves. 
Triiioli  is  seated  on  tin.-  .Mediterranean, 
siirrounrled  by  a  w-ill,  275  miles  S  E  of 
Tunis,  and  570  E  S  E  of  ."Vlgiers.  Lon, 
13  13  E,  \A.  32  34  N 

Tripoli,  an  ancient  .ind  considerable 
town  of  Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
defended  by  a  citadel.  Tiie  inhabitants 
are  near  60,000,  consisting  of  Turks, 
Christians,  and  Jews.  There  is  ono 
hsindsome  mosque,  and  all  tiie  houses 
have  fimniains  belonging  to  tliein,  Uc 
fore  It  is  a  sand  bank,  which  citcneasfls 
so  much,  that  it  i«  expected  to  choke 
up  the  harbour,  which  is  two  miles  W 
of  the  town,  and  formed  by  a  roimc! 
|)ieee  of  land,  united  to  the  mainlandfiy 
an  isthmus.  On  each  side  is  a  bul- 
wark to  defend  the  entrance.  It  is  tli« 
residence  of  a  bashaw,  who  also  go- 
verns the  territory  about  i*,  wii,^iie 
there  is  a  great  luiniber  of  niulb_'rry 
trees,  and  other  fruits,  which  en,dilo 
them  to  carry  on  a  silk  m.inufactiM'c  in 
the  town.  It  is  90  miles  N  VV  of  Jla- 
mascus,  and  120  S  of  Scanderoon. 
Lon.  36  20  E,  lat   34  50  N. 

Triet,  n  small  uninhabited  islaiid  of 
New  Spain.  It  is  situated  ont'ie  co.ist 
ofTaI)asr<i,  in  the  buy  of  Campoacliy, 
and  i."  iivpurated  Ijj'  a  narrow  il-annrl. 


T  R  O 


T  R  U 


„„  the  K  nv.m  the  islo  of  Port  Royal ,  Frcj....  ami  58  E.J  Marseilles. 


Lnn. 


■{'.:  cZ^r^.^:^^.    b    u  ucuty  s.bsciucnt  to  each  cupt,,. 


much  in  Im-a.lili,  li'it  'ot  ml.Hl)n..-(l. 
LoM  ofth.'Rp"int'.':!'t^\V,l..t.  lUUN. 

7Vu(>Ni  d\lainha,  a  loCty  isUukI  m  tlie 
S  Allii'itic  OroM,  l.'i  miles  in  circnm- 
fci-en<c.     L'in.  H  43  W,  hit.  3"  H  S. 

Tritdiiiwpo!;;  a  Ht'''>"i,'  <-"wn  ot  Mm- 
clo.-isiun,  iu  t'.ie  Camatic,  2i/8  miles 
S  S  W  of  Miulrass.     Lou.  78  46  L,  lat. 

'tViveiito,  :in  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
pies,  in  Molise,  seated  on  a  lull,  near 
the  river  Tnpno,  or  'rrliio,  15  miles  N 
of  IJogano,  ami  62  E  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  3rK.  lat.  40  .VON. 

r,ochn:fm;eii,  an  imperial  town  ot 
GermiMiv  m  the  circle  of  Suubia,  !C- 
iiiiles  N  W  of  Bucliau,  and  29  S  of 
Stntu-ard.     Lon. '.»  7  E,  lat  48  1«  N. 

Ti-vf'en,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  and 
til.'  e''iief  place  of  the  prot-cstant  part  of 
the  canton  of  .\ppenzel,  near  wiudi  is 
H  mineral  snriop:,  containini,'  copper, 
sulplmr.  and  aUi-n,  and  useful  when  ap- 
plied externallv  for  sivveral  complaints. 
It  carries  on  an  extensive  niamifactory 
of  ( loth,  for  which  it  has  been  long  ce- 
kbraled.  It  is  seven  miles  N  of  Ap- 
pen/el,  and  seven  S  E  of  St.  Gall. 

Tmja,  an  episcooal  town  ot  Naples, 
in  Ca'pitanatH.  It  is  a  fortified  town, 
and  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
inos,  on  the  river  Chilaro,  32  mdes  N 
E  of  UcnevenU).  and  60  N  W  ot  Na- 
ples.    Lon.  15  15  E,  lat.  41  Jl  N. 

Trois  J?hiercs,  a  town  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, on  tlie  river  St.  Lawrence,  .>3 
miles  S  \V  of  Qiiebec.     Lon.  71  20  W, 

lat.  46  3.3  N.  .-.if 

Troki,:i  town  of  Litlmama,  capitrlot 
a  palatmale  of  tlie  same  name.  It  is 
se  lied  iimon-r  mi>rasses,  15  miles  W  ot 
'W.lna.  and  85  N  N  E  of  Grodno.  Lon. 
25  13  E,  lat.  54.38  N.  !' 

Tro'i,  St.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishoin-ic  of  Lieii-e,  with  a  famous  Ue- 
nedlrtinc  al.hev,  21  mlU-s  W  N  W  ol 
Licire.     Lon.5  22E,  lat.50  4oN. 

T-.ipea,  a  p.v.mloiis  town  ot  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's 
see  It  was  half  ruined  bv  an  carlli- 
iuiakc  in  1038.  and  is  seated  on  i!k'  top 
ofarnek,  ontheE  oast,  10  m:les  N 
W  of  N'ieotrra.  and  4A  N  hv  E  ol  Reg- 
C         Lon   16  24  E.  lat.  38  42  N.         , 

Trnfes,  St.  a  seanoi  t  of  Fra-u-c,  in 
the  <'<■:■;  Hment  of  Var,  aii<l  late  pro- 
vince of  Provence,  with  a  cti'del.  It 
is  seal.'d  on  t!ie    bav    ol    Gnn.anl.l,  i 


Trvpiniu,  a  str.iiij^f  and  considerable 
town  of  Germany,  in  Upl'er  Silesia,  ca- 
pital of  a  dntciiy  of  toe  same  iiuiiiu, 
will!  an  ancient  castle.  'I'he  Pinssiaiu 
heca;m;  masters  of  it  in  1741  and  L'jd, 
but  restored  it  to  the  house  of  Aiisnia 


It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the 
nvers  Oppa  and  Mohra,  40  miles  N  liy 
E  of  Olmut/,  and  72  Sby  Eof  Uieslaw. 
Lon.  17  40  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 

rnmurii.'^'t;  a  town  in  Williiliirc, 
with  a  inarKct  on  Saturday.  The  iiilia- 
bilants  consLstehietiy  of  clothiers,  who 
make  superfine  broad-cloth  and  kersey, 
mere,  in  a  great  ilegree  liy  maciimeiy 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  23  miles  S  W  of 
.MariboroUK'h,  and  98  VV  of  Londuii. 
L.m.  2  6  W,  lat.  51   19  N. 

'2'ioy,  a  thrlvin!^  town  in  Ilensellaer 
eoiinly.  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  four  miles  S  of 
Lansluj.burg-,  live  N  by  E  of  Albany, 
and  45  N  of  IliuUon.  This  town 
advances  rapidly  in  trade,  and  pojiiila- 
lion  ;  the  inhabitants  may  be  estimated 
about  5000.  Here  is  a  bank  and  a  post 
oilice. 

Trores,  a  considerable  city  of  France, 
in  the  department   of   Aube,    and  lato 
i  province  of  Champaj,nie.     It  was  tor- 
nierlv  an  episcoiKil   town,   and   is   siir- 
rounded  bv  good  walls,    but   almost  14,11 
the   houses  are  of  wood,  and  good  wa- 
ter is  wanting.     Among  the  objects  ol 
curiosity  are  St.  Sleiihen's,  the  princi- 
pal cliui-ch  i  the  imblic  libr.iry  ot  the 
late    Cordeliers  i    and    the    castle    m 
wiiich    the   ancient   counts   ol    Chim- 
Ijaune    resided.      Its   cummei;ce,  once 
very  tlourisbiiig,  itow   consists   only  in 
son'ie    linens,    dimil:es,   fustians,  wax- 
liundlerv,    candles,    ai,d   wine.      It  i» 
eated  on  tlie  Seine,  30    miles    E  N  t. 
,f  Sens,  and  to  E  S  E  of  Pans.     Lon. 
4  10  E,  lat.  48  13  N. 

VV»,i//o,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  m 
Venezuela,  120  m  les  S  of  liie  lake  Ma- 
rticavbo.     Lon.7  40  \V,lat.  9  46N. 

rnnnpir-aton,  a  village  in  Caitibru  ge- 
shii<>,  two  miles  from  Caii.hri'l«c, 
where  several  Human  antiquities  lune 
been  found.  , 

Truns,   a   town  of  the  country  ot  tlie_ 

Gl'isons,    where    tii*    indel.eiuleiice  <u 

Uhe    Grev    League   was    hrst   raiihcd, 

and  an  alliance  cuiich.uled  between  the 

chiefs  and  communities.     It   is    sealeil 


■ 


7V.v; 


;;,:Ml::;^;LS/n,rs,i  .11  »■;.:;  m,i,.,  .vu>  ,.i.^  w  .ni».u. 


I  u 

)f  Mai'seiUes.      Lon,     i 

N. 

iijr  iind  cons'ulcn'ule 

in  Ul)l'fr  Silesia,  ca- 
,•  of  llic  same  iiiimi;, 
istlc.  'I'lic  Pi'vissiuiii 
C  il  in  1741  iiiul  l/'j(), 

liie  liovibC  of  Ausuin 
jucnt  Id  each  cupUuc. 
pleasant  )>luin,  on  the 
violira,  40  miles  N  liy 

7-2  Sb>  liof  Urcfiliuv. 

JO  1  N. 

town    lU    Wlliiililrc, 

1  batun1:iy.  'i'lie  iiilia- 
ieliy  of  clutiiiei's,  who 
roud-clotU  untl  iici'scy. 
ilcgree  liy  iiiacliiiici'y, 
hill,  23  miles  S  W  of 
(I  98  VV  of  Londuii. 
.  61  19  N. 
i|^  town  in  Rensellaer 
I'k  ;  situ;itecl  on  the  E 
•ivcr,  fi>ur  miles  S  of 
e  N    l-y  E   of  Albany, 

lliuUon.  This  town 
•  in  trade,  and  pojiiila- 
tantsiuuy  he  eslinuiled 
;re  is  a  bank  imd  a  post 

iderable  city  of  France, 
nt  of  Aubc,  and  lato 
ampajijne.  It.  was  for- 
pul  town,  and  is  sur- 
d  widU,  bLit  almost  ijll 
of  wood,  and  good  \vu- 
Among  tlie  objects  of 
.  Steiihen's,  the  princi- 

2  pnblic  hbiMi-y  of  the 
Si    and    the    castle    in 
;Lent  counts   of  Cham- 
Its   commei;ce,  once 

r,  now  conslst^i  only  n\ 
diinilxs,  fustians,  wax- 
idles,  aiid  wine.  U  i» 
Seine,  30  miles  E  N  li. 
,>  1:,  S  K  of  I'aris.     Lon. 

13  N. 

)wn  of  Tcn-a  Firma,  m 
J  m  les  S  of  tnc  lake  Ma- 
,.7  40  \V,  lal.  9  4-6N. 
r,  a  villase  in  Cambiidge- 
viiles     ii-om    Can.bn'li;e, 

Runian  anlifiuities  ha\e 

nwn  of  the  conntry  of  the 
re  tire  inite|iendence  01 
•;,pie  was  lii'st  rafilicd, 
e  cunil.uled  i)etwecn  the 
ninumvtles.  It  is  seated 
seven  milcf  W  of  Uanli- 


T  S  C 

Trurn,  a  boron, .'h  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Sutnrdav. 
T'le  lord  warden  of  the  .Stannaries 
lioUls  his  parliament  here,  and  it  h.is 
liiL- benefit  of  the  colnrig-e  t)f  tin.  Its 
rliicf  business  is  in  sliippin;;;'  tin  and 
ciippcr  ore,  foniul  in  abundance  in  its 
noi;^iboiirliO!)d.  ilerc,  alier  tlie  li:ittle 
of  Naseliy,  the  firees  of  Charles  I.  iin- 
li'.'r  lord  Hopeton,  surrendered  to  j,'e- 
reial  Fairfax.     Trnro    is    seatrd    in    a 


between  tlic  river:;    Kinw 


and 


St.  Allen,  and  at  the  very  bead  of  Fal- 
iwrilli  haven,  10  miles  N  of  Falnionlh, 
and  ,;.57  \V  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  55 
W,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Ti;iio,  a  post  town  in  narnstable 
riiimly,  Massachnsetts  ;  lylnjv  near 
C.ipe  Cod,  38  miles  N  ol'Cliathani,  and 
L'(i  S  K  of  Boston,  al'")j;'  i!ie  post  road, 
'llio  inhabitants  who  are  .-ibont  lO'Oil 
Mc  principally  the  iimilies  of  ii-.herinen. 

Tiiiro,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  40 
ini!;s  N  by  W  of  Halil'ax. 

Tnixi'io,  a  considerable;  i.iwn  of 
S:)".:n,  in  Kstraniadin'a,  noted  fo.-  bein^- 
;hi;  hirth-ijlace  of  Pi/arro,  Il  is  seateii 
a:«i:M;;-  uiMintains,  (ni  the  side  of  a  hill, 
;il  the  top  of  which  is  a  stronn-  eiladel. 
Ilii  situate  near  the  river  Aluiont,  6.5 
niiirs  S  W  of  Toledo,  ;;nd  11"  .S  K  of 
M.idrld.     Lon.  5  23  W,  h.t.  39  6  N. 

Tr:ixih'o,  a  rich  commercial  seaport 
'jITVvu,  in  tlie  audience  of  Lima,  and 
i:i  till' valley  oi' C'lJiio,  built  by  Fran- 
'is  Pizarro,  in  1J33  In  its  territory 
are  above  .^0,0(JO  native  yXnierieans, 
who  aie  tributary  lo  Spain.  It  is  seat- 
el  in  a  fertile  country,  on  a  snrdl  river, 
iiriip  die  Pacific  Ocean,  .'iSO  inil.-s  X  W 
(li'hinia.     Lon.  78  35  W,  l.at.  8  1  S. 

'I'ruxH'n,  a  stron^q;  seaport  of  New 
S|i:iii,  in  the  province  of  Ilondnr.is, 
staiudon  a  f»-alf  ol't'ic  same  n:u;u',  be- 
I'Vfcii  two  rivers,  and  surrounded  bv 
'■'ii''i,i';n)ves.  Lon.  85  50  W,  lat.  16, '0  N. 

Tr.!-.:!io,ov  Nut'itra  Scnoni  iV  /.(  P.."?., 
at!i\vn  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Venezuela, 
^.'•J  miU  -  S  of  Maracavba.  Lon.  69  15 
V.';  lal.  9  21  N. 

Tic'iopa,  a  town  of  Gernifiny  In  Up- 
1'"  .Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Erzi^'eburj;-. 
I' i^  celebrated   f,)r    its   blue  iiiauuf'ie- 

'.  '  cs. 

'J\:/tou/yms,  a  nation  of  Tartar.^;,  who 
I  occupy  the  country  lyinif  between  the 
p;>iier  |)art  of  the  rivers  Ol)  and  Yeni- 
h''i.    The  cmnitry  wliich  thci-    inliabii 

•■i  for  t!ic  most  part,  (ijrliie  with  lar^;•e 
||''l'ests,  .Tud  mountainous  only  about  the 

b.inks  ofthc  two  Viousscs,  which  t;dig 


T  S  C 

their  sources  amonp,-  the  mountains   of 

ill'.'  pi-oviiiee  of  Veuiseislv,  near  tlie  river 
of  that  name.  'I'lie  inhabitants  are  do- 
cile, attentive,  eager  aftei  .nstruction, 
and  v.ell  skilled  in  what  toey  have  been 
.dile  t>  learn.  Whenever  lliey  hive 
n  ithing  to  fear,  tiiey  iliseover  f;ieat 
li-ankneSL'  of  disp.^sition,  honesty,  und 
coinplaisaeee  ;  but  when  they  have  re.i- 
son  to  apprehend  an;,  sevei-e  treatment 
or  fraud,  they  lye,  and  are  sullen. 
I'hey  shew  {{-reat  friend  , hip,  anil  pny 
uumberlcss  little  attention  towards 
i-ach  o; iier  ;  but  are  lazy  with  regard 
to  all  kinds  of  l.di.jiir,  and  their  manner 
of  livmij  is  dirty.  Lver  since  tlicy 
have  had  the  custom  oriivlnj^  in  st'ilk'd 
vill.i;;es  diirin;,"  the  winter,  the  g-ieat- 
est  number  of  them  sow  a  few  fields 
witii  I'ye,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and 
i.cmp,  but  seldiim  cultivate  enoujili  for 
llieir  own  ciui'iniplion  tbo',i(>-h  tlieip 
laud  be  ever  so  I'ruilf  il.  Many  of  them 
sow  nolhinp;  at  a'l  but  had  rather  buy 
their  Hour  and  meal  of  tlie  Russiims,  or 
live  without  bread,  wiien  it  is  i.>  be 
hail  of  them.  Those  who  are  not 
axerso  to  the  trouble  of  m;in,'i;;-iii_!>'  cat- 
tle, keep  a  small  nnnd)er  of  horses  and 
cows,  and  ;>  few  sheep  of  the  siiort- 
tailed  k'lid.  As  the  snow  is  deep  and 
the  winter  very  lonj^  in  these  fiails, 
llicy  are  ohb-vd  to  lay  up  a  stock  of 
hay  for  the  support  of  their  cattle  du- 
rini','  the  extrcmily  ot'lhc  cold  ;  a  ji-rcat 
hardship  to  peo|)le  fin  abandoned  to 
sloth  as  the  Tschoiiiyuis  Nc'ithcr 
swine  nor  |)oullr\  is  to  be  seen  in  their 
iiu  l.isures.  In  imitation  oftliel)sty- 
aks  tisiiing'  and  him'Jn.i,'-  are  their  prin- 
cip.d  oceupations.  The  latter  fuiiiish- 
cs  then!  w'th  the  means  of  paying' their 
tribute,  whieli  is  in  Marten  skins. 

Tschul^ii,  a  country  of  the  K  extre- 
mity of  Asia,  opposite  the  N  W  coast 
of  America,  binuuleil  by  the  Anadir 
on  the  S.  The  climate'  \»  cidd,  the 
soil  marshy,  abouudiny;  in  rocks,  bar- 
ren, bare  ivf  woods,  and  cMremelv 
wild  and  savaj^e  The  summer  lasts 
only  a  fijw  months,  but  in  tills  season 
the  thus  arc  very  long',  because  for  se- 
veral weeks  togetiier  the  sun  does  not 
set  at  all.  The  winter  extends  tliroiu'li 
the  ("I'eatest  part  of  the  year  ;  and  diir- 
iujj  this  mel.uiclioiy  season  it  is  almost 
■one  continii.d  nig'ht.  The-  inhabit.ints 
are  analo;;oiis  to  the  country ;  being- 
llie  most  savag-e,  the  most  barbarous, 
the  most  untractable,  l!ie  least  civiii- 
i'.'d,  the  mo,i'v  rug-^'ed  and  cruel  people 


T  S  I 


©fall  Siberia.     Tluy  have  neither  let- 
tci's  iw.r  willing-,  nuv   iiiiv    kiiiil   c)f  in- 
8initi...n.     lliey   lu'c   not  >el  cntacly 
Biilxlue.l;    M\A  coMS.'queiilly   it  is  Init 
one  i-art  of  thu  nution  mat  |)iiys  tr.biite. 
•llieir  liistin-y  is  c-nvtUiped  iiiclai-kiiess, 
Hk  will   as   tl>eir   national  constitution 
aiKl  tofce     They   will  not  endure  the 
l-iwt  constraint ;  and  though  they  have 
lu'cn  Bcvcral  limes  conq  icred  by   the 
V.i.ssiaiiH,  tiiey    have   always    regained 
Vl,oir  Ubcrtv.     3v  a  probaJjle  coiiiputa- 
tioii  thoy  are  c^liinated  at  3500  males 
capable  ofbiariiiK  "niis.  Tliey  are  for- 
H.idable    iieii^hbt.urs    to   the    Koviacs, 
uho  often   experience   their   deprcda- 
ti(Mis.     Twenty    Tschouktsches   never 
hesitate  a  moment  about  attacUin|,'fiUy  i 
Koraiks;   and,   had    it  not  been  for  the  | 
Russian    Ostrogs.    the   form-n-   would 
lonr  agn  have   exterminated  tlie  whole 
Koraik  nation.     The  care  of  their  deer 
is  their  principal  occupation!  noverthe- 
Itss  they  follow  the  cliacc  and  the  fisli- 
evv      III  the  luiinb.  r  of  rein  deer  con- 
sists all  tlie    riches  -f  the   Tschoiik- 
f-ches.    -■•  posbCKsor  o.    en  thousand  is 
liot  sincomnion  ;  and  sonic  of  Hfty  thou- 
sand are  to  be  met  with.  i 
Tshetuhm    See  Ki.ti.            _ 
Tsi-nan-Jhii,  a  celebrated  city  of  Chi- 
na, the    capital   of  Cliani^-tonK.     This 
citv  is  larg-e,  i)oi)iilou9,  and  is  much  re- 
spected bv  the  Cliinese  on    account  of 
its  having  once  been  the  residence  of  a 
Umv  series  of  kin^s,  whose  tombs,  ris- 
ini'"  on  the  neighbourin},'  mountains,  af- 
ford a  beautiful  prospect.  In  its  district 
avc  four  cities  of  the  second,  and  26  of 
the  third  class.     It  is  seated  S  of  the 
river  Tsi,  or  T»inff-h.,  UQ  mdes  S  by 
E  of  Pekin.     Lon.   117  25  L,  lat.  36 

30  N.  .         r  ^, •         • 

Tsi-nhg-uheou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Chang-ton-,  and  dis- 
trict of  Yen -tcheou-fou.  From  Its  situa- 
tion on  lite  grand  canal,  it  is  little  infe- 
rior to  the  capital  of  the  province,  either 
in  extent,  population,  riches,  or  com- 
merce, and  on  that  account  a  great 
number  of  strangers  come  liere  to  trat- 

Toln-tchtou-fou,  a  commercial  citv  of 
China,  in  Chanj^-tong.  The  principal 
branch  of  its  commerce  arises  from 
fish,  which  are  caught  in  great  abun- 
dance. It  has  one  city  of  the  second 
«ml  13  of  the  tliird  class,  under  _  its  .lU- 
risdiction,  and  is  75  miles  E  of  Tsm- 
nangfou. 

Tuiamfa.  See  Ciamfia. 


T  S  U 

Tsong-ming,  ftn    island   of  ChtflH,  en 
the  ciia.l  >il  lire  provm  e  of  K.iaug-nan, 
to  wiiieli  It  belongs,  and  from  wliith  it 
is   separated  bv  an  arm  of   the    sea,  13 
miles  broad,     it   is   50  miles  long,  uiiil 
13  broa<l.  It  was  formerly  a  sandy  dei- 
ert,  to  which  criminals  were  banished; 
those  that  first  landed  on   it   begun  to 
till  tlie   ground,  that  they  might  not 
perisli  with  hunger;  some  poor  Chi. 
iiese  families  emigrated  thither  after- 
ward  i  and,  in  less  tlian  ten  years,  the 
island    was    peopled     and    cultivaUi 
Some  parts  of  it  produce  wheat,  rice, 
barley,    cotton,    citrons,    and    oeveril 
other  fruits,  but   its   principal  revenift 
arises  from  salt,  wliich  is  nude  m  sudi 
abundance,  tliat  the  island  can  supply 
most  of  the  neighbouring  countries,  In 
this  island  is  only  one    city  of  the  third 
class;  but  villages  are  so  numerous, 
that  tlicy  seem  to  touch  each  other,  and 
to  firm  one  continued  city.  The  country 
is  delightful,  and  intersected  by  many 
canals      Lon.  of  its  8  E  end  121  55  E, 

lat.  30  13  N.  ,  ^,  .       ■ 

Tsucn-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  m 
the  province  of  Fo-kicn.    Its  situation, 
Itrade,  e.itcnt,  triumphal  arches,  tern- 
'pies,  even  its  streets  all  well  paved,  se- 
cure it  a  distinguished  rank  among  He 
most  beautiful  cities  of  China.     In  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  city  i«  a  bridge, 
remarkable  for  its   extraordinary  sue 
and  the  singularity  of  its  construction. 
It  was  built  at  the  sole  cxpence  of  one 
governor.     Father  Martini,  a  man  ot 
established  veracity,  speaks  of  it  m  tUc 
foUowing  words :  "  I    saw   it   twice, 
says  he,  "  and  alwavs  with   astomsli- 
ment.     It  is  built  entirely  of  the  same 
kind   of  blackish    stone,  and  hw  nu 
arches,  but  above  three  hundred  large 
stone  pillars,  wliich  terminate  on  eacli 
side  in  an  acute   angle,   to  break  the 
violence  of  the   current  with  greater 
facility.     Five  stones  of  equal  size,  law 
transversely  from  one  pillar  to  another, 
form  the  breadth  of  the  bridge,  eachn 


which,  according  to  the  measurement 
I  made  in  walking,  were  eighteen  ot 
mv  ordinary  steps  in  length  ;  there  are 
one  thousand  of  them,  all  of  the  sanie 
size  and  figure:  a  wonderful  work, 
when  one  considers  the  great  number 
of  these  heavv  stones,  and  the  mannei 
in  which  thev  are  supported  between 
the  pillars  !  On  each  side  there  are  but- 
tresses or  props,  constructed  ot  we 
same   kind  of  stone,  on   the  tops  ot 

I  wliicfc  we  pUced  lj«u»  op  pedsivm. 


^  s  u 


T  U  C 


T  V  E 


isliinil   (if  ChhiK,  on 

iiMvin  i;  111   Kiuiig-nan, 

g9,  uiul  iVoni  wIi'kIi  it 

nil  urm  ot   the    sea,  13 

ID   50  miles  loti);,  and 

formerly  a  gundy  dei- 

rninaU  were  bunialied; 

indi'tl  on   it   begun  to 

that  they  might  not 

gev  ;  gome  poor  Chi. 

grated  thither  after. 

egs  tliaii  ten  years,  th« 

(i);led     ami    cultivattd, 

t  produce  wlieat,  rice, 

I'itmiis,    and    »cvei'«l 

L   its  principal  revenule 

,  winch  is  Hilda  in  sucli 

the   island  can  supptj 

(^libouring  countries.  In 

ly  one    city  of  the  third 

ages   are  so  numerous, 

to  touch  each  other,  and 

.inued  city.  The  coiiiitrf 

id  intersected  by  many 

if  its  SK  end  121  55  E, 


fou,  a  city  of  China,  i« 
t  Fo-kicn.    Its  situation, 

triumphal  arches,  tera- 
ilreets  all  wellpavcd.se- 
iguished  rank  among  the 

cities  of  China.  In  tlie 
1  of  this  city  i«  a  bridge, 
r  its  extraordinary  s\ie 
arity  of  its  construction. 
;  the  sole  cxpence  of  one 
tliep  Martini,  a  man  of 
racity,  speaks  of  it  in  tlie 
ds  :  "  I  saw  it  twice,"' 
1  always  with  astonisii- 
iiilt  entirely  of  the  same 
Icish  stone,  and  has  no 
nvc  three  hundred  large 
which  terminate  on  eacli 
it«  angle,  to  break  the 
e   current  with  greater 

stones  of  equal  size,  laid 
•om  one  pillar  to  anodier, 
tlth  of  the  bridge,  each  of 
ling  to  tlie  measurement 
king,  were  eighteen  of 
teps  in  length  ;  there  are 
of  them,  all  of  the  same 
ire :  a  wonderfid  work, 
siders  the  great  number 
/  stones,  and  the  manner 
/  are  supported  between 
n  each  side  there  are  but- 
•ops,   constructed  of  the 


f  stone,  on   the  tops 


r>f\ 


iced  U^Ds  afi  pede&ttU) 


Mid  otlicr  ornaments  of  the  like  natufe. 
It  is  to  he  observed,  that  in  this  de.scrip 
ti(in,  I  speuk  only  of  one  part  of  the 
work,  that  which  is  between  the  small 
city  of  Lo-yang  and  the  castle  built  up- 
in  the  bridge  :  for,  beyond  the  castle, 
there  is  another  part  equally  >tupend. 
0U3  as  the  first. 

Ttinm,  a  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  cuun> 
(V  of  Galwiiy,  and  province  of  Con- 
iianght,  with  an  archbishuji's  see  ;  on 
u'liicli  account  it  is  culled  a  city,  though 
now  reduced  to  a  village.  It  is '20  miles 
N  N  E  of  Galway,  ancl  25  W  S  \V  of 
Kujcominuu.  Lon.  8  46  W,  lat.  53  33 
X. 

Tubun,  one  of  the  strongest  towns  in 
Jav»,  ail  island  of  the  £  Indies,  with  a 
harbour,  and  a  king  of  its  own.  It  is 
ieatc'd  on  the  N  coast  of  the  island, 
Lon  111  51  E,  lai.  6  0S. 

Tubingen,  a  fortified  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  tluf  circle  of  StuWjia,  and  dutcliy 
(if  Wirtembiirg,  with  a  university,  and 
a  lastle.  Here  is  a  large  house  called 
.N'ew  Bail,  where  a  certain  number  of 
stiidents  in  law  are  lodged  aiul  hoarded 
irratis  :  and  in  the  town  house  is  i\  very 
ciiridiis. clock.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neck- 
ar,  in  a  country  ahoimdi'ig  in  corn  aiul 
wine,  20  miles  S  of  Stutgard,  and  50  E 
bv  S  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  9  4  E,  lat.  48 
JON. 

Tucierton,  a  port  of  entry  and  a  post 
town  in  Burlington cmmty,  New-Jersey, 
siuiated  on  the  S  side  of  Mullicus  river, 
Dear  little  Egg-harbour,  and  55  miles 
E  bv  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Tacuman,  an  extensive  government 
of  Spanish  S  America,  lying  between 
Cliili  and  Paraguay,  to  the  E  of  the 
Andes,  and  W  of  the  Uio  de  la  Plata. 
This  province,  with  the  country  S  of 
that  river,  forms  an  exteiisiye  plain,  al- 
most without  a  tree.  The  soil  is  a  deep 
fertile  mould,  watered  by  many  streams 
from  the  Andes,  and  clothed  in  perpu- 
lual  verdure.  .In  this  rich  pasturagi  , 
the  iiorses  and  cattle  imported  from 
Kiii'ope,  have  multiplied  to  an  almost 
tiieredible  degree.  This  has  enabled 
the  inhabitants,  not  only  to  open  a  lucra- 
tive trade  with  Peru,  by  su]>plying  it 
with  cattle,  liorseg,  and  mules,  but  to 
cany  on  a  commerce,  equally  benefici- 
*\,  by  the  e.\portation  of  hi<les  to  Eii- 
I'jpe ;  notwithstanding  which,  the 
towns  of  this  coitutry  are  no  better  tliaii 
paltry  \  i'lages,  to  which  the  Spaniards 
liavv  endeavoured  to  add  some  dignity, 
liy  er;;tttinjj'  them  iiAo    bliilioprics.  Tu- 


cumsn  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  \h4 
new  viceroyalty  at  Buenos  Ayies, 

'J'ucu^o,  u  town  of  lerra  Firina,  in 
Venezuela,  and  in  a  valWy  of  tlie  sum* 
name.  A  river  runs  through  thi.'  mid- 
dle of  the  valley,  and  the  soil  ahouiula 
in  sugar-canes,  cotton,  and  all  the  lie* 
cessaHcs  of  life.  L.011.  69  2  \V,  lat.  t 
:,i  N. 

TuJitington,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  .Saturday,  (ive  milea 
N  of  Dunstable,  and  ^H  N  N  \V  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  0  32  W,  hit.  5'J  0  N. 

Tudela,  a  consider;i!)lc  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  with  a  e.istli.'.  It  is  scaled 
in  a  country  that  iiroduc?s  good  wine, 
on  the-  river  Ebro,  over  wlich  is  a  hand- 
some  bridicc  45  miles  N  W  of  Saranos- 
sa,  ami  UO  N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  10 
W,  lut.  42  y  N. 

Tver,  a  government  of  Russia,  onca 
ail  incjependent  principality,  united  ta 
the  empire  by  Ivan  Basilowitz,  in  1490, 
and  comprised  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  fVom  which  it  has  been 
separated.  The  po])iilation  has  encroas- 
ed  to  a  surprising  degree  ;  a  circum- 
stance evincing  the  advantage  arising 
from  the  new  code  of  laws  of  Catharine 
II.  It  was  the  first  province  newly 
modelled  according  to  that  code  ;  and 
it  has  cxperience<l  the  bci'eficialellecti 
of  these  excellent  regalations.  The 
country  produces  abui'daiitly  all  kind* 
o(  corn  and  vegetables.  Its  forests  yield 
vast  quantities  of  oak  and  otlier  valua- 
ble timber.  The  quadrupeds,^  and  the 
feathered  race,  are  the  same  as  in  alt 
the  N  of  Europe  ;  and,  besides  the  fish- 
es  common  to  most  lakes  and  rivers, 
there  is  a  fish,  pecsiliartothe  waters  of 
these  northern  rei^imis,  called  the  ster- 
let, the  accipeiiaer  ) utheitHs  i)i  l^'-.nncs  and 
is  a  species  of  sturgeon,  highly  esteem- 
for  the  flavour  of  its  flesh,  and  for  its 
roc,  of  which  the  finest  caviare  is  made. 
The  government  of  Tver  ccntaing  13 
districts. 

Tver,  a  commercial  city  of  Russia, 
capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
utime,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  tha 
Tverzaand  Volga.  It  is  divided  into  the 
old  and  new  town  :  the  former,  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  t)ie  Volga,  con- 
sists almost  entirely  of  urooilen  cotta- 
ges; tlie  latter,  about  fifteen  years  ago, 
was  a  few  buildings  e.xcepted,  scarcely 
su[)crior  ;  but  being  in  176.5,  forliuiate- 
ly  destroyed  by  a  dreadfid  confl«Kra- 
lioii,  it  has  risen  with  lustre  fijrt  its 
uiilics.    The  emprcii*   \^ut  nu  tuuiiw 


T  U  L 


TUN 


Wformed  of  this  culainity,  than  she  or. 
Aercd  h  ri'Bulaf  ami  becatitiil  phui  of  a 
new  town  to  hf  sketched  by  an  cniiiicnl 
architect,   and   enjoincil,   that    a!l   the 
liounes  shoiiM  be  ic-constructcd  in  ion- 
foi-niity  to  tliis  inwlel.  Sho  raisctl  alh<r 
own  cxpciirL-  the  governoi'n  liouse,  the 
bisliop's  pahice,  the  conns   of  justice, 
the  new-txchnnjfe,  tlie  prison,  and  se- 
veiT.l  otiier  public  edifices.  '1  l>e  sliccts 
wliich  are  bioad  and  li)n(f,    issue   in   n 
bli-aiffht  line  iVoni  u  square,    or   rather 
an  octagon,    in  the  centre  :  llie  lioiiHeK 
of  this   octug-on   and   of  the   principal 
btreets   arc  of  brick  stuccoed   white, 
form   a   very    ttiagnificeJil   apijcarance. 
The  New  Town  when  completed,  will 
consist  of  two  octagons,   with   se\eral 
streets  leading  to  tiiem,  and  intersecl- 
iug   each    other  at   right   angles,   and 
would  be  no   inconsiderable   ornament 
to  the  most  opulent  and  civili/ed  conn- 
trv.    Tliere  is  an  ecclesiastical  seniina- 
rv  at  Tver,  which  is  under  the  inspec 
iron  of  the  bisliop,  and  admits  600  stu- 
dents.    In  1776  the  empress  instituted 
a  sch(Mil   for  tlie    instruction    of   200 
burghers'  children.  In  June,  1779,  an 
acadcni)  was  also  opened  in  this  town, 
for  tlie  education  of  the  young  nobdity 
of  the  province,    at   the  charge  of  the 
same  imperial  patroness.  It  admits  120 
students  ;  who  are  instructed  in  foreij^ii 
languages,  &c.     It   is  u  place  of  consi- 
derable commerce  ;    aiid  both  the  Vol- 
ga  and  the  Tverlzft   are   covered  with 
boats.     It  owes   its   principal  trade  to 
its  advantageous  situation,  being  near 
the  conHux  of  those  two  rivers,  along 
which  are  conveyed  all  the    goods  aiiil 
merchandise  sent   by  water  from  Sibe- 
ria and  the  southern  provinces,  toward 
Petersbi'fgh.     It  is  suid  to  contain  up- 
wards of  10,000   inhabitants.     Tver   is 
99  miles  N  N  W  of  Moscow.    Lon.  30 
5  E,  lat.  56  7  N. 

Ttiggiirt,  a  country  of  Barbary  in  Afri- 

Tiiggiirt,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Af- 
rica, capital  of  a  country  of  the  same 
name,  310  miles  S  S  E  of  Algiers. 
Lon   5  10  E,  lut.  33  0  N.    • 

Tula,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  the  government  of 
Moscow,  containing  12  di.stricts.  Its 
capital  Hesnn,  is  seated  on  tlie  Tuhesh, 
118  miles  S  E  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  45 
E,  lat.  55  25  N. 

Tukbyas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 
varre, situate  on  tl  e  river  (Jucois, 
levcu  miles  W  of  Tudela. 


town  of   Ireland,    is 
situate  on  u  river  of 


Tulltmwre,  a 
King's  County, 
the  same  name. 

'luUen,  an  episcopal  and  commercial 
town  of  Kiance,   in  the  department  of 
Correze  and  late  province  of  Ouicnne, 
'1  he  cathedral  is  famous  for  its  steeple, 
which  is  very  high  and  curious.     It  ii 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  tl.e  Corrcie 
and  Solane,  partly  on  a  mountain,  and 
partly  below  it,  in  a  country  surrounJ. 
ed  by  mountains  and  precipices,   J7 
miles  S  E  of  l/mioges,   and  62  S  W  (i{ 
Clermont.     Lon.  1  42  W  lat.   45  23  N, 
Tulhm,   a  town  of  Ireland,    in  the 
county  of  Carlow,   38  miles  Ss  S  W  of 
Dublin. 

Tutty,  a  township  in  Onondngo  covin. 
tjr.  New  York;  situated  between  Sem- 
jironius  and  Fabius,  equidistant  from 
both,  where  is  a  post  office,  486  miles 
i'ro'hi    Waahingtun.  _  ' 

Tnln,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Austria, 
near  tlie  Wienarwald,  or  wood  of  Vi- 
enna, with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Ti«in,  in  a  country 
abounding  in  corn  and  wine,  15  milu 
W  of  Vienna.     Lon.  16  6  E,  lut.  48  14 

N. 

Ttimbez,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Qiiito.  It  win 
formerly  a  place  of  some  note,  with  « 
magnificent  temple,  and  an  incas' 
palace.  The  Spaniards  first  landed 
here,  on  discovering  the  country.  It  ii 
seated  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  270  miles 
S  bv  \V  of  Qiiito.  Lon.  79  5i  W,  lat. 
3  40  S. 

Ttimel,  a.  rapid  river  in  Perthshire, 
which,  after  exhibiting  many  beautiful 
cataracts,  fiirms  itself  into  a  lake,  call- 
ed Loch  Tumel,  and  then  falls  into  the 
Garry. 

Tuvien,  a  town  of  Siberia,  m  the 
province  of  Tobolsk,  125  mile»  W  of 
Tobolsk. 

Tumpaeh,  alown  of  Gorinany,  in  Ba- 
v:,ria,  17  miles  N  N  W  of  Ambeif, 
and  32  E  N  E  of  Nuremberg.  Loii. 
11  55  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Tuidnidge,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the  Tun, 
one  of  the  five  brant  1, is  of  the  Med- 
wav,  over  each  of  wh.ch  is  a  .'.tone 
bridge.  It  is  12  miles  W  S  W  of 
Maidstone,  and  30  S  S  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  20  E,  l.it.  51  14  N. 

Tur.bri.lge  Wells,  a  town  in  Kent,  five 
miles  S  of  Tunbridge.  It  is  t.n^ch  re- 
sorted to  in  June,  July,  and  August, 
01)  account  of  its  chidybeule    waters, 


U  N 

town  of   Ireland,    in 
itituule  on  k  river  of 

iscopal  and  cnmmcrciai 

;,   in  tlic  department  of 

c  province  of  Gilicniie. 

ib  t'uinou8  for  it»  btetpie, 

lii^li  mul  curiuuii.     It  ii 

onfliicnce  of  llic  Corrcze 

irtly  on  a  momitain,  and 

.  in  a  country  stirroiiml- 

lins   anil   precipiceii,    J7 

inioges,   and  62  S  W  of 

11.  1  42  W  lat.   45  23  N. 

town  of  Ireland,    in  the 

low,    38  mile*  b  S  W  of 

nsliip  in  Onondngo  roiin- 
i  flitiiuted  bctwein  Scm- 
Fabius,  cqiiidistunt   frura 
iH  u  post  oilice,  486  niilei 
^tun.  > 

n  of  Germany,  in  Austria, 
inarwaUl,  or  wood  of  Vi- 
bishop's  sec.  It  is  scut- 
river  Tiiin,  in  a  country 
corn  and  wine,  15  niiin 
.     Lon.  16  6E,  lat.  4814 

town  of  South  America,  in 
audience  of  Qiiito.  It  wr.j 
lice  of  some  note,  with  « 

temple,  and  an  incas' 
i  Spaniards  first  landed 
overing'the  count  ly.     It  ii 

Pacific  Ocean,  '270  miles 
lito.     Lon.   79  5i  W,  lat. 

rapid  river  in  Perthshire, 
exhibiting  many  be:vutifiil 
ms  itself  into  a  l.ake,  cuU- 
nel,  and  then  fulls  into  the 

town  of  Siberia,  in  the 
I'obolsk,    125  mile*  W  of 

a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
es  N  N  W  of  Amberp, 
E  of  Nuremberg.  Lon. 
49  40  N. 

a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
riday,  seated  on  the  Tun, 
ive  brnndii'.s  of  the  Med- 
ac)i  of  vlr.rb  is  a  .'.tone 
s  12  miles  W  S  W  of 
and   30  S  S  E  of  London. 

lut.  51  14  N. 
H'^cl/s,  a  town  in  Kent,  five 
unbridpe.     It  is  i,ii;rh  re- 
June,  July,  and  Aii;^ust, 
>f  its  chiilvbeale    M'^crs, 


TUN 

dincnvffed  in  1606,  by  Hludly  lord 
North.  The  town  is  Heated  at  the 
bottom  of  tbrfee  hills,  called  Mount 
Sinai,  Mount  Ephraim,  imd  Moiuit 
I'leanant,  on  which  are  scaltcred  sonu' 
i;(K)(l  house.*,  orchiirds,  utiil  n'iirdcin  ; 
uul  as  the  country  is  naliirally  wild, 
the  ellect  of  the  whole  is  roniiintic 
ami  pictiiresrjiip.  The  Wells  arc  35 
miles  S  S  E  of  London. 

Tundenr.     See  Tnmleren. 

Tungiruioi,  a  town  of  Uussin,  situate 
on  the  Irkut,  80  miles  S  W  of  Iriiutsk. 
Lon.  103  15  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

T.wjt,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in 
S  America,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  high 
mountain,  in  a  country  where  there 
ire  gold  and  emeralds,  M)  miles  S  VV 
of  Tnixillo.     Lon.  73  5  VV,  l.'t.  5  0  N. 

Tunis,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bouiideil 
<in  the  N  by  the  .Mediterranean,  on 
the  E  by  that  sea  and  Tripoli,  on  the 
.S  and  S  W  by  Bilcdulgerid,  ami  on 
the  W  by  Algiers.  It  exfenils  'M>l 
miles  from  E  to  W,  and  250  from  N  to 
S.  This  eimntry  was  formerly  a  nion- 
apcliy  ;  but  a  diH'erence  iirisinif  between 
the  father  and  son,  one  of  wlioni  was 
flip  the  protection  of  the  Christians, 
and  the  other  for  that  of  the  Turks,  in 
1574,  the  inhabitai'.s  shook  oft"  the  yoke 
of  both.  From  this  time  it  became  a 
rrpiililic,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Tnrks,  and  pays  a  certain  tribute  to  the 
Ba.shaw,  that  resides  at  Tunis.  The 
air  in  general  is  hoaltliy,  but  flie  soil 
in  the  E  part  is  but  indiflci'cnt,  for 
want  of  water.  Toward  the  middle, 
the  mnuntuiiis  and  vallies  aboimd  in 
fruits ;  biit  the  \V  part  is  the  most  IVr- 
tile,  being  watered  by  rivers.  The 
environs  of  Tunis  are  very  dry,  upon 
wlilch  account  corn  is  ge'ierally  dear. 
The  inroads  of  the  Arabs  oblige  the 
inhabitants  to  sow  their  biivley  and  rye 
in  the  suburbs,  and  to  iiieliisc  tlieir 
gai-ilens  with  walls.  Hosvovcr,  ilu-re 
are  plenty  of  citrons,  lemons,  oranges, 
dates,  grapes,  and  other  fi-uits.  There 
are  also  olive  trees,  roses,  and  odorifer- 
oii.s  plants.  In  the  woods  end  moun- 
tains are  I'ons,  wild  beeves,  ostrich- 
es, monkies,  cameleons,  roebucks, 
hares,  pheasants,  partridges,  and  o 
tlier  sorts  of  birds  and  beasts.  The 
most  remarkable  rivers  are  the  G'ladil- 
cai'bar,  Magrida,  Magerad.i,  and  Caps, 
Tlie  form  of  government  is  aristncratie, 
that  is,  by  a  council  whose  president 
is  tlie  dey.   The  members  of  the  divan, 


T  U  R 

or  foun.'il,  are  chosen  by  the  dry,  and 
he,  in  his  turn,  is  eliTtrd  by  the  dlvun, 
which  is  conipoNfd  of  soldiers,  v.  ho 
have  more  than  mire  taken  oil  the  <ley'« 
head.  'I'he  inhabitants  carry  on  a 
great  trade  in  linen  and  woollrii  cloth. 
Ill  the  city  iif  Tunis  alone,  are  above 
,iOOO  clothiers  aiiH  weavers.  They 
have  also  a  trade  in  horsi's,  olives,  oil, 
soap,  and  ostrirhes  eggs  and  feathers, 
rho  establiihed  religion  is  Mahome- 
tanism  ;  and  the  inhabitants  consist  of 
Moors,  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews,  and 
Christian  shi>es. 

Tunis,  a  large  and  celebrated  citv  of 
Ilarbary,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  point 
of  the  gulf  of  Goletta,  about  ten  miles 
from  the  site  of  the  famous  city  of  Car- 
tli.ige.  It  is  in  the  firm  of  an  oblong 
square,  five  miles  in  circiiniference, 
with  a  lofty  wall,  fl. inked  will)  scvc. 
ral  strong-  towers,  five  gates  and  Mi 
mosques.  The  houses  are  all  built  oC 
stone,  th'iugh  but  one  story  high  i  and 
it  has  a  good  citadel  on  an  eminence, 
on  the  \V  side  of  the  city.  Without 
the  walls  are  two  suburbs,  which  con- 
tain 1000  houses.  Within  the  walls 
arc  10,000  families,  and  above  3000 
tradesmen's  shops.  The  divan,  or  coun- 
cil of  state  assembles  in  an  old  palace, 
and  the  dey  is  the  chief  of  the 
republic,  who  resides  here.  The 
city  has  no  water,  hut  what  is  kefit  in 
cisterns,  exeei-t  one  well,  kept  for  the 
bashaws  use.  The  liurboiir  has  a  very 
narrow  entrance,  through  a  small  chan- 
nel, which  is  well  fortiHed.  The  Ma- 
hometans here  have  nine  colleges  for 
students,  besides  a  great  number  of 
smaller  schools.  Tunis  is  a  place  of 
great  trade,  ten  miles  from  the  sea, 
2r5  N  W  of  Tripoli,  and  3H0  E  of  Al- 
giers.    Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  36  42  N. 

Tunhrstoiun      See   Ephrnta. 

Tiirtt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  I'vrol,  21niiles  S  VV  of  Trent. 

Tuix/ilieim,  a  town  of  Fr.'uiee,  in  the 
department  ofL'pper  Khine.  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  remarkable  for  a 
victory  gained  here  bv  Turenne,  over 
the  Austrians,  in  1675.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  Cidmar,  one  mile  N  W 
of  Colmar. 

Tiircnmcvua,  a  province  of  Turkey 
in  Asia  now  called  Armenia. 

Ttircnmarts.  Tercicmciis,  or  Trui/nne- 
nians,  a  people  of  Asia,  who  speak  the 
Turkish  dialect  of  the  Tartar  lan- 
guage, and  inhabit  the   Eastern  slope 


'1  I 


,«l! 


l'7/r*  '*•' 


T  U  R 


T  U  R 


.f  »ionnt  C  mc«.u».  tl.c  const  <.f  U.e  .to  Turin.    Turin  i»   well  fortlfie.l  m\ 

a.s,...uj    ''';;'\   "7,, '^J,,    ;;,,;.,., i„e  wulU  <,n  tl>c  r««.l>KrU.   wine     re 


Ala<:un.  hnim-  ol  tiicni  iirc  (tulijcct  ti> 
tlii-klmn  ol  Ciibu;  oUiem  to  »  <liicl 
whou'.Ul.-Hi.l  Nukii  :  !iml  u  tl.inl  lo 
tlR-  Mn.iv.K.u.lOfoiK  i.  ■liii-yV!ii'»f"'- 
tiif  liciichL  slicpl.c'iil*  '1  tlie  liukibl. 
cii»l/uf,  iiiiil  «lwi;ll  ihfu'lils  iimkrttnts, 
jtiliovuiB'  In.ni  one  |l»ie  t>.  Hnodu-r, 
for  llie  hukc  ol"  pHstuii-s  to  tictl  tlitir 
<l(.«ls,  wliUli  urc  \try  nnnicnmH,  con- 
bist:ii(,'  ot  riiuitls,  hIkci.,  und  Koiils. 

Tun-ime,  a  town  of  I'rnmi-,  m  Hie 
dfpailMiiiil  ot  Cone/.o,  und  late  pro- 
viiK-e  of  Giiiinnc,  witli  u  cusUf,  <U 
niiliH  S  ol  Limoges,  l.on.  1  JU  E,  lut. 
45  y  N 

'fiirgov).     Sec  Cnuda. 


Turin,    a   HcninsliintT  city  of  IlMy, 
the  cpiul  of  Pit.lniont,  unci  reauifmc 
of  ils  M.vcrciKM  tho  kniB  "♦'  Sur<lmia, 
villi  iin  iuclilJihliop'.s  hci-,  and  a  iimv. r- 
iiity.     II   is   .seated  on  a   vast    I'lani.^nl 
the  fool  of  tlie  Al|i8,  and  at  tiie  lonl.ii- 
enie  of  tiie  Uovia   and  I'o.     Hero  arc 
niiiiiv    larn'-    s(|UHrcs,    iinioi>K    wliiili 
lliid'of  St.  Charles  is  tlie  most  spacioUB 
»ndheaiitifid;  llie  Imildinirs  are  hand- 
some, and    it  lias  e.sUnsivi;  arcailis  on 
ea<  h    si.le.     MoM  of  the    htrcets  arc 
well  huih,   unitbim,  stra.jtlil,   and  ter- 
miinile  on  some  n),neeable  ob.iect :  the 
Str.-la   di  Po,  the    tinest   and  larKest, 
leadH  to  the  ro\al  palace,  and  '^s  adorn- 
ed witii  pia/.zui,  Idled  with  shopo  i  as 
are  various  others  of  the  hesl  streets  ; 
nil  of  whirh  are  kcjit  cl'.iUM  by  meaiisot 
a  canal   from  the   noii .,    wiUi  shiiccs 
that  fl<iw   throuKh  them   into  the  Po. 
The  hdiabitaiits  are   computed   to  be 
IjOUO.OOO.     The  honses  are  haniUome, 
and  all  built  of  the  same  l.eij,'ht.    The 


1  heic  are  also  verv  tine  gardens  on  Hit 
bide  of  the   river   Po,     The  iirsemil   i. 
K  line  and  rapacious  buildiup,  uiihuhiij; 
live    eourts  i     it     contains     aims    C.r 
1^0,000  men,   and  there  is   a  canmin 
fou.ulerv  and  a  chvmital  labonitorj  an. 
nexed   to    it,    and  a  charniintf   inilnic 
place  called   the  Corfo,  wlieie  ihe  iir,. 
hilily  assemble,  from  live  to  six  m  m 
eveiiint?  to  exhibit  themselves  and  lliiir 
t(Hiipiit,'e.     Near  the  city,  on  the  biiiikii 
|ol  the  Po,  is  the  b4'autiful  rinal   caslle 
of  Valentin,  ihe  jraiden  of  whidi  is  ai.- 
plied  toholanieal  studies,  and  the  Ikuisj 
commonlv  called  LaCharite,isrem:irlia. 
hie,  as  there  isronnifor  3000  poor  I'.eopic 
Ihe   college    of  the  academy  is   \m 
hir^e   and   well  built,   anil   has  a  peal 
ntiuilur  of  ancient  inscriptions.     In  tlie 
n>\»l    library    are   I'J.OOO  man\iscripls, 
i  besides  , 10,000    printed    books.      'Ihi 
iMTUeh    besiei;cd   this    city    in    1706; 
I  hut   prince  Eugene  attacked  lli<  mix- 
fore  the    walls,   totally    defeated  tlitir 
ui  my,  and  compelled  lliem  to  raise  die 
siene.     In  December  \79li,  the  Freii.li 
annv   took   Turin,  oblininp    the    king 
uiurhls  family  to  remove  to  the  islum. 
of  Sardinia,  imt  in  June  folic wm^,  tl.e 
French   were    driven  out  by   the   A"*- 
trians,  but  ihe  kiuK  has  not  yet  return, 
ed.     Turin  is  60  miles  N  E  of  CeMiii, 


Komc.     Lon.7  4aE,  lat.  4j  J  >• 
Tiiriiigv,  a   town   of  Sweden,  m  tlie 

province  of    Sudermnnland,    24   niilfs 

VV  S  W  of  Stoekholn).     Lon.  XT  54  t. 

lat.  59  10  N.  .       .      . 

Turbid;  a  town   of  Russia,    in  the 

government  of  Tobolsk,  U-l   miles   W 


;-r.Sii:;jr^^  .,^FI=  i£^  £:"^^;.^^ 


cent  structures,  joined   toi.ether  by  a 
Kalierv,  in  which   are  several  statues, 
all  sorts  of  arms,   the  Kcnealog-y  ol  the 
dukes  of  Savov,  a  represcntulion  ot  llie 
celestial  signs,  a  royal  library,  and  ma- 
nv   other   turiouities.      llesuUs    tbese 
two   structures,  thl'ie  is  tlie  palace   ol 
the  prince  of  Ciirii,ni:in,  the  h<.spital  ol 
St.  John,  the   seminary   of  the  Jesuits, 
the  rov;d  hospital,  an<l  llie  metropolitan 
rhurehofSt.  John,  wherein  they  pre- 
tend  to  keep  tlie  cloth  in  which  is  l.ie 
print  of  the  fare  of  Jesus  Christ.  These 
pre  all  superb  structures.     When   the 
rlaifue  rcip:ned  at   Marseilles  in  1720, 
M  great  »uniber  of  artificers  "withdrew 


VVr-if.',    a   huge   empire,    extended 
over  part  of  Europe,  Ahiu,  an".  Ahiciu 
Turkey  in  Europe  is  l.uunded   <.n   tlie 
N  bv  Russia,    Poland,    and  Sdavoma; 
on  t'he  E  bv  the  Black  Sea,  the  sea  "f 
Marmora,  and  the  archipelago  ;  on  t  ic 
S  by  the   Mediterranean  ;  and  on  tie 
W  by  that  sea,  and  the   Venetian  and 
Ausliiau  territories.     It  contains  Hcs- 
sanihia,  Moldavia,  Walachia,  Kulnaria, 
«ervia,  Bosnia,    Romania,    Macedoniu, 
J  anna,  Liv.idia,  Albania,  part  of  Croa- 
tia,  and    Dahuatia,    and    the    Mmea^ 
These  covmtries  lie  between  17  and  40 
E  lon.  and  36  and  49°  N  lat.  extending 
lOyO  milcB  tu  length,  and  900  lu  breadth. 


U  R 


T  U  R 


T  U  R 


clivniicul  liibiinitorj  lui. 
unci  a  cliarmiiijf   piiliiir 


n  IS  well  fortified  »rvt 
ii(^.  llieri!  uic  MTy 
r:iiii|>Hrti«,  M'liirli  n> 
TB  to  pasM  round  tlnni. 
vi-n  fine  (farduns  on  lln; 
IT  Po.  '1  lie  ai'Minul  jt 
ioim  ))uil(liii)7,  hiclmliiii; 
conluiuH  nrnis  lir 
and  ttiei'c  Ih  a  caniioii 
ivniicid  I 
d  a  dial 

Coflo,  wlu'if  llic  110- 
♦  I'oiii  li>e  to  »ix  ill  «n 
iliil  llienisclvcs  and  lliiir 
i':ii'  tlic  city,  (in  tlir  liuiilit 
Ue  iM'uiitit'iil  I'inul   rusllc 
II'  (garden  of  wliif  li  in  !i|>- 
ral  stiidicH,  and  tlu-  Imiisc 
I'd  LaChui'ilf.isrcnKirku- 
I'oniTi  fur  3000  poor  ptopic 
of  llie  academy  is   \m 
:\\  liiiilt,   and   has  u  |;i'eat 
c.itiit  insicriptionii.     In  llit 
are   l'.),000  niaiiUHcripIs, 
){)    iirinted    liouks.      'llic 
•t:c(l  tliis   city    in    1706; 
-ugcne  attacked  ili<  in  lit- 
is,  totally    defeated  tittir 
inpelled  llieni  to  raise  t!ie 
eceniber  IZ'.'U,  tlie  Fiei.ili 
iuriii,  obliging    the    kiiiK 
ly  to  re.Miove  to  the  islunil 
but   in  June  follr.winK,  the 
E    driven  out  by   the   Aii<- 
le  kinj^  has  not  yet  return. 
s  60  miles  N  E  of   Ocvio, 
Milan,  and    2b0   N  ^V  ot 
1.7  45  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 
I   town   of  Sweden,  in  tlie 
Suderninnland,    24   niik'S 
Hockhohn.     Lon.  17  54  E. 

I  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
of  Tobolsk,  144   miles    \V 

Lon.  63  44  K.  lut.  5«  5  N. 

larjfe  empire,  exteiided 
Europe,  Akia,  iird  Africit 
iurope  is  LuuihUcI  on  tiic 
I,  Poland,  and  Sclavonia; 
the  Black  Sea,  the  sea  nf 
nd  the  arehipelaffo  ;  on  tlic 
lediterranean  ;  and  on  tlie 
sea,  and  the  Venetian  and 
prllories.  It  coiitiiins  lies- 
Idavia,  Walarhia,  i>ul(faria, 
lia,  liomania,  Macedonia, 
dia,  Albania,  part  of  Crna- 
lalmatia,  and  the  Morea. 
tries  lie  hclwocn  17  and  40" 
6  and  49°  N  lal.  extending 
u  liengUi^  Olid  900  iu  breadth. 


Turkey  in  Asia  is  hnunded  oif  the  N  by 
ill'  Uli'k  Sea  and  Cireussiat  on  tlie  IC 
In  I'l'riia;  on  the  S  by  ni'ubia  and  the 
Mediterranean  j  and  mi  the  \V  by  the 
Ai'<'li';ielai;o,  tlic  iti'!i  of  Munnoi'.i.  ami 
llie  straits  of  Coiistiiiitiiiopli'.  It  hei  be- 
tween 27  and  4(J"  E  bin.  i'lid  J8;ii.d4V^ 
N  lat  exte.idiiiff  1000  miles  in  lo'!;{lli, 
uiiil  800  ill  breadtli  i  and  contains  llie 
I'ljtiiitncs  of  Irac-Arabia.Diarbi'ck.Ciir- 
ili.ituii,  /Vriiirnia,  p'lil  of  liicn^sia, 
Xatolia,  and  Suia,  with  I'.dcitii  (!,  or 
the  Holy  I. ami.  in  /MVica,  iho  'lurks 
liavc  still  a  precarious  sivereinniy  over 
K|{\pt.  Of  tliu.ic  cmiMtncs  (wliicli  see 
jviprclisely  )  the  cliiuale,  pioiliiotions, 
inaimerH,  Jvc.  must  br  vanoii.'i.  'I'lic 
Turks  are  generally  robust  and  well 
sliaped,  of  a  j^'Ood  mein,  and  pati-.-nt  of 
ii:ii'ii.4lii|is,  wiiieli  rnnS-r  them  ft  fir 
war.  'I'liey  uliavo  tlu-ir  lii;ads  j  but 
•,veur  tlieir  beuids  l<>ii^';,  (  xcepl  the 
military  and  those  in  the  sei':>|{'li'>,  who 
W'j.ii' only  whiskers.  'I'h'fy  coier  tbeir 
heads  with  a  white  linen  tuihaii  of  an 
ciiiirnrjiis  size,  and  never  pull  it  oii  but 
when  they  sleep.  None  but  I'luka 
must  pvosiiiiio  to  wear  a  white  turb  in. 
Their  breeches  or  d'.'iwers  a|-e  o)'  a 
piece  with  their  tto"kiii|.','s  j  a..d  tliey 
liiue  slippers  instead  of  shoes,  wliieli 
liny  p'lll  oil'  wlien  tiiey  enter  a  toni;.!;.' 
iir  house.  They  wear  shins,  with  widi; 
•■Ifcves  nut  g'atliereil  at  tlie  wrists,  and 
mcr  them  a  vest  lied  with  a  sisli  i 
their  ,ii,^er  garment  beiiij;'  a  loose 
K'lvin,  something  shorter  than  the  M-.-.t. 
The  women's  dress  pretty  much  re- 
sembles that  of  tile  men;  only  tlicy 
I'ave  a  stilleneil  cap  wiili  horns,  '.niie- 
•  hinj^'  like  a  mitre,  on  tiieir  he;'.ds  in- 
stead of  a  tiiiiian,  and  wear  tiieir  h.iir 
Ihiwinji^  down.  When  lli-y  |.','o  abroad, 
they  are  so  wrapped  ii]),  tliat  their  tu- 
ces  cannot  bo  seen.  The  Turks  >.it, 
eat,  and  sleep,  aceordin:^to  l!ie  cu  .leni 
of  tlie  eastj^on  soplias.or  ciisiiious,  iii;i. 
ti'essc.?,  and  carpets.  Kice  is  th<  ir 
nidit  (general  food,  and  cotl'ee  their 
ciimmon  drink.  Their  most  usual  salu- 
lation  is  to  bow  tlie  lier.d  a  little,  layiiiic 
the  rij;'lit  bund  on  their  breasts  ;  Iv.x  to 
liersoiis  of  rank  they  stoop  so  1 '.w  a.  to 
tiiiicli  the  border  of  their  vest,  'i  he 
women  are  kept  under  a  rip.or.ius  ron- 
fineiiiont.  They  have  ffcner'iljy  deli- 
eats  skins,  regular  fei;tiii'es,  bhu'k  hair 
imd  eyes,  with  an  admirable  chest. 
Manyoftlieni  are  complete  beauties. 
Their  cleanliness  is  cxtraordinaiy  ;  lor 
tliey  bathe  twice  a- week,  undsuflLi'  lu-i 


<hc  sinallett  hair  or  the.  least  noil  to  be 
npiiii  tiieir  liii<lieii.  As  to  llie  (piulilies 
ot  their  iiiinils,  they  are  »,iid  l.i  want 
neither  wit,  vivaciij,  nur  leiuleiiiess  j 
and  to  be  e\i'.eediii;;'ly  uilloroiis.  11  is 
no  doubt  fir  lliis  reason  that  the  men 
never  siillcr  tiieir  wnen  laces  tube 
seen,  not  eV'ii  by  llie  dc;*rtht  Crieiid 
they  have  in  tl>.'  wo^lil.  i'herc  is  no 
need  of  lliiieh  wit  to  behave  one's  self 
well  here  j  tor  a  ^'oud  iii  'in  and  (■ravity 
supply  the  place  of  iin  rit  iu  the  east, 
and  niiu'li  ),','aiety  wo  dd  nouil  all.  Not 
that  the  l  urkj  Wiint  wit  j  but  tlu'V 
speak  little,  and  pride  taemtelves  in 
sincerity  and  modehty  .nure  than  elo- 
ipienee.  Tln^  Tuik'.  use  !io  iinneeessa- 
ry  words,  wiicreas  the  Greeks  talk  in« 
eessantlv.  lliou};"li  these  two  nati.iiiH 
are  liiira  iinil'r  one  cliniate,  Iheir  tem- 
pers are  mine  ilif:i.'rent  tiiaii  if  they 
lived  ill  the  mii.'.t  distant  cciiiutries. 
file  Turim  m.ike  pi'.ifession  of  cand  lur 
(  and  failhtiilness,  and  are  a  cliaiiiabit' 
f-'oddiuittired  people,  j-'idiiisy  except- 
ed, and  very  Kober  O.i  liic  i.iher  liand, 
lliev;  are  extremely  proud,  iiisidenl,  su- 
pei'sliiious  and  cmelous,  i'l.ey  arp 
also  iiiiuli  addteti'il  to  ii'iiiiiiural  liisis, 
and  despis"  nil  oili'.-r  nations  in  {fenc- 
ral,  especially  ti.ose  vvli.eh  are  not  of 
tiieir  leli^^ioii.  'i  lie  cw. union  appelia- 
!i  ill,  that  they  gfive  llie  Ciiristiaiis  ig 
lliut  of  d.i^'i.  An  leiilormliy  runs 
tlirou;v!i  i.ll  liie  action  ;  of  the  I'nik.s, 
and  t.iey  never  ciiiuii;'e  tj.eir  luiMiier  of 
livinjf.  1  in  y  seela  to  have  no  kind  of 
^en'iis  for  llje  'nijU'i'vt  iiiL'nt  ol'  ti;.  arts 
and  .sciences,  thouffh  they  live  m.der 
tl.ie  iiitlue;:ce  of  the  same  lieaven,  ami 
possess  the  Kair.e.  co'inlvivs,  as  the  an- 
cient Orel.  i:. IIS  did.  '1  iiey  (jenernlly 
loiter  avviiy  tlu'ir  time,  either  .iiin,n{j 
the  women  in  tile  liarain,  or  iii  smoking 
or  takiiiif  oj.luili  ;  a"  U!ioU};'!i  t!:ey  hei'tl 
ton'clher, jou  v.'iil  obicrve  us  liille  con- 
vcrsation  among'  'iiein  asaiuoiij;'  so  itih- 
ny  hor.ies  iu  a  stiiiile.  They  sehhini 
travel,  or  use  any  exercise  rr  rural 
sp.irts  ;  and  discover  li'.tle  or  no  curi- 
o  ;ily  to  d'scovtr  t'le  s»:,te  uV  thei,'  own, 
or  any  oilier  .oiinliy  ;  but  TiirUey,  af- 
ter all,  is  not  Miiliout  men  oi'  parts, 
p'ob'ty,  and  honour  i  nor  without  be- 
iievulcnt,  lihe:'  li,  co:n'Cisible,  and  ii'u'e- 
ni  Ills  people.  Tin-y  beliave  very  rom- 
nieiid;..tily  to  tiieir  slaves  and  servants, 
and  frequently  belter  than  the  Cliris- 
ti;.iis  do  lo  liu'irs.  T  lu-re  arc  no  here- 
ditary tfoveriiMients  or  litlcj  of  nobility 
in  i'lulicy  1  and  indeed  t.'-.c  coraiiioaal- 


^^ 


T  U  R 


T  U  S 


tv  thtPC  cniovs  the  greatest  liberty. 'pwt  of  the  empire  to  another,  but  not 
LeSirit-avervlow  ebb  amonV  to  foreign  Cbnsfan  eountnes  No 
iCr  I^'  tLvcv,  Ibey  have  some  ration  is  more  advantageously  s>  uated 
;cU  col-Res.  and  academies;  but  ;  for  t.aflic  than  the  1  urk.sh  ;  !,uv„,r 
hevt;  on'  a^er  ydiffererafootlnKfrom  the  'umgatu,,,  ot  the  B»a  dc  «-.  *  - 
tliose  amonir  via.  Not  manv  years  since  Levant,  and  tiie  Red  ^ea  .  ann  cnn. 
»  orint'nK  l.m.se  was  set  up  at  Constan- 1  scqnently  greater  o,>portun.t.e8  of  m- 
tiSe,  we  e  books  of  all  kinds  were  porting  ^^■.'•"^'.'  '""'^'^'''J'^'"^''  .f '';; 
mZcA  to  be  printed,  except  on  n.atters    Kast,  and  <hstr,butu,g    them    .U  om 


of  religion.  Tlie  most  ingenious  Mussul- 
men  employ  tlicmsclves  in  reading  the 
Alcoran  and  tlie  commentators  ujion  it, 
to   which   almost   all   their  learning  is 


Europe,  than  any  maritime  power: 
but  they  never  attempt  distant  voyages 
and  have  but  few  merchant-ships,  botli 


confined.     Some  of  them  anuise  them 
selves  with  poetry,    in  wliich  they  are 
«aid  to  succeed  very  well     and  other 
Turks  delight  in    Music.     The  whole 
Turkish  army,  reguhu-s  and  irregulars, 
amounts  to   above  300,000   nicn.     Be- 
sides  the  true  janiziu-ics,   orjanisavies 
of  the   porte,  and  in  actual  pay,   tliere 
we  rri'ei't  numbers  all  over  the  empire, 
whoiuf.cure  tliemselves  to    oe   regis- 
tered in  this   body,    in  order  to  be  en- 
titlert  to  their  privileges.     The    Turk- 
ish navv  is  n-t  so  eoMsid<  nible  a.,  might 
be    expected    in    s'.ieh    extenBi\e   <lo- 
minions,  situated  on  several  seas,   and 
abounding   in    conuncdious    haibour.s. 
}\\-  tlieir  ueglectii'g  navigation  and  for- 
eign conuneivf  ,    ih.ey  can  never    find 
sailors  l;)  man  a  gi'i-.it  fleet ;  anil  vl:e:c; 
thcv    have    are    unsliilful,    i^s  well  as 
thoir  pilots  and  oil'.e;:r.';.     If  the)-  would 
npplv  themselves    to  navigation,    and 
make  the  most  of  tl-c^ir  situation  and 
advantages,  they  could  not  fail  to   be- 
come   a     ve:v  "formidable      maritime 
power.    Their  navy  generally  consists 
of  about  40  large  ships,  exclusive    of 
galleys.     In  time  of  war  they  hire  or 
buv  merchant-ships,  .ind  others  are  sent 
them  from  Algiers,  Tim'ts,  and  Tripoli- 
The  m'Miufictures  and  commodities  of 
Tmkev  are  silks,  carpets,  govt's  hair, 
wool,  camel's  bair,  c^tton-yani,  dimity, 
burdets,  waxed  liner     ^hugveen   skins, 
blue,  red,  and  yellow  ./lOioreo  lentlicr  ; 
cof  ec,     rhubarb,     turpentine,    slerax, 
gums,   opium,    galls,    mastic,    enu'i-y, 
lemnian     bole,      iKinK-granate     shell.";, 
sponges,  dfites,  n'.mords,  wine,  oil,  figs 
raisins,  n  other  of  peail,  boxwood,  saf- 
fron, fiC.     These  arc  exjiorted  in  large 
fjuantities    bv    the    several    European 
trariingn.-it"  I",  who  import  their   own 
goo.Is  and  purehiise  those  of  llie  coun- 
Iri-.     The   inland    trade    is  carried  on 
cliiefly  bv  (he   Jews   ard   Armenians  ; 
and  eventhe  Turks  seed  mercliandise, 


their  imports  and  exijorts  being  cliiefty 


made  in  foreign  bottoms.     Tyre,  Sidon, 
and  Alexandria,  which  once  command, 
ed  the    navigation    and    trade   of  the 
world,    are    in   their   possession,    but 
make  no  figure    in   commerce   at  tliin 
day :  and  well  it   is  for  the    Christiam 
thiit   the   Turks  are  s.ich    an  indolent 
generation  ;  for  their  situ»;ion  and  vast 
extent  of  emjiire  would  eui  ble  them  to 
monopolize  the  trade   of  the    world,  if 
thev   attended  to  it.     In  this  empire 
there    is    a    great   traffic  in  the  human 
species  :     not  oidv     male    slaves,    but 
beautiful    voung   girls,   being   pulilicly 
bought  and  sold.     Tlie    Turks    beli<ve 
in  oile  God,  and  that  his  great  prophet 
is    ?,l:aion-.ct.      Constantinople    is  tlic 
capital  (.f  all  Turkey. 

Tuiiiii,  a  town  of  Russia,  situate  on 
the  Caspian.     Lon.  47  15  E,    lat.  44 

15  \ 

Tunwgain,  CrT/.e,  a  cape  of  the  island 
of  New  Zealand,  in  the  Pacii.c  Ocean. 
Lon.  17c  56  R,  lat.  40  28  S. 

TurrJorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  ill  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  21  miles  N  N  V/ 0. 
Amburg,  and  33  N  E  of  Nuremb.irg. 
Lon.  1155  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Turner,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
countv,  Maine  i  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Andrascoggin  river.  10""lcsSEof 
Bnckfield,  14  N  E  of  Poland,  and  54  N 
of  Portland,  the  capital  of  the  distnct. 
Turnhout,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant.  Prince  Matirice  of  Nassau,  at 
the  head  of  800  cavalrv,  routed  i 
Spanish  armv  consisting  of  6000  horse. 
It  i=  24  miles  N  E  of  Antwerp.  Lon. 
5  0  E,  lat.  51  22  N.         ,      .      „    ■ 

7»r./,   a  town   of  Itidy    '".Naples. 

Heat(  d  on  the  river  flino,  50  mdcs  S  W 

of  Hari.     Lon.  If^  50  E,  lat   40  06  N.. 

Turtle  hland,  an  Mae.l  in  tl'^'  l'"'''- 

(1.  (),ean.     L.  n.  177  5  W,  lat.  1948  S- 

'/'/.■.■d.-nv,    a   so^eleiRn  st;ite  of   Iti'ni 

«-ill,<heiUleof  agranddntei.v  :  borml- 

the  N  bv  Homagna. 'he  I!<'logncsc, 


i:5;^'t7-:;ir'='rKc»..:;.;«;c:,.,,.,tfcra.n,..»,o,,^= 


"  u  s 

ipire  to  another,  but  not 
iristian  c-oimtries  No 
advantageously  situated 
1  tlie  Turkisli ;  liavinp 
I  of  the  Black  Sea,  the 
.he  Red  Sea  ;  and  cnn- 
ter  opportunities  of  im- 
cii  merchandises  of  ilie 
Tibuting  tlicm  ail  over 
any  maritime  power: 
•  attempt  distant  voyages 
■fw  merchant-ships,  botli 
Mid  exiv)its  being  chiefly 
n  bottoms.  Tyre,  Siilon, 
a,  whicli  once  command, 
ution  anil  trade  of  the 
n  tiicir  possession,  liut 
[•e  in  commerce  at  tliin 
I  it  is  for  the  Christian 
•ks  are  s.ich  an  indolent 
or  their  siHi»;ion  and  vast 
lire  would  en:  hie  them  to 
le  trade  of  the  woilil,  if 
d  to  it.  Ii'  this  emiiire 
'icat  traffic  in  tin-  himian 
I  oidy  male  slaves,  but 
inp-  girls,  being  publicly 
i)ki.  "  Tlie  Turks  bcli(ve 
md  that  his  great  pro]il'ct 
Constantinople  is  the 
Turkey. 

own  of  Russia,  situate  on 
Lon.  47  15  E,    lat.  44 

Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island 
and,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
R,  lat.  40  28  S. 
a  town  of  Germanv,  in  the 
varia,  21  miles  N  N  VV  (if 
id  33  N  E  of  Nuremburg. 
I,  hit.  49  42  N. 
post  town  in  Cumberland 
ne  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
iggin  river,  10  miles  SEof 
4  N  E  of  Poland,  and  54  N 
,  the  capital  of  the  distiict 

a  towii  of  A^^■trian  Bra- 
(c  Maurice  of  Nassau,  at 
if  800  cavalrv,  routed  & 
ny  consisting  of  6000  horse. 
I's  N  E  of  Antwerp.  Lon, 
51  22  N. 

town   of  Itidy   in   Naples, 
|>e  river  Sino,  50  miles  S  W 
.on.  Ifi  50  E,  lat.  40  35  N. 
land,  an  Maiul  in  the  Pan- 

L.n.  177  5  W,  lat.  1948  S. 

a  so^eu■iRn  stiite  of  I'iuy. 
U-of  apranddntc'.v  :  bornd- 
hvUnuiagna.'!.<-P<'l-'K"i";<"' 
CSC,  :ind  thePaimeHani  onUJe 


t!ii'ir 


TUX 

\  by  the  Mediterranean  i  on  the  E  by 

the  dutchy   of  U.-bino,  the   Perugino, 
t!ie   Orvietano.   the    piitrimony   of  St. 
I'cter,  and  the  dutchy  of  C.istro  ;  and 
oil  the   vV  by  the  Mediterranean,  the 
territory  of  Licca,  and  that  of  Genoa. 
It  is  !,5J  miles  \m%  and  100  broad,  and 
w.itereil   by   several   rivers,   of  which 
tlie  .Vnio  is  the  chief.     There  are  se- 
verJ  111  luiiluiiis,  in  wiiich  are  mines  of 
ii-.jii,  alum,  and  vitriol ;  also  (jiiarries  of 
uiaible,   alabaster,   and  porphyry,    be- 
silcs  liot   b.itlis    and    mineral  waters. 
Miiu  p  irts  of  it  are  fruitful  in  c:)rii  and 
wjiu',   and  ]       .  .ce   plenty  of  citrons, 
oiMn.,'iM,  ooniei^ranates,  and  other  fruits. 
T)ie  iii'i.ihitants   are  distinguished   by 
aU:uii:neiit  to    commerce,    and 
live  estalilishcd  various  manufactures, 
particularly  of   silks,    stuffs,    earthen 
ware,  and  gilt  leather.   They  are  much 
Tisited   by   fnreiguers,    on   account   of 
their  piilitcness,  and  because  the  Italian 
iiii^niagc  is  here  spoken  in  its  greatest 
purity.      This  dutchy   is   divided  into 
three  parts  ;    namely,  the  Florentino, 
the  Pisano,    and  the    Siencse.      John 
Gistun,  the  la.st  duke  of  Tuscany,  of 
the  house   of  Medicis,   died  in  1737, 
without  leaving  any   heirs  male.     By 
the  treaty  of  London,  1718,  the  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  Charles  VI.  had  iiro- 
iniscd  Tuscany,  as  a  fief  of  the  empire, 
HhIoii  Carlos.;  infant  of  Spain,  as  being 
the  nearest  male   heir:    but,   in   1735, 
when   the    sovereignty  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  was  confirmed  to  that  prince,  ho 
was  obliged  to   renounce  his   right  to 
Tuscany,  in  favour  of  Frr.ncis  I  emtie-  i 
I  ror  of  Germany,  then  D'lk.    if  i.ovrain, 
I  to  whom  it  was  ceded  as  .in  t  qiivaleiu 
fir  tli.it  dutchy,  which  hi-  h  id  given  up 
I  til  France.     Florence  is  \\w  capital. 
Tiisctirorat.     See  C/.'ic.'.:  w. 
Tiisis,  a  town  of  the  ronntry  of  the 
I  G.isnns,   18  miles  S  bv  W   it'  Coire. 
Tutlmy,  a  town  irt  StalToidsIiire,  with 
m.-irket  on  Tues<lay.     It  hid  a  large 
I  castle,  which  stood  on  an  uhihastti-  i.ill  ; 


T  Y  R 

clayey  soil,  13  miles  N  H  W  of  New- 
ark, and  137  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  50  W,  lat.  53  16  N. 

'J'uy,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  surrouudeil 
by  strong  walls  and  ram])Hrts,  and  well 
furnished  with  artillery,  because  it  is  a 
frontier  town  toward  Portugal.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  top  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Minho,  in  a  fertile  and  wcU 
cultivated  country,  62  miles  S  of  Coin- 
postella,  and  254*  W  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
8  12  VV,  lat.  42  4  N. 

Tiizla,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
situate  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  28 
miles  N  of  Cogni.  Lon.  35  55  E,  lat. 
38  20  N. 

Tweed,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which, 
rises  from  iimunierahle  spriiiifs  in  the 
mountaii.ous  tract  of  Peeblesshire,  call- 
ed Twecdsmuir.  It  divides  England 
from  Scotland,  and  falls  into  th«  Ger- 
man Ocean,  at  Berwick. 

'l\jfe:LUile.     See  Peeblesshire. 
Tweedsmuir,     rugged     ailft     heatliy 
mountains,   in  the  S  part  of  Peebles- 
shire. 

Tiiichnhnin,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
seati'd  on  the  'i'hames,  three  miles  S 
S  VV  of  Brentford  ;  adorned  with  many 
handsome  villas,  of  which  the  only  two 
that  are  worriiy  of  notice  are  that  which 
was  once  the  favourite  residence  of 
I'a|.e,  which  is  still  regarded  vf"tlv 
great  veneration  ;  and  Strawberry  .iill, 
the  eleg:ii.t  Gothic  retreat  of  the  late 
Horace  Walpole,  earl  of  Orf  rd.  A 
biaiK-h  of  tlie  Coin  here  falls  into  the 
Thames  on  which  .ire  erected  some 
powikr  and  oil  mills. 

7'  cuizi:i,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Pi.l.v 
chia,  with  a  ensile  arid  u  iriiiit.  It  is 
(.i.-ated  on  tin-  Narew,  22  miles  N  W  of 
ilieisk.     I,  Ml.  23  411  E,  lai.  53  0  N. 

Tydore,  11. le  <.f  the  Molucca  Ishmds, 
three  k':!);",ics  S  of  Ternate. 

T,t>p,  u  river  in  Northun^^erland, 
formed  of  a  branch  frcm  the  county  of 


Durham,  and  another  from  the  hills  on 
several  of  the  Mwers  and  a  '^hihII  '-.ai  t  I  tlie  borders  of  Scotland.  These  uniting 
(if  the  wall  still  remain.     It  is  1.^  miles 


I  E  of  S!  '.iford,  and  134  .M  E  of  London. 
I  Lon.  1  ^0  \V,  lat  53  0  N. 

.  •uwrin,  a  town  of  Hindoostin, 
IWh  Dutch  factory.  It  is  60  nilh:s 
N  R  of  ^  'pe  Co'iioriii.  Lon  76  40  E, 
1  lit.  8  15  N. 

TuturcL,  a  town  of  Russia,  si'iiate  on 
Uhi"  I,-ji'.a.   Lon    lO.T  4)  E,  lat.  5i  40  N. 

Tu\f,ird,  atiwn  in  Notliaghnnisliire, 
I  with  a  market  ou  MiinJ:.>  ;  i'.'i.t.,J  in  a 


a  littl.-  :.!i.)ve  Hcxltam,  form  a  large  ri- 
vtr,  wliivh  Rows  by  Newc.istle,  and 
enters  tin-  Gorman  Ocean,  at  rinmouth. 

T.i:e,  II  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
ill  tiie  uxnmtt'ins  in  the  S  of  Hadding- 
tiin.s!iiri-,  walcis  Haddington,  and  en- 
ters the  Gi.  rroaii  Ocean  to  the  W  of 
Duuhar. 

T.  ::emijt!th.     Sve  Tiinncuth. 

T;;e,  a  seaport  of  Syria,  in  tliat  part 
fvrmcii)  called  Phocaitia,  once  w  plac« 


.  I 


It '. 


f7 


T  Z  t 


•f  cxreediniT  prcat  trade.  It  is  hIso 
fhimms  for  a  slicll-lisli,  which  dies  afiiie 
puiplc,  liie.ui'  (Micd  Iho  Tynan  dR'. 
Aci-ordini,'  t.)  the  prophecies  mthc  Olil 
Tcbtanieiil,  Tvre  is  now  nothmj,'  but  a 
heap  of  veficruble  ruins.  It  has  two 
harl)oiir»,  Unit  on  tlie  N  side  cxcecd- 
inglv  i-rood;  the  other  choked  up  bv 
the  V.1I11S  (.if  the  city.  It  is  60  nuk-s  S 
W  of  Uainasciis,  and  now  called  Sour 
or  Sur.     Lon.  3.5  oU  K,  hit.  33  18  N. 

Tyri,  a  lake  of  Norway,  near  the  co- 
bait  mines  of  Fossuni.  This  beauldul 
ijiece  of  water  is  about  twcnty-hve 
miles  ill  eiiciiniference,  including  its 
b'i\»  and  ciecks  ;  its  shores  are  gentle 
eii'iinenctJ.  riciily  variegated  with  the 
most  (erlile  meadows,  corn  fields  and 
liunijinu  icM-csts,  and  hacked  by  loity 
mountains'  lowenni!,-  above  each  other. 
Tiie  eounlr\  around  it  is  dclighttvil,  es- 
pecially to'  be  in  BO  hijjU  a  degree  ot 
northei'ii  latitude. 

Tyntaw,  a  hirge  fortified  town  of 
Upper  Miinparv,  in  the  palatinate  ol 
Trentschin,  30  miles  N  E  of  Prcsburg. 
I.on.  17  33  li,  hit.  48  23  N. 

Tvrone,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  46  miles  long:  and 
.■57  broud;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Lon- 
donderrv,  on  the  E  by  Armagh  and 
Lou},'h  Neagh,  on  the  S  W  by  Ferma- 
nagh, and  on  tlu  "V  by  Donegal.  It  is 
a  rough  countr*',  but  tolerably  fruitful ; 
contains  30  parishes,  and  sends  10  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  The  capital  is 
Dimgannon. 

Tysted,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
province  of  North  Jutland,  with  a  cita- 
del, seated  on  the  gulf  of  Limford,  44 
miles  N  W  of  '.Vihu.-g,  and  45  VV  of 
Albnrg.     Lfin.  8  25  li,  lat.  56  54  N. 

Tfv/,  or  T.hy,  a  river  in  Wales, 
which"  issuing  from  a  lake  on  the  E  side 
of  llic  country,  enters  the  hay  of  Car- 
di"-:in,.  below  the  town  of  Cardigan. 

''rzn'.iirilla,  a  town  of  Natolia  Pro- 
prr,  near  the  river  Sangar,  or  Adu,  63 
miles  S  E  of  Isnic.  Lon.  31  8  E,  lut. 
39  ON. 

Tzaritzvn,  a  tova  and  fortress  ot 
Russia,  in  the  government  of  Saratof. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Volga,  122  miles  N 
W  of  Astracan.     Lon.  45  25  E,  lat.  4li 

0  N  .    ^ 

Tznnitz,   a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Uoniania,   nc;ir  a  river  of  the 
same  nam;-,  33  iniks  N  N  K  of  Adn- 
annple.     Lon.  26  40  E,  hit.  42  .5  N. 
TzmU'--,   a  town  ijl   Rusbia,   in  the 


V  A  E 

government  of  Kasan,  56  miles  W  of 
Kasan.    Lon.  47  25  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 


V,  u. 


rAAST,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  tiic 
department  of  the  Channel  and  lut u 
province  of  Normandy,  five  miles  from 
Harfleur,  and  eight  from  Valognc. 

Vahres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveiron,  and  late  province 
of  Roergue.  Though  an  episcop.il  sci; 
before  the  revolution,  it  is  little  bettef 
than  a  village  j  but  has  some  maniifac 
tures  of  serges,  dimities,  and  cottons. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confiuence  of  twu 
>-mall  rivers  that  fall  into  the  'I'arn,  30 
miles  S  E  of  Rodez,  and  32  E  of  Alby. 
Lon.  2  55  E,  lat.  43  57  N.  _ 

Viiclui,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
landgravato  of  Hcsse-Cassel,  40  miles 
S  E  of  Cassel.     Lon.  10  12  E,   Ut.  50 

55  N.  ,.    .  ,     , 

I'ache,  one  of  the  M'cst  India  islands 
lying  to  S  of  St.  Domingo,  opposite  St, 
Louis.  The  buccanicrs  began  a  settle- 
ment here  in  1673,  and  they  made  it 
one  of  their  rendezvous. 

Vuchebse,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
in  tl"-  Mediterr.-nean,  near  the  coast  of 
Na|)ies.  . 

Vada,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  Tuscany, 
seated  on  the  Tuscan  Sea,  20  miles  S 
of  Leghorn.     Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  43 

15  N.  .      ,     . 

Vadagetry,  a  town  of  the  jienmsula  ot 
Hindoostun,  in  the  province  of  Madu- 
ra, 64  miles  S  S  W  of  Madura. 

Vadin,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  the  Euro- 
pean province  of  Bessarabia,  situate  <m 
the  Danube,  32  miles  W  of  Nicopoh. 
Lon.25  0E,  lat.  44  25N. 

Vado,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  with  a  fort ;  taken  bv 
the  French  in  1795.  It  is  three  miles  W 
of  Savona,  a«d  24  S  W  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
8  8  E,  lat.  44  15  N,  ,      .     „    , 

Vadstdn,  a  town  of  Sweden  in  tasl 
Gothland,  where  there  is  an  ancient 
palace  belonging  to  the  kings  of  Swe- 
den now  in  ruins.  It  is  seated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  take  Wetter,  near  the  riv- 
cr  Mot.ila,  32  miles  W  of  Noidkiop- 
ing.     Lon.  15.55  E,  hit.  58  12  N. 

Vndutz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germa- 
nv  in  tlu;  circle  of  Sanbia,  26  milis  Sot 
[iinda.i,  and  34  S  S  E  of  Constance. 
I.on.  9  22  E,  lat.  4.r  7  N. 

Viiena,  a  town  of  Spain,  m  Andalu- 
sia, tcalud  at  tlic  suui'oe  of  llit?  Castvc, 


t... 


A  E 

asan,  56  miles  W  of 
25  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 


,  u. 


)wn  of  France,  'in  tin- 
f  tlie  Channel  ancl  Uti; 
landy,  five  miles  fraiii 
fht  from  Viilognc. 
of  France,  in  the  do- 
iron,  and  late  province 
loujjh  an  episcopal  sci; 
itio'n,  it  is  little  beUef 
ut  has  some  maniiiac 
dimities,  and  cottons. 
he  confincnce  of  twu 
fall  into  the  'I'arn,  30 
dez,  and33Eof  Alby. 

43  57  N. 

n  of  Germany,   in  tlie 

4cs3e-Cassel,  40  miles 

Lon.  10  12  E,   Ut.  50 

the  West  India  islands 

Domingo,  opposite  St, 

:canicrs  began  a  settle- 

573,  and  they  made  it 

lezvous. 

;  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 

,nean,  near  the  coast  of 

1  of  Ualv,  in  Tuscany, 
ruscan  Sea,  20  miles  S 
.on.  10  20  E,  lat.  43 

own  of  the  peninsula  of 
the  \mi\  inee  of  Madu- 
5  W  of  Madura. 
I  of  Turkey  in  the  Euro- 
if  Bessarabia,  situate  on 
!  miles  W  of  Nicopoli. 
,.  44  25  N. 

,rt  of  Itulv,  in  the  terri- 
'.vith  a  fort ;  taken  by 
795.  It  is  three  miles  W 
24  S  W  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
5  N, 

[)wn  of  Sweden  in  East 
•re  tlierc  is  an  ancient 
ig  to  the  kings  of  Swe- 
is.  It  is  seated  on  the 
ike  Wetter,  near  the  riv- 
miles  W  of  Noidiciop- 
55  E,  lat.  58  12N. 
wii  ;ind  castle  of  Germa- 
■  of  Siuiljia,  2(i  miles  Sot 
i4  S  S  E  of  Constance. 
;it.  4r  7  N. 

,vn  of  Spain,   in   AndaMi- 
Llic  source  of  ilit;  CuiU'o, 


V  A  L 

2S  miles   S  E   of  Cordov.i.     Lon.  3  50 
\V,  lat  37  40  N. 

l':iihiiigen,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Sii:il)ia,  in  the  dulciiy  of  Wirtemburg, 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  24  miles  S  W 
of'Hailbrtm.  Lon.  9  3  E,  lat  48  58  N. 
ViiUeaux,  a  sn\all  island  of  N  Ameri- 
ca on  tile  N  coast  of  Louisiana,  be- 
v.veeii  the  mouths  of  tlie  Mississl|)i)i 
ami  tlie  Mobile,  with  a  smsll  harbour. 
ViiUun,  a  decayed  town  of  Franco,  in 
tlie  department  of  Vaiicliise,  and  late 
province  of  provence-  with  a  bishop's 
see,  1.  lely  subject  to  the  pope.  It  is 
seuted  on  a  mountain,  on  which  there 
is  :i  castle,  near  the  river  Ore ze,  and 
the  ruins  of  ancient  Vaison,  which  was 
line  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  Gauls. 
It  is  15  miles  E  N  E  of  Orange,  and  22 
N  V.  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  6  E,  lat.  44 
15  N. 

Val,  a  village  of  the  NetherLinds, 
iliree  miles  W  of  Maestricht,  where, 
ill  1744,  marshal  Saxe  obtained  a  vic- 
lon  over  the  duke  of  Cumberland. 

Val  di  Dcvwna,  a  ])rovince  of  Sicil}-. 
It  means  tlie  valley  of  demons,  and  is 
8)  called,  because  Mount  y£tna  is  situ- 
:ile  in  this  province,  which  occasioned 
ijjiiorant  and  superstitious  people,  at 
tms  time  of  its  fiery  eruptions,  to  be- 
litve  it  was  a  chimney  of  hell.  This 
province  is  said  to  contain  upwards  of 
;i)0,00O  inhabitants.  The  capital  is 
Messina. 

Val  ill  Mitzara,  a  province  in  the  W 
I'lijle  of  Sicily,  so  called  from  the  town 
f.Muzara  It  contains  Palermo,  the 
■  apital  of  the  whole  island. 

Val  di  Nolo,  a  province  of  Sicily  i  so 
'  :illed  from  the  Noto,  which  is  its  ca- 
j'itnl  town. 

Vid  Ombrnsa,  a  celebrated  monastery 
•i' Tuscany,  in  the  Appennines,  15 
iiiiles  E  of  Florence. 
Valckiivjiir,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  seat- 
,1  on  the  Walpo,  near  its  confluence 
ivlth  the  Danube,  between  Esseck  and 
I'cierwaradin,  70  miles  N  W  of  Bel- 
tTade.     Lon.  19  51  E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Vtd.'.iii,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vfriimeiit  of  Novogorod,  oi\  the  side  of 
.1  hike  of  the  same  iiunie.  Its  environs 
aixmnd  with  beautiful  lakes,  sprinkled 
'.villi  woody  islands,  and  skirted  by  for- 
'j'.ls  eoriilields,  and  pastures. 

Valdai,  Lake  of,   in  the    government 
1  of  Xovogorod,  in  Russia.     It    is    about 
T)  niiles   in     circumference.      In  the 
1  miiliUe  of  it  is  ntt  island  on  wliich  there 
;i  convent. 


VAL 

Valdai  Hills,  hills  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Novogorod. 

Valdusnes,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tra  lon  Montes,  nine  miles 
E  S  E  of  Mlrandola. 

Vitliltburon,  a  town  of  Spain.  Lon.  4 
55  W,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Valdecona,  a  town  of  Spain,  15  miles 
S  of  Tortoso.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  U  15 
N. 

Valdigem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira. 

Valdivia.  See  Baldivia. 
Valence,  an  episcopal  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of'  Drome,  and  lute 
province  of  Dauphiny,  with  a  hi  hop's 
see,  a  citadel,  and  a  school  of  artillery. 
It  is  surrounded  by  good  walls,  a;id 
the  greatest  part  of  the  public  places, 
and  many  private  houses,  are  adorned 
with  fountains.  Besides  the  handsome 
cathedral,  there  are  many  otlu:* 
cliurches,  as  well  as  late  convents  that 
are  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhone,  30  miles  N  by  E  of  Viviers, 
and  335  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  52  E, 
lat.  44  56  N. 

Valence,  a  town  ot  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Geronne,  and 
late  province  of  Guienne,  situate  on  the 
Garonne. 

Valeiica  d' Alcantara,  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estrem.idura,  with 
an  old  castle.  It  is  surrounded  with 
vails  after  the  antique  manner,  flank- 
ed with  fcmr  or  five  small  bastions,  and 
a  few  towers  ;  is  very  strong  by  situa- 
tion,  bein^y  built  upon  a  rock,  near  the 
river  Savar,  15  miles  S  W  of  Alcantara, 
and  37  N  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  30  W, 
lat.  39  26  N. 

Valencey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indrc,  and  late  province 
of  Berry. 

Valencia,  a  province  of  Spain,  for- 
merly a  kingdom  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
and  S  t)v  the  Mediterranean,  on  tha 
N  E  by  Catalonia,  on  tl-.e  N  W  by  Ar- 
ragon,  and  on  the  W  by  New  Castile 
and  Murcia.  It  is  162  miles  long  and 
62  broad,  and  is  the  most  pleasant  and 
populous  country  in  Spain ;  for  hcr« 
they  enj"v  a  perpetual  spring.  It  is 
watered  by  a  great  number  of  streams, 
which  render  it  fertile  in  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  especially  fruits  and 
wine  ;  and  in  tlie  mountains  are  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  and  alum.  The  in- 
habitants are  much  more  lively  than  in 
other  parts  of  Spain  ;  and  the  women 
are  handsomer. 

A   .V  .\   A  A 


V  A  L 


V  A  L 


i  1 


Moors  ^v--'-''  ;M'^l>^;^  '      ,^^,,,  ,  ,  the 
l^,lli  ccmui-y;      '^  ;^-|^  ,-01    and  lost 

s,a.>e.u..nl.  ..       l>tc.  ^   ^_^,^ 

side   of  the  cl.ou-    ..    ^'  ,,"'%,.,.  tu,c 

'^        '11, f.  nil  ICC  of  »be  viceroy,  WM 
own       ^ '"^  P'  ;„,.v  nF  St    Terom, 

the  exchaiiiie,  und  H'V"'    u'.,.".    It  is 
notvc.^Vstrons,thon:,hUu     a,e^^ 
tU>nH.alonKthe^alb     ;^mW^^^       1,;, 

■i  vcrv  ....ixiloiis  place,  uml  bus,  sesciai 
to  d-,  Kinufuctu.es   of  cloth  ..k      •  W 

",stvy;fb.-cvcntheve,-ycUidm.a^c 

eivplovcd  u,  spn.nm!;-  sdk      ^     '^^'^ 
-ion\beGuad..vKi^>ne^-^^^^^^ 

^"^^l-rSfatov^i--- 
,T,a,  ui  the  province  of  C.u  acca., 
.,„tl-,e  lake  T<.cun.V>ia,  5'  ">'''-^?; 
.,f  Povto   Cavullo.     Lon.  G:.  oU  W  ,  lat. 

in  174  ',    it  was  taken  by  t.c  allies,  ai 
J^r'lt'se.'rosiep;    butitwas^ven 

„,,  to  the    l'Tc"ch.  in    179-..     U  is 
..  -lies  W   S  W    of  Mons,    iS,  ^   ^' 
Ll^e.^.d  no  N  N   E  of  I'avis.     Lon. 
:i  n7  E,  lat.  50  Jl  N. 


r,ilcntwc,  a  town  of  Franco,  lr( 
the  dcpav'tment  of  Upper  Guroune. 
!';,'e  miles  N  E  of  St.  Uernard.  Lou, 
0  sr  E.  lat.  43  1  N. 

Vc.knza,  or  V^.kncia,  a  strong  own 
ofl    lv,n; the  Milanese,  capita  of  th. 

I  omeVnc,  and  subject  to  the  kin;;-  „! 


Siirilinia,   to  whom  it 


was    ceded 


('(i.V;;.?o-i.'.5 


l^hnlwi  a  fm-tllVd  town 
.rVorlui^M,  in  the  r'^vi'-c"  ot  Knm;- 
Minho-e-Uoncni,    seated     en  an       u 

,.•1',..  river  Minbo,  tlui' 
iicncc,   near   t.ie    n\«.r  ■  >         - 

..ule.  SofVnv.     Loi).  sU  ^^  . '-'^ 


1707  It  has  beeiroften  taken  ami  re 
.  ,H  n  and  is  seated  on  a  ni(miila,n, 
;^;";^,:;icrPo  12  miles  Eot^C^J. 
;.nd  35  S   W   of  Mdan.     Lon.  8  ob  L, 

dntchvofModena.    Lon.  10  s2  L,  kit, 

"".X-,  a  town  of  France,  in  the -Ic. 
,  a  tmentof  Charente,  and  ate  province 
I^fAnjumois  ten  miles  Sot   Angolemc., 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 
I'nietta.     See  Malta, 

Dutch  l^mbirg.    It  was   once  forl.ti- 
""XZU.  f  .nifications   wxr.   demo 
llshedby  the  French   in    16' ^     U 
seated  oiUheGucle.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat. 

"^VaM   a  city  of.  Spain,    in  CJd 
Castile,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
sa  le  name   with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
hanie  n.u.    ,  s„,.i.„,indcd     with 

::=Sdls,  'emLllished   with  hand- 
:om^lHiildi;ss  large  public    scpuire^, 
nW/zas.  and  fountains.     It  is  laigt-  a^ 
opnlous,    containing    1\.00;    l-"- 
wi\h  fine  long  and  broad  ^t^ccts^  tu 
Pirce  high  bouses  adorned  with  baico 
cs     The    market    place,   caled  LI 
C-uBDO    is  700  paces  in  circumlcrencc, 
?„rn^ll^aS>ya%reat  number  of  c™. 
vents    and  is  the  place  where  the  iair 
nrckep.     There  is  another  square 

l;;L.:^mer:ha;ut'indtradesmenkce, 

'""  shops;    all  the  bouses  are  of  the 

'u:ei:;^iit:  being  lour  stories^;;; 

there  are  balconies  at  every  wiiulow  o 

I   ir  It.      In    the    ^vllole    there 
"o    monasteries     and    ->--^'^;,J  ^ 
•n,  .«t  of  whioh   is  that  of  the   Donim 
:  ;;       eiikable  ii.r  its  chnrcli,  whidi 

is  one  of  the  most  'n^!K"'f =';"\J  , 
„H.  city.  Tl.ekbigs  resided  a  log 
nhile  at  this  place,  and  the  lo;  ' 
,'  ce,  which  stdl  ivmains,  is  o  ^c, 
LieONtent,  though  but  two  st^. 
'..'h;  xvithiii  are  fine  paintings  «  , 
,    ,';^;Lind.,aiu!atoixotthe   coi....^| 


..  curlotis 
ik'r  as  t 
this,  tlie 
wliicli  a  t 
mention 
;ii)l-  the  li 
liiive  all 
There  a 
we  have 
ihefcfuri 
that  aiie 
with  13C 
■r.iil  liosj; 
itands  o 
ol'the  in 
lure,  for 
low  hi.lc 
vh-'ins  ot 
td  with 
ineiidow 
tho  Esc 
Doiicro, 
S  E  of  1 
lid.  L( 
Valla: 
Mechna 
ValUu 
the  and 
\iiici;  ol 
ll(\  mil 
W,  lat. 
VJ.Li 
the  pen 
i.l'the  1 
S  of  M 
■JN. 

Vidla 
'litllCC 

Lull.  7; 
VnlU 
icadiii|. 
.•iivlde( 
Tl.e  fo 
ill  llie 
the  hit 
(ill  the 
Vidlais 
I'lis,  a 
ilixaiii: 
Sion,  ( 
1,11.1  SI 
(.r:itici 
They 
Upper 
liiid  t' 
each 
the  \ 
1UO,0( 
the  I 
lisho] 

:l.'VCr( 


A  L 

town  of  Fran.o,  \i\ 
t  of  Upper  Gui-owic, 
;  of  St.  liL-ruanl.    Lou. 

1  N. 

r^lencia,  a  stronf;  town 
Milanese,  capital  ot  tlif 
s'lbject  to  the  kinj?  <i! 
•htini  it  was  ceded  in 
,cen  often  taken  and  re- 
seated on  a  iwiuMluin, 
Po,  12  miles  E  of  Casul, 
)f  Milan.     I.on.  8  o(5  1^ 

town   of    Italy,    in   tV,c 
lena.    Lon.  10  52  E,  U. 

,wn  of  France,  in  tlie  ilc 
;l,avente,  ami  late  province 
ten  miles  S  of  Aiisolcmc, 
lat.  45  30  N. 
cc  Malta. 

or  l'\ir<iuemunt,  atownnl 
arc,-.  It  was  once  foiliii- 
fi.rtifications  were  demo. 
e  French  in  1672.  It  i^ 
jGucle.     Lon.  5  50E,lat. 

a  city  of   Spain,    in  OW 


V  A  1. 


V  A  L 


lital  of  a  principality  ot  the 
with  a  bishop's  sec,  and  a 

It  is  surrmindcd  witH 
,,  embcirishcd  with  hand- 
ini?s  large  public  squares, 
\  fountains.  It  is  large  ani 
containing  11,000  houses. 
WK  and  broad  streets,  and 
houses  adorned  with  balw- 

market    place,   called  LI 
700  paces  in  clrcumlercnce, 
I  bv  a  great  number  of  cm- 
is  "the  place  where  thelair> 
There  is  another  square  m 
.  of  the  citv  surrounded  wtli 
'  brick  houses,  having  under 
/.as,  where  people  may  wa.: 
(    leathern.      Within   these 
crchanls  and  tradesmen  kcq- 
PS  ;    all  the  houses  are  ot  tnc 
'ht.   being  four  stories  ;   am 
balconies  at  every  window 

In  the  whole  there  ae 
isuriis  antl  tumncries,  tla. 
,,bi.-h  is  that  of  the  Domm;- 
Kukahlc  fnr  its  church,  whic. 
jf   the    most    magmiicent    m 

The  kings  resided  a  lon, 
t  this  V\.^cc,  and  the  roy.! 
vhicb  sllll  remains,  is  ot  \c 
,unt,  though  but  two  stories 
Ubin  !.vf  line  paintings  ot  m- 
uU.  v.'A  .It  o;x  of  the   ca;ncrs| 


curious  clock  m.ide  in  the  same  man- 
',KT  as  that  of  Straslinrgh.      Besides 
ifiis,   tlierc    are    sever.al   other   places 
wliicU  a  traveller  ought  to  vii.it;  not   to 
incmion  tliose  belonging  to   noblemen, 
iinr  the  houses  of  rich   citi/.cns,  which 
l,;ivc    all    their     particular     beauties. 
There  are  other  public  squares  wlilcli 
we  have  not  room   to    describe,    and 
ihcrcFi-re   we    shall   only  take  notice, 
tliiit  .another  of  them   is    surrounded 
Willi  130  cliurclies,   chapels,  convents, 
,r.id  liospitals  ;  .inil  that  the  town-house 
Stands  on  one  of  the  sides.     "I'lie  house 
iltlie  inquisition  is  anoddsortof  slnic- 
iiire,  for  tliere  are  no  windows,   but  a 
K  w  li..le«  to  let  in  the  light.     The  en- 
viiwsof  the  city  are  a  fine  plain  cover- 
ed with  gardens,  orchards,  vineyards, 
ineiidows,  and  fields.     It  is  seated  on 
the  Ksc.M'va  and  Pisuerga,    near   the 
Doucro,  52  miles    S    AV  of  Burgos,  80 
S  E  of  Leon,  and  95  N  by  \V  ot  Mad- 
,kl.    Lon.  4  25  W.lat  4150  N. 

VdkdolU,  a  town  of  New  Spam,  in 
MeclinacHn.  See  Meclwacax. 

Viilludolul,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  m 
the  audience  of  Guatimala,  and  pro- 
\iiKc  of  Honduras,  with  a  bishop's  sec, 
2jfi  miles  E  of  .Guatimala.  Lon.  88  22 
\V,  bit.  14  30  N.  .      . 

WdUdolid,  a  town  of  New  Spam,  m 
the  peninsula  of  Jucatan,  near  tl:e  coast 
i,rtlic  bay  of  Honduras,  S4  mdes  E  liy 
s  of  Merida.  Lon.  83  20  W ,  hit.  20 
■  J  N.  .      , 

I'idladolil,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  tiic  au- 
litiicc  of  Qiiito,  situate  near  the  Andes. 
Um.  75S\V,  lat.  6  2  S. 

railiih,  a  county  of  Swissci'land,  ex- 
tending 100  miles   from   E   to  W,  and 
jlivlded  into  Upper  and  Lower  VaUais. 
■i  i.e  former  reaches  from  M<nnit  Furca 
111  the  river  Murge,   below    Siou  ;   and 
tlic  latter  from  lliat  river  to  ?',.  Gingou, 
<ii,  the   lake    of  Geneva.     Tlie    Ujiper 
Vi.lUiis  is  sovereign  of  the  Lower  \'al- 
liis,  and   contains   seven    iiidepeiulent 
lii.Kains,   or   commonwealtlis ;    namely, 
Siiiii,  Goms,  Urleg,  Visp,  Leuk,  Rarcn, 
,Mi.l  Siders.     Of  these,    Sion   is  aristo- 
(r;itical,  and  the   others  deinocratical 
'r;;ty  are  cidled   dixain-s   because   tlie 
Upper  Vallais  lieiiig  divided  into  seven, 
liiid   the    Lower   into  three   districts, 
raeh   division  is  a  dixtiin,    or  tenth    of 
She    wliole.       The     Vaillais    contains 
lUO.OOO   inhabitants,    who   all   profess 
the    Roman     Catliolic    religion.     The 
Llslinp  gf  Sion   yas   formerly   absolute 
:nvcre;!ru  over  -.'..e  greatest  part  cf  the 


Vallais  ;  but  his  auUiorlly  i:i  now  limi^ 
ed.     Tlie  iali.'ibitants  of  the  Upper  Val- 
lais arc  imuh   subject   to  goiLers,    in- 
large    exeresreiices    iroin    the    tliroM, 
which  often  increase   to   an   cnonnons 
si/c  ;  iil;oley    also  remarkably  ;d)OUiul.s 
auumg  then'i ;  ami  the  lower  chi»s  an- 
extremely   indolent   and  dirty.     From 
.Mount  Furca,  its  E  boundary,  two  vast 
r.mges   of    Alps    inclose    the    Vallais. 
The  S  chain  aejiarates  it  from  the  Mil- 
anese,   Pieatnont,   and    Savoy :  the   N 
divides  it  from  the  canton  of  lUrii.     A 
coiintrv  entirely  incdosed   within    high 
Alps,  and  consisting  of  plains,  elevated 
vallics,  and  lofty   mountains,    must  ne- 
cessarily exhibit  a  great  variety  of  cli- 
mates and  prosjiects.    'i'he  production:; 
of  the  Vallais  vary  also  accordiii:.;  to  it-i 
singular  diversity  of  climates  ;    in   con- 
sequence  of  which,  Mr.  Coxc  observes, 
that    strawberries,     cherries,     plums, 
peart,  and   grapes    (each   the   natural 
growth  of  the  country)   may  be  tastecl 
ill  the  same  day.    It  has  more  iba.i  suf- 
ficient wine  aiid  corn  i'or  interior  eon- 
sumiilion  ;  and  a  consiilcrable  (Uiantily 
uf  both  are  \earlv  exported  ;  tin-  sod  m 
the  midland  and"lower  dislric'.s    being 
oxceeding-lv  rich  and  ferule  ;  but  uillic 
more  elevated  parts,  barley  is  the  only 
grain  that  can  be   ciJtivated    wi^li  sue- 
cess.     There   arc   no  iii.uiiii'actures   ol 
;ciy  con.sequence  in  the  Vallais,  and,  in- 
deed, the  Ignorance  oi'thc  people  is  no 
less  rem.arkabU"  than    their   ind<-!ence. 
They     arc     hardy    and    eiiteriirlsing^ 
grave,   severe   to   enemies,   allabie   to 
strang-ers. 

i\illv!on^n,  a  town  of  Nai)l,'.'s,  in  Ca- 
hibi-la  Ull'crhore.     Lon.  10  40  E,  lat.  M 

44  N.  .      , 

VaUeiuort,  a  town  of  Fr.aucc,  in  tlu- 
dcpr.rtment  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late 
provinc:;  of  Normandy,  with  a  ci.stU-, 
16  miles  N  bv  W  of  Caiidebec.  Lon.  i 
25  W,  lat.  49  46  N. 

VaUoicav,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  47 

10  N.  .        ,      , 

VaUcii^in,  a  town  of  Swisserlano, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  principalitv  of  Neuchatel.  It  is 
seated  near  the  lake  of  Neiiehatel,  2J 
miles  N  W  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lai.  47 
0  N.  See  NcucluiteL 

l^alkrs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  lU-- 
partment  of  Indre  and  Loire,  with  so.iie 
'iiineral  waters.  Lou.  0  41  E,  lat.  17 
24  N. 


' Viilh-y,  St.  a  commprciaj  tov.'u 


o.i' 


V  AL 

France,  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
S  bit-  provin..  .>t    I'lcavdy,   at  the 

trance  is  vcrv  'l''"^''''""''-,^'',  „  ^  |, 
N  VV  of  Abbeville,  nml  100  N  l>. 
W  of   Paris.    Lon.  1  37    E,    lat.    50 

^^Valleryen.Caux,   St.    a    seaport 


Valerv-en-(.nux,   or.     »    •— i-    -  . .  j^ 

?r;:::ic:W^;^^I^eppe,anaiOsU.a.ura. 


V  A  R 

export  wine,  silk,  planks  chccsr,  bn.- 
tcr,  uml  cuttle.  '1  l.e  .nhub.tants  ur. 
computed  to  be  62,000.  and  are  all  R.,- 
man  cathoVics.  .   „    .       i    • 

VaU'erdc,    a    town    of   PoH-kM,  m 

Bc-ira,   on   the   conlinca   ..t    Si^am,  .>U 

,n,ilesNbyVVof  Alcantara,  and  o3S 

of  S  E  of  Guardia.    Lon.  b  19  W.  lat.  .,9 


a  town  of    Spain,    in  Es- 
and  eight  niilcs  from  Bada- 


Lon.  0  41    E,  lat    49  joz 


N  W  of  Paris. 

^^y^aUier,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
denaun^ntof  Ardeche.  and  late  pro- 
V h  ,e  "f  N'-^andy,  seven  m.  c.s  N  L 
of  Tournon.     Lon.  2   5   E.  lat.  49  10 

^'Valo^inc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
>,^m?n  ofthe  Channel,  and  late  pro. 
^•"  ce  of  Normatuly,  noted  ii.r  c  c.th  and 
;:Xr.  Unseated  on  a  brook   e^glU 

miles  from  the  sea.  and  l5»  W  b>  «  "' 
Paris.     Lon.  1  26  W,  lat  49oON. 


k»,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  iu 

Armenia,  near  the  ['•""»•<:"  ".'.[l-i:^; 
It  IS   a   populous  place,  defended  b,  a 

cistle,  seated  on  a  mountani.  Il  is 
likewise  a  bcBlerbeghc  »»^f^^ 
there  arc  nine  sangiacates  or  pa^u  • 
lar  ™vernm»nts.  The  lurks  aU  s 
keep  a  numerous  parnson  .n  the  r.stle. 
1  on  44  30  E,  lat.  38  30  N. 

Vannu.neu\-  Land,  the  S  extremity 
of  New  Holland,  .liscovered  by  1  asnian, 
in  1642.  afterwards  visited  by  capUm 


Valnna,  an  -••«'''^P''''^;*1'l'"r,v,a  £,  Dinnen^^  Road,  a  road  of  the  is- 
Turk.M  .  in  Europe,  n.  U|.per  A  ban.a,  van  .i-„„„i,tuh„o.  one  of  the  Fnciid- 
^•,„,  .•luubour.     It  was  t^ken  u^^^f «;  j  J;"'\^;,|ds.^  j,  ^„   \,^  55  w,    lut.  21 

*  r«m,«,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  tk 
diparln.ent  of  Morbihan,  former  n 
b  s'nop's    see,    seated  on    the    ffult  .f 


^v  tu-  Venetians,  who  abandoned  it 
aher  tlicv  had  ruined  tlie  fortihcat.ons. 
U      satedon.beKulfofVcn.ee   near 

the  mountains  of  Chimera,  50  miles  S 
orDurazm  Lon.  19  23  E,  lat..  4WN. 

Vall>ark:>o,  a  town  <>*  ^  "''.  ^'^'' ^ 
well  tVeimented  harbov.r  deten.led  b. v  a 
rtrngfoft.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pachc 
Ocean,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountum. 

'";^:i,^V^w"o?F;;L,intheVe- 
„jssCl2  miles  E    of  SI.    Paul   1  rois 

"^'S"- town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
n.rtnu'nt  ..f  Ardcche,  and  late  province 
r,f  Daunhinv,  remarkable  for  mineral 
-..l.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ardcche, 
tr"e^milesVofAubcnas.Lon.426E. 

^'"r^J;!- i5alled  by  the  inhabitants 
I'dlftflino,  a  f ■rtile  vallry  of  Swisser- 
Und  s.  b  cVt  to  the  Griso.s  It  is  about 
S^tiwSn  length,  "tcndin,  f^..mjhe 
confines  of    Borniio  to  the  lake  ot    Chi 


Morbihan      Its    principal   trade     s  n 
wheat  and  rye  for  Spain,  and  .t  hasa 
trade  also   in   pilchards   and   sea  etls^ 
It  ,s  three  miles  from  the  At  antic    .6 
SWof  Rcnnes.    and   255  W  l^V  S  of 

Paris.  Lon.  2  46  W.  lat.  47  ^^  N. 
Knr,  a  department  of  France,  incM- 

ing  part  of  the  late   province   ot    Pio- 

^^7ar,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in 
thecou,,tyof  Nice,  and  falls  mtotlie 
Me.riterrLean,  four  miles  W  of  Nice. 

It   gives   name   to  the   above   dcpait- 

"*  r«rn//o,  a  strong  town  of  Ualy,  in 
the  dutchy  of  M'l''"'  47  miles  Y 
N  W  of  Milan.     Lon.  8  25  E,  lat.  4j 

'',?,;„«, W,    a   t>.wnofFr.-uice   intb.. 
14  miles  N  N  V\  m 


^■,„.  ,„<ii.  bounded  on  the  Why  the 
du  Vh  of  .Milan.  On  the  20th  of  July 
?6kthere  was  a  goner.,    massacre  ol 

the  Protestants  in  this  valley.  The  V.il- 
telin'Ts  have  no  manufactt.res ;  but  they 


mountam,  reniai  .v.^.v  ....  ■■•-      - 
rnck  on  its  summit.  Lon.  109  17  t-, 

^~ Varen'dore,  a  fortifie.l  town  of  Germa- 
ny, 11!  the  bishopric  of  Munster.  sealed 
on  the  river  Embs. 


partiiicii 

lltllCC  IV 

S  S  E  o 

n  N. 

Varen 
(Icpartii 
ll.c    uni 

(|I1CC11, 

iirrostei 
Jinx-,  . 
that  cit 
nidiit. 

I'lirhi 

miles  li 

lat  45  ' 

I'arn, 

key  in 

ihi  ten 

bijjioi)' 

nioiilli 

2!  mil 

K  W  1 

ill-  42 

Varz 

pai'tnii: 

:iiilcs  t 

Vdsi 

ornmei 

Voljja, 

•io  44 

Viiss 

licck  C' 

■  (le  ol 

i  of  F 

■.ml  ab 

iiiir  11 

Vast 

lerritc 

surnii: 

«l  (111 

nic'li. 

Vds 

partni 

the  » 

:,;',.l  1 

'lU  27 

])artn 
|.lain, 
Lon. 

I'm 
ro]Ks 
tlie  SI 
Ira. 

Va 
dtpai 
s'rU;  I 
iivlcs 
and  1 
4B  3( 


^  A  R 

k,  planks,  cliccsr,  bni- 

Tlie   iiiltiibitanls   mi: 

62,000,  ttiiil  are  M  Kn- 

town    of  PoH'ikM,  in 

conlincs   of    Si'iiiii,  .">() 

of  Alcaiitura,  ami  o3  S 

I.    Lon.  6  19  W.  Itit.  39 

town  of    Spain,    in  Es- 
I  ciglit  n\llc3  from  Baua- 

of  Tiukoy  in  Asia,  in 
the  frontiers  of  Persia. 
oils  place,  defcnilcil  1)V  a 
on   a  mountain.    U  is 
'lerbeglic,   umler   wlncli 
'  sangiacates,  or  par'icii. 
Its.     'llie   Turks    always 
(ins  {^arrison  in  Oic  resile. 
,  lat.  38  30  N. 
,V  LanJ,  the  S  cxtrcnv.ty 
id.discovere.abyTasiiiai;,, 
wards  visited  by   capUm 

n's  Road,  a  road  of  the  is- 

utaboo,  one  of  the  Fnciid- 

Lon.  174  56  W,    lat.  21 

.eaport  of  France,   in  the 
of  Morbihan,   formcily  a 
.,    seated  on   the    gulf  (,t 
Its    principal   trade    is  m 
vefor  Spain;  and  it  has  a 
[i  pilchards  and  sea  eih. 
iiiles  from  the  Atlantic,  sb 
lines,    and   'J55  W  by  S  of 
2  4G  W,  lat.  47  39  N. 
partinent  of  France,  mcliul- 
the  late   province   ot    Pro- 

,-er  which  has  its  source  in 
of  Nice,  and  falls  into  tl.e 
,ean,  four  miles  W  of  Nice. 
ame   to   the   above   depart- 

a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
IT  of  Milan,  47  miles  W 
^ilan.     Lon.  8  25  E,  hit.  4.. 

,„,  a  townofFranccintlK- 
,tofAin,  UmilesNNV\..t 
m.  5  15  E,  lat.  46  2o  N. 
a  cape  on  the  E  co.ast  of  the 
,f  Cianipa.  Behind  it  i»  •>  I 
remarkable  for  having:  a luRi 
)  summit.  Lon.  109  17  E,  l»t. 

,f,  a  fortified  tov^-n  of  Gcnna- 
bishopric  of  J-Iunstcr,  sealtO.  i 
er  Embs. 


V  A  U 


U  B  E 


r.inmiM,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  del       i'audirse,   a   deiiaitmcnt   of  l-rancc, 
nartiMcnt  of  Allier,    sealed  on  an  enii-    which  iucUules  tlie  county  ol  Venaissm 
i,c„,o  near  the  river    Allier,    14   mill s|  and  ternlni yof  .'Uignon. 
S  S  E  of  Moulins.    Lon.  3  31  K,  hit.  46 


nin 

2!  miles    N   of  Mesembnu, 

K  \V  of  Constantinople.    Lmi. 


12  N. 

"varemies,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
(Icparlment  of  Meiise.  At  this  place 
ti.c  iinfiirtunatc  kiiii?  of  France,  his 
(|iiccii,  sister,  and  two  children,  were 
iirivsted,  in  their  fiig'lit  from  I'aris,  in 
Jiiie,  1791,  and  conducted  b.ack  to 
that  city.  It  is  13  niilrs  N  of  Cler- 
mont. 

I'arheh,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  CO 
mlltsKof  Temcswar.  Lon.  17  10  E, 
hit  45  40  N. 

Cnriij,  a  conslderalile  sci-.'iorl  ol  1  ur- 
kpy  in  Europe,  in  BiiIk"'''",  capital  of 
ih*  territory  of  Drobni.fia,  with  an  arch- 
biiliop's  see.  It  is  sfiited  nc.ir  tl.o 
iiniilli  of  tlie  Varna,   in  ll.c  I51::t;k  K;  a, 

and    ]  k") 

ill-  42  44  N.  " 

Vai-zey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
j)ai'tmcnt  of  Yonne,  with  a  castle,  32 
miles  from  Aiixerrc. 

('■«(/,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Novo^'orod,  situate  on  the 
Voljja,  60  miles  E  of  Novoi;orod.  Lou. 
•Ij  44  E,  lat.  56  16  N. 

Vasscdlxini' ,  a  post  town  in  Kennc- 
kck  county,  Maine  ;  situatid  on  the  E 
•  (le  of  Ke'iinebeck   river,  n  miles 

;,  of  Fort  Halifax,  40  N  oi  . .  iscassct, 
,,ml  about  83  N  E  of  Portland,  contain- 
iiiir  1188  inhabitants. 

l\ii>:cr!>uyg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
I'.'rrilory  ofMunicli,  witli  a  castle.  It  is 
sunimnded  by  lii^h  mountains  and  seat- 
(il  (ill  the  river  Inn,  23  miles  E  of  Mu- 
niili.     Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  48  10  X. 

Trm/,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
iwrtnii'iit  of  Upi)er  Marne,  scatLd  on 
tiic  Blaise,  10  miles  N  W  of  Joirville, 
a.'.il  115  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  10  K,  lat. 
'IB  27  N. 

/'(jfflH,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
Iiaitnient  of  Indre,  sealed  in  a  tine 
plain,  ei},'ht  miles  N  W  of  Issoudiin. 
Ldii.  1  56  E,  lat  47  2  N. 

I'atica,  a  scap.irt   of  TunJ<ey   in  Eu- 
rope, in  the  Movea,  situate  in  a   1>  ^v  of 
llie  same  name,  44  mi;es  S  E  of  Misi-  ! 
tra.     Lon.  23  2  E,  lat.  36  3f!  N. 


i'liiu-iiisf/vi  viliajre  and  fountain  of 
France,  in  the  depHrlmenl  to  which  it 
j^ives  name,  12  miles  E  of  Avignon, 
celebrated  by  I'ctrauh. 

i'diii/,  I'cii'i  dt;  a  coi.ntrv  of  Swisser- 
land,  ill  th^J  canton  of  Bern.  It  extends 
along  the  like  ot  Geneva,  rising  giadii- 
iiliy  ironi  the  ed^v  of  that  lake,  and  is 
richly  laid  out  in  vineyards,  cornfields, 
and  meadows,  and  diecqiiered  with 
continued  villages  and  towns,  it  was 
wresied  from  lIic  duke  of  Savoy,  by  the 
canton  of  Bern,  in  lSj6  Its  inliabi- 
taiits  arc  robu.st  and  good  soldiers. 
Lausanne  is  the  capital. 

]'t!udiibU:i,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puy  dc  Donne,  five 
miles  from  IsUiire,  and  240  S  by  E  of 
Pr.vi.s. 


;■ 


■.:i"i:io-h 


t,  a  town  of  France  in  the 


(leparliiHiaoi  iVicurthc,  with  a  castlfi. 
it  IS  .seatc  d  in  liie  most  fertile,  country 
fir  corn  in  all  I.nrrain,  15  miles  S  K  of 
Toid,  and  18  S  ^V  of  Nanci.  Lon.  a 
57  E,  lat.  48  26  N. 

Vaudtm,  ]■  idlks  rf,m  Piedmont.  They 
lie  N  of  the  maiipiisate  of  Salu/.zo, 
and  the  diicf  town  is  Hicerna.  The 
iniiahitants  are  called  Va;;dois ;  also 
Waldenses  IVoin  i'eter  Waldo,  a  mer- 
chant at  Lions,  who  cMjiosed  the  su- 
perstitions of  tlie  church  of  Home,  in 
1 160,  and  heiniv  oanishcd  from  Franco, 
,sn.e  I'.crc  with  his  discij/les.  The 
^'a^ldois  unil,rwci,l  the  most  dreadful 
lierseci;tic;:'.s  in  tlie  17ih  century,  par- 
lirularly  in  16.55,  1656,  and  1596. 

i'av.dnvan^^c,  a  decayed  town  of 
Frar.ce  in  the  departmcnl  of  Mourthe, 
.<tM",:d  OP.  tlic  S:'.;-e,near  the  slr<>ng  for- 
tress  of  Sar  Louis,  .50  ni.los  N  E  of 
Nai.ci.     L:.n.  »^  36  E,  lat.  '!'.■  28  N. 

V.ivxhall,  a  village  in  Siirry,  seated 
Ol  the  Thaiius,  two  miles  S  \V  of 
Lon;!on.  Il  is  celebrated  ibr  its  gar- 
dens, v.'hich  arc  l.iid  out  in  so  grand  a 
lastr  tliaLtiioy  arc  honoiired  Air  three 
ii'.or.lhs  in  suir.nicr  by  most  of  the  no- 
liiiiiv  and  gentry.  Here  is  an  alms- 
!io-.:.so  for  si.-,cii"poor  wimien,  built  in 
U".18,  l)v  Y'\-  NofI  Caron,  who  resided 
hci.-,  as  ambassador  from  Holland,  28 


..',. 


,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andahisl.T, 


Vaucoleurcs,  a  town  of  France,  in  ihe 
(kparlnu'iit  of   M.-use,    seated  on  tliej.'- 

.siiU;  of  ahill,  ne.irtiie  river  Mei'se,  1U|      fi  ,■        ,■    .-. 

lilies  W  of  Toul,  22  S  W  of  Nanci,  I  ^vi!h  ;i  strong  cai-tle,  seated  m  a  Jcrli.e 
.ami  150  E  of  Parid.  Lon.  3  40  E,  lat.  |  coontiy,  al.,.oiv,ling  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
4tt36  N. 


and  auitb,  csvcciaiiy    figs.     It    is   five 


U  D  D 


mUes  N  E  '.f  Ua./a    a."     158  S  L  of 
Maclri.l.     I^^".?>'^V,lal..>7  48N^ 

Vbolir.ven,  a  t.'eo  imi'er.al  tit)  ot  Sii- 
.bia,  mU.e  county  of  F'-^^t^"''"''^^ 
Tlie  inhabitants,  who  are  pai'tiy  Roman 
catholics  unci  i.artly  ,n'otcstants  carvy 
cnauTcattru.U-  in  cm-n,  which  they 
ccnd  to  Swlsstrhuuh  and  not  «.i>-  '^"ce 
arc  very  fumons  butlis.  It  i^  sc-.tcd  on 
a  ir.Kli  nxk,  ncartlic  h.kc  of  Constance 
12  miles  N  of  Constance.     Lon.   9  10 

^"uL%u^v  Sctulnd,   a  fortified  town 
of  I'ortUKal,    in    KstveniMlui-a,   will,  a 
S,od  h.HM.nr,  a.  fciuk-a  b>  the  h.rt  o 
^t.  latro.     It  is  bnilt   on   the    nuns  o 
the  ancient  Sct^brigu,   j'l  » J'-"    ''^  ,''' 
a   b^v,  near   the    month    nt   the  Zada- 
en.    "It   has    a   fme  IisIhin,  and  u  ve.  v 
n-ood    trade,    purfcdai-ly    '"/f' 
thirhagveat-inaiility  IS   Kent     o   the 
roloi.ics  in  America.     It  is   sealed   .it 


V  E  I 

UJemioi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  tiK-, 
government  of  Iikut/.k,  scute,  .m  lie 
S  E  side  of  the  lake  Balknl,  on  the 
■,,,...1  from  Tobolsk  to  China,  1000  n„lc, 
NWof  Fekin,  and  1200  L  ol  loiiolsk. 
Lnn   'Jti,10K,  lut.  53  0N. 

t7,//„„,  or  L'..'/.c,  a  city  of  Italy,  ca,.. 
tal  of  Venetian  Friidi,  witli  a  t.t;ul(l. 
It  contains  16,000  inhabitants,  an«l  i- 
seated  in  a  lai^^e  plain,  .icar  the  rivers 
l-aidemento  and  Lisenzo.  10  in.lcs  .. 
of  A.niiWia,  ami  55  N  b>  li  ol  Venice. 
Lon.  13  3  K,  hit.  46  1-2  N.        . 

UMoi,  a  town  ..«  Uiiss.a,  m  the  p. 
vernmenl  of  Irkutsk  .u..r  the  h^, 
1100  miles  E  N  E  ol  Irkutsk.  L'nu 
l,i.j  30  E,  hit.  55  16  N. 

Vecht,  a  river  that  has  Us  soni-co  im 
Wcvtnlialia.near  Monster,  cr.isses  tl,<j 
court U  <4'Stenfo,t  and  Uenthenn,  ami 
e,uenm;()ver>ssel.inisse.sbvOm,nen 
llilielt,    an<l  Swarlsluys,   below  wlucli 


;b,  America.     It  is   seated   at    »^;^  ^;„;:,    ,;,  ^^uler-Z^e.    under  tlie 
^  ^&  !n 'colir  ::ine"Sl    —  of  Swart,  uter.  that  is,  Dlackw. 


the  end 

^'^T  Uie  n' end  boundecl   by  a  row 

of  mountains  loaded  with  hue  lores  Is 
of  pints  and  other  trees  ;  and  within 
arc  ciuarrles  of  jasper  ot  several  co- 
lours <.f  which  a,e  muce  pill  I's  anc 
images,  that  lake  a  very  hue  nohsh^  It 
is  -3  mdes  S  E  of  Liseou.     Lon.  8  o-i 

\V,  lat.  38  22  N.  1  "^  ;"    Y;ii;:  8  24  E,  hit.  ,V2  54  N. 

Vbismi,  a  town  of  Ujiper  Saxon),  in  i  dui„  ,  „..„.,..„    , 

*        :8  miles  S  E  of  VViltemburt". 


Germany,--  ,  , ,  », 

jCon.lS  12E,  hit.  olo4N 

Vtn,  or  Pulo  Uby,  an  island  in  the  In- 
dian  Ocean,  at  the  entrance  ot  tlic  bay 
of  Slum,  20  miles  m  circumference.  It 
vields  ROod  water  and  plenty  ol  wood, 
Lon.  105  56  E,  hit.  8  25  N. 

Uckcr  a  river  of  Germany,  which  has 

Us  source   h,    a   l^'*^- <'f^l'^' «"'";:• 'I!,';;'' 
Vrcnzlo,  in  the  Ueker  inarehe  ot  U)..n 
.knbiirir,  runs  N  throuKh    I'omerama, 
■md  b.'ii.G'  ioiued  by  the  Hainh),  enters 
tleFrsc^;'nHal,abayofthe   Ualtic. 

Uckavnu.de,  '^  town  of  Germanv  in 
Unner  Saxonv  with  a  CMtle,  seated  on 
Srischen-IIal^abayoftheBidtu- 

-J  miles  N  W  of  Steiui.     Lon.  14  1- 
E.  lat.  53  53  N.  . 

UdkraUa,t,Xo^^■^^  of  Sweden,    in  W 
Gothland,  situate  on  a  b.y  ot    l'"^  /;;';- 
,.,ratc,at  the   bottom   ol    some   steep 
vorks,  at  the  extremity  of  a  small   bu 
fruitful  valley.     The  houses    are   bud 
^;fwoodl.ainted  red    and   yellow,  and 
the   streets    are  spacious.     It  contauis 
3000  Inhabitants,  exports  iron,  planus, 
:OKl  herrlnsis,   and   is   50   mdes    >.  ol 
Oothebwb'. 


iiiiit'i 


Vcchu  a  river  of  the  United  I  r..vin. 
CCS,  wiiieh  branches  oh  fi.mi  the  nli 
channel  of  the  Hhine,   at  Utrecht,  and 

enters  the  Zui.ler  Zee,  at  Mov'*'"- 

recA»«.  afo.tih.dtowuolGeimam. 
in  tlK.  circle  of  \V\stpliaKi,  ami  hi..lioi. 
,f  Monster,    30  miles  N   ol  Osiw- 
8  24  E,  hit.  .V2  54  N. 
I'tdcr.sloi,   a  tuwn  of  Uussia,  in  tlie 
government  ot   Archai>s-el,   «"".-';^;;;;' 
?he  Vokscha,  200  miles  E  S  Eot  AuU- 
ap-el.     Lon.  40  44  E,  lat.  o8  43  N. 
"l  eerc.     See  VV/ii'c. 
Vcvlxt,  an  island  in  the  ffulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  coa.st  of   »alm;,tia.  w.ih» 
bish;>p'ssee,  acvo>.dharbour    andac,. 

tad.l  It  is  the  mo-'t  populous  isl.>.  I 
\,n  this  coast,  abouiulsm  wine  and  mU 
and  has  small  horses  m  hic,h  esteem. 
The  onlv  town,  of  the  same  name,  is 
sc-nted  on  the  sea,  on  a  lull  co"'"^""!; 
cd  In  two  mountains,  17  nules  N  \J 
nf  Arbe.  and  110  S  E  of  Venice.   Lmi. 

^^^J^i^'u^^^.  Italy  Piedmont. 
i„  tile  mar-iuisate  of  Susa,  seated  ok 
a„  eminence,  near  the  r.ver  Dm.,.,  13 
miles  N  W  of  Turm.     Eon,   t   ol  t., 

'"'/W,"!;  town  of  Portugal,  in  Men. 

t.Mo    With  a  castle,  seated  on  the  An- 
hido..n.,U)  miles  SSW  of  Portalegie. 

I  on  7  34  W,  lat.  38  .u  N- 

rW,  iV    a  stron;,;  town  of  Germanv, 
•      the  circle  of   Austria,    with  an  M 


>  castle,  and  u  vUmcU  i<:^d  utiUu  c^ 


\I  E  I 

town  of  Siberia,  in  liu-. 
Ii-kutzk,  scaled  on  \\\t 
he  hike  Balknl,  (ui  the 
)lskt()  Cli'ina,  100Umili.s 

and  1200  E  ofToljiilsk. 
at.  53  0  N. 
'iiie,  acilyofltidy,  capi. 

Friiili,   with    a  cit;iil(;l. 

000  iiiliiibitants,  ami  i-. 
f;e  plain,  iicai'  >1"^'  •'i"'"' 
ml  Llsenzo,  10  imlcs  'A 
1.1  55  N  In  li  "'■  Venice, 
at.  46  12  N. 

)wn  of  Umisia,  in  tlio  Ri- 
Irkutsk,   niai-  llic  UiMa, 

N  E  cif  likvitsk.  L"iu 
55   16  N. 

i-  that  lias  its  soni'co  ih 
icai'  MnnstL-r,  enisles  tl.c 
ciifoi  I  "'id  Uenllieini,  ami 
i\sHil,  inissc-.'*  by  Omineii, 
SwailHlnvs,  below  wUicli 
le  :i\ildei--Zee,  under  llie 
rt\\ater,  thatis,  Bluckwi- 

vcr  of  llie  United  rrovin- 
brandies  ofi  from  ibe  nlil 
,e  Hliine,   at  Ulreclit,  and 
mderZee,  at  Mux  den. 
lbili!i~d  t^nvii  of  Geririany, 
of  Westlibaba,  and  tii'li"!'- 
jler,    .10  miles  N   nl'  Osiia- 
8  "^4  E,  lal.  5-2  54  N. 
a  luwnof  Uussia,  in  Uie 
ot   Arebansi-el,   situ.ile  <m 
a,  200  miles  E  S  E  of  Arch- 
1.  46  44  E,  lat.  58  45  N. 
ee  Teiivrc. 

1  island  ill  the  Rnlf  of  Vc- 
!  coast  of  Dalini.lia,  widi  » 
[•,  a  (.^oi'd  liarbour,  and  a  ri- 
,s  tlic  nio-t  populous  islM.l 
st,  aboiiiuls  ill  vine,  and  silk, 
null  borses  in  liii,b  esteem- 
own,  of  tiie  same  name,  is 
lie  sea,  on  a  bill  comm.iul- 
,  mountains,  17  miles  N  \/ 
md  110  S  EorVtmcc.  I.oii 
it  45  22  N. 

a  town  of  Italy  Piedmont, 
nuiisatc  of  Susa,  seated  ok 
re,  near  the  river  l)ona,  13 
W  of  Turin.     Lon,  7  34  h, 

atownof  I'ortuKal,  in  -Mc"" 
I  a  castle,  seated  on  the  An- 

0  niiUs  S  S  W  of  Poi-taltgve. 

W,  lat.  38  5/'  N. 
.    a  stron-  town  of  Germanv, 
,,.lc  of  Austria,    with  an  oM 
idutUiUcJise:;U:dutUiccui^ 


V  E  L 

rtunicc  of  the  Glan  and  Wunicb,  ci(,Wit 
,i,ile.  N  of  Clagennirl,  and  IT.!  S  W 
eiCVi-nna  I.oii.  11  JO  K,  lat_  47  1  N. 
Wit,  St.  a  stron;;-  seaport  of  Austri- 
an  Isiria.     See  J'liinii: 

Ve'.ii,  a  eupe  of  South  America  on 
iln.  N  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  160  miles 
t  N  E  uf  St.  Martha.  Lou.  71  25  \V, 
lit.  12  20  N. 

Vvliii,  ii  bde  province  of  France, 
hiiiiuled  on  llie  N  by  Forez,  on  the  W 
b\  Aiivirjjfiie,  on  tlw  i  l)>  Gevaudan, 
;,;„1  on  the  E  by  Vivare/,.  It  is  full  of 
high  mountuins,  covered  with  snow  tlu' 
j,n'(;iler  part  of  the  year,  but  abminds 
iiicillle.  It  now  foiMUS  the  department 
gf  U;ii>er  Loire. 

Vejai,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cinlc  of  Bavaria,  22  miles  N  W  ..f 
K:ili.-.lion.  Lon.  11  50  E,  bit.  40  10  N. 
ViUentz,  ii  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
paliitinatc  of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  13  miles  N  E  of 
Treves.     Lon.  7  3  E,  lat.  49  52  N. 

W.ctri,  or  Velklri,  an  ancient  town 
of  Italy,  in  Campag-nu  di  Roma.  It  is 
a  very 'pleasant  place,  and  is  the  rcsl- 
(leiirc  of  the  bishop  of  Ostia,  whose 
palace  is  majfiiificent  •,  and  there  arc 
laii,^e  squares  adorned  with  line  foun- 
tains. It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
.■.uiTo'indcd  bv  hills,  ei^'ht  miles  E  S  E 
(,r  Alhano,  and  20  S  E  of  Rome.  Lon. 
U  56  E,  lat.  41  46  N. 

IV/c3,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tik-,  with  a  castle,  45  miles  N  E  of  To- 
kdi),  and  50  S  K  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 
22  W,  lat.  40  0  N. 

Vclcz-de-GuDKini,  a  town  of  Africa, 
ill  the  kin(^(bmi  of  Fez,  with  a  castle, 
ami  a  harbour  seated  between  two  bifyb 
moiinlains,  on  the  Mediterranean,  UO 
miles  N  N  E  of  Fez.  Lon.  4  0  \V,  lat. 
J,i  10  N. 

yelcz-Miiltigit,  a  town  of  Spain,  m 
Grinada,  with  a  castle,  seated  in  a 
!a,,.;u  plain,  near  llie  Mediterranean 
sea,  12  miles  N  E  of  Malaga,  and  52  S 
\V  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  24  W,  lat.  36 
«N. 

l''i!H^i,  a  town  of  Sclavonln,  seated 
on  the   liver   Bakawa,    10   miles  E  of 
Ciiiplz,  and  <»  N  \V  of  Poscija.     Lon. 
16  50  E,  lat.  46  18  N. 
l'vUJI:i  Ustiug,  a  province  of  the  Rus- 


sian ffovernment  of  Volog-da.     UsliiiLj 
U  llie  capital. 

rdon;  a  town  of  Iliiidoostan,  in  tlie 
Carnatii;.  It  is  a  ))Ost  of  s^reat  iir.por- 
i.iv.cc,  eommandinj!,-the  pjreat  road  from 
Mysore  into  llic  Carnatic.     It  cviir.ists 


V  EN 

of  three  stronp  forts  on  as  many  iiilli;, 
and  is  deemeil  impregnable  to  an  Indi- 
an army.  Durinj;'  the  last  war  af^ainst 
llyder  Ally,  it  was  relieved  by  Sir  E)  re 
Coote,  in  the  face  of  the  whole  army  of 
thai  chief,  which  was  reckoned  an  act 
of  great  (rencralsliip.  It  is  90  miles 
W  of  Madras,  and  214  from  Sering- 
apatam. 

I'vltzen.     See  Ultzen. 
W-iui,  or  Monti-ilclla-Vena,  mountains 
of  Carniola,    on  the  coulines  of  Istria, 
on  the  S  of  the  lake  Czcri.ic. 

fauifio,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naplijs,  in 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  with  a  bishop'*  sce» 
seated  near  the  Volturno,  27  miles  \V 
of  Cajma,  and  43  N  of  Naples.  Loa. 
14  19  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Veimissin,  a  small  but  fertile  territory 
of  France,  lately  depending  on  the  pope, 
but  now  decreed  a  part  of  the  republic 
of  France,  and  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse.  It  is  of  small  ex- 
tent, but  pleasant  and  fertile. 

Vcimat,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and 
late  province  of  Artois.  It  can  be  laid 
under  water  at  any  time,  which  is  its 
chief  defence,  and  is  27  miles  S  E  of 
Uunkirk,  and  22  N  \V  of  Arras.  Lon. 
2  39  K,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Vanm/ue,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Es- 
sara,  in  a  country  (noducing  good  wine, 
35  miles  E  of  Balbastro.  Lon.  0  25  E, 
lat.  41  58  N. 

Vciiciiiij^/icry,  a  town  of  the  peninsida 
of  Hindooslan,  51  miles  E  of  Banga- 
lore, and  54  VV  of  Arcot.  Lon.  78  38 
E,  lat.  13  5  N. 

l\'i:ce,  lately  an  archiepiscoi)al  town 
of  France,  in  the  dtpartmcnt  of  Van, 
and  late  province  of  I'rovcncc,  and  be- 
fore the  revolution  it  wasabisliop'ssee. 
It  is  eight  miles  from  the  Mediterran- 
ean, and  10  W  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  13  E, 
lat.  43  43  N. 

('(vii/t,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  I'oi- 
loii.  It  IS  so  called  from  a  small  river 
of  the  same  name.  Fonten.iy-le-Compte 
is  the  cnpital. 

IV';.'".;',  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernuieiit  of  Riga,  36  miles  N  F.  of  Ri- 
ga.    Lon.  25  15  E,  lat.  57  12  N. 

rcnJuDie,  a  town  of  Frai-.ce,  in  the 
depailnieiil  of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late 
|)rovii!(e  of  Ijlaisoih,  seated  on  liie  ri- 
\o:'  L'jir,    -"-'  iiiih-s  N  E  cf  ToMr.';,  and 


V  E  N 

S5  S  W  of  Paris,     l.on.  1  8  E,  lal.  17 

50  N.  .      •    o  .  1 

Vn:'hrll,  a  town  (it  Spam,  in  Cii  Mo- 
nia,  'jr.  n.iU-s  VV  S  W  "I"  D:ircclona 
ton   1  ,')()  I'.,  l.it.  41  I.)  N, 

r,«a,.f/</,  a  provincf  ..fToi-M  I'lniia, 
b.>un>U(l  -m   tl,r    N   by  the  Ciinl. bca.. 
Sc;i,  oil  tlif  K  l)y  C:n-M-cm,  on  the  S 
by  Hew  GranacUi,  and  on  Du'  y  by  St 
Mai-tlia.     When  the  Spaniunls  hiu.Ud 
lit  Ti-  hi  UOW  llicy  ohbcrvoil  sonic  Imts 
built  upon  piU's,  in  an  Indian  ViUapc, 
in  cM'dci-  to  raise  thcin  above  the  aVAv;- 
natcd    wutif   llial  covcied   the  phini  : 
and   this   iiidnccd   thini  to  (five  it  the 
name  of  Veoe/.oeb,   or  I.ittle  Venice. 
Near  tlie  scaeoust  are  binli  nuiiintams, 
the  tops  of  which  are  l>arren,   but    the 
lowrr   parts    in  the  valley  are  iertde, 
prodncim^  pienty  of  corn,  rich  pastures, 
sUL'iir,  tdbacco,  and  fruits,     'llicrc  are 
also  plantations  of  cocoanuts,  which  are 
e.\ceedinKly  good  :    and  gold   is  lound 
in  the  sands  of  'iveis. 

VtmnieLt,  the  capit:d  of  the  province 
of  the  s;,iuc  name,  in  Soutli  /Vincrica, 
Nvith  a  bishop's  sec,  seated  on  a  petiMi- 
sula,  on  the  nulf  of  Vene/uela./O  miles 
N  K  of  Maracaybo.    Loii.  lO  Ij  W,  lat. 

10  43  N.  '  ,      VT  .     J 

Vcr.cz:u'lii,  a   Kulf  ""  the  N  coast  of 

Terri  l''irina,  wliich  coinniunicates  with 

Die   lake  of  Maracaybo,    by  a  narrow 

^"{"»/Vf,  a  territory  and  lately  the  re- 
indilic  of  in  Itaiv  which  coiuiirehends 
14-  provinces,  nan;cly,  tli<'  Do;vado,  t.ie 
Vadiiano,  the  Vicentino,  the  Veronese, 
the  Bicijciano,  the  lJeiT;omasco,  t.ic 
Cvcnuisc  o,  the  Polcsino-.!i-Rovigo,  the 
Marca.-rrevl-iana,  the  reltrino,  the 
i:Mluncsc,  tiic  Cadoiino,  Tnuh,  and  Is- 
tiia  ;  which  see  in  their  proper  places. 
In  the  fourth,  century,  when  .-'atihikins 
„f  the  Huns,  called  the  Scourijeot  God, 
r.tva"Td  the  N  part  of  Italy,  many  ol 
liie  'hdiabilanls  abandoned  their  coun- 
iw    and  retired  into  the  i:,lands  oi  the 


Adrl-.tic    Sea. 


As   thesi;   islands 
near  each  other,   ihcy  found  means  to 
join  them  together,  by  '^''ivln!?  K'»<^«^';^ 


the  side  of  the  cani.ls,  on  which  they 
built  houses,  and  thus  the  superb  city 
of  Venice  had  its  beKinnmK'.  i  he  go- 
vernment of  the  republic  of  Venice  was 
;.nstocrallc,  for  r.one  cou  d  have  had 
ai.v  share  in  it  but  the  nobles.  1  b.ese 
may  be  divided  into  .si',  classes,  name- 
Iv  twelve  of  the  most  ancient  fi;Tiiilies, 
four  families  ih.-it  in  U^u,  siib-<cribed  to 
the  hulUVu:^;-  nf  ii,e  abbey  of  St.  Ccorge; 


V  K  N 

those  whdHC  names  were  written  in  the 
golden  book  in  12'.H);  the  families  that 
were  ennobled  by   the  public  m  l.'iH.i  , 
those  that  purchased  their  nobility  fi.r 
lUO.OOO  ducats,  in  Hi  16;  and  lastly  all 
Ihe  strangers  which  the.  Venetians  have 
receiveil  into  the  number  of  their  no- 
bilitv.    Anv  man  of  these  families  above 
:.>  years  of  age,    had    a  right  to  be  a 
member  of  the  council,  whether  he  had 
any   capacity  or     not.       It     generally 
consisted   of    about   2500  ;     and   they 
wore  accounted  great  politi.uins,  good 
negociators,  and  secret  even  to  a  scru. 
iile.    They  also  made  a  magmhcent  ap- 
pearance,  Builable    to   the    dignity   of 
their   emplovment.      The     Doge    wall 
elected   bv  a   plurality  of  voices,   and 
keiil  his  .lignitv  for  life.   In  bis  election 
they  made  use  of  gold  and  mlver  balls, 
which  were  put  in  a  vessel,  and  served 
for  balloting.     Those    who   drew   nine 
golden    balls,    first  elected  40  counsel- 
lors,  w!io  drew  twelve  otliers.      1  hese 
elected  25  other  counsellors,  who  drew 
9   golden   balls.     These  9   elected  40 
counsellors,  who  drew  11.    Those  that 
had  the  11,   chose  41  counsellors,  who 
proceeded  to  the  election,  till  25  votes 
or  more  fell  upon  the  same  person,  w-ho 
was  then  declared  Doge.     After   thm 
election   they  placed  the  ducal  cap  on 
his   head,   upon  which  he  took  posses- 
sion of  the  Doge's  iialacc.     He  never 
uncovered  his  head  to  any  person,  be- 
cause be  did  not  wear  the  cap  m  us 
own  name,  but  in  that  of  the  republic. 
\Vli«n  there   were  any  great  solemni- 
ties,  a  nobleman  carried  the   sword, 
which  was  an  emblem  of  the  supreme 
uuthoritv.  but   it  was  not  beh.re  the 
Uoge,   i)Ut  before  the  serate,  to  shew 
th'it   the   power  was  lo.lged  m  them. 
The  o«ice  of  the  Doge  was  to  give  mi- 
dience  to  all  ambassadors  ;  to  marry  the 
Adriatic  Sea  in  the  name  ol  t.ie  repub- 
lic,   on  Holv-Tliursday  ;  to  preside  lU 
all  assemblies  of  Hie  state  ;   to  liave  an 
eve  over  all  the  members  of  the  magis- 
tracy ;  and  to  nominate  to  all  the  bene- 
fices annexed  to  the  church  of  St.  Mark. 
On  the  other  hand  he  was  to  determine 
nothing   without  the   consent    of    the 
council ;   he  was  not  to  open  any  letter 
addressed  to  the  republic,  orthat  came 
from   the   republic  ;    he  was  not  to  re- 
ceive imy  present ;  he  was  not  to  leave 
tlic  cilv"  without  permission    of    the 
s'ltes  :'  he  was  not  to  chuse  an  assist- 
ant i    and   he    was   never  to  resign  his 
dignitv.    In  short,  he  was  a  prisoner  .iv 


I( 


lot. 


•at 


N 

were  written  iiitlie 
tlie  families  tiiut 
•  piililic  ill  138J  ; 
1  tlu'lr  ni)liilitv  lor 
ilfi;  and  lastly  all 
'jK  Venetians  Iiavf 
inl)ir  of  tlielr  no- 
ose families  above 
(1    a  riirlit  to  be  a 
I,  wlietlierlie  bad 
It     }jc  lie  rally 
2500  i     and   tliey 
j)oliti(iaiis,  pood 
<  ret  even  to  a  scru- 
le  a  njat^nitirent  ap- 
to   the    dijfiilty   of 
Tbc     Doge    \va» 
dity  of  voices,   and 
life.    In  his  election 
;old  and  silver  balls, 
11  vessel,  and  served 
ise    wlio   drew   nine 
elected  40  coiinsel- 
(clve  others.     'I'hesc 
)iinsellors,  who  drew 
These  9   elected  40 
hew  11.    Those  that 
41  counsellors,  who 
•lection,  till  25  votes 
the  same  person,  who 
I  13o(je.     After   this 
ced  tlie  diical  cap  on 
irhich  he  took  posses- 
's  p.ilacc.     He  never 
;ul  to  any  person,   be- 
t  wear  the  cap  in  hiH 
I  that  of  the  re|)iil)lic. 
re  any  great  solemni- 
carriccl   the    sword, 
blem  of  the  supreme 
:   was  not  before  the 
;  the  serate,  to  shew 
was  lo.lg-ed  in  them. 
Dog^e  was  to  (five  au- 
ssadors  ;  to  marry  tlie 
le  name  of  tlie  repu!>- 
irsday  ;  to  preside  in 
liie  state  ;   to  have  an 
lembers  of  tlic  niagis- 
ninate  to  all  the  bene- 
he  ciiiirch  of  St.  Mark, 
d  he  was  to  determine 
the   consent    of   the 
not  to  open  any  letter 
republic,  orthateamii 
ic  ;    he  was  not  to  re- 
. ;  he  wa.s  not  to  leave 
;   permission    of    the 
not  to  chuse  an  assist- 
IS   never  to  resign  hi* 
,  he  was  a  prisoner  in 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


»lic  city,  and  out  of  it  he  was  no  more 
tlun  a  private  person.  There  were 
t'uiir  councils,  the  lirst  of  which  was 
cumjiused  of  the  Uogc,  and  six  counsel- 
lors culled  the  Signioru.  The  second 
was  the  Consi^^lia  Grande,  or  Great 
Council,  in  which  nil  the  nobles  had  a 
loice,  and  silting.  The  third  was  the 
Coiisiglio-dci-I'rcgadi,  which  was  as  it 
were  the  soul  of  the  republic,  and  C(m- 
.sisted  of  about  250  of  the  nobility. 
The  fourth  was  the  Consiglio-l'ropria, 
'.vliose  member*  were  culled  Savii 
Grundi,  or  the  Greut  Sages,  was  joined 
II)  the  Signiori,  and  consisted  of  2U  as- 
sessors. This  gave  audience  to  the 
.embassadors.  '!'hc  fifth  and  la«t  was 
IJ.Collegio-dellidieci,  and  was  compo- 
sed of  10  coimscllors,  who  took  notice 
lit'  all  criminal  matters,  and  the  Doge 
liinisclf  when  accused,  was  obliged  to 
appear  before  tliem.  There  was  no 
appeal  from  this  council,  and  it  was  a 
ijrcat  misfortune  to  be  cited  before  it. 
It  was  a  kind  of  state  inquisition,  as 
severe  as  that  for  religion  ;  and  they 
iiad  a  great  number  of  spies,  who  dis- 
CDVcred  not  only  what  was  done,  but 
what  was  said.  As  to  religion,  the  Ve- 
netians are  Uoman>CHtholics,  and  yet 
iliey  tolerate  the  Greeks,  Turks,  and 
Persians.  The  protestaiils  are  nut  al- 
lowed the  free  exercise  of  their  reli- 
gion i  but  tliey  are  neither  hated  nor 
persecuttj,  as  in  other  Popish  coun- 
tries. The  head  of  the  clergy  is  the 
Patriarch  of  Venice,  who  must  be  a 
nnhle  Venetian,  and  is  electe  i  by  the 
senate.  This  Patriarch,  in  consequence 
{)( the  policy  of  the  senate,  has  scarce 
any  power  over  the  priests  and  monks, 
iiho  are  greatly  corru])ted.  There  is 
another  Patriarch  belonging  to  Venice, 
whose  authority  extends  over  Friuli, 
Utria,  and  most  of  the  bishops  on  Ter- 
ra Finna.  The  tribunal  of  the  inqiiisi- 
tiun  at  Venice,  was  composed  of  the 
Pope's  Nuncio,  the  Patriarch  of  Venice, 
ami  tlie  Father  inquisitor ;  but  to  pre- 
vent these  from  abusing  power,  three 
cniinsellors  were  added  to  the  num- 
her,  without  whose  consent  they  could 
determine  nothing.  The  clergy  in  ge- 
.mral  are  ignorant,  and  yet  they  are 
pretty  good  orators.  When  the  diver- 
■iiiiis  of  the  carnival  were  over,  no- 
liiiiig  was  heard  but  sermons  about  re- 
;;^^nuuir.e,  and  they  declaimed  very 
:'.Mngly  against  the  violators  of  the 
iix'.h  commaiulinent ;  however,  the 
K.'ruch  of  it  is  so  common,  and  so  mitcli 


in  fashion,  that  the  confessors  theHU 
selves  treat  it  as  a  peccadillo.  Tli* 
iiiiniber  of  people  in  the  whole  terrilu- 
ries  of  the  republic,  is  estiiiiati  d  at 
2,500,000.  Venice  was  onte  one  of 
the  most  powerful  commercial  and  ma- 
ritime stales  in  Kuro|:c.  For  Uiis  it 
was  indebteil,  at  first,  to  the  monopoly 
of  the  commerce  of  Imlia ;  the  pro- 
ducts of  that  country  being  conveyed, 
ill  the  middle  ages,  up  the  Persian 
Gulf,  the  Euphrates,  unil  the  '1  igris, 
as  far  as  Bagdad  ;  thence  b)  land,  across 
the  deseit,  to  Palmyra;  and  thence  to 
the  Mediterranean  ports  ;  and,  al'ter- 
wards,  tlift  supplying  of  the  crusaders 
with  provisions  and  military  stores  was 
an  additional  source  of  wonderful  opu- 
lence and  power.  The  causes  of  the 
decline  of  Venice  were  the  continual 
wars  with  the  states  of  Italy,  with  tho 
Hungarians,  and  their  own  rebellious 
subjects,  which  kept  them  employed  so 
that  they  had  no  leisure  to  ojiposc  the 
Turks,  whose  rapid  ailvances  ought  to 
have  alarmed  all  Europe.  After  the 
destruction  of  the  eastern  empire,  the 
Turks  came  more  immediately  to  inter- 
fere with  the  republic.  Whatever  va- 
lour might  be  shown  by  the  Venetians, 
or  whatever  successes  they  might  boast 
of,  it  is  certain  that  the  Turks  ulti- 
mately prevailed  j  so  that  for  some  time 
it  seemed  scarce  possible  to  resist  them. 
What  contributed  also  greatly  to  the 
decline  of  the  republic,  was  discovery 
of  a  passage  by  the  Portuguese  to  tho 
East  Indies  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  in  1499.  To  this  time  the  great- 
est part  of  the  East  India  goodi  im- 
ported into  Europe  passed  through  the 
hands  of  the  Venetians  ;  but  as  soon  aa 
the  above-mentioned  discovery  took 
place,  the  carri.ige  of  India  goods  by 
the  way  of  Alexandria  almost  entirely 
ceased.  All  these  causes  co-operating 
have  reduceil  Venice  from  a  state  of  the 
highest  splendour  and  importance  in 
European  politics,  to  comparative  in- 
significance. The  declension  of  Venice 
did  not,  like  that  of  Rome,  proceed 
from  the  increase  of  luxury,  or  the  re- 
volt of  their  own  armies  in  distant  pro- 
vinces, or  fp-om  civil  wars  of  any  kind, 
Venice  has  dwindled  in  power  and  im- 
portance from  causes  whioli  could  not 
be  foreseen,  or  guarded  against  by  hu- 
m.in  prudence  although  they  had  been 
foreseen.  In  their  present  situation, 
there  is  little  probability  of  their  at- 
tempting new  coiiquosis  j  happy  if  they 

B  It  B  B  B 


V  E  N 


V  tN 


?W   tC     Of    li-.MlM.MH.H".,     .....y    I.VOVU.l 

;,.,•    n.iviv  I.,  l-c  l-«""l  '"  "'"^  T'    . 

.,,M,,|HiniMrn,.o-Uul.l>HolKr.n,h,,.>.K' 

V,.,T.mpcwiU,c».l....luT      ll..•^^,K.- 
•llu.vuv.-u)ivil>  •,nK<im'K.|....|.l.'.^N- 

l^Knuue.  .M..■1.4totlKM.;.U■ 
tw'uxa.i.tv.     TLc,  ^v..mc.«  ...•.■  ..tim  fa. 
,y   aa.l,.H,.  aa<»    l.vc   ....  =^vors.oM 
cultivM...iC  ..n  ^.•.|uM..tan.o  w.  I.  U    >. 
s.ram'.M';Avl...  arc  piT:.'.-..K'd   f.  th.n  . 
l,yil.V:irnl..»:..Mi,oi'l.aNcl)c>ni>ivpci- 

Iv  rccoir.ii.'.iuliil.  .    ■ 

..     ir.ll-l.lvl'i.l'.'.     »"'l    »    V'l"V>'i''l>-    ,.'' 

V..,.i.x.     Tl,c   av,roaol.   to  tW.  <  d    - 
«l,Kl.   .Invct  vessels  r,t«r.A:.mU.u 

st.-.,n«-t     fnilMU-al.oiH.      Oil   tilt,    al) 

iml  ll.o  c:,nn,y  can  a.lva.u-c  IV.  Uiv  IR   . 
VW..■ei.si!.la.eabouM■.^el...lc:.. •-..., 


t'.n;  iniuiiiii:.  >i  i"  " 


'itul  (it'i.rt'Uiui,  lake, 

./Jmuiu-i-'iiimr , r 'It;  ^'M'f'^^^i '';•'•;> 

,l,c  large  o,,..-.calloa-,l..- !iHll"t\ '='";-■• 
•,rH.m[l.i.la.ul.,    i.t    uicw    n.:l.-sa,. 
tlnce.     •riusc  islau.ls,  w  ii  ¥;v^-.\m<-'!- 
s'    v!hv,-.aktK-loirc-ofO;e-Ml,'alir 

r.rms.  bcn.iv  ll..Mvachlbclaf,^...a; 
t.-t.  m  vvvN  1.1;;1.  wi'Hh.  tl'c  -..uv.l?,"t-n 
;,!•  Ur-  lake  Is  .l.,..!;-(i'oiiB  lo  i';^:nw.\:.^ 
•iud  sonietim.-.  ihc  IT""'1"1  «;'-  ^>"  "'f 
,iust   t;,cM.>s.-lves    even    .i>   ^'^'■   ^-"""'^ 


This  :a  not  so  pveut 


^,i,...M,v.n;.,...-.s..iiKl.t   b.   .-'K|M 
„.„  „',itc 'U'""  **  ^"'""'•' ''"'^"""l"'''" ""'""■ 

,  .M.Ualiiig  wit'.  !!■.  sticfl  ;  by  HR-.i.s 
,^^^■bi<•l,^^.aoi■.;..b.•iaK.s  ap.i'suM 
,,ay-.  loahrxstany  i.avtof  ,R.r,> 
i,v  Un'l,  as  ^cU  as  by  water.  1  be 
■uimbcr  of  tl.<-  ipUM.itants  is  romi.i'.t'  - 
',:,  l,c  about  160,000.  Tbc  bou^u--.  are 
Ui-.U   ..'1   l/iWs.     Tbe  str-.-cti,  u;  ijcm: 


rfti,  ore  narrow  1  »"'l  m.  arc  tbe  onab, 

oxcil.l  tbe  Oieul  ^i"'''''   ^^'"'''  '"  '"> 

l,,,,:,.!,    aiwl    b«H    a    H.-vpriilin.-   (.m.v 

tl,n..it?bllR>"bblb'.>tib..c,ly.     lli.r. 

,,,,.  „i;„ve".500  l,n,ln-.'S  .;xer  lR•s.•.^.• 
|„,,|s,  i),cmostC..in..iisot  wbicbi.tu. 
calUatlR  Ui^ato.     U  in  buiH  ul.M..  l.r 
,„iaaU-  of  tlio   nr<'..l    cun'.a,  wbi.  li  .1. 
,„l.s   V.i.ice  im-.  two   l-u"'^      »>'^:" 

kvlilte  marble,  ana  ban  but. Minu'cli.n 
,vb„l,  itHi,nlRll.:ai.ri>.i1>e....».^lH,uiHl 
U  '10  f.el  1V(>1«  "i.e  extreU.itN  to  tl,- 
„ll,;.,.  ()ntbisbna;;earctwo  n.ws., 
,l,,,,,s.vvbl.b<iivia.aii.t..tbieeslv.T., 
jl,.-  iJr  est  ofxvbbb  Ik  Ml  tbe  niicUlV 
lln:  oUier  l.rkHvc  eonsist-s  oaly  ot  .;.w 
u,^b,anabasl.<.raason.•;R■bsule.    lU 

vi.w  Inm.  the   U1:.U..  in  e.|..a  Iv  bu'l; 

a..an,aK..'.lRe<.t,tbeO.'ana(.a..alc.. 

!r.abvb,.atHan.lK..naolas,a.;a««i.lc. 

..,l.meucbsia.:by".»K'..beenlpb.m 

,,,„...tRsan.lsr.^,.s    '••"-i'V"-,;?' 

Canal,    and  ibe  Ci.nale  \Uk<^>,    M  Ih 

,„|,..rs  .re  narrow  ana  mean,  ....Tico 

UR.n.bavcno.iuaysaiultbew,     .  it^ 

,,llv    N^asbeH   tbe    lu.i.se..       Mr   ™ 

plaJ.c    vv'.R^re    a   l-crs..n   can  Nvalk  w, 

[.a^e  ana  safety  i:.  in  tbe  I'.a.' /a  a,  St 

M-.n-c, ;  a  kind  or.rrei,na..r.|n=;ara«KK', 

i;,,„i.a  by   a  number  ol  bu.bbnKs.  »!1 

sineular   in   tbeir   kina ;    "a>"''ly.  ^l;' 

Ducal    Palace;    tbc    cbnrc Irb    of   M 

Mark  and  St.  Cen.nnano  :  tbc  Old  aiu 

New   Prucuraties.    a   noble    range  01 

,,„l,dinKs,  in   vvbicb  arc  tbc  n.uscnm, 

epnblic  library,  m.a  nine  larRca,,.rt 

mens  belonKiuK  to  tbe  procurators. 

i  S     Mark.      All  tbe....-  l...iUl.n(?s  are  ol 

'  marble.     At  lb."    corner   oi    the  ..(■« 

procuratie,    ''  >'^tle  distance  IromtJ 

'cl.urcb  stands  tbe  steeple  o,  St.  Ma    . 

a   (maaraoKular  tow-^r,  about  oOO  ft 

L  ,      •Ibe   patriarcbal   cbnrch  of  S 

Maik,  tboiiKb  one  of  tbc  richest  m\ 

uu,st  expensive  in  tbe  w<,i  a,  aoesn. 

mrike  the  e^e  Vl•r^•  much  at  hrst.     f  « 

,  Tl  itecture  is  of  a  mixed  kina,  mosll; 

Golbi.-  ;  vet  many  of  the  pillars  Mre  0: 

•  l.c-Cvc-ian  orders.     Tbe  trade  otlt.; 

;.„v  at  present  is  far  short  of  wluit ) 

was   fbrmerh.     Their   clue     mamfo. 

,.>,es     are    cloth:    cspcnallv   s.;      . 

silks,  eoia  ana  silver  st.iils,  brocaiks 

volv;.H^,na  paper,  of  vvbich.  and  vvmc, 

oil.  fruit,  svveetn.ats,  anchoMCs    .uu 

...veral   sorts  of  dru^s  t.scd  "' i; '  ^^.lofe's 

au.!  paintiniT.  the  ''^P"'-^^  "'"^  ^ '' ^    |l,eld   tl 

sUleiable.     Venice   has  ''^■",'',7      f.|,oklhv 

,.:U.s,  nor  eita.Iel.  to  aefcM.a  1   ;         J,,,,  -, 

,„a,;on  supplying  the  ^^antof  ad    .  -  |^^  • 

h:  tiie  tvcr.sury  of  relics  is  the  pu)''  ■ 


,-.il,  or  or 

|.r.lei.il,  o 

r;,i\l>    ^bo 

Itii^ali  of  I 

(.■rtutesi   c 

iiiinot  ilet 

,,  Greek  1 

,,rverly«,i 

UV.v.W   of 

uliii-li  are 

make  eaci 

(f)vvii,  the 

is  that  cal 

q;i;irler," 

«nii  St.  !•: 

;,,!l,  Cliioi 
l.i.io  de  M 
■il.iiiils  ar 
>i';ikiii[j 
111  distil); 
I.W*  lii-n 
'jitlieir  li 
ire  few 
l^l.lml  of 

d'lil  look 
wui'l;.".,   I< 

noted  ;  111 
i  palace, 
1,'tlc  slioi 
iiic  Balt- 

iW  of  ^'1 

j'll  yich 
Tliere  a 
jb'.iiil  Vi 
Tienlliinc 
M.'.  Fr. 
hrid^^'ti  ol 
son,  on  t 

SU'.KM'S  p: 
!lii,  brid 
yis;)iri, 
cr  i,'.c!ler 
i<  railed 
Vcneliai 
•Illy  her 
n]iportin 
ihcy  seb 
iiiily  \va 
secret  n 
lir;ipc  tl 
is  an  opi 
ilic  sea, 
of  f  rani 
the  she 
ii  the 
lulls   a 


i:  N 


J  iind  t,o  are  llie  (■.iniil', 
lit  (Jun.il,  wliiili  i>  Mil 
n  II  HI  rpi  ntiiic  iiuum' 
.lillc  ofllu.'  cily.  'iliiru 
|)  liliiln'rs  (IMP  llifsr  (•!,. 
I.iiii'iiii  of  wliidi  i  til.' 
Ito.     U  in  built  aliiiiii  lii" 

Hi'C'at  curv.il,  wliiili  il;- 
iiilo  two  |):iiiM  It  is  III 
anil  lii.s  Imt  mic  jii'cli,  Hi 

'1|>.'||   III  lllllN  Cllllxi^lH  ,  Ullli 

loiu  (iliir  «'\trfiiiit\   to  Ihi- 

lis  l>nii^,'f  iiR  two  rows  if 

(liviili  11  iiilKtlirri'  slriiM-, 

r  wliirli  i«  ill  iIk'  niidilli' 

il,/'  roiisists  oaly   ol  urvs 

ii'iruilsoii  r:icli  side.   'I'lin 

It'    Kiahii  is  i'i|il!il^  liM'li 

1,1  i  I  111'  Ol'iiiiil  (.':iniil  t'l- 

,ls  iiiiil  (;i)nilolas,  sir.il  Hiuik. 

i<l<;  liy  iiiiin'iiilit'fiit  piitarti, 

hf/i'i  s     Kxcrpt  tilt;  Oriiml 

lilt'  Ci.iiale  HcKi".    »ll  llif 

,;irrci\v  ;inil  muaii  i  (;'ime  o: 

(I  ijiiays,  aiultlio  w;  ti'i'llte- 

s     tlic"    hollSLVS.        '1  IH'    Dlllr 

f  a  pui'sim  rail  walk  wilii 
il'fty  i:<  in  tin-  Tia'/atli  Si 
iiitl  of  ii'ri'i;iilar«iiiatli'anj,'K', 
a  mimlicr  ol  l)iiililin|,'s,  sll 

tlicir  kind ;  iiauii-ly,  tlif 
ICC ;  tlic  rliiircliii*  of  SI 
it.  Gcminiaiu) ;  the  Old  ami 
iiiMtifs,  a  not/It;  range  ui 
ill  wliicli  arc  tlic  nmsLMim, 
ibrary,  and  nini'  larpc  :i|i;irt' 
iiU'liil^  to  tlif  procurators  ni 
All  tliCM?  Imildinpfs  arc  of 
.t   the-    toi'iicr   of   I  lie  new 

a  little  distance  from  tlic 
ids  till-  steeple  of  St.  Mark, 
;iil:ir  tower,  about  jOO  fi'el 
•  p;itri;uelial  cliurrh  of  Si. 
ij^li  Olio  iif  the  ririiest  mi 
ibivc  in  the  woi  Id,  docs  nut 
•ye  very  niiicb  at  first.  Tin 
c  is  of  a  mixed  kintl,  mostk 
■I  many  of  the  pillars  Mrcof 
11  orders.  The  trwi'.e  of  the 
sent  is  f.ir  short  of  what  it 
rh.     '1  heir   chief  mumil'ai 

cloth  ;    cs))ecially   scariti 

and  silver  stiills,  brocades 
d  paper,  (f  which,  and  wim 
sweetlieats,  anchovies,  ami 
ts  of  drii|.js  used  in  physic 
iR',  tilt  exports  are  still  ecu 

Venice  lias  neither  wull? 
citiiilel,  to  defend  it  ;  its  ■'■ 
'plying-  the  want  of  all  tlicsr 
r.sLiry  of  relics  is  tlic  pi«'' 


•V  K  N 

,-.,11,   or  on«inul    mannsrript,   m  tlioy 
i,r^teiid,  of  St.    Mark's  pnpcl :     it   is 
runly    shown  i    and    ilie    wi'lt.n)c,    liy 
k'ii(,'ll>  of  time,  Ik  sh  ilel'ac-d,  thai  the 
j;i'talesl    coiiiioi:*seiirs    m    iiiaiMisiTlpls 
aiiimt  determine  wlielln  lit  wa.i  wrote 
, I  Greek   or  l.itiii.     Jl.'Hi'les    wnil    is 
lirijerly  raileil  liieriiy,  (h-'i'e  is  a  mill. 
iilmli'   of    little    islands     l\iii)C  rwuiul, 
uliich  are  covered  with  huildiiijfs,  and 
niuku  each  of  lliem  a  k.u  I  of  separate 
town,  the  most  eoii»i(lcr;il>le  of  which 
i'.lliut  called  Giiideca,  or  the    "J.wu 
t^iirter,"  wi.'ch  is  h.r;,'!' and  popiil.nis  j 
with  St.  Krositi  I,   S>    Helena,  S'    (Jr.  . I'. 
;ji,  CliioNa,    II  l.,iilo  de    I'.iu'slliil,  ,    II 
l.i.lodc  Maliiinofi'o.  and  .Nlnrano:  tli..-;  ( 
:>l.iiii!s  are  a  sort  of  feiue  to  the  c  ty, 
.  ikin;j    ilie   violi'iiec    of  the    wu<e«. 
Ill  iii.'itiii(;uisli  them  from  otiiei  t,  the 
|(  »s  here  must  weir  a  bit  of  red  cloth 
lUlieir  hats.     The  ji^ariltms  i'l  tliis  city 
>re  few   and    inconsiderable.     In    the 
nli'td  of  Miirano  are  made  those  lir.ui- 
'.Jill  lookiii^' jrlasses,  and  oilier  n'l.eis. 
woi'k.s,   tor  which    Venice  is  ko  iniieli 
noted  ;   licre  the  family  of  Cornaro  hath 
1  lialaie,  with  a  (•'allery  of  paintinj^s, 
\,:llc  short  of  an  Itidiaii  mile  in  leii^lh. 
liic  fialt-works  in  the  island  of  Cliiosa 
ire  of  (^real  bciulit  lo  the  Vinelians, 
ji.il  yicltl  a  ^ory  eoiisiderable  revenue. 
Tlierc    arc    several  other  small  inlands 
ali'iiil    Venic'.>    besides    tliost!   wc  have 
Tn.'iitioiicd  ;    lint  Ihcy  are    inconNiden'- 
'ile.     Kroni    the    palace   \%    a   covereil 
!iriil(;'o  of  commnnieatiim  to  u  state  pri- 
(iiii,  on  the  other  sideof  the  canal ;  pri- 
su;ier.s  |)ass  to  and  from  the  courts  o'cr 
!!li^  brid;];e,  which  is  ii.ime.l  I'oiile  dt  i 
S'is;iipi,  the  Britlf^'e  of  sijflis.     'I'lie  low- 
er j,-.i!lery,  or  pia/./a,  liiijer  the  palace, 
i*  railed  the  Brojclio.     In  this  the  noble 
Venetian:!  walk  anil  converse.  ;    it  was 
•iilj  here,  and  at  council,  that  they  had 
"liportuiiitics  of  incetiMj;-  tojyetheri  for 
ilicy  seldom  visited  openly,  or  in  a  fa- 
nnly  way,  n'  each  otiier'n  houses  ;  anil 
^c^rct  mectinijs  would  have  given  um- 
iirapo  to  the  slate  iiiiiuisltors,     'I'Iic't 
il  an  opening'  fVoin  St.  Mark's  Place  to 
ic  si'a,  on  which  stand  two  lofty  pillars 
"f  pranite.     The   };rand   scene   of  ;.ll, 
the  shews  and  follies  of  the  festivals, 
the   square    of    St.  Mark,  in  which 
liiills   are   sometimes   baited.     In    the 
floire's   palace  all   the     high     colleges 
lielil    their   assrinblins  ;     but    we    are 
lold  by  several  travellers,  which  .seenis 
icry     .strange,     that     the    stairs    are 
no  better  llwn  a  privy.     In  this  palace 


V  E  N 

I  i«  aimall  nrnenni,  rurninliod  wiili  urKM 

■  agiiilist  any  sudden  iiisiirreit.on  of  the 
people,  togelliir  wllli  a  Ktule  piism,  • 

1  greal  inani  e.Mjiii'>lle  paMiliii;;s,  ami  ':«'• 

;  \erul  ciiiiosilK  s,  iiiiioii;;'  w  liii  li  aw  suiiiit 

iiil:iilr.i  citfiriili.i.     CJne  Midi-  of  il  is  to- 

■  wards  St.  .Vtark's  sip. tare,  iiiid  the  low  • 
'ergill'ryim  tliat  sule,  \v:!li    llie   hall 

'  under  the  new  )irociir.ili«  f.ic iii;j  if,  aic 
!  called  the  Uroglio,  where  the  nobility 
I  anil  none  else,  at  leinl  while  they  ape 
1  present,  are  all'iwid  to  walk.  Tliu 
Hii'iare  of  St.  .Mark  in  t!ie  greateut  or- 
1  iianient  of  the  city,  rml  liatn  ilie  form 
I  ol  a  pari,l!el()gr,im.  In  this  sipiare  be- 
sides the  church  and  palace  of  ht  .Mirk, 
a"e  two  towcrii,  on  oiu;  side  of  wliicii  is 
a  rm'ioii.s  clock  i  and  the  other  has 
Htairs  so  coiistpiicled  that  one  may  ride 
iif)  on  hoiMi'hack.  Opposite  to  the  dii- 
c.il  palace  is  the  p'llilie  library  of  the 
c  nmonwealth  i  ci  otainiiig  a  large  col- 
l>  tioii  of  books  and  luaniiscripts,  with 
some  line  paintings,  .••.tatues,  and  curi- 
osities. H.iril  by  St.  Mark's  sij'iare  i* 
the  zecca,  or  mill:  from  /vixu  tl;t» 
gold  coin  cilled  Zecchino  ta!«i  s  il.s 
iiimc.  One  of  the  Hni.dlcst  pieces  of 
money  ut  Venice  is  culled  Cla/.etta  ;  i,nil 
the  lipst  iicwspspers  puhdished  tiiere, 
on  a  sini^le  leaf,  having  been  sold  liir 
that  a-piecc,  all  kirn's  of  new  papers 
were  fro.n  tlunce  styled  ('.i/ettes. 
i'lie  gland  arsenal  la  two  ami  ii  liali" 
I'.al'an  nil'c:i  in  circull,  and  cnutair.:. 
vast  i]Uiiiili.'L-<  of  n,iv,il  and  oliier  w.i,'- 
like  stores  ;  sniie  pretend  thai  it  cindd 
furnish  urms  for  10,!KJ,;  liorae  uiul 
1(W,(JUU  foot  i  here  are  the  troiihits  of 
ScaiiiK  rlr-g  and  other.;,  wit!',  the  In  I- 
niet  of  AtdIa,  ike.  In  ilii.s  city  is  a  f  - 
iiions  carnival  wiiieli  bigins  on  New- 
year's  il.iy,  ami  contiuiie.i  till  Ashwed- 
iiesilay,  all  v\!ii<  h  time  is  employed  in 
sports  and  diversions.  Then  there  is 
scarce  aii\  distiiiel  ion  between  vice  ami 
virtue  ;  for  libertinism  reigns  lhron;;it 
the  city,  and  thoii.saiids  of  foreigiu'rn 
frequent  it  from  all  parts  of  Knroi'c. 
They  all  Hnntar  in  masks,  which  no 
one  can  venture  to  take  lH'i  in  this  dis- 
guise they  imitate  the  fin y  of  tlie  an- 
cient Bacchanals  ;  and  llie  nearer  Asll- 
wcdnesday  a|)proache.s,  the  more  mail 
they  arc.  'I'lie  principal  spot  of  the 
masquerade  is  St.  .M^irk's  I'lace,  where 
there  are  sonielimes  l.j,(i()0  ]h  opie ; 
and  it  swarms  with  harlequins,  jesters, 
mountebanks,  ropedancci's,  and  pnppct- 
sliowB.  Even  the  priests  ami  monk4 
enjoy  the  diversions  of  the   ctinilvuii 


il 


^^^■JA""' 


■BH*" 


-ir- 


V  E  R 

b«t  ^hen  that  >s  over  nothing  i.  heard  |  and  E^; 
from  the  clergv  but  sermons  on  epent 
ance.  V.-nire  is  included  m  the  J.ro. 
vince  called  ll  .i  ""K"^"'  ''"V'^'l. 
miles  E  by  N  of  Mant-.a,  115  NE  of 
riorence.  140  E  of  Mdan,  212  N  of 
Rofne,  and  300  N  by  W  of  Naples. 
Lon.  12  10E,  5at.45  26N. 


V  E  R 

anar-mu,,..  There  are  such  crowd* 
of  Spaniards  from  all  parts  of  America, 
that  tents  are  erected  for  them  wliilr 
the  fair  lasts.  This  place  is  famous  oi, 
account  of  the  landing  of  Ferdinando 
Cortez,  with  500  Spaniards,  when  lie 
undertook  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  It  is 
200  miles  E  by  S  of  Mexico.    Lon.  97 


Z  '^    r  /f  /asea  between  Italy  fsS  W,  lat.  19  12  N 
Vemce,  Gu{f  oj,  a  sea  be  .ween   u    y  ^ 


and  inut  of  Turkey,  in  Europe.  It'StUc 
ancient  Adriaticum    Mare,  .and  is  still 
sometimes  called  the   Adriatic.    The 
doRC  of  Venice  annually   wedded  this 
sea,  in  tolcen  of  the  sovereignty  of  that 
republic  over  it.     Ou  Ascension  Day-, 
he  went  upon  the  water   m   a  superb 
vessel,  which  the  commander  swore  to 
brine    back   again   in    defiance   ot   all 
w.atlier,    and  throwing  a  gold  ring 
into  the  Hca,  pronounced  this  sentence  m 
Latin  :  We  espouse  thee,  Osea/,u  token 
of  true  and  perpetual  sovereignly. 

Veno,  a  strong-  town  of  Dutch  G-ael- 
derland,  formerly  in  alliance  wrth  the 
Hanseatic  towns.  It  was  more  than 
once  taken  and  retaken  in  the  wars  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  Spaniards.  In 
175^  if  surrendered  to  the  allies,  and 
was  confirmed  to  the  states  general  by 
the  barrier  treaty  in  1715  It  was  taken 
bvthe  French,  Oct  28,  1794.  It  isscai 
ed  on  the  K  side  of  the  M«"«c  ("".*'  f 
opposite  side  of  which  IS  Fort  St  M.ch- 

ae  )  10  miles  N  of  R"'-'^T,"T  f  Vi  on  I 

N  W  of  Jullers.  Lon  5  50  E,  hit.  .'il20  N. 

Vco^a,  a  town  of  ItaU-  in  Naples,  in 

Basillcata,  with  a  bishop's   see.    It  is 


rera^«<x,  a  province  of  N  America, 
in  New  Spain,  in  the  a>'d'encc  of  Gua- 
timala ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  gul 
of  Mexico,  on  the  E  by  the  province  and 
bay  of  Panama,  on  the  S  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  Costa  Rica,  li 
is  125  miles  long  and  40  broad,  ana  isi 
1  mountainous  and  barren  c<mnM-y,  i 
bounding  in  gold  and  silver.  Conception 
'  is  the  capital.  .  ,.,  .        •      i 

Vera.paz,  a  province  of  N  America, 
in  New  Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Cm- 1 
timala;   bounded  on  the  N  by  Jucatan 
ontheEbv  the   bay  and   province  oi 
Honduras,' on  the  a  by  Guatimala  Pro- 
per,  and  on  the  W  by  Chiapa.    It  is  88 
miles  in  length,  and  nearly  as  much  in 
breadth,  and  is  full  of  mountains  and  I 
fo-ests  ;  but  there  are  many  fertile  ^ai- 
lies,  which  feed  a  great  number  of  hor. 
ses  and  mules.     There   are   also  many  I 
towns  and  villages  of  the  native  Ameri- 
cans    TlH  capital  of  the   same  name, 
has  a  bishop's  see,  but   is  inconsidera. 
ble      It  is  120  miles  N  E  of  Guatimalx  | 
Lon.  89  0  W,  lat.  15  10  N. 

Vcrberie,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department   of  Oisc,   and  late 


with  a  bishop's   see.    It  is^  m  ii.e  "^l-'^-r;    f  ^^.^^^^    sf^td 
f.i.tile  plain  .t  the  foot  of  !>-"-  of  tl.  isle^  of^F^^    ^  .  ^^.  ^^,,. 


seated  in  a  u-hm*^  i""".',  "■'.^;'„r    e  a^o 
the  Appennines.  13  mdes  N  W  of  Ace 
renza,'  and  72  N  E  of  Naples.    Lon.  15 
S">  E   lat.  40  54  N. 
"vn^ta-de-Cruz,  a  town  of  S  America, 
in  Terra  Firma,  seated  on   the  river 
Chawe.     Here  the  Spaniards  used  to 
embark  the   merchandise   ot   Peru,  on 
that  river  for  Porto  Bello.  Lon. .  9  0  W, 

^""MZ^:^  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  32 
miles  E  N  E  of  Belluno.  Lon.  lo  40  L, 
I'lfr   Afi  ^^  N 

'■  n;a%»  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  with  a  harbour  Jt  's  43 
miles  N  E  of  Almeria    and  o2  S  W  o 

C-arthagena.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  371 J  n- 


on  the  river  Oise,  10  miles  NEof  Sen- 
lis.     Lon.  2  51  E,  lat.  49  22  N. 

Verceli,a.   strcmg  town   o'.  1"'>'  'i 
Piedmont,  capital  of  a  lordship  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  eta- 1 
del  and  a  castle.    The  tov>m-house,  the 
governor's  palace,  and  ihe  hospital,  arel 
handsome  structures.     It  is  seated  t| 
the  confluence  of  the  Sf  ^^la  and  Ccn  , 
10  miles  N  W  of  Cas.al,  ar,d  40  N  E  oi 
Turin.     Lon.  3  24  E,  lat.  45olN. 

Verchokmk,  a  town  of  H"**'"' '"  ^l 
government  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  105  Ja  t,l 

lat.  .HON.  „fR,K 

rercholure,  an  episcopal  town  of  Km  • 

sia,  in  the  government  of  Perm.    Loni 


:,  .  seaport  of  N  Amenca     ^0  1     E.  la    58  45^_N. 


Vera  Cruz,  "  o^.m'—-  —  -  '  , 
-.n  New  Spain,  in  Tlascala,  seated  on 
be  gulf  of  Mexico.  Here  the  fiota  ar- 
rives annuallv  from  Spain  to  receive 
the  produce  of  the  gold  and  B'lver  nune 
of  Mexico,  and  an  annual  fair  is  held 
iiere  for  tlie  rich  merchandise  of  CUuia 


Verd,  Cafe,  a  P'-omontory  on  the  vv 
coast  of  Africa,  45  miles  N  W  of  Jf 
mouth  of  the  Gambia.  Lon.  17  3^  "• 
lat.  14  45N.  ■„»i,p  At 

Verd  Islands,  Cape,  ■"l^^'J'lV.i  1  ro,  ■ 
lantic,  above  300  miles  W  of  the  com. 


E  R  \ 

here  are  such  crowd» 

om  all  parts  of  America, 

erected  for  them  wliilc 

This  place  is  famous  on 

landing  of  Ferdinaiulo 

|500  Spaniards,  wlitn  he 

conquest  of  Mexico.  It  it 

S  of  Mexico.    Lon.  97 

12  N. 

rovince  of  N  America, 
,  in  the  audience  of  Giia- 
ed  on  the  N  hy  the  gulf 
the  E  by  the  province  and 
a,  on  tlie  S  by  the  Pacific 
1  the  W  by  Costa  Rica.  Ii 
ong  and  40  broad,  ami  is  a 
and  b«rren  countiT,  .i. 
fold  and  silver.  Conccptioii 

a  province  of  N  America, 
in  tlie  audience  of  Gua- 
nded  on  the  N  by  Jucatan, 
the  bay  and  province  of 
n  the  3  bv  Guatimala  Pro- 
the  W  by'Chiapa.  It  is  88 
Tth,  and  nearly  as  much  in 
1  is  full  of  mountains  and 
;  there  are  many  fertile  val. 
feed  a  great  number  of  hor- 
PS.  There  are  also  many 
h'illages  of  the  n:.tive  Amcrj. 
capital  of  the  same  name, 
|>'s  sec,  but  is  inconsidera. 
120  miles  N  E  of  Guatimala. 
V,  lat.  15  10  N. 
an  ancient  town  of  France, 
artnient  of  Oisc,  and  late 
tlie  isle  of  France,  seated 
•  Oise,  10  miles  NEof  Sen- 
>  51  E,  lat.  49  22  N. 
-  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
capital  of  a  lordship  of  the 
,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  cita- 
astle.  The  town-house,  the 
palace,  and  Lhe  hospital,  are 
structures.  It  is  seated  at 
ncc  of  the  Sessia  andCei'va. 
\V  of  Cas.il,  ar.d  40  N  E  oi 
m.  8  24E,  lat.  45  31  N. 
si,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
t  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  105  35  E, 

•e,  an  episcopal  town  of  Rns- 
government  of  Perm.  Lon 
t.  58  45  N. 

/.t',  a  promontory  on  the  W 
•ica,  45  miles  N  W  of  the 
le  Gambia.     Lon.  17  33  W, 

mis.  Cape,  islands  in  the  At 
re  300  miles  W  of  the  coast 


'"'T»-"«.;v^fc- 


IP 


V  E  R 

if  Africa,  between  13  and  19°  N  lat. 
discovered  in  1446,  by  the  Portuguese. 
'I'lic  principal  are  ten  in  number,  lying 
ill  a  semicircle.  Their  names  arc  SU 
Anlonia,  .St.  Vincent,  St.  Lucia,  St. 
Nicholas,  Sal,  Bouavistu,  Mayo,  St.  Ja- 
go,  Fuego,  and  Bravos. 

Virden,  a  dulcliy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  28  miles  long, 
and  nearly  us  much  bi  .i.ul ;  bounded  K 
and  S  by  the  dutchy  of  Lunenburg,  W 
by  the  VVeser,  N  by  the  dutchies  of 
Uremen  and  Lunenburg.  The  Danes 
in  1715,  ceded  it  to  the  elector  of  Han- 
over.   The  inhabitants  are  Lutherans. 

Verden,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  ca- 
pital of  a  dutchy  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  9  0  E,  hit.  '5:i  10  N. 

Verdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  r.lcuse,  and  late  province 
uf  Lorrain,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a 
strong  citadel.  Its  fortiiications  were 
constructed  by  the  chevalier  de  Ville 
and  marshal  de  Vauban  ;  the  latter  of 
whom  was  a  nativeoftliis  place.  There 
are  several  abbeys,  collegiate,  and  par- 
ish churches  j  and  the  must  curious 
structures  b>;sides,  arc  liie  bishop's  pa- 
lace, the  town-house,  and  the  Jesuits 
college.  Verdun  was  taken  by  the 
Prussians  in  1792,  but  retaken  soon  af- 
ter. The  inhabil.ints  are  noted  for 
making  line  sweetmeats.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Meuse,  wliich  runs  through  the 
middle,  42  miles  S  W  of  Luxemburg, 
S.  150  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  4U  9  N. 

Verdun,  a.tcuvn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late 
jjrovince  of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the 
Guronne,  22  miles  N  W  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  1  20  E,  lat.  43  54  N. 

Verea,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Eu- 
rojiean  province  of  Macedonia,  48  miles 
\V  of  S:.loniclii,  and  115  E  of  Valoua. 
Lon.  22  18  E,  lat.  40  40  N. 

Vereria,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Moscow.  Lon.  25  50  E,  iat. 
55  18  N. 

Vergeiuws,  a  post  town  in  Addison 
county,  Vermont ;  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
Otter  river,  23  miles  S  of  Burlington,  on 
lake  Champlain,  and  47  N  of  Rutland. 

Verina,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  tlie 
pnivince  of  Terra  Firma,  situate  on  a 
gulfoftiie  Atlantic,  45  miles  E  of  Co- 
iiK-.na.     Lon.  63  44  \V,  lat.  10  8  N. 

Virviandou,  a  late  territory  of  France, 
in  Picardy;  which  with  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Soissonnois,  is  now  inciiided 
into  the  department  of  Aisne,  It  a- 
houiub  in  corn,  aud  excellent  flax. 


V  E  R 

Va-manton,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  seated  on  a  river  10  mile* 
S  E  of  Auxcrre.  Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  47 
40  N. 

Vermont,  one  of  the  United  Stales  of 
America  ;  boiuided  on  the  N  by-Cana- 
da, on  the  E  hy  the  river  Connecticut, 
which  divides  it  from  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  S  by  Massachusetts,  and  on  the 
VV  by  New  York.  It  is  155  miles  long 
and  66  broad,  and  divided  into  11  coun- 
ties. A  chain  of  high  mountains,  run- 
ning N  !>nd  S  divides  this  state  nearly 
in  tlie  centre  between  Connticticut  river 
and  Lake  ChampLVm.  The  height  of 
land  is  generally  from  20  to  30  miles 
from  the  river,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tal, je  from  the  New  York  line.  Tlic 
natural  growth  upon  this  mountain  is 
hemlock,  pine,  spruc",  and  other  ever- 
greens ;  hence  it  has  always  a  green 
appearance,  and  on  this  account  has  ob- 
tained the  descriptive  name  of  Ver- 
Mons,  Green  Mountain.  On  some  high 
parts  of  this  mountain,  snow  lies  till 
May,  and  sometimes  till  June.  The 
country  is  generally  hillj'-,  but  not  rocky. 
It  is  finely  watered,  and  aHiirds  fhe 
best  of  pasturage  for  cattle.  On  the 
banks  of  the  lakes,  rivers  and  rivulets, 
are  many  fine  tracts  of  ricli  interval 
land.  The  heavy  growth  of  limber, 
wliich  is  common  throughout  the  state, 
evince  the  strength  and  fertility  of  the 
soil.  EliTi,  black  birch,  maple,  ash  and 
bas^-wood,  grow  in  the  moist  low 
ground  ;  and  the  banks  of  the  rivers  are 
limbered  principally  with  white  pine, 
intermingled  with  vales  of  beech,  elm 
and  white  oak.  The  inhabitants  cvilti- 
>  «te  wheal,  25  and  30  bushels  of  which 
grow  on  a-  acre,  rye,  barley,  oats,  In- 
dian corn,  he.  The  corn,  however,  is 
frecpiently  cut  off  by  tlie  early  frosts, 
especially  on  the  motintaiiis  and  hills. 
That  which  grows  on  the  hanks  of  the 
rivers  is  not  so  frequently  injured.  Flax 
is  raised  in  considerable  quantities,  and 
the  soil  is  good  for  hemp.  Potatoes, 
pumpkins,  and  garden  roots  .ind  vcge- 
taldes,  grow  here  in  gic.it  plenty. 
Large  quantities  of  sugar,  of  a  good 
quality  and  flavour,  are  made  from  the 
sugar  rnapie.  The  inhabil.ints  have 
been  estimated  at  100,000.  The  princi- 
pal  town  is  Bennington. 

Vcrnet.     See  Istoire. 

Vcrneuil,  a  (own  of  France,  in  the 
department  ol'  Eure,  and  la'i-  province 
of  Normandy,  sealed  on  the  Aurc,  22 


V  E  R 

roilcsS  W  of  Evvcux,  anil  65  W  by  S 
ofPM'.s  L.m.  0  59  K,  l:>t.  48  4J  N. 
Vcn-.cuit,  a  town  of  tninro,  m  Uie 
ilopavtmont  of  Allii-r,  and  hue  pvovMuc 
of  BoMvbonnois.  three' miks  from  tlu- 
river  Allicr,  and  15  Suf  Mcvilins.  Lon. 
3  25  E,  lat.  46 'jO  N.  . 

Vernnn,  a  town  of  France,  in  tl)C  ilP- 
pnrtment  of  Euro,  and  late  provnue  o 
Normrindv,  willi  an  ancient  castle,  and 
a  fortress  at  ll-e  end  of  the  bridge, 
over  the  Sei.ie.  27  miles  S  E  of  Kouen, 
and  42  N  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  4<!  t>, 
lat.  49  fi  N.  ,        , 

Veroli,  an  ancient  and  populous  town 
of  Italv,  in  Chami)agna  di  Roma,  with 


a  blsliop's  see  It  is  seated  on  the 
Co'^a,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,4.) 
miles  S  K  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  13  t-, 
lit.  41  23  N.  _  ,    , 

V,ron<u  a  famous  city  of  Itay.  capi- 
tal of  the  Veronese,  with  a  bishop  s 
see,  thi-e  forts,  aiul  an  academy.  U  is 
Ri.rrounded  bv  thick  walls,  dMl> 
critehes,    and    ^ow\     ramptcrts.  he 

fctrcets  are  ncitlicv  clean  nor  straight ; 
but  tlierc  is  a   handsome  place  called 
the  pia/.za  d'Armi,  in  which  is  a   niar- 
ble  s...alue,     representing   the  republic 
of   Venice.       Tlie     most    reniarkahle 
ctructure  is  the  amphitheatre  built  bv 
the  Romans,   in  which   there  arc    44 
rows    of    benches    of    wh.te    mavl)le, 
which   will   conveniently  hold    2.7,U0() 
t,ersoiis.     Verona  is  the  birthplace    o1 
Piinv  the  Naturalist,  and  m  tne  cathc- 
dr:d"is   a  magnificent    tomb   ot    1  ope 
I.Mcius.     The  river    Adi-'c   diyi-.i;;    it 
into  two  parts,  which  communicate  by 
two  handsome   bridges.     The    Trench 
teok   possession    of  tlr.s    ci'.v  m    JiU> 
l-'lo;  but  the  Austrians  nblig-ed  them 
to, surrender  it  in  June  1799.  .  1^^'«,  1^„ 
miles  N  E  of  Mantua,    and  bl  S  W  ot 
Venice.     Lon.  U  24  E,  lat.  '!,5  2bN. 

Veronese,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  bounded  on  tlie  N 
l,v  the  'Picntlno,  on  the  E  by  the  \  in- 
r;.n;inoand  I'aduano,  on  the  ;^  bv  tne 
]\ta„tuan,  and  on  the  Vv^  by  tlu-  1  res- 
ci;mo.  It  is  35  miles  lour  and  27 
broad,  .nn.l  one  of  the  mostlertne  ciy.m- 
Iries  in  Italy,  abounding  in  corn,  wine, 
Iruits,  and  cattle. 

Vemoh,  a  considerable  town  oi  Kus- 
«ia,  in  the  government  of  lle^.an,  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,    near  a  river  ol   thc 

samename,  which   ■' l'"' ''-^   "■^T"  *:'"' 
into  the  Don.  I.on.4  }  29  E,  lat.-. .  15^. 
Verrez,  a  t  ,wn  of  Italy,  m  Piedraor.t, 
witU  an  impregnable  I'ortrcss. 


V  E  R 

Vi-niers,  a  town  of  Swisscrland,  six 
miles  E  N  K  of  Pontarlier,  and  2U  W  S 
\V  ot'Neutchalcl.  . 

Vcrmiiics,    a   town  of  France,   in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oiie.     It  con- 
tains  60,000  inhabitants,  and  since  tlio 
revolution,  has  been  created  a  bi.-hop^B 
see      In  the  reiirn  of  Lewia    XIII.   il 
was  only   a   small   villaj^-e,    till  Lewis. 
XIV.  built  a  m-igiiilicent  palace   here, 
whi(di  was  the    usual    residence  <il  tlie 
kin^s  of  France,  tilt  i;-89,  when  Lew- 
is XVI.  ..nd  his  family,  were   toreed  hy 
the  mob  to   remove  from   it  to  Pans. 
Tlie  bnildinirs  and -ardens  weieailom- 
cd  with  a  vast  number  of    statues,    by 
tlie  ^■reatesls  masters,   and   the  water- 
works  were   ma-nilicent.      1  he  I'roat 
p-allerv   is   thous'lit  to   be   as  curious  a 
piece  "of  workmanship  of  that  kind,  as 
any  in   the  world ;    nor   is  the  eha|)cl 
less  to  be  a.lmired  for   Us    line  arrlii. 
teclure  and  ornaments.     The    Kavdcns 
with  the  park,  are  five  miles  mc.vcmn- 
fercnce,     and    surnmndcd     hy    w.Ml.s. 
Versailles  is  ten  miles  W  S  Wof  Pan.. 
L.m  2  12  E,  lat  4t5  48  N. 

Fm/o,  a  village  of  France,  m  tn.-. 
department  of  A,n,  ncr.'  the  viycr  \  cr- 
soi  It  is  called  Ch./.seuFs  lolly;  lor 
the  diikc  de  Choiseul  prime  minister 
of  France  in  17('8,  formed  a  i-lan  to 
ruin  the  citvof  Geneva,  and,  (not  bciii!; 
at  that  time  on  good  terms  wilU 
France,)  monoi.oliv.e  the  whole   trade 


..fihchke.  Wilauilsdosuvihe  be-aii 
to  build  Verso"..  But  after  liayinjr  near- 
ly  eomrlele--  ♦he  liarbonr,  and  expend- 
ill!,'  123,00.)/.  on  liie  [HMject,  it  was  sud- 
denly relintv-ished.  _ 

[■'trtus.  Mown  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marne,  and  late  province 
of  Champimn-.e,  seated  <m  a  p'ain,  at, 
tlie  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  wincii  are 
vinevcu-ds,  proil-cin-  vry  P»"  „^J'"",' 
17  miles  S  W  of  Chahms  and  /  K  N  l'- 
of  Paris.     Lon.  4  2  E,lat.43.«N. 

Verue,ovyinua,  a  town  of  Italy,  m 
Piedmont,  in  the  cotmty  o  Asti.  It 
was  bcsie-ed  in  1705,  by  t he  Ircnch, 
who  did  not  carry  it  tiU  af^er  six 
montlis,  when  it  was  reduced  to  a 
heap  of  ruins,  beraus..  the  con^mande  ■ 
h.ad  blown  vip  all  t!ie  fortidcat.ons  V 
was  afterwards  restored  tothe  duke  ot 
Savoy.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the 
ri^■er■  Po,  20  miles  W  of  Casal,  and  2^ 
N  E  of  Turin.     Lon.  8  2  E,    lat.  45  l.> 

^'Vcvviers,  A  town   of  the  Nctherl.ands. 
in  the  bishopnc  of  Liege,  gcal«a  p^k 


E  U 

\vn  of  Swissorland,   sis 
I'ontarlici',  and  20  W  S 
If  I. 

town  of  Fraiu'e,   in  tlie 

Seine  and  Oiic.     It  con- 

liaUitants,  and  since  tlic 

l)ecii  creriti'd  a  I)I.-.1i(i|)'b 

ig-n  of  Lewis    XIII.  it 

nail    vilia},'-e,    till  J.cwi.i 

i,igni(iecnt  Jialace    lioie, 

:    usual    residenee  of  tlie 

e.  till  litii),  wlicn  l,rw- 

s  family,  were   foired  hy 

enioie  fi'oin   it  to  I'aiis, 

i  and  ;.',ai'dens  weioadoni- 

nuniber  of  «t:itae.»,    l:y 

masters,   and   llie  water- 

ma^nilieent.      1  lie  i;rcat 

)n^lil  to   lie    as  oiiriuiis  a 

im:inslii|)  of  that  kind,  a* 

orld ;    nor   is  tlie  cliapcl 

nircd   for   its    line  arclii. 

rnaments.     The    f^anlcns 

are  live  miles  ini-ircnn\. 

I    sniToimdcd     hy    walls. 

ten  niiles  W  S  \V  of  I'aii-.. 

I  at  48  48  NT. 

lillaii^e   of  i'lance,    in    tli« 

if  A  11,  nr.r.'  the  :ivrr  V'er- 

ilh'd  Choisenl's  Folly;     for 

:  Choiseu!  jiriine    minister 

n    1708,   formed  a  |.ilan  ti> 

of  Geneva,  and,  (not  be  in;; 

ic    on     good    terms     willi 

ino],'>lize  the  whole    trade 

V/ilJiiiiis  ilesi;;.;  lie  ber^aii 

SO'.     Hut  afieliiavin;ri!ear- 

tlic  I'.arliour,  and  e.xpeiid- 

,  on  the  project,  it  was  Huii- 

•ishcd. 

iwn  of  Franre,  in  tlie  de- 
Manie,  and  late  province 
:fne,  seated  on  a  p-'ain,  at, 
I  nionntain,  on  which  are 
rod'.'cinfj  verv  (.vood  wines, 
V  of  Chalons  an<I  78  N  K 
,on.4  2  E,  hit.  43  5,3  N. 
t'lnia,  a  town  of  It.dy,  in 
in  the  eoiiiity  of  Asti.  It 
tl  in  1705,  by  the  F'rcnrli, 
it  carry  it  till  aficr  six 
len  it  \v,TS  redcced  to  a 
i,  heran«i'  the  con'mander 
ip  all  tlie  forlideations.  1' 
rds  restored  to  tlie  duke  of 
>  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the 
miles  W  ot  Casal,  and  2j 
n.     Lon.  8  2  E,    hit.  45  U 

town   of  the  Netherlands, 
jric   of  Liege,  gtwttfd  yik 


V  E  S 

t?ie  V/czc,  four  miles  S  \V  of  Limbiirj^, 
:in  I  r,'S  K  of  Lieg-e. 

I'l-iviiu,  a  town  ol  I'rancc,  in  the  de- 
part,iieiit  of  Aiaiie,  and  lale  province 
(ilT'iraidy,  famous  i'lru  treaty,  in  Ij^fi, 
lictwceii  Henry  I\'.  of  Fiance  and 
i'.iilip  II.  of  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Scrrc,  110  miles  N  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
U  i:;,  hit.  4'.)  50  N. 

VcruUim,  the  vestiges  of  &  celebrated 
iloiiian  town  in  lleruiirdsliire,  close  by 
;>t.  Alhan's.  In  tiie  time  of  Nero  it 
w:is  a  iniinieipiiim,  or  town,  the  iii- 
)i.i!)itants  of  which  enjoyed  the  pr.vi- 
Icjfes  of  Uoniaii  eiti/ens.  Hy  Tacitus 
it  is  called  Vcrulainiiim,  and  hy  Ptole- 
uiv  Urohimium.  After  tlie  depariiire 
ot  tiie  Remans,  it  was  entirely  ruined 
III  the  wars  between  the  llritons  and 
Savons  ;  nothing'  remains  of  it  but  the 
ruins  of  walls,  tesselaled  pavements. 
Mid  Uomaii  coins  which  are  still  soiue- 
liiiics  diiij  up. 

VjiziioIu,  a  tf^wn  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
ja.mt,  with  a  ea  de. 

i'es/v  ,  a  to^vll  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
narlmenl  of  Aisnc,  and  late  province 
i;t'  Soissoiinois,  seated  on  the  river 
Ai.^ne. 

I^esmil,  a  town  of  Fra"cc,  in  the  dc- 
|;,irtmeiit  of  Upper  Saonc,  and  late 
province  of  Franehe  Conite.  Since  the 
revolution  it  has  been  created  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  called  Mottc  de  Vesoiil,  near 
tlie  river  liiirgeon,  22  miles  N  of  Ues;in. 
son,  and  2t'0  S  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  8 
E,   lat.  4"  36  N. 

Vesperiii,  or  Wiisbrain,  a  stronff  and 
populous  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
lapital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle,  and  an  epi.scopal  sec, 
whose  bisiiop  is  chancellor  to  the  king 
of  Hungary,  and  has  a  right  to  crown 
iiiin.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Balaton, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sarwise,  50 
miles  S  \V  of  Strigonia,  and  8j  S  E  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  17  57  E,  lat.  47  14  N. 

I'vsuvius,  a  eelebratod  volcano  of 
Italy,  six  miles  E  of  Naples.  Tjiis 
inoiintaiii  has  two  tops  ;  one  of  which 
only  goes  hy  the  name  of  Vesuvius,  the 
other  being  now  called  Soniina;  but 
Sir  William  Hamilton  is  of  opinion,  that 
i!ie  latter  is  what  the  ancients  called 
\'esuvius.  Tlie  perpendicular  height 
of  Vesuvius  is  only  3700  feet,  though 
the  asrent  fro  .i  the  foot  to  the  top  is 
tliree  Italian  miles.  One  side  of  the 
rnoiintam  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile, 
producing-    great    plenty     tif    viii'-s; 


VE  U 


but  the  S  and  W  sidj.^  are  entirely 
covered  with  cinders  and  ashes  ;  while 
a  aul|)huieous  smoke  constantly  issues 
from  the  lo|),  sometimes  attended  witU 
the  most  violent  explosions  of  stoiU'S, 
the  emission  of  great  streams  of  lava, 
and  all  the  other  attendants  of  a 
most  forniiduble  volcano.  The  first 
of  these  eruplion.s  recorded  in  history 
took  place  in  the  year  7'^  ;  at  wliicU 
time  the  two  cities  of  Pompeii  and 
HerculancMu  were  entirely  buried  un- 
iler  tlie  stones  and  ashes  thrown  out. 
Incredible  mischief  was  also  done  \.o 
tiie  neighhonnngcoiinlry,  and  nimiher* 
of  people  lost  their  lives,  among  whom 
was  Pliny  iKe  elder.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  the  be.-.t  judges,  however,  that  this 
eruption  was  by  no  means  the  fir.sl  that 
had  ever  happened.  The  very  streets 
of  those  cities,  which  were  at  that 
time  overwhelmed  arc  said  to  be  part- 
ly paved  witli  lava.  Since  that  time  30 
clitiercnt  eruptions  have  been  recorded, 
boiuc  of  which  have  been  extremely 
violent.  In  the  year  1533,  a  mountain 
three  miles  in  circumference  and  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  in  perpendicular  height 
was  thrown  up  in  the  course  of  one  night. 
There  have  been  instances  of  ashes 
and  sulphureous  smoke  being  carried 
not  (;hly  to  Rome,  but  also  beuind  the 
Mediterranean  into  Africa,  and  even 
into  Egypt ;  birds  have  been  suliocated 
in  the  air,  and  have  fallen  down  upon 
the  ground;  and  lislies  perished  in 
the  neighbouring  waters  which  were 
made  hot,  and  infected  by  it.  I'he 
operations  of  the  subterraneous  tire, 
apjiear  to  be  very  capricious  and  uncer- 
tain. One  day  there  will  be  the  ap- 
])earance  of  a  violent  fermentation,  and 
the  iie.xt  every  thing  will  be  calmed  ; 
but  whenever  there  has  been  a  consid- 
erable  ejection  of  scoriae  and  cinders, 
it  has  been  a  constant  observation,  that 
the  lava  soon  made  its  jipjiearance, 
either  by  boiling  over  the  crater,  or 
forcing  its  way  through  the  crevices, 
in  the  conical  part  of  the  mountain 
The  to])  of  the  mountain  fell  in,  in 
1634,  and  the  mouth  of  Vesuvius  is 
now  little  short  of  two  mites  in  cir- 
cumference. 

^'tvay,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic  of  tlio  same  naYne,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern.  It  stands  on  a  small 
plain,  on  the  edge  of  the  lake  of  Gene- 
va, .)7  miles  S  W  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  4  E, 
lat.  46  2B  N. 

Vrii.'re,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 


j?3f" 


V  I  A 


paitment  of  Allioir,  and  late  province  of 
Bouiboimois,  sealeil  oil  llie  I'ivcr  Allier, 
17  miles  N  VV  of  M.mliiis. 

Vtzelay,  a  U'Wii  <>t  France,  in  the  dc- 
parlmeiil  of  Nicvrf,  ami  Uu- provincL- 
of  Nivernois.  'I'lieoaorc  He/a  \v::s  burn 
in  this  town.  It  is  si-altil  siii  llie  Ut\t  ot 
a  mountain,  noar  the  river  Cure,  2U I 
miles  S  of  Auxenc,  ami  117  S  by  E  ol 
Paris.  Lon.  J  42  E.lat.  Ar  26  N. 

Vezeiize,  a  t'lwu  of  Fiance,  in  the  ile. 
pnrtnicnt  of  Mcurlhe.  Lun.  t>  10  E,  lal 
48  29  N. 

Ufa,,  a  j^vcrnnient  of  Russia,  for- 
merlv  inihiilca  in  the  goxeniment  of 
Orenbuvpli.  It  is  divided  into  the 
two  provinces  of  Ufa,  and  Oren- 
burg-h. 

Ufa,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name  It  is  r6ij 
miles  E  of  !>  >hcjW.  Lon.  d7  0  E,  lat. 
54  40  N. 

Ujjenheim,  ?.  town  of  Ccrm&ny,  in 
Franconia,  22  miles  N  N  E  of  Ans- 
pach. 

Ugcnto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in 
Terra  d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
eight  miles  W  of  Alessuno,and20S  \V 
of  Olranto. 

Ugiiar.i,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
16  miles  S  E  of  Austa.  Lon.  17  47  E,  lat. 
45  30  N. 

Ucocz,  a  town  of  Upper  Himpary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
-with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  small  river 
that  falls  into  the  Neisse,  15  miles 
N  of  Zatmar.  Lon.  22  34  E,  lat.  48 
5N.  . 

Ugogna,  a  town  of  Italy,  m  the 
dutchy  of  Milan,  seated  on  the  Tosa, 
16  miles  N  of  Varallo,  and  45  N  W  of 
MiLin.     Lon.  8  24  E,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Viadmui,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dut- 
chy of  Manlr..!,  seated  on  the  Po,  eight 
miles  N  of  Parma,  and  17  S  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  44  53  N. 

Viana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
.seated  near  the  Ehro,  three  miles  N  of 
Logrono,  and  46  S  W  of  Pampeluna. 
Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  42  32  N. 

Viana,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entrc- 
Doiiero-e-Minho,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Lima,  with  a  good  harbour, 
defciidpil  hv  a  fort,  15  miles  W  of  Bra- 
ga,  and  36  N  of  Oporto.  Lon.  8  29  W, 
lat.  41  39  N. 

Viiiiukn,  a  town  of  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  the  dutchy  of   Luxemburj;-h, 
capital  of  a  comity  of  tlie  same   name 
It 'is  divided  Lito' two   towns    by   the 
ivcr  Uren.     In  the  one  is   a  castle, 


V  I  c 

built  on  an  inaccessible  motintain.  It  is  j 
22   miles    N   of  Lu.xcmburg,    and  22 
N  W  of  Treves.     Lon.  6  13  E,  lat.  49 
55  N. 

Vianen,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Holh.ml,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
taken  in  1796,  by  the  French,  -who  de- 
molislied  llie  f  irtilications.  It  is  ^leated  I 
on  the  Leek,  seven  miles  S  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.  5  8  E,  lat  52  0  N. 

Viatha,  a  government  of  Russia, 
which  was  formerly  a  province  of  K;i8- 
an.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  river 
Viatka,  which  runs  through  it 

I'iutLi,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
goveriniient  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bislioj/'s  sf  e,  and  a  castle.  It  was  for- 
mei-ly  called  Khlynof,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Vialiv;',' 100  miles  N  of  Kasan. 
Lon.  54  15  E,  hit.  57  25  N. 

Vic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Menrthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Seillc,  12  miles 
E  N  E  of  Nanci,  and  197  E  of  Paris, 
Lon.  6  38  E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Vic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees.  Lon.  0  9 
E,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Vic,  or  Vicq,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
hmia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathe- 
dral is  adorned  with  a  fine  portico,  sup- 
ported by  large  pillars ;  and  the  market- 
place is  very  spacious.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  i>lain,  on  a  small  river  that  falls 
into  the  Tar,  30  miles  N  of  Barcelona, 
and  265  E  N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  13  E, 
lat.  41  55  N. 

Vic-Fezensac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gers,  and  late  province 
of  Armagnac,  seated  on  the  Douze,  15 
miles  W  of  Auch. 

Vic-k-Compte,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  and 
late  province  of  Auvergne.  The  counts 
of  Auvergne  resided  here.  It  is  250 
miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  45 
36  N. 

Vicegrad,  or  Vizcgrad,  a  strong  town 
of  Lower  Hungary,  with  a  castle  on 
the  top  of  a  rock,  where  the  kings  of 
Hungary  formerly  resided.  The  Aus- 
triatis  took  it  from  the  Turks  in  1684. 
U  is  seated  on  the  S  '.side  of  the  Da- 
nube, eight  miles  S  E  of  Gran,  and  16 
N  W  of  lluda.  Lon  19  7  E,  lat.  47 
35  N. 

Vicenlhio,  a  territory  of  Italy,  bclontr- 
iiig  to  the  Venetians  ;    bounded  on  ' 
N  bv  Trentino  and  Feltrimi,    on   tli     ^- 
hv  Trevisano  and  Padunno,  on  the  S  by 
Paduano,  and  on  the  W  by  the  VcV«- 


c 

ble  mountain.  It  in  | 
ixcml)ur(^,    and  22 
.on.  6  13  E,  lat.  49  i 

the  United  Provin- 
li  a  castle.  It  was 
le  French,  who  de- 
rations.  It  is  :;eatcd 
miles  S  of  Utrecht. 
IN. 

iiMient  of  Russia, 
a  province  of  K;i8- 
nie  from  the  river 
throiigli  it 
Russia,  capital  of  a 
same  name,  with  a 
castle.  It  was  for- 
rrf,  and  is  seated  on 
)0  miles  N  of  Kasan. 
7  'J5  N. 

•ancc,  in  the  depart- 
nul  late  province  of 
the  Seillc,  12  miles 
id  197  E  of  Paris, 
;47'  N. 

ance,  in  the  depart- 
Pjrenees.   Lon.  0  9 

wnof  Spain.inCata- 
i's  see.  The  cathe- 
h  a  fine  portico,  sup- 
iirs ;  and  the  market- 
lus.  It  is  seated  in  a 
mall  river  that  falls 
les  N  of  Barcelona, 
ladrid.  Lon.  2  13  E, 

iwn  of  France,  in  the 
■s,  and  late  province 
ed  on  the  Douze,  15 

town  of  France,  in 
■  Piiy-de-Dome,  and 
ivergne.  The  counts 
ed  here.  It  is  230 
Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  45 


•grad,  a  stront^  town 
y,  with  a  castle  on 
"where  the  kings  of 
resided.  The  Aus- 
the  Turks  in  1684. 
S  Iside  of  the  Da- 
S  E  of  Gran,  and  16 
Lon    19  7  E,  lat.  47 

tory  of  Italy,  bclontr- 
ans  ;    boiuuled  on  ' 
1  Ffltrino,    on   tli     <:- 
Paduniu),  on  the  S  by 
Lue  W  by  the  VeV<»- 


i3i 

n 

I  Italy 
I  i.cai" 

Ik,  I: 

I'l 


IllCll 

140  I 

llic 
i  Glt 

iieli 
I  tidii 
i  (')■>),( 


V  I  E 


Inese  U  is  oi  miles  Ions,  and  27  broad  ; 
1  so  very  pleasant  ami  lel-ule,  Uial  it 
liscalK-d  the  g-»-den  of  Venice.  Tlie 
Line  is  excellenl,  and  the  butter  and 
Vliocse  very  good.  Here  arc  also  great 
Minh'jrs  of  mulberry  trees,  tor  hiIH- 
,ns  i-aiid  there  are  mines  ot  silver, 
j,;kI  ii-on,  and  quarries  of  stone,  almost 
ts  li'ie  .IS  marble. 

Viremii,  a  Strong  t;)Wn  oi  Italy,  tlie 
gta')ital  of  Vicentiiio,  will)  a  bishop's  see. 
Ill  is  without  w.dls,  bit  IS  a  large  pare,  1 

;l„v,ifd  with  several  palaces,  and  has 
|:l  liiic  square,  with  p:-,i/.zas  under  the 
|l,,,uses  There  are  also  several  other 
lULTS,  and  fine  churches.  Here  is  an 
'.idemv,  whose  members  meet  in  lhe_ 
lolvuipic  theatre,  a  masterpiece  ot 
LH;rk;.uiiisliip  by  Palladio.  It  -s  seated 
Tbolwcen  the  nvers  Bachiglione  and 
Rerone,  and  two  mountains,  '"  »  '^';<'''; 
ll-lain,  13  miles  N  W  of  Padua,  ol  VV  ot 
Ivcnice.  and  1.15  N  of  Rome.  Loii.  U 
hi  li,  lat.  45  .6  N.  .     .,       , 

I  (k/i;,  a  town  of  France,  m  the  lU- 
lirvtment  of  .\llier,  and  late  province 
lof  Uombonnois,  famous  f(n-  the  mineral 
lu,,tcrK  near  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  A  - 
llicr,  15  miles  S  t  of  Ganiiat,  and  1«J 
IsiiyEofParis.     Lon.  i  22  h,  lat.  4b 

Vv™,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in 
iT^iT.idi  Lavoro,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
lit  .vas  almost  ruined  by  an  earthquake, 
li'i  16i)4,  for  there  were  only  4'J  houses 
llrli.  It  is  seated  iieartliv.  buy  oi  Naplfs- 
1 15  miles  S  by  E  of  Naples  Lon  14  28 
Ik,  lat.  40  38  N.  ,  ^       -i 

\'ico,  a  town   of  Corsica,    15   miles 
Is  'V  of  Corte.     Lon.  9   16   h,  lat.  41 

V/M,  a  town  cf  Italy,  in  Naples.  Lon. 
i  1  3J  E,  lat.  40  4.5  N.  .....        . 

Vkov.'iro,  a  town  and  principality   of, 
lUalv,  in  the  pi'oviucc  of  Sabina,  scii.e.l 
l.ca'rthe    Toverone,  elRlit  miles   E   <> t 
iTivoli,  and  40  N  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  lo  8 
|E,hU.42  30  N. 

I'icuiria    See  Vittona. 
nJen.  See  m.Uin. 
,     i  -kid;  a  town  of  the  R;'"f  I.S"7'-": 
nicnt  of  Vologda    Lon.  41  43  E,  lat.  61 

Y\ncnr,a,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of 
die  circle  of  Austria,  and  of  the  whole 
German  empire.  The  citv  itself  is  -not 
of  ffieat  extent,  nor  can  it  be  enlarged, 

I  iiQ-mff  limited  by  a  very  strong fortihca- 
tionrbutiti*  populous,  and  contains 
(;  ),000  inhabitants.  No  houses  without 
''!'•  walls  arc  allowed  to  be  biultniiura- 


V  I  E 

to  the  glacis  than  600  yard.; ;   so   that 
there  is  a  circular  field  of  that  br-aatk 
all  round  the  citv,  which  has  abeautitul 
and  salutary  elicct.     The    sulin.bs   are 
said  to  contain  200,000  inhabitants  ;  but 
they  arc  not  near  so  populous,    in   pro- 
portion to  tlieir  si/.e,   as   the  city,   tor 
manv  houses    have   extensive   gurilens 
belonging  to  them.  Many  families  who 
live  during  the  winter  withm  the  lorti- 
fications,  spend  the  summer  in  the  sub- 
urbs.     This  citv  has  six  gates  well  <le- 
fended,  and  12  wallcil   bastions,    w:tli 
strong  ravelins.    The  streets  m  general 
are  narrow,  and  the  houses  high.  Some 
of  the  public  buildings  arc  magiiihceiit: 
The  chief  of  them  are  the  Imiierial  V:<^ 
lace,  the  Librarv,    and   the    Misc.un; 
the  palaces  of  the  princes  Liclitenslein, 
Eugene,  &c.     Vienna  was  inetlectually 
besieged  bv  the   Turks,   in    15.SV   and 
168  5.     At 'tlie    latter  period  the  s.ege 
w.is  raised   1»  J  'hn    Sobieski,    king  ol 
Poland    who  tolallv  defeated  the  1  uik- 
ish  arniv'  before  the  walls  of  this  place. 
The  cathedral  is  built  of  freestone,  and 
the  steeple  is  447   feet   high.     J'^miiift- 
lo  this  eh.ircli  is  the    archbushoi)  .s  pa- 
lace,  the  iVont  of  which    is   very    hue. 
The  university   had   several   thousand 
students,  who,  w!ien  this  city  w'.h  be- 
sieged, mounied  guard,  as  they  ild  i.l- 
so  in  1-11.     Tl":    archducal   library  is 
much    frequcr.teil  by  foreigners,   as    it 
contains  above    100,000  pri.ited  books, 
antl    10,000    munuscripts.     There    are 
also  two  rem.ukable  columns,  of  which 
one  is  calleil  the  eoncejition  t.f  the  iin- 
maculate  Virgin,  and  the  oilier  St. Tri- 
nity, which  cost  300.000  llorins      It   is 
eoieet  hlrfh,  in  the  form  of  a  tnar.gular 


pvranild,  on  the  to;)  of  which  are  three 
figures  of  gilt  biMii/e,  represents;-  the 
triniiv.     Tiio  archdueal  treasury,  and  a 
cabruet  of  curiosities   of  the   house  ot 
Austria,  are  as  great  rarities  as  uoy  in 
the  world.     Lcopolstadt  is  one   ot   the 
suburbs,  and  scate.l  on  an  islau.l.lorm- 
cd   by   the    Danube  ;    here   the    Jews 
dwelt  formerly,  but  they  were  banished 
in  1670,  and  the  siil)nrb  turned  into   a 
church.     There  is  a  sort  of  harbour  on 
the  Danube,  where    are    magazines  o. 
naval  stores,  and  sliipshave  beer,  litte<l 
out  to  serve  on  that   river  against  the 
Turks.     Vienna  is  an  archbishop  s  see  , 
&  in  the  winter  sea»*on  is  frequently  visi- 
ted by  dreadful  storms,  which  rush  thro 
the  openings  of  the  neighbouring  moun- 
tains.     It  is  seated  at  the  idace  whevo 
Uie  river  Vienna,  or  Wien,  falls  tiitotlii; 
C  ccc  V 


.;<t3^a 


|ji 


1'^ 


V  I  G 

Danube,  SO  miles  W  of  Pvcdbnrg,  350 
K  N  V.  of  Home,  .iJO  S  K  of  Anislcrihiir, 
:,iul  JOJ  Kof  Pun*.  Lim.  16  22  E,  lul.48 
16  N. 

l^ienna,  a  pnrl  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Lloi-cl.i-.stiT  coiinl) ,  Maryland  ;  situ- 
ated on  II. c  W  side  of  Nantirokf  nver, 
13  uiilos  N  \V  of  bulisbm-y,  on  the  VVy- 
comico,  >>,)  of  Snow  Hiil,  in  the  same 
illrurlion,  and  30  S  E  of  Easton. 

Virniiii,  the  capital  of  Oliio  co\mty, 
Kon-JK  ky  ;  Ijin^'  on  the  E  side  of  Green 
rivci', 


V  I  L 

Vignament,  a  town  of  Germany  inlh- 
biahopric  of  Liejye,  two  miles  Nof  Huy. 
Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  34  N. 

Vignol,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  ile 
partment  of  Meuse.  Lon.  5  25  E,  lat. 
48  46  N. 

Vignuota,    a  town  of   Italy,  in  the 
dutchy  of  Modena. 

Vigo,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Gal 
icia,  with  an  old  castle,  a  fort  and  a  hat. 
hour.     The  town  is  snrrounded  with  a 
single  wail,  that  has  four  bastionH,  but 


b'mt  30  miles  above  its  entrance    is  incapable  of  sustauung  a  long  siege. 
'    ,..  .  t  .-t.v  Ki  \\j  ..I'  I.I.. ..*f'fM>/l    I  Tliu    hui'liftiii*    is    r<>m»rk5ihli'  for  a  sea. 


The   harbour  is   remarkable  for  a  sea 
fight  between  sir  George  Rook,  com. 
niander  of  the  English  and  Dntch  fleets 
and  a  stiuadron  of  French  men  of  war, 
with    13  Spanish   galleons  under  their 
convoy.  Admiral  Hojjton  broke  through 
the  boom  laid  across  the  month  of  the 
harbour,  and  the  English  took  five  men 
of  war  and  four  galleons,  and  the  Dutch 
five  galleons,  and  one  large  man  of  war 
Fourteen  men  of  war  and  four  galleons 
were  destroyed,  with  a  great  quantity 
of  plate  and  other  rich  ehects.  Though 
a  great  deal  of  the  silver  was  carried 
ashore,    jet  a  vast  quantity  was  taken 
While  this  was  doing  the  duke  of  Or- 
mond  with  a  body  of  land  forces,  drove 
the    Spaniards  from  the  castles  which 
defended  the  Harbour.     Vigo  is  seated 
on  a  bav  of  the  Atlantic,  eight  miles  S 

-..A......  — —  - -    W  of  Rhedondella,  and  260  W  N  W 

near   its  confluence   with   the  j  of  Madrid.     Lon.  8  28  W,  lat. 42  14  N 

Vihieri,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine,  and  late  province 
of  .'.  ojou,  seated  on  a  lake,  20  miles  S 
of  Angers,  and  162  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon 
0  29  W,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Vilaiiie,  a  river  of  France,  which  ri- 
ses  in  the  department  of  Maine,  and 
enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  below  Roche 
Bernard. 

Villa-del- Key,  a  town  of  Spain,  In  Es- 
tremadura,  on  the  frontiers  of  Portu- 
gal, taken  by  the  allies  in  ir06.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Guadiana,  17  miles  N 
W  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  8S 
43  N. 

Vdlc-do-Comlc,  a  seaport  of  Portugal, 
in  tlie  province  of  Entre-Douero-e- 
Minho,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ava.    Neat 


int..  the  Ohio,  and  20  N  W  of  Hartford, 
in  the  sauie  comity. 

r/(/j«c,  aconsideriible  town  of  France, 
in  tiic  departnnnt  of  Istre,  and  late 
province  ol  Daiiphiny.  It  was  former. 
jy  im  arehiepi^copal  sec.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  handsome  Gothic  structure. 
Vii'iine  is  1j  miles  S  of  Lyons,  and  265 
S  K  ol  I'avis.    Lon.  4  55  E,  hit.  45  31  N. 

Vier.ne,  a  department  of  France,  for- 
med ol  part  ot  the  lute  jn'oviuce  of  Poi- 
tou.  It  li.kes  its  name  from  a  river 
which  rises  in  tlie  department  of  Cor- 
reze,  and  falls  into  the  L';:!C  between 
Cliinm  anii  .Sanmiir.     Poitiers    is   the 

capital. 

Vieme,  C7)/'*r,  a  department  ot  France, 
comi.riMnj;-  the  Ule  province  of  Limo- 
sin.     LiuKijrcs  is  tl<e  eiipital. 

Vicrardcn,  a  town  of  Gerin.iny,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Vosle,     ..- 
Oder      Lon.  14  20  E,  lat   So  2  N. 

Vierzon,  an  apcient  town  of  France, 
in  the  detiartnient  of  Clier,  and  late 
piovineo  of  Bern.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Clier  and  Yovre,  in  the  most  fertile  part 
of  the  department,  17  niiles  N  W  of 
Bouri^es,  and  100  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon 
2  10  E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Vh-sti,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  with 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  in  tlte  place  called 
the  Spur  of  thf  Boot,  and  at  the  foot  ol 
Mount  Garden,  25  niiles  N  E  of  Man- 
frcdoiiia,  and  117  of  Naples.  Lon.  16 
40  E,  lat.  41  51  N. 

Vigan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Card,  and  late  province  of 
LanKuedoc. 

Vr'evano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
dutchv  of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Vigeve- 
.lasro,'  with  a  bishop's  sec,  and  a  strong 
castle  on  a  rock.  It  was  fornicrly  the 
residence  of  tlic  dukes  of  Milan,  and  is 
sealed  near  the  Tcsino,  12  miles  S  E 
of  Novara,  and  15  S  W  of  Milan.  Lon. 
8  54  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 


it  is  an  ancient  aqueduct.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Barcelos,  and  20  N  W  of  Oporto 
Lon.  8  23  W,  lat  41  14  N. 

Villa-do- Horta,  the  ca]«tal  of  the  isl- 
and of  Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores.  It 
has  an  excellent  and  commodious  har- 
bour, landlocked  on  all  sides  except  the 


V  I  L 

,  a  town  ol'Gepinany  inlh^ 
-ii-ffe,  two  mile*  Nof  Huy 
I  lat.  50  34  N. 
kown  of  France,  in  the  <le 
I  Meuse.     Lon.  5  25  E,  lat 

a  town   of   Italy,   in  the 
(idena. 

[wn  of  the  kingdom  of  Gal 

I  old  castle,  a  fiirt  and  a  har. 

town  is  surrounded  with  » 

that  has  four  bastionx,  but 

of  sustaining  a  long  siege. 

iir  is   remarkable  for  a  sca- 

cn  sir  George  Rook,  rr,m. 

he  English  and  Dutch  fleets 

Iron  of  Fi  ench  men  of  war, 

)iiiiiah  galleons  under  tlieir 

miral  Hopson  broke  through 

aid  across  the  mouth  of  the 

id  the  English  took  five  men 

four  galleons,  and  the  Dutch 

s,  and  one  large  man  of  war 

nen  of  war  and  four  gallennt 

oyed,  with  a  great  quantity 

rl  other  rich  etiects.  Though 

■i\  of  the  silver  was  carried 

■t  a  vast  quantity  was  taken 

J  was  doing  the  duke  of  Or- 

a  body  of  land  forces,  drove 

ards  from  the  castles  which 

the  liarbour.     Vigo  is  seateH 

f  the  Atlantic,  eight  miles  S 

idondella,  and  260  W  N  W 

.     Lon.  8  28 W,  lat. 42  UN 

a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

of  Maine,  and  late  province 

seated  on  a  lake,  20  miles  S 

,  and  162  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon 

at.  47  8  N. 

a  river  of  France,  which  ri. 

;  department  of  Maine,  and 

bay  of  Biscay,  below  Roche 

'-/fey,  a  town  of  Spain,  In  Es- 

I,  on  the  frontiers  of  Portu- 

by  the  allies  in  ir06.     It  is 

tlie    Guadiana,  17  miles  N 

ajoz.     Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  iS 

Condr,  a  seaport  of  Portugal, 
•ovince  of  Entre-Douero-e- 
the  mouth  of  the  Ava.  Neai' 
:ient  aqueduct.  It  is  10  miles 
elos,  and  20  N  W  of  Oporto 
VV,  lat  41  14  N. 

Horta,  the  capital  of  the  isl- 
yal,  one  nf  the  Azores.  It 
cellent  and  commodious  har- 
locked  on  all  sides  except  the 


V  I  L 

E  and  N  E,  and  the  harbour  is  defend 
mI  bv  several  forts.  Lon.  28  36  VV,  lat 
'8  32  N. 

Villa  Flnr,  a  town  of  Portugal,  intlK- 
province  of  Tra-los-Moutes,  seated  on 
}  river  that  falls  into  the  Dixicra,  find 
defended  by  a  castle  on  a  mountain.  Ii 
:3  40  miles  E  of  Villa  Real. 

Villa-Franca,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in 
he  county  of  Nice,  with  a  castle  and 
flirt.  In  1744,  it  was  taken  by  the 
French  and  Spaniards,  but  restored  ; 
and  the  French  again  took  it  in  1792. 
It  i.i  three  miles  E  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  75 
(•,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Villa-hranca,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Veronese,  with  a  silk  manufacture,  10 
miles  S  of  Verona.  Lou.  U  2i  E,  lat. 
«  36  N. 

Villa-Fninca,  the  capital  of  the  inland 
nf  St.  Michael,  one  of  the  Azores.  Lon. 
IS  35  VV,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Viltii-Franca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  seated  on  the  rormes,  54 
miles  S  E  of  Salamancx  Lon.  4  34  VV, 
lat.  40  26  N. 

Villa-Franca-de-Pana(tes,  a  town  of 
.Spain,  in  Catalonia.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls,  and  seated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 18  miles  VV  of  Barcelona,  and 
,'0  N  E  of  Tarragona.  Lon.  1  53  E, 
lat.  41  26  N. 

Villa- Henrwsa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  near  the  river  Millas,  52 
miles  N  VV  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  25  W, 
lat.  40  20  N. 

Villa- Hennoia,  a  town  of  Now  Spain, 
in  North  America  in  the  province  of 
Tabasco,  se.ited  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.     Lon.  94  5  VV,  Lit.  17  45  N. 

Villa  yoiotti,  op  yoysa,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Valencia.  Lon.  0  15  £,  lat. 
38  42  N. 

Villa-Nona-da-Ceroera,  a  townof  Por- 
tiigal,  in  the  province  of  Eutre-Douero- 
e-Minho.     Lon.  8  40  VV,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Villa- N'jva-ile-Porto,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gA,  ill  the  province  of  Eiitre  Douero-e- 
Minho,  seated  on  the  river  Douero,  op- 
posite Oporto  (on  which  it  depends) 
•ind  defended  by  several  forts.  It  con- 
tains about  3000  inhal>it.ant3. 

Villa-NuT>a-di-Pjrtiinao,  a  seaport  of 
Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Algarva. 
L'ln   8  41  VV,  lat.  27  5  N. 

Villa-Nmma-ii'Asti,  a  town  of  Pied- 
ni,)Mt,  '.n  llie  countv  of"  Asti,  10  miles 
F.  of  Turin.  Lon   7  .S'J  K,  lut.  45  5J  N. 

I'illii  Piindti,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Lo- 
om, with  an  arsenal,  and  a  palace  bi-- 
^•iiging  to  the  constable  of  Castile.     It 


V  I  L 

Is  26  miles  N  of  Toro.     Lon.  SOW, 
Uf.42  5  N. 

Vitta-Peal,  a  town  of  I'lirlUfjal,  in 
the  pruvinri-  of  I'ra-hn-  Mniilts,  and  la- 
pital  of  Ciiinnrea,  in  a  very  pleasant  si- 
tuation, at  the  coiilluent-e  of  the  Cmgo 
and  Ribcra,  li  niiirs  N  V.  ot  Lain(;.;o, 
and  45  S  E  of  Uraga.  Lon.  7  20  VV, 
lat,  41  9  N. 

ViL'u-I\'eul,  a  town  of  S[>:iin,  in  llie 
province  of  Valrncia,  26  miles  N  id' Va- 
lencia.    Lon.  0  20  E,  hit.  30  46  N 

Villa  Heal,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  Gui- 
pusi'oa. 

Villa-Pica,  a  seaport  of  New  Spain, 
in  North  America,  in  Mexico,  seated 
on  tfie  gidf  of  Mexico,  200  miles  E  oC 
the  city  of  Mexico.  Lon.  07  15  VV, 
lat.  20  26  N. 

Villa-Pica,  a  town  of  Chili,  seated 
on  the  lake  Malubaugcn,  f>2  miles  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  72  41  VV,  lut. 
39  15  S. 

Villa-Vi:insa,  a  fortified  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Alcntpjo,  with  an  old  castle, 
and  a  palace,  where  tlie  diikcs  of  lira- 
gan/a  formerly  resided.  It  is  a  pretty 
large  ])lace  fortified  in  the  modern  tustu 
and  in  the  suburb  is  an  aMcieiit  temple, 
originally  built  to  the  honour  of  Proser- 
pine, as  appears  from  the  inscriptions. 
The  soil  about  this  town  is  extremely 
fertile,  and  there  arc  qiinrrics  of  fin> 
green  marble.  It  sustained  a  faminis 
siege  against  the  Spaniards,  in  1667; 
which  occasioned  a  battle  in  a  ueigh- 
bouving  plain,  the  event  cf  which  pla- 
ced the  crown  of  Portugal  on  the  head 
of  the  duke  of  Bragaiizu.  It  is  \0 
miles  S  VV  of  Elvas,  and  83  S  E  of  Lis- 
bon.    Lon.  7  16  VV,  lat.  38  36  N. 

Villa-Vicinsi:,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  iii 
,\uslria  (POi'iiHh),  seated  on  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  22  miles  N  E  of  Oviedo.  Lon. 
5  24  VV,  lat.  43  22  N. 

l'(7/<;  Viciasa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  six  miles  N  E  of  Brihuega,  anil 
49  N  E  of  Madrid. 

Villac,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlio 
dutchy  of  Carinlhla,  belnnging  to  tb>: 
bishop  of  Bamberg,  with  a  castle.  Its 
inhabitiints  carry  on  a  great  trade  witli 
the  Venetians,  and  near  it  are  the  batlm 
of  Toplitz.  It  is  seated  at  the  contin- 
ence of  the  Drave  and  Geil,  surround- 
ed by  mountains,  12  miles  S  VV  of  Cl;i- 
genfurt,  and  88  N  E  of  Brisen.  Lon. 
14  3  I'.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Ville  Diet:,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channi'l,  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  12  miles  N  N 


i't 


rk 


'  m 


r* 


ft 


V  I  L 

r...t- A', ranches  ami  taSE.-i;Coutan. 
vi.s.     I..M.,  18  \V,lm.-.8  UN. 

Uci)anmLM.l  of    I-"«'''C.  u>.a     ate    pi... 
vi.I.u   of    l^uMK^K-iloc.    18    ......    K   1'. 

iK'.u!.-,  ...i<l  I;'  N  of  Ala.s.     Lon.  ^  ^o 

^'(V/>';>i'cAV.  a  t.,vM.  of  Kranro,  In 
^l,e  .ir'K.i-VMcntof  Uhoi.i-  aiul  L-mt,  aiu. 
h.lc  p.'ovinic  of  Lvomu.is.  U  is  «!['•■ 
roMn'lc.l  l.v  wulls.  >.ml  s<<»t.a  o„  tl,< 
,hc.rMoi>.m.  18'n,lesNWot  l-yms 


V  1  N 

couflucurc    of  tiK-    ViN  and  Dauul?', 
Lo,>.  13  J0t;,lat.48i'.>N. 

(.,„.,>«f,aU,wnof  A>i-.inan  Bral.„m. 

sealc.lon  the  canal    !■""'    »|-"Vt  " 
u.f  Sihc'ldl,  »cM-n  miles  N  fc.  ol  Unis. 
i,rU.     l.on  .1^1  t,  lut.50  SON. 

r„„,a*„.  a  town  of   P-l-lMgal,   in  tU 
,„,„„„,•  of  iruhm-MoutCii.     Lon.  0  „.i 

W.l'.l.  4ljy  N.  , 

(-,/.<r,/«f.,  a  l.o^t  town  in  Knox  cmiii 
■     ,f   Imliaiui   r.i-nlii- 
E  lialili  of  \\  aljiisli 


tv, 


1111(1  liie  ca|nl:il 
aililulcd  CHI  Ihr 


h.r  M.i>r.m.  18  miles  N  W  oi  1,u,ms.        ;  ^'Y^^'  ^,,.,  ^^  ,-.  ,,,■  u,skaskia.  aiid 
,ul  .U!  S  h>  E  of  Pam.     l.oi..4.,lfc..    y;^*.'!^';;;;';,,    L,„.:,v.lle    m    KenUukN. 


rU/c-fra.ehr,  a  si nni.  town  o  F  ram-t , 
In  the  <lc-pa.liiifiit  of  Ki.M.'.ii  I'.i'eiuys 
a„(l  late  in-ovince  of  Koiissdon  W.t.i  a 
fu.tle.  I'l  <'-''^  "'■  ^''^=  neiKiihounn^r 
mo  ml  i^ai  i»  a  cm  ions  cavern.  It  i-'' , 
sXl     tth..f<.otor.heP.M-.-i,ee...  onl«-.lll..o.i. 

thcmerTet,'J-MuilesNKotPin.-cr. 


r,,j  ;,;  W  of  Lni.ihvdle  in  KeiilmkN. 
ileiv  is  a  small  f  .ftificat.on,  aial  t  a- 
town  coolaiiie.l  71 J  ii>lnil>ita"f*  ■•'}■  I '« 
la.,ten.unen.l>,..  A.  this  town  is  the 
soat  oftenitonal  j...,s.lUion.  ami  lies 
.„  tlic  l)..Son.  of  a  feiM.le  ronnl.'V,  i 
,^us3  rapidly  in  |«)l)>dulum  awl 

illl|)IO\l'll.tlll. 


i,)io\i'ii.em. 

nil   IV.,  --  -    -,...,       ■  I      r;.n;,t   Cilie  St   the    most  sunllicrn 

an.     L..,.  2  25  ^.  lat.  42  J.>  N.  |       ,,  ;,     ;,,;''^  ■   p,,,^,,^,.!.   2J  utiles  W 

ri,V..;-V,.m/,.-,   a  town  ot   Iraiire  '";'     "j^.    ,  ,^  \)|i  this  ca,ic  in 

pnivincc  of  Uo...;ni;:'--.  }^''•'^'\  ;,'•,  ,,  j 't  So  .ni.,h  llect  of  dor.l.le  the  n.inii.er 
Iradc   in    linen  clulli.  and  ,s  -"        "'"      ,  ,  i,     an.l  Irehle  the-iun.ber  of  gtnis. 

i.,iur:CO  S  of  Pans.  I'O"  - -^<^  •"■  '•'^-  ,"„c,«t  .SV.  one  of  the  Windwanl 
44  -'i  '"'•  .  »•  r,^„rf     f„nr'  Carihhee'lslands.  in  the  W  Indies.     It 

nV,V7»/tr,  a  town  ol  I'lanrc,    Join  ;>^  Carihs,     a    warlike 

„>iU.sSof  Pansoiithe  n-lto  ^■^X  !  Vf  1  c  ween  whon.  and    the  inhabi- 

I'Ukm.r,  a  town  o  1' '•"''"•;  '.^^^ '  j^t^tre  larger  islands  there  is  a 
aep™.t..U,,i.e..U.^ 

province  ot    l..i.i„ii< "yi. ^„„i..rioi'Ps  that  tliev 


nrovince  oi     •'•'•'/^ '. 

Tarn.  12  a.ile.s  N  N  L  o»  1  oulo.isc 

r,/a.,..r,.  u  town  of  M'"'"  ' '''  h  .'"Is 
vincc  of  Miircia.     Lon.  0  49  VV,  lat.  38 

^"j.v'v-.ieinr,  .t  town  of  France  in  the 
dcp.n-tment  of  Lot  and  Gamine. 

Vi:k>:cuvc,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
departnuMit  of  O.ird. 

h'l,.n,,ar,   a  town  of  Sw;i^^"''>"'V" 

the  canton  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  o8  L,  lat. 
4(i  21  N. 


Vi!kncnve-'h 


■Ur.u  a  town  of  Fr.inci 


the  deiiartinent  of   Arderhe.    and  late 
province  oftiieLslc  of  France. 

r/'Vrvr'ff'e.'.',alownot    trance,  in 

the  a-pn"''-'-"^  "''^'''=  "'"'*•''■'''' ''""'■ 


mamtcsl    uisiiiiciion.       "••  -:■.-■- 
conjectures  that  they  were  ongmalh  a 
colonvfrom  North  America, their iicrce 
manners  approaching  nearer   to  those 
of  the  original  natives  of  that  conlin.nt. 
thanthev  to  do  those  of  .S  America,  aial 
their    langiiai<e    also   havinff  some   at- 
f.iiity    to   that  spoken   m  Honda.     In 
their  wars  they  preserve  their  .tncicnt 
practice  of   destroying   all   the  males, 
nid  preserving  the  women   either  tor 
seivilud---  or  for  hreeding.   St.  Vincent 
waslon^-a  neutral  island  j    but  at  the 
peace  of  1763.  the  French  agrce(l  that 
iheii.-httoit  shoid.l  he  vested  in  tlie 
Fngli'ih  ;  wlio.in  the  sequel,  at  the  m- 
ilaiiee  of  some    rapacious    planters  en  ■ 
„ag..-d   in   an   uuj.i.t  war   against  the 
•■•-  ».,  ,        _        .1...    ;..i,,.k;i,.,1     the    wind- 


Ue,  ten    ...n  s  S  L  ot  t.oiui     b  _^^^^_^^  ^.^^^_  ^^,,  ^,_^  j^,^,,,,,^  ^^^j  ,vh„  wern 


3  IJE,  lat.  4'J  UN. 

i-i'-ir^en,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
«-.aLia.  in  the  Hris^^aw,  seated  m  the 
lihirk  Forest,  l.ctw.en  the  sources  ot 
![:en:o,ube.  aiulN..cUai-.28m,l<^^. 

bv  S  of  Iribiui:.  Lon.  8  3,  L,  lat.  4.. 
**r/M<,/^«,  atuwnof  Govmaiyinthe 
circle  ol  l^^nver  L-tivar...,  .Unate  at  thi. 


Caribtices,  wno  oio....i.v..  -.- 
ward  side  of  the  island,  and  who  wern 
„|,ll..ed  to  consent  to  a  |.,'ace,  by  which 
Ihev  ced.d  a  very  large  tract  ol  valua- 
ble' land  to  the  crown.  'Ine  consc- 
,,„en.-e  of  this  was  that  in  the  next. 
w:ir,  in  1779,  they  greatly  con  r.bu  e  t 
to  the  i-ednclioii  of  tliis  islaml  bv  lie 
Irencii,  who,  however,  restored  it  by 
the  peace  of  irrfj.     Since  that  Umc    :- 


22 


V  I  N 


V  I  N 


V  I  R 


if   till'    Vilt  and  DniuiB.?) 
„  lui.  Wi'.)  N. 
(iwn  of  Aii->triiin  Br;il).,nt, 

ic  laii.il    troni    IIpii»<iIh  i . 
ijcNcii  mill's  N  E  lit  Unih. 
.  j1  K,  lul.  5U  36  N. 
lovvu  of   P'lrliijral,   in  \\\ii 
r:il<iii-Muiilca.      Lou.  G  ,  'I 
N. 

|i((?it  town  in  Kuox  tnuii 

i|iit  il  <<l    Iiuliitiia  r.'i'nlii' 

111  till'  K  luiiK.  of  Wubusli 

lies  N  1:'.  <'l'  Uitskaskiu,  uiid 

1,1    Lull isviile   ill    KcnliKky. 

sinull    Cu'titicnti'in,  uml  llie 

iiifl  71  j  iiiliiibitunls  at   llic 

i'i;t',(iM.     A-.  tins  ttiwn  iH  the 

nliii'uil  jiii  isdit-tiiiii,  anil  lies 
i^Kiii    dC  a  fcrlile  cininli'),  il 

s.i  rupullv  in  |M)|>ulaUiin  aud 

111. 

C:.i/)c  St  tlic  most  soiitlicrn 
y  of  I'ortiijvi'l.  2J  miles  W 
;i|.f  I.aniis.     C)l!  this  ca|>e  in 

!■  il  Sir  John  J.irvis  tU-liattd 

lli-it  (if  (lin;l)U>  the  niiMiber 
ul  livhie  the'iiinihcrof  gum. 
\V,  lilt.  So  44  N. 

St.  oiu-  of  the  Win.lwaiil 
Ishimls,  in  the  \V  liiilifs.     It 

:d  hy  Cai-il)a,  a  warlike 
wcch  whom  and  the  inhabi- 
;he    lul'ijcr    islands    tlicic  is  i 

distinction.  Dr.  Kohertsoii 
e»  that  they  were  originalh  a 
im  North  America,  tlieirliepcc 
ajiproaching'  nearer  to  those! 
(•■inal  natives  of  that  conlincnl, 
to  do  those  of  .S  America,  ai;d 
jfuai^e    also    having  somt    af. 

that  spoken  in  Morida.  In 
•s  they  preserve  their  ancient 
of  dcslroyintj  all  the  males, 
ervin^f  the  women  either  f.ir 
•  or  for  brcedin^y.  St.  Vincent 
a  neutrfd  island  ;  hut  iit  the 
i'Cri,  the  I'lonch  agreed  that 

to  it  should  he  vested  in  the 

who,  in  the  sequel,  at  the  in- 
'some  rapacious  planters  en  • 
[1  an  uiijuit  war  ai^-ainst  the 
•.s,  who  iuhahiled  the  wind- 
e  of  the  island,  and  who  wen; 
()  consent  to  a  [..-ace,  hy  which 
ed  a  very  laifye  tract  of  vahia- 

to  the  crown.  'I'iio  consc- 
)f  this  was,  that  in  the  next 
Try,  tliey  i^-icatly  eontrihuted 
•duclioii  111'  this  island  hy  the 
who,  however,  restored  it  hy 
i  of  ITHJ.     Since  that  lime   \: 


)i!it  ronlinued  in  the  po«iiO<iiiion  nf 
Great  llritain  Dui'tii^;  the  present 
w.ir,  the  Curihs  revol'ed  i  and,  ussisted 
In  llie  trench,  spread  di-solation  o\er 
lln-  whole  island,  U>  the  e,\ertions  of 
liieijDvernor,  Iiowcmt,  and  the  Uritish 
t'circcs  in  the  West  Indies,  the  revolt 
H  ill  a  i^i'eat  measure  (|iielled,  thou)(h 
il  will  he  lonjf  before  ihinjfs  are  restor- 
1,1  Id  their  former  state.  St.  X'inecnt 
is  ill  leii^tli  about  24  miles,  and  about 
I,S  ill  bie.idtli  i  in  circumference  be- 
lueeii  (iO  and  "0.  'i'he  climate  is  very 
warm:  at  Ica.it  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Kiiripeiins,  The  country  is  in  (general 
i.:ll. ,  ill  some  places  moiintailKiiis  ;  b  i! 
i!ili'i's|.crsed  with  a  variety  of  pleasant 
\.illie.>i,  and  S'iMic  lr,\'ii  iaiit  plains,  the 
sml  beiaff  every  wlere  fcilde,  and  the 
hi|i'h  jjiniin  Is  a.i>  ai  least  in  |i;<  iieial 
cisy  dl' ascent  Few  islaiuls  iif  its  ex- 
tent arc  so  well  w.tereili  iur  -i'..!.!! 
rAiTs  run  down  fioni  the  miiinl.iln  , 
and  s'li  iller  streams  from  aliiuHt  e^erv 
hill;  there  are  likewise  several  vcr\ 
line  s.u'inj^s  at  a  little  ihilance  fioiii 
the  sea  I'lu;  iiiliabitanis  raise  all  kinds 
Hi'  (i'lTKUid  provisions  ii,  pleptv,  and 
wiili  little  trouble.  Thu  r.vcrs  siippiv 
lliuiii  with  a  variety  of  (i.sh  j  and  liie 
i.nic  may  be  said  of  tue  sea  tliat 
w:islie;i  their  coasts.  T'lCV  liiive  abun 
iliiu  e  of  excellent  fruits,  and  very  fn.e 
timber  (it  for  almost  every  Use  ;  and 
with  which  they  firiiierly  supplieii 
their  nei(;hbonrs  It  is  53  miles  W  ol' 
Barhadocs.  Here  is  n  botanical  fj-ir 
(h'li,  in  whicli  till'  hi-  ail-trees,  broujrj.t 
from  Otahtitc,  are  I'ow  in  a  flourisliinj» 
cimdllion.      Lon.  CI  0  W,  lat    13  10  N 

Vi.'.cent  St  an  uninhabited  island  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  and  one  of  tlie 
Cape  Verd  Islaiuls.  'i'liere  is  a  b.ay  on 
the  N  VV  side  of  it,  and  near  ii  arc 
laiigiit  vast  i|uantities  of  Turtle. 

I'vcer-t,  St.  a  m.iritime  province  of 
Biasil,  in  South  America.  The  capi- 
tal iif  the  seue  name,  lias  a  good  har- 
bour.    Lon.  46  30  VV,  lat.  2'i  15  S. 

I'iDcent,  .S't.  a  strong  town  of  Spain, 
in  Old  Castile,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
»  hill,  near  the  river  Ebro,  138  miles 
N  E  of  .Vladrid.  Lon.  'J  40  W,  lat.  4J 
•30  N. 

Vir.giirla,  a  Dutcli  settlement  in  the 
;ieninsula  of  Huidoostan,  on  the  coast 
J  Concan,  a  little  N  of  Coa.  Lon.  ".! 
'.'2K,  lat.  15  J-  N. 

yir,^^i>r/a  lioch,  rocks  lying  in  the  Ir.- 
Jiaii  Oct  an,  prs£e>£ed  bythe  Midw;u,v, 


Lon.  73  16  \V,  Ut. 


a  tribe  of  Pirates. 
Ij  5.'  N. 

(intimij^tici,  an  episcopal  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  II  piihlii  of  Genoa,  with  u 
small  hnrhoiir,  hih\  .i  slioi>g  ca.tle  on  .i 
high  rock.  It  has  breiiolten  taken  ami 
retaken,  and  is  sealcil  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, at  (he  Mioutli  of  the  Uutta,  20 
miles  t.  N  K  of  Nice,  and  TO  S  \V  of 
Genoa.     Lon.  7  .j7  E,  lat.  43  5.i  N. 

{■/'/('.  a  town  of  Frame,  in  the  de- 
part nvnt  (  f  Calvados,  and  late  pi  ounce 
of  Normandy,  with  sevei-il  manufac- 
tures of  ccaise  woollen  (lollis.  Il  in 
sealeil  on  ibe  Vire,  ."tO  luiles  S  I:  (it" 
C  lur.iiices,  and  1  jO  \V  ol  I'aris.  Lun. 
0  4  J  \V,  lat  48  10  N. 

l'i\-;ir  Citf.i\  a  cape  of  I'atagunia. 
Lon  1)7  .54  \V,  lat  .52  J3  .S. 

Iif; in  GorJa      See    I'iixi"  hlttmU. 

Virgin  hlivi.'a,  about  ,><.)  islands  and 
ke\s,  in  the  W  lid.is,  between  .St. 
Juan  ill-  I'uerto  i:iio  and  the  Lewanl 
Ciiibliee  Islands  Ihey  t«-'ere  called 
Liis  l'irgiw.1  In  the  Spaniards,  in  hon- 
our o(  iiie  ll.WO'J  virgins  of  the  lej^end. 
They  arc  possessed  In  tie  Eiiivhsh  and 
Uaiu  s.  III  the  (irst  dielsion  belo'ig'.ng 
to  tie  Englisli.  is  Toit'la,  the  princi- 
pal, ti,  uliirli  belongs  Jost  Van  lJ_>ke's 
and  Lii'lc  Vaiulike's,  Guana  Isle,  with 
!;e(  t  ami  I'li.vleli  Idiuds.  In  the  se- 
I'M.id  divisi  /Il  is  Viigiu  Gorda,  to  which 
Ik ';mj:  Aueg.ulw,  or  Drowned  Isle, 
N  cive'-,  Priclily  Pear,  and  .Muskilo 
Isl.o'di',  tliC  Commanoes,  Scrub  .•iiul 
Dog  Islands,  the  Falter  City  (two 
rocky  islets,  close  together,  at  a  ih--,. 
tancc  resembling  ri.ins)  the  UoumI 
Rock,  Ginger,  Cooper's  Salt  Island, 
IVter'a  Island,  and  the  Dead  Clicst. 
Of  the  Danish  division,  the  principal 
islands  are  St,  Thomas  and  St.  John. 
Lon.  from  63  43  to  64  j5  VV,  lat.  from 
17  10  to  18. !o  N. 

Virgiiiiii,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  bounded  on  the  S  by  North 
Caridina  and  rcnessce,  on  tlie  W  by 
Kentucky,  on  the  N  by  Pennsylvania 
and  the  rieer  Ohio,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
.Vthintic  Ocean.  It  is  446  mile's  in 
lenrtb,  ami  224  in  breadth  1  he  princi. 
pa!  livtrs  are  James,  York,  Rappalian- 
nock,  and  Potomac,  which  are  fullofeon- 
venieiit  li.-.rbours  ;  and  there  are  also  ma- 
n\  small  rivers,  some  of  which  are  capa- 
ble of  receiving  the  largest  merchant 
ships.  'I'lie  climate  is  various.  The 
laud  to'.vu'ils  the  luoulh  of  the  rivers  is 
geiierilly  \c,\v,  and  fit  for  rice,  I'.r.-mp, 
and   Iir.lian    curn,    ti;c;u;j!i   at   present 


1:1 


V  I  s 


stockr.l  with  mnny  tort!,  of  tr«e«i,  Irom 

un  the   r.vv.    in   KcncrMly  level,  ami 

I.erc  and  tlu  re  some  imall  l.ilU.      H"' 
i  «p  the   «cu  is  Renerally  sandy.   « m 
V.tlmulHtones    Tor    .vh,chr~ 
hom-H  arc  sel.h.M,  shm  .     T '"•  ['^ '"^*; 
lands  lie  near  the  hranches  of  the  riv- 
er    uul  abmnul  with   vari....-*   Borts  of 

l-Xr,  .uri>visinK»y  ^'^^^J^'^^^Z 
pal  nnxUicf  is  tobacco,  wl.ra  .  un.l  in 
inborn,    In.l  tlic  culture  of   tobacc 
has.onsi.U-rubly   declmed   ">  f-vo^^ 
"hit  of  Wheat.     The  Vu-RUUHns  are   H. 
K     cral   sensible,   p.dite.   ami  hos^ta. 
ble    and  of  an  independent  spirit.     1  l«i 
poor  are    ignorant  and   abject     and  all 
To^an  inquisitive  turn     and  m  many 
other  respects  very  -""ch  reseniblethe 
neonle  in   tlie    eastern  states.       JMty 
fit" 'from   tli.m.   however,   in  the.r 
n^on  Is  ;  the  former  beinR  much  addict- 
^l    to    Kan''%'.    JrinkinR.    swearmg. 
horlra^hiB.  cockfightmff.  a-l  m-^ 
kinds  of  dissipation.      There  is  muc 
greater  disparity  bet^^■cen  the  rich    .  d 
^lcpoorinVirg>nia..;hanin.anyo    he 

northern  ftatcs.  Virginia  is  di.  <led 
Ssacoimties.  and  in  1790,  contam. 
ed  747,610  inhabitants,  includrng, 
S3,(V27  slaves.     The   capital   is  Kich- 

'^"vt^crs,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle 'of  Westphalia.  It  .siO 
JnllesWofCoblentz.     Lon.  7  5  L,  lat. 

'    Zt^n'.a  town  of  Austrian  Luxcm- 
burff.  22  miles  W  of  Luxemberg.  Lon. 
S  41  K.  lat.  49  36  N. 
't^i'/,a^m.ato^vnofthepen.nsu. 

la  of  Hiudoostan.  Lon.  b3  40  L,  lat. 
^VLL«.atownoflW.ainthego. 
vernment  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  61  22  E, 
*''£f!t?own  of  the  Netherlands,  in 

by  the  empress,  and  endowed  will,  con- 
sklerable  privileges,  has  already  reap 
ed  many  benefits  irom  its  new  .mmu. 
niti^s      The  inhabitants,   raised    irom 
riituation  of  slaves  to  that  .v^     rec 

men,  seem  to  have  shaken  oH  thui  toi 
^:"indolcnce.andtohavccuufflUane. 

•pirit  of  emulation  and  mdustiy.  t.ics 


U  I  s 

jiave  turned   tlieir  «ttenlinn  to  Uuile 
and   are   awakened   to   u  sense  <il  lli. 
rommenial     advantiiKCS  posnesseil    In 
Ihe  place  of  their    abode.     The   town 
is  divided   into  regular  htreets.   and   is 
already  iirovided  with  a  large   ran^'r  ct 
shops  and  warthonses.     All  the  hiuld 
incs  are  of  wood,  excepting    the  <  ,;uii 
of  justice   .reeved    at   the    charge  (it 
the   empress,   and   four  brick    lioiisi;» 
belonging   to   u   rich    burgher.     It    is 
seated   on  the    river  Zua,  60  mdcs  N 
W  of  Tver.     Lon.  35  0  E.  lat.  57  :23  N 
Vi.i.ipour,  or  Dtjopour,  a  considerable 
city  of  the  Deccan  of  Hiudoostan.  lor 
mJrly  the  capital  of  a  larg«  kingdom  ol 
the   same    name,  now    subject   to  tUe 
Poonah  Mahrattas.     It    is    L56  "niks  S 
E  of  Poonah.  and  234  S  E  of  Bombay. 
Lon.  75  IDE,  lat.  17  26  N. 

yhugoroil,  a  town  of  Poland,  m  Ma. 
sovia.  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Vis- 
tula,  50  miles  N  W  of  Warsaw. 

Uht,  N„rth  and  South,  two  islands  ul 
the  Hebrides,  on  the  W  coast  of  Scot- 

^^'^NurthUht,  which  lies  to  the  south- 
ward  of  Harris,  separated  by  a  channel 
of  about  nine  miles  over,  is  somewhat 
more    considerable,    being  about  M 
miles  in  circumference.    The  E  side  is 
mountainous,  covered  with  heath,  and 
fitter   for  pasturage   than   cuhivation, 
but  the  western  part  is  arable,  and  pro- 
duces grain  in  plenty,  yielding  »rom  K 
to  30  fold  in  a  favourable  season,  and 
when  manured  with  sea  ware.    Locli 
Maddy  is  situated  in  this  is  r.nd,  about 
five  miles  to  the  smilhward  of  Hermc- 
tra,  and  has  its  name  from  three  rwks 
on  its  S  side,  on  which  grow  plenty  m 
Lrgc  muscles.called  maddies    It  lorm« 
a  most  capacitms  harbour.capable  of  c.m^ 
Lhdngsime  hundreds  of  vessels  of  an 
burden,  and  has  several  islands  witioi, 
it,  which  contribute  greatlv  to  its  sccu- 
rily.     North  Uist  is  15  miles  S  of  thr 
Isle  of  Skve.     And,  . 

South  Uht  isab(nii21  miles  in  length, 
and  3  or  4  in  breadth.  It  very  much 
Resembles  NoUh  Uist  in  its  soil  and 
productions,  and  even  m  the  exte. lul 
appearance  of  the  country  ;  being  moun- 
l\^nous  and  heathy  on  the  E.  but  plam 

.  arable  on  the  W.  It  likewise 
'bunds  in  fresh  --ter  lakes  which 
have  plenty  of  trouts  and  eels,  but  do  a 
Csitable  deal  of  damage  to  the  ar. 

able  ground,  by  overflowing  it  in  tl.t 
winter.  South  Uist  is  20  miles  W  ot 
the  Isle  of  Skye. 


U  I  s 


V  I  T 


U  L  I 


I  heir  «tlenlinn  to  Vr..'it 
icncd   to   u  »ci\r«'  <il  tip 
ulv!ii\tiii'L'*  |)<)»«i'»Hrcl   In 
lic'ir    ubiulr.     'I'lvf   town 
I)  rt-RnUr  Htrctt*,   uihI  is 
IftI  with  u  larxf   ^an^;(■  ct 
rfln)iiHi-H.     All  tlu'  Imild 
tod,  cxccpliiil?   llie  tumi 
.rtcil    at   tl>«'    cliWRP  (it 
,    and   four  brick    iioiist* 

a   rich    hnrglitr,     It    i-< 
e    rivei-  Zuu,  50  "'dts  K 

Loii.oSOli,  iBt.  57  2oti 
)!•  Dtjiipour,  a  coiuidei'iihli: 
cccan  of  Hiiidoiistiin,  lor 
|)it«l  of  a  lurK*  kingdom  <.l 
ame,  now  subject  t.i  tlic 
niltas.  It  i»  i;''6  mils"  ^ 
,  und  234  S  E  of  Bombay. 
;,  lat.  17  26  N. 

n  town  of  Poland,  ni  Ma. 
I  custle,  seated  on  the  Vis- 
:»  N  W  of  Warsaw, 
r/i  and  South,  two  islands  of 
s,  on  the  W  coast  of  Scot- 

t,  which  lies  to  the  south- 
i-ris,  separated  by  a  channel 
ne  miles  over,  is  somewhat 
idcrable,  bciiiR  about  30 
cumfcrencc.  The  E  side  is 
s,  covered  with  heath,  and 
lasturagc  than  cultivation, 
stem  part  is  arable,  and  pro 
,  in  pli-ntv,  yielding  from  Hj 
in  a  favourable  season,  and 
ured  with  sea  ware.  Loch 
lituated  in  this  islr.nd,  about 
to  the  southward  of  Hermc- 
w  its  name  from  three  rocks 
de,  on  which  Rrow  plenty  ol 
•IcH.called  maddies.  It  forms 
ucious  harbour.capable  of  con- 

me  hundreds  of  vessels  of  any 
nd  has  several  islands  within 
contribute  greatly  to  its  sccu- 
rth  Uist  is  15  miles  S  ot  thr 

ve.     And,  . 

ht  is  about  21  miles  in  lengtli, 

4  in  breadth.  It  very  mucli 
i  Noith  Uist  in  its  sod  am 
ns,  and  even  in  tlif  external 
ce  of  the  country  ;  being  moun- 
nd  heathv  on  the  E,  but  plain 
,1c    on   tlie    W.      It  likewise 

in  fresh  water  lakes,  wtiicU 
itvoftrouts  and  eels,  but  do  a 
ible  deal  of  damage  to  the  ar- 
und,  by  overflowing  It  in  the 

South  Uist  is  20  miles  W  ot 
of  Skyc. 


J'iftuld,  a  large  river,  which  rises  in 
MoiMit  Criipach,  on  tin-  (•()nfines  of  Si- 
li-iia  and  UuiiKary,  crdsses  Poland  and 
I'riissia,  and  fulls  by  three  uioutlu  into 
tlio  Hiiltic,  below  Uanl/ic 

Vilrrho,  an  episcopal  tiiwn  of  Italy,  in 
t!ii:  patrimony  of  St.  Peter.  It  contains 
I'J.OUO  inhabitants,  16  parish  churches, 
:iiicl  many  palaces  and  foiintuins.  Near 
il  la  a  sprinif,  so  hot,  that  it  will  not 
mly  boil  an  egg,  but  even  Hesh.  It  is 
,e.»tcd  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  from 
the  top  of  which,  the  city  of  Home  and 
the  Meiliterranean  Sea  may  bo  seen  i 
ihe  latter  at  the  distance  of  near  50 
miles.  It  is  20  miles  S  E  of  Orvieto, 
iml  35  N  by  W  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  26 
L,  lat.  42  25  N. 

/itre,  II  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isle  and  Vilainc,  and  late 
province  of  Drittany,  with  a  trade  in 
linen  cloth,  and  knit  stocking)  and 
^Icivcs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vilaine,  20 
miles  N  E  of  Hennes,  and  52  S  E  of 
St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  13  W,  lat.  48  14  N. 
Vitri-le- Brule,  a  village  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Maine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne. 

Vitri  U-l'nmcoia,  a  well-built  andcon- 
Bulcrablc  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marnc,  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  /rhe  houses  »•••  of 
wood  i  and  there  is  a  fiiiu  square,  in 
which  the  church  stands.  Il  lias  a 
jjreat  trade,  particularly  in  grain,  and 
IS  seated  on  the  Marne,  15  miles  S  E 
lit'  Chalons,  and  100  E  of  Paris.  Loii. 
\  38  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

I'itring,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
lircle  of  Austria,  sealed  on  a  lake,  cidl- 
fii  the  Wordtsee,  four  miles  S  W  of 
Clagtnfurt. 

Vttteaux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  river 
Bruine,  among  the  mountains,  where 
there  are  quarries  of  marble,  12  miles 
S  E  of  Semur,  and  27  W  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  4  27  E,  lat.  57  20  N. 

Vittoria,  or  Victoria,  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Alaba.  It  is  surrounded  tiy 
ilouble  walls,  and  in  the  principal' 
square  are  the  town-house,  two  con- 
vents, and  in  the  middle  a  fine  fountain. 
Tile  large  streets  are  bordered  with 
fine  trees,  which  are  a  good  defence 
a!;:ainst  the  heat  of  the  sun.  It  has  a 
RTcat trade  in  hardware,  particularly  in 
sword-blades,  which  are  made  here  in 
great  quantities.     It  ia  seated  on  an 


eminence,  »t  the  end  of  a  plain,  fertile 
ill  corn  and  grapes,  32  miles  S  Eof  llil- 
hoa,  and  \SS  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  56 
VV,  lat.  42  55  N. 

Vivarain,  a  late  small  province  of 
France,  and  now  included  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeclie. 

Vivero,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
seat'd  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  mountain, 
near  the  rvier  Landrova,  wiioHe  mouth 
forms  a  large  harbour  on  the  Atlantic, 
30  miles  N  W  of  Mniidunnedu.  Lon. 
7  34  VV,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Viviert,  an  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ardeche,  am!  late 
province  of  Langiiedoc,  with  u  bi»liii|)'a 
see.  It  is  seated  among  rocks  (im  one 
of  which  the  cathedral  is  built)  on  the 
river  Rhone,  20  miles  N  of  Orange,  and 
70  N  E  of  Montpcllier,  Lon.  4  40  E, 
lat.  44  20  N. 

Viza,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Evropc,  in 
Romania,  with  a  Greek  archbishop'ii 
see,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
at  the  source  of  the  river  Glicentro. 

Utenakdi,  a  town  of  Hussia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Tobolsk,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Irlysh  and  Oby.  Lon.  (59  15  E, 
lat.  61  10  N. 

Ukraine,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
lying  on  the  borders  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, Poland,  Russia,  and  Little  Tar- 
tary.  Its  name  properly  signifus  a 
frontier.  By  a  treaty  between  Russia 
anil  Poland  in  1693,  tlic  latter  remain- 
ed in  possession  ot  all  that  part  of  the 
Ukraine  lying  on  the  W  hide  of  the  ri- 
ver Dnieper,  which  is  but  indiilei-eiitly 
cultivated  ;  while  the  country  on  the  K 
side,  inhabited  by  the  Cossacs,  is  in 
much  better  condition.  The  Russian 
part  is  comprised  in  the  government  of 
Kiof ;  and  tlie  empress  of  Russia  hav- 
ing obtained  the  Polish  palatinate  of 
Kiof,  by  the  treaty  of  partition  in  17f3, 
the  whole  of  the  Ukraine  on  both  sides 
of  the  Dnieper,  belongs  now  to  that 
ambitious  and  formidable  power.  The 
principal  town  is  Kiof.  Sec  Cossacs. 
Vladimir.  See  Votodimir. 
Lladislaia.  See  Inmuladislavi. 
Uka,  or  Ulahorg,  a  seaport  c-f  Swe- 
den, in  .East  Bothnia.  Lon.  22  20  E, 
lat.  65  40  N. 

Vlieland.     See  Flie. 
Ulierheci,  a  town  of  Austri.in   Bra- 
bant,  two  miles  E  of  Loiivain,    and  11 
S  E  of  Mechlin.     Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  50 
53  N. 

Uiietea,   one  of  the  Society  Isles,  in 


•W' 


U  LT 


Lon.  151  31  W, 


if 

H     'i 

1 1 


the   I'ficific   Oceiin 

U;k^at,r,    a  bke  of  WestmorcUnd 
10  niilc-s  N  of  Ambcl-iile,  ami  14  S  W 
of  I'ennth.     It  is  eiriht  miles  loiij?,  am 
abrnmils  wilU  char,  and  a  variety  ot 
otlif-r  fibli.  . 

iZ/iH,  a  free  imperial  city  ot   Germa- 
iiv,   in  the   circle   of  Suubia,  and  the 
ci.ief  of 'liat  order  in  the  circle,  where 
the  aivhivcs  thereof  are  deposited.      It 
is  forflied  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  nan- 
»d)e,  wheie  it  receives  the  lUer,  with  a 
luoidsome    bridge     over    the     former. 
Here   is    a   Rood  college ;   and  in   the 
cathedral,  wlr.eli  is  a  handsome  struc- 
ture, are  6J  copper  vessels  full  ot  wa- 
ter, rcudv  for  the  exlinguisliing  ot  hve. 
Tiie  inhabitants     are    protestants,  and 
have   a   good  trade  in  linens,  fiistia^is, 
luadM  are,  and  wool.     The  dnke  of  B-i- 
varia  took  it  in  1702,  by  stratagem,      t 
stirrendereil  it  after  the  battle  of  B.en- 
hciin.     It  was  taken  by  tlie  French,  in 
1796  ;    bnt  thev  were   obliged  to  aban- 
don  it  tlie  s'.mc  montli.     Upon  the  con- 
clusion of    an    armistice  between  the 
French  and  Aiislrians  in  18uU,   it  was 
delivered  up   as  an    hostage    to    the 
Frciuli,    who  perfidiously  and  contrary 
to  agieemcnt,  demolislied  the  fortifica- 
tions     It  is  36  miles   W  of  Augsburg, 
47  S  E  of  Stu'.gard,  and  6J  N  ot    Mu- 
n^ch.     Lon.  10  12  E,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Vitncii,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Menlz,  30  miles  N  E 
of  Treves.     Lon.  7  H  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Uhilu),  or  Vlotho-j},  a  town  ot  Germa- 
ny, in  Westphalia.  It  is  six  miles  S  of 
Minden. 

Ulrkshaviu,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
W  Gothland.  Its  name  was  changed 
in  compliment  to  queen  Ulrica  Eleano- 
la.     Lon.  14  22  E,  lat.  57  10  N. 

V'stc;  a  province  of  Ireland,  lit) 
miles  long  and  100  broad  ;  boumlcd  on 
the  E  bv  'the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  N  by  the 
Northern  Ocean,  on  the  W  by  tlie  At- 
K-intic  Ocean  on  the  S  by  the  province 
of  Leinster,  and  on  tlic  S  W  by  that  of 
Connaiu;ht.  The  jx-incipal  rivers  are 
the  Ban'n,  Fovle,  Swilly,  Newry-water, 
and  Lan-gan  :  and  it  abounds  with  large- 
lakes.  "The  soil,  in  general,  is  fruitful 
in  corn  and  grass ;  and  there  are  plenty 
of  horses,  sheep,  and  beeves.  It  con- 
tains one  arclibishoiirlc,  six  bishoprics, 
10  rounlies,  .ind  365  p;irishes.  The 
ririncipal  place  is  Londonderry. 

Ultzi'n,  or  Vdtzcn,  a  town  of  Germanv 
iii  the  cti-clc  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated 


tJ  N  D 

on  the  Ilmenan.     Lon.  10  38  E,  hit 

55  N.  I 

L\versuinc,  a  town  m  LancH.tlinv,  | 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  The  cikiii 
try  people  call  itOi.sto-i,  and  it  is  seat- 
ed  at  the  foot  of  a  swift  descent  of  liilh 
to  the  S  E,  near  a  shallow  arn,  ol  tlir 
Irish  Sea.  It  is  the  port  of  t'c  d.sli.f. 
of  Furness.  It  is  18  mik  s  N  W  of  La-..  | 
caster,  wid  267  N  N  W  of  Loiuk,;-. 
Lon.  3  12  W,  lal.  54  14  N. 

Unia,  or  Umai,  a  town  of  Swc<lcn,  u. 
W  Bothnia,  seated  on  the  river  Uniii.  ;i 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  honse^  wx- 
built  of  wood;  and  it  was  twice  bn." 
b\  the  Russians.  It  is  the  resideiut-  ,1 
the  governor  of  W  Botlima,  and  2!Vj 
miles  N  of  Stockholm.  Lon    19  9E,l,d| 

63  58  N.  .      ,     ■ 

Umas",  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Istria 
seated  between  the  golf  L.ugena,  ui.d 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Qiiiclo.  I 

UmbriatiC!,,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
with  a  bishop's  sec.  though  nowreduo-i 
ed  to  a  small  place,  having   only    •.lv.".tl 
aO  houses.    It  is  seated  on  the  Lipmhi 
15  miles  N  bv  W  of  St.  Scvenna.  Ltn,| 
17  10  E,  lal.  38  29  N. 

Unaditla,  a  post  town  in  Otsego  coiin-i 
tv,  New-York;  lying  on  the  E  side  ;.t| 
UnadiUa  river,  a  stream  that  runs  i*.i 
the  oast  branch  of  Mistpieliannah  ;  a.in:! 
10  miles  N  E  uf  Jeric),  and  about  lu^ 
W  of  Hudson.  ' 

Undcrs'^'eiU  or  UrJcntcn,  a  hands-iiiu  _ 
tiiwnof  Swisserland,  in    the  canton  i.t  I 
n.ru,  near  which  is  the  famous  ciiuni 
(if St.  Pat.     It   is    seated   on   the   lulul 


Thun,  25 


25   miles 


S  S  E   of  Bern,   :ir.>! 
,io  S  E  of  Friburg.  Lon.  7  32  E,  lut.  ;  > 

' U>v:crv:n!dcn,  a  canton  of  Swisserhina, 
the  si.xth  in  rank ;  bounded  on  the  N  b 
the  canton  of  Lucern  and  the  Lake  ... 
the  Four  Cantons  i    on   the   E  by  liiiiH 
mountains,  which  separate  it  from  lli.- 
canton  of  Uri ;  on  the  S  by  Mount  Bru- 
nich,  which  parts  it  from  the  c.'intonn 
Bern  ;  and  on  the  W  by  that  of  Luceii. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  wood,    whio 
runs  neaj-lv  in  the  middle  ot  the  coin.. 
tn-,fromNtoS.     It  is  25  miles  long', 
a,ul  17  broad,  ami  is    divided    into  t-^« 
pLU-ts,  that  above  the  wood,  and  tliat  In. 
l„w  it,  calk  d  Oberwaldand  UnderwaUl 
For  this  reason  there  are  two  c.nmch, 
two  justices,  two  laiids-gemeind    wit.i 
respict  to  external  aflairs  ,  fere    is 
ioint  council,  chosen  eriually  by  tlotu'. 
divisions.     The  Inhabitants  are  Rom.u 
callwllcs.  Staitti  ij  the  caoitid,. 


tJ  N  D 


wn.     Lon.  10  J8  K,  lal 

,  a  town  ill  I.aiuaxliiiv, 
.et  on  Mondity.  'llie  loiii 
all  itOi.slD'i.'aiHl  it  is  seat- j 
i!t  (if  11  Kwift  descent  (if  liilU 
nciir  a  shallow  :ivn.  of  tlic 
It  IS  the  port  of  t'e  d.Mi;c'.] 

It  is  18  nulls  N  \V  of  L;i!i. 
1  26T  N  N  W  of  Loiuki;; 
vTlal.  54  14  N. 
Unu'd,  a  town  of  Sweden,  u. 
,  seated  on  tlu;  river  Uni:i.  i 
Bothnia.  The  houses  ;,!•( 
^d■,  and  it  was  twice  bii.' 
sians.  It  is  the  resideiut- . 
[,v  of  W  Bothnia,  and  2!i 
Stockholm.  Lon    19  yE,l.a| 

a  seaport  of  Venetian  Istria,] 
ween  the  pnlf  L.irgcna,  ai;d| 
of  the  river  <iiiicl(i. 
ten,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
lOp's  see.  though  now  reduo-! 
all  place,  having-   only    alv...;t 
It  is  seated  on  the  Lipud;'. 
I  bv  VV  of  St.  Scvcrlna.  Lt^ii.l 
U,  38  :t)  N. 

',  a  po.st  town  in  Otsepocoiiii-j 
'ork  ;    Ivinj;-   on  the  E  side  ^f' 
iver,  a  "stream  that  rims  iir.i 
aiichofSo'^riiieliaiiiiah  ;  ahn;;^ 
J  K  uf  Jeric),  and  about  UO 

Ison. 

.f«,  or  UrJmien,  a  liandsnmol 
iwisserland,  in    tlie  caiUoiiot| 
)•  which  is  the  famous  caviv.i 
It   is    seated   on   the   lake- 
miles   S  S  E   of  Bern,   aiKl| 
Fribiirg.  Lon.  7  32  E,  lut. 

cMcn,  a  canton  of  Swisscrlaiia, 
in  rank  ;  bounded  on  the  N  b 
1  of  I.ncern  and  the  Lake  <■• 
Cantons  ;    on    the    E  by  \\vA 
s,  which  separate  it  from  tin- 
Uri  i  on  the  S  by  Mount  Bra- 
ich  parts  it  from  the  canton  nil 
donthe  WbythatofLiicerii.l 
ts  name  from  a  wood,    whicUj 
•Iv  in  the  middle  of  the  com.- 
Nto  S.     It  is  2.1  miles  loni;-, 
r„ad,  andis    divided   liUot-.vu| 
U  above  the  wood,  ami  that  be 
ilUd  Oberwaldand  Underwa Id. 
reason  there  are  two  c(mncih^ 
ces,  two  laiids-gemeind    wit.il 
o  external  aHiiirs  ;  there    is  aj 
„cii,  chosen  equally  by  the  two 

The  inhabitants  are  Romn.! 
'.  Staiiti  ij  the  capit:d|. 


I 

r,«|) 

in  i 

stri 

moi 

E  < 

48 

I 

No 

Jli 

At 

W 

i 

Pe 

vill 

Pil 

de' 

bit 

rc| 
pri 
N 
bo 
mi 
th 
by 
iiii 
lai 
an 
vl 

(i 

ai 
ot 
Zi 
H 

b( 

S( 

si 
ai 
tl 
»\ 
c 
h 
d 
tl 
a 
f. 
t 

t; 
t 
t 

a 

n 
I  i' 

t 
|t 

c 


U  N  I 

that  called  the  Zuviler,  or  South  Sea^ 
which  was  tormed  (lurtly  bytlie  Rliiiie'* 
ri|^ht   bi-aiuh,   tlieii    iiici-cascd   by  tlie 
Vcclit,    wliich  has  now  aiwther  outlet, 
overHowiii(^  the  low  swaniiiy  prouiid'? 
thi-()ut;h    which  it  passed;    ai'.d  partly 
by  tiie  sea,  in  the  Ulh  century,  break- 
\\\g  in,  and  overtiowing'  a  lai-.^e  trad  of 
jrronnd  conti)fuons  to   that  before  laid 
undtr  water  by  the  Rhine.     'I'he  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Rhine,  the  Mouse, 
the   Scheld,   and  the    VechU      There 
are   many   smaller     rivers     that    joit\ 
these,   and   a  vast  number  of  canals ; 
vet  there  are  few  good  harbours  in  the 
jirovinces.     The  best  are  those  of  Rot- 
terdam,   Hclvoctsluys,    and   Flushing. 
As  to  the  harbour  of  Amsterdam,  it  i» 
indcLi  one  of  the  largest  and  safest  ia 
Europe  ;    but   there  is  a  bar  at  the  en- 
trance of  it,  over  which   large  vessel* 
cannot  pass  without  being  liglitcued  or 
unloaded.     There  are  no  mountains  ia 
thei';   provinces ;    and   die    ordy  lake, 
proiierlv  so  called,  is  that  of  Haerlem. 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  the  E  |  The  provmces  are  extremely  well  cuU 
bv  Germanv     Tiicv  rank  in  the  follow-    tivated,  and  very  populous  ;  especially 

■  "  thit  of  Holland,  which,  in  this  respect, 
perhaps  has  not  its  cf[ual  in  the  uni- 
verse. The  towns  are  very  agreeable, 
being  kept  clean,  and  having  canals  in 
the  middle  of  the  streets,  planted  witU 
trees.     Tiie  luimber  of   inhabitants  is 


UNI 

t;/)^/"i'ir,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungwy, 
wipital  of  a  cmmlv  of  the  same  name, 
in  an  island  forme<l  by  the  Ungh.  It  is 
strong  from  its  si'.uation  among  the 
mountains  of  Crapach,  and  is  47  miles 
E  of  Cassovia.  L(m.  22  23  E,  lat.  48 
48  N. 

Uiihn,  a  post  town  in  Tioga  coi.nty, 
New  York ;  situated  on  the  \V  side  of 
Jlicnengo  river,  40  miles  E  by  N  of 
Athens,  or  Tyoga  po'nt,  and  about  150 
W  of  the  city  of  Hudson. 

Union,  the  capital  of  Fayette  county, 
PennsvhT  .i,  12  miles  S  E  of  Browns- 
ville, ''37  S  E  of  Washington,  45  of 
Pittsb.irg,  and  ab  )ut  290  VV  of  Ph.ila- 
delphia.  It  eontains  about  2000  inha- 
bitr.nts,  and  has  a  post-oflice. 

United  Provinces  (if  the  Netherlands,  a 
republic  of  Europe,  consisting  of  seven 
provinces,  which  extend  150  miles  fi-om 
N  to  S.  and  100  from  E  to  W.  They  are 
bounded  on  the  VV  and  N  by  the  Ger- 
man  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  Brabant  and 


ing  order  ;  'Ciielderland,  Holland,  Zea- 
land, Utrecht,  Friesland,  Ove^'vssel, 
and  Groni-.gen.  Besides  these  pro- 
viiices,  are  the  lands  of  the  Generality 
(including  Dutch  Brabar.t,  Flanders, 
and  I.imburg)  in  which  are  the  towns 
of  Bois-lc-Uuc,  B"eda,  Bcrgen-op- 
Znom,  Maestricht,  Venlo,  Shiys,  and 
Hiilst.  The  seven  United  Provinces 
being  in  great  part  surrounded  by  the 
sea,  Irliig  h)w,  and  ;J)o;inding  in  mar- 
shes, have  a  damp  .and  unwholesome 
air.  Rains  and  fogs  are  fretiuent ;  and 
tlie  gout,  scurvy,  rlieumatism,  .md 
agues 


computed  at  2,000,000.  The  animals 
here  are  much  the  same  as  in  England ; 
but  their  horses  and  horned  cattle  are 
of  a  larger  sizi.  Storks  build  and 
hatch  on  their  chimneys  i  but,  being 
bircfs  of  passage,  they  leave  the  conn- 
try  about  the  middle  ol"  August,  witU 
their  yoiin^,  and  return  the  February 
very   common   and   dillicidt  of   following.     It   is   said  tnere  are  some 


cure.  '  Tiie'  ellects  of  Imman  industry  j  wild  boars  and  wolves  here  ;  :.nd  that 


hera  are  wonderful   in   the   dykes  and 
dams  erected  for  defending  the  coiin- 
trv  against  the  inuiululions  of  the  sea, 
aiid  in  ditches,  canals,  mills,  and  sluices, 
fiir  draining  the  marshes.     The  quanti- 
ty of  grain  produced   is    not   sulKcient 
fin-  home  consumption  ;    but   the   pas- 
tures in  the  marslies  are  so  rich,  that 
th«y  can  spare  a  great  deal  of  butter 
and  cheese  for  exportation.   They  have 
also  a  gjod  breed  of  sheep,  whose  wool 
I  is  highly  valued.     Their  turf,  madder, 
'tobacco',   some  fruit,   and  iron  ;  but  all 
I  the  pit-coKl  and  timber   used    in    this 


neither  oyst..'rs  nor  herri.igs  are  to  be, 
found  upon  the  coas^t :  but  of  other  (isli 
they  have  the  several  sorts,  both  in 
tiic-r  seas  and  rivers,  that  we  have  in 
Britain.  Theestabliahed  religion  here 
befin-elhe  Revolution  was  the  Pre-oyte- 
rian,  or  Calvliusni :  none  but  Pr<;sbyte- 
rians  were  adinitteu  into  any  otllcc  or 
post  in  liie  government,  excepting  the 
ari.iv  ;  all  reliivio.is  and  seels,  however, 
wore  tolerated,  and  had  their  respec- 
live  mpetiugs  or  assemblies  for  public 
worsliip,  among  which  the  Pap.sts  and 
Jews  were  very  numerous.     Since  the 


country,  and  indeed  most  of  the  n^ces-  i  late  alliance  wH;  France,  no  particu- 
saries  of  life,  are  imported  All  llie  |  lar  reh^iou  is  established  i  .-ind  the 
provinces  either  lie  upon,  or  commani-|  phlegmatic  Ditch  have  drank  deep  ot 
catc  with  the  North  Sea,  by  meitiw  ofl  the  cup  of  jnfideUty,  nuMd  by 

Dup^o 


theis. 


U  N  1 


U  N  I 


11 


■I'll! 


4'!l 


.:■' ! 


lU'w  ami  volatile  allies.  With  rejjard 
l'(  till'  c'lnmcrcc  of  this  roiinlry,  their 
E:ist  lii,li!i  ci)iTip;iny  liiul  tlie  monopols 
oC  tlif  line!  spiffs  tin-  more  lliiin  100 
y-iifs,  Hii'.l  w:is  \iy'^  tl?c  most  opulf  lit 
!ii\il  |)>\ver|iil  (if  iiiiy  in  tlic  world. 
'I'lioii^^h  the  country  ilsflf  produces 
\c\-\  (lw  tlimsfs,  yot  almnsl  all  t!ie  pro- 
diifts  iiiid  fomniodities  of  the  glohe 
iiiuy  I)f  Ciiincl  here,  nearly  as  cheap  as 
ill  tlie  rouiitrieu  where  tliey  are  made 
or  prodMceil.  A  vast  variety  of  manu- 
iurtuivH  are  carried  on  in  tlie  provinces, 
and  with  extraordinary  skill  and  dill- 
g'cnce  ;  aiul  a  great  niMtiher  of  hands 
are  employed,  and  iiuuli  wealtli  ac- 
Unircd,  by  the  herring,  cod,  and  whale 
ttslieries.  No  ludian  has  equalled  them 
in  the  curing  oT  hcrriiip^s.;  those  cured 
at  Ghisjjow,  ill  Scotland,  arc  llioiifrht 
to  come  nearest  to  »hciii.  Ahont  150 
sail  were  annually  eni|)loyed  iu  the 
whale  fishery  and  about  200  in  the  her- 
rlnp.  The  iirolits  of  the  latter,  in  a 
jjnod  year,  after  all  deductions,  were 
thoiipriit  to  amount  to  200  000  Holland 
Guilders.  The  principal  manufactures 
here  are  those  of  linen,  pajier,  and 
earthen  ware  of  all  sorts.  Ship-huild 
ing^  also  employed  vastnnmbers  of  hands 
The  trade  of  this  ccniiitry,  however, 
upon  the  wlioK  ,  has  lonjj  been  declin- 
ing ;  owinjj  partly  to  a  decline  of  their 
ar.^ient  parsimony  and  industry ;  but 
chiefly  t')  tlic  improvement  of  inanurac- 
tiires,  trade,  and  navifjatioii,  in  other 
countries,  and  at  present  (1800)  is  al- 
most aii./iiiihited  As  to  tiie  cliaracter 
of  the  Diitf'i,lhe  boors  or  husbandmen 
are  industrious  enough,  but  heavy,  and 
.slow  of  iiiiderstaiidinp;.  The  seamen 
are  a  plain,  blunt,  but  roiig-h,  surly,  and 
ilUmannereil  sfrt  of  people.  Their 
tra'lesnieii  are  sotnetlii'i^  sharper,  and 
make  use  of  all  their  skill  to  tiike  advan- 
ia^c  of  those  they  deal  with.  Everv 
cla-is  of  men  is  extre.nely  fruf^al.  All 
applitcs  and  passions  run  lower  and 
cooler  here  tlian  in  oilier  countries, 
avarice  excepted  Q;iari'<ls  arc  vfr\ 
rare,  reM-ii;;-e  is  seldom  heard  of,  and 
jealousy  scarcely  ever  known.  It  is 
very  onroniiiMii  for  any  of  them  to  be 
really  in  love,  or  even  pretend  to  it ; 
nor  do  the  wo-nen  seem  to  care  \v\,'i- 
ther  they  :.re  or  not.  People  converse 
pretty  much  upon  a  level  here  ;  rioc  is 
it  easy  to  distiiiiri^i^'i  tMe  man  from  the 
Tliaster,  or  the  maid  from  the  mistress, 
>iuch  liberties  do  they  allow  their  ser- 
v^nti,   or  lather  are  obliged  to  allow 


them  i  For  they  may  not  be  struck  or 
corrected  by  them,  but  the  dispute 
must  bi;  left  to  the  maifistrate.  The 
Dutch  arc  tall  and  strong' built ;  but 
both  men  and  women  have  the  grossest 
shapes  that  are  to  be  met  vritli  any 
where.  'I'heirgarb,  esccpt  among  the 
officers  of  tlie  »rmy  and  some  few  oth- 
ers, is  exceeding  jilain,  and  the  fash- 
ions change  as  seldom  as  in  Spain. 
The  men  are  .vldicted  to  drinking, 
which  some  think  iieccss.ary  in  this  fog- 
gy air,  both  for  tlieii-  health  and  the 
improvement  of  their  understandings. 
Among  their  diversions,  that  of  skait- 
ing  in  winter  is  one  of  the  chief.  It  is  I 
amazing  to  see  the  crowds  in  a  hard 
frost  upon  the  ice,  and  their  dexterity 
in  skaiting  ;  both  men  and  women  dart- 
ing along  with  inconceivable  velocity. 
The  Dutch  are  remarkable  for  their  I 
cleanliness  :  nothing  can  exceed  the  I 
neatness  of  their  houses,  towns,  and  vil- 1 
lages.  Many  of  them  have  distinguish- 
ed themselves  by  their  learning,  and  I 
some  even  by  tlieir  wit  and  ingenuity  j 
witness  Erasmus,  Grotiiis,  &c.  The  [ 
Dutch  excel  also  in  painting  and  en- 
graving ;  and  some  of  them  have  been 
no  contemptible  statuaries.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  Union  (See  Netherlands) 
the  Seven  Provinces  guarantee  each 
other's  rights  j  they  make  war  and 
peace,  levy  taxes,  8;c.  in  their  joint  ca- 
pacity J  bill  as  to  internal  government, 
each  province  is  independent.  They 
send  deputies  (chosen  out  of  the  pro- 
vincial states)  to  the  general  assembly, 
called  the  states  general,  which  is  in- 
vested with  the  supreme  legisl.itive 
power  of  the  confederation.  At  the 
iieadof  this  g-ovcrnnient  there  has  usu- 
ally bean  a  jirince  st.idtholder,  who  ex- 
ercises a  considerable  part  of  the  exe- 
ecinive  power.  Having  deserted  the 
grand  alliance  formed  against  the  dis- 
turbers of  the  peace  of  Europe,  and  the 
ofHce  of  the  stadtholder  be-ng  abolish- 
ed, the  Dutch  republic,  under  the 
name  of  an  ally,  is  now  in  reality  little 
better  than  a  province,  of  France.  The 
consequence  of  this  alli.iiicc  is  what 
might  have  bc;en  expected.  The  Bri- 
tisli  government,  obliged  to  attack  its 
enemies  wherever  it  might  find  tiiem, 
commenced  hostilities  against  the  Uiil- 
ted  Provinces,  and  in  the  compass  of  a 
>ery  short  period  wrested  from  thcni 
their  most  valuable  possessions  both  in 
the  East  and  West  Indies.  Amsterdam 
is  the  capital ;  but  tlic  scat  of  the  states 


¥ ' '^ 


UN  I 

tliey  may  not  be  struck  or 
by  them,  but  the  dispute 
.'ft  to  the  magistrate.    Tiie 

tall  ami  stronjy  built ;  but 
mil  women  have  the  grossest 
it  are  to  be  met  with  any 
licir  garb,  except  among  the 
tlie  army  and  some  few  otli- 
ceeding  plain,  and  the  fash- 
•re  as  seldom  as  in  Spain, 
'are  addicted  to  drinking, 
le  think  necessary  in  Ihislbg- 
th  for  theii'  health  and  the 
Lilt  of  tlieir  understandings, 
eir  diversions,  that  of  skait- 
iter  is  one  of  the  chief.  It  is 
;o  see  the  crowds  in  a  hard 

tlic  ice,  and  their  dexterity 
r  ;  both  men  and  women  dart-  j 
'  with  inconceivable  vehicity. 
ch  are  remarkable  for  their 
s :  nothing  can  exceed  the 
(f  their  houses,  towns,  and  vil- 1 
lanv  of  them  have  distinguish- 
elves  by  tlieir  learning,  and 
n  bv  their  wit  and  ingenuity } 
Erasmus,  Grotius,  &c.  The  | 
xcel    also  in  painting  and  en- 

and  some  of  them  have  been 
Tiptible  statuaries.     In  conse- 
r  the  Union  (See  Netherlands) 
n   Provinces   guarantee  each 
ightsi    they  make   war  and 
vy  taxes,  8ic.  in  their  joint  ca- 
mt  US  to  internal  government, 
ivinco   IS  independent.     They 
wties  (chosen  out  of  the  pro- 
atcs)  to  the  general  assembly, 
e  states  general,  which  is  in- 
vith   the    supreme  legislative 
if   the   confederation.     At  the 
his  government  there  has  usii- 
I  a  prince  stadtholder,  wlio  ex- 
i  considerable  part  of  the  exe- 
)owcr.     Having  de.serted  the 
liance  formed  against  the  dia- 
ifthe  peace  of  Europe,  and  the 

the  stadtholder  be'ng  abolish- 

Dutch  republic,    under  the 

an  ally,  is  now  in  reality  little 
lan  a  iiVovinoe,  of  Fr.ince.  The 
once  of  this  alli.incc  is  what 
nve  lK:en  expected.  The  Bn- 
eriimcnt,  obliged  to  attack  its 

wherever  it  might  find  tiiem, 
iced  hostilities  against  the  U>ii- 
t'inces,  and  in  the  compass  of  a 
ort  period  wrested  from  theni 
ist  valuable  possessions  both  in 
L  and  West  Indies.  Amsterdam 
ipital ;  but  tlic  scat  of  the  states 


I    IIK     11     I  I      — - 


•<' 


I 


V  N  I 


rXITED   STAT 

nn  il  r.VIIT  ol' 

I.OI  ISIAXI 


general  is  at  the  Ha^ie.    See  Scheldt. 

United  Statei  of  America,  u  republic 
of  North  America,  consistin);  originul- 
ly,  in  1783,  of  thirteen  states,  numely, 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
Uliode  Uland,  Connecticut,  Kew  Vnrk, 
New  Jersey,  Pdimsylvania,  Uctuwure, 
Marylund,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  ami  Georgia.  Only 
eleven  of  tliese  states  acceded,  at  first, 
to  the  new  federal  constitution,  but 
they  were  alterward  joined  by  Nortli 
Carolina  and  Rhode  Island:  and  Ken- 
tucky, Vermont,  anil  Tennessee,  hav 
ing  since  been  added  to  them,  the  pre- 
sent number  of  the  states  that  form 
this  great  American  republic  is  Nix> 
teen.  In  the  treaty  of  peace,  conclud- 
ed in  1783,  the  limits  of  the  United 
States  are  thus  defined.  "  And  tliut 
all  disputes  which  might  arise  in  fu- 
ture on  the  subject  of  the  boundaries 
of  the  said  United  States  may  be  pre^ 
vented,  it  is  hereby  agreed  and  de- 
clared, that  tlie  following  are  and  shall 
be  their  boundaries,  viz.  From  the  N 
W  angle  of  Nova-Scotia,  viz.  That 
angle  which  is  fo  ^d  by  a  line  drawn 
clue  N  from  the  -nurcc  of  St.  Croix 
River  to  the  Higidands,  along  the  said 
Highlands,  wiiicii  divide  liiosc  ri\Trs 
that  empty  themselves  into  tlic  rive  St. 
Lawrence,  from  tbo.se  wliioii  fall  iito 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  tlie  nortl'.-v 
ternmost  head  of  Connecticut  v-v  .■ ; 
thence  down  along  the  middle  of  tiiat 
river  to  the  45lh  degree  of  N  hititude  j 
from  thence  by  a  line  due  W  on  said 
latitude,  tmtil  it  strikes  the  river  Iro. 
qiiois  or  Cutaraquy  :  thence  along  the 
middle  of-thirSBnl  river  into  lake  OiUu- 
rio.'throug'h  the  middle  of  said  Lake, 
until  it  strilv^s  the  communication  by 
water,  between  that  lake  and  Lake 
Erie  ;  thence  along  the  middle  of  said 
communication  into  Lake  Erie,  througli 
the  middle  of  ".aid  lake,  until  it  arrives 
at  the  water  communication  between 
that  lake  and  Lake  Huron ;  thence 
through  the  middle  of  said  lake  to  the 
water  communication  between  that 
lake  and  Lake  Superior  ;  thence 
througlj  Lake  Superior  northward  of 
the  Isies  Hoyal  and  Philllpeaux  to  the 
Long  Lake;  thence  through  the  mid- 
dle of  said  Long  Lake,  and  the  water 
communication  between  it  and  tlic 
Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  said  L.^k^• 
of  the  Woods  i  thence  through  the  said 
Iftk',!  to    the    most    north  westernmost 

int  thereof]  aiid  from  thenc^j  ou  a 


U  N  I 

due  W  course,  to  the  Uivcr  Mississip- 
pi ;  thence  by  u  line  to  be  drawn  al(<ng 
the  iiii(Ulle  ol  .said  River  Mississippi, 
until  it  sliall  i intersect  tiie  northern- 
most part  of  the  thirty-first  degree  of 
N  latitude.  S,  In  a  line  to  be  di'^wii 
due  E  from  the  determination  of  i.iC 
line  last  mentioned,  in  the  latitude  of 
tliirty-one  degrees  N  of  tlie  equator,  to 
tlic  middle  of  the  River  A|>uluchicola, 
or  Catahouche  ;  thence  along  the  mid- 
dle thereof  to  it*  junction  with  the 
Flint  River  ;  th<  me  strai^jlit  to  the 
head  of  St.  Mary's  River  ;  and  tluncc 
down  along  the  mi<l(lU'  of  St.  M.iry'u 
River  to  the  Atl.mtic  O.eun  j  E,  by  a 
line  to  be  drawn  along  tlic  middle  of 
the  River  St.  Croix,  from  its  mouth  in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  to  its  source  ;  and 
friim  its  source  directly  N,  to  the 
aforesaid  Highlands,  which  divide  the 
rivers  that  f.dl  int(j  tiie  Alluntic  Ocean, 
from  those  which  fall  into  liio  River 
St.  Lawrence,  comprehending  all  is- 
lands within  twenty  Icai^uesof  any  part 
of  the  shores  of  the  United  States,  and 
lying  between  lines  to  be  drawn  due  F. 
from  t!ie  poiiu.^  where  tlie  aforesaid 
boundaries  b(Uween  Nova-Sciitiaon  the 
one  part,  andTl  Florida  on  tiie  other, 
shall  rcsi)o<  t+\ely  touch  t!ie  Uay  of 
Fundy  and  iLie  Atlantic  Ocean,  except- 
ing  sucli  lslaii<ls,iis  now  are,  or  hereto- 
ibre  have  been,  wiliiintiie  limits  of  the 
sail!  priniiicc  of  K't. a-Scotia."  These 
slates  loii,r  iloiiiislied  as  provinces  of 
Great  IJr. tain  ;.  but  parliament  at- 
teni|)llng  to  tax  them  by  its  sole  au- 
thority, without  the  intervention  of 
their  assenililies  ;  a  civil  war  ensued. 
Until  the  fourth  of  July,  1776,  the  pre- 
sent  'I'iiirleen  Stales  were  Uriiish  co- 
lonies. On  that  mein.irable  day,  thu 
Representatives  of  the  United  Stales  of 
America,  in  Congress  assembled, 
made  a  solemn  declaration,  in  wliie.h 
they  assifjiiL'd  their  reasons  for  wilh- 
drawing  tlieir  allegiance  ff-t>»  i!ie  king 
of  Great  Britain.  Appealing  to  the 
Supreme  Judge  of  the  woiUl  for  t!ie 
rectitude  of  tiieir  intentions,  tfiiisu^  did, 
in  tlie  name  and  by  the  authority  ofthe 
good  people  of  the  colonies,  solennily 
publish  and  declare,  that  lliesc  L'nited 
Colonies  wei'e,  and  of  right  ought  to 
be  "  Free  mil  Iiil^pi-ndeiit  St.itcs ,■"  that 
they  were  absolved  fr nn  all  allegiance 
to  the  British  crosvn,  and  that  all  poll- 
tical  connection  between  them  and 
Great  Britain  was,  and  o'ight  to  be, 
totally  dis!>ulvcd ;  and  that  as  Freo  and 


te 


11 


<■     !! 


i 


m 


U  N  N 


V  O  G 


' 


I  'J 


Independent  States,  th?>  liwl  full  pow- 
cr  to  Ifvv  will",   coiR'liide   pi-are,   con- 
truft   alliiuircs,    csiublisli    commerce, 
nnd  do  all  other  acU  and  tliihfrs  wliicli 
iMdependeiit   Stales    may  of   I'l;,'!!!  do. 
For   tlie    s\i|i|iort    of  tliis   de<laratioii, 
with  a  lirni  reliance  »)ii  tin;  protection 
of    divine    providenc.-,    the    <lclcg-ates 
tlien  in  Con;.'ress,  5,>  in  niiinlicr,  Tnutu- 
all\  pled},'cd  to  each  other  their  lives, 
tlieir   I'll  times,  and  their  s.uicd  hon- 
our.    Attlip  same  lone  they  pMldished 
art'cles  of  Conlederutinn  and  Perpetu- 
al Union  between  the  St.atcs,  in  which 
they    took,    the    style  of  "  I'lic   l.'nitcd 
Stales  of  Anurica,"   and    ag'i^'ed   ihat 
eacli  stale  shenid  ret  an  its   sosercif^'n- 
ty,    freedom    and    independence,   anrl 
every  powci',  juri.s.r.cfion  and  ri^hl  not 
expressly    dch  gaud    to    Congress   liy 
the  coiilederation.     Hy   these   art'cIcs 
the   Tliirleen  Uritcd    Stales  sc\eral;y 
entered  into  it    linn    leai^ne  o'   friend- 
ship with  e.'ich  other  fm-  their  cinimon 
defence,  the  secorilr  of  their  lil)ertirs, 
and  their  muuud  and  f,encral  welfare, 
and    bound    lheniselv<  s    to  assiij  pacli 
other,  ajcainst   all    (orce   of.cred  to,  or 
attacks  liiat  mijjlit  be   nii.de    upon   all, 
or  any  of  tlicm,  on  account  <if  rrli^ion, 
sovcrcijifnly,  commerce,   or   any  other 
p!t  tence  whatever.     Hut  tor  the  more 
convenient  fn-.naj;ement  of  the  j;-cne!al 
interests  of  the  United  States,  it  was 
determined  that    Delegates  shouhi  he 
annnaliy  .ijipointcd,  in  such  maimer  as 
the  Lcg-islature  of  efich  State   .sln.uld 
dircjt,  to  meet   in    Conpre.js   the  first 
Monday  in    November   in   every   year 
Gen    \\ashin{ifton  was  elected  the  fir.sl 
president,  re-elected   in   1792,  and  on 
liis  retirin;,'  frcmi  pi.blic  af1iiii^,in  1796, 
Mr.  Adams  was  elected  bis  socoe.-isoi-, 
who    was  siicceeded  by  Mr.  Jeiierson, 
\in  1800,  who  a'  present  fills  that  ollire. 
The  ill'islrious   Washinf^ton  died  Dec 
14,  1799.     'I'o  the  sixteen  states  before 
Jiieiitioncri,must  be  added  all  the  coui\. 
try  to  the    N   of  the    Ohio,   cxlei.dinp 
fi'om  Pennsylvania  on  the  E,  the  lakes 
on  the    N,    and    the  Mississijipi  on  the 
AV,  called  the  \Vebtcrn  Tc  rritory.  'I'lie 
Uniteil    States  extend   12.^0   miles    in 
length  from  K  Florida  to  the  N  W  an- 
5jle  of  Nova  Scotia;  beinj^^  situuteil  be- 
tween 31  and  46"  K  hit. 

Uni.a,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  j  in  the  comity  of 
Marck,  formerly  a  considerable  hanse- 
atic  town.  It  is  seated  on  a  brook 
called  Kyttelbeek,    10  niiles  N  E  of 


Dnrtmnnd,  an<l  35  S  of  MuiiMcr.  I.ob. 
7  49  E,  lat.  .51  :.'8    N. 

I'mut,  u  river  of  T\irkey  in  Europe, 
wlii(  h  runs  throunh  Croatia,  passes  by 
Wihitdi  and  Unbil/.a,  mid  falls  into 
the  Save. 

Viist,  the  most  remote  of  the  Shet- 
land Islands,  exlendiiijv  beyond  61"  N 
lat.  eii.';lit    niles  long',  and  four  broad. 

i'listcrtecii,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
tile  canton  of  Hern.  Lon.  7  28  E,  lat. 
46  35  N. 

Vnza,  or  Urslut,  a  town  of  Kiissia,  in 
the  ifoverntiier.t  of  Kostroma.  Lon.  4'1 
15  E,  lat.  57  56  N. 

I'lcriieii,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland.  It  was  taken  by  the. 
1  leiicli  in  1795.  It  is  seated  oi'i  the 
Khine,  10  miles  \V  of  Utrecht,  and  20 

5  of  Amsterdam,     Lon.  4  58  F,  lat.  42 

6  N. 

/V:^/tjv;,  a  forlifn  d  town  of  Il'.tly,  in 
the  ilntihy  of  Mil. in  and  territory  of 
i'avi.>.  It  is  pleasantly  sealed  on  the 
Slatiora,  14  miles  S  s'VV  of  Pavia,  nnd 
.iaSbvWof  Milan.  Lon.  9  10  E, 
lat.  ■',{  59  N. 

■  '"■^^/n/inice,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  archdiifchy  of  Austria,  which  en- 
joys the  j)rivile(;fe  of  ijramini^  protec- 
tion to  slaves.  I..in.  13  40  E,  lat.  58  IN. 

t'r)!;o!iis,  a  Jieopje  in  Asia,  sulyect  to 
Wiissia,  who  have  established  their  lia- 
biSiitlons  in  the  ion  sts  on  the  N  side 
of  Mount  Oiiral,  e\tem!iiig'  theniHelven 
to  the  W,  and  mill  i'.irtheron  the  plains 
to  the  E  of  this  chiun  of  mountains. 
Here  tlie\  ha\e  dwelt  for  tinip  immc- 
niorial,  and  are  possessed  of  traditions 
wiiicb  lia\e  a  g^rcat  conformity  with 
history.  Some  authors  pretei.d  that 
they  arc  the  brethren  of  tlie  ancient 
Oiiyrians,  or  of  the  prcRiit  Hungari- 
ans, and  found  their  conjecture  on  the 
situatjim  oi'tlie  \'i,;voul  territory,  and 
the  strikinj^  resembl.^nee  there  is  be- 
tW' en  tlie  languages  of  the  two  na- 
tions. '1  his  people  was  subjected  to 
tiic  dominion  of  P.ussia  at  the  same 
time  with  Siberia.  The  V'ogouls  are 
hardly  of  a  middling  stature,  have  ge- 
nerally l)l;uk  hair,  and  for  the  iliost 
part  a  scanty  beard.  1  bey  have  some 
traits  of  the  Kalmouks  in  the  style  of 
tiieir  physiognomy.  They  are  of  a  gay 
<lisposltion,  teaeiiable,  honest,  labori- 
ous, and  acute  ;  but  slovenly  and  fickle, 
im'incd  to  be  disorderly  and  passion- 
ate to  excess.  Their  women  are  ro- 
bust, civil.  Laborious,  and  ircner.dly 
speaking  well  made.    They  have  nei- 


fl,eT  letters  nor  w 
llifir  kindred  na 
nrkon  their  time 
murk  the  months, 
(he  various  revolu 
tlicy  observe  in  th 

Void,  a  town  of 
partment  of  Mcun 
{ifl.nrrain. 

Voightland,  a  t 
in  Upper  Saxony, 
cles  of  the  martpii 
Iminded  on  the  E 
N  by  the  dutchy  u 
the  \V  by  Thiiri 
Fh.wen  is  the  cap 

Viiiglsberg,  a  t( 
the  circle  of  Uppt 
idel. 

Vokelmark,  or  /i 
Cermanv,  in  theci 

II  56  E,"  lat.  46  4; 
Voltiiw,  a  sea|)oi 

r.irese,  seated  on  I 
one  of  the  llioulbs 
E  of  Ferrara.  L< 
iJN. 

l'(,/t\vin,  one  of  t 
le  Mediterraneai 
Ifi-ence.      It    is  a 
111' a  broken  cone, 
only. 

Vukanefn,  a  sn 
she  Mediterranea 
Lipari  and  Volcaii 

i'olgii,  the  larg 
wliicli  has  its  sour 

III  tin-  government 
sia,  about  80  mile 
;,'ins  to  be  navigal 
that  town,  and  i 
inented  here  by 
Tverza,  which  is 

I    more    rapid 
ihr  Tverza,  a  con 
bit  ween  the  Voli 
in  oihir    \vr)rds, 
and   the    Baltic. 
simie  of  the  finest 
sian  emi)ire,'|)ass 
jtroma,      Nishne- 
S  inbirsk,    and    S 
Casjiian  Sea,  by  s( 
Astiaci'.n. 

)">)//;  nia,  a  pala 
;ind,  300  niiles 
bounded  on  the  1 
E  by  Kiof,  on  the 
the  W  by  Austriai 
chiefly  of  plains  ■ 
number  of  rivers. 


Iimslcr.    i,i>a. 

ey  in  I^iiroiic, 
lia,  passes  by 
uiitl   falls  into 

:  of  the  Slict- 
ic-yond  Gl"  N 
fimr  broad. 
rissL'fland,  in 
.7   28  E,  lat. 

of  Russia,  in 
mn.     Lun.  44 

■  United  I'l-o. 
1  takfM  by  tin; 
L'ati'd  on  the 
•ccht.  and  20 
58  F,  lat.  5C 

n  of  If-ily,  in 
tiriJtory  of 
L'ali'd  on  tlio 
:)t'  I'aviit,  and 
jn.   9    10   E, 

Germany,  in 
I,  wliicii  en- 
;iiii^-  pi-otpc- 
E,  lat.  58  IN. 
ia,  siit)jcct  to 
led  liieir  lia- 
tlio  N  side 
[^  tlieniHc-lvt's 
on  the  plains 
f  inonntalns. 
time  imme- 
of  ti'aditiiins 
rorniity  with 
|)rcte;.d  tli;it 
the  ancient 
?Mt  Hunpari- 
:tnrc  on  tlie 
.rritory,  and 
llierc  is  be- 
tlie  two  na- 
siibjoeU'd  to 
iit  the  same 
V'opouls  arc 
•0,  have  ge- 
i>)r  the  most 
y  have  some 
the  style  of 
ave  of  a  gay 
nest,  lahori- 
ly  and  fickle, 
and  passion- 
pen  are  ro- 
d  gener.dly 
ey  have  net- 


VOL 

fiitT  letters  nor  writing  any  more  tiian 
till  ir  kindred  nations :  they  do  not 
nrkon  their  time  by  years,  thoii.nh  they 
murk  the  months,  and  name  them  after 
(he  various  rexohitions  of  nature  which 
they  observe  in  their  forests. 

Void,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
|;:ii'iment  of  Mcurthe,  and  late  province 
(ifLorrain. 

Viiightland,  a  territory  of  Gi'rmany, 
,n  Up|)er  Saxony,  one  of  the  four  cir- 
cles of  the  manpiisate  of  Misi\ia.  It  is 
hiiunded  on  the  E  by  Bohemia,  on  the 
N  by  the  dutchy  of  Allenhurg,  and  on 
the  \V  by  Tliuringia  and  Franconia. 
WiAven  is  the  capital. 

I'liigtsberg,  a  town  jf  Germany,  in 
the  cuclc  (^f  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  cit- 
idel. 

Vokeimark,  or  IVii/icivKircl,  u  town  of 
Cermanv,  in  the  circle  of  Austria.  Lou. 
U  56  E'  lat.  4fi  45  N. 

Viilaim,  a  sea))ort  of  Italv  in  the  Fer- 
r.irese,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  ;it 
one  of  tiie  llioutbs  of  tlic  Ho,  40  niiles 
E  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat.  44 
SI  N. 

Vdlcano,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  i|i. 
;he  Mediterranean,  12  iiiih-s  in  cu/iiVn- 
iVrence.  It  is  a  volrano,  itV.thlTform 
III' a  broken  cone,  but  now  emits  .jmoke 
only. 

Vulcanefn,  a  small  volcanic  '.sland  in 
llie  Mediterranean,  between  that  of 
Lipari  and  Volcani). 

i'olgti,  \\\e  largest  river  in  Europe, 
which  has  its  source  in  two  small  lakes, 
III  tin-  government  of  Pleskof,  in  Uus- 
>ia,  about  80  miles  W  of  Tver.  It  be- 
ins  to  be  navigable  a  few  miles  above 
that  town,  and  is  considerably  aug- 
mented here  by  the  junctioii  of  the 
Tvcrza,  which  is  a  brotuler,  deet)er, 
aii<l  more  rapid  river.  \\\  means  of 
the  Tvcrza,  a  comniutiictilion  is  made 
between  the  Volga  and  tlie  Neva,  or, 
in  other  wfwds,  between  the  Caspian 
and  the  Baltic.  This  river  w  iters 
some  of  the  finest  province  ;  in  the  Riis- 
sian  em])ire, 'passes  by  Va'i.slaf,  Kos- 
jtroma,  Nishne-No\ogor  d,  Kasan, 
S  inbirsk,  and  Saratof,  e.ilering  the 
Caspian  Sea,  by  several  mouths,  below 
Astvaciin. 

(W/i  Ilia,  a  palatinate  of  Russian  I'o- 
I'ul,  oOO  miles  long  aii<l  150  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  HMlesia,  on  the 
E  by  Kiof,  on  the  S  by  I'odolia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Austrian  I'oland  It  consists 
chiefly  of  plains  watered  by  a  great 
number  of  rivers.  Lucko  is  the  capital. 


VOL 

Viilleiihoven,  a  t(.  ,vn  of  the  United 
Pro\iiices,  ill  Overyssel,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  on  the  Zii\der-Zee, 
eight  miles  S  W  of  Steenwieii,  and  12 
N  W  of  Zwol.  Lon.  5  42  E,  lat.  52 
44  N. 

Vdlo,  a  \ovm  of  Turkey  in  Etirnpc, 
in  Jaima,  with  a  strong  citadel  and  a 
fort.  It  was  taken,  and  alintjst  ruined, 
in  1655,  b)  the  Venetia'  s,  but  it  is  now 
in  some  measure  reestablished.  It  is 
seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
where  there  is  agooil  harlinir  JO  mile» 
S  E  of  Larissa.  Lon.  22  55  E,  lat.  39 
21  N. 

I'lilodhnir,  or  Fiadiiiilr  a  government 
of  Russia,  formerly  a  province  of  Mos- 
cow,  containing  14  districts. 

I'olo.limir,  or  I'lndiniir,  a  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of 
tliut  name,  and  once  the  metropolis  of 
the  Russian  empire.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kliasma,  110  miles  E  b}  N.^/j' Moi- 

J'ijl^ff^i,    a  govcrTMivfnt  ()f  Russia, 
:17)rii7ei  ly  llic'.+.ij'^ifPat'f^'ovinqftji^ti^s-  __. 
sia,   divided  into  ii;e  two  provinces  of 
Vologda    and   Veliki-I.'s.lujj,  and  con- 
taining 12  districts. 

V'vlii^da,  an  archlepLscopal  town  of 
Russia,  ca|iital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  nriiie,  seated  in  a  marsh,  on  the 
I  iv(;r  Vologda.  Lon.  3y  46  E,  lat.  59 
.'0  M. 

fVWi,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  runs 
from  N  to  S,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

I'lilltri-ii,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
in  tiie  territory  of  Fisa,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  ton- 
tains  several  antitjuities,  is  noted  for  its 
medicinal  watei-s,  and  is  iealed  on  a 
mountain,  30  miles  S  W  of  Florence, 
and  32  S  E  of  Pisa.  Lon.  10  42  E,  lat. 
43  26  N. 

Vottei,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  six  miles  \V  of  (ipe?ioa. 

Valturnn,  a  river  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
wliich  ri  .»  ui  the  Appennines,  iiasse.-* 
by  Isernia  and  Capua,  and  fulls  into  the 
gulf  of  Gaieta. 

Vottunira,  a  town  of  Ni'iiles,    in  Ca-     ^ 
pitanata,  with  a  bisbo])'s  sei^  sealed  wi  ^^r 
llie  foot  ei   the  Appenninc.i,- 20j(Mi«tf" 
W  of  Lucera,    and  52  tUJ^wf-'Kaples. 
Lon.  15  14  E,  lat.  4r#Nr 

I'o.'iic,  a'town  of  Franco,  in  the  de- 
part mint  of  Pny  de  Dome.  There  are 
immense  <pi.intitie»  of  Lava  in  its  -i- 
cinity  which  is  formed  into  quarries, 


•'■* 


V  O  T 


U  P  L 


U 


■nd  \%  iitcd  iiifttrad  of  stone  in  buildinfi^ 
tjit*  adjacent  tnwn-i. 

Kw>rfi,  a  lort  ciC  Diitcli  Gni'lilcrlaiiil, 
on  an  iiilKnd  lornKit  by  tliv  junction  ot 
the  Wiihiil  unil  tlic  Mai-Mc. 

ViHirn,  M\  islund  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinrcH,  \\\  Snutli  llolluml,  liitwecn  the 
inoiilhii  of  the  Maese.  Uriel  is  the  cu- 
pitul. 

yoornland,  u  tcrrilni'V  of  the  Unit"<l 
Pnivinccfi,  in  Sunth  Holland,  conHJHtin)^ 
of  the  ivlonds  of  Voorn,  Goree,  uiici 
OverKJurkce. 

Varutiirg,  or  Vorarlhrrg,  a  district  of 
U|ipcr  Austria ;  <()iii|iiiHiri)f  the  fr)ur 
counties  of  I'V-ldkirth,  Bfegcnlz,  I'lu- 
dcnt^,  and  Sonrjlxric. 

Vordcn,  u  town  of  Germany  in  the 
cirrlu  of  Wcstphullu.  Lon.  U  24  K,  lut. 
S2  :J9  N. 

Voringen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  oi  Suabia.  Lon.  9  12  £,  hit.  48 
15  N. 

Voronetz,  a  povernmcnt  of  Russia, 
containing  15  districts. 

V(tronetz^t»!%.uvi\\  of  Hussia,  the  capi- 
tal of  a  governiiient  of  tiie  sume  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Voronetz,  below  its 
junction  v»ith  the  Don,  217  miles  S  by 
E  of  Moscow.  Lon.  39  14  E,  lut.  51 
36  U. 

Voxgea,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
eluding  that  pal  t  of  Lorrain,  whicii  wa.s 
lately  a  province  of  the  same  name  It 
H  BO  cull<-d  from  a  rhaln  of  nioniitains, 
covered  with  wood,  ♦hat  separates  this 
department  from  tlie  depa.tmcnls  of 
Upper  Saonc  and  Upjier  l.Iiine. 

Vviiah,  the  name  of  a  people  who 
inhabit  the  land  iictwccn  'he  rivers  Ka- 
ma anil  the  Viatka;  they  are  common 
ly  of  a  middling  stature,  and  thin.  The 
colour  of  tlieir  hair  is  various,  but  for 
the  most  part  reddish  ;  and  they  re 
femhh  the  Finns  in  tlicir  make  more 
than  any  nation  tiiat  derives  its  orij^ni 
from  them.  The  Votiaks  are  honest, 
penceahle,  hospiti.hic,  sol)er  i  but  su- 
perstitious, of  colli  complexions,  and 
extremely  simple.  The  women  have 
winkingeyes.and  small  evento  iif^liness; 
tliey  are  short  of  sl:itorr>,  timid,  \er_\ 
modest,  an<l  consequently  chaste,  l;ibo- 
riour,  and  con:phi''><:int.  They  arc  as 
sidtious  in  rt'.ial  ueonomy,  UfpUcting' 
neither  the  culture  of  bees  w,r  tin 
ehace,  in  which  l;tterlhc\  use  ini'it'i  r- 
ently  the  bow  or  live-aims.  In  their 
leisure  hours  many  of  ti.em  empUn 
themselves  in  n'i;king  all  sorts  of  tur- 
t»cry,  such  as  cups,   spoons,  shuttles. 


fee.  i  and  others  varnish  all  kinds  of 
bowls  and  cups  The  women  arc  cm. 
ployed  in  sewing,  in  making  linen, 
course  cloths,  uu<l  lelts  ;  they  also  make 
cloaths,  and  ornaments  of  enibroiilirv. 
Kich  folks  are  not  common  among  tlic 
Votiaks  i  but  neither  are  there  any  tliat 
can  he  called  absolutely  poor. 

I'ou-Ikiii /lien,  ix  city  of  China,  in  tlia 
province  of  Kiung-nun,  luid  jurisdiciKni 
if  Tay-ping-fou  i  tlie  most  consiilcra- 
ble,  in  point  111  rii-iies,  in  thtl  jurisillc. 
ti(n).  It  is  5J  uules  S  \V  of  Tay-pin|j. 
fon. 

Vtmille,  a  village  of  Fiance,  wlicre 
was  fought  the  im  m  irabh-  birtlU-  l)r. 
tween  Clovis  and  Aluric,  king  ol  ilio 
Visigoths 

V<m-ic'tv)g-f<)u,  a  city  of  China,  and 
capital  of  t.ic  province  of  Hou-qnanp. 
This  city  is  tiie  rendezvous  of  uil 
the  commercial  people  in  China  U 
siillereil  gicully  do  lug  the  last  wars; 
but  it  has  recovered  so  mucii,  taut  it 
is  now  iiifennr  to  nine  of  the  otlicr  ci- 
ties, in  extent,  opiileiee  .iiiil  I"  ■iuilation. 
As  every  brain  li  of  trade  is  curried  on 
licre,  its  port,  situated  on  tiic  river 
Yung-tse  kiang,  is  always  crnwilcd 
witii  vessels  J  the  river  is  soniet  niei 
covered  with  them  to  the  distance  of 
two  leagues.  The  beautiful  crystal 
found  in  its  mountains,  the  plenlimi 
crops  of  fine  tea  which  it  produces,  uid 
the  prodigious  sale  of  the  bamboo  |)a- 
per  made  here,  no  less  contribute  to 
render  it  famous,  than  the  contimiul  in- 
flux of  strangers.  Its  extent  is  com- 
pared to  that  of  Paris.  It  coinprehcndj 
in  its  district  one  city  of  the  second 
class,  and  nine  of  the  third,  besides! 
fortilied  town  antl  several  fortresses. 

I'du-tclieou-foii,  Ol-  Fou-tcheou  foil,  a  ci- 
ty of  China,  in  the  province  ofKiang-si, 
formerly  one  of  tlie  most  beuutifnl  in 
the  empire;  hut,  since  the  invasion  of 
the  '  artars,  it  has  been  a  heap  of  ruins, 
which,  however,  still  convey  some  idea 
of  its  ancient  luaguiHcence  Its  district 
is  about  25  leagues  in  extent,  and  con- 
tains six  cities  of  the  third  class.  It  is 
250  m'.les  S  by  \V  of  Nanking.  Lon. 
11()25  E,  lat.'25  50  N. 

Upland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  which 
is  a  sort  of  Jieuinsida,  bounded  on  the 
\V  by  Westmania  and  Gestricia,  on  the 
N  E  bv  the  Haltic,  and  <m  the  S  by  the 
sea  of  Siidermania.  It  is  70  miles  hmp 
and  45  broad,  enriched  with  ine.vhaust 
■  ble  mines  of  cojiper,  iron,  and  silver; 
and  tlie  peasants  are  chiefly  employed 


,1  the  maniifacti 
yiK-kholm  is  the 
ifiniiiutrr,  a  vil 
n  a  lo'iy  enunenc 
Hiiinf.rd. 

i/>/)rr  M.iriborii: 
l»rtt-o(lice,  in  Pr 
Lind,  m  miles  K 
111(1  JO.S  W  of  A' 
L'/if)i'!ghii>n,  a  t' 
villi  u  market  on 
:i  :in  eminence,  si 
ill!  'JU  N  bv  VV  o( 
»,  bit.  53  .^6  N. 

UtKitt,  a.  town  ol 
\M\  a  famous  uni' 
iii'iop'.i  see.     It 
fji  K'  of  an   open 
m\  pasture,    is  a 
titvii,  containing, 
ifiils.    about    3iAJ 
nDund  plot  is  exli 
iiviiled  into  two  a 
1  small  rivulet  Sa 
ife  drawn  at  right 
!ral  kind  of  s(|iiare 
irc  built  with  brick 
f'licrahty  are  com 
iinirillied  into  the 
painted  red,   and  I 
u  with  turf.     Eac 
W'irt-yurd,  or  garc 
iierly  the  metrnpi 
ttc  royal  residence 
which  was  fimshet 
agnificent  b.iildi 
It  was  consiir 
Ii  the  centre  of 
itiicdral,    a  lar> 
krick,    in  whicli 
tere  formerly 
R>':'r,d  times  gre; 
uid  as  often  rep: 
'mument  of  the 
The  universii 
Sweden,  and 
e   North   for 
Tic  Hnyal  Sociel\ 
oldest  literary 
Here  is  a  botanii 
Ihc  celebrated  Li' 
W.    U[)sal 
?iain,  fertile  in  co 
«f  Stockholm. 
52  N. 

Uptoi,     a  town 

»itli  a   market 

on  the  Severn,  11 

ler.  and  109  W  N 

5>  \V,  lat.  5159 

Urach,   u  town 


cri 


Isli  all  kinds  of 
women  arc  cn\. 

mukiii)^  Inun, 
;  tlicy  ulsomuku 

of  eiiibi'oitUry. 
iiiinii  aMi(ii\|(  ilie 
■I-  tliure  an)  tliat 

piiop. 
lit  China,  in  tlia 

■11(1  jUI'iHllictKUl 

mofit  conHJdcra- 
in  tli'.t  Jiirisilic. 
\V  of  'I'u)  .pinif. 

Fi-ance,  wlii'i'c 
iiMbl''  bi'Ulf  be- 
ne,  king  ul  tlia 

t)  iif  China,  and 
e  of  H.)ii-<iiiaiipf. 
tlezv'xi!)  of  all 
lie  ill  China  It 
ig  thi'  last  wars ; 
SI)  niiirh,  t:iut  it 
L'  of  till'  (.tlin-  ci- 
I'f  .iml  |".|)ul:ilion. 
•adf  i»  caiM'iod  on 
ted  on  tiic  livtr 
alway.i  crnwdid 
■cr  is  sonietnifi 
lo  tlic  distance  of 
beaiitit'id  cnstal 
ins,  the  plentilul 
li  it  prodiires,  i.iid 
('  the  hamboi)  pa- 
eis  contribute  to 
n  tlie  continual  in- 
Its  extent  is  com- 
1.  It  coniprehcndj 
ty  of  the  second 
c  third,  besides  a 
vfcal  fort  1  esses. 
''ou-tcheuu  fan,  a  ci- 
ovinct  of  Kian(!f-si, 
most  iieuiitifid  in 
ice  the  invasion  of 
en  alieapof  ruins, 
convey  some  idea 
cence  Its  district 
1  extent,  and  con- 
third  class.  It  is 
f  Nanking.  Lon. 
N. 

of  Sweden,  which 
,  bounded  on  llie 
I  Gcstricia,  on  the 
id  on  the  S  by  tlie 
It  is  70iTiiles  long 
I'd  witli  ine.vliaust 
,  iron,  and  silver 
chieHy  employed 


'ii?^ 


U  R  A 

,1  the  maniiractiire   of  thoie  metalt. 

Mdckholm  is  the  canital. 

Ipmiiuttr,  a  vilhine  iii  Essex,  se  ited 
nni  io'ty  eniineuce,  three  miles  S  E  of 
Hiimfird. 

l't>l)er  ytarlborough,   a  village  with  a 
prKtotlirc,    in    Prince  George,    Marj 
Uiil,  IS  miles  E  by  S  of  Washington, 
ukI  jo  S  \V  of  A'liiapolis. 

Vppv.^ham,  a  town  of  Kiitlandsjiire, 
filli  u  market  on  Wednesday  ;  scaled 
:i  .111  eminence,  si.x  miles  S  of  Oakham 
Mv\  9U  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  4j 
*,  lal.  53  .16  M. 

i'psii/,  «  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland, 
itii  a  famous  university,  ami  an  arch- 
lii'iiip'^  see.      It    stanils   in  the   liegin- 
tiiiT  of  an   open  plain  fertde  in  grain 
mil  pasture,    is  a  small,    but  very  neat 
1  vvn,  containing,  exidusive  of  the  stii 
iriits.    about    3iMU    inhabitants.     The 
sruiind  plot  is  extremely  regular  ;   it  is 
iivldcd  into  two  almost  e(|ual  parts  by 
1  small  rivulet  Sala;    and   the    streets 
ire  drawn  at  right  angles  frcmi  a    cen- 
tral kind  of  sijiiai'o  ;  a  few  of  the  houses 
ire  Iniilt  with  brick  and  stuccoed, but  tlie 
fiur.ility  are  coiislriicted  with  iriiuks 
!inn'-,lhed  into  the  shape  of  planks,  and 
[uliiteil  red,   and  the  roofs  are  covered 
in  with  turf.     Each  bouse  has  its  small 
wirt-yard,  or  garden.     Uosal  was  for- 
nerly  the  metropolis  of  Sweden,  and 
'Ae  royal  residence     The  ancient  palace 
fiiich  was  finished  by  Eric  XIV.  was  a 
Lignificcnt  b.iilding,  until  great  part 
^'  It  was  consumed    by  tire,  in  1702. 
In  the  centre  of  the  town   stands  the 
t«thcdral,    a  large  Gothic  striictiire  of 
krlck,   in  which  the  kings  of  Sweden 
were  formerly  crowned.     It  ha!)  been 
JeitT.d  times  greatly  damaged  by  (ire, 
uid  as  often  repaired  :   it  contains  the 
monument  of  the  famnus  Gustavus  Va- 
i     The  university  is  the  most  ancient 
1  Sweden,  and  the  first  seminary  in 
le   North   for   academical   education, 
r'lc  Hoyal  Society  here  is  likewise  the 
oldest  literary  academy  in  the  North. 
Here  is  a  botanical  garden,  of  which 
llie  celebrated  Linne  was  superintend- 
int.     Upsal   is   seated   in  a  vast  open 
plain,  fertile  in  corn,  ;>5  miles  N  N  W 
«f  Stockholm.     Lon.   17  48  E,  lat.  59 

s:n. 

Upioi,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday ;  seated 
on  the  Severn,  11  miles  S  of  Worces- 
ter, and  109  W  N  W  of  London.    Lon. 

5.'  W,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Urach,   a  town  of  Germany,   in  the 


U  R  A 

circle  nf  Suabia.     Lun.  9  15  E,  lat,  48 

27  N. 

L'r<il,  a  river  of  Kiisiia,  formerly  call- 
ed Yuik,  but  its  name  wxh  changed  on 
the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  of  tliu 
Cossacs,  which  rises  in  Mount  Cau- 
casus, and  watering  Orenburg,  Uralsk, 
and  Guri<'f,  falls  by  three  minitli»  iiuo 
the  Caspian  Seu.  Sue  the  next  arti- 
cle. 

UralLin  Outaci,  a  Tartar  tribe  that 
inhabit  the  Russian   province  of  Orcn- 
b  irg,  on  the  S  side  of  the  Ural.     ThesA 
Cossars   are    descended  from  those  of 
the    U:in  i     and    are    a    valiant    race. 
riicy  profess  the  Greek  religion ;  butt 
there  are  dissenters  from  the  establish- 
ed religion,  whom   the  Uussians  called 
Kaskolniki,  or    Separatists,    and    who 
styU  themselves    Staroveriki,  or   Old 
Uelievers.      These   consider   the    ser- 
vice of  the  established    church   as  pro- 
fane, and   have  their  own  priests  and 
ceremonies.     The  Uralian  Cossacs  arc 
all   enthusiasts   for   the  ancient  ritual, 
and  prize  their  beards  almost  equal  to 
their  live.-i.     They  arc  rich   from   their 
considerable     fisheries    in    sturgeon.s  i 
they  have  also  acquired  a  spirit  of  revolt 
and  independence  by  being  situated  in 
a  desert  between  the  Caliiiucs  and  the 
Kirghesc,    who  are  continually   at  va- 
riance with  each  other,  and  often  with 
the    Cossacs  themselves.     A    Kussiaii 
oflicer   having   ordered    a   number   of 
Cossnc  recruits  to  be   publicly  shaved 
in   the   town   of   Yaitsk,   in   1771,  thi» 
wanton  insult  excited  an   insurrection, 
which  was  suppressed  for  a  time.    Ma- 
ny of  the   rebels  made    their   escape, 
anil,  retiring  into  the  desert,  chiefly  re- 
sorted  to   the   marshy  grounds  whicll 
lie    about   the    lake    Kamysh-Sam.ira, 
where  tliey  derived  a  subsistence  from 
fishing  and   si  oollng  wild    boars,   and 
were  supplied  occasionally  by  their  re- 
lations with  bread  and  provisions.     By 
these  iTie.ans  this  desperate   troop  sup- 
ported themselves  during  the  space   of 
t,/d  years,  until  the  impostor,  Pugat- 
c:  et",  having  assumed  the  name  of  Pe- 
ter III.   appeared   among    them,    ami, 
t.iking  advanlage  of  this  circumstance, 
roused   them   oiue    more  into  open  re- 
bellion ;  the  river  Yaik  was  called  the 
Ural ;    the  Yaik  Cossacs  wore  denomi- 
nated Uralian  Cossars  ;    and   the  town 
of  Yaitsk  was  named  Uralsk. 

UraH,   a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Caucasus  and  province  of 


U  R  G 


USE 


Hi 


III 


Orrnhurir. (fn^i-  the  priTc.r.njf  article.) 
Lull.  Mj  Ui  K.  !•'<  •'-  "  N. 

Ur.,ni,-:,hur,',  oticc  tt  miiKnif.crnt 
•  a»lU'  uf  Uvninaik.  in  iU-  isl.ui'l  <>t 
limn.  It  \v;iH  biull  by  'J.mIi"  \irnhv, 
u<clit)iiili(l  :.sln)iii>mfP,  win)  cullcil  it 
till- castli  111'  tlif  llea\cns,  uiuMkit 
liiuili-  liii  ol)strv;ilii)iiH.  U  is  niiw  lu 
ruiim.     I.""-  1- J-  t'.  '"t-  •''•5  *'''^' 

Vriitiioi,  a  town  olllaly,  in  tlic  (hitrliy 
oCUilmi".  witli  11  IihIk'I''"  "'■''  ^^  ^'•'■' 
built  l>v  iMipf  Urban  VIll  <m  tin'  nvcr 
Mitr.i,  1 J  iiiibs  S  ol'Urbiiu).  Loii.  IJ 
40  E,  lat.  4.)  ol  N. 

UrhiWiut,  a  seaport  anil  post  town  in 
Mi(klic!.c\  cdiinly.  VirKinni;  siUiatc.l 
on  tlic  S  K  «i(U'<.rUappaliaiiM(i(k  river, 
1  ■>  iiiiks  S\V  i.ri.aiRMsti  I'/.r  N  ol  Yolk, 
s\m\Cu  N  1)\  W  of  WiHiainsinirir.  H 
lifs  m  lat.  37°  .50'  N,   ami  Ion.  rt>'  3l> 

LVi(/K),  a  ilutcliv  of  Italy,  in  tlic  F.r 
cksiastical  State,  5J  miles  lonp,  ami 
43  broail  ;  boumkil  on  the  N  by  Hh' 
I  milfof  Veniee.  on  the  S  by  I'eruKim) 
'  anil  Spoletto,  on  tlie  li  by  Ancoiia,  Hiul 
on  the  \V  by  Tuscany  unil  KomaKna. 
The  air  i.s  not  very  wholesome,  nor  is 
the  soil  fertile. 

Urtiino,   an    arcliiepiscoiial    town   ot 
ltal\,  capital  of  the  ilutcliy  of  Urbiiio, 
with  acitaih  l,anil  a  palace,  where  tlu- 
diikeH  fornerlv  ifsideil.  'Ibc  houses  are 
well  built,  !  ml  t,'reat  qiiantilies  ol  line 
earthen  ware  arc  niuile  here.     It  is  re- 
markable  on  account   of  its  being  the 
birtbplace    of  the  illustrious   Raphael. 
Tliis  town  was  taken  by  the  French  ar- 
my in  IZ'.IG,   nnil  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, between  tlieri\ers  Metro  ami  Fo- 
ffliu,  18  miles  S  of  Uimini,  58  E  ot  Flo- 
rence, ami  VJO  N  E  of  Home.     Lun.  1'2 


40  E,  lul  -K")  46  N.  . 

rrcikn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlic 
circle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  7  8  E,  lat. 
52  8  N.  „    . 

Uii;(intz,  or  yurgmitz,  a  town  ot  the 
country  of  the  ruiconianii,  formerly  a 
considerable  place,  four  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, but  now  in  ruins,  and  no 
public  buildings  remain  b-.it  a  mosque. 
It  is  240  milei  E  of  tlie  Caspian  Sea, 
mul  rO  S  of  the  lake  Aral.  Lon.  GO  25 
E,  lat.  40  55  N.  .      . 

L';yi7,  an  ancient  town  of  Spam,  in 
Catalonia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  ft  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Sagra,  in  a  fertile 
plain,  surrounded  by  mountains,  plant- 
ed with  vineyards,  60  uiiks  W  of  I'cr- 


piptRn,   »ml  "5  N  by  W  of  Bsrcclimi 
Lon.  1  44  E,  lat.  4'.!  .12  N. 

Uri,  the  most  Houlhcrn  canton  of  Swh. 
Hcrlaml,  ami  the  I'curtb  in  rank,  li  ,< 
hounded  oil  the  N  hy  the  cantnii  t,f 
Sehwit/.  and  the  I.i.keof  tiie  Four  C;iii. 
tons,  on  the  E  by  the  country  of  llir 
Orisons  and  the  Canton  of  Glarus,  u 
Uie  S  bv  the  baili  wics  of  Italy,  iiml 'in 
l.ie  VV  by  the  cautoiis  of  Underw.ililni 
:iiid  Hern!  It  is  .50  niilen  long,  ami  U 
broad.     Sec  .Vc/kic/W. 

Lhi,  Late  of.     See  fValJtUtter  Set. 
UiiiiumI,  a'town  of  Germuiiy,  in  ihr 
eirclc  of  Westphalia. 

Un,fl,a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir. 
rie  of  Uliper  Uliine,  18  miles  N  E  ot 
Menl/.     Lon.  H  28  E,  lat.  50  0  N 

Uru-icii,  a  town  of  Swisserluiid.  Lon. 
11  20  E,  lat.  4'J  »  N. 

Vrsits,  .Vr  a  town  of  Swisserlaiiil,  ii> 
the  bishopric  of  Basle,  »eatcd  on  tlm 
Doulw,  over  which  is  a  stone  brid|;c, 
seven  miles  S  of  I'orentru. 

Us/)cc    rurtitry,    ft    vast    country   oi 
Western  Tartaryi    bounded   on  the  N 
bv  the  country  of  the  Kalmucks,  on  the 
E  hy  Thibet,  on  the  S  by   Hindoostiui, 
and  on  the  W  by  Persia  and  the  Caspi- 
an  Sea.      These   Tartars  are    diviiltd 
into  several  tribes,  ijovenied   by  tlie:r 
respective  Khans,  or  princes.     Wiiiii 
under  one    sovereiffn,    they  were  the 
most  powerful  of  all  the  Tartarian  n.i- 
tions.       The    principal     Khans   pn.'e 
themselves   in   beiiit?  descended    fidin 
Tamerlane,   whose  birthplace  was  tl.c 
ancient  city  of  Saniarcaml,  the  prentin 
capital  of  the  country.     The  Usbeci,  m 
their  persons,  are  said  to   hiive   better 
complexions  and   more    engaging  Icj- 
tiirea  than   the    Kalmucs.    Their  reli- 
gion is  Mahomctanism  ;  and  they  dif- 
l(.'r,  in  general,    very   little  from  tU 
people  of  the    northern    provinces  ol 
Hindoostun. 

Vscnpia.  See  Scofiia. 
UseJum,  an  island  of  Prussiftn  Pome 
rania,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Oder, 
in  the  Baltic  Sea,  between  which  and 
the  island  of  WoUin.  is  a  passage 
called  the  Swin.  It  had  formerly  a 
onsiderablc  town  of  the  same  name 
which  was  almost  reduced  to  ashes  in 
1473.     Lon.  14  11  E,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Userdie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Correze  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock, 
at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Vezcie, 
:i7  miles  S  E  of  Limoges,  and  217  r 
of  Paris.     Lon.  1  o7  E,  l»t  5  27  N 


UJiant,  an 

ciiiiMi  i)f  the  d 

uiiil  bill-  provi 

lo  Cuiwpiel. 

i-imilereiice, 

Icti  and  u  east 

t'.n/ii'f'i,    a 

circle  of  Up|i 

nf  Nassau    V 

Meiitz.     Loi 

UA,  atowi 

a  market   or 

river  Usk,  Iv 

and  140  W  li 

36  \V,  lat.  51 

t'j>,  a  rive 

rises   uii    till 

shire,  divide! 

t-i|ual  poi  tioi 

lul  Channel. 

i'jici,  a  to 

p;iltnieiit  of 

ot'  Liino'iiiii 

Loll.  2  15  E 

Uitcinio,  a 

iiioiiese,  seal 

N  E  of  Cieii 

17  N 

Usliii^',  a 

vernnieiit  ol 

lilt.  61  15  N 

Uioxe'er, 

with  a  mark 

nil    a    risiii! 

Dove,  13  n 

1J6  N  N  W 

La.  53   10  ^ 

Uiicci,  a  I 

New  York  ; 

Muhoek'ri' 

Scliuvler,  1 

;()N'Wof 

Hi  W  by  N 

very   tlirivi 

:.hii\it  12  yc 

tuntain  iiiu 

Lhrccht,  f 

nfilie  Netl 

"I'J  tiroad  ; 

//ilder-Zee 

Gvieldcrlaii 

and  on  the 

very  health 

iiuiiulutioni 

ce.s  ;  and  til 

try  pleasaii 

Utrecht,  i 

led  Proviii 

llie  same  n 

sity.     It  is 

Ibrm,  Hu4 


S  E 


bv  W  of  Burceldiii 
['.]':\2  N. 

Ihcnininton  of  Swill, 
miptli  in  runk  U  i- 
N  liy  till-  raiilim  nl 
,i.kf  lit' till-  Four  Ciiii- 
■  tlic  country  of  tli'- 
Canlon  of  Gluniii,  mi 
iwii's  iif  Italy,  iiiiil  ra\ 
itoMH  of  Unilerw.ililrii 
lO  inik'v  long,  »ii>l  U 
■lilZ. 

Sfi-  IVtMsUttter  iff. 
n  ol'  Germuiiy,  in  (In 
iiliu. 

t'  Gcrmuny,  in  the  cir- 
ine,  IH  miles  N  E  u[ 
28  li,  liil.  50  y  N 
1  of  SwiHbcrlund.  Lon. 

I  N. 

)\vn  of  Swisiserland,  ill 
Basle,  »catcd  on  tlm 
rli  i»   11   atone  briil|;i-, 

I'orentni. 

,  a  vant  country  nf 
y,  bounded  on  tlic  N 
f  the  Kalmucks,  on  the 
I  the  S  by  Hindoimtiui, 
,  FerBia  and  the  Ca»pi 
:  Tartars  are  dlvidtd 
les,  ijovenu'd  by  tlitir 
IS,  or  princes.  VViuii 
ireign,  they  were  tU 
)f  all  the  Tartarian  m- 
rincipal  Khans  prii'e 
beint?  descended  fiom 
losc  birthplace  was  tk 
Samarcand,  the  prenciH 
mntry.  The  Usbecj,  in 
ire  said  to  have  betttr 
d   more   engaging  I'ei. 

Kalniucs.  Their  reli- 
ictanism  ;  and  they  dif- 
,    very   little  from  tLd 

northern    provinces  ui 

e  Scopia. 

sland  of  Prussinn  Pome- 
outh  of  the  river  Oder, 
iea,  between  which  and 

Wollin,  is  a  passage 
nn.  It  had  formerly  a] 
osvn  of  the  same  name, 
lost  reduced  to  ashes  in 
4  11  K,  lat.  54  6N. 
iwn  of  France,  in  the  de 
orreze  and  late  pnivinccj 
;atcd  on  a  craggy  rock, 
which  Hows  the  Vczeie, 

of  Limoges,  and  217  H 
).  137E,lat5  27N. 


U  T  R 

UJuiiit,  an  island  of  France,  on  tire 
loiiMi  of  the  dtpdrtiheut  of  Finisterie, 
nndlwlc  pio\inie  of  Unll^ny.  opposite 
K,  CuiKput.  It  is  liglit  miles  in  iir- 
rwiiilLrfiice,  and  tonluiiis  several  hum- 
111 ,  and  a  custle.  Lon.  .)  1  '■  .  hit  4H  JK  -N 
C'vMi'f'i,  ii  town  of  Cirnnuiij,  ill  the 
circle  "of  Up|KM'  Rhine  and  princi|)alily 
nf  Nassau  VVeiburg,  JJ  nohs  N  li  ot 
Mint/,.     Lon.  «  25  li,  l.il.  .v;  KJ  N. 

£/„>,  a  town  A\  Monni<iutii>,hire,  with 
a  iiiurkel  on  Mond.iy  i  sculed  on  the 
river  Usk,  12  miles  S  '\V  wl  Monmouth, 
mill  UO  W  hv  Nf  of  London.  Loii.  ',' 
36  \V,  lat.  5l'41  N. 

L'.,i,  avixerof  South  Wides,  whnli 

rises   on    tiie    W    side  ^if    llreckiiook- 

sliire,  divides    Moninoullishii'o  into  un- 

i   oiiual  portions,  and  fulls    into  the  Uris- 

lul  Channel. 

C-if/,  atown  of  France,  in  the  de- 
paitnieiit  of  (Jorreze,  and  late  province 
(,t'  Liinosin,  32  mihiNIi  of  Tulles. 
LoM.  2  15  K,  lat.  45  S>  N. 

Uitunio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cre- 
iimiicse,  scaled  on  the  O^flio,  12  miles 
N  h'.  of  Cremona.  Lo  10  8  Ii,  lat.  45 
17  N. 

Usiiiig,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gn- 
vtrnment  of  Vologda.     Lon.  10  30  Ii, 


W  A  A 

ferrncc,  without  its  four  silburbjij 
which  are  rmisulerahle.  Tlie  HleepU* 
of  the  calliiidi-al  is  \f\y  liigli,  and  iho 
handsomest  in  the  United  Provinees. 
i'here  is  a  great  mimber  of  cliun  lie* 
and  hoH|)iuls.  'i'he  environs  are  full 
(.fg.irdens,  walks,  and  groves,  whicli 
adili-il  to  llic  purity  of  the  uir,  render 
Uireciit  one  of  the  most  agreeablu 
places  fur  lesidiiue  in  these  Jiails,  and 


lilt.  61  15  N. 

Utoxe'er,  a  lown  in  Staf1<)rdsliire, 
willi  a  market  on  Wednesday;  seated 
nn  a  rising  ground  near  the  river 
Dove,  1,?  miles  N  li  of  Statiord,  and 
1J6  N  N  \V  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  \V, 
lat.  5.5   10  N. 

Uiicii,  a  post  town  in  Oneida  county. 
New  Y.n-ki  lying  on  the  W  bank  of 
Mohock 'river,  opiiosite  to  old  Fort 
Schuvler,  17  miles  N  li  of  Sangerf.eld, 
;0  n'W  of  German  Flats  Town,  and 
ai  W  bv  N  of  Skeiiectridy.  This  is  a 
verv  thriving  town  i  it  bus  .;Town  in 
;.li(iut  12  vcurs  from  a  solitary  farm  to 
eonUiin  uiore  than  2000  inhabitants. 

Utrecht,  one  of  the  United.  Provinces 
nfthe  Netherlands,  30  miles  long  and 
•fj  l)i-oad  ;  bounded  on  tlie  N  by  the 
//lider-Zee  and  Holland,  on  the  K  by 
1  Gvielderland,  on  the  S  by  the  Rhine, 
and  on  the  VV  by  Holland.  The  uir  is 
voi'v  healthy  here  ;  nor  are  there  any 
inundations  to  fear  as  in  other  provin- 
ces ;  and  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  coun- 
irv  pleasant. 

Utrecht,  a  celebrated  city  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  capital  of  a  province  of 
llie  same  name,  with  a  famous  univer- 
sitv.  It  is  well  fortified,  of  a  scjuave 
form,  ami  about  llu'«c  miles  in  ciixum- 


accordingly  u  gieat  many  people  ot 
distiiii  tioii  resort  hither.  Here  thu 
union  of  the  seven  United  Province* 
was  l)e„nin  in  IjT'J  ;  and  here  wai  con- 
cluded, 111  1713,  the  peace  which  U;r- 
ininateil  the  wars  of  »iucen  Ann. 
Utivcht  wa.-.  taken  by  tlie  r'reiich  ill 
17'.)5,  witiioul  resistance.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  It)  miles  S  E  of  Amster- 
dam, 27  N  L  of  Rotterdam,  uuil  o5  N" 
W  of  Niuiegiien.     Lou.  5  b  K,  lut.  .W  7 

N. 

Utznach,  an  elegantly  built  town  ol 
Swisserland,  in  a  balliwie  belonging  tu 
the  cantons  of  Sehweit/.  and  Glaius. 

KkW<»,  a  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  the  A- 
sialic  province  of  Natolia.  Lon.  27  58  E, 
lat.  38  27  N. 

Uxhrid^e,  a  corporate  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex, *illi  a  market  on  Thursday. 
Near  this  town  are  the  remains  of  uii 
ancient  camp.  U.vbridge  is  15  miles  \V 
bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  23  VV,  lat.  5L 
31  N. 

UxbriJi^e,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  5  miles  VV  of 
Meiiilon,  about  40  S  W  of  Boston,  and 
56  N  li  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

t/3c/i:,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New" 
Castile,  capital  of  a  dutchy  of  the  samo 
name,  with  u  raslle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Cogolluda,  2tJ  miles  N  N  E  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lou.  3  13  VV,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Uzcl,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
paruncnt  of  tiie  North  Coast  and  late 
province  of  lirelagne,  17  miles  S  W  of 
U.  Brieu.\,  Lon.  2  .72  W,  lat.  48  10  N. 
Uzcs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
]i:irtiueiit  of  Gard,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  corn,  oil,  silk,  mid  good  wine, 
12  miles  N  of  Nismis,  and  20  S  W  of 
Orange.     Lon.  4  27  E,  lat.  44  2  N 


w. 

Jjr.iACKHAUSKN,  a  town  of  Ger- 
•■'     many.  In  the    cifcle   of   Lower 
I  Saxony. 


v;  A  I  w  A  L 

rv.  with  a  bishop's  see,  situate  on  tlie 
Danube,  72  miles  E  S  E  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  18  38  E.lat.  47  29  N.  . 

Wateficld,  a  town  in  the  W  ridiiiKof 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  tnday. 
Here  are  two  churches,  and  an  ancient 
stone  bridge  over  the  Calder,  on  wlucK 
Edward  IV.  erected  a  chapel,  ni  remeni 
brance  of  those  who  lost  their  lives  in 
the  battle  near  tliis  place,  in  1460.  li 
has  a  trade  in  white  cloths  and  tammies, 
and  is  28  miles  S  W  of  York  and  184 
N  N  W  of  London.   Lon.  28  W,  lat.  5- 

41  N.  _    . 

rra/ac/.ia,  the  ancient  Dacia,  a  pvj. 

vince  of  Turkey  in  Europe;   225  ir.lc,! 

long  and  125  broad;  bounded  on  f.ie  N 

by  Moldavia  and  Transylvania,  on  the  E 

and  S  by  the  river  Danube,  and  on  the 

\V  bv  Transylvania.  It  abounds  in  goo<l 

horses  and  cattle,  has  mines  of  se^ral 

kinds,  and  produces  wine,  oil,  and  a  1 

manner  of  European  fruits.  It  was  ce... 

ed  to  the   Turks  bv  the  treaty  c.  Bel- 

grade,  in  1739.  The  inhabitants  consist 

of  Hungarians,  Saxons,  and  original  na. 

tives,  who  are  very  indolent ;  a   iew  on. 

Iv  take  the  trouble  to  till  the  ground 

However  the  soil  is  so  fertile,  that  it  is 

capable  of  producing   any  tiling ;   ami 

there  are  g'lod  pastures  with  wine,  oil, 

and  all   manner    of   European    fruits. 

The  uiliabitants  are  chiefly  of  the  Greek 

church.  Tergovists,  or  Tervis,   is  the 

"''^Waichc-en,   an  island  of  the  United 
Provinces,  the  principal  one  of  Zealand 
It  is  separated  from  the  islands   ot  N 
and  S  Beveland,  be  a  narrow  channel ; 
and  from  Dutch  Flanders  by  the  moutli 
oftheScheld;  being  bounded   on  'he 
other  sides  by  the  German  Ocean,  It  is 
nine  miles  long  and  eight  broad,  and 
being  low  is  subject  to  inundations,  but 
has  good  arable  and  i)asture  lands.  The 
capital  of  tliis  Island,  and  of  the  vl.olc 
province,  is  Middleburg. 

Walcnur,  a  town  of  the  A.istnan  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  (in 
the  confines  of  Hainault,  between  the 
Meuse  and  Sambre.  In  1615,  it  was  en- 
tirely destroyed  bv  fire.  The  French 
attempted  to  take  it  in  1689,  but  wore 
defeated,  and  compelled  to  retire,  with 
gre-it  loss.  It  is  seated  on  the  Heur.i, 
12  miles  S  of  Charlcroy,  awd  27  S  W  o. 
Namur.  Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 
jra/c'ec/6,  a  principality  of  Germany. 


passes  by  Leopoldstadt,  and  falls  into 
the  Danube,  oppo.sitc  the  island  ol 
Schut. 

Waal,  a  river  of  the  United  Provin- 
.....s.beingthe  S  branch  trom  the  Rhine 
below  Eminerick.  It  runs  Irom  E  to  W 
through  Guelderland,  passes  by  Nime- 
j,.;,ieii,  Tiel,  Bommel,  and  Gorcum,  and 
falls  into  the  Maese,  at  Bnel. 

Wachenheim,  a  town  of  Gernnany,  in 
t'.ie  circle  of  the  Rhine.  Lon.  8  10  1!^, 
hit.  49  20  N. 

Wiichoria,  a  tract  of  land  in  N  Caro- 
lina,  situate  between  the  rivers  Dan 
.and  Yadkin,  10  miles  S  of  Pilot  Moun- 1 
tain,  in  the  county  of  Surrv,  consisting 
of  100,000  acres.  In  1755.  by  an  actot 
assembly,  it  was  made  a  separate  parish, 
called  Dobb's  Parish. 

Wachtendonch,  a  town  of  Prussian 
GuelderUand,  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the 
river  Niers,  five  miles  S  of  Gueldres. 
Lon.  6  7  E,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Wadesboro\  a  post  town,  the  capita 
of  Anson  county,  N  Carolina;  situated 
on  the  S  side  of  Brown  creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Great  Pedee  river,  22  miles  W 
of  Rockingham,  and  70  W  ot   Fayette- 

"  n'adstena,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  E  Gothland,  with  a  castU-, 
built  by  Gustavus  Vasa,  ui  1544,  it  is 
seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  160  miles  S 
W  of  Stockholm.   Lon.  15  3^  E,  lat.  58 

^^Wngenh>gon,^io^^■^^  of  Dutch  Guel- 
derland, seated  on  the  Leek    10  nules 

N  W  of  Niineguen.  Lon.  5  Ji  i^,  lai--  J- 

Wa-ieria,  or  Wagerland,  a  fertile  terri- 
tory, ^n  thedutchy  of  UoUtein,  20  miles 
.n  length  and  15  in  breadth  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  E  by  the  Baltic  Sea;  on  the  S 
by  the  river  Trave  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Proper  Holstein,  and  Stomaria.  It  is 
very  fertile  in  corn ;  and  Lubec  is  the 
principal  town. 

Waii-ats,  straits  between  Nova  Zem- 
bla  and  Russia,  through  which  the 
Dutch  attempted  to  find  a  N  E  pjissage 
to  China,  and  sailed  as  far  us  75  E  lon. 
in  lat    72  25  N.  . 

Waihlh'.sou  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suubia. 

IVab'ficet,  a  town  m  Lincolnshire, 
wl.li  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  sea,  in  a  fenny  part  of  the 
country,  and  on  the  river   Witbam,  14 


ill  the  circl 
long  and  21 
ami  S  by  H 
and  N  by  > 
ous  countn 
has  mines  > 
.md  alum. 

Waldcck, 
nfaprinci] 
a  strong  ca 
25  miles  V 
lat.  51  10  1 
ll'uUen, 
rate  town 
Saturday, 
mong  plea 
is  here  cul 
mayor,  has 
.and  is  27  l 
and  42  N  ' 
lul.  52  4  > 
Waldenb 
\\\  the  circ 
on  the  Ml 
49  N. 

mddenl 
many,  in 
I'.i.mous    f 
wure. 

Waldcnl 
of  Swis.s 
Basle. 

IValdhh 
Anstilan 
fon.ied  b 
iVom  Fril 
'.»  N. 

Waldsb, 

entry  in  I 

on  Musk( 

Warren, 

'24  E  of  ' 

and  lon  ( 

V/uldsc 

nv,  in  tin 

t.'.ie  fou,- 

house  of 

liie  placi 

Rhine,  a 

Fui'cst,  t 

and  17  V 

K,  lat.  4; 

Wdldsl 

cantons  i 

U;iderw: 

Towns  ; 

great  nu 

must  nol 

stsdle, 

wliirh    i 

Sfcking 


W  A  L 


,n,  and  130  N  by  E 

20  E,  lilt.  53  10  N. 
s,  a  tovvnof  Hunga 

see,   situate  on  tlie 
E  S  E  of  Presburg. 
i7  29  N. 
11  in  the  W  ridiiip;  of 

market  on  Friday. 
•ches,  and  an  ancient 
the  Calder,  on  wliicK 
d  a  chapel,  in  remeni 
10  lost  their  lives  in 
s  place,  in  1460.  li 
c  cloths  and  tammies. 

\V  of  York,  and  184 
I.   Lon.  28  W,  lat.  5> 

ncient  Dacla,  a  pij- 
n  Europe  ;  225  ir'.lc:! 
id;  bounded  on  »'ie  N 
I'ransylvania,  on  the  E 
r  Danube,  and  on  the 
ia.  It  abounds  in  good 
,  has  mines  of  several 
:es  wine,  oil,  and  k11 
can  fruits.  It  was  ced- 
bv  the  treaty  cf  Bel- 
rii'e  inhabitants  consist 
axons,  and  original  na. 
iry  indolent;  a  few  on. 
lie  to  till  the  ground 
I  is  so  fertile,  that  it  is 
jcing  any  thing;  and 
lastures  with  wine,  oil, 
of  European  fruits, 
ire  chiefly  of  the  Greek 
ists,  or  Tervis,  is  the 

1  island  of  the  United 
irincipal  one  of  Zealand, 
from  the  islands  of  N 
,  be  a  narrow  channel ; 
1  Flanders  by  the  mouth 
being  bounded  on  *hc 
he  German  Ocean,  It  is 

and  eight  broad,  and 
biect  to  inundations,  but 
;  and  pasture  lands.  The 
sland,  and  of  the  vl.olc 
iddleburg. 

iwn  of  the  A.istrian  Ne- 
lie  county  of  Namiu-,  on 

Hainault,  between  the 
mbre.  In  1615,  it  was  en- 
d  bv  fire.  The  French 
ike  'it  in  1689,  but  were 
:ompclled  to  retire,  with 

is  seated  on  the  Heur.i, 
Ciiarlcrov,  uwd  27  S  W  of 
i  ,30  E,  hit.  50  10  N. 
irincipality  of  Germany; 


in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  UU  mdes 
long  and  20  broad ;  bounded  on  tlie  t. 
and  S  by  Hesse -Cassel,  and  on  the  W 
and  N  by  Westphalia.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous  country,  covered  with  wood'4  •  and 
has  mines  of  iron,  copper,  quicksdver, 

.md  alum.  .    , 

Waldcck,  a  town  ot  Germany,  capital 
nf  a  principality  of  the  san.-...ame,  with 
a  strong  castle,  seated  on  the  SteinbacI), 
J5  miles  W  S  W  of  Cassel.  Lon. 9 -IE, 
kt.SllON. 

WMen,  or  Saffron  Walden,  a  corpo- 
rate  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  an  ascent  a- 
mona-  pleasant  fields  of  saHron,  which 
is  here  cultivated.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  has  a  fine  large  Gothic  church, 
.■uid  is  27  miles  N  N  W  of  Chelmsford, 
and  42  N  by  E  ot  London.  Lon.  0  20  E, 
lal.  52  4  N. 

Watdenb'.irs,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  situate 
„n  the  Muldau.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  50 

49  N.  .    _ 

Waldenhurg,  Old,  a  town  of  Ger- 
inanv,  in  the  circle  of  Upp.v  Saxony, 
i;>.mous    for    its    brown    and    earthen 

wure. 

WuUlcnburg,  or  Wallcnhurg,  a  town 
r,f    Swisserland,     in    Iho    canton    ot 

Basle. 

n'aldhirk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
\usti;an  ilrisgaw,  and  in  an  island 
foruied  by  the  river  Eltz,  five  miles 
iVom  Friburg.     Lon.  8   3    E,   lat.    48 

'1  N 

WaiMoro\  a  post  town  and  port  of 
cntiv  in  Lincoln  county,  Mauic  ;  lying 
on  Muskonsrus  rivor,  12  miles  S  W  of 
Wan-en,  12  N  E  of  New  Castk,  and 
'24  E  of  Wiscassel,  in  lat.  43  58  N, 
and  lon  68°  54'  \V. 

V/uldschut,  a  strong  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  tac  circle  of  Siiabia,  and  one  ot 
the  fouv  Forest  Towns,  subject  to  the 
house  of  Austvia.  It  is  seated  opposite 
the  placj  where  the  Aar  falls  into  the 
Rhine,  at  tlie  entrance  of  the  Black 
Forest,  eight  miles  N  E  of  Laflenb-M^g 
and  17  W  of  ScUaffhuusen.    Lon.  >.  12 

K,  lat.  47  38  N.  ,     c.    • 

WMstx.kc,  a  name  given  to  the  b  wiss 
cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Scliweitz,  and 
UnderwaUkn.  U  signifies  torest 
Towns ;  these  cantons  containing  a 
great  number  of  forests.  Tiiis  district 
must  not  be  confounded  with  tlie  WaUl- 
btsdte,  or  Forest  lowns  ot  Suabia, 
wliirh  are  Laufienbur^s  Waldschut, 
Scckingen,  and  Khein.-lJen. 


W  A  L 

WahUuetter  See,  or    Lah  of  the  Vo-tr 
Can'ons,  one  of  the  finest  lakes  in  Swis- 
sei-land.     It  consists  of  three  principal 
brandies,  culled  tlie  lakes  of  Lucern, 
Schwcitz,  and  Uri.    The  upper  branch, 
or  lake  of  Lucern,  is  in  the    form  of   a 
cross  ;  the  sides  of  which  stretch  from 
K.ussnalclit  to  DuUcnwal,  a  village  near 
Stantz.    It  is  bounded  toward  the  town 
bv  cultivated  hills  sloping  gradually  to 
the  water,   contrasted  on   the  opposite 
side  by  an  -enormous  mass  of  barren  and 
craggy  rocks.  Mount  Pilate,  one  ol  the 
highest  mountains  in  Swisserland,  ris- 
iuL'  boldly  from  the  lake.     Toward  the 
E  of  this  branch,  the  lake  contracts  into 
a  narrow  creek,  scarcely  a  mde  across. 
Soon  after  it  again  widens,  .and  forms 
the  second  branch,  or  lake  of  Schweitz; 
on  the  W  side  the  canton  of  Under  wal- 
den, on  the  E  that  of  Schweitz.     Hei-c 
the  mountains  are  more  lofty,   and   m- 
finitely  varied;  some  covered  to  tlic 
verv  summits  with  verdure,  others  per- 
peii'dicuLir  and  craggy  ;   here   forming 
amphitheatres  of  wood  ;   thev.  jutting' 
into  the    water   in   bold   promontories. 
Towards  the  end  of  Uiif-  branch  the 
lake   forms  a  considerable   bay   in  the 
midst  of  which,  lies  the  village  of  Bru- 
mcn,  near  which  commences  t,ie  lUirci 
branch,  or  lake  of  Uri ;  the  scenery  o 
which  is   most  amazingly   grand  and 
sublime.     It  is  a  deep  and  narrow  lake 
about  nine  miles  iu  length,  bordered  on 
both  sides  %vith  rocks  uncommonly  wild 
and   romantic,  and,   for  the  mast  part, 
,..M-pendicular ;  with  forests   of  beech 
and  pine  growing   down  their  sides  to 
the  very  edge  of  the  water  ;  indeed  the 
rocks  are  so   entirely  steep  and  ovit- 
hanging,  that  there  .nre  hard  y  more 
than  four  or  five  landing  spots,  here  the 
lake  is  as  smooth  as   crystal ;    and   tlic 
silent,  solemn  gloom   which   veiKiis   m 
tlhs  place,  is  not  less  awful  and  al.ect- 
inn-  than  the  tremendous  roaring  olUie 
catara'-l  in  the  other.  Somewhat  farther 
nn  ,.  the   higliest   point  ot  the  SeeUs- 
oerg,  there  is  a  small  chapel  that  seems 
inaccessible.    On  the  opposite  side   but 
farther  on,  appears  the  chapel  of  ^^  uU- 
am  Tell,  erected  in  honour  of  that  luro, 
and  upon  the  very  spot  where  (it  la 
said)  he  leaped  frail,  the  boat,  m  which 
i,e  was  carrvingpriMinertoKussnatiiit. 
It  is  built  upon  a  rock  that  juts  out  into 
the  lake  under  a  hanping  wood  :  a  situ- 
I  ation  amid  scenes   so   slrikio-ly  awtul, 
as  cannot  fail  of  strongly  atlectuig  even 
the  most  dull  and  torpid  imajjmitu'iw^ 


m 


■Pi 


W  A  L 


Wales,   ft  principality  in  t'lc   W  of 
Ent,'lan(l,  1  JO  miles  lonff  and  80  broad  ; . 
bounded  on  the  N  l>v  tlie  Ii'isli  Sen,  on] 
the  W  bv  thiit  sea    aiid    St.   CeorRc's 
Channel,' on  the  S  by  the  liristol  Chan- 
net,   and  on   '.he  K  b;.   the  eoiinties  of 
Chester,    Sah.p,    Hereford,    and  Mon- 
mouth.    It  is  divided  into  V2  counties  ; 
nanielv,      Anglesey,     Carnarvonshire, 
Denbighshire, '  Fiinlshire,    Merioneth 
shire,"   and    Montgoinery.shije,     in    N 
AValcs;      Brecknocksliire,     Cardigan- 
sliire,     Carniarllien^hire,    Glamorgan- 
shire,    Penibrokesliire,     and    Radnor- 
shire,  in  S  Wales.     It  is  the  country  to 
which  ''  x:  ancient  Britons  f!ed,  wlien 
Grea'  I'.i-itain  was  invaded  by  the  Sax- 
ons.    1  hev  arc  now  called  Welsh,  and 
continue  to  preserve  thiirown  language. 
It  contains   751  parishes,  and  58  mar- 
ket-towns.   The  air  is  clear  and  sharp, 
the  catde  small,  and  provisions,  in  ge- 
neral,  good   and   cheap.     Wales   is   a 
Tnonntair.ous  country,  and  i.^  parlioilar- 
iy  remarkable  for  goats,  vhich  delight 
in  billy   countries.     It   is    watered  by 
many  rivers,  tlie  principal  of  which  are 
noted  in  the  dilferent  counties. 

Wales,  Ne^i' North,  a  country  of  North 
America,  in  New  Britain.,  lying  W  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  subject  to  Great 
Britain.  ,  ■•      , 

Wales,  Ne^v  South,  a  country  of  North 
America,  in  New  Britain,  lying  S  W 
of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  fibject  to  Great 
Britain.  See  Britain,  Nck  ,•  Hudson"s 
Bay,  and  Labrador. 

Wales,   Ni-iM  South,  the   E    coast  of 
New  Holland,  extendin,?  from  43  49  to 
10  3"  S  lat.  being  the  N  and  S  extremi- 
ties  of  that  vast   island.     This   coast 
WIS  first  cxjilored  by  captain  Cook,  in 
J770i  and  a  design  was  formed,  in  con- 
^er|uence    of  his   recommendation,   to 
p-i-tllc   a   colony  of  convicts  at  Botan\ 
Bav.     Captain  Philip   being   appointed 
governor  of  the  intended  settlement,  as 
well  as  commodore  on  the  vo>  age,  sail- 
ed fron'  Portsmouth,  in  May  1787.  with 
a  detochment  of  marines,  and  77Si  con 
victs,  of  which  220  v/eie  women.     He 
arrived  at  Botany  Bsy  in  January  1788i 
but  finding  this  bay  very  ineligible  for 
ft  colonv,   he  fixed  up(-n  Port  Jackson, 
about  tiire  leagues  ami  a  h'df  N  of  Gape 
Bar.ks;  and  here  a  settlement  was  be- 
gun,   (o   which   be    gave  the  naljfic  of 
Sydnev  Cove.   For  the  subsequent  pro- 
recdings  of  the  colony,  we  must  refer 
to  governor  Philip's  Voyage  to  Botiin\ 
J5av,  SinU  to  the  ptiblicatious  of  captain 


W  A  L 

Tench  and  captain  Hunter  on  the  same 
subject.     A   vast  chain  of  loity  mouii. 
tains  run  nearly  in  a  north  and  south  di. 
rection  farther  than  the  eye  can  trace, 
about   60  miles  inland.    The   general 
face  t)f  the  country  is  pleasing,   di%er- 
silicd    with   gentle   risings    and   small 
winding  vallevs,   covered  for  the  most 
part  with  large  spreading  trees  atiord- 
ing   a   succession  of  leaves  in  all  sea- 
sons.    A  variety  of  flowering  shruhs, 
almost  all  entirely  new  to  an  European, 
and  of  exquisite'  fragrance,  abound  in 
those  places  which  are  free  from  trees  j 
and  among  these,  a  tall  siirub,  beiu'iiii,' 
an  elegant  flower,   which   rmells   like 
English  mav,   is    i)eculiarly  delightful, 
and  perfuni'es  the  air  to  a  great  distance. 
There  are  but  few  trees  ;  and,  as  cap. 
tain  Tench  and  others  relate,  of  so  bad 
a  grain,  that  they  can  scarcely  l>e  used 
for  anv  purpose  :' This,    however   Mr. 
Stock'dale  ascribes  to  their  being  used 
m  an  unseasoned  state,  as  has  been  al- 
readv  mentioned      In  return  for  ther.e 
bad  qualities,  however,  the  trees  yield 
vast  quantities  of  the  gum  already  men. 
tioned  as  a  cure  for  the  dysentery.   The 
climate  of  this  continent  ajjpears  not  to 
be  disagreeable,   notwithstanding  the 
violent  "complaints   which   some  have 
made  about  it.    The  .  heat  has  never 
been  excessive  in  summer,  nor  is  the 
cold  intolerable  in  wint- r.     Storms  of 
thunder   and   lightning   are   frequtnt; 
but  these   are   common   to  all   warm 
countries ;    and  it  has  been  supposed 
(though  upon  what  foundation  does  not 
well   appear)    that  were  the  country 
cleared  of  wood,  and  inhabited,  these 
would  in   a  great  measure  cease.     A 
shock  of  an  earthquake  has   likewise 
been  felt ;  but  these  natural  lalamities 
are  incident  to  some  of  the  finest  coun- 
tries in  the  world.     It    is   not  known 
whether  there  arc  any  volcanoes  or  not. 
The  quadrupeds  are  principally  of  the 
oijossum  kind,   of  which  the  most  re- 
markable   is    the   kangaroo.      Thers  li 
also  a  species  of  dogs  very  different 
from  those  known  in  Euro|)e  ;  they  are 
extremely  fierce,    and     m   never  be 
brought  to  the  s-me  degree  of  famili- 
arity CO  i'l.-jse  which  we  are  acqtiainted 
with  :  some  of  them  have  he'-n  brought 
to  England,  but  still  retain  their  native 
ferocity.     These  dogs,  which  are  the 
onlv  d'omestic   animal   they  have,   are 
calied  dinge  ;  but  all  other  quadrupeds, 
without  exception,  they  nai,.e  kanga- 
roo.   Tliere  are  many  beautiful  birds 


Il  l 

Hunter  on  the  same 
:liiiin  of  lolly  moun- 
i  nortli  and  south  di. 
in  the  eye  can  tiace, 
iland.    The   general 
,'  is  pkasin,^,   di%er- 
;   risings    and   small 
covered  for  tlie  most 
reading  trees  atlijril- 
of  leaves  in  all  scu- 
of  flowering  shnihs, 
new  to  an  European, 
fragrance,  abound  in 
h  are  free  from  trees  j 
a  tall  siirub,  beiu'ini; 
,   which   rniells   like 
peculiarly  delightful, 
air  to  a  great  distance. 
,v  trees  ;  and,  as  cap- 
thers  relate,  of  so  bad 
can  scarcely  \>e  used 
This,    however   Mr. 
;s  to  their  being  used 
state,  as  has  been  al- 
io return  for  these 
vvcver,  the  trees  yield 
■  the  gum  already  men- 
or  the  dysentery.  The 
mtiuent  ajjpears  not  to 
notwithstanding  the 
ts   which   some  have 
The  .  heat  has  never 
1  summer,  nor  is  the 
in  wint'  r.     Storms  of 
;htning   are   frequent; 
common   to  all   warm 
it  has  been  supposed 
liat  foundation  does  not 
!iat  were  the  country 
,  and  inhabited,  these 
;at  measure  cease.     A 
•thquakc   has   likewise 
hesc  natural  lalamities 
iome  of  the  finest  coun- 
rid.     It   is  not  known 
ire  any  volcanoes  or  not. 
s  are  principally  of  the 
of  which  the  most  rc- 
le   kangaroo.      Thers  ii 
of  dogs  very  diffi;rent 
ivn  in  Eurojie  ;  the\'  are 
■.e,    and     m   never  be 
s»me  degree  of  famili- 
i\\\c\i  we  are  acquainted 
ihem  have  bc-n  brought 
t  still  retain  their  native 
le  dogs,  wiiich  are  the 
animal   they  have,   are 
ut  all  other  quadrupeds, 
tion,  they  nai.'e  kanga- 
re  many  beautiful  birds 


W  A  L 

»f  ■varlcus  kinds  ;    among   which  the 
principal  arc   a  black  swan,    its  wings 
edged  with  white,   its  bill  tinged  with 
red !    and  the   ostricli   or  cassowary  ; 
which  freciuently  reaches  the  height  of 
seven  feet  or  more.     Several  kinds  of 
serpents,    large  spiders,  and  scolopen- 
dras,   have  also   been  met  witli  j   and 
tiiree  or  four  specis  of  ants,  particular- 
ly green  ants,    which  built  their  ncst.s 
upo'i  trees  in  a  very  singular  m-.-uer. 
There  are  likewise  many  curious  fish- 
es;  though  the  finny  tribe  seem  not  to 
be  so  plentiful  on  the  coast  as  to  give 
any  considerable  assistance  in  the  way 
of'provisions  for  thecidony  :  some  very 
large  sliark^  have   been   seen   in   I'ort 
Jackson,  and  two  smaller  species.   The 
iiiliabitants  of  New   South   Wales  arc 
pecliap",  the  most  miserable  and  savage 
r,ueof  men  existing,  going  entirely  na- 
ked.    They  were  plea.sed  at  first  with 
some  ornaments  that  were  given  them, 
but  soon   ilirew  them  away  as  uselees. 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  tlsey 


W  A  L 

the  clumsiness  of  their  amputating  in- 
struments, must  be  a  painful  o|)eratiou. 
The  New  Hollanders  appear  extremely 
deficient  in  t!ie  iisefcd  arts.    Of  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  ground  tlic;.  have  no  no- 
tion J  nor  can  they  he  prevailed  upon  to 
eat  our  bread  or  dressed  meat.     Hence 
they  depend  entirely  for  subsistence  on 
t!ie    fruits  arid  roots  they  can  gather, 
and  the   fish   they   catch.     They  fre- 
quently set  fire  to  the  gi'ass,  in  orilerto 
drive  out  the  opossums,    .lud  other  an- 
imals, from  tl  eir   reti-oats,    and   they 
have  been  observed  to  set  decoys  for 
quails.     As    wil   these  resources  must 
be,  at  best,  precarious,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  they  are  frequently  distressed  for 
provisions.    Thus,  in  the  s\immer,  t'oey 
would   eat   neither   the    shark  nor  the 
stingray;  but,  in  winter,  any  thing  was 
acceptable.      A    young    wiiale     being 
driven   on    slun'e,    was   (piickly  cut  in 
pieces,  and  carried  off  :  they  broiled  it 
only  long  enough  to  scorch  the  outside  ; 
and  in  this  raw  state  thev  eat  all  their 


arc  insensible  of  the  benefits  of  clnailv-    Msli.     They  sometimes  bake  their  pro 


ing.  or  of  some  of  the  eonvenlcrices  .n 
winch  their  newufi^hbours  areposses- 
.sed.  Some  of  them,  whom  the  cid<m. 
ists  partly  cloathed,  seemed  to  be  pleas- 
cd  witii  "the  comfi)rtable  warmth  they 
derived  from  it ;  and  they  all  express  a 
great  desire  for  our  iron  tools.  Their 
cploiir  is  rather  a  deep  chocolate  than 
a  full  black ;  but  the  filth  witli  wliich 
their  skin  is  covered,  prevents  its  true 
colour  from  appearing.  Notwitli.staiid- 
i  \g  their  disregard  for  EuropciiU  finery, 
they  are  fond  of  adorning  their  bodies 
witli  scars,  so  that  s.ime  of  them  make 
a  very  hideous  figure.  Sometimes,  the 
skin  is  raised  several  inches  li-om  the 
flesh,  .and  appears  as  if  filled  wltli 
■wind  ;  and  all  these  seem  to  be  reckon- 
ed marks  of  honour.  Some  of  thein 
perforate  the  cartilage  of  the  nose,  and 
thrust  a  lar),e  bone  through  it,  a  fright 


visions,  by  the  hcl])  of  hot  stones,  like 
the  inhabitants  of  the  islands  in  the 
Southern  Ocean.  Among  tl.-;  fruits  used 
by  them  is  a  kind  of  wild  fig ;  and  they 
eiit  also  the  kernels  of  a  fruit  resemb- 
ling  the  pineapple.  The  |)rincipal  part  of 
their  subsistence,  however,  is  fish;  and 
wlien  these  happened  to  be  scarce, 
they  were  wont  to  watch  the  opportu- 
nity when  the  colonists  haule<l  the 
seine,  and  often  seized  the  whole, 
though  a  part  had  formerly  been  olTer- 
ed  .ir  given  them.  They  sometimes 
strike  the  fish  from  the  canoes  with 
spears,  sometimes  catch  them  with 
hooks,  and  also  make  use  of  nets, 
which  are  generally  made  of  the  fibres 
of  the  flax  plant,  with  very  little  pre- 
paration, and  are  strong  anil  heavy  ; 
tlu  lilies  of  which  they  are  composed 
being  twisted  like  whijicord.     Some  of 


lid  kind  of  ornament,  humorously  cdl- 1  them.however,  api>ear  to  be  made  of  ihe 
ed  by  the  sailors  their  sprit  sail  yard. 
Their  hair  is  generally  so  muth  clotted 
with  a  red  g-uin,  that  they  resemble  a 
mop.  They  v-aint  tliemsclves  witii  va- 
rious colours :  they  will  also  sometimes 
(iinamcnt  the  iiselves  with  beads  and 
sliells,  but  muke  no  use  of  the  beauti- 
ful feathers  of  their  birds.  Most  of  the 
men  want  one  of  the  fin-e-teetli  in  the 
upper  jaw,  which  also  appears  to  be  a 
badge  i)f  honour  among  them  It  is  com- 
'  iTion  for  the  women  toci't  ofl'two  joints 
of  the  little  finger;  which,  considcriog 


tiir  of  an  animal,  and  others  of  cotton. 
The  meshes  of  the  nets  are  made  of 
large  loop?  artificially  inserted  into  cacfi 
other,  without  any  knots.  Their  hooks 
are  •!  ''e  of  the  inside  of  a  sliell  very 
mu:h  resembling  mntlier-olpearl. 
Their  canoes  are  nothing  more  than 
large  jiitices  of  bark  tied  up  at  botli 
ends  with  vinos  ;  and,  considering  the 
slight  texture  of  these  vessels,  the 
dexteritv  with  which  they  are  manag. 
ed,  and  the  hiddness  with  which  they 
•.cnturc  out  to  sea  in  them,    arc  won- 


W 


J^*"** 


W  A  L 


dcrful.  There  is  no  good  reason  for 
supposing  them  to  be  canmbaU,  but 
t  ey  cat^  an.maV  substances  raw,  or 
Sw  so.  Some  of  the.r  vegetables 
^re  Doisonous  when  raw.  but  not  so 
tvhenSd.     They  could  never  be 

shelter  6n  tiie  caverns  with  which  the 
rocks  ubound.     So   fur  from    being  so 
"urcVto"thc  cold,  l^y.ff ;"^"-n^  y 
naketl.  as  to  be  insensible  to   the  injii 
riSlhe  weather,  the  colonists  hud 
vcDealed  opportunities  ol  seeing  them 
^hiverrng   with   cold  in  the  wmver,  or 
huddling  together  in  heaps    lU  their 
}^Sohx^  cavenis,  tiU  a  hre  could  be 
Sled  to  warm  them.    U -s  probable 
hosvcver,    notwith.-tanding    Uicir  ex- 
treme barbarism,  that  some  knowledge  , 
olHhearts  may  \^  introduced  amog 
them,  as  some  have  been  seen  attc  - 
Sy  consideringthe  utensds  and  con- 
v,.niencics  of  the   Europeans,  with  a 
"sTemlngly.ofmaU^mgs.n^ar.^^^ 
nrnvements.     In  some  tilings  also  uiey 
Tosscrs  rgreat  power  of  imitation  ; 
Fhev  can  imitate  the  songs  and    an- 
J^f.^ee  of  tJie  Europeans  almost  mstun- 
tCc^ou  ly!mucl.  better  than  the  latter 
etnTmtate  theirs  by  long  practice ! 
A  .u  italcnt  is  discemable  m  their 
:i«rese"^ry  where  to  be  met  with 

on  the  rocks  ;    these  represent  men 

^dotber  animds,  and,  though  rude 

^e  ven.  surprising    for  people    who 

havenoUhe  knowledge  of  const nicUng 

u  comfortable  habitation,  or  ot  making 

clotCs     In  person,  tl.ey  are  active. 

V  S  ro«s,  and  stout,  though  gcneralb 

l^^S^       The    women  have   sometimes 

hc^,;  kept  back  with  tl.e  most  joalous 

.rnsibility;    sometimes    oflered   with 

^he  g^a  est  familiarity.     Such  ot  d.cm 

as  ime  been  seen  have  soft  a.id  ,>  ta. 

i-T::oder-»7 

ance  ot  •'"y  '•;"*''^;'  ,^„J,,  afraid  of  a 
Sfu^nialmo:t  equally  so  of  area 
Toatwiich  they  know  to  be  the  mar- 
traldros.  of  the  Europeans  Ihc  nus- 
rhef  which  they  have  hitherto  done 
fal  been  exorcised  .mly  on  some  lew 
stTaKRling  convicts,  most  ot  whom 
probaW   Ui^ve   been  the    aggressors. 


W  A  L 

Thev  certainly  burn  their  dead  ;  wliic'i 

.'  .  '■ ..loo   tn    flip     Stni'V   II 


perhaps,  has  given  rise  to  the  stor)  ot 
their  being  cannibals.    1  hey  seem  very 
little  iriveii  to  thievmg.  in  compayison 
with   the    inhabitants  of  most  ot  the 
islands  in  the    Southern  Oceun  •  and 
they   are  very    honest   among    them, 
selves,  leaving  their  spears    and  otl.er 
implements  on  the   beach,   in  pcrfc-rt 
security  of  their  remammg  untouclied. 
They  are  very  expert  at  throwing  tlieir 
iavel.ns.and  will  hit  a  mark,  with  great 
cc-rtaintv,  at   a  considerable   distance, 
'lliey   arc  more  numerous    tl.aii    was 
at  hrst   imagined  ;  thougii    sull  llic.r 
numbers   must   be  accounted    lew,  in 
comparison  to  the  extent  ot  the  coun- 
try;    and  there   is   reason  to  believe 
that  the  interior  parts  are  umi.habiteo. 
With  reeard  to  the  civil  jurisdiction  ot 
the  governor  of  New  S  VV  ales,   it  ex- 
tends  from  43  49  to  10  37  S  lut.    From 
Ihw   sea-coast  it  extends  westward  as 
tur  as  135"  K  Ion.  and  tlience  proceed- 
1  ing  in  an  E  direction,  includes   all  the 
'  ishinds  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  within  the 
above-mentioned   latitudes,   by    winch 
partition     it    is   supposed  that  every 
Uirce  of  litigation  will  be   cut  oil,  us 
all  these  are  indisputably  the  dlsco^^. 
ry  of  the   British    navigators.      Ihc 
powers  of  the  governor   are  absolutelj 
unlimited,  no  mention  being  made  ol » 
couiicd  to  assist  him  in  any  thmg ;  and 
as  no  stated  time  is   appointed  tor  as- 
sembling  the  courts  similar  to  the  as- 
sises and  gaol  deliveries  in   England, 
the  duration  of  imprisonment  is  alto- 
Kcther  in  his  bands.     He   is  likewise 
hivested  with  a  power  ot   summoning 
general  courts  martial  ;  but  the  inser- 
tion  in  the   marine  mutiny  act,  o  a 
smaller  .miv.bor  of  officers  than  13  be- 
ing able  to  compose    such    a   tnbun.>l 
l.asbecn  neglected  ,  so  that  am.htar) 
coui-t,   should   detachments   be    made 
tVom  head-qiiarters.   '"•/'^V'.ra' 
vail,  may  not  always  be  tound  pract  ca- 
l.le  to  be   obtained,  unless  the  numbe. 
of  officers  in  the  setilenient  at  present 
be  increased.     The  governor  is  allowed 
to  grant  pardons  in  all  cases,  t.eason 
;u,d  wiltiil  murder  excepted  ,  and  eNcn 
.n  these  he  bus  .luthority   ^o  stay  the 
exectn-n  of  the  law  untd  the  kmg5 
pleasure  shall  he  sigmlled.     In  case  o 
■„e    governor's   death,   the   bei.ten  n 
b^overnor  takes  h,s  !>!''<;«;  »"^°"    '' 
decease,  the  anOionty  .s  h.dged  m  the 
hands  of  the  senior  oUicer. 

mUluif,  a  town  of  Folund,  m  tic 


tlutchy  of  ( 
ht.  56  35  N 
Walkenreid 
the  circle  of 
ffia,  seated 
SWofHalb 
51  5,">  N. 

Wallenstad 

in  the  cantoi 

teil  into  the 

enjoys  sever 

httle  town  i 

being  the  ps 

Iran.'.poijted 

the  Grison.s 

cation   occa 

hither  of  It 

langiugc  is 

habitants. 

E  end  of  a  1 

miles  W  of 

Ciiire.     Lo 

Wiilkiista 

almut  si.\tet 

in  breadth  : 

pxci:eding 

the  E  and  ' 

hrcene  gen 

quarters,    1 

day,  and  cr 

tlicu  cliang 

this  biee/.e 

traiispoi'tat 

Soin^tinie.-t 

wind  I'lisiic 

•■uul  re.idei 

We   were 

"  .savs  Mr. 

\Vallensfa( 

breeze  abv 

constant : 

0111'  own   I 

this  moniii 

was  direct 

bhnvi:ig  fr 

'tis    true, 

rainy,  w'li 

occasi'inul 

I  cnmmon'.y 

I  atliirds  a  \. 

and  ri)mai 

Claris,   tli 

I  upon  the  1 

I  cnrlclied  i 

1  and  studd 

I  .and  small 

I  rising  bell 

I  snow.     O 

1  pari,   the 

I  tcsq'ie,  ci 

I  pciidicula 


A  L 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


n  their  dead;  wliic'r, 
1  rise  to  the  story  ot 
als.    Tliey  seem  very 
leving,  in  comparison 
aiits  of  most  of  the 
jutliern  Oceun  ;  and 
lonest   among    tlicm- 
eir  spears    and  otlier 
le   bench,   in  iH-rftct 
remaining  untouclicd. 
pert  ut  throwing  tlicir 
hit  a  mark,  with  great 
;onsiderab\e   distance. 
numerous    tl.an    was 
1  ;  tliough    siill  llicir 
be  accounted    few,  in 
lie  extent  of  the  coun- 

is  reason  to  believe 
parts  are  uninhabiled. 
llie  civil  jurisdiction  of 
New  S  Wales,  it  ex- 
)  to  10  37  S  lat.  From 
extends  westward  as 
1.  and  thence  proceed. 
:tioii,  includes  all  the 
icihc  Ocean  within  the 
1   latitudes,   by    which 

supposed  that  every 
ion  wdl  be  cut  oil,  as 
iispiitably  the  discovo- 
ish  navigators.  The 
'overnor  are  absolutely 
lention  being  made  of  i 
t  him  in  any  thing  ;  and 
ne  is  appointed  for  as- 
3urts  similar  to  the  as- 
deliveries  in  England, 
'  imprisonment  is  alt"- 
lands.  He  is  likewise 
i  power  of  summoning 
martial  ;  but  the  insci- 
larine  mutiny  act,  of  a 
;v  of  officers  than  13  be- 
ui)ose  such  a  tribunid, 
ctcd  i  so  that  a  military 

detachments  be  made 
irters,  or  sickness  pre- 
dways  be  found  practica. 
lined,  unless  the  number 
.he  setdenieni  at  present 

The  governor  is  allowed 
ms  in  all  cases,  treason 
irder  excepted  ;  and  even 
.s  authority   to  stay  the 

the  law  until  tlic  kings 
ibe  sigiufied.  In  case  ot 
•'s  death,  the  lieutenant 
js  his  place  ;  and  on  his 
aii'.honis  is  lodged  m  the 
senior  o'iiicer.      ,     .      . , 

towit  of  Poland,  m  tie 


tlutcliy  of   Courland, 
lat.  56  35  N. 

Walkenreid,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
ffia,  seated  on  the  Sorge,  20  miles 
S  W  of  Halberstadt.     Lon.  21  5  E,  lat. 

WulU-nstadt,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  canton  of  Appenzal ;  incorpora- 
ted into  tiie  bailliage  of  Sargans,  b.u 
enjoys  several  distinct  privileges.  This 
ht'tle  town  derives  its  existence  from 
being  the  passage  of  the  merchandise 
lran»poi;ted  from  Germany  through 
the  Orisons  to  Italy.  Tiiis  commur.i- 
caliiin  occasions  the  fretjuent  res  )rt 
hither  of  Italian  merchants;  and  thai 
langaagc  is  spoken  by  many  of  tlie  in- 
habilaiits.  Tliis  town  is  sealed  at  the 
E  end  of  a  lake  of  the  same  lu.nie.nine 
miles  W  of  Sargans,  and   15    N  VV  of 


Lon.  9  14.  E,  l^t.  \7  1  N. 


Walleimtadt,  a    lake  of  Swisserland, 
almut  sixteen  miles  in  length,  and  two 
In  breadth  :  it  is   entirely   bounded  by 
pxceediiig  higli  mountains,   except  to 
the  E  and  VV.     From  tliis  situation,  a 
hreene  generally  blows  tVointliose  two 
quarters,   begiiinint^  at    llie    Ineak    oi 
(hiy,  and  continuing    f  ;r   some  hours  ; 
tticii  clianges  tioin  W  to  E  till  sun-set: 
this  biee/.e  is  very  coineni'.it   for  tl.i; 
trar,s|i()rtation     of    the     merchandise. 
Sometimes   however   a   viole  it  north- 
wind  nisiics  down  from  t'i'j  mountains, 
•■iiul  rt  iders  tlie  iiavigal-.on  dangerous. 
We   were   assured    by    tijt-   wutcimen 
"  savs  Mr.  Conc,"  v,'",io  lowed  us  from 
Wallensfadl    to   this    pbice,    that    the 
breeze  abv)ve  mentioned  was  ge;i?r!dly 
constant :  but  we  cannot  attest  it   fioin 
our  own   experience;    as    wo    set  out 
this  mornin,;r  aliont  ei<?lit,  and  the  \v,nd 
was  (lirectiv  contrary  tlie    wliJe  w:iy, 
bhnvi:ig  from  W  toE.     Tlie   weather, 
'tis    tnie,    was    heavy,   overcast,    and 
rainv,  which  ml.^l.t  cause  perh.aps  this 
occiisiontd  va:  .at.o;i.     The  lake    is  un- 
eommoii'.v   w.ld   a'ld   |)ictureRque,  and 
atlbrds  a  pf  I'Ptt  la".  v.-.ricty   of  beautiful 


Lon.  21  25  E,  cultivated  necks  of  land  arc  formed  at 
the  very  edge  of  the  lake,  and  at  the 
bottom  of  these  very  rocks  ;  exhibiting 
a  beautiful  contrast  tu  Uic  barrenness 
above  and  around  them.  Numberless 
water-fall,<,  ucca.sioned  by  the  melting 
of  the  siriws,  fall  down  the  sides  of 
these  riKks  from  a  very  considerable 
height,  ynd  with  an  almost  inconceiva- 
ble variety ;  seme  of  thorn  seeming  to 
glide  geiiily  in  circular  directions  ; 
others  forming  vast  torrents,  and  rush- 
ing into  the  lake  with  noise  and  vio- 
lence :  all  of  them  changing  their  form 
and  their  position  as  we  approached  or 
receded  from  them.  The  lake  is  ex- 
ceedingly clear,  deep,  and  cold,  and 
iis  we  were  informed,  never  freezes. 
Through  tliis  lake  Hows  the  Mat, 
wliich,  soon  after  joining  the  Linth, 
forms  tlic  river  Limnat. 

Wiillerslein,  a  town  of  Suabia,  -with 
a  castle  belonging  to  the  counts  of 
Oettingen,  six  miles  S  W  of  Oettingen. 
Wallingjjrd,  a  borough  in  Berkshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thiiisdfy  an  i  Satur- 
day. It  was  ortre  sur^-oimded  by  a 
Willi,  and  ha.l  a  strong  castle  now  de- 
molisiu-d,  and  fjur  churches,  t\v>  of 
wliirli  were  demolished  in  the  civil 
wars,  andi-ne  of  •which  only  is  now  in 
use.  il  is  seated  -ir  Ihe  Thames,  over 
wiiich  IS  a  stone  bridre.  1-i  miles  N  W 
of  Kead'ng,  and  *■  VV  of  I  idon. 
Lon    1   1  \V    lat  51  36  N. 

Walitiigj  <rd,  a  t.^r.  of  Comecticul, 

ia  New  Havcn  «;,>U7.ty,   where  there  is 

'  a  post  office,  13  mih-s  N  of  Xcw    Ha- 

vn,  _'7  S  bv    V   of  Hartford,   and  21 

N  E  of  Darby. 

Wa'.lkill,  a  liver  of  North  America 
Se-  U'i)-j;nij  Lands. 

U\i!'Mmt,  a  name  formerly  given  to 
the  inhai/itanU  of  a  considerable  part 
(if  tlie  -.'etlerlands,  and  a  part  of  Flan- 
ders and  Urabanu 

Wdlne;,  an  island  of  England,  on  the 
cotist  of  Lancashire. 

("".;  'JO,  ^  ti  .vn  of  Sf.lavonia,  capital 
of  a  eouiili  ol  i'..o  same  name,  with  a 


and  romantic  scenes.  On  the  side  of  i  castle.  It  i'' seated  on  the  river  VVal- 
Glaris,  the  mountains  whicli  boder  po.  20  mii.-s  W  of  Esscck,  and  _no_  S 
upon  the  lake,  are   chioPy 


■  .iiivated  ; 

enriched  witli  wood,  or  fine  meadows; 
1  and  studded  with   cottag 's,   cinirclu's, 

,inil  small  villiiges  ;  the  Alps  of  Claris 
I  rising  behind  ;'  their  tons  co-.oi  -■.A  with 

snow.  On  the  otlur  side,  fir  the  most 
I  part,  the  rocks  are  exceedingly  gro- 
I  tcsq\ie,  cr.iggy,  inaccessible,  and  jicr- 
Ipeiidicular  •  but  here  iind  there  a  lew 


of  Hu<la.     Loi».  13  22  E.  l:it.  45  35  N. 

!l\il/iL.'e,  a  pest  town  in  Cheshire 
ciuiily,  Ke^v  Hampshire;  lying  on 
E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite 
to  VV-stm'injter  in  Vernont ;  1-1  miles 
N  VV  of  Keen,  10  N  E  of  Pultney,  and 
■IH  S  by  E  of  Windsor,  (the  two  last 
being  in  Vermont.) 
,      XlKiUall,  a  curpovate  town  In   Staf- 


W  A  L 


i.i- 


fonlsliirf ,  >witU  a  murket  on  Ttmrsday 
anil  Friday.  It  has  s.v.mmI  maiuif.i,  - 
Hires  ill  iron,  sucli  as  nails,  bnillibits, 
8lirnii)s,  spurs,  buckles,  &c.  and  is  p)- 
vcrncd  bv  a  niavor.  U  is  SL-alcd  on  tlic 
side  of  a'hill.  1.^  'ndfs  S  of  Slailord, 
and  116  N  W  of"  London.  Lon.  1  50 
\V,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Walsliam  Kurth,  a  town  in  Norfolk, 
with  a  market  on  Tncsday,  10  iniUs  D- 
of  Norwich,  and  12J  N  N  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  31  K,  lat.  52  40  N. 

milsiitj^lumuii  town  in  Norfolk,  with 

a  market  on  Friday.     It   is   fanions  tor 

the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  which  had  a 

shrine  of  the  Virf,'in,   nnicli  frequented 

by  pilgrims.     Anion}?  these   ruins  are 

two  uncovered  wells,  one  of  which  is 

called  the  Virgin  Mary's,  or  the    Holy 

Well ;  and  upon  a  stone  at  the  edge  ot 

it  is  a  cross,  where  the  people  used  t() 

kneel,  and  to  throw  in  a  piece   of  goUl 

when  thev   wislieil   for  any  thing  they 

wanted.  Wal-.iiigliain  is  Jj  miles  N  W 

of  Norwich,  and  1 16  N  N  K  of  London. 

Lon.  0  53  E,  lat.  52  56  N. 

IValthavu  w  Bhlwjjs  Wiillluan,  a 
town  in  Ui.nipshire,  witli  a.  market  on 
Friday.  Waltliam  is  eiglil  miles  S  ot 
Winchester,  and  65  VV  h\  IJ  of  London 
Lon.  1  2U  Vv,  lat.  .'■0  57  N. 

Walt/mm  Ahi'c;,  or  Waltliam  H"ly 
Cross,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday,  ll  rei:eived  its  second 
appellation  from  a  holy  cross,  pretend- 
ed to  have  been  miraculously  conveyed 
here.  It  is  sealed  on  the  river  Lea, 
which  here  forms  several  islands,^  12 
miles  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  3  E, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Waltham  Cross,  or  West  Wahhavi,  ft 
village  in  llerlfordsiiirc,  which  takes 
its  first  ai)peUati(>n  from  a  cross 
erected  here  hx  Edward  L  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Lea,  12  miles  N  by 
E  of  London. 

Waltliam  on  the  Would,  a  town  in  Lei- 
cestershire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
dav,  almost  di.-,used.  It  is  I'J  miles 
NE  of  Leicester,  and  113  N  by  W 
of  London.  Lon,  C  46  VV,  lat.  52  51  N. 
Wiiltinbnich,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  on  the  ri\er 
Aich. 

Walton,  a  considerable  vdlage  m 
Surry,  seated  on  the  Thames,  over 
which  at  this  [>lace  is  a  handsome 
bridge,  and  here  likewise  are  tlic  re- 
mains of  an  undent  camp.  It  is  »i.\ 
miles  W  by  S  of  iiiii^stoii. 


WAN 

* 
W.v^rslehen,   a  town  of  Germany, 
in  (lie^rde  of  Upper  Saxony. 

Wamtmasli,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Hin- 
dooslan,  in  the  Carnatic,  27  miles  .S  S 
E  of  Arcot,  and  3B  N  N  W  of  Poiidi- 
cherry. 

WanJswortli,  a  large  village  in  Surry, 
.sealed  on  tlie  Wandle,  near  its   conllu- 
encc  with  the  Thames,   live  miles   \V 
S  W  of   London.     At  the  close  of  tie 
last    ccnlurv,    many   French    refugees 
settled  here',  and  established  a  Fiencli 
church,  which  is  now  a  meeting  fortlie 
methodists.     The   dying  of  clotli    has 
been   jiractiscd   here  for    more   than  a 
century  :  there  are  also   manufactures 
for  boiling  cloth,   the  printing   of  culi- 
coes  and  kerseymeres,  and  the  whiten- 
ing audJpresiingof  slulls  ;  with  oil,  iimi, 
anil   whitelead  mills,    vinegar    works, 
and   distilleries.     Here    is    a   qiiakei's 
meeting-house,    and    two    schools  f^r 
children  of  that  persuasion.     The  tow- 
er of  the  church    is    ancient    but  the 
church   itself  is  a   modern    structure. 
In    Garret   Lane,  in  this  parish,    is   a 
mock  election  after  every  general  elcc 
lion  of  parliament,  of  a  mayor  of  Gar- 
ret i     in    which    Mr    Fool's    dramatic 
piece  of  that  name  gave  no  small  ccle- 
britv. 

Wiwsen,  an  ii.iperial  town  of  Ger- 
many in  Suabia.  The  inhabitants  are 
papists,  and  carry  on  a  great  traite  in 
paper  and  liard  ware.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Overarg,  \7  miles  N  E  of  Lindavi,  ami 
30  E  of  Constance.     Lon.  9  56  E,  lat. 

4-38N.  „         .        ,      ,    • 

rr,«i'c«,  a  town  of  Sw;sserlanil,  in 
Upper  Aigau,  seated  (m  the  river  Aar. 
Lon  -3o'e,  lat.  47  16  N. 

W.wgen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  oe- 
partmentof  Lower  Kliine,  and  l;.te  pro- 
vince of  Alsare,  seated  on  the  side  ot 
a  mountain,  unci  surrounded  by  a  wall. 
It  is  eig!;t  miles  N  W  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  42E,lat.  48  3BN. 

Wan^'ried,  a  town  of  the  circle  ot 
Upper  Rhine,  in  Germany.  Lon,  9  58 
E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

WanloMead,  a  viUage.of  Scollanil, 
near  the  lead  mines  of  Dumfriesshire, 
and  on  that  account  it  has  a  considera- 
ble number  of  Smelting  houses. 

Wanste:i<l,  a  village  in  Essex,  famous 
for  one  of  the  most  magnihcent  seals 
in  England,  called  Wanstead  House. 

li'iWtcii'i;  a  town  in  Berkshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  famous 
for  being  the  birthplace  of  king  Alfred, 
Mid  is  seated  trn  a  brancU  of  the  Ock. 


?1  miles  S  by 
'A'  London.     I 

H'a<>t4cniiu,  ; 
'lopai'tinent  of 
;ir!jviiicc  of  / 
i'lok  this  place 

W.iiizli'/)cii, 
tlic   circle    of 
irincipalitvof 
-,  \V  of  Magili 

U'iiralin,  0 
'Jpper  Hmigai 
lie  same  nam 
..nd  a  bishop's 
•!ie  Turks  in 
vclook  it  ill  1( 
■ivi:r  Sehes  K 
I'eterwaradi'i, 
/.on.  21  50  E, 

W<iyadin,  1. 
Scluvouia,  ca] 
-ume  name,  s 
miles  W  S  \V 
!iy  Eof  Zagrai 
■4;i  N. 

jytiraiigiilL'  ''i 
'.i:ice  the  ca])! 
IJeccan  of  Hi 
is  sli'.l  evident 
wliicli  arc  ai 
i!.udern  fortrc 
■',  iiid  is  in  t 
/;  .11  of  the  D 
N'  Eof  Jivdra 
J8  6  N. 

Warhur^,  a 
G.jliilani!,  a;i 
w'.tii  a  castle, 
«(ir::;'li.     Lon. 

irui-.'nirg,  a 
■".Veslphalia,  ii 
['.jrn,  fori  lie  I'll 
ll  IS  seated  oi 
L  of  Paderboi 

Wurccp,  .a  V 

(iicre  w:is  for 
wiiich  l^iok  11 
ihe  \valls  of  ' 


V/u 


■  /,. 


ii    1 


Jutland,  near 
ll.c  same  nam 

U-\irdh:i';s,  ;i 
l;;:i(l,  sealed  i 
5;une  name,  n 
u;i  olil  fort,  w 
,.iul  is  120 
Cape.     Lon. ; 

WardsMJ^'t 
'•ountv,  New 
side  of    Wall 


\  of  Germany, 

iixony. 

)t'  Asia  in  Hin- 

c,  '27  miles  S  S 

i  W  of  I'ohil'. 


■illape  in  Surry, 
near  its  lonllu- 
,  five  miles  \V 
tlie  closi'  of  tbe 
'ranch  refuj^cis 
ilislieil  a  Fi'iMicli 
I  nu'cting  foi-tlie 
\g  of  clot!)  iius 
:(>r  more  tlian  a 
io  manufacture* 
lirintii.g  of  e:.li- 
anil  the  wliiteii- 
Is  ;  witlioil,  iiDii, 
vinegar  works, 
e  is  a  quakei's 
two  scliools  f  r 
asion.  'I'hc  tow- 
ancient  but  tlie 
oilern  structure, 
his  parisli,  is  a 
cry  general  elcc- 
a  mayor  of  Gar- 
Fool's  dramatic 
,vc  no  small  cele- 

al  town  of  Ger- 
e  iiihalj.lants  are 
a  great  ti'aite  in 
It  is  seated  on  tlie 
E  of  Lindavi,  ami 
Lon.  9  56  E,  lat, 

f  Sw;sserland,  in 

I  on  tiie  river  Aar. 

16  N. 

France,  in  the  de- 

hine,  and  l;.te  pro- 

;ed  on   tlie   bide  of 

oiinded  by  u  wall. 

I  W  of  Strasburg. 

5BN. 

n   of  tlie   circle  oi 

:rniany.     Lon.  9  58 

illage.of  Scotland, 
of  Dumfriesshire, 
it  has  a  considera- 
Ling  liouseS. 
;e  in  Essex,  famous 
L  magniiicent   seats 
fVanstead  House, 
in    Berksiiire,  with 
dav.     It   is  famous 
ilaceof  king  Alfred, 
irancU  of  tli«   0& 


WAR 


W  A  R 


<';  miles  S  by  W  of  Oxford,  and  GO  W  |  of  Gi.sliHn,_2r  m 


'A'  I.ondiii.     Lon.  1  16  E,  lat.jWo.)  N' 

U'iV'.ticiutu,  a  town  of  Franco,  in  the 

epartment  of   Lower  Rhine,  and  Lite 

nruvince   of   Alsace.      The     .\usi.rians 

k  tliisphice  in  179.1. 

W.imli-hcn,  a  town  of  Germ.my,  iu 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
lirineipality  of  Magdeburg,  It)  miles  VV 
1  \V  of  Magdeburg. 

Il'ariilin,     Great,  a   strong    town    of 


ihs  ',V  by  N  of  New- 
X  by    \V   ot  the  city    of 


Ijiiig,  and  To 
New  York. 

U\tic,  a  town  of  I£erilMiri'i>>liir'',  wilU 
a  market  on  I'tiesday.  Ii  is  Sv  atel  nil 
the  rivfr  Lea,  by  wiiieli  a  great  ti'adc 
is  carried  on  i.>  London  in  corn  j  .HJtIt) 
(juarliirs  being  frccjUenlly  sent  in  a 
week.  Here  .ire  sliuces  and  wears  iu 
the  river,  to  ))rfservc  it  tVom  llonls. 
It  is  21  miles  N  of  London.     Loii.  0  ,> 


Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a  couity  of.  E,  lat.  ,51  50  N. 

le  same  name,  with  a  strong  citailel,  I  Wurtn-ili^c,  or  IVanlhri';^!-,  a  town 
..:ul  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  taken  h_\  ^  in  Cornwall,  wilh  a  market  on  Satnr- 
■he  Turks  in  166U,  but  the  .\iistrian"s  |  d.y.  It  has  a  hi  idgo  over  the  riv.p 
retook  it  ill  16y2.  It  is  seated  c,n  tl.e  ]  Camel,  whieii  is  tiiu  handsome.st  in  tiie 
■iver  Sebcs  Keres,  117  miles  N  E  of  coirity,  aiiJ  supported  by  20  arch.\s. 
I'eterwaradin,  and  150  E  S  E  of  Buda.j  It  is  1.1  miles  S  W  of  Camelford,  anil 
/.on.  21  50  E,  lat.  47  5  N.  |  '^H  NV  by  S  of  London.     Lon  i  9  W 

ll\i>ui!t/i,    Little,   a    streng  town    oi":  hit.  50  .56  N 


Sclavouia,  capital  of  a  county  of  tlie 
same  name,  seated  on  the  Drave,  2H 
miles  \V  S  W  of  Uanilsca,  and  ,>1  N 
!iy  Eof  Zagrad.  Lon.  ."6  13  E,  lat.  46 
^;!  N. 

IKij/MH^ii/e ''the  .\r'Tikill  of  Ferlslita) 
'.Mce  the  (-apilid  of  Ci-leond.''.,  in  th<* 
iJeccan  of  Hindoostan.  The  site  of  it 
is  sli'.l  evident  from  the  old  ramparts, 
which    arc    ania/,ing!y    extensive.      A 


Wdifluvn,  a  post  town  in  I'lyinouth 
cuuntv,  Massachusetts  ;  Uing  at  tin; 
head'of  iJiz/ard's  bay,  Ij'miies  N  \V" 
of  barnsl.ible,  16  .N  E  of  New  liedl'ord, 
and  61  S  bs  V.  of  IJoslon,  in  lat.  41  43 
N,  i.iul  loll!  70  iO  W. 

U\in:h:im,  a  b.n'ough  and  seajiort  lit 
Dorse'sliire,  vv;tli  a  market  >)n  Satiir^ 
liay.  It  is  sealed  between  tlie  Fnune 
and  Fi<ldle,  at  the.ir  fall   into  I.ochford 


ii.odern  fortress  \i  tonstructeil  wilhiu  j  Lake,  the  W  part  of  I'oole  li.irbour. 
it,  md  is  in  tlie  possession  of  tin:  ni-|It  wa.s  u  very  large  pL.ee,  and  had 
z:..n  of  the  Decraii.  It  is  6j  miles  N  !  several  eliurclics,  now  reduced  to 
\  K  of  Hwlrabad.  Lon.  79  30  E,  lat.  Illiree;  it  also  h.nd  a  wall  and  a  caS' 
18  6  N. 

IVaihur^,  a  seaport  i.f  Sweden,  in  W 
f;  ithlanil,  and  ])rovlMee  of  llallaiid, 
'.v'.th  a  castle,  30  miles  S  of  Gotten- 
wiii-jrh.     Lon.  U46E,lut.57  13  N'. 

Ji^iii-'mr^,  a  triwn  of  German 
^Veslj)haiia,  in  the  bis'ii-iprie  of  Pader- 
I'.jrii,  formerly  imperial  and  hansealie. 
ll  is  seated  on  the  Dvniel,  30  miles  S 
E  of  I'aderborn.  Loii.  0  19  E,  lat.  51 
••3  N. 

li'urcop,  a  village  in  Westmoreland.  ; 
!;;cre  was  furmeily  a  large  castle  here, 
wiiich  too!;  up  an  acre  of  ground,  and 
the  walls  of  which  were   15  I'cet  tliieic. 


IVw 


a   town  of    Fienniark,  in  N 


Jutland,  near  the  muuthofa  riv.T  of 
tl.c  same  name,  15  miles   N  of  Ripen. 

U\:rdh:i"s,  a  seajKUl  of  Daiiisli  Lap- 
l;.:id,  scaled  on  a  small  island  of  the 
sune  name,  near  the  continent.  It  lias 
uu  old  forf,  where  t'le  g.)vernor  resides, 
..lul  is  UO  miles  SEof  the  North 
Cape.     Lon.  31  6  E,  lat    70  23  N. 

/r,in/.<.'i,'/.(,'c,  a  iJost  town  in  Orange 
I'DUnty,  New  York;  situated  on  tli';  E 
sale  of    Wiilkill   river,    lea   miUs   N 


lie ;  but  has  suiiered  so  mueh  by 
the  various  turns  of  fortune,  tiiat  it: 
is  novv'  only  ihe  shadow  (;f  wlial  it  was^ 
and  its  harboiir  i.s  choaked  \\\).  There 
is  a  g-ood  salmon  i' diery  here,  over  tli(J 
ui  river  Frome,  eukI  tuis  town  is  i;iuiou.» 
I'or  tobacco  pipe  clay,  lU.OOO  tons  of 
wliirli  are  aiiiiually  e;[)orted  to  Lon- 
don :'.nd  other  parts.  Wareliani  \% 
governed  by  a  in.iyoi',  :,ends  l-.vo  iiicin- 
bers  to  p.uliameiil,  and  is  '2')  miles  E 
of  Dorchester,  and  114  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  3  Li  ^V,   fu.  50   43    N. 

U'ar^u,  a  town  of  Pol.uul,  intlie  pal.i- 
tinato  of  Masuvia,  se.iled  on  tiie  ri\cf 
I'ilfa.     Lon.  21  15  E,  lat.  51  35   N. 

WiD-h.-urth,  a  villag-;  in  Nort'.iuin- 
berlaiul,  live  miles  S  E  of  .-\huviel;, 
seated  on  the  river  Cocket,  with  a  cas- 
tle, in  which  is  a  chapel  cut  <nit  of  ti, 
rock. 

U\irniinstcy,  a  town  in  ■\Viitshirc, 
with  a  market  on  Saturd.iy,  seated  at, 
the  source  of  the  Willy  biurn,  33  miles 
N  W  of  Salishurv,  and  97  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  3  15  W,  lat.  51  UN. 

Wunninstci;  u  town  of  Virginia,  in 
J,'  J.  r  f  £- 


W  A  R 


W  A  R 


^nilici'st  count),  lyiiip^  on  l!i(*  N  side 
of  James  ri\er,  Ifo  m.li-s  S  of  Wiinni, 
and  23  E  of  Amnci'st  Courl  lioubc. 
Here  is  u  post  oiiicL-. 

W..ni«uiu'Mf,  a  si-ajxirt  of  Germany, 
in  lliu-  cinii'  of  Lowi'r  Saxony,  i.nil 
diilcliy.if  Aid  kleiihiir.;.  'I'lu-  Swctlc-. 
Iiiid  a  liiiKc  lii'ii;  to  taiic  lolii  l)iil. 
in  iriO,  wlien  llieir  ailairs  wi'w  iii:on 
tlio  ilcclim  ,  till  (liike  of  Mi'rklc..iiiii  jj 
put  a  )^arri-.>n  in  it.  It  is  siutp.i  o  ti.i- 
Uiillic,  M  I  '  •  ui  nitll  of  till'  >Variic,  26 
inili  s  N  E  of  Wisinar.  Lon.  IJ  26  E, 
ki.  31  l  N. 

''I'Mhctiiii,  u  (own  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ilers,  on  tiit*  river  Lij),  ^  !,!il  milos  N 
W  of  Lisli'.     I-on.  J  4  1'-,  lat.  50  4.V  N. 

JViirrt'i:,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, ^tainc,  scvi.-n  miles  \V  by  S  of 
Tiioniuhton  on  Pcnohsrot  l)a\,  12  N  E 
f'f  \V,  Mboro'  and  24  ii  of  New  Castle, 
with  W>'l  inlraliitants. 

JViirrer,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  roun- 
t\,  Rliode  Island:  situated  nil  Wurrcu 
river,  four  miles  N  of  Uristol,  and  IJ 
S  bv  i:  of  Providence,  in  lat.  41  42  N. 
aiid"  l.m.  n  18  W. 

IViirriiit^loii,  a  town  in  I.anc  a.sbire, 
with  a  market  on  W  eibiesday .  It  lias 
larj^c  and  considerabli;  niannfiutures 
of  salli.loth,  cotton,  pins,  j^luss,  and 
oliit-r  articles.  It  is  r.cated  on  the 
Merspv,  over  which  is  a  brid)ic,  1'5 
niilcs  ii  of  Liverpool,  and  183  N  N  W 
«f  London.    Lon '  2  4.5  W,  lat  ,5.^  2.5  N. 

Warrlvc,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Hindoos- 
tan,  Ml  the  Carnalic,  ?y'2  miles  N  N  E 
of  Taiijore,  and  55  S  S  VV  of  Pondi- 
eherry. 

\V,t)i'a\-:,  a  lari^'e  city  of  P'llaiid,  the 
e.apit.al  of  that  country,  and  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Masovia  Its  i-  t;iation  is  not 
unjileas.ml  ;  it  is  built  partly  in  a  plain, 
and  piU'tlv  upon  :i  fjcntle  a.sccnt  rising- 
from  the  banl.s  of  tli  ■  Vistula,  wliicli  i.i 
abo'.it  as  bi-oad  as  tlu-'i  liumcs  at  West- 
minster-UridLjf,  but  \t;ry  shallow  in 
summer.  'I'li  ■  city  and  '.*:\  siiburiis 
occupy  a  vast  ";tent  of  irn.imd^  anu 
u:'o  supjKiscd  to  contsun  I  -Iweeii 
»i\tv  and  seventy  thousand  inba!)ilants, 
anicin:.^  whom  are  a  prodij^ious  number 
of  I'on-li^iiers.  The  whole  lowi  has 
a  mclancholv  appearance,  ex'vbilinir 
that  strong  contrast  of  wealth  and  pov- 
ertv,  luxury  and  distress,  ,,'liit  .  per- 
vades every  pai  l  of  Ibis  imh.'ppy  conn- 
trv.  'i  he  str  '«ts  are  spacicm-:,  but  ill- 
paved  ;  Tho  elm,  dies  and  public  build 
inps  are  I.-irj^e  and  mai^nilicent  :  the 
julkces  of  tlie  nobility  wu  numerous 


«nd  splendid;  but  the  gTcatrst  (/art  nf 
the  houses,  partiiiilai  Iv  in  the  suburbs, 
aiv  mean  and  dl-consiructed  wimhI!  it 
hovels,  In  the  bej^innintj  ot  1794,  i!m- 
eni|)ress  of  Kussiu  put  a  n-arnsnn  iiilo 
this  cily,  in  order  to  compel  the  Piile« 
to  ac,|Uies<e  in  the  usurpation  she  h.id 
ill  vii  w,  111. I  this  garrison  was  soon  c\. 
pelle  I  by  liie  citi'/eiis.  The  insurrc  (  ■ 
lion  became  !j;i'iuT:d  tlirouj^hoilt  I'.i- 
land,  and  I  lie  kni)^  ot  Prussia  laid  sie},'c 
j  to  VV'ars.iw  in  Jolt,  but  was  conipelltd 
to  rai.sc  the  sie^n  >ii  Sfiit<ni!jcr  It 
was  mulertakcn,  however,  by  the  K'is. 
siuiis,  who,  on  November  4,  toik  liy 
sttnnn  the  suburb  of  PragM  ;  a  drcail- 
fi.l  m.issacre  <  ns'ied  ;  the  whole  of  the 
suburb  was  nearly  rediiceil  to  ashes  , 
and  the  initT»cdiale  coiise';;ienc«  was 
the  surrender  of  the  c.ty  to  the  Ru:i. 
siims,  win-  made  tlieir  triumpiiaiil  en- 
try into  ii  on  tin  I'J'ili.  They  delivered 
it  up  to  the  kiiij:^  of  Prussia,  and  in 
January  1  "'.16,  his  troops,  to  the  nnm- 
ber  of  12,i">;,  entered  an.'  took  jiiis- 
session.  Wars.ivv  is  160  miles  S  V.  ui 
I)  irit/.;c,  Ijv)  M  N  E  of  Cracow,  and 
3U0  N  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  21  0  E,  bt. 
52  14  N. 

Warta,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Siradi.i,  sealed  on  the  river 
Warta,  1  2  miles  N  E  of  Siradia,  and,')?' 
.S  E  of  Posnania.  Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  51 
19  N. 

JVurtenburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Si- 
lesia, cajii'.al  of  a  I  )rd."diip  of  the  same 
name.  In  1?'42  it  was  entirely  reduced 
to  ashes,  e\ci|)ttlic  castle.  It  is  .'2  miles 
N  E  of  Brtshiw.  Lon.  15  42  E,  lat.  5! 
41  N. 

Wtinvici,  a  post  town  in  Orangr  conn- 
t\'.  New  York  ;  s'.fnatpd  on  the  E  side 
of  Walkill  river,  10  miles  Sof  Go.sbfn, 
11  N  .)f  H.I  in  bur,:;'.  New  Jersey,  and  T'J 
N  W  of  the  ctyof  New  Vork.' 

Waix\:'nl:.  a  town  in  Kbodi  Island, the 
ca])ita'  of  Ki  :.;•  county,  situati  d  about 
10  miles  S  of  ProMilencr,  at  the  head 
of  N.irrai!;p,n/.C't  bay. 

/K.vji'/V/',  a  post  (.own  in  Cecil  county, 
Marvland,  lyinjc  between  .S:issafras  and 
Holiemia  rivers,  Ui  mdes  S  of  Elktm., 
27  S  ^V  of  r,<'wcastie,  (  Delaware)  ami 
61  S  VV  of  Pbiladelpbia. 

Warwick,  the  county  town  of  AVi.r- 
'.vicksbire,  witl.  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  was  fortified  with  a  wall,  now  in 
r  liiit.;  hot  it  has  still  a  line  castle  of  th' 
ancient  eavls  of  War  ,.  Ick,  inhabiteil  by 
the  |)resc.it  po'ccssor  or"  tliat  title. 
'  Warwick  is  a  boroii;,d.,  jjevcnied  by  * 


»M\or,  « 
liaiiiPilt. 
ri^'ular  I: 
vviiicli  IS 
cici:tly  s 
les  ;  of 
has  likew 
!;oo(l  tree 
tor  1. ;.!.■! 
Oil  a  rock. 
;iiid  all  t 
thioiif»'li  II 
br,iJf.e,  IJ 
ami  ^'3  N 
iat   .■)2  IH 

■17  miles  l< 
at  its  N  e; 
s!iire,  on  t 
till-  N  E  li 
In  Worec 

^l.p'.Ollahl 

lershirc,  a 
It  lies  part 
and    Cn<M 
Worcester 
and  uiie  lib 
towns,  Mill 
nii-mbers  l( 
mild,  pleas 
l:i')d  divisli 
Ji.ot  cieaie 
somewhat 
in'crspei'sv 
ni:'.);-s,  and 
iiortbeni  p 
(;.is   chaii;; 
Wards  the 
g"ood  ki'vi  I 
(M  llio  co:ii| 
li'  icslone. 
.'■riy  call 
uroat  firtil 
c  irn.     Itsf 
wiiic'i  joinl 
niinsiiiorel 
I'iVrrs,   no 

Me;;e  of  SI 
r. dated  of  J 
"ick.     Till 
von,  Tamcf 
AVarwick, 
;;e«l  tovrn.l 
WASHll 
c.al  piverf 
tile  dist: 
t  n  a  point  i 
i-iire  of  a  il 
t>ilb  the  l| 
Hiid  lon. 
tbe  citiiieil 


R 

pjcatr^t  j'Srt  of 

ly  III  llir  sul)url>s, 

sliiK'nl    wimkI' IT 

ling  (it  1794,   llii- 

;i  n'lirnsun  iniu 

iiin|)Ll  llic  I'dlri 

in|):itii)n  sIk-  li;iil 

soil   WHS  soon  ex. 

'I'lit'    insuiTct  • 

ihroiiglioMt    !'.>• 

l'nis-.i!i  laiil  sirjrc 

il.  \v;is  rmiilKlli:!! 

Si'IiUiiiljclv     II 

vcv<T,  b)  tin-  R'ls- 

ciiibi'P  4,   t<*ik  by 

f  I'lugM  ;  !i  ilrtMtl- 

;  (lie  wliiilc  ot'tlif; 

ledliri-d  to    usllis  ; 

ciiii><.'';'.ii;n(e  was 
le  r,t\  111  tlie  Kii:)- 
cir  tr'umipiiiiiit  eii- 
h.  'l'lu->  ilclivcrrd 
of  Fnissin,  and  in 
loops,  to  the  iv.im- 
L-rc'l  ar..'  took  ))i)h- 
is  ItiO  mik's  S  l".  iif 
a,  of  Crucow,  and 
Lon.   21  0  E,  1-t. 

Great  Poland,  in  tlic 

;i,  stiitfdon  llic  river 

E  of  Siradia,  and  57 

Lon.  18  0  E,  hit.  51 

wii  of  Germany  in  Si- 
)rd.<ilil|)  of  the-  same 
\v;is  entirely  rcdiiecd 
craslli-.  U  in  Ji  miles 
Lon.  15  42  E,  lut.  51 

(owninOranfjocniin- 
tnated  o  i  tlie  E  side 

0  miles  Sof  Go.<l.en, 
,  New  JersfV,  and  7'> 
f  New  N'ovk. 

1  in  Klinde  I-.!and,tlie 
Ainty,  sitnal'  d  about 
n  ulcncc,  at  the  liea<l 

(.own  in  Cecil  rounty, 
etwevn  Sassafras  and 
8  pvlcs  S  of  Elkt'ih, 
(sllc,  (l)i4aw.iri)and 
Udpliia. 

oiinty  town  of  War- 
i  market  on  Saturday, 
vltli  a  wall,  now  in 
still  a  tine  castle  of  th' 
^ar.'.  ick,  inhabited  by 
'cKsor  CI  that  title. 
rouLd,,  ;j6vcriicd  by  » 


WAS 


WAS 


nviyor,  »nd  .hiiuIs  two  niemliers  to  par- 1  late  tlie  first  merid!:;n  frcnn  the  ccntrf  of 


lianirnt.  It  |)rinei|ially  LKiisit  ts  of  one 
n.;;'iilar  built  .street,  at  vnrh  end  o( 
wiiitli  IS  an  aiu'ii  nt  n'iUe.  It  had  an- 
ciei:tly  »\k  monasteries  and  six  ebiir. 
•  lies  i  of  the  Later  two  only  remain  :  it 
has  likewise  II  handsODie  .shirehoiiHe,  a 
jjjod  ti'tcseiiiKd,  and  •'.  noted  hos|iltid 
I'or  1-!  deeuyed  ;vcnllomrn.  It  is  situate 
oil  a  rock,  eniiiii  life,  en  tl.e  tImt  Avon, 
»ih1  all  tiic  passatfes  to  it  i.re  cnt 
ihioiiffh  the  rork,  o\er  wi'ieh  isastone 


and  ^1}  N  W  of  London.    Lon.  1  oU  W, 
lat   .ij  18  N. 

IfiH-i.icLJ.ire,  a  roenty    of  I'.nj^land, 
.17  miles  lonj-  and  M  broad  ;    1 
at  its  .\  extremitv  by  a  point  u! 


\\  asbing'toii.  In  point  of  s^diibiiiy  llic 
siloalioii  IS  e\ee!!i..lit  ;  the  soil  is,  dry, 
and  f'.uni.^hed  with  several  perniuiKMt 
spriej:;-b  ol'  good  w-tcr.  '1  !.e  grand 
aieniicsoi'tl.e  city,  aceor.lirgto  t!ie  plan 
jii-o,  'sed,  are  iruni  1  jJJto  llol'ec  I  wide, 
and  all  tiie  <.ther  ...Ire^ '.H  fioni  V'Jto  l!ll. 
Ill  all  of  tliem  an  uiiiple  sjiaee  isailottet' 
t(ir  fool-pMSienj^tr.s,  on  bii'li  siilesof  ll;-- 
streets.  i  lie  eapilcd,  desr^iied  for  tiio. 
reception  (d'  Coi;|;"ress,  as  iv;  II  as  the 
I'resideiit's  ))alaee,  are  on  ronsiderahle 
'•minciu-es,  about  one  n.ile  apui't.  'i  he 
latter  is  finished,  l;cing  170  let  t  wi.le 
and  85  ieet  ileep,  two  stories  hi;  li,  iinil 
liiuled  I  covered  with  slate  ,  but  of  the  ii  riner, 
)erl)V-   there  is  onlv  one  wiiic  (reeled    (ji!  ihr 


slii'.c,  on  tie.'  N  W  b\  Sial'oidshiie,  on  area  of  the  city  iheie  i.re  abei;!.  H.)0 
till'  N  E  by  Leicestershire,  on  the  \\  houses  completed,  one  third  of  briek.s, 
by  \\'orccstershirc',on  tin-  E  by  North-  li.<'  r'.  st  ben  ••  principally  of  wo  .d  :  but 
itf.'p'iOiishire,  on  the  S  \\  by  Glonees- itln  \  an-  b  lilt  in  separjte  ;^ronp»,  sorn" 
tershin,  and  on  t'le  S  Eby  ()\loi-.l>!iire.  |<)f  iliem  loorc  than  ;i  n'ilc  jijiart,  and 
It  lies  partly  in  the  diocese  of  Li'  l.lii  Id  i  iii.ny  ol  them  nntenavteiL  ri:c  iml)li'; 
and  t'.nentry,  and  partly  in  that  o''  opices  are  kcnt  in  baildings  e.eeled  !iiv 
Worcester  J  conlaiiij  four  hu.:d; ,  d.s  the  purpose,  near  the  President's 
and  one  liiierty,  one  city,  12  inai  Uet.  i  House,  a  few  of  whi'  h  are  execi:te<'  in 
towns,  :  I'.il  Li.S  parishes  j  and  sends  six  '  a  style  of  considei  able  elej'^ance.  'I  h«» 
niembeis  tr>  p;ii  lianient.  'I  he  air  is  very  i  metropolis  lies  42  miles  S  W  by  S  of 
mild,  plea-nut,  itnil  healthy.  Tlic  wood- !  iialtimore,  l.ij  N  b>.  E  of  Kie'ini' nd, 
lieul  division,  vhouxh  now  for  the  mo'.l !  144  S  \V  of  Phil.idclphi.i,  248  f.'om 
p.trl  cleaied  and  cuUiv,, ted,  iitill  retains  '  New  York,  ami  500  from  Uoslon,  in  llie 
some  wind  of  its  wild  character,  bi'ing  I  same  direction. 
iiitersiK-rsed     with     wide     heaths    anil  I       H',;,l■/l/m;^l/l,  the  iapit:d  of  ^^'■lshinl;•ton 


I  . 


noithern  purt  has  a  gravelly  soil ;  but 
(lis  chan;.;-es  to  clay  on  advancing- to- 
wards the  middle.      iMu'.di  cheese  of  a 


Canonsbnrg',  Ju 
N  W  of  Union, 


S  \V  of  Pittsburg,  37 
;md  2.51  WofPliiladcI- 


plila.     It   is   sitnati  d  on  the  W  side  of 


g'ood  kind  is  irja<li-  in  this  norliiern  ])al't  j  Charter's  rreek,  and  in  ItiuU  eontaineil 
iM  llio  county  ;  and  it  ee-ntains  coal  and  I  6d2  iuhabit.iiits.  Erected  into  u  scat  of 
li'  lestone.  The  southern  portion,  for-  Ijustice,  Eeb.  9,  17'u6,  Here  is  a  Post- 
office. 

ir^L./iinf'ton,  a  town  in  Culprpercotin- 
t\ .  N'irginia,  99  Hiilcs  from  the  city  of 
W.i.ihh.i^tiiii.     Here  is  a  P  ist  olMce. 

\V,iski!i\ito»,  the  eapilal  of  Mason 
county,  Kentucky,  nlxnit  f.iur  itii!c« 
from  Mays\  ille,  on  the  Ohio,  (iO  mijpd 
N  E  of  Lexington,  and  86  E  oi  Kiitiii:- 
fort,     llei'i-  is  a  Post  i.Hire. 

U'us/iiii^loii,  a  post  town  in  Ecanror^ 
cjuiilv,  N  Carolina,  being  a  ])<!rt  rifcn. 
try,  sit.iated  on  the  N  E  side  of  Pamp- 
tl^o  rivir,  about  40  mili's  above  Piimp. 
lico  .Sound,  28  miles  S  of  PlyUMntli. 
and  ,'.5  N  of  Newb.rii,  in  lat.  ':ij°  30' 
N,  and  lon  77°  .ui'  \V.  The  iidiabitanu 
amount  to  ,.!iout  600,  and  carry  on  ii 
brisk  trade  in  lumber,  na\  al  stores,  eofu 
and  toliacco. 
H'iishinj^i'jn,  a  p'jst  town  and  capita) 


iCily  called  t!ie  Eeldon,  is  a  tract  oi  ■ 
great  firtllity,  and  very  productive  of 
c  irn.  Itu  chief  river  is  the  Leant, 
Aiiic'i  joins  the  Avon  near  Warwick. 
Dimsiiiore-heath,  between  these  two 
I'lVei's,  now  mostly  enclosed,  h;  the 
■„  ciie  of  some  of  the  f.bniotts  stories 
I .  l.ited  oflhe  f  imoits  Guy,  carl  of  \\'ar- 
v.iek.  'I'he  principal  rivers  are  the  .\  ■ 
\ou,  Taine,  and  Arrow.  The  capital  i.s 
Warwick,  but  Uiriningham  is  the  lar- 

:;i'St  tovril. 

W  ASHI  MCTON,  the  seat  of  the  gen- 
rial  governiiu  sit  of  the  Uniti  d  Stales,  in 
ilie  disli'iet  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated 
•  !i  apoinl  of  land,  fiirnied  b»  the  eoiifiu- 
enec  of  a  rivir,  called  the  East  BraiK  h, 
^.iih  the  PotowiiMck,  in  '..it.  38'^  5j'  .\', 
and  lon.  7?°  15'  \V  from  L<'nilon  :  but 
t!ie  ciiliieus  of  the  t'liilcdStu'.ts  calcu- 


aKH 


\V  A  T 


WAX 


U      i 

If. '  ' 


of  Wi'kc^  rnuiiU,  Crovpii,  20  miles  S' 

coniu.iimi^  .iboiit  oJU  iiili!.!)iu.i'.t 

Tlu>  l..v.,iii.f  ii;>iM.'  Ik.s   l.vcMni^f '>»«>■ 
81'vt  ral  uiiicr  Ixv.iis  ..inUoMutlcsol  U»s 

li',t.ui.>hur^,  n  tKWii  ol  (,fnn»tiy,  in 
tlie  •"iuli-  111  \V(.'!!ip'i:ili;i. 

/(..•4„i/ /«/£,'.  :>v.wii  cf  c;.-vm!iny,  111 
the  LIU!.-  't  ii;i%aii.i,  will)  a  tustl'.- 
1.W    12  I.J  i.,  i;u.-.J4  N. 

n'..(r/.tf,  a  l'-\"  'I'  '^"ir't'i-sitstiivo, 
•will.  uni..iUtt  t>ii«''iiir-ln>.  mmM  mi 
the  f.iifiul  Ci^iiiiml.  I'l  ilii"  iii«>,.Ui  ot  u 
•niud  Ikii'Ii  •''.-,  liiHili  lu';iuc.il.;il  In 
ciLil'ii'-s,  waioii  ;uc  IVcii.-.aid  lulK-C 
Avuli  I  ii'if.-t.>i.c,  iiiul  various  di'i.-i- ai ti- 
des. Ji  ih  M'  "i"^"  1^'  ^^'  "*  H'"'!^"''- 
vaar,  aud  \r>o  W  In  '^  "f  I.>'hu>ii. 
U.ii.  J2.i  NV.laf  Jl  1.'  N 

H'.iieeoo.  all  i-.I!iihI  in  t'lU  Smith  Sea. 

tliscoM-rcil    In    C-I-iain  Cook.       U   i-. 

:il)-)-.'    six    K:^K'.'i.-s    in    mvi'.it,     is    a 

luaurlnl  hi'iit,  \nlli  a   »nft:itc  roMro-.i 

■vvilli  vvidaiV,   iuul   coniih'si-a   ui  lulls 

•..ml  nluius.      rUf  M'il,  in  soni.'  puit^,  is 

li-1  •,    .tiu!    suni'v  i  hut    t.irlKcr  u|)  tl"' 

cor.r.tp. ,  a  iL-.Ul'.sh   ci<-it  w.;s    sei-n   m. 

tlic  ris.i-.LC  nT-)iiM(U,  wliciL-  the   i^i mil- 

CM  hi'.i!('ri:'i'ii-  ho.  icb,  wl'icli    :>iT  I'mK 

ami   viwriii'is.      The   iii.innovs  of  tin- 

people  oi'  this  iBhiiul,  tlii'ir  (^'iccil  l;a- 

»>itHol  l.le,  I'lul  lli.'ii-  metluhl  ot'lrL-aV 

-xf.j;  stPMircvs.  i.-rei.tly  vcvcnil.U;   thoM: 

th'.a  I'l''!'"  '•  al  <)l"l"it'-.  aii-.l  il»  iH'.:;h 


river  Siii'o,  which  scparati'.s  it  fron 
I'ippcfan  aii<l  Kilki'inn,  and  on  the  K 
l>v  Wiilc'rlord  llaN<.'n,  wliirli  parts  n 
Irom  Wcsl'.rd.  It  contaiiiH  71  paiish 
cH,  and  bciuU  10  niend.ers  to  paih;.- 
inent. 

ti'utrrfhnl,  a  rity  and  seaiiort  ofliT- 
hind,  in' a  cmintv  of  the  same  nnin, 
I  with  ahishop'H.see.  It  is  the  sec.ma 
pla.e  in  llie  kiiiijdoin,  and  liaN  an  rx- 
.•elh'nt  harh..nr,  wliere  ships  of  ti:.' 
trre  ti'it  ht:r.len  may  ride  at  tlie  rpiMV 
I'l  stands  on  tlie  river  Siu'c.riylil  n;iUi 
N  of  St.  Oeor;,-t''8  Channel,  2'")  S  if 
kilkennv,  and  T.y  .-s  liv   W    of   Dnhlir, 


hourir.;;-  ish.iuls.  'IMk-i-C  i  •.  aNo  a  i,n'c-;it 
filinilaiay  lauveen  ili.'ir  rc•'.i.^■;ovls  opi- 
nions and  (ercnionifs.  From  every 
ci;i  •nisVanef,  iiulccd,  it  may  be  nmsi- 
,'h-rcd  as  -.ndnhituhle,  t'.iat  the  inl.ahi. 
tants  of  Water  )o  derive  tlieiv  descent 
IVom  the.  s:.nie  st"ck.  which  has  so  re 
iii.irkahlv  diiaised  i'.stlf  rivcr  the  im- 
in.T.se  t::!'.  nt  of  the  Southern  Ocean. 
Lun.  IJH  IJ  W,lat.21  1  S. 

iru'cfiLoro,  ajKist  town  in  "S  ovk  conn- 
tv,  Tdaiiie  ;  ^itll:iU•d  on  the  N  K  sich' 
of  tl'C  nvcr  Moi'sin,  !.'>  miles  N  W  o( 
K*.niihuiih,.ll  N  by  L  of  Portsnimitli 
jn    Kew     Hanii-iihlre,    and   -kT    W    oi 

Porll.-uul. 

•r(',j<<;/wy,  apost  t;'wn  ol    Connc-rti- 
ci:t,  in  New  Haven  rconly,  at  the  (lis 
l:inre  of  i;»  n;iles  N  by  W    from    ::-vv 
Haven,    10    S   from     iMlilehem,    and 
al-onl  '23  S  W  frmn  Harlfor.l. 

h'ti'Mpird,  a  eoiintv  cf  li-chnid,  '16 
iTiih:'-  hniK  and  2.>  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  S  bv  M.  Genii;-e's  Cliannel,  or  the 
V/  l-y  Cwt,  oii  Ui."  K  and  N  E   by  the 


..w„  (iitW,  lai  Jl  IH  N. 

;(',;,7)..,jr,mic  of  the  Weslrrn  isles  i., 
Scot  hind,    Hcparated    from    S    Uist,  1"/ 

Cliis.iiTinl  Uav. 

WuHifor.l,  u  town  in  Hertfordsbne. 
w'tli  a  jfieal  corn  innrkcl  <'n  Tiiesihiy 
It  is  seated  ■)n  the  river  CMn,  sevc  n 
n.ihs  S  hv  VV  of  St.  Albin's  and  M 
N   \V  of  London.     I.on.  0  17  W,  lat.  51 

ll\itafonl,  a  post  town  in  ^  ork  conn 
tv,  Maine.  10  miles  N  of  Ollshehl,  :ui;l 
i)  N  \V  of  I'onland,  with  535  iiihaln- 

ta:its.  . 

n' Uerford,  a  post  town  in  barato^fa 
r,.ui,lv,New  York;  Ivinp:  on  the  W 
side  (if  MiidMin  river,  opposite  to  Laii- 
siu;b'ir;,'.  six  miles  above  Troy,  and 
11  above  .-Mbar.V. 

Wn'.vrfoid,  a  post  town  in  Erie  cnnn- 
ty.  I'cnnsvlvania.somc-tinr.es  c.dled  L'.- 
nnif,  at  liie  di.stance  of  10  miles  S  from 
I'lcsrpie-isle,  and  IJO   W   from    Pills- 

bnrpf.  .     ,,.  ,  ,, 

U\!tcrtn\-:n,  a  post  town  in  Midule- 
sex  comilv.  M.issa.'busetts;  situated 
on  diaries  river,  eiii;hl  miles  \V  by  N 
of  Uost(m. 

Wiitlhr^um,  a  town  in  Oxfords. iire, 
Willi  a  niaikct  on  Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
id  ini.lerlhe  Chiltern  H'lls.on  a  brook, 
wbich,  willi  the  eontinncd  ridg-e,  di- 
vides the  rountv  from  IJnchir.i;-han.- 
shire.  It  is  i-1  iiViles  S  E  of  Oxiord, 
lul  46  VV  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  W. 
hit   51  37  N,  ,      , 

'rV.ittcn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dt- 
partinent  of  the  North,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  FiiMieh  Flanders,  seated  on 
the  river  .-Va,  live  miles  from  St.  Omer 
jr(j//(i?i,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  w.tb  a 
v.KirkrI  <m  Wednesdav,  IH  miles  S  W 
.,f  Norwich,  and  ^10  N  N  K  of  London. 
Lon    0  53  li,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Wrxhohu.  a   fortress  on  the  coast  ot 
Sweden   in  the   Baltic,   situate    en  a 


;,■■</;■ 


separat'^s  it  fron 
•i\ii_\,  and  oil  llu  V. 
I'li/wliicli  parts  I' 
(llUaillS  71  pull^ll 
ifivliL-i's    to  paili.' 

aiul  seaport  of  Ire- 
it'  tlie  sanif  iniin, 
It  is  the  sectinl 
in,  aiul  liaH  an  ex- 
•iiere    ships   of  ti)i* 

V  ride  at    the  lyviv 
ur  Sure,  riifhl  n.ili  -. 

Channel,  '-"">  S  'I" 
hv  W  of  Diihli;, 
J  in  N. 

he  U'eslorn  isles  o', 
J    IVoni    S    Uist,  l>/ 

1  in  Herlfordshirp, 
narkcl  on  I'dcsd;!)- 
river  Olil,  seven 
St.  Albm's  and  M 
Loii.  0  17\V,  lat.  51 

town  in  York  conn- 
s  N  ofOlistieh!,  aiul 
nd,  with  53j  iiihnhi- 

st  town  in  Saratopra 
k  i  \\  inf7  on  the  \V 
■cr,  o].>posite  to  Lan- 
es   aho\c   Troy,  and 

a  town  in  Erie  cnuii- 
ionic-tin-ies  called  L'." 
ice  of  10  milts  S  from 
130   W   from    Tills- 

inst   town  in  Middle- 

isa.'husetts  ;    sitnateii 

ei.^diV  miles  W  by  N 

invil  in  Oxfor  Isliire, 
Saturday.  It  is  seat- 
tern  H'lls,  on  a  hrook. 
eont;nu(d    rid^f)  <^'" 

V  from  liucliir.j;-han.- 
iViles  S  li  of  Oxford, 
iidon.     Lon.    1    U    W. 

n  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
North,  and  late  pro- 
Flanders,    seated  on 
•  miles  ficnn  St.  Onier 
\.n  in    Novi'nlk,   w'.th  a 
u■s<l:,^,     IH  miles  S  \V 
90  N  N  K  of  London, 
t.  .52  3(".  N. 

(irtress  on  the  coast  of 
Uallic,   siiualc    ow  a 


W  E  I 

lUifl  island  «t  the  erttrunrc  of  the  lake  , 
■M.ilar,   where    all    honiewar.l    lionnd 
,',ipsare   searehed.     U   is   Ki  miles  K 
-,|  Stockholm. 

n',i:)!fihiiro:i;^h,  a  posttown  in  Grcfnc 
,,.,niu,  I'eiinsvlvania  ;  J.)  miles  S  of 
W ..hmi^toi.,  aiid  S\  S  hy    W  of  I'itls- 

Uitpietborough,    a   ])ost   town  in  An 
.;u-ia'iimnlv,  Virnflnia;   1'.!  niiles  l.  hy 
s  , if  Staunton,  and  30  N    W  ot   Monti- 
,,llo,     the    seal   of    jiresident    Jeiicr- 


11 

U'linwuhoroUi-h,    a   linsl  town  and  the 

fiiliital  of  Wajne  eoiintv.  North  Caro- 
Im.i  ;  sil'iateil'oii  the  S  side  of  Nunc 
;iv,r,;>0  miles  S  E  of  U.d.  igli,  and  ti.) 
W  of  Newhcrn. 

(fVirr,  a  river  wlii'h  rises  in  the  VJ 
imrt  fif  the  eoup.ty  of  Durliain,  and  di- 
ildes  it  into  two  parts  ;  llowliii,''  S  K  !<> 
stanhope  to  Uishop  Auckland,  and 
tlieiKC  N  K  by  Dm-liam  receives  nu- 
merous Irihutiiry  rills  from  tlie  m>Hiii- 
luins  and  tails  into  the  German  Oeca.i, 
at  Sunderland. 

U'ccrmoiith,  a  village  in  Duvliam,  op. 
posite  Siitnlerland.  '1  liis  plac  e  1.-  lauious 
f  ,r  a  hridj^e  which  has  the  hu•^■;est  arch 
ia  Knijland.  Is  built  of  iron,  and  the 
span  of  the  arch  is  _'3l)  left. 

U'eatl.cr.^fi-LI,  a  tow  n  of  the  United 
Stales,  of  Noil h  .America. 

nV(iV/?4T/ix.<7'.'.  a  town  ,if  Swi.isc'rl.aiul, 
iutlic  canton  of  iiiu-le,  I'J  miles  S  K  of 
y.nvU-. 

ll'tLrt,  a  town  of  Dutcli  Krabant. 
■;lie  French  to.k  possession  of  it  in 
irvl.  It  is  \2  niiles  W  of  Huremondo. 
l.on.  .5  38  K,  lal.  51  7  M. 

Il'i'cvcr,  a  river  whicli  rises  in  the  N 
)iarl  of  Siiriip:.hire,  run,-,  across  tlie 
auddle  i,f  Cheshire,  and  recelvinf;'  the 
Dane  fr.im  the  K  di-.ch.ar,^es  itself  into 
tlie  estiiarv  of  the  .Mersey.  It  is  navi- 
:,',!)lc  to  Wiiisford,  some  miles  above 
N.irtlwich  in  Cheshire. 

Wdbit.'Jt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Uhiiie,  'JJ  uiiles  S  K  ot 
IKidelberi;-.  I, on.  '.)  '-23  E,  Lit,  40  10  N- 
ll'i'iclitci'lhich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Weteravia,  and  in  the  county  of  l-ieii- 
ncr;-,  sealed  on  the  river  Kint/,  with  a 
c.isile,  where  the  count  resi.les.  _ 

Wfiden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
lii'cle  and  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  seated 
or,  the  Nab,  10  miles  N  W  of  I.euch- 
M.iilK  I-'.  l.on.  IJ  10  E,  lat.  -1'.)  34  N 
;i'<//,'or  W  I.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Sualiia,  ill  the  dutcliy  of  \\  irl'-mhur},'. 
it  is  a  IVec  and  imperial  town  and  the 


V^  V.  I 

inhabitants  arc  Roman  CatliolicR.  It 
is  sealed  cm  the  \Vorm,  IJ  miles  \S  of 
Stul;,'ard,  and  JO  N  of  I'libingen.  Lull. 
H  .)0  i:,  lat    IH    IC  \\. 

n\ii:>i(ri;,  u  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  UpP't'  i^hlne,  and  county  of 
Nassau.  It  is  sealed  on  the  Luhn,  2.? 
miles  N  F,  of  Na-;.saii,  JJ  N  \V  of 
Francfort,  and  :•.;  E  of  Menlz.  Lon.  « 
J(i  E,  lat.  JO  1'3  N. 

Wiilhcim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Se.abia,  in  thedutcly  of  Wirtembur;;, 
SI  a'ed  v',\  the  river  I.auler. 

H'cim.ir,  a  town  ol Hiiper  S.ixony,  in 
Thuriu(;ia,  with  a  maijuilicei.t  castle, 
the  residence  of  the  ditkir  cS  Sa-.e- 
V,  .  im:H'.  It  is  heated  on  the  Ilin,  'JD 
nr.lrs  N  EofErfiirt,  and  20  _V/  S  \V 
ol'  Naumburff.  Lon.  11  j-3  E,  lat.  .)1 
'i  N. 

/,"■(■'  ■i,-<()f/)i,  a  to-.vn.  of  Germany,  in 
the  |.;,l;'itiiuite  ol'the  Hhine,  sealed  on 
the  Print /.a,  four  miles  N  E  of  Uoiir- 
lach.  and  nine  S  of  Fhilipsburp.  Lon. 
0  ;■;:)  E.  lat.  -fj  S  N. 

f/',7'i/'/c/i,';.a  town  of  Gcrmaey,  in  ihc 

palatinate  of  the  llhine,   10  miles  N  of 

Heidelhcri,'.  Lon.  8  -16  E,  lat.  4:>  35  N. 

h'cl.iixiJen,  a  town   of  Germany,  in 

the  cKitorate  of  Meiiiz,  where  there 

:uc    I'.ot    batlis    in  hi',;h  esteem.     It  in 

eis'hl  miUs  N  E  of  Ment/,  and  l.*?    \V 

of  Francfort.   Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  49  5GN. 

li'i-iJmiin.     Sec   I'c^ptrin. 

mUf.'niiiniL;  u.  iiu'tress  of  Western 

Pnis-ia,    scaled    at    the   ni.iith  of  tlic 

Vlstiila,  below  l):int/ic,  whose  baibniir 

it  d(  tends.    Lon.  18  -iO  E,  h.t.  54  24  N. 


n'tMoc)))/:.''?,  a  fiwn  ot'  Fiance,  in 
the  dcDariiin  lit  of  Lower  Kliinc.  Uc- 
Iween  this  place  ami  Lauterburp:,  arc 
the  famous  lines  from  wliicli  the  French 
drove  the  .'Vns'.rians  in  IT'U  ;  and,  the 
French  were  driven  from  t!u-  sume  po- 
sition in  irW.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Laiiter,  10  miles  S  W  of  Landau,  and 
2 J  N  E  of  Slrasbiui;-.  Lon.  8  U  K, 
Tat.  4S  53  N. 

li'iisjvmlmrg,  a  free  imperial  town  ot 
Franconia,  in  the  bishoju-'c  of  Aicli- 
stadt.  'I'he  inhabitants  arc  protest 
:u;ts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hednith. 
live  miles  N  of  I'appi  iiheim,  and  30 
S  \V  of  Nnrembnr^^  Lon.  1 1  2  E,  lat 
40  4  N. 

iriiisotihuri;,  a  town  of  Germany,  m 
ti.e  dulchv   <)f  Sa:;ony,   '20  miles  N  by 

\V  of  Witlemhiiri'-,  and  '20  N  Eof  Dcs- 
h.w.     Lon,  LKil'E,  hit.  52  8  N. 

irih^cm/>:ir^,  or  .lli'ni  ^!'!ia,  acityoi^ 

Traiisvlvania,   cai.ilul  of  a   county   cl 


W  EL 

tlir   nami'   name,   villi   a  bi»li()i)'«  «te. 
nml  M  uuiMVMiy.     It  1«  scuifd  cm  tlic 
«u|.-  ..f  u   lull.  nc»r  U.c-  livii-  ()in|.ias 
;1A  iiiilcH  \V  lit'  lli.niiUii»ti"U      l.dii.  ,1 
b  K,  Imi  4!') -'()  N. 

(C.  i...i'm/'»'i',  or  Stulik\.riiiem!ni>},'.     ■ 


J: 


luwii  Ml  l,()svtT  Iliiiit;ar\,  maUil  i^l  tlif 
K  ciul  ..r  tl.c  l'l:.ttiii  Hi'ii,  o<'  I'lilcs  s 
W    (if   llii'la.     Lou.  18  .iJ  K,   lal'   '' 

o  )  \ 

"' l\'(wa fv!u  a  '"wn  of  Gcrninnv,  hi 
tl,i-  di'dt'  'if  l-'i)!""''  f^"""".*'  '"'  Ml**'""- 
iTiir.rl.al)!i-  toi-  u  vict<ir.  whnli  tin 
*iw.  lU'H  waii-i-cl  over  llii-  A.istnan.. 
Al).ivi'  till-  t"wii  i'<  :i  liiuTilir.U'l,  f..lkil 
Aii"-imtiisl)'irn-  till'  ivsuU'.uo  of  thi- 
i\'C-  of  S.M'-Wiissc'.riU,  It  is  HiMl- 
rii  <mtlH'  S >..!'■,  17  inilr-sSWofLi'ip- 
fcuk       I,ol>.  IJ  UE,  lat..51'.t  N. 

)('(■//<',  IIP  "■<•'•'■''.  »  •'•  :'l"ii'  "'  "'■"■ 
iii:irk,  ill  t'.c  iiroviiKi'  of  Nortli  Jullaml 
Lon.  9  30  Fm  55  4)  N. 

UViltin^cn,  n  town  ,,f  Gfrmiin  ,  in  tin- 
ciitIi'  r)t  Suubia.  1.  m-  l^J  -I  t-'  '■'' 
4U  SS  N.  .      , 

irrin.i.'vn;,  a  town  of  GiTinMnv,  in  t!ie 
cilTlc  lit  Siiabiii,  f'.inniis  tor  ili  wine, 
l.on  <l  l:.  lA,  lat   'i;)  15  N. 

J!V/aj».',  avivc.-.  wl  ich  rl«cs  in  Nortli- 
am,.tonsiiiiv,  :,n.l  sqK.iV.-s  tliat  .  nunlv 
frii;n  I.i-lcfstuvshivc.*,  Kutlamlslnif,  ami 
I^incolnshlre;  il  passes  l)y  Market  ilar- 
lioroiiL'li  m  StMiiliiiil,  «'"'  is  tlieiici-  na- 
vi(ral,l..  to  tlic  Fo'.'.diUi;  \Vas!i,  wUicli 
it  cntfrH  ti'low  SpaUliiH';- 

H'rHJiict,  ■(  -..ist  town,  in  Barnstable' 
roiinU,  Max^.u-im-ifUs,  lyinj^'in  liar.i- 
slihlc' liav,  10  mill's  N  i.l' Kastliam,  '.'J 
N  orClialliam,  and  105  S  V.  of  ISoslon, 
Jjv  land.  Bi'ston  marki'l  is  snnplied 
Willi  iisli.  parlicidarly  oysti'l's  iif  tlic 
b.-.l  Kind,  li-oin  this  sin:dl  sear'H't-town. 
tri'llii!gl><ir:m)(h,  a  town  nl'  N'crtliiinip- 
toiishirer  with  a  nuif'.it  on  \V' d. '^-s- 
.lay.  A  <ire  liapiK'ncd  lu-i'c  i:i  1T.>-'. 
•.vVuti  ronsiiincd  ahovo  SOi*  iin:si-s.  Ii 
is  stated  on  iho  side  of  a  Idll,  on  ll.e 
rive;-  Neil,  IC  miles  N  I'  i,!' :N"i'lliani|). 
ton,  and  (i8  N  In  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  j'l  \V,  lat.  53  10  N. 

H\-U.i^l'i"n,     a  Dwn    in   Sliropslure 
•with    a    niai'ke.1   on    '1  huvsd'.iy,    seaU'd 
ivar    Wrckin    Hill,     12     mi'-'s     K    'it 
Phrewsl)nrv.  and  153  N  W  of  London 
Lon.  2  .^0  W,  lat.  52  40  N. 

U\'iiiiif;toi!,  ulown  in  SoniersctJ.hnc, 
vlth  a  niarl.et  on  ThMrsday,  seated  on 
(he  Tone,  15  miles  N  E  of  Kxeter,  and 
l-ir  W  l>v  S  of  London.     Lon.  3  -5  W, 

lat,  .50  57  N.  .„.,.„        ,  •  ,. 

il'dh.   a  seaport  m  Nor.oU-,  wlii'-U 


WEN 

lini  .»  larRc  cliiirrli,  and  a  considcraijie 
c.ni  iradiv  It  in  .7  imU's  N  of  Swall' 
JK.r.i,  and  l.Jl  N  N  Ii  of  London.  Lrni 
1  I  v.,  lat.  5.1  IN. 

HVAW,  a  <ily  in  Sonu'rsi'iHhii'o,  wnli 
a  uiaiktt  on  Widnesday  iinil  Sat  i.dii',' 
It  is  Slated  at  the  foot  of  u  hill,  iivil 
ha-i  its  name  from  thr  wells  and  •-,  rinp 
ahoiit  il  i  and  is  a  bishop's  liee,  joiiuly 
with  Hath.  The  eulhedial  in  u  ^t.ili'ly 
lilt';  and  the  bishop's  pid  lee  Ih  like  i 
1  astle,  b(  inif  siinounded  w'.th  wiilU 
..nil  .<  moat.  The  I'ity  is  m.veiiu'd  \<\  i 
OiuMir,  homls  two  niend)ers  to|.aili;i. 
nunl,  and  is  the  centre  of  a  (r''»-'''t  'I'i'"' 
ur.ieliire  of  knit  worsted  slokin|.^H.  l< 
Is  10  niiles  S  ot  IJrislol,  and  120  \V  iil 
London.     Lon.  'J  37  W,  lat.  51  1'2  >f. 

nV//.T,  a  town  of  the  Unif^d  States  nl 
Ncjrtb  Anu'i-iea,  situate  on  Wells  bin 
m  miles  N  K  of  Uoston.  Lon.  7U  o.; 
W,  lat.  43  20  N. 

jr.:'/*,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
■Vn-itria,  sealed  on  the  Trawn,  18  milci 
S  nf  Lint/.  Lon  13  .53  K.  lat  48  4  N. 
r(V//i,  a  liosl  t'lwn  in  York  tonnl.v, 
Maine;  silnntcd  on  U.e  sea  shore,  sii 
miles  S  of  Keiinelmnk,  10  N  of  Ymk, 
imd  26  N  by  E  of  I'oi'tkuionth,  New 
Hampshire. 

U'tUp'iol,  a  t'lwn  in  Monti,'"'"")'- 
-hire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  Uh 
the  principal  tradinn'  town  in  the  conn, 
tv  beiii"'  the  n'real  mart  for  Welch  ol- 
tons,  rl;?nncls,  J^e.  I'iie  easth'.  called 
I'owis  cast!.',  is  built  of  a  redi'.ish  stone, 
;uul  is  :;  larj^c  stalely  structure.  It  i* 
^eated  in  a  rich  \ale',  on  the  river  Se- 
vern, nine  miU's  N  of  Moiitt,'omcry,  ar.d 
1<V:I  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  5  W,  1^1. 
.52  .53  N. 

n'elunhwi'.     Sec  Ahacli.        ^     ,  ,  . 
ir<h.-  II,    a   villa|.;-e  in  llertfordshirp, 
of  which   nr.  Vonni;-  was  vector  ;    ami 
here  were  written  his  celebrated  Niglil 
l'hon:;hls.  .  .  , 

ll'eiii,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  wit.;  a 
market  onl'lnirsdav,  seated  on  the  Ko- 
v'.en,  nine  miles  N  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
164  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  40  \\  , 
lut.  52  50  N. 

IVciidlir.'^eii,  a  town  of  Germany  in  tlie 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  '.»  18  L,  lat.  48 
38  N.  ,  .     , 

Jl'fihlotrr,  a  boroiH,^i  m  Biickin;cr..'iiii- 
shire,  with  a  market  of  Thnrsdav .  Ii 
sends  two  mcndiers  to  parliament,  ainl 
is  seven  miles  S  E  of  Aileslnny,  and  .jJ 
\V  by  X  of  London.   Lon.  0  35  W,  lat. 

51  46  N.  ^,         ,  • 

//•'t«/cc.6j  a  boroMsli  m  Slujpbliirc, 


i»!ili  a  mail 
nvii  nil  niber 
fillies  S  E  o 
W  III   Londe 

Ji'i  N. 

111  West  (Jot 
Wetter,    ll 
iil  siiiiie  plac 

V.VmI  G'lthh 
ail  the  ir'in 
Werincl.ind 
I  1  at  the  S 
Weniier,    1.' 

JlV'N.i.f/, 

vliiih  niaki 
liiml ;  bouii' 
I,!'  .Mbiir;^, 
;,iid  on  the 
Oiean. 

N.irt.i  Jut  hi 
111'  the  saiiu 
K\aa,  17  n 
V  W  '.<.,  lilt. 

U'lllt.MIt 

liii'ec  miles 

Wrhlr,  1 

fiu'dshire, 

It  sends    t 

»nd  is   eip 

and   141    \ 

•U  \V,  lat. 

mrheii, 

old  march' 

a  stroiijj;  \r. 

niiw  all  till 

is  seated  a 

falls  into  ' 

Uorlin.     L 

h'crciiter 

li.int,  seat' 

Denier  am 

liii      Lon. 

U'cr.lcii, 

cd'.mty  of 

inhabitant 

|)i'iiteetio'.i 

tlie  R.icr, 

and  10  E 

61  17  N. 

Jl'f.-a'c'U 
siibie'Ct  to 
p'ltal  of  a 
with  a  stl 
neiiec,  ci 
pect.  It. 
I.en.  9  25 
Wurdcn, 
liavurin. 


r  E  N 

li,  anil  a  c(itisiil<"r;iuit 
,7  iriilvt  N  of  Swiili 
N  li  of  LdiuUiU.    Liip 
I. 

I)  SonuTsi'tHliirc,  wiili 
liusilliy  iiliil  Sut  ;.il.iv 
X\k-  fiiiil  lit'  i<  liill,  iiv.il 
n  Uip  wells  mill  '■I  rinp 

II  liislidp's  iii.'f,  ,i''iiul) 
'  callii'ili  al  in  u  sl.ik-K 
isliii|iN  [ml  iif  is  like  a 
iniiumliil  vv'.tli  \MilU 
L-  city  is  |j,()Vi  iiic'ii  l')  i 
v(i  int'iiiln-'i's  to  |'.iili;i- 

iciiti'f  'if  a  (ji'fiit  num. 
\v)rslf(l  sl(iliiiii.^s.  li 
IJriMdl,  iii.il  12U  \V  III 
!  .57  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 
of  the  Uiiifil  StMisnf 
aiUiiitf  (in  WcAU  has 
if  Uostoii.     Loll.  7UoJ 

(if  GL-rmany  in  Upper 

III  till-  'I'l-HWii,  IB  mil'-'" 
II   l.',  5.5  K,  lat  4S  -l  N. 

t'lwii  in  Ydi'k  cdi'.iily, 

il  (111  vt.f  sen  sIllilT,  Sll 
iflmnk,  lb  N  of  V'ni'k, 
of  l-oi'tkuioiilli.    Ni-w 

town  in  Mimlpjmpry 
irkit  (in  Mdiuliiv.  lt,i> 
iliiin'  t()w;i  in  tlie  foim- 
cut  iiuU't  liir  Welch  col- 
kc.  Tiif  eiii.tle,  culled 
built  df;ue(!i'.isli  sldiic, 
lutely  structure.  It  is 
\;ile,  du  llie  river  Se- 
i  N  (if  M'lntK'dnicy,  ami 
iidun.    Loll.  3  5  \V,  l;it. 

Sec  Al'uch. 

illume  ill  Hertfonlsliiro, 
i'diuu;-  w;»s  vccliiv  ;  inul 
tenuis  celebrated  Niglit 

n  in  Shropshire,  wit'.;  a 
rsihiv,  seated  on  the  K"- 
i  N  (if  Shvewsbiiv\-,  and 
Loiidiin.     Ldii.  ~  40  \V, 

I  town  of  Germany  in  t!i(! 
ia.     Lon.  V  IB  11,  h.t.  -18 

Ixirough  in  Bnckinivliani- 
Tiarkct  of  'rliiirsdav .  I'- 
iibcrs  to  parlianienl,  '.ml 
SKof  Aileshiiry,  and  35 
indoii.   Lon.  0  35  W,  lat. 

borotisli  ill  Shrop»liUx, 


\V  E  R 


.,1,1,  a  niaikcl  on  Monday.  U  sriids 
uvii  nil  niliers  to  iiarliunuiil,  and  i*  I'.' 
finh's  S  L  of  Slirew«.l)ur;  ,  and  147  N 
\\i  111  L(,mloii.     Lon    J  .10  \V,    lat.  5> 

J(i  N. 

llVimr,  the  lar(;c»t  lake  o«  Swede'i, 
lii  West  Gothland.  N  W  of  the  Like 
WiUtr.  It  It  JUU  miles  in  letni,1li,  and, 
iii  siimc  places.  10  in  breadth. 

trennrr^Ouia',  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
V.VmI  C'.ithlaiid,  wliich  is  the  hlaple  hir 
a  I  the  iron  sent  fnini  the  pnninee  of 
W,  iincl.ind  to  GdllK  l)di'„-.  It  i'*  se;.t. 
,  I  i,t  the  S  W  eMreinil)  of  the  lake 
Wi'uncr,   15  miles  li  of  Uddevallu, 

hV  I M. ■(•■/.  a  |ieiiiiisiilii  of  Denmark, 
.,ir„Mi  maUes  t;.e  N  part  of  iN'orlh  Jnt- 
l;oid  ;  hounded  on  llie  S  by  the  eu'ial 
(,!'  ■\lhiir;<,  on  tin'  E  hv  the  Cutcfjate, 
;,i»l  on  the  N  and  W  by  the  Gcnnan 
Oican. 

/Kivis.xu/,  a  town  ol  Oenmaik,  in 
N.nt.i  ji.tlaiid,  capital  of  a  pr.-IVctnre 
„f  the  saiiii  name.  It  is  sc.itcd  or  tlie 
Kvaa,  17  niile^  N  W  of  Albmu-  I-<>" 
[I  .'tu  ii,  lat.  5*  !■  N.  ^  _ 

U'lnl.^orlli,  a  vili.iirc.'  in  Yorkshire, 
fiiivc  miles  N  \V  of  R  ithcrlKim. 

Wrbl,;  an  incieiit  b'lvoiijrl,  in  Hcivn 
fudshlrc,  with  a  market  on  Inesd-iy. 
It  sends  tw)  members  to  pirlianu-iit, 
and  is  eijv'it  miles  N  W  of  lleicfortl, 
and  141  W  N  W  of  Lomlon.  Lon.  2 
■11  W,  la.t.  5:2  9  N. 

ll'irk-ii,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  the 
eld  marchc  of  liru'id-'ubirK',  lornn  rly 
a  Mnm;;  Jiassaj^-e  on  the  river  Kibe,  but 
niiw  all  the  f  irtili"alions  are  rmiied.  It 
is  seated  at  'he  place  wher'j  the  1  ibel 
fails  into  the  lilbe,  (JD  mile.i  N  .V  ot 
Uoidin.     Lon.  12  12  E.  hit.  53  .5  N. 

U'c-chtvnn,  a  town  df  .\nstrlaii  Bra- 
li.iat,  seated  at  the  coidluuiee  oi  the 
Denier  and  IJvle,  nine  iniUs  li  of  Mech- 
lin     Lon.  4  49  K,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Wa-.lcn,  a  town  of  Weslplnha,  in  the 
ivr.mtv  of  M.irck,  with  an  a!)hey.  'I'lie 
iv.liabitants  are  Prolestaiils,  under  the 
proteetion  of  Prussia.  It  is  se.ited  on 
tlie  R.ier,  10  miles  N  li  of  Dusseldm-I, 
and  10  E  of  Dilishcr;!,-.  Lon.  7  1  K,  lat. 
61  17  N. 

]Vv.\U"ii>cry,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
siihieet  to  the  canton  of  Giants,  and  ca- 
pit;'d  of  a  country  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  strong  c;vs  Jo,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, coiiiiuandiiitf  a  h-'aiitilul  pros- 
pect. It  is  It)  niili-s  N  E  <>f  Glariis. 
l.cn,  9  25  E   lat,  4(1  5S  M. 

MWJcnfcids,  a  town  of  Germany,  m 
Bavaria. 


WES 

Wvrdoht,  a  town  of  Gcrm.iny,  in  the 
i    Ic  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  7  2'2  C,  lat. 

.'.1  U  N. 

Wtrlj,  a  town  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  bish(i[nic  of  Monster, 
sealc(l  on  the  river  Sl.ek,  .'jOln.les  S  of 
Munsier.     Lon.  7  20  E,  lat,  51  j5  N. 

IVeiintUv.'l,  or  fVunnrniihl,  u  proii'.io 
of  Sweden,  m  W  est  Gotlilaiid,  lt>umil«'» 
liiiiic  iiiid  50  broad  ;    bounded  on  the  N 
b\   Ualeearlia,  (.nthe  E  by  tin-  Westiiia- 
nia  and  Nencia,   on  the  S  In  the  lakes 
Weniur  and    Dalia,   aiul  on  the  W  by 
lli(?  nio.ml.ims  of  Norway    It  is  fertile, 
and   diwTsilied    by    niouiUiiiiH,   nicks, 
hills,  and  d:  les,  clothed  with  forests  oC 
birch,  pd|.lar,    iiiomit.oii  a-.h,  [line,  and 
tir.     it  also  ;d)(nmd»  with  laUi  s,  whicU 
siiccepil  eicli  other  almost  without  in- 
terniissi  III  i  tlif.   ave  fi'-m  four  to  forty 
j  miles    in  circuil'ifer,  ii-e  ;  same  so  iiai'- 
row  as  to  appear  like  Ii.oa.l  rivprs,  anil 
j  olhersof  a  i  .rci.lar  iiha).e  ,  tlicir  shores, 
'  in  some  pulls,  'tf.p  ru'  1  nrkyi  in  oth- 
ers i;en'l\  slopir,-c,   and  fcat'ueied  witll 
Ikuij^iI:).;  wood  to'tllP.  -m,  :;■  I.  it  t\n:  wa- 
ter.  '  Nnmevoi;  ,r'vnlet-i  t^ow  from  these 
lakes,  and  form,  >-.aieiones,  sm..ll  jiic- 
tnres.iuc   cut.iracts.     Carl-tadt  is   ilic 
capital. 

ll'crii,  a  town  of  Wcs'.phu'la,  in  tho 
b'.slKipne  of  Muiistev,  wit!i  a  nionasle- 
rv,  Hcated  near  tlie  Lipp(",  28  nilks  S 
h'v  W  of  .Vlunstcr.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  51 
35  M. 

Wtiiiigmnle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Saxony,  with  a  trade  in  hrewii-jj, 
M\A  manufactures  of  elolli  and  stiilf. 
L"ii  11  10  E,  l.it  52  2  N. 
JVcrra.  See  IVcser. 
U'eithiim,  a  town  of  Trancon'a,  capi- 
tal of  a  comity  of  the  s.mic  n.ime.  It 
is  scaled  at  the  ronilupm-c  o!  the  Tau- 
ber  and  .Maine,  20  miles  W  of  Wnrtz- 
bnr;r.     Lon.  9  53  E,  lat.  49  .Hi  N. 

IfV,.c/,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 


phalia, in  the  dulcliy  of  Cleves,  with  a^ 
stronjr  citadel,  near  the  confluence  ot* 
tlie  Uliine  and  Lipp«*.  Here  are  tw<» 
Cahhii^t  churches,  ore  for  the  L'..tlie- 
rans,  and  another  for  the  Papists  ;  but 
t!ic  rc'^er.cv  of  the  town  is  in  the  h.uufj 
of  tiie'^CaUinists.  It  was  fornuudv  an 
imperial  and  hanseatic  town,  but  now 
h.  ^•■ll,^■s  to  tlu-  kinpv  of  Prussia.  It 
w.is  taken  bv  th.c  Eivnrh  in  1759,  hut 
restored  in  ir<''2  It  is  25  miles  S  E  of 
Ch"  cs,  and  45  \  of  Colot,-ne.  Lon.  6 
37  K,  lat.  51  27  N. 

fr.vc/,   a   tt>wn  of  Gerrnv.nv,  m   the 
arclibislioprlc  of  Ticvts,  20  mihs  S  of 


W  E  S 


WES 


Coblcut/,  .ind  '!5   li  ^'  Eoi'  Treves. 
L«m.  7  .50  E,  l.it.  5U  4  N. 

?rt«','.'."«'-6'/',  a  fui-t;iK-a  town  of  Uus- 
s"m,  ill  the  (Tovcnimcnt  <>t  F.Mlxmui, 
seated  on  ti,o  Vv'iss,  55  miles  S  K  ol 
H.vcl,  ;nul  55  N  W  ofNuvva,  Lon.  :»j 
48  E,  lat.  SJ  lU  N. 

fKmr,  a  oiisiiicniblc  river  of  Ccr- 
manv,  wliicii  rises  in  tlic  county  ot 
Henncbii  K.  beiiis  tbencalleathe  Wcr- 
ra.  It  I' i^^i's  I'V  Smulkaia,  crosses  a 
corner  of  ■iliurinffia,  enters  the  dutchy 
of  limns  wick,  and  receives  the  i'liUle, 
at  M'lnden.  It  tben  as..nmes  tbe  name 
of  Weser,  runs  alonij:  llie  coudnes  ot 
the  circles  of  Westi.liulia  an.l  Lower 
Sixonv,  w.iters  Hanielin,  Miiulen,  and 
Hove  ■;  re.n-ivcs  the  AUer,  below  Ver- 
deiii  and,  [-assing  by  Bremen,  enters 
the  German  Ocean.  , 

U'cit  BriJi'fvcata;  a  post  town  in  1  ly- 
moiitli  county,  Mu.ssachusetts ;  about 
22  miles  S  of  Boston. 

Weiitbury,  a    boroug-b    in    U  iltshjrc, 

with   a    market   <in    I'.'iday.     K   h.'-'''!;; 

■         two  members  to  parliament,   and  is  .0 

miles  N  W  of  Salisbury,   and    lul   W 

ofLoml.n.    Lon.  2  13  W,  lat   o I  ION 

U'v^t  a>ci-i<^>;  a'-  >sttown,th.  capital 

of  Chester  county,  23  miles  W   ol  I  ni- 

.i/  ladelphla,  containing  about  3ud  inhabi- 

tants.     It   was  divided  from  Delaware 

countv,  and   erected   into    a    separate 

jurisdiction,  September  Jo,  L89. 

U'Vitcr/uun,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  'I'lns  place 
Ivid  the  honour  of  producini'-  general 
^V"olfe,  who  is  interred  in  the  church. 
It  :.-  seated  on  the  river  Darcnt.  Lon. 
0  6  E,  lat.  51   IB  N- 

Westerh;  a  post  town  in  Waabnigton 
county,  Rhode  I^iland,  situated  o  -  tbe 
E  side  of  I'awcatuck  river,  opposite  to 
St<min:,'ton,  in  Connecticat,  13  miles 
\V  of  Charleston,  34  of  Newport,  and 
--       20  E  of  New  Lond.m. 

We.uros,  a  town   of   Sweden,  capital 
of  Westiiianla,    with  a  bishop's    see,  a 
citadel,  and  a  famous  collei<e.     It  car- 
ries (m  a   considerable  ccmimerce  w.th 
Stockholm,    across   the    lake    Maeler; 
particuhirlv  in  copper  and  in  iron  irom 
the  neifhbonrlnff  mines,  which  abounil 
ill  the  province  of  Wesunanlaiid.     It  is  I 
rt  \  11--C  slrai;i;iiiig  town,  composed  ot 
^vooden  houses,  and  contains  the  ruins 
of  un  ancient  pab.ce,  formerly  inhabited 
bv  tiie  kinus  of  Sweden,  and  the  cadie- 
ih;U  which  is  built  of  brick,  iscelehra- 
tc.\  for  the  tower,  esteemed  the    biy'h- 
esi  in  th..;  klng-do;u  :  thclowcr  part  oi 


this  tower  in  square,  and  support-;  ■> 
hexagon  spire  taperini:;  i,nM(Uially  lik.: 
;i  pyramiil,  ami  covered  with  pidiite;'. 
m/tal.  Within  the  cathedral  is  th; 
icmliofthal  unfortunate  monarcli  r.rir. 
XIV.  Westeros  is  seated  on  the  .u.c 
Macler,  45  miles  N  W  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  irOE,  hit,  39  oS  N. 


n'tjtcriiiin',   a  town   ot 


Germanv, 


the  circle  of  Uiiper  Rhine,  in  Weler;.. 
via,  Willi  a  castle.  It  is  the  capital  .,i 
a  lordship  of  tbe  same  name,  and  3,1 
miles  N  of  Mcntz.  Lon.  U  IS  E,  lat, 
jO  26  N. 

fffifc;7i  Islamis.     Sec  Azores  and  Ik- 

brides.  .  . 

JVcitern  Tmitory,  a  country  in  Noi'tii 
.Vincrica,  comprehending  all  thatpai' 
of  the  United  States  wliicb   lies  to  tli-. 
N  W  of  llie  river  Ohio.     It  is  bmuuk  ! 
(iiitiie  ^V  bvthe  Mississippi,  on  tin:  N  h^' 
tlie  Lakes,'   on  the    E  by  Pennsylvania, 
imdon  the  S  E    and  S  by  the  Ohio     Iv 
contains  11,U00  square  miles,  ecpial  t-i 
263,010,000  acres  ;  from  wliicb,  it   \vc 
deduct    43,010,000    for    water,    there 
will  remain  220,000,000  acres,  belong 
iivtothe    federal  government,   to  be 
s(4dfor  the  discharge  of  the _  national 
debt.     The  country  on  the  Ohio  is  eve- 
ry where   pleasant,    with    large    levtl 
spots   of  rich   land;     and    remarkably 
hcalthv.     One  general   remaric  of  tlin 
nature'  will  serve  for  the  whole   tr.u, 
of  the    globe  comprehending  betwecii 
the  western    skirts    of   tbe    Allegany 
moUMtaiiis  i  thence  rminnig  south-wesl- 
wariUv  to  the  distance  of  500   miles  vi 
the    Ohio   falls  ;     then    crossing   tliciii 
northerly   to  the    beads   of  the   river, 
tliutemplv  themselves  into   the  Olm. ; 
tlience  E  along  the  ridge  that  separates 
the  lakes  and  Ohio's  streams,  to  French 
creek      This  countrv  may ,  from  a  pi'j- 
per  knowledge,  be  alla-med  to  be   tli.i 
most   healths,  tlie    most  pleasant,  th>; 
most  commodious  and  most  tertile  sp»t 
of  earth,  known  to  the  Em-ope  an  peo- 
pic      \-erv  little    waste    land  is    to   be 
f.und  in  anv  part  of  this  trace  ot  coun- 
try       There    are     no    swamps;     .iikI 
thou"-b  the  bills  are  frecpicnt,  they  ar^- 
rentle    and  swelling,   no  where   liigii,_ 
nor  incapable  of  tillage.     'Ihey  are  "t 
a  deep  rich  soil,  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  timber,  and  well  adapted  to 
The  production  of  wheat,  rye,  mdigo, 
tobacco,  tiC. 

n-fsurKaUl.     See  IVetteravta. 
Wesi.r-Mek,    a  sc.iport  of  Sweden,  m 
Smoluud,  seutw.lonthe  Ualtic,  50milc^ 


E  S 

i:irc,  :ukI  supports  > 
periiig  i^vaddiilly  lib; 
.•ovcrcd  Willi  puliik':'. 
the  CHllieili'al  in  lh> 
irluuate  iiioiKircli  F.rii-. 
;  Is   se;itfil  on  tilt  ..ii.c 

N  \V   of  Stuck-holiu. 

59  33  N. 

Lowii  ol'  Germiiny,  in 
)ci-  Rhine,  in  WoUra. 
;.  It  is  the  capitul  111' 
•  same  name,  and  jj 
itz.     Lon.   ti  18  E,  lat. 

s.     Sec  Azons  and  //:• 

'ory,  a  coimti-y  in  Nonii 
i-chcnding  all  that  par; 
tales  wliich   lies  to  ill", 
•i'  Ohio.     It  is  hoiiiuk  ! 
Mississippi,  on  the  Nli^- 
the    K  l)v  Pennsylvania, 
and  S  h'y  the  Ohio,     li 
square  miles,  e([Ual  ti 
■es  ;  ti'um  which,  if  wo 
,UO(J    for    water,    tlicit; 
1,000,000  acres,  beloii},'- 
M'al  i^ovcrnment,   to  be 
seliai'se  of  the   naliom.l 
mtry  on  the  Ohio  is  evc- 
sant,    with    larj^-e    levtl 
land;     and    reinarkably 
general   remark,  of  ihii 
rve  for  the  whole   tr.ac, 
comprehending  hetwecii 
ikirts    of   the    Allcg-aiiy 
ence  running-  soulh-wesl- 
distance  of  jOO   miles  vi 
s  ;    then    crossing  llioiii 
the    heads   of  the   rivcvi 
jmsclves  into   the  Ohii); 
gtlie  ridge  that  separated 
Ohio's  streams,  to  Freiu'h 
country  nia> ,  from  a  pi'j- 
;e,  be  all'a-iiied  to  he   tin; 
',  ihe    most  pleasant,  tlu; 
.ious  and  most  ferlile  sp»t 
,vn  to  the  ICnropean  peo- 
.tic    waste    land  \f    to   be 
part  of  this  tracc  of  couii- 
are     no    swamps  ;     awl 
Ills  are  frccpient,  they  ;iri; 
welling,   no  where   irig'ii,_ 
;  of  tiliage.     'Ihey  are  "t 
*oil,  covered  with  a  heavy 
liber,  and  well  adapted  Id 
j'.i  of  wheat,  rye,  indigo, 

/.     See  IVctlenniit- 

;    a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 

ilt.luniUe  Ualtic,  50 miles 


WES 

N  of  Calmar,    and  120  S  W  of  Stock- 

ijobii.     Lon.  16  0  £,  lat.  ;.r  40N. 

V.cdJiiU,  a  I'.osl  town  in  llumpshire 
.■tiiiulv,  Massacliuselts,  lying  on  the  S 
silly  I  if  a  river  of  the  same  name,  11  miles 
W  of  .Springfield,  34  li  or'  Stockhridge, 
,A\A  3J  N  by  W  of  Hartf.jrd  (Coniicc 
.ic.nl.) 

li'cf.hff'i,  a  town  of  Germany,  ni 
,]\i-  circle  of  the  Hhiiie. 

;rr-i-//i./c.'i,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
,lc;a.-liiienl  of  Lower  Uliine,  and  late 
province  of  Alsace. 

ll'cstniu'iui,  or  Wcstniuidur.d,  a  pro- 
vince of  Sweden  I'roper,  between 
.vulermania,  Ge:,Lricia,  Nerlcia,  and 
U.ilund.  It  is  -J  miles  l.ng  and  4.j 
o.u.id,  and  abouiidi  in  cijjiper  and  iron 
.ni.'cs.  The  face  of  llie  country  is  di- 
versilied  like  Wenm  Und.  W'esteros 
'i  tiie  capi'al. 

ll\'stmini-:cr,  a  city  of  Mldillescx, 
riie  residence  of  the  nioii.U'chs  ot 
Great  Brilain,  the  seat  of  the  pa;  iiamenl 
■mil  of  the  higlt  coiirls  of  justice,  and 
cDiislituling  Willi  London  aud  Soul'.i- 
v.M"k,  ilie  metropolis  of  tlie  l>riti^>li 
mniilre.     This  city  bad  i?s  name    from 


sitiiaiion    of    its   abbey,   ancienll) 
.■ailed  a  viin.ilei;  in  resiierl  of  that    oi 
Si.  Paul.   That  part  properly  called  the 
.,y  of   V/estmiuste:-,    c  ■uipreheiidiug 
li,.';  parishes  of  St.  John  and  St.   Mar- 
garet, was  once   an    isla:id   foriiH-'U  by 
ije   Thames,   c:i!led   'i'lio/ncy    Island, 
irom  llie  thorns  with  which  it  was  over 
.iin-,    and   tlie  abbey   that  stood   in  it, 
Viiornev    Abbey.       The    liberli.,-s     of 
Webtin'iliste.-  contain  the    sevc-al   par- 
,-'lc^.  r,;  bt.    Martin    in  the   Fiebis,    St. 
James's,    ;'t.   Anne,   St.  Paul,    C-'vcul 
t;.i,dcn,  St.Marvle  Strand,  St.  Clement, 
^).nes,  St.    GeJ.rgp,    Hanover  Square, 
Mid  tlift   precinct   of  the    Siivoy.     'I'he 
p.verament  both  of  the  city  and  liber- 
iie.s,  is    under  the  jurisilielion   of  the 
il.aii  and  cliapler  of  Westminster,    in 
civil    as    well  as  ecclesiastical    ailaiis; 
an  1  their  auihorily  extend-,  to  the  pre- 
ci:i.:lof  St.  Martin  le  Gr.uid,  by  Nevv- 
;■:.(..'  street,  and  in  sonn;  towns   of  F,s- 
'  ;\,  that  are  esempted  froin  tJU'  jnris- 
ili  don  of  the    bisli.ii)  of  London  and 
t'.,e  arci. bishop  of  C.oitcrbnry  ;  but  the 
niaiia-ement  of  the  civil  p.irt  inu,  ever 
■-lace'  liie    !lef  irmation,    been    in    the 
!  ands   if  lav  men,   elected  from  time  t-i 
time,  :.iid    c^nlirn\ed   by  the   dean  and 
•:i\..\  UT.     See  Lm  It}".. 

Wi::t:niiutcr.  a  post  town  i'l  Vermont, 
;!!  V.'iiidlisiro  coun'y,  aituatsd  on  the  \V 


WES 

side  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  l« 
Walpole,  Id  miles  N  of  lir-ildeb  n-o" 
■JJ  S  of  Windv.r,  and  1j  N  W  of  Keen 
(Mew   llunqisiiire.) 

Wcituiir.sUr,  a  Jjost  to'vn  in  Frede- 
rick couiuy,  Maryland,  30  miles  N  W" 
..f  BailimoVe,  and  7j  N  by  ii  td'   Wmh- 

lVt.'stmc.'c'...n.l,   a  county   ot  Ln(.',-Uind, 
enclosed  lnt  ween  those  of  Cuinocrlaiid, 
York,  and  Lai.casler  ;    ilie  first  bound- 
ing it  on  the  N  aiul  N  W  ;     the  second 
Oil"  the  1'.;  ;  ;»iid  the  last  on  the  S  and  S_ 
W.     It  has  the    natural  boundaries  of 
bikes,  flreams,  and   moinitains,  almost 
e\ery  wlici-e  e\oept  to  the  S,    where  it 
sink';  mulistinguisibably  Inlo  Laiii-asliire. 
froin  the  sea  it    is  ex'dudcd  by  the  de. 
tailu-.dliart   of   Lancasbiie  ;    and  only 
iuntumches    iip>m  the    bottom  of  t'nut 
'wide  sandv   wash  whicli    sepuralis   the 
two  parts 'of  that   county.       Us  sliape 
is  so  irregul.M-ly  angular,  somewhat  re- 
sembling that  of  a  vinedeaf.     Its  ?iie  is 
l.-ss   than    of  the  other  northern  coun- 
ties ;  ^■et,    in   its    greatest    length  a'.ul 
breadth,  it  measures  about  forty  mdes^ 
The  name  (jf  this  county  is  descriptive  or" 
ils  naUue.     It  is  the    W:-jt  wyir-Lrid: 
i'  region  of  lolly  monniains,  naked  hills, 
a. .d  "black   barren    moors,  which  here, 
as    well   as    in  Cum!)erland,    a  c    also 
called  Jl-tU.     The    vailies  in  which  tl.o 
rivers  run  are  tolerably   ferlile  ;  and  in 
the    lionh-oaslern   quarter    there  is    u. 
considerable  tract   of  ciiiliv.ited   plain. 
The    rest  of  the    county    ail'uiU    only 
narrow  d.ells  and  glens   oi'  Icrtility  a- 
midst   the   dreary  hills  and    extended 
wastes.     Xeilher  are  its  mineral   tr<'!*- 
sures  considerable.      It    wants   coaU. 
and  the  metallic  ores  it  contains  eitbef 
He  so  dead,  or  are  sn  remotely  situated, 
as  not    to    be     wairth     w-.n-king.     It  !•- 
b.ninds  in,  slate   of  the   iiiiest   quality, 
large  (juantili  •s  of  which  are  exported. 
The    principal   rivers    are    the    Eden. 
Lone,"   and   /Cen.     It   i,as    ;dso  several 
tine    lakes,  the   priii.  :nal    "f  wiiicli   i* 
VVmnandei'-mere,    or  Win'it^rniere- wa- 
ter.    In  the  f.u't  ,t  of  Martin<lale,  tjlbe 
S  of  Ullj-water,  the  breed  of  red  deer 
still  e-.i  ils  in  a  wild  st-ie.     Api'leby  i» 
the  county-town. 

1  Wt-UmorcLv.d,  a  county  of  Pcnn'-.yi«i- 
I  ,iia,  50  miles  long  and  40  bi'oad.  In 
I  !-•)(;,  it  contained  16,013  inhabdants. 
I  Greensburg  is  the  capital. 

]>'estmi'!i:iuiil,  a  p  ist  tgwn  in  Oneida 
I  county.  New  York,  U  mil's*  E  •fOu«i. 
6  s  «  o  <■ 


WET 


W  E  X 


:«:; 


m. 


,1„,  and  uboMt.  the  same  ,y,s(ancc  W  of 
e,ntcr,\U      lUc    l.anus,    kiunvu    l.>    li>^ 

i:::,.;:uuuu,v>.,^ipi-„;;-s3. 

Hcll.'.i-i;-,  Sbuucnbw'.c.,H..vL,  u;t|         _. 

b      .       ". .       f>l,l 


F  isl  Irlcliiid,  Bcnl'mem,  and  l,mL,cn.  i 

^nd  Vii-don;  the  town  ot  l)oil  ui.n  i  , 
.ml  tlu-dultl.iesofWfSll.hahu,  Boi^, 
«i<l,MM-l.cytymtl,lsn.-cle  ^^^ 


SSofna.'tfo.'d,nNofMuWkt,.. 
V     r     ,,  N  to  S   1  lul  'J.5  f'-om  L  to  W . 

;:  XT'';;"  ;«;i:' ";;•■„-:;;;» 


••;ort]is  at 


l,,m.  U  'lUE.lut.  al.^^N- 
7;^;<i.,c„,ato^vnofSw^-|;l^--l. 
tl...    l.in.mut,   one   no  e    S    <'*;:. 
Mere  >s    a   tK-autil.d   l"';'lh-.    ^  »      '  ,; 
Lu'k   of  Gn.hc.iniun,   the   si-H  t..v.  ,,1 
TvcL  t,2.M  feet  1<.;.::.  and  suspc>ulc.l 

2,  feel  dn.ve  the  water.     Jt   '«  '^  "   ^ 
;.o,e  cle-untbi-iage  than  thai  at  SU..>t, 

""r^^n'.,-.  a  free  ImperUd  town  of 
Ge  n  nv,  in  Welle.-avm,  surymnulol 
bv  hcs  ;ou\  wuH.  I'.ankcd  wuh  tow. 
:,"'i!,einh.ab.tav,ts  are  ,>votes*ants 
md  have  a  council  of  24  niembei-s  In 
•Sr.lein.penalclnunberwasU-ans. 

1  bn  ed  bilher  from  Spiro,  <>"  »«"  .'  f  ,"J 
be  ^v;o■s  which  ravas-d  the  pa\an.tH 
Uisser.ted    at   tbe    coTianemf    ol  the 

■   \L,      iU.,ardlVdlen.fivet,ulesSof 
si:,.ndr.SNbyEofSp.re    Lon.  b 

t/;.AV..'.acountvof  Ireland,  in  the 
rr  V  ./c  ■    f  Mvn^ster,  38  miles  lonj.^  ami 


/IK  N  ,  1      1       W  bv  Wiiterfovd  and  KdUenn),  .mo  on 

m-Jra,   one  of  the  Orkney     ^'•■•'";;^   JV^  w  In  C.therbmKh.     U  cont.un 
..„  Mt  n.i  es  lon,v   atui  fr^^m  one  to  du' ee    tl  o  «  >       .  ._,,,^    ^   number,  t 

;,:-::>:^;.nt.h.inK;d,ont  ^^C^;  ■;;;-•-; h^rent.  and  is  irait.d   in   corn  a,. 

VlS^hS"'i^->tv:    ^'— •""-"«;P'';^;..,/,  a   considerabk    seaport  of 

lliifWyisssii 

^=^';;^..».....A,.,.     see  G,.«,:./;  .,.  h;..'\,!::|;  rd^el  ■'took'tlds  V^vn  in  >h. 

;£,^<..;.va  town  of  Vorkshur    JV^U,       b^    >  ;^^  _,  ,^^,,^^  .,  ^,„  ,  ,        „ n  . f 

„  market  on  TU«r.id:.y.     l.«n.  1  20  W  ,  |  ^^^  ^  - ^^^  ^^^^.^  ^^^.^.^,^^^^,l  ,,,.  u.e  i.  k'"'! 

l:il.  5J  57  N- 


b.i'.'.iln--, 
iiL'.ioli,  ;i 
t.)  by  ])fi 
)U  ijestie 
ll  :ll  );u'  t 
;i  few  w 
iliMfree  < 
•imIc.  .' 
:i'V  n.idi 
W  S  \V 

Wheel 
Olii )  CO 
side  off. 
Cbiirsvi 

;uvl7.;  ! 

nrii  I: 

^!ave  C 
;iliinr  111 
IS  11  ver' 
w,  11  fui 
there  ai 
are  not 
iitber. 
at  tlie  t 
walls  Oi 

'.mmbci 


"i-y-, 


W  II  I 


W  II  I 


X 

,sl  town  in  llanfoni 
il;  situiiU-d  iin  till- 
lei'liciit  rivti-,  time 
I,  n  N  lit  MuUliit.ii, 
sVw  Uavcn,  coiiUviu- 

liiliiumls- 

if  Sweden,  'n  <■'>""'• 
„!  -,1,  tlic  midulc-  ut  It, 
Wcr.iicr  U  IS  H^'* 
,  i  ,,(12.5  i'nini  U  t(i  W . 
il^cturu-^,  a  l-rovinu- 
U,c  curie  <>f  l-'l'l^-" 
;!,,..    ,,;a:aiiu'.te  (>(   li.i: 

;iii(l  l-K-^se  unil  liilldu 
\WuWA  ii>l<)  iwo  V-ivts 
1 :  (,r,.-  culled  WelK  ru- 
ibeotl.er  :.'i'iU.  ^Vt^ 
leiwidd.  . 

ni  of  Cevnirmy,   ni  tlr 

Siixoir  ,  bUu-.ilc  <m  l.'.' 

„wii  cf  Swisse-.-lur.d,  on 
„ie  mile  S  (if  »■'■■-''■ 
iitilid  l)vid|re,  llie  h'^'. 
.nn.iin,  the  sell  t:.-!;!-. 
H't  loiK-:,  and  suspended 

i,e  vv;.UT.     It  is  =i  "]"<•." 
liJge  tliun  tUul  at  bchati- 

frec    imperial  town  ('f 
Welleravia,   survonndcd 

Walls  I'.anked  with  tow- 
.bitants  are  protestants, 
mcil  of  ':i  memliers.  In 
Liiai  cliamher  was  Irar.s- 
tVom  Spiro,  on  acconnt  ot 
-b  ravat-ed  the  pa\al.n;i le. 
a  tl;e  e(,nanence  of  the 
aid  iVdlen,  five  nules  Sol 
^  N  bv  E  of  Spire    Lon.  B 

conntv  of  Ireland,  in  tbe 
lunster,  38  miles  lonp  ami 

„i„aed  on  tbe  N  wW  .rk- 
•  bv  St.  Georu-c's  Cbanncl. 
^le'Atlantic  Ocean,  on  Uio 
rfovd  and  Kill-enny,  and  (." 

CatberloviKli.  U  f""»'""' 
■  s  sends  IB  mcmbeivi  f> 
and  is  frultf.d  in   corn  aixi 

a   considerable    seaport  (if! 
..udofa  county  of  t  lie  s:n<ic 
.v:.s  once  reckoned  tix  clue 
„,,a,bc.inn-lbeni-stcob!ny(.. 
,,  and  lias  a   verv  c<nr,.iv.(U- 
;,a  tbe  mouth  of  tlH-^l^'H 

of  St.  George's  Chaimc 
rebels  took  tliis  t„wn  .u^,^ 

b.dd  it  three  weeks,  but  .U 
•eve  defeated  l>y  the  rcRulx 


rvoops  at  Eunisrorlliv  on  the  J  id  June, 
,l,cv  wci-edrixen  out  of  it.  It  is  o' 
mn'c.-i  K  N  f-  of  Wateiford,  and  .  ' 
S    (if    1)  iblm.     L.ii.    o  3    \V,    lat,  jJ 

ir,\-i:,  an  episcopal  lownnl  .•.woacn, 
1„  S.iKland,  w.t!i  a  li.icbo.ir.  It  is 
scat  (l  on  a  lake,  in  wh.cii  t^ere  lire 
sovimI  ;.slaii(ls.  It  is  very  small,  and 
Mieinl.iM'S  niosfiv  of  W;)od.  It  is  .>0 
in.les  \V  of  C.lmai-,  and  1.5.T  S  W 
„(•  Slic.v.Kdm.     Loii.  .1  Jr    K,   lat.    JO 

il  N. 

XV  ',  a  riv,-.-  of  Knvland,  which  lias  its 
sumre  in  H.imns'iire,  and  li  iwinjr 
;liru  I'.-li  S.iwy  by  G  ihHord,  fulls  into 
ihe  rii.imes  at  VV'ev  l)r,d--c. 

Ifv  ■/."-;.' "•,  a  viiUe^e  in  Surry,  s»at- 
cl  oii  lb./  vVev,  at  its  enl..ince  into 
!i,o    iiianie.j,   Iw-)    miles  E  ot    Chert- 

"''{',':■  ''/(■//,  a  vllla"-e  in  ! himpsliire,  three 
m'les  \V  of  Aiid.'iver,  r.,in,)ii.s  for  an  uii- 
„  ;,.!  tail-  Oil  the  1  Kli  .J.;L)'.)cr,  tor  sheep 
ic.ii  ler,  hoi)S,  and  ciiee.e. 

/•-•  .)C5i(,A,  a  town  in  IJorsctshirc,  m- 
,  .iv.MMted  with  thatof  ."■ielcomb  iL'Kis, 
ii.t'  i,i;stiiK-t  !v)rou.<h.  It  IS  sealed  oil 
t'  .  vV  side  of  an  iuU-t  of  tlie  sea,  but 
il,  .),,pt  Isinjurodby  t;ie  sand,  s".  tnat 
lU  trade,  which  was  once  e.i.iMdec.ole, 
;s  inucb  reduced,  a  few  ships  only  hem,^' 
s(.;i.  Iience  l»  Newi'mudlaud.  Ihis 
,  iv.ii  is    rc:narkablv-   well   s.tnaled  lor 


tv  lr(  cs,  which  aliord  the  m  ist  hcaut^- 
fiil  pro.s.f-ct  in   liic    wirldi  ni-oinucb, 
l.ial  ti.  )'  e  w.io  have   been  here,  leprc- 
seiil    il   as    a    peile.el     I'.nadise       rbc 
i.cUls  are  always  kiv(  n,  and  they  c.ilU- 
vale   i>e.;ns,    p'laioes,   and   iVii.ls  ;  nor 
will   the    ne.^roes    here    let   a   loot   ok 
■■i-o'ind  reinaiu  uncultivated      llesules, 
ill..-  ,ow  a.  am  the  v,ry  next  dav  alter 
tneV  liave  leaped.      I'.ie  inhabitants  are 
'i-eallv  eivdi/ed  and  very  re.specLlul  to 
'.ehdiiier;  especially  to  their  sui.en- 
ors,  and  lliey  are    also    so    industnous, 
tlial  even  the    women   ai'e    never    idle. 
I'he^ie  brew  tiie  be-r,  dress  tiie  victu- 
als, and  sell  .dl  .Sf.Ls  of  eommodiUes  at 
tiie  m.oket.     Those  tliut  a,e  rich,  em- 
plov  their  wives    and   slaves    m  liH.nS 
tlie  lan.l,  and  fliey  carry  on  a  c  iii-suLr- 
able  Uiide  wiiii  the   product  as  well  .is 
111  slaves  ,  for  seme  of  Lhein  uie  able  to 
deliver  lUOJ  of  liie  latter  c.evy  month. 
rile  elilef  men  have  t;<Mier;'.ll^  I'J  or  50 
wives,  t!ie  prin.-ipal  (M.-lails  3  or  4ui), 
.uid  tlie  kin;.,-  4  "V  J^JJO.  II  iwever,  they 
.;.'e  o.'reineiy  jeal  i^ts. 


an; 


,  on  the 


..St 


h.i'.iiin 


D' 


liav.n' 


an  exc(.llent  sand; 
l.c>ac'li7and  on  that  ace  mnt  is  resorted 
t.i  l,v  pers-.iw  of  all  ranks,  and  Uieir 
nniesties  and  i!ie  royal  f.imdy  ;;enecally 
li.:ii  Kir  tills  place  with  tiie'ir  residence 
a  lew  woks  every  year,  l  ins  m  soni^ 
(Icifive  r.ompen sales  for  the  loss  ol  its 
•I'a  Ic.  \  few  plain  un;l  striped  cott'ins 
rv  Hide  here.  Weymouth  is  13.1  miles 
W  .S  W  o!"  LoiuUm.     See   Mclcnnb  Rk- 

'  "wheeling,  a  liost  town,  tlic  cr.;.iial  of 
Ohi  1  ci.nuiv,  Viri,-;iiia;  Ivui;?  (mlliefc. 
si.lc  of  Ohio  river,  S  miles  h  ot  St, 
Clairsville,  47  'sV  bv  S  of  Washm-ton, 
aii'l  :.-,  S  W  of  I'iusb'.n-;;-. 

imiah,  a  kingdom  of  Guinea,  on  the 
^!ave  Coast,  e.Mendini;  about  lO  miles 
iiloiilTlhe  Atlantic,  under  ()  21)  N  Kit.  It 
is  a  verv  jiopulous  country,  and  verv 
wvll  fnniislied  with  lar.ire  villaiifes;  and 
there  are  so  manv  small  ones,  tliatthey 

I  are  not  above  a  mnstpict  shot  from  each 

I  iitlier.  The  houses  are  small,  and  round 
;it  the  top,  and  encomp.issed  with  mud 

1  walls  or  hedifes,  lojvether  with  a  threat 
iiiirabcr  of  uU  sorts  of  beautiful  and  lot- 


ipiei.m,  wld'sell  ihemto  llie  liurope- 

leis  iiir  slaves.     If  any  one   liai)i)e.is  to 
t-.uch  the  kiii'v's  wives  accidealally,  he 
is(l.)o;nc.lto"iK-fP':Wal    slavery.     '1' ns 
!i,-i:i,,^  cnsidered,  it  is  no  wonder  tli..t 
ihe  women  are  n')t  fond   of  bei'.'.i^  ihtj 
kinj^^'s  wives;  nav,   s  iilic  of  tlum  w.ll 
n-nL-r  a  speedy  death  t  >  such  a  misera- 
..■e  life.     Tbe  kiii^:  sets  Utile  val.ic  up- 
Mi  his  daii-hters,  fir  he  will  di-p'  e  ot 
;liem  t)  the  lactois  (d'tlie  EnKhshconi- 
oanv,  or  the  ina..ters  of  ships  t:i;it  come 
•liei'e.  Thev  live  in  a  mi.nner  by  f^ucss  ; 
t'lr  ihev  have  no  festivals  nor  lU  .tiuetiou 
if  days,  hours,  weeks,  months,  or  years. 
I'lie  'custom   of  circumcision   is    ii.sed 
;,cre  ;  but  they  a.e  not  able  l>  U  11  wliy 
thev  use  it,  nor  from  whence  it  is  de- 
/ived.    Tiiev  are  such  e;re:it  i.amesters, 
tjiat  thev  will   stake   all   they    ha\e    at 
ol.iv,   not   ev.-eptiniv   their    wives   and 
chlldi-eu.     -IMieir  lehj^lim  is  very  super- 
stitious i  for  thev  have  avast  number  ot 
•ihils;    and   theV    defv    t!ie  most  con- 
u  iiiplible  animal  that  they  see  lirst  in  a 
inornin-,  not  exceplinn- even  stock.s  and 
stones.'    However,  they  have  a  priiici- 
,,■11  reu-ard  f.r  snakes,  very  hiivh  trees, 
and  llie  sea.     An    Eni;li.sh    facKu-    new 
come  over,  found  a  snake  in  the  lions(^ 
b  loij,in^^  to  tlie  taclory,   and   killed  it 
withiiut    the    least   scruple:   which    so 
i„.  cnsed  tbe  iK-roes,  that   they    weiv 
for  reveiiRin.i.-  the  death  ..f-  the  snake 
not  onlv  upfjii  him  Uiat  killed   it  i  but 


W  H  I 

upon  the  '.vhole   factory;   but  by  the 
f  uTc  ot'i'rcSL'nl'),  ami  ill"  iiitcrp<i3itian 
ot'tliL'  people  of  iht;  otliorf:u'ton.;s,t!i'H 
.'.(Vjiir  WiiS  maile  up,  and  the  sn^tkc  lion- 
oi'.iabiv  interi-c(l.    llowovi-f,  to  iirevc-nt 
iIk-    like    iiciidcMts,    tlioy   Rive   them 
r:aniin|,M;ot  to  do  the  liUe  in-  tlif   hi- 
t\no.  AVM'i  rcpu-d  to  the  auinui'.s,  they 
havf   (i\cn,    cows,   i?o:ils,    sheep,    iir.d 
tiojfs,  :>s  well  as  tainu  fowls;    such    a-: 
Imiiics,   ai:i.-!;s,    and  hens,  which   lasr  I 
:iP>-  t\treii!(.-ly  plenty.    There  are  iTinv,>  j 
wild  beast-i  wi^iiin    land,   such    ;.s  eic- 
plianls,  hufi'aloes,  tip;erB,  several  ki'.ids 
nf  <ie(  r,  and  a  sort  fd'  haves,  wilii  seve- 
ral uoconiniou  animals,  wl  irli  w'o  have 
not  room  to  deiicribc.     '1  lie    fruits   arc 
eitrons,    lenion.i,     orani^;.*,    baiianoes, 
tamarinds,  and  several  otTiers  ;  nnd  they 
have     va>t    numbers   o!'     palni-lvees, 
from  which  they  gel  their  wine.     Ail 
tiic  eoumion  people  fro  naked  here,  as 
in  other  parts  of  Guinea,  only  tlu'v  have 
a  clolh  or  clout  to   cover   tiieir_  naked- 
ness.    Their  trade  consisted  of  slaves, 
e!c;.hants  teeth,  wax,  and  honey.    'I'lie 
Kniflish  factory  is  200  miles  K  of  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  within  land.     Bows,   ar- 
row.s,  beaiitiful  assair.iys,  and  clubs,  are 
tlie   i>rlnci]);d    vvcapuns    of  the   n:'.tion. 
Xaviv-r,  or  Sabi,  i.<  tlie  capital. 

JVhith,  a  seaport  in  the   N    ridinpj  of 
Yorks!ure,  with  a  market  on  Saturday,  i 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ksk    It  is 
n  considerable  town  with  a  preat  traffic 
In  tlic  build. n.T  of  ships,  and  the  carry- 
ing business.     Its  liarb.iur  is   llie  best 
on  this  coast,  and  is  ))ri>teeted  by  a  fine 
pier;  but  it  lins  no  river comnnnieation 
witii  thi'  inland  countrv.    Several  slups 
are  sent  from  hence   to   the  Greenland 
risber\.     This  place  had  the  Innour  <A 
prMuVinp;  the   greatest   navigatcn-  tl'at 
tin-  werid  ever  saw,   tlic  muclidanient 


W  H  I 


Lon.llOW,Iat.5.i 


k1  Caotain   Took. 


In  the  nei;j;l>.l)om 
niu.d  of  WUilliy  are  large  worlds,  in 
wiiich  aUini  is  procured  from  a  kind  ot 
r-late.  In  Decemlu-r  1787,  a  strong 
new-liuiU  ((uay,  fill  into  the  sea  with  a 
ihunderiug  eiash,  tidlowed  by  hu'ge 
masses  of  the  clitV.  The  remains  of  the 
■,iri'-.s\  church  of  an  ancient  abbey  stood 
on  tliis  cliff,  till  November  IZ'H,  when 
the  most  part  of  it  fell  t.>  the  ground. 
Whitl^v  is  IS  miles  N  N  E  of  York, and 
?.r,  N 'of  London.  Lou.  0  24  W,  lat.  54 

SO  N.  .  ,    • 

Whli,-hurch,  a  decayed  borough  m 
llanipskire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
■i  24  miles  K  by  N  of  Salisbury,  and  58 


WhvS of  London. 

1.5  N. 

Whitdmrch,  a  town  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Fnd.av.  20  miles  N  o* 
Sh^e^\bbur^,  and  161  N  W  of  London 
Li.n.  2  40  AV,lal.  .52  0  N. 

IVhitchurcli.  or  Littli:  Stamnore,  a  vii- 
lare    near    Kdeeware,     in  MidiUc-cx, 
fl',";hl  miles  N  W  (4'  London.     It  has  a 
irhurch  which  e(.r'.aius  the    rcnriams  <.t 
tlie  nu.giiiiiccnt  .seat  of  Canoti;;,  whirli 
j  belonged  to  the  Duke  of  Chaiidos,bu;lt 
'in  iri2,  bv  James  first  duke    ofClian- 
dos,  who  "lived  l:ere  in  a  kind  of  vep:d 
-tate,  and  die.l  in  1744.    It  was  deihrl- 
is'ied  in  I'Nr,  and  tlie  materials  were 
sold  bv  auction.     'Vhe  church  conlMiis 
ail  that  now  veiuains  of  the  magmhcem: 
seal  of  the  duke  of  Cliahdos,  called   o! 
Canons. 

Wlitciall,  a  post  town  in 'Wasbmptoii 
countv.    New    York;     situated    at    the 
head  of  lake  Cliamplaln,  22  md.s  N  ot 
Kort  K-lwiird,  and  41    W   of  Hullaixi, 
conlaiuinL'  1604  inhabitants.  Tbisi.h.ce 
wasfornicilv   called    Ske.-ncsboioiigl.. 
from  inaior  Skecue,  <d'  the  Hiitish  ar),iy 
Wi,itv!uiTt>u  a  town  of  Cundxilanii 
10  miles  S  W  from    Cockermouth,   ,>tv 
from  Carlisle,  and  2"()  from  London,  i^ 
so  calhd  from  the  whi'e   eliHs  near  it, 
that  shelter  lb'-  harbour  from  tempests 
[It  is  a  populous  rich    town,    chiefly  be- 
'holden  for  its  improvement  to  the  Lo^v- 
ther  familv,  containing  at    least   12,000 
inhabitants,  and  has    about    "00    shijiv 
,  niploved  in  trade.     It  has  a  good  arti- 
fcial  harliour,  with  alongpier.  In  1S(A 
t  had  but  r.i\  houses,  and    one    {i-hmg 
loat;    in  L'iB2,   12    small   ship.-:.     The 
coal-mines  here  ^y  the    most   extraor- 
dinnrv  in  the  world,   being  sunk  to  tlie 
deptl'i    of  l.iO   fathoms,   and   c;;teiidc(l 
iin.ler  the  .sea  to  phues  where  there  is 
(,ver  them  .Icptb  of  water   for  ships  ot 
large  burden    In  ir.U,  part  of  the  earth 
of  three  gardens  suddenly   shrunk:  by 
this  accident   several  lives    were   los:. 
and    one    budding     was    considerably 
damai;ed.     Coals    had    been    wrought 
under  the  places  where  the    apeiliires 
appeared    about    50    ye.irj    preceding 
1791.     Four   fire   engines   bch.ng  to  u 
collierv  here,  which,    when   at   v»ork, 
lischaVgc  at  tlie  r.ate  of  1,768,620  gal- 
lons of  water  in    24  hours.     Here    ar-- 
coopcras -works,  which  yield  eor.sidc!  - 
able  profit.  Its  <hief  trade  is  furnishing 
Ireland  and  part  of  Scotland  with  sal' 
i.nd  coal  ;  it   is   the  most  eminent  iion 
in  England,  next  to  Newcastle,  lov  th«: 


Kcw  Y' 


W  H  I 


W  I  B 


on.  now,  Lit.  SJ 

•n  in  Slirof  sliirf . 
(lay.  '20  niilcs  N  o* 
,  N  W  ol'  l-(in(Uiii 
ON. 

tie  StaiiDinic,  a  vii ■ 
i-c,  ill  MidiUi  ^•<•.'s, 
1,()1k1(Mi.  It  Ir.is  a^ 
ins  tl)c    rcriiaiiis  (if 

of  C!ti'.o;i;;,  wlii'li 
;(;  of  Cliaiuios,  liuilt 
•St  <l\ikc    of  Clian- 

•n  a  kind  of  yc^A 
'44.  It  was  (k-iiii  1- 
lie  mati'iial.s  were 
Ik-  church  routuins 
i  of  tliL-  magnili''*'"' 
Chaiulos,  called   of 

town  in  Wa-sliinptmi 
c ;    hiliKitcd   at   the 
-liiin,  22  miles  N  cf 
41    W    of  RmiUiik'., 
Kibit;ints.  Thisiil^ri- 
■d    i-.lie'-ncsl!oroi:j;;li. 
,  of  llK-Kiitishanny 
wn  of  Ciinilx  rlaiiii 
n    Cnckermoiitli,  r>0 
'290  from  I,o;idoii,  li. 
■vvhi'e   cliHs  iic;ir  it, 
.rlnnir from  tompcsls 
■li    town,    c.liiefly  bc- 
•nvcniint  tothe  l.nw- 
nini,'at    Itast  l'.?,000 
as  'about    ''iOO   shiji^ 
It  lia3  a  j'ood  arli- 
li  a  long  pier.  In  1S(%, 
5CS,  ami    oni!    f.-hinjc 
2    small   sliipr:.     The 
i'n  the    n:ost   cxtraor- 
Id,   bcinjv  sunk  to  tlie 
bonis,   and   citriidctl 
l>la<cs  where  thrrt.'  is 
(if  water   for  ships  of 

ir.'l.piirtof  I'x''^^'"'"' 
suddenly   shrunk  :  by 
eral  lives    were   Ins:, 
ifv     \vas    considerably 
1    bad    been    ■\vroiig-lit 
Tvbcro  the    apci'liires 
50    ye.ifj    preceding 
>   enjpnes   bcl'.npr  to  u 
birb,    wben   at   \»ork, 
rate  of  1,768,620  R^il- 
24  hours.     Here    nvf 
wbicli  yield  cor.sidi  i  - 
bicf  trade  Ik  furnishiniv 
.  of  Scothuid  with  sal' 
the  mo.st  eminent  i)ov' 
.t  to  Newcastle,  fov  tb«: 


*nal  trade,  and  lord  [.onsdale  h  said  to  I  snnday,  176".     I.on.  163  20  E,   lat.  15 
-end  as  many  coals  from  hence  to    I'  e-  \  44  S 


|;iiid  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  as  brini,'  him 
n  m-ar  16,000  a  ycaii.  It  is  10  niiU's  S_ 
W  of  Cockcrmoutb,  and  o05  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  o  34  VV,  lat   51 .36  N. 

V.'iulelifni,  a  royal  borouph  of  Scot- 
!:m,l,  ill  Wifftonsire.  'I'liis  place  is  said 
t ,  have  been  the  first  bishop's  sec  in 
>  olbind. 

H'hitemarxh,  a.  villape  with  a  post  of 
fu  s  in  Monttfonicry  county,  Pejinsylva- 
iKj,  about  12  mites  N  of  I'hilacbdphia. 
i'lic  township  has  10H.7  inlmbilants. 
lli;'i'o  was  one  of  general  \Vashin^>'ton"s 
cpiimipments  in  the  winter  of  1777- 

White  Mintntaiii.i,  tha  lii;;-licst  i)art  of 
;i  ri<!f;e  of  numntaiiis,  in  ll 
Xcw  Hanipsliirc,  in  North  A\norlc;'. 
Tlicy  extend  N  E  and  S  VV  to  a  lenijtli 
iDt  yet  ascertained.  The  hei<rht  of 
i'lose  mountains,  tdjove  an  adjacent 
ji,i  allow,  is  reckoned  from  observations 
,;;;:ile  in  17H4,  to  be  .5.'jOO  feet ;  and  tlic 
■,,i -.idow  is  jjOO  feet  above  the  level  of 
'a',  sea.  The  snow  and  ice  cover  tliein 
,  iiu;  or  ten  months  in  the  year,  duriu'r 
•vhich  time  tliey  exhibit  tliat  briclil 
iijipciirance  fr.>ni  whicli  they  arc  deno- 
iuiialed  the  White  r.Iountains.  Al- 
;'iiih|fli  tliey  are  70  miles  within  land, 
■'icv  are  seen  many  leagues  off  at  sea, 
.,;)-i  appear  like  an  cxceedinu'ly  brig-ht 
ci.r.ul  in  the  horizon.  Their  highest 
Bumniil  is  In  lat.  44°  N. 

W'li'ne  l^Uiins,  a  post  town  in  West 
Chester  county,  N(;w  York,  Ij' miles 
N  of  Kinicsbridp:e,  and  30  of  t!ie  city  of 
New  Vork.  This  wa*  (lie  scene  of 
i")n6id(.:rablR  military  operations  in  the 
.Viiicrican  war. 

Wiiit,-  St'ii,  a  bay  of  the  Frozen  Ocean 
■M  the  N  of  Russia,  situated  belwcn 
KiBsia,  I.apland,  and  Samojede,  at  the 
ii;ttom  of  which  stands  Archaiiiyel  ; 
Uiis  was  the  onlv  communication  which 
t;>c  Russians  had  with  the  sea,  before 
:lii;  conquest  of  I.ivonia  from  the 
liwedes  in  the  bepnning  of  ihe  present 
i:  ntury,  by  the  czar  Peter  the  Great. 

li'hitcsUnvii,  a  Iiost  town  in  Oneida 
coiiutv.  New  York,  situ;iled  on  ihe  S 
si'le  of  Mohock  river,  four  miles  above 
•)M  fort  Schuyler,  25  E  of  Oneida  lake, 
UN  W  of  Conajohary,  a\i(l  8:f  of  Ske- 
r.i'i-t'idy.  This  is  a  tlwlvina:  town  ;  tiic 
'iili;,!)itants  at  last  census  were  4212. 

n^hitsuntiJc  hLind,  one  of  the  New 
lb  brides,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
J,'  miles  lonfj  andfive  broad,  and  was 
•liscovered  by  taitain  VYalli.-;,  -jn  VVliit- 


W hit tkbury  Forest,  a  forest  in  the  S 
part  of  Northamiitonshire,  nine  miles 
m  length,  and,  in  some  Jjarts,  above 
tlire(-  in  breadth.  Here  tiic  wild  cat 
is  still  found.  It  is  aeconlintv  lo  an  ac- 
curate survey  of  it,  nine  miles  two  fur- 
lonH'.-.  and  tweiitv-six  perches  in  lenivth, 
from  the  river  Onse  on  the  S  E  lo  the 
N  W  end  of  Wiipeuh;(iii  wood.  Ii  is  a 
royal  forest,  and  the  duke  of  Graiion  is 
r.o.nn'er. 

U'itiU.igcii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Austrian  Suabiu,  three  miles  S  W  ol 
Ulm. 

M'Unirg,  a  jTovernment  of  Russia,  for- 
slatc  ()♦''  merly  Ru^.dun  I'.r.land,  and  eomprii-ed 
in    Carelia.       It     was     ceded    by   I  he 
Swedes  to  the  Ru.ssians,  partly  by  the 
peace  of  Ny.tadt  in  1721,  and  partly  by 
tile  treaty  iif  Abo  in   1743.      1  his  pro- 
vince retains  most  of  its  ancient  pri\i- 
Icij^es,   with  smne  occasional  ntodifica- 
tions,  which   have  been  necessarily  in- 
troduced   under  the  new  jfovei  nnient. 
The  country  produces,  besides  p;,stiu-e, 
r\  e,  oats,  and  bailey,  but  not  suilii  ieni, 
for  ihe  inliubitants. '  Wiburg  retains  its 
own  civil  ami  criminal  courts  of  ji;;- 
ticc  :    in  penal  cases,    not  Cijital,   the 
punishments  prescribed  by  the  provincial 
JMdicature  are  inriicted  ;  but  wlienever 
a  criminal  is  condemned  to  death,  the 
Russian  laws  interpose,  and,  reprieving- 
him  from  the  sentence  of  beheadin};;'  of 
banirln.if,  as  enjoined   by  the  Swedish 
code,  consign   him   to   the  knout  and 


traasjsortution  to  Siberia.  In  the  go- 
vcrnor's  court,  business,  is  transacted 
in  the  Swedish,  German,  and  Russian 
tongues.  The  peasants  talk  only  tiie 
i'lnnisli  dialect,  but  the  inhabitants  of 
the  towns  mulerstand  Swedish  also, 
and  many  of  thiin  German.  Lutheran- 
ism  is  the  estaldished  religion  ;  but  the 
Greek  worship  has  been  introduced  by 
the  Russians. 

U'ilnir^,  a  comtnercial  seaport  of  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  governme'it  of  the  same 
name,  with  uiji.^hop's  see,  and  a  .strong 
citadel,  containing  abcmt  9000  inhabi- 
tants. The  houses  ure  constructed  of 
wood,  except  sc.rne  few  which  are  of 
'orick.  It  was  ce<ied  to  Russia,  by  the 
Swedes,  in  1721,  and  is  seated  on  the 
N  E  |.oint  of  the  gulf  of  Finiand,  110 
miles  K  K  \\^  of  Petersburg,  ami  2.50 
N  \i.  of  Riga.  I.on.  29  10  E,  lat.  60 
56  N. 

IVilmn;,  a  considerable  town  of  Den- 


ii„l 


I; 


W  I  D 

mark,  in  North  Jiitlaml,  with  aDisho))'s 
SCI'.  It  is  tlic  si;il  <it'  the  riiiL't'  i-nurt 
ot' justice  ill  tlic- piDviiicc.  In  ITJl),  u 
terrible  iire  burnt  the  eatlietlrii',  a 
c.lmrch,  the  towahonse,  jukI  the  b.sliop's 
paliice  ;  but  UiVy  lia\e  all  been  rebuilt 
in  a  mine  iiiaj^niliienl  st\le.  It  is  seal 
ed  on  a  lake,  in  a  )H'iiiiisula,  'J.')  miles 
N  (.f  Slcswiek,  anil  110  N  VV  of  Co- 
jicnha^'^en.     Lon.  9  M  K,  hit.  56  '20  N. 

}i  ici,  a  town  in  Caitliiiesshire,  w'.tli 
;i  liarbour,  ideated  on  an  inlet  ui'  the 
Oeriuan  Oecaii.  Lon.  3  2  \V,  lat.  5t> 
JON. 

{f^ici,  a  fortified  town  of  Dutch  Liin- 
Inii;;',  se:itcd  on  tlie  Maese.  It  has  a 
coiiiniunieation  witii  Maestrleht  by  a 
hrid,i;-c-.     L"u.  .7  41  K,  lat,  5U  52  N.  " 

Wir!i-hy-I)uerstedf.  a  town  of  the 
United  I'luvinces,  in  Utrecht,  with  a 
stroll);' castle, . coaled  Ht  (he  |il.ice  where 
tlie  I.i'ck  branch'  s  oil'  from  tiie  Rhine, 
nine  mdis  \V  of  Klieneii,  and  \5  S  K 
of  Utrecht.     I.on.  5  22  li,  lat.  oJ  0  N. 

H'L/j'fi-il,  a]).ist  town  in  Washiiif^ton 
county,  Khode  l.^iind;  lyinj^  on  the  W 
side  of  Narrii^-au/et  bay,  2l  miles  S  of 
Providence,  and  uiuc  Vv  of  Newport. 

U'icHou;  i\  ci.iinty  of  Ireland,  in  tiie 
province  of  Leiiihler,  3,5  miles  Ioiil;'  ami 
1^0  biuad;  boun<le(l  on  the  N  by  Dub 
l;n,  on  the  E  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  S 
b^  ^Ve\ford,  on  the  \V  by  Caterlmrrh 
aiid  KiUh.re,  and  on  tlie  "N  VV  by  Kil- 
dare.  It  is  inditl'ircntly  ii-nitful,  con- 
tains .54-  parishes,  and  semis  lu  members 
t.)  parliauient. 

lHt:/:!u'i.>,  ilie  capital  of  a  conr.ty  of 
the  same  name,  in  Ireland,  seated  on 
the  Irish  Sea,  witii  a  narrow  harbour, 
at  the  niniith  of  tlie  river  Leitrim,  over 
which  stands  a  rock,  instearl  of  a  cas- 
tle, surrounded  by  a  sironpf  wall,  24 
miles  S  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  7  W,  lat. 
52  55  N. 

Jt'ict'.jan;  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
governed  b\  a  mayor,  with  a  market  on 
Mondav .  It  is  17  miles  N  li  of  Bristol, 
and  ni  \V  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W, 
lat.  Jl  26  N. 

Widdiii,  a  Greek  archiepiscopal  town 
of  'liirkey  in  Europe.  'I'liis  town  has 
bi'en  long'  a  subject  of  contention  be- 
tween the  Turks  ami  Aiistrlans,  and 
has  several  times  been  taken  and  reta- 
ken. It  is  now  Well  known  on  account 
of  being'  the  capital  of  the  ifovernment 
(if  the  late  I'aclia  I'aswan  0(jflou,  who 
has  been  in  aim.u  fiir  several  \ears  ol' 
late,  and  has  repeatedly  discomdted  the 
Turkibli  armies  sent  ii(^ainst  him.     In 


W  IE 

I  1799  tlic  Porte  were  oblifrcil  i„  ni.iit: 
pe.ice  with  him  almost  on  his  i.wn 
terms,  from  which  we  mav  intir  i.c  i, 
no  despicable  enemy.  It  is  seatnlon 
the  D.iiiulie,  88  miles  N  E  of  Nis.s;i, 
and  l.)0  .S  L.  of  licl-radc.  I.on  Mj 
i;'.,  lat.  44  113  N. 

H'lc  I,  a  iirincipality  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine. 

n';Vi.i.'//,;H,-«,  a  town  of  Gerniaiiv,  in 
the  ciicle  of  Westphaliu.  I.on.  7  i'l 
E,  lat.  Jl  48  N. 

JVieitin,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  i'l 
the  palatinate  of  Siradia.  It  was  ni  . 
ed  by  the  Swedes  in  16;k),  hut  has  1  tin 
since  rebuilt,  and  has  a  j-ood  c  n.vlK 
It  is  sealed  on  a  river  w'-iicli  falLs  inl- 
the  Warta,  20 miles  S  ol  :-jiiadia  Loii 
18  .1.5  E,  lat.  jl  UN. 

Wii-Htsla,  a  villasve  of  I'liland,  h.tcly 
included  in  the  paKilinate  of  Ciiimw, 
but  now  conijirised  in  the  Ai;s'i'!aii 
kiiijrdom  of  Lodoineria.  It  is  ccU'lr:  ■ 
teil  tiir  its  salt  mines,  which  lie  ei;;,l 
miles  S  E  of  Craco  v.  '1  hey  a|  pi.ir  ti 
be  inexhi^i.tiblc,  as  will  easily  be  ciiii. 
ceived  from  the  fu  lowiiij^'  accoui't  ni' 
its  diineiisiuns.  Its  known  breadlh  is 
1115  feet;  its  leiifjtii  6tii)l  i'eet -,  ami 
dept!)  "'13  ;  and  the  best  jud^'es  on  tljc 
spot  s:ippose,  with  tlii'  i;i'eati-st  a;i|  ciii'- 
ance  of  probabihtVj  thi.s  solid  h-»\)  n'i 
salt  to  branch  into  various  direciioi.-, 
the  e\tent  of  which  cann<it  he  known; 
of  tiiat  pari  which  has  been  periljratcil, 
tlie  <lcplh  is  only  cdciilated  as  far  in 
they  have  hillicrlo  dug- :  and  wlio  ciiii 
ascertain  how  much  farther  it  n  ay  iK  • 
sciiid.  Merc  are  several  small  cliajnW 
excavated  in  the  salt,  in  which  mass  is 
said  on  certain  da;,  s  of  theye.ir  ;  ni;c 
of  these  chapels  is  above  30  feet  loiv; 
and  25  broad  :  the  altar,  the  ei  r.cilix, 
the  ornam  'nts  of  the  church,  the  sta- 
tues of  several  saints,  are  all  carved 
out  of  the  salt.  Many  of  the  cnchvu- 
tions  or  chambers,  from  whence  tl.c 
salt  has  been  diij;',  arc  of  an  iniininse 
si/e  ;  some  are  supporle<l  with  tiniliti, 
others  by  vast  pillars  of  s;dl,  which  arc 
left  staiiding-  for  that  purjxise  :  several 
of  vast  dimi'iisions  are  without  :  i:y 
support  in  the  middle.  I  remaikid 
(says  Mr.  Coxe)  one  of  this  latter  sort 
inp.irticidar,  which  was  certainly  80  (i  il 
in  height,  and  so  extremely  lonp  ami 
bro.id,  as  almost  to  appear  amid  the 
subterraneous  i^loom  without  limits. 
The  roofs  of  these  va'.ilts  are  not  arch- 
ed, but  flat.  The  immense  si/.e  ol 
these  chambers,  with  tlie  spacious  pas- 


/(7 

Wi'dl    a    III; 
It   IS    I^OVl 

two  iiieml 
.'iti-:)'i;,a-.st 
rnicles  ot 
tiU'c.     Th 
fi'M,  c.d 

and     j^-I'i;;il 
i.lMll. 

is  i!i;.(le  m| 
.Mid  It  is 
l"'il.      \V| 
ti-i-,  and 

.>-  \r, 

H.iiiijish! 
»>■  a  n:ii' 
•■ili-iiit  thi 
ly  o'le. 
'■';  !al  p:ii 

!-isin;.r  111 

:.t  the  N 
"Kiutli    o| 
^.111 1  W 
I'ui  o;i'  i| 

-'■:i.  'I'l 
■>U-ep  cli 
Imved  i>! 


7  I,E 

kVtTC  obliged  to  muke 
almosl  iiu  his  (wn 
cli  \vc  may  intii'  l,f  i, 
if  my.  U  'iB  s'-'iiivil  (m 
miles  N  E  ol  Nls>;i, 
JcliiTiidc.     l.on    MJ 

ipallty  of  Ccrmany,  in 
l^er  lUiiiio. 

,  town  of  GcTnumy,  m 
(■st')li:iliii-     l.on.   7  iJ 


W  I  G 


•n  of  Grciit  I'oland,  in 

•  Sinitlia.  U  v;i:'  n  i'  • 
L-s  in  l<5;iu,  lull  1"»^  '"'" 
iv.l  lias  ii  H<'<'<1  <;i>;tli 
a  livef  w-iifli  I'dls  liil' 

iiilesS  ol  ;-jirailia     Lon. 

nllut.;i-or  r(.lainlJ:.U>ly 

■  paiidiniilo  of  Cr; ", 

Tised  in  tl;e  Ans-nan 
dwinei-ia.  U  is  cildi; ■ 
mines,  wliicU  Ix-  fi^iA 
raco  V.  'llii-y  r'll»-'">" 
,c,  us  will  (-'"sily  !»■  ("ii; 
he  fo  lowing-  accimi'tm' 
Us   known  hrcadlli  is 

s  IcnK'-li  ^f'^'l  ^'^''^^  •  "™^ 
d  the  Ijcst  iudu'es  on  liic 
will.  llK-  Ki'f.'U-st  apr^oiiv. 

i)ililv,  llii.s  ''"'■"l  '^•"!-  "' 
1  into  various  direct  i(«.~, 
Nvhich  cannot  l)f  km.wi.; 
I'lch  lias  bccnpcnor-lc'd, 
onlv  c;dcuhaed  as  lav  vo 
iKrto  dnp  :  and  wlu)  Mil 
,•  nuicli  fartlifv  it  n  ay  .!.■• 
are  several  small  cl.ai.ch 
llie  salt,  in  wliifli  mass  is 
an  da'.sof  the-ycvi  nrr 
,cls  is"  above  oO  feet  Ion.; 

•  the  altar,  the  cnicilix, 
s  of  t!u'  church,  the  sUi- 
■A  saints,  are  all  rawed 
lit.  Many  of  the  cncsvu- 
imhers,  from  whence  d.c 
.„  iln-,  arc  of  an  imin.|nse 
,re  su)>iK)rled  with  tind.cr, 
<1  pillars  ofsall,  which  arc 

for  that  purpose  :  scver..l 
i.nsions  are  without  vv.) 
the  middle.  1  rcmavktd 
ove)  one  of  this  latter  snr 
,  which  was  certainly  80  Ici 

,ul  so  extremely  lonp  and 
dmost  to  appear  amid  t  u: 
vm  irloom  withmit  limits, 
f  these  va-.dts  arc  not  arch- 
ut  The  immense  si/e  <>l 
bers,  with  the  spacious  pa 


.;vTos  or  galleries,  together  with  the 
cIuihIs    ah.)ve-ineiaioned,    ami   a   tew 
ii„J.s   built   lor   the  horses  wiiich  are 
fuiUlered  below,    probably  ^ave  rise  to 
the  e-..ii;!''erated  accounts  of  sinue  tra- 
vellers, That  Uuvsc  mines  contain  seve- 
i;,l  viil.-ijes  iuhabiied  by  coh>n:esof  nii- 
,.'c,s    who   never   seo  llie  light.     It  is 
cuil.dn  tliat  there  is  rooii|»siidicientlor 
>,u!i  inii-i)os':s  ;  biHiief.ict  is,  that  tiic 
millers  hav  e  no  d\velliii;,;-s  under  ;<round, 
,„„u-  of  tliein    remaiibn;,^  l)elow  more 
than  eiglit  hours  at  a  time,    wlieii  they 
ure  relieved  by  others  fron\  above      In 
•nilli,  these  mines  arc  oi  inost  stupen- 
,loiis  o.tent  and  depth,    and   are  sulh- 
riciulv  wonderful  witlioul  t'ne  least  ex- 
;,. aeration.     Wc  found  them  as  dry  as 
a'r.iiim,    without   the   bait   damp   or 
mni.lure  ;  olisci'ving  only  in  our  wiiolc 
|;r.ii;ress   one    small    sprine;   of   water, 
diiLii    is    impregnated  with  salt  as  it 
runs  tlirough  the  mine.     These  mmes 
have   been'  worked   above    GOO  years. 
licfiire  the  partition  of  Poland,  in  1772, 
ihcy  furnisheil    a   considerable  i).u-t  of 
tlio'  revenue   of  tlie    kiniv,  wh;i^  drew 
livm  tliem    an  avarage  prolii.  of  aiiout 

>.ro;io/. 


;;'i(ve«.'c.'i^.  a  town  of  German},^  in 
llie  circle  of  Suubla.  Lon.  1  j  2  E,  lat. 
4S  ,]0  N. 

fi'^'..;;,    a    b.irou;.'h   in    Lancashire, 


wlih  a  market  on  .Momlay  and  Irida 
It  is  i^overued  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  n'lemliL-rs  to  paili.inient.  Here  tlie 
strangest  cliecks  are  made,  ami  otlicr 
rrticles  of  linen  and  cotton  manufac- 
ture. That  most  elegaitt  species  ol 
colli,  called  Canncl,  is  found  hi  plent;, 
iiiul  great  perfection  in  the  neigldi'm;-- 
i.iinil.  The  t^nudl  stream  tlie  Ooir.;-las 
is  ni;.de  navigable  hence  to  the  liibble; 
liiid  it  is  joiiieil  bv  a  canal  from  Liver 
1,m1.  Wigan  is  :)0  miles  S  (4'  Laiicas- 
lei\  and  I'Jt)  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
:  ,1.)  \V,  lat.  J3  J4  N. 

V,'ight,  an  isl.uid  on  the  coast  ol 
H,iiiii)sh;re,  from  which  it  is  separutei! 
iiv  a  narrow  clii.nnel  It  is  in  leninb 
:i!)aiit  thirteen  miles,  in  breadth  twcn 
ty  one.  It  is  nearls  divided  into  two 
I'fjial  parts  bv  the  river  Cowes,  which. 
rising  in  the  S  angle,  discharges  itself 
ut  die  N  into  the  eb.cmel,  opposite  the 
month  of  r;.)Utl':iniotoiid)av.  The  li 
uiid  W  points  of  the  island  arc  almost 
tiul  oil' from  the  body  by  arms  of  the 
j:-x.  The  S  coi.st  is  edged  with  very 
steep  cHH's  uCehalk  and  freestone,  hoi- 
luwed  out  into  caverns  in  >arLous  parts. 


W  I  G 

The  W  side  is  fenced  w'tli    ridges    of 
rocks,  of  which  liie   most  reinarUable 
are   those    called,  from  their  sharp  e>c- 
iremities,  tlie   Needles.      Uetween  the 
islaiiil   and    the   main  arc  various  sand- 
banks, espccialU  oil  the  li  part,  where 
is  the  safe  road  of  St.  Helen's.      .\<  n.ss 
the  island  from  L  to  W  runs  a  ridge  of 
lulls,    forming  a  tract   of  line   (lowiis, 
with  a  chalky  <n-  marly  soil,  wlilch  feeil 
a  great  ntiniber  of  tine-fleeced  siieep. 
lla'bhits  are  also  very  plentiful  here,    i'o 
the  N  of  this  ridge  the   land  is  chiefly 
pasture  ;  to  the  S  of  it  is  a  rich  arable 
country,  producing  great  crops  of  eurn. 
The  variety  of  prospects  which  this  is- 
land atJiirds,  its'  mdd  air,  and  tb.e  neat 
manner  in  which  the  fudds  are  laid  out, 
render  it  a  verv   delig-htfid   spot.     It  is 
devoted    almo.st    solely    to   husbandry, 
and   h.is  no    manufactory.     It  is  one  ol' 
the  principal  res  .'Urres   of  the  London 
market  for    ii-.m.  lied  barley.     Among 
its  products  are  to  be  reckoned  a  pure 
white  pipe  clay,    ami  a  tine  wiiile   cns- 
talmc  san.l ;  of  tite  latter'  ot  wldcii  great 
ru.vntities  are  eNi)orteil  f  >r  tiie  wsv  of 
the   glass-works  in  various  parts      Its 
principal  lown  is  tlie  borougli  of  New- 
1  po;t  :   it  likewise  <  otUaius  tiie  twos'.ii.dl 
i).  ,■  ve;hs  of  Newton  and  Yarmoutli. 

ff'j/.f )'.',  a  town  in  the  K  ridirg  of 
y.aiish  re,  witii  a  market  on  Wedne-S- 
dav,  seated  :'X  the  source  of  t'lo  Skcl- 
ster,  U>  miles  S  li  of  York,  .and  ];;J  N 
bv  \V  of  London.     Lon.   U  40  W,  lat. 

jj  3Z  N. 

W:^ton,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  'I'lie-d.iy,  veiled  am-mg 
the  moors,  13  m  its  S  W  of  Cai  lisle. 
:,nd  .j'Jl  .N'  N  W  oi  London.  Lon.  3  4 
W.  hit.  Jl  oJ  M. 

W~,^^t(i::,  a  horoor;h  and  seaport,  the 
countv-town  of  \Vi:r;"ishlre.  Here  arc 
sever.'d  vestiges  of  aoti  [uity,  .ilidto  \,\\c 
N  li  is  a  great  m;uNii,  cal!e<l  tl;e  Mess 
of  Ciee.  *  It  is  sit  lale  on  a  hill,  which 
overloolis  the  bav  of  VVigtoii.  Lon.  4 
I",  '.V.  lat.  ;>.)  U  N. 


Jfii'Uir.-jUrc,    a    coe 


f^tv  in  Scnthin<l, 
com.Mvheiulin.cthc  \V  part  of  Gall'uvay, 
and  the  Ue-alitv  of  Glciduee,  extends 
about  :U  mii'S  in  len;rl-h  from  E  to  \V, 
and  as  mueii  from  N  to  S,  is  bnimd.ed 
i)i\  the  N  hv  ;\vrsliire,  and 'm  the  \/  by 
the  Irisli  Sea.  '  This  l>-u-t  of  it  stretclies 
into  t'.ic  sea  in  fnin  of  a  ));  ninsida,  in- 
dented  on  both  si.les  i»y  two  inlets  cal- 
led  Lochri.m  and  tlio  bay  of  (Uenlucc- 
Gallowa'- isaliillv  country,  well  water- 
cd  with  iai.cs  and'  ninning  streams,  and 


1 1'^ 


W  1  L 

fcaviiij^  sevor;il  conimodi'ws  creeks  and 
harboiin,,  but  in  (U-stitiilc  of  vvooil  and 
find,      rlic   people    cnr,il.>y  I'lfins-d'  •  i 
pci'|)(:lu;iUy  ill  liiliiiifj  i)a  llie  cou>t,  us 
well  its  in  tlif  lakes  and  rivers  ;  in  wlilcli 
last  liii-y  cateli  iiinuinciable  inullitiides 
of  eels,  part  "f  whieli  they  salt  for  ex- 
poHatiiiii.—  Those    wlii)   do  nut  employ 
tlic  .IS.  Ivis    in    this    man-vr,    c  Kuiv 
♦  li   luselves  i     fi.rniing,   oi-  in  hiveduig 
oi  .;ii.-(  !>,  wh.is'-  word  inrns  out  to  ni-eal 
advaiita.^-e  ;  or  in   rais\;ip  hlack.  cattle, 
of  wliicii  5y,0i)0  are  ainiually  exported 
to  linir'aiid.  They  have  iilce  wise  a  small 
breed  of  horses  peculiar  to  tlie  couiUy, 
and  cidk'd  G".llo\vays  ;   wliieh  are  very 
Strom;,  geiilU',  and  fit  for  labour.     The 
J;iml  that  p-ojecfs  into  the  sea  between 
the  two  haNs'of  Loclirianar.d  CilcnUiciJ, 
is  called  the  Keimes  of  Gall  )\vay,  and 
counted   one  of  the   most  barren    and 
rui-.'<-d  parts  of  Scolhuid.     On  tlie  W 
coart  is  port  P.itrick,  from  whence  tlic 
packet   boat   sails    to   Doiia^jlKulec,    in 
Ireland  ;  the  channel  in  this  place  be ini? 
not    more  tlian  JO  miles  over.     From  a 
neiL'Ubouriu^j  hill,    one  way  see,  m  a 
fine  dav,  Ireland  to  ttic  S  W,  the  cuasl 
of  Cnuiberland  and  the  Isle  of  Man  to 
the  S  E,  and  'o    the  N,    the  island  ot 
11  V  and  the  Mall  of   Kintyrc. 

W.'ii;sch,  a  iVont'cr  town  ot  Turkey 
intluroiie,  in  liosnia,  seated  on  a  lake 
fnrnieil  oy  the  river  Unna,  40  nules  S 
E  of  Cari'^tadt.     Lon.    10  10  i'^,  iat.  -Ij 

34  N  .     ,, 

WiU'iv/,  a  town  of  Germany  m  the 
circle  of  Suabla,  with  warm  baths. 
Lon    8  3.5  K,  lal.  48  4  3  N.  . 

WiL'jcr^,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  the 
rinle  of  S\i.d)ia,  silnute  on  the  Nagold. 
Lon.  8  3S  K,  lat.  4S  iA  N. 

Wi/i'L'/i.iiuvn,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
raintalof  a  small  bailivvle,  united  Im  tit 
diitchv  of  jiremen.  It  is  sealed  on  tne 
HnnJ.'e,  IH  miles  .4  W  of  Bremen.  L./.i. 
8  27  i'.,  l.it  J.)  55  N. 

Wilh'shairv,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  l.uzcrr.e  eouaiv,  Pennsylvania  ;  mLu- 
aled  m\  the  E  bank  of  S.i.f'pU'hamiah  ri- 
ver, 62  miles  N  W  of  iv.istun  on  the 
Delaware,  S7  N  E  of  Ca<,avvs:.ey.  and 
58  of  Nortir-mberland.  Tlie  mhabitants 
atlast  enu>nor.iti<.n  were  HlJ. 

WiUjirJer,  a  town  of  Poland  m  Li.- 
thuama,  in  the  paUdinulc  of  Wihia, 
seated  on'tlte  Sweita,  45mde3  N  W  ul 
Wilna.  L'"  M  54  E,  lal.  55  VJ  l-i. 
WtlliMn  !'■  ■t  S.^e  '..uciiita. 
WilUain  Fort,  a  fort  in  liivcrjicssbire, 
Scotland. 


W  I  I. 


town,  the  (.»! 

,   North  Can.', 

M(k  of  Nulbu- 

I  he  Uoaiv.lic,  ' 

,   about  .>/  W  i. 

'J   N  E     i  \\\\ 


WiHiaviiboru',  ii  . 
tal  ol  Greenville  cui; 
na  ;   situated  en  'he   < 
erei  k,    a   branch    of 
miles  \V  (d  W'arrcii  • 
N   (if    Haliiax,    ai'' 
boro" 

.""i  "amaly  rg,  a  nost  town,  the  cnu 
i.ii  01  Janii's  City  coun'y,  and  forrii'i', 
Ihe  mcUopiilis  of  Virp;iiiia.     It  is  si.u., 
ted  on  the  east  side  of  a   small   cn-tk 
lii.it  runs  into  James  vivcr,  in    lat.   ,>, ' 
16'  N  and  lonjj.   Tt)"  4<i'  VV,  and  at  lli 
distance  ot     'J  miles     W    from    Vi,:„ 
oJ  E  by  S  from    lliehiMond,  and    17.) 
bv  E  from  IViuhin^u.n.    This  anclcat  ( , 
ty  was  made  tlie  seat  of  colonial  j,avei: 
ment   in    1('V8,    iiaving   been   romov.  i 
from  Jami-it  town,  on  account  of  a  |i)v. 
that  consumed  the  ptiblie  records  w  i!i 
^•leat  part  of  the  town,  and  tontiui:   ' 
to  enjoy   this   priv  il-^ve  till  the  re\.ilii- 
tion.     The    sireet:,    are    laid   out  w.ii 
preat   reL;ularity,    and  the  public  ci'.iV 
ce»    exhibit   Ihs    ruins  of  ci)mi).iral.\  ■ 
^'rand(;ur,    particularly    the  capitol  aiu. 
ihe  eolh-c^e    In     le  fm-mer  vvas  erccto'. 
a  marble  statue  in  honour  of  the  vine 
oils  luid  Hoiitetourt,  the  patron  of  sei- 
cnec  and  tiie  colony,    winch  is  i^'.av  nu- 
ser.iblv   defaced  by  the  gothic  hands  i.f 
neg-roes    and     others.       The     coUeiro 
called  the   colL.i^e  of  William  ami  Ma- 
ry,   which    was  endowed  by  the  ri)_\,.l 
government,    with  a   cl.jar  and  certain 
re\eniie  of  "M')'}L  |)er  annum,  sldl  re- 
mains to   reproach   the    ancient   domi- 
nion :  thou.nh  built  to  accommodate  llJ'J 
pupils,  it  has  seUlom  move  than  forty. 

W':::ii:nufnrt,  a  Jiost  town  in  Lye  ir- 
inii-couMU,  I'eiinsvlvania  ;  standin-- rn 
the  N  bide  of  the  VV  branch  of  .•iu.,4''  ' 
hannali,  65  miles  S  of  T\oi;-a,  3o  N  l.<^ 
W  of  Noithi.iaberland,  and  ItiO  N  W 
of  Plii'.adelpiii.i. 

JfiUiiiKs/or:,   a  p.;st  town  in  V.'ai': 
inj,non   couatv,  MaiAland;   situated  . Hi 
the  E  side  of  V.)tov.-ma>-!:  river,  6nii!'.s 
S  W  of  Hager-i'.own,  oi  N  W  of  l-'reJ- 
ericklown,'aiKl  7S  from  UaltimiU'e. 

miliumston,  a  post  town  in  OrMi^r 
countv,  Vermoul;  siliiiiled  betwee;! 
Wa.sh'in"-lon  and  Noiliiii-id,  14  miles 
N  ofU.vml,lph,about-l'5Nof  Wimli.., 
and  an  'Ut  the  same  distance  S  l.  oi 
B.iilini;ton,  on  lake  Champluin. 

WiUiamstcr.,  a  post  town  in  Befk- 
,a,ii-e,  Muss;u-:.m-:ells  ;  20  miles  \\  ot 
PittsUcld,  ami  i;  S  of  Uernm-ton,  in 
Vcnnont;  ^ituiUed  in  the  N  W  curu»': 


:  I, 

:■■  town,  lliC  ( ,'] 
NiirUi  Can.., 
,  Milt  of  Nulbib', 
if  the  RoaiHiUe,  !7 
uc  ,  about  ;>/  W  i,i 
i  .1»  N  li    i  Hli; 

Ki.st  town,  tlic  <:ij,! 
mii'y,  anil  t'Driin'i' . 
irp;iiua.     U  is  si.u.i 
;  ol'  a   small   r.ritk 
s  liver,  ill    lat.   ,ii ' 
9  4b'  VV,  ami  at  t'l 
cs     VV    from   Yidk 
clunond,  uml    17) 
'i,;i.    'I'liia  anclca;  (,■ 
It  of  colonial  j^avcs:- 
vilij;   bci;ii    I'onvjv. 
oil  account  of  a  i'\'. 

public  records  \v  iii 
own,  and  contiui:  ' 
ilc-jVe  till  the  rcviihi. 
are  laid  out  wii  i 
and  the  public  i.i'.i:; 
uins  of  ci)ni[)av:il.>  ■ 
arly    liic  cajiilol  ;ii.i. 

fi)rj))cr  was  erccti.i'. 
bonour  of  tbe  vii'.i. 
■t,  the  patron  of  si;i- 
V,  wbicb  is  i"./\v  m.- 
i  tbc  gotbic  bands  (.f 
ul'S.        'rlie      ciilkgi: 

of  William  :ind  M;i- 
luUiwcd  b\'  tbc  rii_\.l 

a   cloar  and  certmi'. 

per  annum,  sl.U  it 
1   Ibe    ancient   donii- 
,  to  accommodate  lU'J 
mi  move  ibaii  forty. 
pdst  town  in  Lyci  i;  - 
ylvania  ;  slandir.-;  -  ■; 
\V  b;'ancb  of  .-iu.jii', 
S  of  T\o);m,  oO  N  I.v 
M'Und.'and  HiU  N  Vi' 

,  p;)st  town  in  V.'ai': 
[aiylanil;   situuled  .iU 
wiiia.-l:  river,  6  nii'.'.-^i 
rt-n,  jj  N  W  of  Im-cJ- 
i  from  ilakiinure. 

post  town  in  Or;.ii,:;:' 
L;     silnaVed    bclvvec:'. 

No!liiii''!d,  14  niilfs 
bont-t'JNof  Win.'.s.., 
ane  distance  S  li  ^'i 
ke  Clianipluin. 
.  post  town  in  Ber';- 
sells  i  20  miles  N  >-!' 
;;  S  of  Hennington,  in 
:d  ill  tbc  K  W  curu^: 


W  T  L 

f  tbe  Ktate,  containing  20.i6  iiibabi- 

taris- 

itritiiamtton,  a  post  town,  tbe  capital 
of  Mar  Ml  counl\,  North  Ci  b'na  ;  h- 
injc  on  tbe  S  side  ol  Itciuiv  '.  river.  2S 
miles  VV  of  Plym  lutli,  jJ  N  W  of 
VVasliinjfton  on  I'  iin,  tieo  river,  and  a- 
bout  45  S  E  of  Halifax,  w.lb  uboul  JL/0 
;•       n'tatits. 

IViliiiiinstaJt,  a  stroiiR  seaport  of  II. >1. 
land,  b.iill  by  VVilliaiii  I  prince  ol  O-  , 
nmije,  in  158).  Tbe  river  near  wlilcb  ; 
it  stai.ds,  is  called  Hnlterlliet,  or  Hoi-  j 
land  Diep,  and  is  one  "f  tbe  bulwarks  , 
of  llie  Di'cb  on  tbe  side  of  llraliiut.  ; 
Tbe  Fieiicb  laid  sejtc  to  tbis  pl.ve  in  j 
iryj,  but  were  obljfed  to  raise  tbe  ; 
sieKe,  afier  a^fidlai.t  ilefe  .ce  ;  but  tbev  | 
took  ii  in  J"y5.  It  IS  15  miles  N  h  ol  i 
Bergen  op  Ziotn.  and  12  S  VV  ol  JJort 
Lon.4.1U  E,  lat,  51  .3'J  N. 

IV..  u'  Llaiut,  a  rocky  island  at  tbe 
N  end  of  ibe  island  of  So.illiern  Ceor 
pia.  It  was  discovered  in  l/T?,  ami 
is  covired  wlt'i  the  iicits  of  many  tboii- 
sand  s'laRS.  Lm.  JU  20  W,  lat  54  U  S. 
IVi-l'hi.iK,  !i  town  of  Swiiserlaiid,  in 
tbe  rani, m  of  L  .tern,  t-ealeil  ainon;;' 
hif^b  mui. mains,  oiitue  ri%er  \Vi;^<r,  ij 
niile^  N  VV  of  Lucern, 

IViUsli'irou^^h,  a  post  town  In  I^ss^x 
coiinf..  New  York  j  siUi:  ted  on  the  VV 
side  oflake  Chami.lain,  :';/!  comni,ind. 
in^  an  extensive  view  of  ll.at  watci', 
and  9  miles  N  E  ol"Eli/abelli  town.  It 
supports  a  rejjiilar  i  omiiiunicalion,  a- 
rross  the  lake,  wi'.'i  IJ'U  liiHvton  :e;,l 
Vcr|.'eunes  in  Vermont ;  l','in^  15  miles 
K  VV  of  tbe  latter,  and  aboiil  J,)  .S  W 
of  tbc  former,  and  214  N  of  llie  ciiy  o! 
New  Voik, 

JVi!-)!:i'i.itrn;i:l,  .1  town  of  Russia,  in 
tbc  {fDvcrnment  of  VVibiiri,^  fatT-,  nis  tnr 
a  battle  fong-bl  in  ils  vieinitv,  bel  ween 
16,000  Russians,  and  3,000  Swedes  j 
wherein  the  latter  were  defeated.  Lon, 
tr  .vt  E,  lal.  01  20  N. 

Wilmington,  a  p  st  town  in  W.ndbam 
county,  Vcrmo  it;  15  miles  VV  of  liiau 
tleboro',  and  21  E  of  Bcnn.nKton,  at 
the  foot  of  tbc  Green  Mountain,  luuin^ 
about  1000  inhabitants. 

Wilmington,  tbe  capital  of  New  Man- 
over  county,  North  Carolina ;  beintv  a 
post  town,'  and  port  of  entry,  situateil 
on  tbc  E  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about 
30  miles  from  the  sea,  97  miles  S  by 
W  of  Newbern,  and  about  tbe  same 
distance  S  be  F.  of  Fa\etteville,  in  the 
lat.  of  34°  10'  N,  and  long,  of  7«°  10' 
W.    This  is  one  of  the  principal  sea- 


!'U  IjJ.I 

\d    h 

t  .  . 


;]•,  ..ad  tbiee 
..siderable  e- 


W  I  L 

ports  in  North  Carolina.  The  nnmial 
exports  anioimt  to  150,000  ilollars,  and 
tbe  inliabitantu  are  1689,  two  third*  bf- 
ing  slaves. 

Wii»iii:i;tntt,   a.  post  town  iMid  port  of 
entry   in  'Newcastle  county,  being  tbe 
lai-j^est  town  Ml  Delaware  Stale.     It  is 
seated   on   tbe    N    b;,iik  of  Christiana 
creek,  nunr  itn  enlraice  into  the  Uela- 
wiirc-,  2t>  miles  S  VV   of  Philadeljibia, 
74    N    E   of  Hailimore,    and  117  from 
Watliin^ton      'ibe  town  is  incorporated, 
and  (voverncd  by  two  burgesses,  and 
six  :iS!.isiaiUs,  who  are  elected  aiinual- 
1,.     li  IS  regularly  buili  ;    the   bouses 
arc  mosllvof  brickh,  and  contains  about 
3  lOO  s  )ul!i.   Tbe  principal  foreign  traile 
of  tbe  Sli'te  p.isses  tb'    '  this  p.rt  tbc 
.■.ports  m  1802  amou        f,         440,.500 
do  ,ars,   and   tbo^e    rl.  ;Hy        .l)ines- 
l.t  produce       ibe  )    i'u  i,j.il         lic  erli- 
Hce  is  a  poor-bouse,       vd    hi.         il,   120 
feet  wiile    by  40  iv. 
stories  high,  bu 

mintnee   and  a  verv  •;•,,.■>    situauon. 
It    lies  in  lat.  39   43-'  ,  ,  ar^  1  long.  75 
32'   VV. 

JVihnhigtcn,  •  ■  -n  '  North  Caroh- 
na,  siuiauoiitbe  si  e  of  tbe  E  branch 
of  Cape  Ee.ir  river,  34  nides  N  of  Cape 
Fear,  and  85  S  W  of  Neubein. 

Wiina,  a  conime.ii.l  ciiy  of  Llll.u- 
uni.i,  in  a  '  alatiiiale  of  the  name  name, 
viiib  a  bisb  p's  see,  a  im.ver^iiy,  an 
ancient  castle,  and  a  palace.  The  boii- 
se-(  are  a'l  built  of  wood.  It  was  taken 
b\  ll'.c  Russians  in  1794;  an  I  is  sealed 
at  the  coiii'.iieiice  of  the  Vili.T  and  Wii- 
na. 15  miles  E  of  Trokl,  and  215  N  E 
of  Warsaw,  l.on.  25  39  E,  lat.  54  33  N. 
H'ildiiif,  or  WiU.iorf,  atownofCer- 
nr.;nv,  in'tl-.e  circle  of  Upper  Saxony. 
Lon!  13  23E,  l.-.i.  51  5  N. 

U'ihhoirn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, seated  at  the  eonl'.ueiice  of  the 
Wils  and  Danube,  30  miles  N  VV  of 
Passaii.  . 

IVii'snacli,  a  town  of  Germ.-inv,  in  thfi 
margravale  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 
a  rivulet  that  falls  not  far  from  il  into 
the  Elbe. 

Wilton,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  witli 
a  niarktt  on  Wednesday.  It  was  for- 
merlv  the  <aiit:.l  of  tbe  county,  but  is 
now'ot  small  note,  thoir'b  it  Hends  tivo 
niemlcrs  to  parliament,  and  has  a  ma. 
nuf.icUire  of  carpets  and  thin  woollen 
siiilVs.  It  is  seated  at  tbe  conlUience  of 
11  e  Willy  and  Naddcr,  seven  miles  N 
I  W  of  Sal  sburv,  imd85  VV  by  S  of  Lon- 
[don.  Eon.  1  52  VV,  lat.  51  5  N. 
U  a  11  u  u 


I 


W  I  L 

Wiltshire,  a  coiintv  of  F.ii^'and,  ii 
cu'li'il  trmn  the  town  if  W  ilion,  oiir. 
its  r;i|i|tul.  It  is  5.)  llliIcK  loll);,  uiul  .}  ' 
l)ro  (I ;  l)..iiiuleil  on  tlic  N  K  l)>  bcik 
lll'irc,  oiitlic  li;  liy  Uci-lislilrc-and  Hani|> 
■liirc,  on  lilt  \V  liy  Sonu-l'Ni  isiiii'r,  «m 
tlic  S  !);,  D.pi'sotsliirf  and  Huiii|'s!iii'c, 
nnd  on  tin-  N  \V  uinl  iN  l)>  Glmioi'stir 
Till-  liinil  ill  ttiis  county  IS  of  \i(rioiis 
qniilily,  but  in  (^nifralilry  ami  i-U'valcd 
'i  III-  N  piirt,  liii  nifil)  o\ti-nin  witli  I'o- 
reKis,  and  at  prcsi'iit  sprinkled  willi 
woods.  Is  hilly,  1)111  Ici till' i  and  allinds 
pasture  liir  caltk-      'lie  litij;iil  of  this 

tract   is   proxcd  hy  tin-  vai is   rivers 

wlilcli  have  their  woorcfs  in  it,  'I'lu' 
liciids  of  the  flianus  ;n  Oli'iocstcrsh.rc 
«irc  \ciy  iitar  l!.c  border  of  this  coiint\  ; 
nnd  (-cvcral  of  its  tnbutarv  Tills  rise  in 
the  N  of  Wiltshire,  1  h'e  chalk  hills 
oi(iit)\  by  lliiir  various  rid;,'es  a  coiisi- 
derable  part  of  llic  middle  of  tliis  coiii'- 
fy,  fjrminjj;  wide  diwiis  in  tl.e  nei^fh- 
boiirhood  of  Marlboro'ijjh  Bel.iw  the 
middle  Inpns  that  exienslvc  tract  of 
open  diwil'i  and  heaths,  frreat  part  of 
vhich  bears  llie  nmie  of  Salisbury  plain, 
tin-  most  remarkable  spot  of  the  kind  in 
Kn^'land.  Over  these  wilds,  stretcliiiifj 
heyor.d  the  reach  of  slight,  waiuler  vast 
Hoi  ks  of  sheep  with  liieir  solitary  shep- 
lieids,  the  sole  tenants  of  the  plain, 
except  the  bustard,  the  wheat  ear,  and 
a  few  other  lovers  of  the  ilesert.  Kiiina 
of  |{i.nian,SftM>n  and  Danish  niomiments 
Te  scattered  throitfth  these  districts  ; 
Mmonnf  which  the  faiTioiis  Stniiclieng-e 
rises  <listin[ruislied  to  the  view  Tlie 
sol  of  this  uncultivated  waste  is  said  to 
be  naturally  f^ood,  producinp;'  wild  bur- 
net,  and  line  ;,rasses  excellent  for  sheej). 
lis  edges  arc  fertilized  by  foldinjj;  the 
flocks  upon  the  ploiipjh'jd  land,  and 
yield  abundant  crops  of  rye,  bailey,  a:  d 
wheat.  To  the  soiltii  of  the  lai^esi 
tract  of  plain  is  a  rich  well-in'  ab  led 
country,  watered  by  various  streao  s 
Ik'tween  the  rivers  Willy  and  Naddci 
lies  the  Chicklade  ridt^'e  of  bills,  utnon;.^ 
which  is  Chitiaurk,  noted  for  its  cjiiar- 
ries.  nevoiul  the  Nadder,  to  tlie  bor- 
<leis  of  Dorsetshire,  the  open  plain  re- 
appears 1  lie  chief  manufactures  are 
the  diflerei't  branches  of  the  clotbinj 
trade,  rhe  principal  rivers  are  the  Ui 
per  and  Lower  Avon,  the  Nadder, 
\Villy.  Honrne,  and  Kennet.  This  (  o'.n- 
ty  lies  inthe  diocese  of  Salisbury  i  con- 
Taiiis  29  hundreds,  one  city,  S4  market 
towns,  and  3U4  parishes  ;  atid  sends  34 


W  I  N 

inemlier*  to  parliament.     Salisbury  i« 
I  e  e.i;  ital. 

Will  b.ettm,  ft  villajfc  in  Surry,  on  an 
elcNated  heath.  Here  is  a  park  be- 
lon^finif  to  Earl  Spencer,  whence  may 
l)e  seen  19  parish  diniThis,  exclusive 
III  t'l 'se  of  London  and  Westminnter 
v)n  Winibleloii  Comiiion,  is  a  riicnhir 
eiK-.impnient,  incluibiin'  seven  acres 
the  trench  very  deep  and  perfect. 
Caiiibdin  »'i|ipi>»es  it  to  have  been  the 
site  ol  a  battle  in  AfiK,  between  Ccaii- 
liii  kin^-  of  the  West  Saxons,  and 
Klhelbi  1 1  kiiitf  of  Kent,  in  which  the 
latter  was  deleaUd.  At  VViiiiblelon 
are  copper  mills,  a  iiiamifacture  fir 
printing  calicucb,  and  anuUier  uH  Japan 
ware. 

Wiuimii,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Hern,  seated  on  the  Sib- 
neii,  Itl  miles  S  of  Uern.  Lon.  7  b  K, 
hit   46  31  N. 

Wiiii/ffii,  a  free  imperial  town  oi 
Germany  in  Siiabia,  seated  on  the  Nf- 
kar,  ei^'ht  miles  N  of  Huilbrou,  and  'Si 
E  of  llcid*  Iberjc.  Lon  'J  23  E,  l..t.  49 
20   N. 

JViii/iorii,  or  Winhorn  Minster,  a  town 
in  Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Fri- 
day. Il  is  apreit)  larjre  well-inhabited 
place,  lias  a  handsoiiie  church,  called 
the  Minster,  and  bad  a  monastery,  in 
which  were  interred  sonic  W  Saxon 
kiniffl.  It  i.s  seated  between  the  Stoin 
and  Allen,  six  mile's  N  of  I'oole,  and 
102  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  1  W.lat. 
5a  47  N. 

Wiiicaunton,  a  town  in  Somersctsliirc, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24  miles  S  ofB-itli, 
and  108  W  bv  S  of  Limdon.  Lon.  2  1» 
W.  Iat.51  IN. 

Wiiiclicmnb,  a  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
was  formerly  noted  for  itg  abbey, 
whose  mitred  abbot  had  a  seat  in  par- 
liament. It  is  seated  in  a  deep  bot- 
tom, 16  miles  N  E  of  Gloucester,  nnd 
9.?  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W, 
It.  51  55  N. 

IViiichtUea,  a  town  In  Sussex,  one 
of  the  cinque  ports.  It  was  built  in 
'lie  rei^n  of  Edward  I.  on  the  destruc- 
t  on  of  a  more  ancient  town  of  the  same 
'  ame,  with  18  churches,  and  distant 
bout  three  miles.  It  was  swallowed 
p  by  the  sea,  in  a  terrible  tempest, 
■lid  the  new  town  beinp  sacked  by  the 
French  and  Spaniards,  and  deserted  by 
the  sea,  dwindled  to  a  mean  place,     It 


"'-M 


N 

imcril.    Suliiibury  i« 

njfc  in  Surry,  on  iin 
IlliTc  in  a  purk  be- 
li'iiccr,  wlielue  may 
1  iliiirrlK  s,  exclusive 
unit  VVtHtmiiiiitcr 
l)iniuiin,  \s  u  ril'culur 
lulling'   scvcit    aci'i'tt 

i|('t'|j  uikI  |iri Tiot. 
I'H  it  to  liavf  bfeii  tilt" 
|A()H,    beUvcrli  Ccaii- 

Wfsl    Saxons,    iiiul 

Rent,   ill    wliicll    the 

ittil.      At   WiinblctMii 

>,    a   inunuructurc  t'lr 

and  uiiotlicr  u<'  jupuu 

rn  of  SwiHserlaiid,  in 
'II,  seated  on  t!ic  Ml)- 
if  Ufi-n.     I, on.  7  HE, 

•Lc  impi'i'ial  town  ol 
ii;i,  scati'd  on  till"  Nc- 
N  of  Haillii'ou,  and  22 
Lon  'J  '25  E,  \.A.  49 

''inborn  Minster,  a  town 
with  u  iiiarkcl  on  Fri- 
itv  larjfc  wt'll-iiiliabitcd 
dsoiuo  church,  culled 
Ll  had  a.  nionastcn ,  in 
tcri'cd  some  W  Saxon 
ed  between  the  Stonr 
niles  N  of  I'nolc,  and 
idun.     Lon.  '2  1  \V,lat. 

town  in  Somcrsetsliirc, 
in  Wednesday,  seated 
hill,  24  miles  S  ofB'itli, 
of  Loudon.     Lon.  2  IK 

town  in  Gloucester- 
larkct  on  Saturday,  It 
noted  for  its  abbey, 
■>l)ot  had  a  seat  in  par- 
eated   in   a  deep   bot- 

E  of  Gloucester,  nnd 
.ondoit.     Lon.  2  0  \\^, 

town  in  Sussex,  one 
ol'ts.  It  was  built  ill 
yard  L  on  the  destruc- 
icienttown  of  the  same 
churches,  and  distant 
rs.     It  was  swallowed 

in  a  terrible  tempest, 
n  being  sacked  by  the 
liards,  and  deserted  by 
:d  to  a  mciin  place.    It 


W  1  N 

,«  a  corporation,  and  scuds  two  mtm- 
bi-rs  t<i  pariLiiiRnt.  It  is»eulid  on  a 
rocky  clill,  on  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  umI 
had  a  Imveii  now  choked  up.  I'liui 
of  the  gales  are  still  stuiuliii^,  biii 
iinu'h  d.  i.>\ed.  Wiiuli'.Uea  i'»  two 
miles  S  VV  of  Hvf,  and  71  >>  W  ol  Lon- 
don     l.dii   0  44  t.,  l.it.  j;>  M  N. 

IViiie/ieulfjn,  a  jiost  town  in  Worces 
tcr  coiliitv,  Massachusetts  ;  .)>  niiU  h 
N  W  of  Worcester,  and  bj  W  by  N  ol 
llcMion. 

W.iichr.Uir,  a  city  of  Hampshire,  witli 
iwo  in.ii'kets,  on  Wediifid.iy  and  Sa- 
iiu'day.  It  is  pleasantly  scaled  in  a 
vallcN  between  liills,  oil  the  del^vi'Hul 
river  Itcliiiiic,  and  in  about  one  mile  u>n[ 
a  half  ill  circuinfereiice  iiiuiid  the  wall's, 
tliroug'li  ivhicli  there  are  fmr  g'aie-.: 
however,  there  is  some  waste  (ground 
wilbin  llic  walls,  aii<l  at  present  but 
fi\o  parish  ehuribes  lietiides  llie  cathc- 
ilral,  wliicli  is  a  lar^e  and  beaiilil'ul 
structure,  and  in  which  arc  interred 
■.(•veral  SaMni  kiiij^s  and  (|ueeus,  and 
Its  ahar  jiiecc  is  said  to  be  the  biust  in 
tni^laiid.  The  other  reinaikablc  build. 
inffs  arc,  the  bishop's  palace,  the  ball 
where  the  assi/es  are  kept,  .'«nd  t!ie 
coll(')^e  or  school,  which  last  is  with- 
out the  w.'ills.  Kintr  Charles  II.  ap- 
pointed Sir  Chri^iioplier  Wren  to  binld 
a  roy»l  [)ulace  lure,  but  he  nen  r  li\ed 
to  see  it  finished  :  jior  has  it  been  hith- 
erto according  to  'ihe  ori>;inal  plan.  In 
the  late  wars  it  was  tilted  uj)  for  the 
reception  of  prisoners,  but  is  now  in- 
habited by  a  great  number  of  t!ie 
French  enni^raiit  cler;fy.  Near  tlie 
S  end  of  the  city  is  the  hospital  ol'  St. 
Cross,  founded  by  a  bishop  of  this  see, 
for  a  master,  nine  poor  brethren,  and 
foiii'  out-pensioners.  All  travL-lU  rs. 
who  call  at  this  hospital,  have  a  ri}>'h 
Id  demand  some  bread  and  beer, 
which  is  alwajsbrouffhtto  them  Near 
the  E  pate  of  the  city  is  .St  John's  bos 
pitnl,  in  the  ball  of  which  the  corpora- 
tion (^ive  their  cntcrtainnieuts.  The 
city  ii  interspersed  with  a  |jre:it  many 
i^ardeiis  which  coiitrdiutp  to  its  liedtli 
iness  and  beauty.  \VilU■he^ler  was  o' 
«i'eat  note  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons 
and  here  Egbert  was  cisiwr.ed  tin 
lii'st  sole  m 'iiarch  of  Eiij^land.  Th 
city  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  it- 
i.piited  in  av:dlcy  on  the  river  Itchen,  21 
miles  N  VV  of  Chichester,  and  O.J  \' 
bv  N  of  London.  Ljii.  1  31  W,  lai 
Jl  5  N. 


W  I  N 

Win<h<tler,  a  poit  town  and  the  cap'tril 

ll  KrLileri  k  co  oity,  V  .rguiia,  l/niil  ■* 
'.V  by  N  of  Ashb)  s  ferry  on  Mu  ...a* 
loali  riur,  XH  N  of  Strusburj,',  and  bi 
"^  \V  tit  It' .tliiii/iliiii  Ibis  IS  one  of  tiio 
Idest  t'lwiis  in  western  Virginia,  beinu 
apl.iieof  coiisiiU'i  ..bic  rellde/VoUs  at 
ihi^  time  of  ilradiloek'*  deleat.  ll  it 
Kiw  in  a  till  i\  ing  state,  and  carries  mi  a 
l.irge  iiil.iiid  trade.  It  i^  iiiciii|.or.>tcil 
>nd  contaiiiH  about  2iUU  inhabitantN. 

n^iiiJtia',  a  town  of  the  diitchy  of 
Lixii'laiid,  with  a  castle,  aiul  a  iiai  briiir 
at  the  inoiitli  of  the  VV  etaw,  in  the  lial- 
II.  ,  70  miles  N  VV  of  Millaw,  and  UiO 
N  "f  Mei.iel.  Lon   22  .'»  K.  lat.  57  2U  N< 

ly.iia'entiiifiiiatir,  or  IViiiaiider-mirej 
the  most  eMeiinve  lake  in  Knglaiid, 
lying-  bel\>eeti  We  amorelaiid  and  i.aii< 
eashire.  ll  extends  10  mdi.'s  from  H 
to  .S,  but  in  no  part  brouilei  th:>n  a  mile  ; 
and  e.vhibits  a  greater  \aiaty  of  lino 
landscajie."  tliaii  an)  lake  in  England.  It 
II.  fanious  i'>r  its  line  char,  and  abiKiiuiH 
.dso  with  I  rout,  perch,  pike,  anil  eel. 
ll  has  a  comiminieallon  on  the  VV  witli 
Kslhwaile  water  j  ami  lis  principal 
eeder.i  are  tlie  riven-  Kotliay andUrat- 
bay.  T!ii:i  lai;e  is  Irefpeully  intersect- 
ed by  promonlorii  s,  aiul  spotted  witli 
i.-.lands.  Among  tliete,  the  Hi. line, 
111'  Creal  l.ilaud,  an  oblong  tract  of  j6 
acres  crosii.'S  the  lake  In  an  ohlinue  line, 
suri.iiiiided  by  a  luimber  of  interior 
isles,  finely  wooded.  Not  one  buU 
rusli,  or  s.vampy  reed.debles  the  in:tr« 
gin  ol  this  I'ake. 

l\'::,dUam.     See  JV.inondhum 

IViiulliiMi,  a  post  town  in  Rnckinff- 
ham  cotintv.  New  Hampshire,  i  iK'lit 
miles  S  by  E  of  I,oii(!iiiiderr\ ,  4.)  S  VV" 
of  l-'ortsnioutii,  and  2d  VV  of  Ncwbury- 
;iort. 

Wiitdliaw,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
'if  Windham  coimlv  Connecticut,  10 
miles  W  of  Canteibliry,  12  N  by  VV  of 
Norwich,  and  32  E  of  Hart'brd,  con« 
taining  about  500  inhabitantH. 

WiiiJinmerk,  a  leiritorv  of  Germany, 
firmintc  the  E  part  of  C.rniula.  Met- 
lln?  is  the  capital, 

Windlint^t-n,  a  towi  of  Germanv  in 
Su;ii>i.'i,  in  the  dutcliy  of  VVuleinburg', 
s  ated  on  the  Ncckar,  12  miles  from 
St  ily'iinl. 

Wihlsimm,  an  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
manv  in  Francunia.  Lon.  lU  25  E,  lat. 
49  ">  N. 

Win ! jar,  a  town  of  the  United  States 
of  N  Amurica,  ncated  ui\  the  river  Con« 
nccttciLt. 


W  1  N 


W  I  N 


V 


'<!« 


tVindtar,  tlie  capital  of  Windnor  conn. 
t|',  \'i  riiioiit,  siliiutcil  on  tin-  \V  h1(Ii<  (iI 
CoiinixUiiil  river,  40  iiiilcn  I..  I>y  S  ul 
HiitliinJ,  i.'\(l  ,J  S  l)\  W  cil'Diiriiuoulli 
oolli'ffe,  Ntw  H:iiiil).iliii'f.  'I'lif  Sfat 
of  KimTtiiieiil  ulleriiulcs  '.i.Hs  eii  tins 
town  iiiid  Uiltltind 

Wiiuuor,  u  post  town  in  Hartto'.-ti 
county,  Coiii^frtiri.t  i  U'n^g  on  tie  \V 
)4i(lf  of  Conncolii'iil  rixiT,  seven  m'l'.vi 
N  of  Hurttiird,  uml  22  S  In  W  ol 
Sprinirlii'lil,  iVluHHuclulH(.-ll»  It  i\a^ 
377.5  iiili;il)iluiit». 

Wi  I'Uor,  x  con8iclfral)If  boroiicrii  in 
Biiksliire.  It  is  pU-usuntly  muIhI  on 
the  banks  of  till.- 'I'll. linen,  on  ii  hcanti- 
fiil  cniitiencc.  It  is  cfklinttt-d  fur  its 
majfnilit  cut  I'listli',  liiiill  ori(;'in;ill\  by 
AVilliani  the  Conijii  ri.r,  und  I'lilai-gcd 
by  Hcniy  I.  It  lius  been  enli.rj.ftl  uial 
repalrcil  by  several  monunlis,  mid 
Cliiiiles  II.  restored  tlie  Chtle  to  iis 
pristii  e  MjlendDiiv  :  be  cnlaiu'ed  tlie 
windows,  and  made  tbeni  re>;uli.r  ;  fnr- 
nisluii  tlir  royal  apartments  Willi  paint- 
ings i  enlarged  tlie  terrure  walk,  niaie 
b)  (pii  en  Lli/...betii  on  ti.e  N  side  ot  the 
castle;  .iiul  cunied  anotlier  terraie 
loiMid  tlie  E  and  S  sides.  His  jiresenl 
inajtsly  lias  also  made  \ery  fine  iin- 
proveniriits  in  it.  'Ibis  castle  is  seat- 
ed on  a  \ivf,\\  bill,  wbieb  rises  !iy  a  pen- 
ile aseeiil.  It  is  u  pli.ee  of  ^rei.t 
strength  on  arcoiint  of  its  situation,  as 
it  stands  on  an  eininenre  and  adords  a 
most  <leli(;btfiil  an<l  extensive  pros|.'eet 
over  tiie  tour.lry  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tatu-f.  'i  iic  royal  f.undations  in  this 
castle  arc  ;  the  order  of  ihe  ffarler,  in- 
stiliited  in  1.54'.),  consisting  of  the  sovt- 
reij,'n,  and  25  knights  conipanii)iis,  ex- 
clusive of  the  princes  of  the  blnod-roy- 
al ;  and  tbc  royal  college  of  St.  George, 
ioiisisting  of  a  dean  ,  12  canons,  seven 
minor  canons,  and  18  piHH-  knights; 
and  the  ceremony  of  installing  the 
kniglils  of  the  Garter  is  perfornud  on 
.St.  George's  day.  with  great  ponij)  and 
inapiiticeiue  i  and  St.  George's  Hall, 
which  is  paved  with  marble,  is  one  of 
the  bncst  rooms  in  Kiirope  The  roy 
ul  chapel  at  the  1:^  end  of  it,  is  also  pa- 
ved  with  niarliU"  and  adorned  with 
carved  work,  exceeding-  cni'ioiis.  St 
<;eorge's  chapel,  in  which  the  knig!:i,s 
of  the  Garter  arc  installed,  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  stately  Gothic 
buildings  in  the  world;  in  the  choir 
are  tlic  stalls  for  the  26  knights,  with 
banners  (ner  them,  and  a  throne  for 
the    sovergljju.     As  lliu    knights  die, 


thair  banners  nrr  taken  (lo\vn,  itnU 
their  titles  and  coats  of  arms  engruMtt 
<iii  little  i'opper  plates  and  nailed  to  thn 
stalls,  from  wlicnce  they  are  never  re- 
moved, rill'  apai'linints  of  this  pulaco 
are  uilnrned  witli  enrioiis  p.iiiitiiigs, 
and  the  rooms  are  l.trge  and  lofty ,  in* 
noiniii  li  that  I. lev  are  hardly  to  be  pa- 
rallelled in  lluriipe  Opposite  the  S  K 
tide  of  the  castle,  is  a  modern-built 
iiiaosii.ii,  called  the  Q;ieen'»  Lodge. 
Adj<iiiiiii|.- the  ti;ieen's  Lodge  is  Iho 
Liille  Park.  On  the  S  s.de  of  the 
town  is  tile  Great  Park,  which  is  I'll 
macs  in  circumference.  It  has  n  no- 
ble mad  fr  >m  the  town,  tbrong-b  a  dou- 
bli-  I'laiitatiim  of  trees,  to  the  Hanger'u 
Lo.ii.'c.  On  the  death  of  the  last  ran- 
(^I'l,  Henry  Frederic  diikc  of  Cumber- 
land,  his  majesty  took  the  manage* 
meiit  of  this  park  into  bis  own  hands  . 
and  the  improvrnients  made  by  bis 
majesty,  arc  very  considerable  with 
respect  to  agricultural  utility,  fs  well 
as  rural  beauty  Windsor  is  17  milcil 
li  by  N  of  Heading,  and  22  W  of  Lon- 
onu.     Lou  0  36  VV.Iat  51  ;)0  N. 

Windsor  Forttt.  a  forest  in  Ihe  E  part 
of  Uerksliirc,  30  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. '1  hough  the  soil  is  generally 
barren  and  uncultivated,  it  has  long 
been  famous  for  its  rural  beauties,  and 
fir  the  pleasures  of  tbc  •  base  wbicli 
it  has  alliirded  to  u  Icmg  series  of  our 
monarchs.  It  was  the  theme  of  the 
juvenile  muse  of  Pope,  who  was  born 
within  its  precincts.  Within  the  for- 
est is  contained  the  Great  Park,  cover- 
ed with  noble  trees,  and  stocked  with 
numerous  herds  of  deer.  It  contains 
several  town  and  villages,  of  wbirli 
Okingbam,  near  the  centre  of  the  for- 
est, is  the  principal.     See  Biiifietd. 

Whukmrd  J.ilandt,  such  of  the  Carrib- 
bean,  in  the  West  Indies,  as  commenca 
at  Martinico,  and  extend  to   Tobago. 

li'ind%v(ird  Passage,  the  strait  between 
Point  Mai/.i,  at  the  E  end  of  the  Is- 
land  of  Cuba,  and  Cape  St  Nicholas, 
at  the  N  W  extremity  <if  St.  Domingo. 

Wimienden,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Suabia,  12  miles  E  N  E  of  Slutgard. 
Lon.  9  16E,  lat.  48  49  N. 

Witviicza,  a  strong  town  of  Poland, 
in  Podoiia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name  with  a  castle  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Cossacks  in  1658,  but  reta- 
ken soon  after.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Bog,  35  miles  N  of  Bracklaw. 
Lon.  28  12  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

H'iimd'uru' ,  a  town  of  SoutU  Carolina, 


:(i  Fairfield  count; 
\\  lit  Columbia, 
I  111!  I'  W  of  Cam 
.ilCliarleston.     I 
ml  the  inbabitani 

ll'iiiichoien,  a 
i'ruvinces,  in  G 
I'riiue  of  Oriiiig 
>{Miiiai'ds  in  Ijlti 
.il  liollarfBay.  ai 
jjoii.  Lon.  6  58  1 
U'iiisin,  a  town 
er  Si'xony,  in  the 
jcatcd  at  tbc  coi 
.iiul  Ihnenaii,  1.5  n 
hirir.  Lou  1(1  1 1 
U'insh-em,  an  ii 
iiiiii;,  ill  Franco  li; 
if  Aiisparli.  It 
ijOod  ranipaif,  u  d 
ivalU  tliinked  w 
ii;lialiil:;tits  are  pi 
i  tire  icdi;ccd  all 
',i)  .isi;es.  Il  is  si 
iU  miles  N  W  of  I 
■U  E,  lat  49  32  N 
Wiiisloij,  a  ti)\ 
Oiiic,  with  a  n 
Mveii  miles  N  W 
W  N  W  of  Loiidc 
51  57  N. 

U'imlmv,  a  pos' 
ci.unty,  Maiiie  ;  si 
fPce  of  Kenebcc  a 
27  miles  W  of 
i/l  U'iscasset,  wit 
Wii.ster,  a  Id 
V'liiLli  lias  no  rii 
Ini  the  sale  of  pr 
It  is  five  miles 
152  N  N  W  of  L 
Wihterbeig,  a  ti 
till-  rirric  of  We 
I,  l.it.  51  5  N. 

U'i,.ieihuig.    a 
the  circle  of  Lowi 

Wintertnghtim, 

1,1!  ciilnsliirc,  wh( 

cliriicn  from  one 

ii:is  :   '  ir  in  July. 

Wi:      thur,  a  Ur 

ilic  call-     1    of  Ziii 

ricli  library  and  a 

is  M  ated  il'  a  fert 

L'IikIi,  15  Mules  h 

4o-E,  lat  47  31  N 

Wi  ilertdune.i,  the 

live  uiile^;  H  of  Ya 

Winthrnp,    a    pn 

Cdiiiitv,  Maine,  ter 

l«,  liv'v  N  E  oi"  Mo] 


ilown,  anS 
iH  riigra\iil 
uiU'tl  to  tlin 
re  iit'vei"  rc- 
'  lliid  |)ul»cn 
I  |).untiii^s, 
11(1  lotty,  in- 
ly l()  1)1-  pa- 
s'itf  till-  S  K 
xKli'i'ii-biiilt 
•n'»  l,o<\tJC. 
xljrc  is  I  lift 
8.<Il-  of  tlie 
ivliirli  is  14 
1  li:iH  It  no- 
oii^li  u  cldtl- 
lif  KaiiH'cr'* 
he  luHt  run- 
()FCuii\ber- 
lie  munuc'C* 
iiwn  ImiulH  . 
ludc  by  Win 
■I'uble  witli 
ity,    fs  well 

is  17  milcii 
!  W  of  Lon- 

30  N. 
n  llie  E  part 
1  circuinfer- 
s  generally 
it  has  lon{f 
cauties,  and 
base  whicli 
series  of  our 
leme  of  tlie 
lio  was  bnrii 
bin  tlie  for- 
Fai'k,  covcr- 
itorkcd  with 

It  cnntuins 
I,  of  wbicli 
•e  of  the  for- 
Binfeld. 
if  tlie  Carrib- 
iiseommence 

0  TobajfO. 

1  rait  between 
d  of  the  Is- 
>t  Nicholas, 
it.  Domiiiffo. 
Germany  in 
of  Stiitfjard. 

1  of  Poland, 
ritory  of  the 
It  was  ta- 
58,  but  rcta- 
;ated  on  the 
>f  Bratklaw. 

iitb  Carolina, 


W  I  N 


ii  hilrfH-ld  roMiity,  ami  ,'>0  niiliM  N  by 
\V  III  Colnnilila,  abdiil  tlie  »;iiii''  din- 
iiiin'  W  of  Canuleii,  ami  It  J  N  by  \V 
iilCliai'leston.  Hile  is  a  post  otli'f, 
jii(l  tlie  iiiliabitaiits  arc  about  2U0. 

ll'iiiichnten,  a  Imvn  of  the  United 
i'ruvinces,  in  Gri(Miii(fen,  wIiitl'  ibc 
I'liiite  of  Oraii^u  fii'st  defeated  llu' 
>|j.ini:ifds  in  1618.  II  is  six  miles  S  VV 
.'I  Hullal'fUav.  and  Ui  S  K  of  Giiiiiin. 
jon.     Lon.  658  E,  lat.  M  ;'.  N 

H'iimit,  u  town  of  Cifi  inMiy  in  f,ow- 
tr  Siixdiiy,  in  the  diilrlij'of  l/iiuiiliuri,s 
)i  :d(il  at  the  coiidiiei.re  of  tlio  lillie 
.hit  Ihlienau,  1.1  miles  N  W  of  l.iilieii- 
I'lirjr.     l.oii    10  11  E,  li.t.  W  ■?A  N. 

U'iiish-em,  ;m  inipeiial  town  of  Ger- 
iijiiy  ill  Eraiico  lia,  in  the  inar)',ravatc 
I  Aiisp;irh.  It  i:)  siirrnunded  by  a 
^■iKiJ  ranipuit,  u  diiiible  dltc-li  and  liiick 
A'iilU  tliiiiked  with  'JO  towers  '1  lie 
:J:al)ll:;iits    are  proiestania      In    17o0,  , 

tire  udixed   almost  the  wlielo    town  ! 
.1  allies.     It    is  sei'led    on  the    Aisch,  ( 
i(J  miles  N  W  of  Njrembupg.     Lon.  10 
,!1  E,  lat  49  ;52  N.  | 

WiimliKj,    a    town    in    Oiickini^haiti- : 
«liiie,    with    a    market    on    Tiiea<ljv, 
seven  miles  N  \V  of  Ailcsbiiiv,  and  .iO 
W  N  W  of  London.     Lon.  04i  VV ,  lut. , 
51  -V  N.  I 

U'imlmv,  a  post   town    in     Renebec  ', 
CI '.iiity,  Maine  ;  situated    at  the  eontlii-  ' 
fnce  of  Kenebec  and  Sibasticiiok  rivers,  ' 
27  miles     W   of    I'ittston,    and    45  N 
ulW'iseasset,  with  1250  inbubifants. 

Wiiisln,     u     town     in     Deib. i-liirc,  i 
wliicli  has    ii(f   Tiiurket    but  a  niceliiij'' 1 
ioi    the  sale  of  provisions  on  Satunlay.  , 
It  is  live  miles   N  W  of  I'Jerbv,  and 
I5J  N  N  VV  of  London. 

IVihterueix,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  eirrle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  8  15 
E,  l.it.  51  5  N.  i 

Wif.ter/iu'g.   a  town   of  Germany  in  ! 
llio  eirele  of  Lower  Kliine.  | 

Winteilnghtnn,  a  corporate  town  in 
I.li.enhi.sture,  whose  in.isor  eau  only  be 
clin.ien  from  one  particular  btrect.  It 
lias  11  f  lir  in  July. 

Wir,  thur,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
ilic  caie,  1  of  Zuric,  where  there  is  a 
rich  library  and  a  mineral  spriiiji^.  It 
IS  seated  ii'  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river 
Uliieli,  15  Hides  N  E  of  ^uric.  Lon.  8 
45- E.  lat  47  31  N. 

Wi  iiei-tniiiiei,  the  N  E  cape  of  Norfolk, 
five  miles  N  of  Yarmouth. 

Wi>itlirnp,  a  post  town  in  Kenebec 
ciiiiiity,  ^Iaine,  ten  miles  W  <ii'  .Viiirus- 
lii,  liv9  N  E  o|  MoumouiU,  uud  (it;  N  by  ( 


WIS 

E  of  I'oriland,  cuntuiiiin);  1219  Inlmbi' 

tunts. 

H'i/i/H-rJ'iiri  n  town  of  Germany,  in 
thceirileof  Westphalia,  aeatcd  near 
the  Hiiiiree  of  the  VVipper. 

Ilip/ii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  t1<* 
eirele  nl  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  11  .i»E, 
lat.  51  30  N. 

Wirhiiiirt,  a  populous  town  in  I)er« 
b) shire,  wltli  u  market  on  'I'ueMday. 
It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  near  the  source 
of  the  Eeelesborn,  and  remarkable  foP 
haviiiic  the  greatest  lead  market  in 
Eni^daiul.  It  is  1.1  miles  N  bv  VV  of 
Derby,  nml  IM  N  N  VV  of  London. 
Lou.  1  30  \V,  lat.  51  ()  N. 

IVirttmbnr;;,  or  H'urtemburg,  a  sove-^ 
reiffii  diilchy  ofGeiimiiiy,  in  the  rircio 
of  .Suabia  ;  hiiiinded  on  the  N  by  Eran- 
eonla,  the  arcliliialiopric  of  Mctitz,  and 
the  paiatinale  of  the  Rhine;  on  the  K 
by  tile  county  of  Oeliii^;,  the  mar<juisate 
of  lUirj^aw,  and  the  territory  of  Ulin  i 
O'l  tlie  S  by  the  principulit;  <if  Ilolien> 
zollern,  the  ruiiity  of  Eurstenbur.';,  and 
tile  H;iir(jiiis.iif  of  llilu'iibip;;;  and  on 
the  W  bN  llie  manpusate  of  Bade'i,  and 
tile  lih.ek  Finest.  It  is  6.T  inil.'s  in 
le'ii;ili,  and  nearly  as  iniudi  in  breudtli. 
I'lu.ii^li  there  are  iiiaiiy  mountains  and 
woiids,  it  is  one  of  the  n.ost  populous 
and  fertile  countries  in  Germany,  pro- 
ducing'plenty  of  past,  re,  corn,  fruit, 
and  a  j^reat  deal  ot  wine.  There  are 
also  mines  :ii:d  salt  S|)riii<rs,  and  much 
gMiio.     Sliit>;ard   i.s  the  capit.'d. 

W:<il'(iik)t,n  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
priiieipulilv  of  Nassau,  capital  of  a 
iorddiip  of  the  sa' le  ni.me,  subjeit  to 
the  prince  of  Nassau-Sanrbrurk  It  id 
faner's  for  its  w.uui  hatlis,  and  mineral 
water-. ;  and  is  live  miles  N  of  Mentz. 
Lon   8  20  E,  hit.  49  .Ifi  N 

Wiaueucii,  a  tosvii  in  Cambridgeshire, 
\vi  li  a  market  on  Satiiiday.  It  is  seat- 
ed ill  a  (Liiny  cni.iitry,  in  the  lakes  of 
lily,  between  two  rivers,  ;ind  possessed 
a  considerable  trade  in  tlii;  exjuirt  of 
corn,  and  of  oil  pressed  from  seeds  at 
mills  in  its  nelfjlibonrhood.  Barjrcson- 
ly  can  coine  up  lis  river,  large  vessels 
stoppiuf^  six  miles  below.  It  is  89 
miles  N  bv  E  of  Lwidon.  Lon.  0  6  E, 
lat   52  38  N. 

Wis!n-,  a  sei'.port  of  .Sweden,  in  the 
Isle  of  Gothland,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  siile  a  rock,  on  the  Baltic,  8S 
miles  S  E  of  Stoclvliolin.  Lon.  18  'U 
E,  hit.  57  36  N. 

Jl'inciissft,  a  port  of  entry,  and  p^ost 
town  in  Lingylu  county,  Main?  ;    i)  •>'{) 


'.I  I    . 


W  I  T 

<m  the  E  side  of  Sliecpsoiit  river,  13 
miles  N  E  of  Bath,  18  S  of  I'ittston, 
and  .55  N  E  of  Hovtlan.l,  in  lat.  43°  58' 
N,  and  h)n.  6U°  22'  VV.  The  inhuhi- 
tants  are  estimated  at  1678,  thev  liavc 
a  hank,  and  their  annual  exports 
amount  to  g23,(»00. 

li^iset,  a  small  fortified  town  of  tlie 
Netherlands,  in  thedutchyof  Limhurg-, 
seated  on  the  Maese,  seven  miles  N  of 
I.ieg-e,  and  20  N  Wof  Limburg.  Lon. 
o  40  E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

WischgroJ,  a  tovvn  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Plocksko,  seated  on  the 
Vistid..,  58  miles  N  \V  of  Warsaw. 
Lon    1'.)  50  E.  I:  t    52  44  N. 

Wiiluche,  a  »'n  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
palatinate  of  tie  Rhine,  seated  on  the 
Elsat/,  eij^'lit  miles  S  of  Heidelberiy. 
Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Whniar^  a  strong-  seaport  of  Germa- 
ny, in  tlie  dutohy  of  Mecklenburg-h, 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  tiie 
Baltic.  36  miles  E  of  Lnhec',  and  66 
W  bv  S  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  11  44  E, 
lat.  53  54  N. 

WisUm,  a  corporate  town  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
was  formerly  strengthened  with  a  cas- 
tle, whicii  is  now  a  gentleman's  seat. 
It  is  ten  miles  N  of  Pembroke,  and 
^25  W  N  VV,  of  London.  Lon.  4  52  W, 
lat  51  53  N 

Wit:h%s:n:i.l,  the  only  forest  in  0.\ford- 
shiie  worthy  of  notice. 

Witepski,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  cspi- 
tal  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  casllc.  The  foriii'cutions  arc 
so  good,  that  the  Russiiins  !;ave  be- 
sieged it  several  times  in  vain.  It  is 
seated  in  a  morass,  at  the  confluence 
ofthc  Dwina  and  W'idsha,  ("o  miles  E 
of  Polotsk,  and  80  W  N  W  of  Smolen- 
sko.     Lon.  29  4u  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 

Whhain,  a  town  ii\  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  Its  church,  an 
ancient  Gothic  structure,  stands  one 
Fiiile  from  tlie  town,  at  a  place  c:illed 
Chipping  Hill.  It  is  eight  iii.lcs  N  E 
of  Chelmsford,  and  ST  E  N  K  of  Lon- 
don.    L.m.  0  41  E,  hit.  51  51  N. 

Wit/iuin,  a  river  in  tlie  district  of 
Kes:even  in  Lincolnshire,  which  rising 
ill  the  S  W  corner,  flows  hv  Lincoln, 
and  enters  the  German  Ocean,  lu'low 
Boston  It  is  but  a  slialiow  striMni, 
and  ah'mnds  in  vast  quantities  )f'  Pike. 
From  Liiu:"!n  it  has  a  communication 
with  the  Tr^iit.  by  a  •lavig.ilili-  canal 
1  ailed  the  Fosdikc,  cut  by  kiny  Henry  1. 


W  O  A 

WitUsth,  .n  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
arclibishopric  of  Treves,  with_a  castle, 
seated  on  the  river  Leser. 

Witiip,',  a  town  in  0.\fordshire,  witli 
a  market  on  Thursday.  Hero  are  mann. 
factures  of  the  finest  blankets,  and 
other  thick  woollens,  called  bearskins 
and  kerseys.  It  is  eight  miles  N  \V 
of  Oxfordi  and  64  W  N  W  o;  London. 
Lon.  1  13  W,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Wiuhausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
in  thelandgravateof  Hesse  Casscl.  Lon. 
9  46E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Wittcvibcrg,  a  strong  town  of  Germa- 
ny,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and 
capital  of  the  dutchy  of  Saxony,  with  a 
famous  university,  and  a  castle.  It  is 
the  place  where  tlie  general  assemblies 
of  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony  are  held. 
It  is  famous  for  being  the  place  where 
iVIartin  Lutiier  was  professor  in  tin-, 
university,  and  is  b.ried  in  a  chapel  be- 
longing to  the  CKStle.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Elbe,  55  miles  N  W  of  Dresden. 
Lon.l2  47E,  lat.  51  49  N. 

JF/iteiibergen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Sasonv.  Lon.  11 
48  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Jf^/f/ewfcj/i,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Livonia,  40  miles  S  of 
Revel.     Lon.  24  39  E,  lat.  58  47  N. 

H'itthnund,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  seated  near 
the  Gt  rman  Ocean.  Lon.  7  4  E,  lat. 
.53  41  N. 

WittleseiiMre,  a  lake  in  the  N  E 
])art  of  Huntingdonshire,  six  miles  long 
and  three  br  lad.  It  is  four  miles  S  of 
Petersborough. 

JVitrlich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Low'-r  Rhine,  and  electorate 
"fl'ivves,  38  miles  S  \V  of  Coblentz. 
Lon.  6  27E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Wlmto.-k,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
'■irrle  of  Upner  Saxony.  Lon.  12  3(i 
E,  l.it  53  10  N. 

fr/D.'fiCo?;iii,  a  town  in  S  mersetshire, 
wit'i  ;i  ma.'ket  on  Tuesday,  20  miles 
N  N  E  of  Exeter,  and  Ijj'w  by  S  of 
Loud  .n.     Lon  3  28  VV,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Wtittiiineitz,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
capil.il  oradutch)  oftliesiime  name,  in 
V'olhiiiia,  with  a  castle  It  is  seated 
on  the  Luy,  which  (iills  into  the  Hug. 
36  miles  W  of  Lueho,  and  56  N  if 
Eendmrg.      Lon.  24  30  E.  lat.  51    3  N. 

W:>  7(0.),  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
seven  h'agues  N  W  of  Morotoi  Frinii 
the  appearance  of  the  N  E   and  N  VV 


parts,  it  is  tJie 
);roup.  A  bay  is 
VV  extremities,  i 
empties  itself,  ll 
but  the  water  is  1 
from  the  entronct 
inliahitants  Liei 
iiiaiider  of  v'-e  11; 
had  been  sent  fr 
with  a  supply  of  f 
covery  sloop,  capi 
oil  a  voyage  of 
surprised  and  nui 
together  with  Mr 
mer.     Lon.  157  5 

Wo'jwn,  a  \.Q\ 
with  a  market  on 
iin  a  rising  grouiK 
famous  for  its  abl 
lungs  to  the  du 
his  country  seat. 
iIdwii  in  1724,  bu 
built,  and  has  a  fr 
iit\-jeliool,  found 
lord.  Near  it  is  1 
liiller's  earth.  It 
lord,  and  42  N  N 
0  32  VV,  lat.  52 

Woburu,  a  small 
sex  county,  Massi 
S  of  Andover,  , 
ly  port,  and  UN 

Wo.lnat,  a  town 
circle  of  Prach,  s 
12  miles  N  VV  of 
Pi'ague.     Lon.  14 

IFiimlen,  a  to\ 
vinees,  in  Holhmd 
18  miles  S  of  Am 
was  taken  by  tli 
I.on.  4  51  E,  lat 

Wohlau,  a  stri 
ill  Silesia,  ct'piti 
same  name,  with 
est  part  of  the  in! 
ed  in  a  woollen 
seated  near  the 
iif  Breslaw,  and  : 
Lon.  16  54  E,  lat 

Wokinghavi. 

Wolbcch.   a   to\ 
circle  of  West  pi  i 

Wolfenbuttle, 
tlie  circle  cf  Low 
f  Brun'-  .vlck,  wi' 
like  of  Brunsw 
Miles.  It  is  one 
■cs  in  Germany, 
ibrary,  with  a 
relating  to  natur; 
on  the  Ocker,  «e 


»M,, 


Germany,  in  tlie 
IS,  with_a  castle, 
ser. 

tt'ordsliire,  w'ltli 
Hero  are  nianii. 
it  blitnkels,  iind 
called  bearskins 
iglit  miles  N  \V 
M  W  oi  London, 
a  N. 

f  Germany,  capi- 
Ihe  same  name, 
esse  Cussel.  Lun. 

;  town  of  Germa- 
:)cr   Saxony,  and 
f  Saxony,  witli  a 
1  a  castle.     It  is 
;neri.l  assemblies 
Saxony  are  held, 
the  place  \Aliert-. 
proiessor  in    tint 
:d  ill  achapel  he- 
It  is  sealed  on 
VV  of  Dresden. 
9  N. 

1  of  Germany,  in 
asony.     Lon.   11 

f  Russia,  in  the 
ia,  40  miles  S  of 
,  iKt.  53  47  N. 

of  Germany,  in 
ilia,   seated   near 

Lon.  7  4  E,  lut. 

ake  in  the  N  E 
re,  six  miles  lonp 
i  iouT  miles  S  of 

Germany,  in  the 
;,  and  electorate 
W   of  Coblentz. 

sr. 

Germany,  in  the 
ny.     Lon.  12  30 

in  S  mersctshire, 
esdiiv,  20  miles 
1  Ijj'vV  bv  S  of 
V,  lut.  51  4  N. 
of  Little  Poland, 
he  same  name,  in 
li^  It  is  seated 
lis  into  the  Huff. 
•ho,  and  3G  N  'f 
50  F..  lut.  51  3  N. 
iandvvich  Ishmds, 
f  Morotoi  From 
N  E   and  N  \V 


W  O  L 

parts,  it  is  tlie  finest  island  of  the 
uronp.  A  bay  is  formed  hythe  N  and 
AV  extremities,  into  which  a  fine  ri%er 
empties  itself,  throngh  a  deep  valley  i 
1)111  the  water  is  brackish  for  200  yards 
from  the  entrance.  It  contains  60,000 
inhabitants  Lieutenant  Hergist,  com- 
mander of  v.''e  Dicdalus  storeship,  who 
liad  been  sent  from  England,  in  1791, 
with  a  supply  of  provisioiis  for  the  Dis 
covery  sloop,  captain  Vancouver,  then 
(111  a  voyag-e  of  discovery,  was  here 
fiiirprised  and  murdered  by  the  natives, 
together  with  Mr  Gooch,  the  astrono 
mer.     Lon.  157  51  W,  hit.  21  43  N. 

UWmiii,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
nil  a  risinjc  ground,  and  was  Uirmerly 
famous  for  its  abbey,  which  now  be- 
longs to  the  duke  of  Bedford,  and  is 
Ills  country  scat.  Woburn  was  burnt 
ilowii  in  1724,  but  has  been  neatly  re- 
built, and  has  a  frecscliool,  and  a  cha- 
lit;. •.ichool,  founded  by  a  duke  of  Bed- 
I'.ird.  Near  it  is  found  great  plenty  of 
fuller's  earth.  It  is  12  miles  S  of  Bed- 
ford, and  42  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  32  VV,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Wuburu,  a  small  post  town  in  Middle- 
sex county,  Massachusetts,  eight  miles 
S  of  Andover,  33  S  VV  of  Newlni- 
ry  port,  and  11  N  VV  of  Boston. 

IVodiiay,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
r.ircle  of  Pracli,  seated  on  the  Bianitz, 
12  miles  N  VV  of  Budweis,  and  56  S  of 
Prague.     Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  42  9  N. 

W^oerden,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  H()lliuid,seatedon  the  Rhine, 
18  miles  S  of  Amsterdam.  This  town 
was  taken  by  the  French,  in  1794. 
Lon.  4  51  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Wohlaii,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia, 
in  Silesia,  c«;)ital  of  adutchyofthe 
same  name,  with  a  castle.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  inhabitants  are  employ- 
ed in  a  woollen  manufacture.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Oder,  20  miles  N  VV 
iif  Breslaw,  and  32  S  E  ofGlowgaw. 
Lon.  16  54  E,  lat.  51  18  N 

Wokingham.     Sec 

Wolbcxt.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia. 

Wolfenbmtle,  a  town  of  Germ.iny,  in 
li<-  circle  cl' Lower  Saxony  anddutcliy 
if  Brun'-  ,^'lck,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
hike  of  Brunswick  VVolfenbiittle  re- 
lides.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  |)la- 
les  in  Germany.  Here  is  an  excellent 
ihrary,  with  a  cabinet  of  curiosities 
relating  to  natural  hislory.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ocker,  seven  miles  b  of  Bruns- 


Okingham. 


W  O   L 

wick,  *nd  30  \V  of  Halberstadt.     Lon. 

10  42  E,  lat.  52  IB  N. 

Wolfersdikf,  an  island  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Zealand,  between  N 
Beveland  and  S  Beveland. 

Wutfsperg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Carinthia,  with  a  castle,  on 
which  the  district  about  it  de|)ends.  It 
is  seated  on  tijc  Lavand,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain  covered  with  wood,  and 
full  of  wolves,  whence  tlie  town  took 
its  name.  It  is  36  miles  E  ot  Clagen- 
tiirt.     Lon.  15  10  E,   lat.  46  56  Hi. 

Wolgast,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many, m  Swedish  Poinerani.i,  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  willi 
a  castle  and  one  of  the  best  and  largcut 
harbours  on  the  Baltic.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Psin,  12  miles  S  E  of  Grijis- 
wald,  25  S  E  of  Stralsund,  and  45 
N  VV  of  Stetin.  Lun.  14  4  E,  lat. 
54  1  N. 

WolkouMi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Novogorod,  100  miles 
S  E  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  34  20  E,  lat. 
57  30  N. 

Wulhnvska,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Novogrodeek,  seated 
on  the  Ros,  23  miles  S  E  of  Grodno, 
Lon.  24  40  E,  Ut.  53  4  N. 

Wookr,  a  town  in  Nortluimbcrl.ind, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  In  a 
plain  near  tliis  town  was  fought  a 
battle  so  bloody  as  to  give  the  name  of 
Ucdriggs  to  the  place  where  it  was 
fought.     Lon.  1  46  VV,  lat.  55  34  N. 

iVolUn,  a  seaport  of  Geiniany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony  in  Piussiun  l*o- 
merania,  capital  of  an  i.'land  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  mouth  of  the  Oder. 
It  is  10  miles  VV  of  Cammiii.  Lon.  14 
39  E,  lat.  ,54  4  N. 

U'uhnar,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Livonia,  seated  on  the 
Aa,  38  miles  N  of  Ri^a.  Lon.  2'1  25 E, 
lat.  57  32  N. 

Woherlumiptoii,  a  town  in  Stafliird- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  has  iiu  ancient  coUc-ri:'le  church,  an. 
nc.\<'d  to  the  deanery  of  Windsor,  and  a 
haiulsome  chapel.  It  is  chiefly  noted  for 
■I  i.v:  cat  iron  manufai  tore,  consisting  of 
locics,  hinges,  buckles,  cork  screws  and 
iapiinned  ware.  U  is  seated  on  a  hill,  13 
"miles  S  of  Staflbrd.  and  i:4  N  VV  of 
London.     Lon.  2  0   W,  lut.  52  47  N. 

Wolvei,  a  vilhige  in  VVarkwickshire, 
fyvf  miles  S  F.  of  Nuneaton.  Here  Ed- 
ward IV.  was  surjiriscd  and  taken  pri- 
soner by  Richard  Ncvil  earl  of  War- 
wick. 


\ 


■:'fm 


'  •; 


WOO 


lVooSn<^ge,  a  t.nvn  ...  Suffolk,  ^v.lh 
ama-Ka.m  \VcHl..L-..luy,  s.iau<l>mt.. 

E. Kiv- .,»;.. a.  <lyl.ill."»tl'e '•'«;'•  V'^ 
b.a,  e.,'l.»  .uacH  Iro...  t>.e  sou      U    .as 

d.uU >!<>.■  l...il!iiig  ships,  caiTifS  on  .. 
Rvcal  con.  ti ."le.  Is  t:....o..»  f...'  vcl......!' 

sail,  a„a  .ra,.l.  lime  is  b.i.i.e.l  I.e.f 
f,„.;,  fossil  sea  sl.clls.lt  hud  a..  Hbl.e>, 
„f  vl.irl.  the.e  are  .10  remavkal)  1.  u.- 
ins  11  is  seve,i  ...iUs  E  N  h  ..i  ll-s 
vich,  and  76  N  li  "f  Londun.  Lo...  1 
25  1::,  lat.  52  11   N. 

IVoodM.a^,^   villupc  w.thapostol 
fice.  i.\  Middlesex  couiity.  New  Jei-s<  x , 
three   miles    N   of  A...1»..V,   <'>...•  S  ot 
Kahw.-.y,    "'Hi    10   N  K  ol  New  11.U..S- 

"^'wooJbury,  a  tow..  i.A  LilrhHeUl  m.n- 
tv,  C<m..'ectie..t,  10  ..nlcs  b  ot 
IJ.  tl.lehem,  and  19  N  l.y  W  ot  New 
Haven.     Hel-e  is  a  post  oli.ce. 

lV,,o:l!nn-  ;  a  post  town  ...  Glourestc. 
cnuntv.   New   Je.-sey.    ..ear   .ed  l.a.ik 
and  10  .lulcs  S  of  I'l.iUuUlphia.     It  .s 
the  principal  scat  of  joslice  in  the  coun- 
tv,  and  co..tains5v'0inhalnt;mts. 

JVoodchestr,  a  >ilh<!Ve  i.^  Gloncester- 
flliiie,  where  some  .•»ntiq...t.cs  have 
lately  been  dir.cover<(l. 

IVvchfoch  a  bo,-o..:.rli  in  Oxfordshire, 
will,  a  n.aiket  011  Tuesday.     It  has  a 
tnanufacU..-v    of  on.amcnta     K'X"'^.  '" 
polished  steel,    wl.ici.   employs  a  lew 
iKimls  i  and  aiv.niu  r  of  i,Woves.     It  w^.s 
formerlv  fa.r.ous  for  its  ';<•;'«  Pf  >;;.'" 
the  intricate  recesses,   of    which   k.nf, 
Hcnrv  II.  concealed  his  mistress,  tlie 
fair  liosamand.     The  spot  is   now   no 
less     celebrated      fcr     tl.e      iii»B'''h- 
cent   seat    of  lilenheim,  a  ff.ft  o    the 
British  parliament  to  tl.e  great  t.iike  o 
MarlboroiiKl.,  on  account  of  h.s  s.gnal 
victory  over  the   French   at  Hochstet, 
or  Blenheim  i.i  Germany.     It  is  one  of 
the  noblest  seats    in   Europe.     One  ot 
(he  pussa;i-es  to  it  is  oxer  a  bru.i.e  w.  h 
one  arch.  190  feet  in  diameter,  reseml)- 
Jinff  the  Hialto   at   Venice.     The   Har- 
dens tiihe  up  100  acres  of  grou...   ;  a.ul 
the  oir.ces  which  arc  x  ei  y  grand,  have 
room    enough    to     accommodate    MO 
people.     The  apartments  of  the  palace 
'are  magnificently    f.i.n.shed,    and  the 
staircases,  statues,    paintings,  and  ta- 
pcstrv,  snrpi-isi.iKl>  «ih-.     Chaucer  the 
Let.-vvasbor.^    lived,  and  d.ed  here 
It  is  eight  miles  N  W  of  Oxford,  ami 
fio  W  N   W   of  London.     Lon.   1   lo 
W,  lat    51  53  N. 

U'ooihtock,  a  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Shenundoah  county,  Virginia,  i~ 


W  O  R 

miles  S  by  W  of  Slrasbiirg,  30  S  of' 
VVii.chester,    2U   N   of    Ni  w    iVl;.ikct,| 


Old  112  froi.i  WAnlii.-gton.  It  st.,i.(lsl 
un  the  h:  side  ot  North  river,  a  biui,cli| 
of  .>iliCi.aiidoali.  .      ,.  ,      1 

WooMmm,   a  post  town   "^^^i'lo? 
oimlV,  New   Jersey,   ^  "V''",^  I' ,''>  >| 
„f  Salem,  and  2ti  S    ot    Philadeli.liia.l 
and  has  3U0  inhabitants.  I 

W^lpit,  a  town  m  SutU.lk  famous  fori 
the  niamifactiire  of  white  bricks.  I 

WMk:ich,  a   town    in    Kent,  with  ill 
market  on   Friday.     Here   are   sevcrall 
line  docks,    rope-xards,    and   spacu.i.sl 
,nairuzlne»,    this   pUce    be..ig    wl.ol  yl 
takln    up    a.ul    raised   by   the   works 
crcted  for  the  ..aval  service.    BcskIcsI 
Uie  siores   of  i-lank,  masts,  i.ilch,  tar.l 
ac    there  is  the    g.myaid,  called  the! 
Warren    or    Park,    where  they  m.kel 
trial     of     the     guns,     mortals,      i^cl 
in  which  m.iN  be  seen   some  thousar.dj 
nieces  of  ordnance  for  ships  and  l-,.iUj;- 
lies,  besides  mortars,  bombs,  &e.  will 
outmmibcr    I!  „der  the  military  brand, I 
is   the  Warren,    where  art.llei-y  <)t  alll 
kinds   and  dimensions  are  cast.     HcieJ 
,s  also   a  laboratory,    where   the  niut- 
trosses  are  employed   in   the  coniposi. 
tion  of  hre    works  and  cartridges,  aml| 
Ml  charging    b<.i.ibs.  carcases,    grcna.| 
does.     A  roval  academy  is  estubli>-.l.- 
here,  tindel-   the    br,u.-d    of  '^f^^'^'l 
for    the  instructing  and   (luahlxing   iil| 
voiing   irentlemcn    intended    as  can.  1- 
datesfur   the   oflice  of  engnieer  m  thel 
military  branch   of  that    oftice.      Ihe 
larKcsl  shiiJS  ride   here  safely,  even  ,1  I 
low   watct'     Some  hulks  are  mooredj 
off  this  town,  for  the  reception  ot  con- 
victs,   who   arc   emplojed  .."    '•"'«."'S| 
"ravd  from  the  river.     It  '^lO  -^^M 
•i   of  London.     Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  51  oOl 

^  Worcester,    a    town    of   the    Unlleill 

ota.es   of  N     America  and  capital  nt  a| 

countv   of  the  same   name.     It   is  ^a 

miles'W  of  Boston.  , 

WorceHcr,  a  city  in  Worcestershire,! 

capital    of  that  county,  with  a  markcti 

.,r»  Wedncsdav,  Friday,   and  Saturdav,! 

•uul   a   bishop's    see.     It  contains  ...noi 

churches,  besides   the   cathedral,  am 

St  Michael's  without  the  hberties  otl 

ihe  city  ;  and  has  also  three  grammar- 

school;,  seven    hospitals,   and  a  we.l. 

contrived  quay.     It  is   governed   b>    .il 

mavor   sends  two  me.nbers   to   parlia-l 

rekl'ltisalargeweirmhabtejcy 

carrvinc:   on   a  considerable    trade   ml 
gloves,  and  has  likewise  a  large  manu- 


3  R 

if  Strabbiirff,  30  S  nfl 

N   of    Im  \v    i\Uiiki-t,| 

Nurtli  rivci-,  a  biuiich| 

post   town   in    Salem 

■st'V,   U  miles  N  In  t 

6  S    ()»'    Philudcli-liia, 

ibitalUs. 

11  in  SutUilk  fiimoiis  fov 

nt  \vhite  bricks, 
own    ill    litnt,  with  ii 
jy.     Here   live   sevcnil 
e-\uicls,    itiid   spiiciiius 
i  j)Uce    being    vvl.dliy 

raised  by  tlie  works 
naval  service.  Ucsk'cs 
lank,  masts,  jiilcli,  l:ir, 
a  giin\aicl,  called  Hie 
,rk,    where  tluy  make 

euns,     movtara,      he. 
e  seen   some  th()i:s;ii  cl 
lice  fov  sliips  and  l.aUc 
Drtars,  bombs,  &c.  witli 
nler  the  military  bnincli' 
,    wliere  nvtillery  of  Ul 
er.sions  are  cast.     Here 
atorv,    where   the  niiit- 
plov'ed  in   the  coniposi- 
irks  and  cartridges,  ami 
lombs,  carcai.es,    (••rciiii- 
,  academy  is  establii-lKil 
he    biiurd    of  <v,-dnance, 
ctin^  and   qiiiililvinp:   "f 
iicn'  intended    as  camli- 

oflice  of  enpjinccr  in  tliel 
•h  of  that  oftice.  'Hioj 
■ide  here  safely,  even  all 
Some  bulks  are  mooredl 
for  the  reception  of  con-f 
re  employed  in  raisliis| 
Lbe  river. '  It  is  10  miUsI 
,.     Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  51 301 

a    town   of  the    Unlledl 
America  and  capital  nt  al 
le  same   name.     It   is  Wf 
Boston.  .     I 

a  city  in  Worcestershn'e.l 
,at  countv,  with  a  markctl 
av,  Friday,   and  Satnrda), 
Ill's    see.     Itcontams  iiine| 
•sides   the   cathedral,  am 
s  without  the  liberties  ot] 
d  has  also  three  prammav- 
en    hospitals,   and  a  we.l- 
lav.     It  is   Roverned   bv  al 
8  two  members   to   parlia-l 
a  larpe  well  inhabited  ciiyl 
/a  considerable    trade  in| 
has  likewise  a  large  manu-F 


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■'^^1, 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


iacturc  of  elegant  churn  ware.  Here 
Crimiwi'll,  ill  1651,  okiiiiicd  wliut  l.c 
tailed  his  crowing  victory  over  I  lie 
Scottii  army,  wiiicli  had  marched  into 
Enj;laiul  to  reinstate  Clia'Us  II.  who, 
ui'ler  this  defeat,  iindcrsvcut  svich  f.i- 
tii;-iie  and  romantic  liazards  in  cscapinij 
i'loiu  his  enemies.  Worcester  is  sc.a- 
•  il  on  a  j^eiitlc  ascent,  on  the  Severn, 
36  niil-s  NNK  of  Bristol,  and  US 
W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lal. 
-,2  9  N. 

V/oixestemhire,  a  county  of  li;igland, 
30  miles  long-,  and '20  hro.id  ;  Ijounded 
on  the  N  by  Sliropsliire  and  btailord- 
shire,  on  the  l:  hy  V/arwicIcshirc,  on 
the  W  by  HtrefoVdsirnr,  on  tiie  S  E 
and  S  hyGloiicesleishire,  beinj;:  in  cir- 
ctiit  X2\  miles,  and  toutains  GOU.OOO 
square  acre.s.  It  is  dividea  into  live 
hundreds,  and  contains  one  city,  10 
markel  towns,  and  70,000  inhahitunts. 
It  is  in  the  diocese  of  VVorcestei-,  and 
sends  nine  members  to  parliament. 
The  air  of  Wonester.siiirc  is  very 
healtliy,  and  the  soil  in  the  vales  and 
meadows  very  rich,  producing  corn  and 
pasture,  particularly  the  rich  vale  of 
Evesham,  which  is  justly  styled  tlic 
granary  of  these  jiarts.  The  hills  have 
generally  an  easy  ascent,  except  Mai 
vera  hillj  and  "feed  large  flocks  of 
iheep.  This  county  had  formerly  two 
large  forests,  but  the  iron  and  salt 
works  h.ive  in  a  manner  destroyed 
them  ;  and  therefore  these  works  are 
now  chiefly  carried  on  with  coal,  with 
wiiich  tliia  county  abouiuls.  .\  num- 
ber of  river  and  rivulets  water  the  fine 
meadows,  and  ^;\\<i  thein  a  richness 
tl'.at  is  easily  perceived  in  the  butter 
.and  cliecse.  Here  is  plenty  of  fruits  of 
most  sorts,  especi.ally  pears,  whicli  are 
ill  many  places  found  growing  in  the 
hedges",  and  on  that  account  perry  is 
here  in  great  repute.  The  chief  com- 
modities are  coals,  corn,  hops,  cheese, 
cider,  perry,  and  salt.  Its  cliief  ma- 
nufactures 's-'-e  carpeting,  china  and 
taillien  ware,  woollens,  and  stockings. 
The  princiijal  rivers  are  the  Severn, 
JV  I'li'  or  Tenil,  and  Avon. 

Worcester,  the  capital  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  46  miles  \V  of 
lioston,  .ii  iN  by  W  of  Proviilence, 
(^ttiK.ae  Island)  and  50  N  E  of  Sjiring 
field,  (Masiiachusetts).  This  is  es- 
teemed  one  of  tile  largest  inland  tow  s 
in  the  State,  containing  2411  inhabi- 
tmits,  and  cari-ies  on  .some  lUMv.ii'a. 
tiiros,  part'tcnUii'ly  printing,  with  gi-eai 


spirit.  Isaiah  Thomas,  of  tliis  toWS 
has  published  as  many  books  as  any 
bookseller  in  the  U'iited  Slates. 

JVonum,  a  town  of  Putch  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  Macse.  Lon.  '1  52  K,  luU 
51  .12  N. 

JVurciim,  a  sc.iport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Frieshind,  seated  on  the  Zui» 
dei-Zee,  18  miles  S  VV  of  Le warden. 
Lon.  5  15  E,  lut.  53  0  N. 

IFunliii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cir<lc  of  Lower  Saxony. 

Wiirdinyhcrg,  a  Seaport  of  Dcuinark, 
in  theisliuidoi  Zealand.  Lon.  11  58  E, 
lat.  Sa  3  N. 

U'oringen,  a  town  of  Germ^.ny,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,   eiglit  miles  from  Colopic. 

Woriittgtun,  a  seaport  in  Cumberland, 
sea.ed  on  the  IJeiwent,  o\ cr  which  is 
a  stone  bridge.  This  was  the  landing 
place  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  Qiieeii  of 
Scots,  when  she  was  driven  to  take  re- 
fuge in  t!ie  dominions  of  her  iiisidiousi 
rival,  Elizabeth.  In  its  iieighbouri.ood 
is  a  large  iron  fbundery.  Workiiigto::  i^ 
seven  miles  \V  of  Cockermoutb,  aril 
307  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  53 
42  N. 

Worksop,  a  town  in  Nottinjrliamshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  Q^ian- 
tities  of  licorice  are  grown  in  its  v  eini- 
ty,  and  there  arc  a  great  many  noble- 
men's seats  near  it.  The  canal  tVoni  the 
Trent  to  Cliestertield  passes  by  this 
place.  It  is  24  miles  N  of  Nottingham, 
and  146  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  0 
W,  l.t   53  20  N. 

Wor~,ns,  an  imperial  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  an 
episcopal  see,  whose  bishop  is  a  i)rince 
of  the  empire.  It  is  fimous  for  a  diet 
held  in  1521,  at  'vhich  Luther  assisted 
in  person.  T:  protestants  have  a 
church   her",  re  Luther  is  repre- 

sented as  a})p  -;'  at  the  diet.   Worm.-J 

is   noted  fii-  xcellent  wine,  called 

our  Lady's  which  is  made  in  the: 

neighlpourli.".,!  The  French  took  this 
town  in  Ir^'!  It  is  seated  on  the  W 
bank  of  th  .-iliine,  20  miles  S  E  of 
Mcntz,  anc  2  S  W  of  Francfort.  Lon. 
8  2S)  E,  '  ■'  .12  N. 

Wors;  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 

market  -  iturday,  noted  for  being 
the  placi',  vriere  worsteds  were  first 
made.  It  is  12  miles  N  of  Norwich, 
and  120  .M  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  E, 
lat.  52  52  N 


Wurlhi'\,; 
hire  count > ,  Massachusetts  ; 

I    T    I     I    J 


a  post   ti.wn  in  Hiiup- 
10  miles 


ill) . 


^.M- 


W  of  Nortliampton.  19  F.  of  Pittsfleld, 
iiivl  41- N  W  of  lirookticlil,  containing 
JJ:?  i;il).il)ltiints. 

lV..:tjn  H  isser,  :i  1)  irniij,'h  in  \ViUsliire 
with  ;i  iii;i"kot  im  I-'i'idMV.  It  is  se;itc(l 
iif:u'  tlic  Fiii'fst  of  liruiulon,  st-iiiis  two 
niniilioi's  to  prirliununt,  and  is;5U  milts 
N  of  S;!!;sl>nr\.  and  80  \V  of  London. 
Lop.  1  .■51.W,"i.t.  .^1  ,n  N. 

H^itUm-un.'.cr- E  i};c,  ;t  corporate  town 
In  Gi(  lu  c'Hirisiiiif,  with  :i  rnarlii-t  on 
Friday.  It  i.s  ;;i)veiM\ed  by  u  n;:i-oi',  and 
inhnhiti'dchic'H'.  hy  cti)tl\ipi's  It  is  seat- 
ed inidcr  \\\v  lii'.ls,  CO  miles  N  F.  of 
Brislul,  and  108  \V  N  \V  of  London. 
Lon   2  11  W,  hit.  Jl  40  N. 

?r.i;^'i,,  a  town  in  Lincolnsliirp,  with 
a  in.ukp(  on  Th'nsdiiy,  11  miles  F.  N  E 
of  Lincoln,  and  144  .V  of  London.  Lon. 
0  10  W,  lat.  5.5  18  N. 

Wrath,  Cal>e,  n  vast  promontory  in 
SHthcrlandsliii\»,  which  t()vms  the  N  W 
point  of  Gicat  Uritain.  It  in  tlie  droad 
of  marinci  ,  for  a;;'ainst  its  rnpfircd  and 
lofty  c  lilt's  (he  rupid  tide  bursts  with  in- 
credible i'liry. 

Wrentlumi,,  a.  post  Unwi  in  Norfolk 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  20  miles  S  by 
W  of  Boston,  and  19  N  E  of  I'rovi". 
dcncc,  (Rhode  Island).  It  has  2U61  in- 
liabit.ints. 

t'/rex/uivi.  a  town  in  Donbif^'hshire, 
with  a  iiiaikct  on  Monday  and  Thurs- 
^j.:  It  is  the  most  pop-.dous  town  in 
all  N  Wales,  and  a  place  of  con^^idcra- 
bl^  traffic,  in  Welsh  flannels.  It  has  a 
Gothic  rhnrch,  the  lofty  steeple  of 
which  is  the  boast  of  this  jjart  of  the 
country.  In  the  vicinity  of  Wrexham 
is  n  larjj^e  founder'-  for  cannon  ami  otiier 
articles.  It  is  seated,  on  a  river,  in  a 
coiiurv  aftijrdinj'  plenty  of  lead.  Lon. 
3  10  W,  lat.  5.3 -J  N. 

Wi-i.itni},  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  If  is  the 
birth-place  of  Mr.  Locke,  is  noted  for 
calamine,  and  seated  amontj  the  Men 
dip  !iills,  11  miles  W  N  VV  of  Wells, 
and  123  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  8  W, 
lat.  51  21  N.     See  L.iva: 

IVrot/imn,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  11  miles  W  N  W 
of  Alaidstnne,  and  24  S  E  of  London. 
Lo-i    0  24  K,  lat  51  18. 

IVwmenhcr^,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westflialia.  It  is  14  miles 
S  of  Paderboni.  Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  51 
26  .V. 

IKutisiedel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  with  mines  of  cop- 
per, and  quarries  of  niarb'e,  in  its  vi- 


WYE 

cinily.     Lon.    12  24  E.  lat.    50    10  JI 

Wumtiorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  ni  tln^ 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 

Wiirtenbur^.     See    U'irteiiibury. 

Wurtzlinr;^,  a  bishnprii-  of  Cjerman\, 
coniiiieliendiny-  the  prnicii)al  part  of 
Franconia  ;  bounded  by  tiif  count\  of 
llenncberff,  the  dutcliy  of  Coburg-,  the 
abbey  of  Fulde,  the  ;!rcld»fs'iiojn'ic  of 
Mcntz,  the  marquisate  of  An'«ipach,  the 
bisbopr.c  oC  Uamherp,  and  the  county 
of  Wertlu'im,  bein!,'- about  6j  miles  in 
lenjjth,  and  50  in  breadth.  The  soil  is 
very  fertile,  and  produces  more  corn 
and  wine  than  the  inhabitants  consume. 
The  territories  of  the  bishop,  com- 
prehend above  400  towns  and  viUajres, 
of  which  he  is  sovereifjn,  beinp  one  "f 
the  j^rcatest  ecclesiastic  princes  of  the 
empire. 

IVurtzlmig,  a  city  of  Germany,  in 
Franconia.  It  is  defended  with  g-ood 
fortilications,  and  has  a  mappiificent  pa- 
lace, a  university,  an  arsenal,  and  a 
handsome  hospital.  The  castle  stand.s 
on  an  eminence,  and  communicates  witli 
the  city  by  a  stone  bridjye,  on  which,  are 
12  statues,  representinjjas  many  saints. 
Wurtzburg'  was  taken  in  1796,  by  the 
French,  but  upon  their  defeat  in  Sep- 
tember following,  it  was  retaken.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Maine,  40  miles  S  W 
of  Bandierg,  and  300  N  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  10  1:5  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Wurzach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabla.  Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  4S 
6N 

Wurzoi,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of 
Loipsic,  witt>  a  citadel.  Lon.  12  40  £, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Witsteihriusni,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxonv.  Lon.  12  ."0 
E,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Jl-'usHr/uiuseii,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  the  middle  marche  of  Branden- 
burg,  11  miles  S  S  E  of  Berlin. 

Wynlusii:g,  a  post  town,  in  Luzerne 
county,  Peimsylvania  ;  situated  on  the 
N  bank  of  Susquchannah,  near  the 
mouth  of  Wvalusing  creek,  28  miles  N 
W  of  Harlem,  and  62  N  W  of  Wilkes- 
barrc. 

Wye,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Thiu'sday,  soateil  on  the  Stour,  10 
miles  S  o*"  Canterbiu'V,  and  56  S  E  of 
London.     Lon,  14E,"lat    51  ION. 

W;e,  a  river  of  Wales,  whicii  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Cardiganshire,  and  rii'^- 
niuj^  S  E  divides  the  counties  of  Rad- 
nor and  Breciiiiock  ;  then  crosses  Here- 


th 
Ai 

Lu 

pr. 
net 

pri 

on 


S 

can 

kir 
of 


E 

|4  E.  lat.  50  W  NT 
of  Germany,  in  tlii^ 
xony. 

ll'i'i'eriibur:^. 
ii'|)nr    of  Cicrmany, 
r    IJi'imipul    iwrt   ot' 
1(1  by  I'ne    county  ol' 
itdiy  of  Cobiirg-,  tlie 

tlie    :ll'('liljit.<Ii()lirir   of 

satf  of  An'«!|).ic'li,  the 
|)crj»',    and  tiie  county 

ni^  about  65  miles  i!\ 
Ibreadth.     The  soil  is 

prodoces  more   corn 

inliabitaiits  consume;. 
I  the  bishop,  com- 
()  iiwns  and  viUa^^es, 
.ii-L'if^n,  beinp  one  "f 
siaslic  princes  of  the 

:itT  of  German}-,    irt 

defended    with  good 

has  a  mappiificent  p.i- 

y,   an   arsenal,  and  a 

il.     The  castle  stands 

iidcomraunicatos  with 

bridg'e,  on  which,  are 

ienting'as  many  saints. 

aken  in  1796,    by  the 

n  their  defeat  in  Sep- 

;•,   it  was  retaken.     It 

Maine,   40  miles  S  W 

300  N  W  of  Vienna. 

;.  49  46  N. 

vn  of  Germany,  in  the 
Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  4» 

■n  of  Germany,  in  the 
axony,  and  territtjrv  of 
itadcl.     I,on.  12  40  E, 

I  town  of  Germany,  in 
;r  Saxony.     Lon.  12  ."0 

I  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
le  marche  of  Brandcn- 
S  E  of  Berlin. 
)ost  town,  in  Lucerne 
ania  ;  situated  on  the 
quchannah,  near  the 
ing-  creek,  28  miles  N 
id  62  N  W  of  Wilkes- 

1  Kent,  with  a  market 
ated  on  the  Stour,  10 
:;rl)in'V,    and  56  S  E  of 

4E,'lat    51  ION. 
Wales,  which  rises  on 
ardiganshirc,  and  ni'^  ■ 

the   counties  of  Rad- 
:k  ;  then  crosses  Here- 


X  A  V 

ftn-dshire,  passes  by  Hereford,  and  turn- 
iiijr  directl)  S,  ruu.s  by  .sloiinuutli,  and 
falls  into  the  mouth  of  liic  Severn  at 
ChcDstow. 

li'  e,  a  river  in  Derbyshire,  which  ri- 
ses i'ii  the  N  W  part,  ab.nc  U^lAtJn,  and 
Si.jwiii|^  .S  E  fidls  lUlo  the  Ucrwciit,  be- 
ijw  n'ukcwcU. 

H'jc;  a  towit  of  SwisHcrlund,  in  a  ter- 
ritory uf  the  abbey  of  St.  Guilen,  with 
;i  p^iiace.  It  is  bailt  on  un  emuience, 
16  i^iUcs  S  S  W  ul  Ci>iii«luiio«.  Lun.  9 
4  L,   lat   4;   J4  N. 

jr,.'.     sec  li^i-iL 

IF  iieuJak;  u.  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders^ wueie  j^eiiei'iil  Webu,  m  ITOrf, 
Wiui  3J0J  men  only,  dciealcd  24,000 
Freuc-i  It  is  eiijut  miles  E  N  E  of 
Di.MNutde. 

W,rf,  a  river  in  Lancashire,  which 
rises  iikeiu'  Wyrcsdulc,  si)L  utiles  S  E  of 
Lunciii«ter,  and  pas.iiujf  by  Garslung', 
enters  tuie  Irish  Se.i,  below  Puulton. 

ir.tUe  C.  H.  llie  seat  of  jaslicc  in 
"Cvyiiie  coantx ,  Vu-sfiiiia  ;  wliere  tliere 
IS  u  ji'jst  ottice,  3£>  ..iile-.  N  Eof  Abiiig- 
tun,  )i  S  W  uf  I-ijj'iisvilic,  ;uid  jil  truiu 
Washington. 


X. 


VABEA,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
-^     lenciii.     Lon.  0  25  E,  lut.  33  40  N. 

Xaccr.,  or  Succj,  ii  seaport  of  Sicily, 
wiUi  an  old  castle.  It  is  sealed  on  tlic 
S  coast  of  tiie  island,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mouataiii,  20  miles  S  E  of  Mazara,  and 
41  3  S  iV  of  Palermo.  Lou.  IJ  2  E, 
iat.  Sr  41  N. 

Xii^'iui,  a  seaport  on  the  S  coast  of 
the  island  of  Cuba,  one  of  the  fir.est  in 
America,  H4  miles  S  E  of  Uavaimu. 
Lou.  80  45  VV,  lat  22  10  N. 

Xalapa,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  I'lascala,  with  a  bishop's 
(iee.     Lon.  9S  20  VV,  lat   19  32  N. 

Xulisco,  ;'  t'wn  of  New  ."ipain,  in  the 
province  of  Guadalajara  Proper,  seated 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  400  miles  \V  of 
Mexico.     Lon.    110  5  VV,  lat.  22  JO  N. 

Xiitivii,  a.  town  of  Snain,  in  Vah  ncia. 
It  IS  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  which  runs  the  Xucar,  ,52  miles 
S  \V  of  Valencia,  and  50  N  VV  of  Ali- 
caiit.     Lon.  0  14  VV,  lat.  59  4  N. 

Xu'xiier,  or  Salii,  the  capital  of  the 
kinjfdomof  VViiidahj  on  the  Slave  Coast 
of  Guinea,  It  js  noted  for  its  great  mar- 


X  U  D 

I  ket,  which  is  licU  at  the  distance  of  a. 
■  mile  tidin  ilie  w,iil».  'I'lu:  i.iarUet  ,  l.uc 
is  suirounded  by  settler  s  booths,  vv.i.eli 
are  only  permitted  t)  sell  certain  sorts 
of  meat,  as  bee),  porK,  and  ilie  llesli  of 
goats  and  do^s.  Jleiv  kh.ves  oi  bulli 
.texes  are  bo.iglit  uiio  suld,  us  well  as 
o\en,  s:ieep,  d.igs,  hogs,  ti^li,  and  birds. 
Here  .lie  to  be  Ij.iikI  various  coinnuidi- 
lies  of  WiihUu  iiiamifacture,  and  every 
tiling  of  Eui-o|.e.iii,  Asu.llo,  or  Atrieun 
prod'ielioii.  X,.vier  is  staled  ulie  li.ile 
liom  tlie  river  E.iphrales. 

-i^i/.jff;-,  a  town  of  .Spam,  in  Navarre, 
oj   i.iles  .-j  E  of  l';.ni;je!una. 

Xcnier,  St.  a  town  of  Paraguay,  ia 
the  province  of  La  Plata,  2U>j  iiiiiis  VV 
of  tiio  Janeiro.  Lo:;.  5J  6  \V,  lat.  24 
0  S 

Xercs-ik- Biidujcz,  a  town  of  Sp.iin,  in 
Eslremadiira,  ai,d  in  the  teiidoiy  of 
I'ra-la-Giiadiaiia,  acalcd  on  liie  rivulet 
.\rdilla,  27  iiiilos  ;i  E  ol' iiaU.iJoz.  Lon. 
6  J2  VV,  lat.  ja  9  N. 

Xeivs-iie-GuaJiiiiu,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
.■V.id..lusia,  sealed  on  tii'-  (»iliidiaiia,  18 
miles  N  oi'  Avainoiite.  L.n.  7  15  W,  lat. 
J7  J'J  N. 

Xcn:si.le-la-  Froiitcra,  a  town  orS|)ain, 
in  A.  ;...■;  la,  famous  for  excclle:;l  v.'ine ; 
and  ,•  li  ^  is  derived  llic  iiaiue  ol  that 
we  ca.i  ;jhei  -v  It  is  se«!^i!  on  tlie  Gua- 
daleta,  live  mu.^s  N  of  Port  Si.  .Mary, 
and  110  S  by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  59 
VV,  Lit.  36  42  N. 

Xacs-dc  iii-lrcntcra,  a  town  of  ?'e\v 
Spain,  in  the  audience  at  Guadalajara. 
Loi.  lot  25  W,  lat.  22  35  N. 

Xicoco,  all  Ibland  of  Japan,  between 
Nijilion  and  Saikoka. 

Ximu,  an  island  of  Japan,  the  second 
in  size  and  eminence,  to  the  S  W  of 
Niphon,  from  which  il  is  divided  by  a 
narrow  channel.  It  is  300  miles  in  cir- 
cum  fere  nee. 

Xi.xona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
and  in  the  territory  of  Segura,  witli  a 
strong  castle  It  i.j  st  attd  among  luoiiii- 
tains,  in  a  count ly  tliat  pi'oduccs  excel- 
lent wine,  15  miles  S  VV  of  Alic.int. 
Lon.  0  10  VV,  lat.  38  G  N. 

Xucar,  a  river  of  Spain,  wliicn  ri:^c» 
in  New  Castile,  in  the  Sierra  de-Ciien- 
za.  It  parses  by  Ciienz.i,  and  entcino- 
thc  province  of  Valencia,  runs  into  the 
gulf  of  Valencia,  at  the  town  of  CiiUe. 
ra. 

Xndr.o^rot!,  a  town  of  Turkish  Cro. 
atia,  17  miles  N  of  Seiieniua,  and 
37  E  of  Kzara.  Lon  16  51  E,  iat.  40 
34  N. 


M 


Y  A  R 


Y. 


Si'c  RJte. 

bcc     Uruii.m     C(W- 


2"  iin  arm  of  the  Zuiilcr  Zee,  wli'ali 
»  I   .tiiatl.at  sea,   tiM-   milts    li   of 

/ ,u  ul:n  :.   It  fnnii.s  llic  limliitliirj  be- 

tw.o  N  liiid  S    Hnlluiul,   and   is   [.w- 

l.:'lK.    S.  I'    LVi// 

}  .,/ioit'.  :-cc  Vra'sh. 

r„t,uk,  one  of  llic  fovir  provinres  of 
IIk'  KiiHsi.in  j^ovtiiinu'i  I  (if  Irk\ahk,  in 
ll;e  I  a.-icrii  imrl  oi  S.Ihmi;.. 

Tdlulst,  atcxvn  I'f  Sil)tri;\,  C!ij)ilal  o( 
H  i  ■.-.siiiii  pn  v.m  e  of  tlio  siiim-  nunu', 
r..  ;  ■  ;'-  oil  llic  i\vc'.i-  Lena  Um\.  l-J  5J 
i,,  ..•    b:  IN. 

J'.'t,  t!ie  capital  of  a  province  of 
t);i-  same  nanie,  in  tiie  island  of  Cey- 
lon. 

l'../,.\:v',  a  seaport  of  Arabia,  with  a 
ca'Mlc,  on  the  roust  of  th.  !',v;l  S.a,  (^0 
ni.ks  "^  VV  of  Mcdnia.  Lon.4C;  lU  E,hit. 
2j  4'J  N 


T<,i,ii>urg,  u  town  of  Russi:i,in  the  c^o- 
VI  i-nnu  it  oi  I'clcrshuvfj.  Lon.  .?»  16  E, 
If.i   j9  IJi  N. 

3..;K'f  ff'.'.'c,  a  post  town  in  I.ouisa 
cout.t'  ,  V'li'gi'iia,  14  miles  S  ('f  Lonisa 
C..I.  t-i."iise,  14  N  of  Col'.inihia  Court- 
lion  .•    ami  tiO  M  W  of  Ritliinond. 

'X\i'g.tclit<r.i,  a  popnlons  city  of  China, 
in  tiR  j.-r  nir.ce  of  K.ang-iian.  It  is  45 
miles  i\  E  of  Nan-king. 

'i\ii>g  ise-i.ir.iig,  II  ;j-i-eat  viver  of  China, 
vhieh  rises  lU  liie  jii-ovinpc  of  Vniniian, 
jiiid  liavinf;-  cvossed  Hon-ipian,!?  and 
Kianff-na:i,  enfis  the  EastLrn  Ocean, 
op'posite  tlie  isle  of 'i  snnf^-iuini;-,  whieh 
i;  forn.ed  b.  the  sand  a.Ti'mnlated  at 
i'^  nio'itli.  I;^.  the  niontl.s  of  April  and 
Ma  u  j^.eat  nuini'.r  of  ux'-elU'nt  fisli 
are  c  ;ai-.lit  in  this  river  whicl;  are  sent 
to  court,  c.osered  with  i  'e  in  haiktjkept 
for  the  purpose. 

Tare.  ;>  ri\cr  in  Noriblk. 
Turiun.  See  Inhn. 
Tarvioiitli,  a  boron-^h  in  Norfol!;,  with 
a  niMlvCl  on  VVednts<liy  and  Safnrda}. 
3l  IS  .«e:itod  at  the  iiiontli  of  the  Y;tie, 
and  lias  lohi;'  been  known  as  one  of  the 
jji-incipal  bcM-poi'ts  in  Er.;j-'a-.d_ ;  and 
tboiinh  troni  the  fUxlnation  of  trade 
several  newer  ones  have  oiaslripped  it 
in  business,  it  still  retains  ermsiilerablc 
consequence  in  its  double  capacity  of  a 
gpri  vid  a  lishiiiij  town.    U\  mcyivs  oi 


YAK 

iti  rivers  it  enjoys  all   the   iiiipoi't  and 
e\(orttradi'  of "  Norwi.  li,  and  viriou-i 
lil.ites  on  that  side  of  Norf'lk  anil  ^uf- 
folk.      lo  tliiin  il  con\u\s  coal,  timber, 
and  foreign  products  ;  and  by  its  means 
are  expo;  led  their  corn  and  malt  in  vast 
iiuanlities,     and     their     inannfaiiured 
gi  (ids.     li.s    l.aibour     Will    not   adni.t 
nhips  of  huge  burden,  but  is  extremely 
convenient  for  inisiness,  the  vessels  ly- 
ing III  the  rl'.er  alon^'  a  very  exljnsivc 
and  beaiilirul  (piay.      llie  foreign  trade 
of  this    |;orl    is   rhieth    to   the    baltie, 
ilo.iand,  I'ortr^al,  and    the    Mediter- 
raiu  an.     Il    ai.>o    sends    sllip>    to   the. 
Greenland  fishery.     T  he   home  fishinjj 
is  c.iir,(.!  i.n  at  Urn   seasons:   that   lor 
iiiaCkiel  in  May  and  June,  and  that  for 
heiiU'if    in    oilober    and    November. 
The  latter   is    the    n.osl   consideralile  ; 
and,  besides  the  boats  belontrinji,-  lo  the 
town,  many  lobles  (roiii  the  Yorkshire 
coast,  hired  for   t!ie    purpose,    are  em- 
ploMil  in  it.     Varinouth    is    Viiiich    fre- 
quented in    the    season    as  n  place    for 
3ea-b,.tl;inp.  It  is  governed  by  air.avor, 
and  sends  iwo  members  lo  parliament. 
The  market  place  is  very  spacious  ;  but 
the  streets  in  general  ale  \ery  narrow, 
and  Jest  wide*  enouijh    for   their   little 
carr"iat:,-;s  to  pass  through.     'Ihese  car- 
nages''are  a  khid  of  sledge,  drawn  by 
one  horse,  and  calculated    intirely   for 
these  narrow  streets.     Here    are   two 
c'.iurches;  that  of  St.    Nicholas   has   a 
loftv  steeple,  whiih  serves  as  a  seamark, 
and'  which  ever  way  il  is  viewed,  it  ap- 
pears  crooked.     Oil  ll.c  mouth  of  the 
harbour  is  a  bar,    which   prevents   the 
eutiv  of  ships  of  large  burden;  and  the 
many  sandbanks  nlf  the  coast,  .it  a  dis- 
tance, form  the    Yarnaiulh    Koads,   so 
noted   for  freipient   shii)\vrecks.     Yar- 
moulli  is  27  nidc!^  E  of  Norwich,   and 
1 IJ  N  E  of  London,  Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  52 
45  N. 

Vannouth,  a  borough  in  Hampshire, 
on  the  \V  coast  of  the  Lsle  of  Wight, 
with  a  bH'ong  caslle  It  sends  vwo  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  n 
criik,  eijfiit  miles  W  of  Newport,  .".r.d 
I'Jj  S  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  2!}  W,  hit. 
50  40  N.  , 

Vannouth,  a  post  town  in  Barnstab.e 
countv,    Massaehnserts  :    situated    five 


mi!'.'s'E  by  N  of  Hanistable,  and  76  S 
E  of  ISoslon,  with  1727  inhabitants. 

Tarodiif,  a  government  of  Russia, 
formerly  a  province  of  the  government 
i)f  Mosc'W 

ru>-^i>'-i>f,  a  tcwn  of  Russia,  capil.d  ot 


■ll- 


\  K 

all  the  iiii]"iia  una 
Jorwiili,  .'Hid  v<rin\i;i 
[■  of  Nnri'.'lk  ai\il  Mif- 
C()iiM.\s  c(wl,liiii!.ir, 
(.IS  ;  aiiil  l)v  it>  means 
1-  c.ii'h  and  lualt  in  vast 
tlicir  mannracuil'vd 
our  will  not  adni:t 
dc-n,  l.ul  iscxti-fiiK-ly 
sini'st,  the  vessels  ly- 
Um'^  u  vci-y  ts.tjn»ivc 
y.  llie  ibi-f ij;ii  trade 
'liieth  to  the  haltie, 
d,  i.ud   the    Mediler- 

.sciiit.i    sllil'-i    to   tlii: 
,-.     T  lie    hnine  f\sl)in(> 
ivo   (.tasims:   that   tVir 
jiid  June,  and  thai  liif 
jher    antl    Niivend)ei-. 
(■    ir.osl    cou3ideral)li.-  ; 
boats  heli)njjin)(;  to  the 
.s  (mni  tlie  Yorkshire 
t!ic    ijurpose,    are  em- 
rnioiUh    is   liuith    tVe- 
seasoii    as  a  plafe    f'oi- 
!  governed  by  aUiavor, 
lendiers  to  pai'liaiiieiil. 
e  is  very  spacious  ;  biit 
neral  aie  \ery  narrow, 
noujjh    tor   their   little 
i  thnmgh.     'lliese  rur- 
l  ol'  sledge,  drawn  by 
:alcidatcd    intirely   for 
reels.     Here    ure   two 
)f  St.    Niehohis   has   a 
iili  serves  uh  a  seamark, 
wa\  it  is  Viewed,  it  ap- 
Ofl  the  mouth  of  the 
•,    which   prevents   the 
large  burden  ;  and  the 
i  oil'  the  coast,  .it  a  dis- 

Yarniouth  Koads,  so 
lent  shipwrecks.  Yar- 
es  E  of  Norwicli,  and 
don,  I.on.l  55E,lal.5C 

borough  in  Hampshire, 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
stle  ll  sends  two  rneni- 
ent,  and  is  staled  on  a 
les  W  of  ^'ewp(•rt,  .".r.d 
idon.    Lon.  1  2!}  W,  hit. 

post  town  ij'i  Barnstable 
ehuserts  ;  situated  five 
)f  liarnstable,  and  "6  S 
Ith  1727  inhabitanls, 
government  of  Russia, 
■Ince  of  the  governmeut 

)\\\\  of  Russia,  capi*..d  ot 


YEN 

i  p^vcrnment  of  the  Hamcnnmc,  Bcatcdj 
It  the  cunllnence  of  the  Volga.  Lon.  33' 
yj  t,  lat.  57  35  N. 

}\iruin,  a  town  in  the  N  r'ding  ol 
Voritihire,  with  a  nnirkel  on  1  hursday. 
It  is  .sc.ited  on  the  'lees,  over  v\liii  h  is 
a  stone  bridge, /lO  miles  N  N  W  of  York, 
.,n  1  'JjS  N  bv  W  of  London,  l.on.  1  12 
\V,  lui.  5-iSl  N. 

Vt.niqui,  a  village  of  S  America,  in 
I'liM.  lUrc  L'lioa  and  the  Trenrh  ni.i- 
iliiinaticians  measured  an  arch  of  the 
meridian. 

Ic.'l,  onc!  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  to 
ihc  N  of  that  called  Mainland.  It  is  12 
miles  long  and  eight  broad,  ami  lias 
sneral  good  harboiu-s. 

lellinu  Rher,  u\-  l{ua<ir;-Ilo,  a  lar(;c 
river  of  Asia,  winch,  after  a  course  of 
riavly  600  leagues  across  'I'arlary  and 
Cliiiia,  enters  the  Eastern  Sea,  to  the 
N  lit  the  mouth  of  the  Yan-tse-kiang. 
It  :3  very  broad  and  ra|)id,  but  so  shal- 
low, that  it  is  scarcely  navigable.  It  is 
called  the  Yellow  Hiver,  because  the 
clay  and  sand  which  it  waslies  down, 
especially  in  time  of  rain,  makes  its 
water  appear  of  a  yellow  colour. 

Yttlota  Sea,  a  gid'f  of  China,  i)etvveen 
the  provinces  of  Pc-tcheli  aiul  Chang 
long  on  the  W,  and  the  peninsula  of 
Corca  on  the  E. 

Vmiiei,  or  yciiisa,  a  river  of  Siberia, 
which  running  from  S  to  N,  enters  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  the  bay  oi 
Oby. 

Veimeisk,  or  ycnisioi,  a  large  r.nd  po- 
liuions  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  i)rovinec 
nl'lomsk,  seated  on  the  river  Yenisei. 
Li.li.  <J2  -io  E,  hit.  57  46  N. 

Ten-ping-fdii,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
[irovince  of  Fokien.'lt  has  in  its  district 
seven  cities  of  the  third  class  ;  it  rises 
in  the  form  of  an  anii)hitheatre,  upon  the 
b:;i\v  (J' a  mountain  which  is  washed  by 
tlie  liver  Min-ho  ;  it  is  fortified  by  in- 
accessible mountains,  which  cover  it 
C!i  every  side,  and  all  the  barks  of  the 
prmince  n'.ui/^  pi'ss  by  the  fool  of  its 
w.lls,  to  go  to  their  dillerent  places 
1)1  (k-stination.  It  is  275  miles  S  of  Nan- 

]\n-t(;^eoufuu,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chang-tong.  The  juris- 
'ii'-'tion  of  this  city  is  very  extensive, 
containing  four  cities  of  the  second  am'. 
23  cif  the  th-rd  class  ;  and  it  is  seated 
tictwec  n  two  rivers,  275  miles  S  E  oi 
I'ckin. 
Ven-tciiini',  ^  *^''y  "<"  China,  in  the  pre. 
IvMicc  of  Chang-tong,  and  jurisdiction 


Y  O  R 

of  Tsi-uan.fou,  where  n  kind  of  glass  U 
made,  so  dei'Cite  and  brltlle,  t'.  .t  it 
crr.cks  when  exposed  to  the  suirdlcst 
injur'   '  of  the  uir. 

' yftnil,  iir  Ivcl,  a  rorpnr.ite  tnv.n  in 
Soniersetsluie,  v\ith  a  market  on  I'ri- 
duy.  Here  is  a  maiiuf.u-ture  of  cloth, 
but  the  pruu'.pal  ore  is  ol' gloves.  Ir  is 
seated  on  'he  Ivel,  20  inilf'S  S  of  ^Vf■!;s, 
and  1  Jj  \V  l)j  S  of  London.  L:  :i.  2  JT" 
\V,  lat  M)  oi  N. 

3(-.v(/,  a  tiiwnof  Persia,  in  Iri'c  Aj'/.-n.!, 
on  tiie  road  from  Kerman  to  Ispui.,iii  It 
iias  a  bilk  manuf.u'tnre  ;  ami  here  a.  e 
made  the  finest  carpels  in  the  world.  It 
is  2(.iO  m  les  E  S  E  of  l.'jpahan.  Lon.  55 
5U  E,  lat.  .J2  0  N. 

lo.'i/'t;.i-,  a  post  town  in  We^t  Clics- 
ter  county.  New  York,  11  indes  N  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  2.i.j  fioni 
W.ii/iiiigtu:! 

Voiii.tf,  a  deparlmcnl  of  I''r:u'''e,  con- 
taining part  of  the  lale  province (;i  ilur.  - 
gundy-  It  is  so  called  iVi>m  a  '-iver 
that  rises  in  tiic  deimrinK'nt  of  Kievrc, 
and  passing  b\  Chateau  Chlii.iU,  Clatne- 
ei,  Auxerre,  J"i;^ny,  .ind  S<.ns,  f.dls 
into  the  Seine.  Auxerre  is  the  capital. 
Viirhiiaa,  if^jrovince  of  Guiana,  abi<nt 
IjO  miles  in  leiigtii,  on  the  river  An'..i- 
/,on. 

Tnrl;  a  city,  the  capital  of  Yorkshire, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  anil  a  market 
on  Tuesdav,  T'liur.sday,  and  Saturday. 
It  is  the  I'.boracinn  of  liie  Komans,  and 
many  of  their  eoftins,  urns,  coins,  &.c. 
have  been  fotiiid  here.  It  has  always 
lieen  considerid  as  th.e  capit.d  of  the 
North,  an<!  in  point  of  rank,  us  the  se- 
cond city  ill  the  kingdom  :  and,  although 
it  is  now  surpassed  in  wealth  and  po. 
pulousness  by  many  of  the  more  modern 
trading  tov.r.s,  it  still  Siijiports  a  eonsi- 
derable  degree  of  eonsequenie,  and  is 
the  residi  nee  of  many  genteel  families. 
The  cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  generally 
called  the  minster,  is  reckoned  tlie. 
most  elegant  and  magnificent  Gothic 
structure  in  the  kingdom,  Lincoln  pe,. 
haps  excepted.  From  its  top  is  seen  a 
vast  cxlenl  of  country,  particularly  the 
open  VV'oidds  to  t'le  E,  stretching  al- 
most to  till' sea  Besldeiilhis  catlit'iiral, 
York  colli ains  17  churches  in  use.  ll  is 
Jivickdhy  the  Ouse  into  two  parts, 
wiiicii  are  united  by  a  st)'.e  bridge  of 
live  arclies,  and  the  river  is  iiavifjable 
•"  this  cil_\  for  vc.-;sels  of  70  tmis  hor. 
de;i,  .dthnunh  it  is  CO  miles  from  tiic 
si^a.  Its  cislle  built  by  \Vil!i;;m  the 
Conqueror,  is  now  a  county  prison  for 


•I 

f. ! 


f.l! 


Y  O  R 

UcIAciI's  uikI  I't'loiis.  Tln^  (^it>i  Willi!) 
19  a  lilii'il}  iiuU'piiiiK'iil  ol  L'illu  r  III' liii- 
riclings,  lia.i  Jiirihdalion  over  J6  \i!l.i- 
};fH  :iml  liiiMili'tM  W  ol'tlif  Oust',  cullctl 
llic  Lil)i.rl)  ol'  Aiiijty.  It  is  ili\ itliil  Inlii 
tiiiil'  wlii'iU,  Ii:is  2U  |Iui  i»lli.'.s,  iiiul  is  wil- 
led raiiuJ.  '1  lici'i.'  \v;is  a  >,ri.:.l  liadc 
litre  li>r!iii'i  l\  i  lull  It  litiii  dcctu-ilsiiuL' 
tlic  i-ot'i)in;:i'.iiPii,  tiiid  tliL*  ul)n!:tii)n  rf 
tlic  c'liiiil  ofllic  pic'sidcnt  of  llio  m.'rtli. 
'riic  pknly  mid  rlii;ii|iiic-hs  of  provisions 
licri-  bi'ini^s  aliuiulaiiii'  uf  ;.U':n,",'.i'!i 
liilhti'  fur  till-  CDiiVcilitiii)  lit"  lj<):ir:'.Mi;v  ; 
uiiti  tin-  riiii;iiiis  that  uiv  sldl  to  I.if  :ii.i.:i 
licrc,  of  till,"  iii};eiuiit\  itiid  grandeur  <>i' 
till'  old  Uoiuans.,  Ijo.'.idL's  ti;c  niiiiu  i,t' 
.'ililii.\s,  castles,  and  rliill  ('lies,  111' u  I  ittr 
<lal<',  altrai-t  and  dt'tiiiii  every  Have'dcr 
wild  IS  inquisitive  after  antiqviities  or 
turiiisilies.  U  is  a  diiUcdiini  Lielousinij;' 
to  the  royal  hiiiiily  of  Kr.j^land.  'I  iie 
Cii'.ldl.ull,  bulk  in  IMG,  isaijiTiiul  iiti'iic- 
tiire,  .siip|:i(rled  by  two  rowa  ol' oak  pil- 
lars, e.irli  pillar  a  siiifjle  tree.  The  eor- 
j)or;.tii)n  hiult  u  iiiansloii  hoii!.e,iii  IT2H, 
fur  t  lie  lord  Ilia)  jr  :  and  here  is  also  a 
theatre  rojal,  and  an  as_\  luiii  for  luna- 
tics 'V'oili  is  70  luiles  S  by  li.  of  Dur- 
h;iin,  and  lyH  N  h>  VV  of  Lundoii.  Lon. 
1  1  VV,  lal.  oJ  5'J  S. 

Vuihhire,  a  county  of  Enj;land,  dou- 
ble ill  bi.:e  to  any  of  the  other  ;  bouiitU 
cd  on  tlie  N  by  Durham  and  Wesl- 
Tnor<daiid  ;  on  the  ii  by  the  German 
Ocean ;  on  the  \\  by  Westmoreland 
aiul  Lancashire  ;  and  on  the  S  by  tlie 
covinties  of  Chtste",  Derby,  Notting-- 
Jiaiii,  iiiid  Lincoln.  Its  most  remark- 
able natural  inland  boundaries  are,  the 
liver  'I'ccs  to  the  N,  the  ridge  of  hills 
called  the  En;^lisli  AppeiiniiK.s  to  the 
\V,  and  tlic  arm  of  the  seu  iiuni- 
ed  the  Huniber  to  the  S  W.  '1  iie 
le.igtli  of  this  county  is  above  ei|i;lity 
julles,  and  ils  breadth  an  hundred. 
From  ils  great  extent  it  has  been  dis- 
tributed into  three  main  divisions,  call- 
t'll  Hidiii;.;s.  Of  these  tlie  N  Uidiuy  com- 
prehends the  wliole  northern  part  from 
side  to  side,  descending  to  tlie  capital 
in  the  centre:  the  E  Kidinj^  takes  the 
.south  eastern  liart,  from  the  river 
Oiisc  to  the  sea;  and  the  W  Kidin;;- 
comprises  all  the  rest  of  the  county, 
■wiiich  is  not  only  thi.-  western,  but  most 
of  the  .louthcrn  part.  1['orkshire,  in  this 
wide  compass,  contains  an  abstract  of 
the  whole  kingdom  with  respect  to 
soil,  product^,  and  face  of  country. 
Towards  the  N  AV  and  W  it  posses- 
ses all  the  grandeur  and  roraaatic  varic- 


Y  O  R 

l\  of  the  iiiMintaiiiou*  rc;;i(inB.  'Dii; 
middle  part,  from  N  to  S,  is  ei|ii:il  In 
Certilitj  to  must  tracts  of  land  in  Kiijj. 
land.  I'ail  of  the  .S  and  S  E  is  iiiaisla, 
and  ailords  excellent  pasluraue  lor  rat. 
lie.  Miicli  llax  \»  grown  in  p;in.^  <j|' 
ihia  di.itrid.  The  .sea  coast  c.\ii.;,'. 
the  Noutlierii  purl  of  it,  in  in  (^i  nerul  ii.ii^. 
ed  and  dreary,  coiisistinj,^  of  wide  ex. 
te;.dea  r.icjors  and  barren  hills.  Tliis 
<  ounty  i.i  exlreiTiely  well  watered,  aiul 
its  livers  itre  dispojied  in  ii  singuluily 
Lc-.titifiil  manner.  They  rise,  in  ^'cac- 
r.il,  in  the  moimlaiiioiik  hkirts  of  tliu 
county,  from  the  N  E  loimd  to  the 
.S  W  J  .iiid,  uniting  as  t'ey  proceed  to- 
wards  ils  centre,  like  the  veins  of  a 
spreadiiij;'  leaf,  at  len^^th  terminute  in 
one  niiiin  trunk,  which  issues  in  tlic 
Handler.  Of  these  the  principal, 
and  that  which  alone  preserves  it« 
name  to  tl'.e  Huniber,  is  the  northcni 
Onse.  From  the  moulh  of  the  leca 
the  Yorkshire  coast  commences  liijjli 
and  rude,  i.'.tcrspersed  with  many  twli- 
iii)^  villages,  singularly  pLiccd  like  nests 
upon  the  led(;,es  of  the  rocks.  No  coast 
ill  Ei.g'laiid  a'.iounds  more  in  fish  of  \a. 
rioiis  kinds  than  this;  and  it  breeds  an 
ini!u;,trioiiii  and  hardy  rrce  of  fisher- 
men,  who  pui  iiue  their  prey  to  great 
distances  and  supply  the  inland  coun- 
try for  a  large  extent.  'I'hc  district  <it' 
Cleveland,  iiiiaiid  from  this  part  of  the 
coast,  is  a  fertile,  though  mountainous 
country,  and  breeds  great  numbers  uf 
cattle.  'I  he  worst  parts  breed  lean 
cattle  i  but,  on  the  sides  of  the  hill:.,  in 
the  vallies  and  plains,  it  prod  ices  (niml 
corn,  and  rich  pastures  for  large  cat- 
tle. Uicliiiiondsiiiie,  on  the  N  W  of 
tbi.s  riding,  was  formerly  a  county  of 
itself;  here  many  lead  mines  are  work- 
ed to  great  advantage.  In  Yoi.ishire 
likewise  arc  the  districts  of  Cleveland, 
Ilolderness,  and  Craven.  In  this  last 
district  are  two  of  the  highest  hills  in 
England  ;  the  one  named  \Varnsidc,  the 
other  Iiigleborougli.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Oiuo,  Don,  Dervcnt, 
Calder,  Aire,  'VVart,  Nidd,  Ure,  and 
Hull,  all  which  terminate  in  the  Huni- 
ber, which  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean,  between  VorLshirc  aflU  Lin- 
colnshire. 

Turk,  the  capital  of  York  county, 
Pciins)lvaiiia,  12  miles  \V  of  Columbia 
on  tl'.e  Susq'.ichannah,  23  from  Lancas- 
ter, 8C  from  I'liiladelphia,  and  jO  N 
of  Baltimore.  It  stands  on  the  E  side 
of  C-jdynu  creek.    It  is  incorporated 


and  cnntnit 
fy  on  a  liM 

r,rb,     til 

Mail.  ■  i    si 
llie    orfiin, 
mouth,  16 
ni'hiink,    ii 
\V.     The 
ed  at  'iTTCi 
the  lisherif 
r.irk,  iVr 
of  .Americii 
.Mlantic  O 
nil  licut, 
ni'>iit  ;  on  tl 
divides  it  fi 
In  the    nvc 
likes  Or.lar 
W   and  S 
Jirscy.     It 
bniad,  and 
oontaiiiing  ' 
Vork,   in    j. 
ridges  of  mi 
and  S  \V  (1 
1,'any    moiin 
try  is  quite 
CDvcredin  it 
kinds  of  trc 
iiy  moimt.'u 
into  hills  wi 
The  hills 
and  when 
Tlie  valli 
wheat  hem 
arc    cove 
State,  witl 
white,  re 
oak.  lies 
boars  dust 
(lians  che 
en  ;  the  h 
llie   coninu: 
tiire  whe 
mcnse  are 
'li.m  corn 
for  export 
&c.  for  lioi 
parts   of  tl 
kept,    will 
butter   and 
this   State 
liawks  riv 
mountain.s 
or  are   jus 
This   state 
rivers  and 
Vork  Riv 
Slates  of  N 
formed   b 
muiiky  and 


KlC 


»' V  O'l 


)  R 

oils  n';;ii)iis.  'Ili^ 
S'  to  S,  is  i-mi  il  ill 
ts  of  laiul  in  Kni;. 
ami  S  liia  mui.sl.i, 
I  |janturiip  li)i'  fiX- 
(jrown    111  p^iiU  til 

sea  I'oasl  i'\cl]j'. 
it,  is  ill  gt mi'ul  iiiii.. 
islstini^  of  \vi(k-  ex- 
buiTCii    liills.     'I'llii 

well  wiitcriil,  ami 
iKftl  in  II  niiigululy 
'I'luy  rise,  iiij^cuc- 
iiiiiiik  bkirts  of  vlie 
N    E   rouiiil  to  llm 
as  I'.cy  iiroci-ed  to- 
like   llie  vi-ins  of  u 
;ii(;tli    terminate   iii 
I'hich    issues  ill  tlic 
ese    li.e     priiicipal, 
(lone    preserves    il» 
ler,   in  llie  iionhcni 
numlli   of  the   fyca 
isl  i-oniinences  lii|,'li 
I'sed  with  many  fiali- 
irly  jibced  like  nests 
llie  rotks.   No  cdjbl 
s  more  ill  fish  of  \a- 
lis  ;  ami  it  breeds  an 
laidy  r:xe  of  fislier. 
llieir    prey    to  great 
iply  tile  inland  conn- 
.eiit.     'rhc  district  of 
from  this  i)arl  of  the 
thoiii;li   mountainmis 
ids  great   numbers  of 
it    parts    hreetl   lean 
;  sides  of  the  hllL,  a\ 
ins,  it  prod  ices  good 
astures  for  largL^  cat- 
iie,    on   the  N   W  of 
formerly  a  count)-  of 
lead  luines  are  work- 
ntage.     In  Yoi.ishire 
listricts  of  Cleveland, 
Craven.     In  tliis  last 
f  tlie   highest  hills  in 
na'.nedWarr.side,  the 
igh.       The    principal 
)iue,    Don,    Uervent, 
Varf,  Nidd,  Ure,  and 
enniiiate  in  the  Hum. 
s    into     tlie     German 

Yorkshire   aiftl    Lin- 

)ital  of  York  cimnty, 
miles  W  of  Columbia 
nnah,  '^i  from  Laiicas- 
liladelpliia,  and  50  N 
t  stands  on  the  li  side, 
k.    It  is   iiicorporatcd 


Y  O  R 


and  cnntnins  JSO.Vmhabitant*,  who  car-' 
ry  on  a  lively  retail  li.nh'. 

);  r^  the'  rri|iital  of  York  ro'inty, 
Mail:  •  i  sitiiatc'l  on  York  riv.'r,  near 
(he  orriin,  ten  inili-s  N  K  of  Polls- 
mouth,  16  S  of  Well',  mid  2',' ot"  Ktn- 
iirbiink,  ill  hit  4:1  12  N,  and  Ion.  70  .V.) 
W.  The  inhabitants  wi'.o  arc  estinial- 
ed  at  2TTCi  are  piiiicipally  engaged  ir. 
the  (islicrics. 

K,r>,  iVi"!;-,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  hounded  on  tin-  S  F.  h\  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  t)ii  the  K  by  Con- 
ine ticiit,  Massachusetts,  and  \'it- 
ni'viit  ;  on  the  N  by  the  46"  of  h.t.  viiich 
divides  it  from  Canada  i  on  the  N  '.V 
In  the  liver  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
I  ikcs  Ontario  and  Krie  ■  and  on  the  S 
W  and  S  by  Pmnsylvania  and  New 
JiTscv.  It  ill  .■■>;>()  miles  long  and  .''.OO 
bi-oad,  and  is  divided  into  ll?  coiintie.s, 
rnntaining  44,0UO  square  miles.  Kc-w 
Vcirk,  in  general,  is  intersected  by 
ridges  of  mountains  running  in  a  N  K 
andS  W  direction.  IJcjondthe  Allc- 
pnv  mountains,  however,  the  coun- 
try "is  quite  level,  of  a  fine  rich  soil, 
covered  in  its  natural  state,  with  various 
kinds  of  trees.  East  of  tlie  Allega- 
ny mountains  the  country  is  bmken 
into  hills  witli  rich  intervening  vallins. 
The  hills  arc  clothed  thick  with  timber, 
and  when  cleared  aff')rd  fine  piisture. 
The  vallies  when  cultivated,  produce, 
wheathemp,  Indian  corn,  &.o.  The  hills 
arc  covered  in  vari-oiis  jiiirts  of  the 
State,  with  several  kinds  of  oak,  such  as 
vrliite,  red,  yellow,  black  and  cliciiuit 
oak.  Besides  these  is  the  siimacii,  wiiich 
bears  clusters  of  red  berries  ;  the  In- 
dians chew  the  leaves  instead  of  tobac- 
co !  the  berries  are  used  In  dyes.  Of 
tlie  commodities  produced  from  cul- 
ture wheat  is  the  sta|)lc.  of  which  im- 
mense arc  raised,  and  exported.  In 
di.m  corn  and  peas  arc  likewise  raised 
for  exportation  i  and  rye,  oats,  barley, 
&c.  for  home  consumjition.  In  some 
parts  of  the  state  large  dairies  are 
kept,  which  furnish  for  th?  market 
hiitter  and  cheese.  The  best  lands  in 
this  State,  which  lie  along  the  Mo- 
hawks river,  and  W  of  the  Allegany 
mountains,  are  yet  in  a  state  of  natiiiv, 
or  are  just  beginning  to  be  settled. 
This  state  abovinds  with  several  fine 
rivers  and  lakes. 

Vori  Hirer,  a  river  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  in  Virginia, 
iiirmed  by  the  con'luence  of  the  Ha- 
muuky  and  Mattapony,  30  miles  above 


Z  O  R 

York  Town,  below   whi«  h  place  it  e«; 
tcis  CliLSiipcak  Hay. 

i;7>-(r.ii"(,  the  ca|>iud  ol  Y'ork  roitiity, 
Virginia;  a  port  town  iii  d  ivst  of  t  n- 
try.  Il  lies  on  the  Ssiilc  ol  Y.irk  river, 
1.!  miles  t,  of  VVillianiihiii;'-,  (ii  F.  by  S 
ol  nil  hu. Olid,  and  J".)  N  U  of  .Vorf.'ik. 
ill  hit  ;./'\?y  N,  and  Ion  70°  j:'  W. 
llie  in!iablt:,nts  are  abdiu  '/OO.  This 
town  is  leiidtred  I'amims  by  t!ie  suit;  n  • 
(hr  of  the  British  arniv  under  Lord 
Cornwallls,  Oct,  ll.Mh  1791. 

I'li-tclifoii-J'cii,  »  corniiii  riiul  city  of 
Cliinu,  in  the  province  of  Hou-iiuang, 
whi'h  may  be  reckoned  one  of  tho 
wealthicHl  cities  in  Chinii.  Its  district 
contains  one  city  of  the  second,  and 
seven  of  the  third  (lass  ;  and  it  is  seat- 
ed i;ri  the  Yiing-tse-kiaiig,  275  miles  .S 
W  of  Nan  king. 

Voiigluit!,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  and  province  of  Mini- 
ster. It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  has  a 
very  commodious  harbour,  uiili  a  well 
defended  quay,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers  to  ])arlian.ent.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  earthen  ware,  and  is  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  lull,  at  the  mouth  of  th^ 
river  lilackvvater,  2H  miles  E  hv  N  of 
Cork.     Lon  47  5  \V,lat,  51  5<i  N. 

Vomi^'stmfn,  a  post  town  in  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio  ;  situated  on  a  iiranch  of 
I5ig  Beaver  river,  eight  miles  N  E  of 
Caniield,  and  about  90  N  by  Wof  Pitts- 
burg. The  inhabitants  are  about  500. 
I'/irc/i,  a  large  city  of  Flanders,  witli 
a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cloth  and  serges  ;  and 
every  year  in  lent  there  is  a  well  fre- 
quented fair.  It  was  one  of  tlic  liani- 
cr  towns  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  till 
1781,  v.dien  they  were  obliged  hy  the 
emperor  to  withdraw  tl.cir  garrison. 
Mje  French  took  this  town  in  171'4.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Yperlee,  I'J  miles  W 
of  Courtrav,  15  N  W  of  Li.<-,le,  .ind  I.IU 
N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  43  E,  hit,  50  51  N. 
Vscn:!;ck,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Dutch  Flanders,  in  the  isle  of  Calsand, 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Sclield, 
called  Blic,  cipht  miles  E  of  Sluys,  anil 
13  N  W  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3  38'E,  lat. 
51  20  N. 

Tsi-el.     See  laael. 

I'ssel/'urg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Gueldcr- 
hir.d,  12  miles  E  of  Ch-vcs,aiid  22  N  E 
of  Gueldres.  Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 
TsseliiiorJe,  an  island  of  Hollaiui,  si- 
tuate between  the  Mcr  we  and  a  branch 
of  the  Macse. 

Vine/ittiti,  a  lo^^'ll  of  the  UmtsJ  '^r*- 


Y  U 


I  t 


lii, 


;n:. 


:::.i,vv.crY^s.l  n.^nu^HS^V.- 
Ucimrlmcnt  of  UpiK-  l.mn-.  ..n.M,.tc 
;,n,vmce  ol  Lungucdoc.  10  m.l.«  N  b 

en..Hti..p.'ov,MC..,.S.-l..nc,.,Jonul^ 

P--"-"'    '^-'Kos      :!i    ana 
,iv  of  the  t!..rd  c\uas.     U  >=.  ^^U  ..u\cs 

1.  ,,,1    ni  U  e  Pa-  s  .1.;  V'.'Ud.  ciil'il'd  "'  " 
t:;;,conUe-s;>menumc,w;u.acas. 

teS.na    .■.hcUk.ol•Y^x,•a...V->- 
.rii.M>      Lon.GoOE.lat  46  50  N. 
OW.-.Nut,nvM.,VK>-a>>a..  m  the       . 

i„-,vuKc  .1  Nonnunay,  live  milfs  N  t 

"''Si''- '>n.,e  nul.an,a  IsWs   in 
the\mlies,lsn.gt..llK- Not  tuba; 

r.mW,..one.,.tl.c  Bahama  Ian, 
•„,  tbi-  W  Indies,  to  the  N  oi  tl.c  k,I(- 
o    Yuma,    lyin,   nncU-rthc    t.-ornc    ot 

Snontol'ckln.form.    ucojnnmn... 

lien  between  the  N  ami  S'  I  ":''^^^*^ 
In  the  course  olits  navRalion  !i  g.eat 
number  of  h)cks  are  founa,  which  the. 
Z  of  water  surtklent  to  curry  lar^e 
barks   has   ••"naere.l   neecss.ry       1    c 

obstacles  which  "^^'"-^  "I'l"  ^"  ,.V' ^ ', 
evociilion  of  this  vaajrn.fieent  wo.k,  the 
^''L  „,cl  lonK  dikes  by  wh.ch  .t  s 
r  nt'^ncd,  its  banks  decorated  and  ol- 
;-  l^i  with  cut  st.Mie,  the. n^en^ms 
'■'.'  m„sm  of  its  lock.,  ul  render  ,t 
!;;;;;;  t  of  admiration   to   the   L.iroi'ean 

p.v^^eii'eAeheli.  l,s district  con^ 
^ -ns  one  city  of  tlie  sea,nd  and  .  o^ 
the  third  class  ;  and  is  87  mdes   i^  ot 

^  r«-A,".'/"".  ^  '^■"y  "*■  S'. '""•' '"  ""■ 

pv.  nee  of  Ho-nan.  Its  district  con- 
L.stw.citie«oithe  second  and  12 


Z  A  O 

^t,f  the  third  class.  It  i*  17-'  wlc*  X  W 

of  Nankinif.  , 

r.n-;m-.,oneofthen.o.t   ferul-   .nA 

om.lent  pn.viiirc*   in    Chnm  i  b<mml.-.i  | 

.miheNbvSctchiieMund      h.h..i,„u 

ll.c  F.  bv  (i.>ant?-si  and  h.or,_-tchr.m,.m  , 

,iK-   S  by    toe    kingdom-.  ^.1    I-a.-i  :m, 

Vomiuin.   ami   on   the    W    hyl.ioseol 

IJunma.and   FeBU.     This   ,,rov.m,.-  ,,  j 

reckoned  ..ne  of  the   most     erlile   un,U 

„,H,lenl  in   China  ;  ilH   inhah.f.uUs  arr 

l,U-. .-.  robust,  ah'uble  and  tond  ol  Ine 

sciences,    which    they    cultivate    w,u,| 

Kncc-HSi  its    rivers,    (jold,  roi-per  uu,. 

tin  mh.«  ,     its    umber,    ruh.es.    »i.ii 

l.l.lres.  atjates.  pearls.  ,-*c,o..s  slon., 

„,.M.!;.i.iusk.  silk,  elephants,  hor^si 

.urns,  med.cMud  i.lants  and  linen  lu 
procured  it  a  reputation  which  remlcH 

t  respoclahle  to  the  Chinese.  Is  co.u- 
.ere -is  immense,    us  well  as  its  n  di- ' 
es,wliieharesaidtobeincxlnu.sUl^^^^^^ 
r,„i-uw,fou,  the    capital  of  th(.  i-ro 
vince  of  Yun-nan.  in   China,  once    c- 
.n.rkubh.  for  its  extent  and  the  oea,i 
of  its  public  huildinp.    allwh.c       u 
b,.,„  destroyed  by  the  Tar  ars.M  11 

dillerent  invasions.  Its  d.str.c  en. 
,Hins  four  cities  ..f  the  second  a-M^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
cluss  It  is  4.50  miles  N  W_ol  Cant.n. 
r«r.»A  a  town  of  Turkey  mAsMMV 
Caramania.  Lon.  34  30  b.lat.  39  40  N^ 
}W.;  a  town  of  France,  seated  on  llif 
Cher.'    Lon.5  4E.lat.49  32N. 


z. 


r/inERK,  a  town  of  Germany,  j'l  I 
Z\i,e    pulatinute    "f  the    Hh.ne,     - 
,„;ics  VV  of  Philipsburg.    Lon.  8  lUU  | 

'''zi'iii.'J'town   ofTransvlvania,onl 

ti.e    confines   of  Moldavia,   hve   m.k'. 

S  W  of  Neumurk.  .  , 

Zc;6./n,,atownofFrance,  mtiele. 

pavtuKUt  of  Lower  Rhine,  uiul  late   r_ 

Vnce  of  Alsace.  15  miles  N    of   Stras 

l,„r'      Lor..  7  50  E,  hit.  48  sO  N. 
'z:c/.l;orW,.«.atow„ofGer^^^^^^^ 
nv.   in   the    circle   of    Upi-er    S.ixon). 

Lon   l,';16E.lat,.«13N.  , 

Zafru,  a  town  of  Spam,   n   E^f'^m 

dura,   with   a  castle.     ^^  '\«^f  ,;!  I 

llie  foot  of  a  mount;un.  near   the   r m. 

GLh.xicra.20milesSWofMcd.n.. 

I  on    6  12  VV,  hit.  38  19  N.  .     . 

"^  Ci.  a\own  of  New  S-.un,^ 

th,'  utlienceof  Mexico.  200  miles  SW 
ofthutcity,  »tthem.3ath  ol  a  rivci  o. 


A  O 


.  U  \»  ir  J  »aiU»  N  w 

r  tlii;  nioit   ferlllf   mA 
t    ill    Cliiiin  i  boiimliii 
xlilii'M  and  'rhil>«'l,im| 
si  iiml  K.U' i-trlif«m,i 
jiH((li>iu-i    >r   I.ai"^  •'I'll 
n   lUc    \V    by  t.iiiscol] 
KU.     Tliis   |»r<>viin'.(.-  i. 
ttic  inoHt  t'criili'  -Mvl] 
,a  ;  iu   inliiil>itni>U  an 
li'al)le  unil  t'oiul  of  I'liR 
1    tlic'v    cuUivLile    wUiil 

uiulicr,    ruliifs,    su;> 
poiil-lH,  (lAcio'ls  slonei, 
silk,  olc-pliiiiits,  tiorsts,  I 
il  pl.ints  and  liuc-n  luvi- 
piitulion  whioli  rciulcrs 
1)  the  Chiin^Hf.  lu  com- 
nsf,   as  wc-ll  iw  its  rich- 
lid  to  be  iiicxbiiusUlilc. 
tlie    capital   of  tlic  i^ro 
an,   in   Cliina,   once  r. 
t»  extent  and  tlie'oeiial;  I 
lildingn,    all  wliich  ijuu 
I  bv  the  Tartars,  in  Ibuir 
lioi'is.     119   distriet    con, 
s  (if  the  second  and  tliin. 
;Omile*  N\VofCant.n.] 
ivn  of  Tuvkey  in  Asia,  iix 
on.34  30K.lat.39  40N. 
,„f  France,  seated  on  lUf! 
i4E,lat.49  32N. 


z. 


a  town  of  Germany, 
Llnate    of  the    Hh.ne,  1; 
'liilipsburg.     Lon.  8  10t, 

town   of  Transylvania,  oil 
of  Moldavia,   five   miK'S  ] 

■nark.  .      ,     , 

own  of  France,  in  the  de- 
Lower  Hliine,  und  lute  pro- 
ice,  15  miles  N   of  Strus- 
7  50  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 
:  Suc/mn,  a  town  of  Germa- 

circle  of   Ui>per    Saxony. 
E.lat.  S3  13N.  ' 

own  of  Spain,  in   Estrcmi- 
a  castle.     It  is   sealed  ul| 
t  mountain,  near   the   rnci 
,  20  miles  S  W  of  Medina. 
W,  lat.  38  19  N.  .     . 

,.atown  of  NewSnam.iM 
■eof  Mexico,  200  miles  b\\ 
,  *t  ihetMiith  of  anvcro, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


[frilM 


I.I 


ii 


12.5 

1.8 


L25 

1.4 

III  ''^ 

- 

^ 6"     — 

► 

Hiotogrdphic 

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Corporation 


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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproducttons  historiques 


% 

lite  same  name. 
17  SO  N. 

Zagara,  a  ftJWj 
key  in  Eurtpe,  in 
of  Coi-ii)tU,  P^»>:,; 
almost  alvruys  cot 
the  ancient  HejlUf 
the  fountain,  Hip 
■  '  Zngrad,  a  Biro 
capital  of  a  count; 
with  a  bishop's  i 
the  Save,  25  mi 
and  137  S  W  of] 
lat.  46  20  N.; 

Zahara,  ft  stro 
Apdalusia,  seat* 
ana  d«;ferided  bj 
miles  $E  ot  §e 
lat.  36  52  N., 

Zahara,  or  the 
of  Africa,  bmihd< 
ry,  on  the  E  bjr" 
ontheS  by  Tom 
by  the  Atlantic  ( 
ry  hot,  tut  wlio) 
It  is  a  n»ere,deB< 
ports,  and.  so  pa 
ter,  that  the  cs 
and  Negrojand 
both  water  and  | 
producing  hard 
isupport  of  life, 
•wild  arid  ignorai 
ber  of  petty  priin 
tan  religion  is 
the  country. 

Zahna,  a  towi 
circle  of  Upper  ! 
lat.  51  W  N. 

Zaire,  a  large 

rising  in  the  k 

vides  the  kingdc 

and  falls  into  the 

Sogno. 

I      Zaniora,  a  8t 

I  Leon,  with  a  bii 

j  Tirons  fine  turct 

I  is  seated  on  ah 

;  ro,  over  which  i 

1 135  miles  N  ol 

N  W  of  Madrid 

\Al  N. 

Zamora,  a  tO' 
dience  of  Qjiito. 
are  rich  mines  c 
near  the  Andes 
Lon.  75  55  W 
Zamora,  a  t 
«he  prorince  of 


Z  A  14 

Uie  same  name.  Lon.  104  35  W,  lat. 
17  SO  N.  .       ^^ 

Zagara,  »  ftmtjvis  mountain  ot  Tur- 
key  in  Eurtpe,  in  Livii-lia,  on  the  gulf 
of  Coi-ii}t"U,  ji^ucpVopt  Parnassus,  and 
almost  alvrays  covered  with  snow.  It  is 
the  ancient 'Htjlllponi  from  whic;b  issued 
the  fountain,  Hi'ppocrene.  '    . 

■  '  Zngrad,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Save,  25  miles  N  p.  of  CarlsUdt, 
and  137  S  W  of  Buda.  Lon.  15  41^, 
lat.46  20N..  ... 

Zahara,  'i  strong,  ,to.\yfl  of  Spam,  m 
Apdalusia,  seated  on  a  craggy  rofk, 
and  d«;ferided  by"  »  citadel.  It  is  47 
lriiles$E  of;  Seville,  ton.  4  55  W, 
lat.  36  52  N. 

Zahara,  or  the  Desert,  a  vast  co\mtry 
of  Africa,  bmihde'd  on  the  N  by  Barba- 
ry,  on  the  E  by  Fezzan  and  Cashna, 
on  the  S  by  Tomlwptoo,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Atlantic:  Ofceah.'  The  air,is^  ve- 
ry hot,  tut  wliolesoihe  to  the  natives. 
It  is  a  mer^ldesert,  as  tlie  name  im- 
ports, and  so  parthed  for  want  of  \ya- 
ter,  that  the  ci^rayans  from  Mprocco 
and  Negroland'  are  obliged  to  carry 
both  water  and  provisions,  the  province 
producing  hardly  any  thing  for  the 
support  of  life.  The  inhabitants  are 
wild  arid  ignorant.  They  have  a  num- 
ber of  petty  princes  j  and  the  Mahome- 
tan religion  is  professed  throughout 
the  country. 

Zahna,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxpny.  Lon.  12  40  E, 
lat.  51  W  N. 

Zaire,  a  large  liver  of  Africa,  whicli^ 
I  rising  in  the  kingdom  of  Macoco,  di- 
vides the  kingdoms  Loango  and  Congo, 
i  and  falls  into  the,  Atlantic  Ocean,  bplow 
j  Sogno. 

Zamora,  a  strong  to\(rn  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  with  a  bisllop's  see.  In  its  en- 
virons fine  turcois  stones  are  found.  It 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Doue- 
ro,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  17  arches, 
135  miles  N  of  Salamanco,  and  150 
N  W  of  Madrid.  Lon .  5  18  W,  lat  41 
41  N. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  au* 
dience  of  Qiiito.  In  its  neighbourhood 
are  rich  mines  of  gold,  and  it  is  seated 
near  the  Andes,  230  miles  S  of  Quito. 
Lon.  75  55  W,  lat.  5  6  S. 

Zamora,  a  tovm  of  New  Spain,  in 
«he  prorincQ  of  Guadalajar»»  30  milea 


Z  A  N 


g  E  of  Guadalajara.     Lon.  104   30  W, 
lat.  20  30  N. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Alj^icrs,  m  the 
province  of  Constiintiuc,  250  miles  W 
of  Hamamet.  Lou.  6  25  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 
Zamosii,  a  stiong  town  of  I'olimd, 
in  Ked  Russia,  now  llie  Austrian  kliiii^- 
dom  of  Lodomeria.  It  liiis  a  citadel, 
and  is  37  miles  N  \V  of  Leiiibuis- 
Lon.  23  26  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Z«»>i/ian^o,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Mexico  Proper,  25 
miles  N  of  Acapulco. 

Zanetviile,  a  post  town  in  AVashiug- 
tan  county,  Ohio;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Muskingham  river,  76  miles  N  E 
of  Ghilicotha,  and  6.5  W  of  St.  Cluira- 
viUe. 

Zaifara,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to 
tlie  W  of  the  kiiiffdom  of  Zegzcg.  Tlie 
inhabitants  are  tull  in  stature,  of  a  very 
black  complexion,  with  bniad  faces, 
and  savage  dispositions.  It  is  very  lit- 
tle known  to  EuropMUS. 

Zanguebar,  a  counti-v  on  tlie  E  coast 
of  Africa,  between  3°'N  and  18°  S  lat. 
It  includes  several  petty  kingdoms,  in 
which  the  Portuguese  have  settle- 
ments. The  inliabitants  c.'icept  those 
converted  by  the  Portuguese,  are  either 
Mahometans  or  pagans,  the  latter  much 
the  more  numerous.  The  princiiial 
territories  arc  Motiibaza,  Lanio,  Me- 
linda,  Qiiiola,  Mosambiiiuc,  and  Sbfa- 
Ih,  Tlie  Portuguese  trade  for  slaves, 
ivory,  gold,  ostrich  feathers,  wax,  and 
drugs.  The  productions  are  my^li  the 
same  as  in  other  pvt.<  of  Africa,  be- 
tween the  tropics. 

Zaiite,  an  island  of  the  .Mcditerra^ 
nean,  near  the  coast  of  the  Morca,  17 
miles  S  E  of  the  island  of  Ceplialonia. 
It  is  24  |nilea  long  and  12  broad,  aftd 
very  fertile.  Its  principal  riches  con- 
sist in  currants,  whicli  are  imcultivalcd 
in  a  large  plain,  under  the  shelter  of 
mountains,  which  gives  the  sun  great- 
er power  to  bring,  them  to  maturity. 
Here  are  also  th<?  finest  peaclies,  in  tlie 
world,  each  of  which  welplis  eight  or 
ten  ounces  :  also  excellent  tigs  and  oil. 
In  short,  it  would  be  a  perfect  paradise 
if  wood  were  not  so  dear,  though  this 
island  was  formerly  full  of  forests.  The 
natives  speak  both  Greek  and  Italian, 
though  there  are  very  few  Ronian  ca- 
tholica  among  them;  but  they  have  a 
bishop  as.  weU.  as  the  Greeks.  This 
place  has  noTortifications,  but  there  m 
a  fortress  upon  «i>  eminence  plant^ 
Kkkkk 


Z  A  t 


-wUh  eannon     I"  one  part  of  this  island 
is  a  pWce  which  shakes  wlftMi  trod  ii])- 
„n,  like  aquagmlre  ;  andaspriiiu  whlcli 
tlirowsout  a  great  deal  of  bitumen,  es- 
pecially  at  the  time  of  un  carthqiiike. 
It  sei-vea  insteadof  pitch  to  pay  the  hot. 
tonis  of  the  ships,  and  about  100  bai'- 
rels  in  a  voar  are  tised  for  this  purpose. 
Tl'.is  isliiid  belont^s  to  the  Venetians, 
who  havf  conslaiitlv  a  jjovernor  resid 
5„},  ill  the  fortress.  Tliere  arc  about  50 
villines,    but  no  other  larjve  town  than 
Z;.inc,  which  is  seated  on  the  E  side  ol 
the  isiai-.a,  ^r.d  ha.^.  a  good  harbour.    Ij 
c.niu:n.s  near  20,0u0  inhabitant*  :  And 
tl.e  noiisfs  arc  low,  oil  acfcount  ot  Ihi; 
ir^q.-xM  eai'lh.iuakes.  The  English  aiu 
Dulcli   have   e..cli  a  factui'v  and  const;! 
here.     Lon.  213  E,  lat.  37  53  N.        . 
Zanzibar,  an  i»l:indof  Africa,  ou  the 
co;.sl  <.jf  Zi^i^wh'V,  between  the  island* 
of  I'cmba  and  Monsia,  with  the, title  ot 
a  kingdom  tributary  to  Portugal.     It  a- 
hounds  in  sugar  canes  and  citrons.  The 
inhabitantb  ai-c  Mahometans.     L,on.  ,>y 

■25  E,  lat.  6  0S.  .      „  V 

Zara,  a  strong  city  of  Venetian  Dat 
n.atia.  capital  o«'  »  ^'.'""^y  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  archhishp's  see,  a  cita 
dol.  and  a  harbour.     U  vra*   formerly 
jnuch  more  considerable,  the  circura- 
Icrence  of  the  walls  being  now  but  two 
miles,    and  the  inhabitan^,s  not  above 
6000.     Near  the  church,    which  the 
GiTcks.call  St.  Helia,   are  two  fluted 
columns  of  Uie  Corinthian  order,  sup 
posed  to  have  been  part  o»  the  temple 
of  Juno.  ■  There  are  fine  pamtinga  in 


t  E  A 

S  of  Tockay,  'ahd'lio  E  of  Buda.  Leu. 
'2'2  34  E,  lat.  47  50  N.      ^  .    . 

Zator.  a  town  of  Ptiltthd^  cftpftal  of 
a  starosty  of  ilic  sanle  nathfe,  in  thep«- 
iutlutde  of  Cracow,  With  a  CafeUe.  U 
is  seated  on  an  emlrithce,  .ticar  the  ri- 
ver Vistula,  20  miles  S  ,'\V  of  CracoiM, 
and  50  S  E  of  Rati^bon.  1.0n.  19  42  E, 
lat  49:i4N.  ;      ',  ,, 

Zft^iieh,    a  tpwh  of  Per»ii»,    situate 


20  inilcs  from  the  Caspiai*  Sea. 

Zavitiii.     Sue  Zueda         ,   ._ 
Zbardt,  a  thwn  Of  Polartcl,  in  Poili). 
11a,  70  miles  N  by.  W  of,  Ktolnieck. 
Ziuircyv),  atoWnof,  iyUsti^ian  Poland, 


20,000  men,  and  110,000  Cossacks  aiid 
filrtars.  ZboroW  is  25  mile^AV  of Zb^ 
raz,  an-l  52  E' by  S  of  Lehibu*^     L"* 

Mr    'ic   V       !..»      Ad  A(?  TJ       • 


LcJfl. 


the  churches,  <lo^^<f  by  the  bcstYnaa- 
Iti  s  ;  and  they  pretend  to  have  the  bo- 
dy of  St  Sipieon,  biouffht  from  Judea, 
and  Uept  in  i  shpne  with  a  crysta  be- 
fo  e  it.  Zura  is  Spaced  on  a  small  pe- 
..iiisala,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  8Q  miles 
S  W  of  Jaicja,  and  150  S  E  ot  Vcmcc. 
Urn.  16  6  E,  lat.  44  30  N.  . 

Zarnate,  a  strong  town  of  Turkey  m 
Europe,  in  th?  Morea.  agreeably  seat- 
ed on  an  pn^ence,  20  ^niles  \V  of  Mi- 

^'%rna^,  ;i  town  of  Little  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  oiSandomir.&,  miles  N 
of  Cracow.  Lon.  19  56  E,  \at.  51  ISN. 
^asUr^,  a  towi^  of  Poland  in  Volhj- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Honn.  15  ttii'cs  S  E 
of   Osii-og.     Lon.  27  \l  E.   lat  50 

Zuunar,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun . 
irary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
Stttiic.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  lake  form- 
ed by  the  river  Saroos,  50  toUei  E  by 


lle-i  afthe  entrance  6flheB4h.t.  1^- 
vim-'  the  Schaggerich  S^  on  f^e  TC, 
tli<i  Sound  on  the  E.  the  Baltic  On  Uic 
S.  ai'utlhe  Great  Belt  oh  t;i.6  W,  It  is 
evccedinely  fertile  i  prp^i^cing  gtimoi 
all  sorts,  and;  in  gVejat  pkiity,,  anda. 
bounding  with  eXcelteiit  MstH'*-  .  « '» 
particularly  famous- for  Its  *teta  «[  bor- 
Lv  AtoWlhpart  df  thi'sVsto'd  con- 
sists of  a  forest,  in  which  there  is  plen- 
ty of  game  j  there  arc;,  al^b  «.  ^eat  ma- 
ny deer- and  wild  boars,  vyhich  |U-e  re- 
served  for  the  king's  owrt  hunt'rtg;  .^?- 
nenhagehis  liotOnlVthe  ctilVw  «  this 
Island,  but  of' the  whole  Wng?""^-     , 

ZealaHit^  one  of  tlje  seven  Unttcid  Pro- 
vinces (Irfthe  NetheHart<»s,  Wimdedon 
the  N  by  the  isles  of  Holland,  on  the  e. 
hv  Dntrh  Brabant*  on  «>«  ^  by  DiitcU 
flinders,  and  on  the  Wand  M  W  by  the 
Ocrman  Ocean.    It  is  couHpoaed  oi  se- 
veraiulandB,  the  principal ofj«»M^are 
Walcheren,  Scho-wen,   «."«,=  °^^' 
Urid,  Tolen,  Uuyvoland,  and  Wolfti's^ 
dike.    Th*  inhabitiants  aw  at*  g;*^ 
expence  to  defend  themselves froiA«» 
encroachments'of  the  »e«i  «nd  ">  "^ 
ing  up  their  dikes. ,  The  nver  &«*«» 
forms  the  most  of  these  islands  t  and 
th«  soil  of  them  is  fruitful,  buttiie  air 
is  unhealthy,  especially  for  strtngers. 
The  inhabitants  are  excellent  sf^mciv. 
The  principal  towns  are  Middteouin; 
and  FlusliKig.  »t,.  u. 


cific  Ocean, 

1642.    He 

lat.  34  to  4: 

kut  being  ai 

after  he  cai 

to  which  Iv 

•rs  Bay,  h 

called  the  > 

nour  of  th 

has  been  g 

maps  and 

Zealand. 

the  whole 

the  coast 

mained  al 

by  many 

.toutliern 

when  it  v 

tnin   Cooli 

two  large 

four  or  fiv 

gave  his 

.,f  thissti 

lotte's  S( 

made  a  p 

bis  subsei 

lie  betwc 

between 

winters  o 

the  sumi 

equally  y 

product! 

place.  T 

full  of  t 

ber,  fit  I 

trees  ari 

largo  as 

let  flow 

and  hea 

straight 

■lasts  n 

in  1773, 

with   E 

1777,  ii 

totally 

weeds, 

leeks,  I 

and  A  f 

ed  by  < 

•very 

make  i 

only  qi 

formei 

the  lat 

also  t 

vcgcti 

tirely 

thoug 

the   \ 

wood 

sen,  I 


T 


[l30  E  of  Buda.  Lou. 

N. 

lof  Wltthd^  capital  of 
lanle  naihe,  in  the  pa. 
Iw,  With '«  caktle.  U 
Indhce,  thear  tlie  ri. 
fcilesSWof.CracoW, 
iibon.  1.011.  19  42 1, 

\h  of  Persia,  '  situate 

CaspiaH  Sea. 
Cueela         ,    '',':;    ' 
1  Of  Polartil/irt  Podi). 
ly.  \V  of,  Kiftninieck.' 
1  oif;  JfViisti'ia'H  Poland, 
bf  L'Wfl&iitjg;.;'  H«;^e, 
gl)t  a  .bitttfe  bietWeiiii 
:\)<g  or  I'blanJ,   Vvith 
11U,000  Cogsack!)  and 
nris24tmilefWofZh^- 
'  S  of  Lethbitt-fer,     Lo'n. 

^.)i.-.    ,,.°'  ■;■■■ 

Idnitlbf  J)ei\iT»ai'T:i  u' 
f()rra,  700 'r(iilfes  in  cir- 
!  iVie  largV'St  of  the  isles 
kirth;  of  Dfirtmirk.    It 
rice  of  Ihie   ff4Wit,'  ha- 
rgcridh '  S'cii  oit  the'  'jf, 
e  E,  tli'e  Baltic  On  the 
It  Uelt  on  |pi6  VV,   It  i» 
tile ;  pro^i^cinff'grain'rf 
in  gi'^at  plcliuf,  anda- 
ej^celteht  pastui'6.     It  if 
ous  for  It's  iiftkO.  of  lior- 
part  df  tlii's'iskh'd  c'o'n- 
,  in  which  there  is  plen- 
ere  arc^  aUb  H,  ^eat  ma- 
id boars,  vfhich  p-c  re- 
linff's  own  hjihtin'g'.  Co- 
ottjythp  tlipital  6f  tiiis 
he  whole  kingidom. 
[)ftl(e  seven  United  Prb- 
etVieHarttfs,  jwJuhded  on 
ies  of  Holland,  on  the  E 
int,  on  tlie  S  by  DiKch 
ntho  Wand NWJ»y the 
It'  is  comipoBed  ot  se- 
e  principal  of  virKich  are 
how'en,   N  and  S  Beve- 
uyvcland,  land  Wolfbte- 
labit'ants  ai<e  ata^eat 
:n  J  tliemaclves  froM  tf<e 
of  tlie  seas  and  in  keep- 
kes.  ^  The  river  Schetd 
pf  these  islands  (  and 
is  fruitful,  but  ti)e  air 
ispeciftUy  lor  stmng^n. 
are  exceller\t.  se^nlcn. 
towns  are  Slidatebuiiy 

>i  Ml  island  in  the  J>a- 


gific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman,  in 
1642.  He  traversed  the  E  coast  from 
lat.  34  to  43°  S,  and  enteretl  a  strikit : 
kut  being  attacked  by  tlie  natives,  soon 
after  he  canie  to  an  anchor,  in  the  place 
10  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Murder 
•rs  Bay,  he.  did  not  go  'in  shore.  He 
called  the  country  Statcn  Land,  in  ho- 
nourof  the  Staten  General,  though  il 
has  been  generally  distinguished  in  our 
maps  und  charts  by  the  name  of  N«w- 
22caland.  From  the  time  of  Tasman, 
the  whole  country,  except  that  part  of 
the  coast  which  was  seen  by  him,  re- 
mained altogether  unknown,  and  was 
by  many  supposed  to  make  part  of  a 
soutJiern  continent,  till  the  year  ITfO, 
when  it  was  circumnavigated  by  Ciip' 
tnin  Cook,  who  found  it  to  consist  of 
two  large  iKlands,  separated  by  a  strait 
four  or  five  leagues  broad,  to  which  he 
gave  his  own  name.  On  the  \V  side 
if  this  strait,  in  lat.  41  S,  Queen  Char- 
lotte's Sound  is  situated,  wliiclk  %vu8 
made  a  principal  place  of  rendc^.vous  in 
his  subsequent  voyages.  These  islands 
lie  between  the  lat.  34  and  48  S,  and 
betweenthelon.of  166and  180  E.  The 
winters  are  milder  than  in  England,  and 
the  summers  not  hotter,  though  more 
equally  warm.  Among  the  vegetable 
|>roduclions,  the  trees  claim  a  principal 
place.  There  are  forests  of  vast  extent, 
full  of  tl)C  stralghtest  .ind  largest  tim- 
ber, fit  for  building  of  any  kind.  The 
trees  are  cliiefly  of  two  sorts;  one  as 
large  as  an  oak,  distinguished  by  a  scar, 
let  flower,  the  wood  of  which  is  liard 
and  heavy  ;  another  remarktibly  tall  and 
straiglit,  of  which  probably  very  fine 
■lasts  might  be  made.  Captain  Cook, 
in  1773,  planted  several  spots  of  ground 
with  European  garden  seeds  ;  and  in 
^777,  in  several  of  these  spots,  idth(High 
totally  neglected  and  over-run  with 
weeds,  were  found  cabbages,  onions, 
leeks,  purslain,  radislies,  mustard,  &c. 
aiul  a  few  fine  [lotatoes,  greatly  improv- 
ed by  clL-uigc  of  soil.  In  other  places 
•very  thing  had  been  rooted  out,  to 
make  room  for  temporary  villages.  The 
only  quadrupeds  arc  dogs  and  rats  j  the 
former  are  domestic,  antl  for  fond  j  and 
the  latter,  though  not  numerous,  seem 
also  to  be  eaten.  The  birds,  like  the 
vegetable  productions,  are  almost  en- 
tirely peculiar  to  the  country;  and 
though  it  is  difficult  to  follow  tiicm  in 
tlie  woods,  on  account  of  the  uniitr- 
wood,  and  climbing  plants,  yet  a  p<'r. 
sen,  by   remaining  in  one   place,  mu\ 


Z  E  O 

thoot  as  many  in  a  day,  as  will  serve  fdr 
six  urcigiit  others.  Captain  Car^k  in^ 
tr.oduccd  European  poultry,  and  on  his 
last  visit  had  the  satisfaction  to  find 
them  increased,  botli  in  a  wild  r.nd  do. 
mi.'stic  state,  beyond  all  danger  of  be 
ing  ever  exterminated.  Their  creeks 
swarm  with  fish,  which  are  not  only 
.wholesome,  but  equally  delicious  witik 
those  of  Europe  The  rocks  are  fur- 
nished with  great  quantities  of  excel- 
lent niuscles,  one  sort  of  which  mea- 
sures above  a  foot  in  length,  and  with 
great  variety  of  otiier  shell  (isli.  The 
men  arc  stout,  well  made,  ami  fleshy  t 
but  none  of  them  corjjulcnt.  like  the  la- 
zy and  luxuriant  inhabitant.-,  of  Ot.iheitc 
and  the  Society  isles ;  (uid  they  arc  al- 
so excec<lingly  vigorous  and  active. 
The  wiiinen,  in  general,  are  smaller 
and  not  so  tall  as  the  men  ;  hut  posses- 
sing few  pec  uliar  graces  ct'  form  or  per- 
son, arc  rhieHy  ■distiiiguished  by  lli*; 
softness  of  their  voices.  Tlielr  colour 
in  general  is  brown,  but  in  few  deeper 
than  tliatof  tlie  Spaniard  who  has  been 
exposed  to  the  sun,  and  in  many  not  so 
deep ;  and  both  sexes  have  good  fea- 
tures. Their  dress  is  vory  uncouth, 
and  they  mark  their  bodies  in  a  man- 
ner similar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Ota- 
heite,  and  which  is  called  tattowing. 
Their  principal  Mvapons  are  lances, 
darts,  and  a  kind  of  battle-axes ;  and 
they  have  generally  shown  themselves 
very  hostile  to  the  Europeans  who  have 
visited  them.  The  people  are  cannibals  ; 
and  for  such  continual  wars,  and  the 
inhuman  b.anquet  tliat  is  the  conse- 
quence of  victory,  among  a  people  in. 
other  i-cspccts  mild  and  gentle,  perhaps 
no  better  reason  can  be  assigned,  than 
what  at  first  originated  in  necessity, 
has  been  por])etuated  by  habit,  and  ex- 
aS|XM-atcd  by  revenge. 

Zeiiiil,  a  citv  of  Arabia.  Lon.  43  15 
E,  lat.  14  13  N. 

Zrlui,  nr  Cebu,  one  of  the  Philippines, 
140  n»iles  long,  aii<t  30  broad. 

ZeiUc,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bax- 
bary. 

Zcgcilii',  or  Sfged.  n  ti)wn  of  Hun- 
g.ir\,  68  miles  N  of  Belgrade,  l.on. 
21  5  E,  lat.  46  8  N. 

Zegzcg,  a  kingdom  of  .Africa  in  Ne- 
groland,  lying  on  the  river  Niger,  by 
which  it  is  separated,  on  the  N,  from 
the  empire  of  Cashna.  On  the  E  it  is 
bounded  by  Zansara,  on  the  S  by  Bc- 
ivin,  niid  on  the  W  by  tuiknown  deserts. 
It  consists  pa.nly  of  plains  and  partly  •4i 


Z  E  M 


moHntains.  Tlie  latter  are  eitriiinel)'' 
oold,  \rhilc  tlie  former  are  intolerably 
tiot;  bii't  nl>t)tinA  wilh  water,  and  are 
exccedin {fly  fruitful. 

/u-ighviiheiiti,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  lantlgTiivftte  of  Hesse  Cassel,  30 
miles  S  of  Casscl.     Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  50 

52  N.  ... 

Zc'il,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
<  1c  of  Suabia,  70  miles  S  of  Ulm. 

2«>i'H,  a.  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe 
in  Jannii,  with  a  castle  anil'  an  archbi- 
Hbop's  see.  It  is  a  small  place,  and 
seated  on  a  hill,  by  the  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  river  Ea\lada,  50 
inilcs  S  E  of  Larissa. 

Zehz,  a  towMi  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  dntchy  of  Nauitiburg,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  well  frequented  college.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Ester,  25  miles  S  W 
of  Lcipsick,  and  45  E  of  Erfurt.  Loh.  12 
8E,lat.  50  59  N. 

Zcll,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of  a 
(lutchv  of  the  same  name,  which  de- 
volved  to  the  house  of  Hanover  by 
marriage.  It  is  surrounded  by  ditches 
and  ramparts,  on  which  are  planted 
chesnut  and  lime  trees.  It  is  a  small 
town,  without  trade  or  mamifactnres, 
but  tlie  high  courts  of  appeal  for  all  the 
territiirics  of  the  electoral  house  of 
Bninswick-Lunenberg  are  held  here, 
and  tlie  inli.ihitantu  derive  their  prin- 
cipal mciins  of  subsistence  from  this 
circumstanrc.  The  castle,  a  stately 
bviilding,  surrounded  by  a  moat,  was 
fortiR-Hv  the  residence  of  the  dukes  of 
y.eW  ;  aiid  was  repiiired  by  George  HI. 
king  of  Great  Britnin,  tor  the  residence 
of  "his  uiifortunate  sister  the  queen  of 
Denmark,  who  died  b.ere.  Zcll  is 
scitcd  on  the  Ailcr,  31  miles  N  W  of 
lirunswick,  and  47  S  bv  W  of  Lunen- 
burg.    Lon.  10  12  E,  hit.  52  49  N. 

Zell,  an  impcHaltown  of  Germany  in 
llic  circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  8  8  E,  lat. 
43  22  N, 

Zcll,  iiii   imperial  town  of  Germany 

in  the  lircte  of  Suabia,   se.iled  on  the 

:'.K.:\\u-  Sctr. 

Zcluii'-,     'Aeojcso. 

Zelicrfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  \n  the 

c'utIo     oI'     Lower     Siirnny,      in     the 

U  in?  fiii'cst  ;  »ix  miles  S  S  W  of  GosUr. 

2. ))/  'I'.a,   Ni.va,  a  large  island,  in  the 

Nortlieni  Occim,  to  tlie  N  of   Russia, 

fr,.in    ivliiolV    it    is    separated    by   the 

Sta't  of  V\'':ii;;atc,  It  has  no  inhabitants, 

cxript  wild  beastu,  partii-iiliirly  Whitt 

ft)x«'8    *'nl   W<;ti'v.      In  1595.   a  Butch 


Z  I  B 

vtisiel  vms  cast  away  on  the  ooast,  anfl 
the  crew  were  obliged  to  winter  here  ; 
they  did  not  see  the  sun  from  the  4th  of 
November  to  the  beginning  of  Februa- 
ry; and  had  great  difficulty  to  keep 
themselves  from  being  frozen  to  death. 
Zemtin,  or  Zemplin^  a  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bu- 
drog,  25  miles  S  E  of  Cassovia,  and  '27 
N  E'  of  Tockay.  Lon.  21  35  B,  lat.  48 
36  N. 

Zenguia,  a  town  of  Tmrkey  in  Asia. 
Lon.  37  50  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Zenta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  where 
the  Turks  under  Mustapha  II.  were 
defeated  by  Prince  Eugene.     Lon.  21 

30  E,  lat.  46  AN. 

Zerbi.  See  Gerbet. 
Zerbit,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circk-  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a 
district  of  that  name,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Anhalt,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
princes  commonly  reside.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  partlv  Lutherans  and  partly 
Calvinists,  and' are  famous  for  brewing 
good  beer.  It  is  27  miles  N  W  of 
Wittemberg.  Lon.  12  13  E,  1st.  52 
ON. 

Zeriga,   a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac- 
Arabia,  seated  in  a  narrow  plain,  be- 
tween  mountains.      It   has    produced 
several  very  famous  Arabian  Autiiors. 
Zia,  an   island  of  the  Archipelago, 
one  of  the   Cvclades,  to  the    S  W  of 
Negropont.     It  is    15  miles  long  and 
eight  broad,  and   well  cultivated.    It 
abounds  in  barley,  wine,  and  silk  i  also 
a  fine  sort  of  oak,   whose  fruit,    called 
Villam,  is  the  best  trading  commodity 
of  the  isLind,   and  of  which  they  sell 
vast    quantities    in   a    year,   it  being, 
used  by  dyers  and  tanners.    The  priii- 
pal  town  is  of  the  same  name,  and  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  30  miles  from  the 
luiibour,  at  the  farther  end  of  a  disa- 
greeable valley.     It  resembles  an  am- 
phitlieati-e,  aiid  contains    about   2500 
houses,  all  flat  at  the  top.     It  belongs 
to  the  Turks,  but  most   rtf  the  inhabi- 
tants  are   Greeks,    and  they    have    a 
bishop  who  resides  at  Zia, 

Zi/>et,  a  territory  in  Arabia  Felix, 
eitcnding  from  the  principality  of  Mec- 
ca to  th:'it  of  Mocha,  being  bounded 
on  tliciE  bv  the  principality  ofTehaniii, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  Red  Sea.  The 
1  urks  were  formerly  masters  of  tlii^ 
country,  but  it  no-ir  belongs  to  an 
.■\rabi:ui  prini-e. 
Ziiiit,  a  trading  to*n  of  Arabi*  Ve- 


jlx,  capital 

■name.     It 

Imiles  N  \V 

Zigtt,   a 

lit  has  bee' 

I  the  Turks 

1*2  E,  lat.  ' 

Ziriczee, 

I  Provinces 

I  pal  of  the 

I N  E   of  T 

iBriel.     L( 

Zittato, 

■  in   i.utsati: 

1  Siixony. 

IsiiiTOunde 

I  ditches    ! 

Ijuhurbs  i 

I  surround 

number  ( 

thereon. 

the  inhafa 

there  are 

the  neigl 

weavers. 

those  of : 

tend  thei 

The   catl 

two  high 

lege,  wl 

Slid    otli 

Joining 

tlie  finer^ 

distance 

It  was  T 

1757.     1 

miles  S 

I  Uresdei 

Znahi 

,  in   Mor 

nrc  a  gr 

I  i;  seatf' 

I  S  W  of 

Lon.  Ic 

Zoan 

»f  Bart: 

1  milcp   ^ 

hit.  32 

Z<  bit 

iiirc'o 

subsist 

ing  the 

in   tiie 

r.otiee 

this  St' 

coiisitl' 

daime 

ficvt^-. 

Zvffi 

the   (■! 

fvUitj-d 


ray  on  the  oo«st,  anfl 
^liged  to  winter  here  : 
icsun  from  the  4th  nf 

beg'inning  of  Fehnia- 
lat  di*i'iculty  to  keep 
Ibeing' frozen  to  death. 
Ii/i/m,  a  town  of  Upper 

of  a  county  of  the 
lis  seated  on  the  Bu- 
|E  of  Casaovia,  and  27 

Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  48 

•n  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
t.  36  25  N. 

of  Hungary,  where 
;r  Mustaplia  II.  were 
ICC  Eugene.     Lon.  21 

erittli  ' 

n  of  Gcnnany  in  the 

Saxony,  capital  of  a 
iame,in  tlie  principali- 
:h  a  castle,  where  the 
ly  reside.    The  inhabi- 

Lutherans  and  partly 
re  famous  for  biewinjif 

is  27  miles  N  W  of 
.on.    12  13  E,   lat.  52 

m  of  Persia,  in  Ir.ic- 
n  a  narrow  plain,  be- 
is.  It  has  produced 
nous  Arabian  Authors. 
[I  of  the  Archipelng'o, 
lades,  to  the  S  W  of 
is  15  miles  lonff  and 
d  well  cultivated.  It 
y,  wine,  and  silk  ;  also 
:,  whose  fruit,  called 
;st  trading  commodity 
lid  of  which  they  sell 

in  a  year,  it  iseing-, 
ul  tanners.  The  priii- 
e  same  name,  and  sent- 
ce,  ."O  miles  from  the 
Farther  end  of  a  disa- 

It  resembles  an  am- 

contains  about  2500 
t  the  top.  It  beloii)>'« 
It  mo.st  of  the  inhabi- 
cs,  antl  they  have  a 
les  at  Zia. 

tory  in  Arabia  Felix, 
he  principality  of  Mer- 
locha,  being  bomuled 
jriiicipality  (ifTehama, 
•  tlie  Kcd  Sea.  The 
•nierly  masters  of  thi^ 

now    beloiigu  to    an 

J  toiifn  of  Ar.ibj*  Vt- 


%  OF 

Ex,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  un  Uic  Zibit,  150 
miles  N  W  of  Aden. 

Zigtt,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary 
It  lias  been  often  taken  and  retaken  by 
the  Turks  and  Imperialists.  Lon.  17 
42  E,  lat.  46  21  N. 

Ziriczee,  a  strong  town  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Zealand,  and  the  princi- 
pal of  the  isle  of  Schowen,  12  miles 
N  E  of  Middlcbuvg,  and  18  S  W  of 
Briel.     Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Ziiiavi,  n.  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  I.usalin,  subject  to  the  elector  of 
Saxony.  It  is  a  handsome  place  and 
jurro'.inded  with  a  wall,  and  has 
ditches  and  bastions.  Besides  the 
tiil)tii-bs  and  liandsomc  gardens  that 
surround  it  on  all  sides,  there  are  a 
miniber  of  fine  villages  that  depend 
thereon.  The  principal  business  of 
the  inhabitants  is  brewing  beer;  but 
there  are  above  100  clothiers,  and  in 
the  neighbouring  villages  above  1000 
weavers.  Its  merchants  irade  with 
those  of  Prague  and  I..eipsic,  and  ex- 
tend their  commerce  as  fur  as  Holland. 
The  cathedral  has  three  organs,  and 
two  high  steeples.  Near  it  is  a  col- 
lege, where  the  languages,  drawing, 
mul  other  iii'ts,  are  taught  gratis, 
joining  to  tiie  cloisters  is  a  library, 
the  finest  in  all  Lusatia ;  and  at  a  small 
distance  from  it,   is  the  oi-phun  house. 

I  It  was  pillaged  by  the  Aiistrlans  in 
ir5".  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Neisle,  1" 
miles  S  W  of  Gorlitz,  and  25  S  E  of 
Dresden.     Lon.  15  5  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Znaim,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  Moravia,  with  a  castle,  in  which 
lire  a  great  many  pagan  antiquities.  It 
1;  seated  mi  the  river  'leva.  24  miles 
S  W  of  Briiui,  and  32  N  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat  48  38  N. 

Zoara,  a  fovtilied  town  on  the  coast 
»f  Barbary,  with  a  good  harbour,  60 
mik'!-  VV  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  11  55  E, 
ht    3'2  45  N. 

Z<  biitz,  ;!  town  of  Germany  in  the 
I'ire'o  iS  UppiT  Suxony  j  the  chief 
subslsle:  <e  of  the  inhabitants  Is  work- 
ing the  »cr|)ent  stone,  which  is  found 
in  ti)e  iMMgtihoiM'ionil,  intd  tea  uiul 
r.dfire  cups,  &c.  A  red  srecics  of 
this  Rtn)ie  is  also  found  lure,  winch  - 
coiisid" -ell  as  the  finest,  and  thr.efoi-i' 
dainieil  I'V  the  sovereign  as  his  pro. 
fievty.     It  is  17  mile."  S  of  Freyburg. 

Zoffiiigcii,  a  town  of  Swis:!;:r';"-'il,  \.\ 
the  canton  of  Hern,  with  mi  e!ci;:.iU 
oUuj'di,  aui  a  public  library,  contaiiiin;^- 


ZU  Qt 

several  turious  manuscripts.  It  u> 
seated  near  a  large  forest,  which 
contains  the  best  pine-trees,  in  all 
Swisserland,  three  miles  from  Arburg. 
Lon.  7  6  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Zolnoci,  a  town  in  Ujijier  Hungfarj', 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same.  It> 
was  taken  by  the  'I'urks  in  1554,  and 
retaken  in  1605.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Teysse,  where  the  Sagelia  falls  into 
it,  62  miles  N  E  of  Colucza,  and  62  E 
of  Buda.     Lon.  20  50  E,  lat.  47  10  H. 

Zorndorf,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  new  niarche  of  Br.indenburg,  fa- 
mous for  a  battle  between  tlie  king  of 
Prussia,  and  the  KuBsi.ins. 

Zout  Pan,  a  cnrioiis  salt  lake  in  the 
country  ot  the  Hottentots,  situated  a  few 
miles  N  of  Point  Padron.  It  is  a  plain, 
much  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  aiid 
between  three  and  four  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. At  some  seasons  of  tJie 
year,  it  is  formed  into  an  entire  mass 
of  fine  white  salt,  which  haii  a  vevy 
striking  appearance.  It  was  visited 
in  December  1778,  by  lieutenant  Pa- 
terson,  who  found  that  a  short  time 
before  his  arrival,  the  middle  part  of 
it  had  i)cen  dissolved  by  the  heu^y 
rains,  but  that  round  the  sides  was  a. 
hard  crust  of  salt  exactly -resembling 
ice. 

Zueela,  a  town  of  Afi'ica,  in  Fezzan, 
situated  in  a  district  of  remarkable  fer- 
tility, in  which  the  remnants  of  ancient 
buildings,  the  ntimber  iiud  size  of  the 
cisterns,  and  tlic  construction  of  tlie 
vaulted  caves,  intended  perhaps  us  re- 
positories of  com,  exhibit  such  ves- 
tiges of  ancient  splendour,  as  will  pro- 
bably attract  and  highly  rewui-d  the 
attention  of  future  travellers.  It  is  140 
milts  E  of  Moorzook.  Lon.  16  34  E, 
lat.  2"  59  N. 

Ziig,  a  small  canton  of  Swisserlaiul, 
bounded  on  the  E  and  N  by  that  of  Xu- 
ric,  on  the  W  by  lliat  of  Luccni  iiiitl  the 
free  Provinces,  and  on  the  S  by  tiiat  of 
Soh'w»"i.t/.  It  is  rich  in  |;astiiiage,  ha^ 
jjlenty  of  various  kinds  of  stone  fruil, 
as  well  as  walnuts  aiul  chesniits  ;  Kiitl 
its  wine  is  of  a  \ery  acid  tiavouiv 
The  iiiha!:i!ants  are  Koiiiun  catholics, 
and  tlic  p,(ivcrnnn:nt  is  dcnioeratio. 
i'lie  inliabiti.iits  of  this  cam  on,  :itxi 
es])eci:iHy  of  tiie  town  of  /^iig,  \\i\-\t 
somewhat  more  iutluciioe,  and  enjuj 
a  gre;iter  shi.re  in  tlie  udiiiinistrAtion 
of  i.ii.iirs,  ili.Tii  ll..  s('  of  tlio  capital 
!)Ur|;lis  in  l^c  liv.  ntlier  deliifucxatir;*! 
i  caritjiwii. 


tV  K 


y.ieg,  a  town  of  SwissiTlaiHl,  capitfcl 
•f  acanum  ol'tlic  same  name,  mid  the 
only  wiilled  town  of  all  the  popular 
ones,  stands  ileliKlitfuUy  upon  tlic  ed(,'e 
of  a  lieaiitifiil  lute,  in  a  fertile  valle\, 
aboundinff  in  corn,  piisture-t^roiiml, 
M\d  fniit-trees.  In  UoS,  a  a.ieel 
-which  wan  on  the  side  of  the  lid?e,  was 
swallowed  up.  There  are  sever.J 
handsome  churches,  and  a  go^d  lown- 
house.  Ziig  IS  1')  miles  N  E  of  Liicern, 
and  42  S  E  of  Basil.     Lon.  8  16  E,  lut. 

4r  10  N.  ,.    ,      ^ 

Zuiiler-Zee,  a  fr-cat  bay  of  the  Ger- 
man, Ocean,  which  extends  from  S  to 
N  in  the  United  Provinces,  between 
Fricsland,  Overyssel,  Guelderland,  and 
Holland. 

Zulpha,  ft  town  of  Persia,  almost 
close  to  Ispahan,  to  which  it  is  a  sort  of 
snbnrb,  and  separated  from  it  by  the 
river  Sanderon.  It  is  peopled  by  a  co- 
lony of  Armenians,  who  were  bro\igl'-t 
into  Persia  by  Shah  Abbas.  It  is  an 
archbishop's  sec,  and  contains  several 
churches  and  monasteries. 

Zulfiich,  or  Zu/o/i,  atown  of  Germany, 
in  the  d\itchv  of  Juliers,  belonging  to 
the  avchbisliop  of  Cologne.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Nasscl,  10  miles  S  of  Juliers,  and 
10  W  of  Bonn.    Lon.  6  40   E,  lat.  50 

46  N. 

Ziiric,  a  canton  of  Swisserland,  50 
miles  long  and  30  broad  ;   bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Rh'.ne,  which  separates  it 
from  the  canton  of  Schauff'hausen  on  the 
S  by 'that  of  Schweitz,   on  the  E   by 
Thurffaw  and  the  county  of  Tocken- 
burg,  and  on  the   W  by  the  canton  of 
Zug  and  the  Free  Provinces,  Zuric  was 
formerly  an  imperial  city,  and  obtained 
from  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  very 
considerable  privileges;   which  were 
ncknowledgcd  and  augmented  by  seve- 
ral of  his   successors.    The  civil   war 
between  the  magistrates  and  the  peo- 
ple, in  ir35,   was  very  near  reducing 
the  city  to  ruins  ;  but  the  former  being 
banished,  the  citizens,  in  133",  estab- 
lished   a    new    form    of   government, 
which  was  confirmed  by  the  emperor 
I.ouis  of  Bavaria.  The  exiles,  after  se- 
vcrul  fruitless  attempts,  were  at  length 
rc-admUted  i   but  it   being   discovered 
that  tliev  had  engaged  in  a  conspiracy 
ag-ainst  the  citizens,  they  were    all   of 
tiieni  put  to  death.     In  consequence  of 
this  transaction,  thenoliles  in  the  neig!) 
l)ourhood  tool;   up  arms   against    the 
town:  th(!   laltcr,  after  having  applied 
mcffectuaHv  for  assist anca  to  tl>c  em- 


Z  U  R. 

peror  Charles  IV.  entered  into  na  ail, 
ancc  with  the   four  cantom,   Lucinij 
Uri,  Scliweitz,  and  Unjerwalden,  and 
wuB  adn.itted  a  member  of  their  conft. 
deracy.    This  event  haRjened  in  the 
veai  1351.     The   four  cantons  yielded 
the  pre-eminence  to  Zuric  :  which  pri. 
vilcgc  it  enjoys  at  presents  being  th? 
first  canton  in  rank,  an<l  the   most  con. 
sidcrable  in  extent  both  of  territory  and 
power  next  to  Berne.    T  his  canton,  in 
1784,  contained  174,572  souls,   inchid. 
ing  10,500  in  the  capital.    It  abounds 
in  wine  and  excellent  pasture  ;   but  at 
there  is  not  a  sufficient  supply  of  corn, 
for  interior  consumption,  the  deficiency 
is  chictly  supplied  from  Suabia.    Th» 
sovereign  power  resides  exclusively  in 
the  burgesses  of  the  town,  consistinj 
of  about  2000,  which  are  divided  intu 
13  tribes.     The  legislative  authority  is 
vested  by  the  burghers  in  the  sovereign 
council  of  206  members  drawn  from 
the  13  tribes.    This  council  comprises 
the  Senate,  or  Little  council  (compos- 
ed of  50  members,   including  the  two 
burgomasters)  which  has  a  jurisdictiuu 
in  all  civil   and  criminal  causes.    Tlif 
burghers,  moreover,  enjoy  the  sole  r\g\)'. 
of  commerce;  all  strangers,  and  evtn 
subjects,  being  excluded  from  purchas- 
ing wrought  manufactures   in  any  part 
of  the  canton. 

Zuric,  a  considerable  city  of  Swisscr. 
land,  capital  of  a  canton   of  the  same 
name.     It  stands  at  the  N  end  of  lake 
Zuric,  and  occupies  both   sides  of  the 
rapid  and  transparent   Limmat,  whicli 
issues  from  that  lake,   and  divides  thr 
town  into  two   unequal  parts,   whicli 
communicate  bv  three  bridges.    It  was 
formerly  an  imperial  city,  and  is  one  (it 
the  best  built  in  this  country,  but  the 
streets    are  narrow,    and  the   houses 
high.     The  cathedral  was  founded  by 
Charlemagne,  and   is  adorned   with  a 
statue  of  that  emperor.    Zuric  was  tlir 
first  town  in  Swisserland  that  separated 
from  the  church  of  Home,   being  con- 
verted  by  the  arguments  of  Zumglms. 
The  two  divisions   of  Zuric  are  callcil 
the  Old  Town  and  the  Suburbs.    Tlio 
former  is  surrounded  by  the  same  bat- 
tlements and  towers  that  existed  m  tin 
13th  oentury;   the  latter  are  strength- 
ened   by  fortifications   in  the  modcni 
style.     The   arsenal    is  well   supphcu 
with  cannon  and  ammunition,  an<l  con- 
tains musquets  for  30,000  men.     Her-- 
are  several  manufactures  ;   particularl\ 
muslins,  cwttoiis,  linens,  and  sWk  hm<^- 


kerchic 
Constai 
N  E  ol 
20  N. 

Zurit 

leugtic! 

In  the 

tlic  lak 

range  c 

among 

produi 

adjace 

well  p 

the  lal 

homid 

inouni 

jcenc: 

lively, 

Uiat  r 

tliiii  li 

Zui 

tilt,  ' 

vei'V 

iUN 

Zu 

the  ( 

Hhir 

Zi 

t!)\Vl 

a  CO 
lake 
.slori 
oor.! 
nine 
Eb' 

10 : 

2 


i,ir 


ZV  K 


•Z  W  1 


^  Y  r 


•les  IV.  entered  into  iu>  alii. 
tlie  lour  cantoiw,  Lucini) 
eit/.,  liiul  Uinlerwalilen,  anil 
If  a  a  racuibcr  of  their  lonfc. 
liit  event  happened  in  the 

The  four  cantDns  yielded 
niiicncc  to  Zuric  :  wliicli  pri. 
njoys  at  presents  beioj,'  th? 
\  in  rank,  an<l  tlie  »wa\.  im- 
n  extent  both  of  territory  and 
t  to  Berne.  T  his  cantrju,  in 
aincd  174,572  souls,  inchid. 
I  in  the  capital.  It  aboumU 
d  excellent  pasture  ;  but  u 
H  a  sufficient  supply  of  corn, 
V  consumption,  the  deficiency 
supplied  from  Suabia.  The 
power  resides  exclusively  in 
sscs  of  the  town,  consistinj 
!000,  which  are  divided  into 

The  legislatire  authority  is 
the  burghers  in  the  sovereign 
■  206  members  drawn  from 
bes.  This  council  comprises 
e,  or  Little  council  (compus- 
iiembers,  including  the  two 
iters)  which  has  a  jurisdictiuu 
1  and  criminal  causes.  Tlie 
,  moreover,  enjoy  the  sole  rigli;: 
;rce  )  all  strangers,  and  evtn 
being  excluded  from  purchas- 
ght  manufactures  in  any  part 
nton. 

a  considerable  city  of  Swisscr. 
ital  of  a  canton  of  the  same 
[t  stands  at  the  N  end  of  lake 
id  occupies  both  sides  of  tlie 
1  transparent  Limmat,  whicli 
om  that  lake,   and  divides  thr 

0  two  unequal  parts,  whicli 
icate  bv  three  bridges.    It  was 

an  imperial  city,  and  is  one  «! 

built  in  this  country,  but  ttie 
are  narrow,  and  tlie  houses 
rhc  cathedral  was  founded  l).v 
lagne,  and  is  adorned  with  a 
f  that  emperor.  Zuric  was  tlir 
rn  in  Swisserland  that  separated 

1  cliurch  of  Home,  being  con- 
ty  the  arguments  of  Zuinglms. 
}  divisions   of  Zuric  are  called 

Town  and  the  Suburbs.  Tho 
is  surrounded  by  the  same  l)at- 
s  and  towers  that  existed  in  tin 
mtury  ;  the  latter  are  strength - 
.y  fortifications  in  the  modcrii 
The  arsenal  is  well  supphcil 
nnoii  and  ammunition,  an<l  cor.- 
usquets  for  30,000  men.  Her'' 
eral  manufactures ;  particularlv 
I,  c»tt(Mis,  linens,  and  sWk  hao"- 


verchicfs.    Zuric   is   35  miles  S  W  of 
Sance,  40  S  E  of    Ba^le.  am     5. 

N  E  of   Ueni.     l.oii.  8  oU  t-,    '-'l-  •*' 
^^ Zuric,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  near  10 


1  .„„Ps  in  lei.L^lh,  ami  one   in  bi-cadth.  Voigtlandcrs     a 
ntiviciniv"  of  Zuric.  the   edges  olzwicUau  is  seated  on 
hclake  are -skirted  with  a  continued 

i>"- '""^^      ...  I  '  .1. 1...:..,.  intoi'miicd 


rank'e  of  vaUics.  which  being  intern,i.vc 
"^ngvinejardsumlpastuicgruuiu    . 

nroduce  a  mo.t   phasing   efiett       1 1.<- 
Eent  countrv  is  tlacly  cultivated  and 

iihieople^li  "'"l^'"-  «"'>'^1"''\.P'"'^"' 
Te  like  appea  .  .'.sonu  little  distance 

£S'with;.^.lu«i.  -;-^X 
mountains  of  Schweitz  and  Olaiiis  .  t  c 
ZoTcvv  all  togctlier  is  piclures.iue, 
ivehU  diversified.  The  river  Um- 
ilat  runs  through  the  wliole  length  ot 
tlii.  lake  to  the  city  ot  Zuric 
Z«nW.atownotSpa.n   in   OldC.^; 


rial,  but  now  snl-irct  to  the  clcctoiY>» 
Sux'.iiv.  The  plac  where  the  mhahi- 
lants  are  bun.d  is  in  VoigHund  ;  and 
therefore  it  is  comnu;nly  said,  t  lat 
thev  are  Misuiaiis  while  alive,  bva 
iter    tliL-y    aie     dead. 

llic  MuUlaw,   li 

mTlcV's"of  AUfuburg,  ami  iO  N  E  of 
Plasven.  Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  50  4,)  K- 
Z'winsfnb.rg,  u  town  of  Geriuanv,  m 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Uarnistadt. 
eight  miles  S  of  Darmstadt,  and  1- 
N  of  Worms. 

Zxvoll,     a   town  of  the  United  Pro- 

vinces,  in  Overy**'^^!.  .""'V'"  "-^^  ,^1 
trict  of  Zailunt.  It  is  detc-ndcd  by 
some  fui-l'lications  ;  and  the  canal, 
which  begins  near  tliis  place,  ami  ex- 
t.-n.'s  to  the  river  Yssel,  is  defended 
bv  several  forts.  Near  it  is  the  moun- 
tain of  St.  Agnes,     wl.eie  tlierc;   was 


ZunW.  a  town  ot  Spain,  111    y" -t-     tain  oi  =>v.  ."h-.v....     ;.,  „.|>\rHi 

,;iH   w  til  a  castle,  seated  on  the  'I'M^'.  f„,uierlyan  Augustmcoiuent,  ...  wh  ctr 
„le,  witu  •^^""'  '.   _„  .,  ,-  ,v.  lal.  3J   .,., '  iCeim.is  lived  71  >i-a.'s,     and 


vci'V 

iUN. 


Willi  a  >..»»>.— I    , 

near  Toledo.  Lon.  3  17  W,  lal 


rhonias  K-e.ni.is  lived  71  >i-ai's,  and 
died  in  1471.  It  was  formerly  an  im- 
ncrial  and  hanscatic  town,  ami  is  seu- 
cd  en  an  en.inener,.u  the  nver.s  Aa  am. 
Yssel,  five  mdes  S  of  Hasse It,  am. 
elglit  S  E  of  Campcn.     Lon.  0  10  L, 


Z.r3<ic-A,atown  of  Swisserland,  in 
,l,c  county   of  Baden,  seated  on  the 

^S//e«.   a  strong  and  considerable  ^,^_  , 

tiwn  of  Dutch  Gueldcrland.  capital  otK  ^_  50  3.}  N. 

a  ointy  of  the   same   name.    It   was  ^      ^    ^t,,,^^  towTi   of  Lower 

u^in  1672.  by  the  French    -^•^   Hungary,   capital   of  a  c.-uiity   ot  to 

-milesSbyEofDervemer.mdg|^^^^,^^ 


nine  iiiuiia  -j  "j  —  -•  -,        ^,, ,.   ..,, 
E  by  S  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  0  0  t.,  lat 

^"ii;...avili.igeoftlie  United  Pre. 
vliices.  five  miles  from  Utrecht.  The 
Moravian  brethren  are  employed  lierc 
in  various  kinds  "f  "'"•"'*''^,""''-"' ,  "''^. 
their  workmanship  lar  excels  that  ot 
anv  other  part  of  Holland. 

'Zi-iciau,  a  town  ot  Germany,  m  the 
oirck  of  Upper  Saxony,  formerly  impc- 


ward  reudvcn  by  the  Austnans  It  1. 
seate.l  in  a  morass,  made  by  l-.e  i.- 
vcr  Alma,  50  miles  N  W  ol  LsseJv 
Lon.  IS  58  E,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Zytmnicz.  a  town  "n'pland,  m  Vo  - 
hinia.  seated  on  tlie  Ciee.ncl,  70  ni.l.. 

W  of  Kiof,  and  120  Eot  Lucko.  L'.u. 

29  22  E,  lat.  jU  Sj  I;. 


THE  ENH- 


jrjhn  Bioren,  Printer. 
, •»•• 


r 


y/ 


